path: root/78950-0.txt

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78950 ***




                   Collection of Torture Instruments
                                  from


[Illustration: A grainy, vintage black-and-white photograph of a
medieval European castle complex, likely the Nuremberg Castle. The
structure features a large main building with a steeply pitched roof, a
tall square defensive tower, a smaller pointed turret, and stone
fortifications rising out of lush foliage in the foreground.]

                     The Royal Castle of Nuremberg

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 1016._
]




                         ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
                                 OF THE
                HISTORICAL AND WORLD-RENOWNED COLLECTION
                                   OF
                       TORTURE INSTRUMENTS, ETC.
                                FROM THE
                       ROYAL CASTLE OF NUREMBERG
AMONGST WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE CELEBRATED ORIGINAL IRON MAIDEN (EISERNE
                               JUNGFRAU)


                         LENT FOR EXHIBITION BY
                        THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE
                     EARL OF SHREWSBURY AND TALBOT

                             NOW ON VIEW AT
                  115 AND 117 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET
                           NEAR SIXTH AVENUE
                                NEW YORK


                            Copyright, 1893
                        BY JULIUS D. ICHENHÄUSER


                      Press of J. J. Little & Co.
                         Astor Place, New York

These torture instruments were purchased on behalf of the Earl of
Shrewsbury, by Mr. J. D. Ichenhäuser, expert in works of art and curios,
68 New Bond St., London, by whom this catalogue was compiled.

The entire collection was removed from the Royal Castle of Nuremberg, in
April, 1890, since which time it has been exhibited in all the principal
cities of Great Britain by special permission of Lord Shrewsbury.

It is the original and only genuine collection of its kind, and what
adds to the impressiveness of the exhibition is the fact that _every one
of the barbarous implements have been in actual use_.




THE RENOWNED COLLECTION OF INSTRUMENTS OF TORTURE FROM THE ROYAL CASTLE
                             OF NUREMBERG.


Nuremberg, the old Reichstadt, the cradle of the Hohenzollerns, the
birthplace of many of the fine arts, has a history which dates back to
the earliest times. One of its oldest monuments is the burg or castle,
of which the five-cornered tower existed in the days of the heathen.
Here for many years this collection of torture instruments was an object
of interest, not only to the inhabitants of the town, but to all
travellers whose wanderings brought them that way. No journey to Bavaria
could be counted completed until the burg had been visited and the “Iron
Maiden” interviewed. The fiendish ingenuity displayed in the
construction of these instruments so that they should inflict the
greatest amount of suffering, shows that the question of torture must
have not only been well thought out, but that it must have had the
sanction and, if we may use the term, patronage of the law-makers and
municipalities. As we look through this collection, we see that neither
tender youth, weak old age, delicate female, or ailing man was spared
its horrors or its shame. And we cannot be too thankful to think we live
in an age where more enlightened and humanitarian principles prevail.

This collection, so complete, may be to many somewhat grewsome, but it
is of the _highest educational value_, as showing us the great strides
which have been made, not only in arts and sciences, but in the
interests of truth, humanity, and justice. No more does the _Iron
Maiden_ clasp her unhappy and unwilling victim in her deadly embrace; no
more are men and women broken on the _wheel_, tortured on the _rack_,
branded with _red-hot irons_, driven mad with _thumb-screws_, stretched
on _ladders_, or suffer the terrible and lingering “_peine forte et
dure_;” and never again will the laws allow tender women to be mutilated
by the horrible and sharp-clawed _spider_. These and hundreds of other
instruments of the greater tortures will be found catalogued hereafter.
For the punishments of lesser degrees or shame tortures, as great an
amount of ingenuity is also evident. Shame masks and stocks for scolds;
masks and cages for fraudulent tradesmen; for drunkards and brawlers,
the drunkards’ mantle, various masks, stocks, branding-irons, collars,
bracelets. For thieves and thief-children there are also torture
instruments of various designs, all cruel and pitiless.

Religious or penitential torture is very rich in examples. Here we find
branding-irons, for burning on foreheads and backs; martyr lashes, which
at every stroke tear away the flesh; pear-shaped screw gags, which
entirely prevented any cries or exclamations; iron-spiked collars;
torture seats; feet squeezers; iron boots, which were filled with hot
water or molten metal; thumb-screws, etc., etc.

The executioner’s axe or sword ended all torture, and no doubt in many
cases came as a happy relief. Space forbids our enlarging further upon
this interesting subject. To the student of bygone generations, and
their cruelty in the dispensation of justice, we commend an inspection
of the torture instruments catalogued herein.




                               CATALOGUE.


        1 =Heavy Iron Shackle and Long Chain= for fastening prisoner up
        to a wall.

        2 =An Old Roman Pair of Martyr Pincers, or Flesh Tearers.=

        3 =Mouth-opener= with gradations, to open a mouth to a certain
        size. Was used to slit the tongues of blasphemers.

        4 =Pair of Iron Wrist-holders= for securing prisoners.

        5 =Perforated Spoon or Sieve=, through which boiling water, oil,
        or molten lead was poured on to various portions of the body.

        6 =Long Iron Gallows Screw.=

        7 =Iron Brank=, with eyebrows, mustache, and three iron bars,
        worn by a parricide.

        8 =Iron Body Ring=, with chains and hook to fasten up the
        criminal in a public place.

        9 =Iron Crown= studded with round knobs, worn by Christian
        martyrs on their way to the auto-da-fé.

        10 =Spanish Gaiter for Torturing the Leg=, with very formidably
        uneven shinbone presser.

        11 =Branding Iron= from Bayreuth, with letter B.

        12 =Long Gallows Screw.=

        13 =Iron Spoon= for boiling pitch or tar, which was dropped
        through the perforations on to the naked body of the victim.

        14 =An extra long Iron Chain=, with shackle at one end and
        padlock at the other.

        15 =Pair of Hand-fasteners or Iron Bracelets.=

        16 =Strong Venetian Iron Collar=, with high iron crown and
        letter S.

        17 =Strong Iron Manacle and Long Chain.=

        18 =Pair of Iron Thumbscrews.=

        19 =Shame Mask or Brank of Iron.= Devil’s head, painted, with
        movable tongue. For punishment of scolds.

        20 =Broad Spanish Wrought-iron Collar= filled with sharp iron
        spikes.

        21 =Similar Iron Spiked Collar.=

        22 =Small Iron Collar=, covered with leather.

        23 =Similar Neck Iron=, with bell and padlock. (See engraving,
        No. 1015.)

        24 =Heavy Iron Shackle with Chain.=

        25 =Iron Thumbscrew.=

        26 =Strong Iron Manacle and Long Chain.=

        27 =Similar Iron Manacle and Chain.=

        28 =Long Gallows Rope=, with hook at one end and pulley at the
        other.

        29 =Iron Shame Mask or Brank=, painted, with long ass’s ears,
        for drunkards or lazy ne’er-do-wells.

        30 =Large-sized Strong Prison Padlock.=

        31 =Flagellant of Iron Wire=, with spiked ends to tear the
        flesh.

        32 =Heavy Iron Chain=, flagellants with five iron lashes.

        33 =Curious Bronze Double Cross=, with inscription. This cross
        was supposed to have been used by witches when invoking their
        charms and incantations against any one they were bewitching or
        overlooking.

        34 =A Large Iron Mouth Opener=, used to fix the tongue before
        tearing it out.

        35 =An Iron Implement, affixed when Cutting off the Tongue.=

        36 =Double Scolds’ Collar of Wood=, in which two women were
        fixed facing each other, hands and neck fastened, and so marched
        round the town.

        37 =Iron Spoon= for melting lead, which was dropped on the naked
        bodies of the victims.

[Illustration:

  _11. Calm, del._
  _See Catalogue, No. 970._
]

        38 =Old Roman Martyr Pincers.= With these terrible tongs or
        pincers were culprits and Christian martyrs tortured. Not only
        did they pinch the skin, or flay, but entire pieces of flesh
        were pulled away with them from the ribs. In the old Roman days
        they were known as “Ungula,” and the early Germans knew them as
        “_Klaue_,” because of their roughened or teeth-like appearance.

        38a An old book on Martyrdom and Torture, with illustration of
        these Pincers and description of their use.

        39 =Condemned’s Crucifix.= Crucifix made of wood, which the
        condemned criminal carried in his hand on his way to execution.

        40 =Pair of Iron early Handcuffs or Wristlets=, with lock
        fastening.

        41 =Cruel Iron Flagellant=, with five woven iron tails, each
        studded with a sharp spur-shaped star to cut into the flesh.

        42 =A Jointed Iron Handcuff=, by which the wrists were fastened
        together.

        43 =Strong Iron Double Hand-fastener and Thumbscrew= combined.

        44 =An Iron Implement affixed to the Ears before they were cut
        off.=

        45 =Strong Iron Body Ring=, with long centre chain and a couple
        of strong iron wrist-fasteners.

      In the Treatise on Instruments of Torture, by Antonio Gallonio,
        published in Rome in 1591, in which the author discourses upon
        the true way in which the followers of Christianity were
        martyrized, we find diagrams showing the use of this belt and
        wrist-holders. The victim was suspended thus, fastened to a beam
        or cross-bar, and weights were hung upon his neck and feet until
        his body was almost torn asunder.

        46 =A Pair of Finger-screws.=

        47 =Handscrew=, with coarsely roughened plank, so as to hurt the
        hands as much as possible.

        48 =Iron Gallows Hook.=

        49 =Extra Strong Wrought-iron Spiked Collar= studded with spikes
        inside and out.

        50 =Iron Mail Chain Foot-glove=, which was placed on the foot
        when red hot.

        51 =A similar Instrument.=

        52 =A Branding Iron= from Bamberg for marking the letter B.

        53 =Large Pair of Iron Martyr Tongs= for tearing the flesh.

        54 =Large Ball-shaped Iron Ladle=, into which boiling oil was
        poured and then dropped on to the body through the perforations.

        55 =A Pair of Manacles= with strong iron bar between, by which a
        prisoner was fastened to a horse.

      It seems beyond a doubt that manacles originally came from Spain.
        In the history of English torture these instruments were quite
        unknown until found in some of the ships of the Spanish Armada
        in the year 1588. They were immediately adopted as a means of
        securing a prisoner, and those now shown in the Tower of London
        are of Spanish manufacture, and date back over 350 years.

        56 =Spanish Wrought-iron Collar=, completely studded with sharp
        spikes inside and out.

        57 =Branding Iron= which marked the letter U.

        58 =Strong Iron Body Belt= with long iron chain and the side
        chain fixers to fasten to wall or to a running horse.

        59 =An Early Spanish Pair-hand Handcuffs= with lock fastening.

        60 =A somewhat similar one= of different formation, early
        Italian.

        61 =Early German Copper Mask, Devil’s Head and Horns=, all
        embossed with small heads over the nose, mouth, and eyes,
        typical of a slanderous backbiting personage.

        62 =A somewhat similar same-period Copper Mask=, likewise with
        small embossed faces on end of nose, etc.

        63 =A somewhat similar Mask=, but with frog’s eyes.

        64 =Curious Iron Brank=, shape of devil’s head, with stumpy
        horns, and small faces on the nose and cheeks, and with trumpet
        ears, for listeners, backbiters, etc.

        65 =Strong Wooden Roller=, which was placed on the rack or on
        the stretching gallows, and over which the victim was rolled and
        stretched.

        66 =Mask worn by the Judge of the notorious Vehmgericht=, of
        copper, pierced with five breathing holes, also with small
        perforations all round the edge so as to permit of a leather or
        cotton cap being sewn on.

      As is well known, the accused before the Vehmgericht (secret
        judgment) did not see his judges. All were masked completely,
        the head being covered with a cap, and the face with such a mask
        as here shown. The accused may have been before his dearest
        friend, brother, or father, but he could not tell; and so sacred
        was the judge’s oath, and so strong the influence exercised by
        the awe-inspiring tribunal, whose inexorable judgment none might
        gainsay, that the judges themselves dared not reveal their
        identity.

      Voltaire, in his commentary on the Marquis de Beccana’s _Essay on
        Crimes and Punishment_ (1749), says: “Charlemagne established
        the most cruel and most horrible tribunal that ever existed. It
        was known as the Vehmic Court, or the judgment of Westphalia. It
        went so far as to punish with death those who broke fast during
        Lent. When an execution was ordered and no executioner was
        forthcoming, the youngest judge had to officiate. Delegates from
        this court spread all over Germany, taking information secretly
        and unknown to the accused, who was often condemned without
        being heard. There was no appeal except to the emperor, and his
        commands of mercy were not always effective. This tribunal was
        finally abolished in the reign of Maximilian I. The Venetian
        Council of Ten was, in comparison, a court of mercy.”

        67 =Scold’s Wooden Collar=, with two places for the hands. See
        note below.

        68 =A somewhat similar Collar=, with four places for hands, used
        for a man and his wife.

          NOTE.—Mr. William Andrews, in his interesting book, _Old-Time
          Punishments_, says: “Scolding women in the olden times were
          treated as offenders against the public peace, and for their
          transgressions were subjected to several cruel modes of
          punishment. The corporations of towns during the Middle Ages
          made their own regulations for punishing persons guilty of
          crimes which were not rendered penal by the laws of the land.
          The punishments for correcting scolds differed greatly in
          various parts of the country.... The free use of the tongue
          gave rise to riots and feuds to such an extent that it is
          difficult for us to realize at the present day.”

        69 =Long Wooden Roller=, studded with spikes, and known as a
        “spiked hare;” used on the rack.

        70 =A similar Roller=, with raised edges.

        71 =Scold’s Pillory=, shape of a violin, made of wood. In this
        the woman charged with being a scold was affixed, and so driven
        round the town, or whipped at the cart’s tail, accompanied by
        the public executioner, or a drummer, who beat his drum to call
        the public’s attention.

        72 A ditto, somewhat longer.

        73 =Scold’s Collar of Oak=, in the shape of a ruff. This was
        fitted round the neck and had to be worn as shame or penitence
        punishment for a certain time in a public place.

        74 =Spanish Iron Collar=, studded inside with iron spikes and
        with sharp saw-toothed edges; worn by religious martyrs.

        75 =A very similar Iron Collar.=

        76 =Malefactor’s Collar Pillory=, with places for both hands.
        Made of wood, with very broad collar board so as to show out
        well in a crowded market-place or church-porch.

        77 A ditto, smaller, with sexagonal rim.

        78 A ditto, round edge, with notched ornamentation.

        79 =An Executioner’s Sword= from the town of Bamberg, the guard
        embossed in representations of the Passions; wire-woven guard,
        to prevent it from slipping through the executioner’s hand, and
        sharp double-edged blade.

        80 =Headsman’s Sword= from Nördlingen, with iron grip, engraved
        with gallows and wheel on the shield; also three perforations
        typical of the Holy Trinity, and armorer’s mark.

        81 =Small Iron Memento Mori=, worn with a chain round the neck
        on the way to execution.

        82 =A Pair of Early Iron Handcuffs= fastened with chain.

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 953._
]

        83 =Executioner’s Sword.= Belonged to the Nuremberg executioner,
        Franz Schmidt. It has a gilt metal top and guard. On the side of
        the blade are the following verses:

                 “Die Herrn steuern dem Unheil
                 Und ich executire das Urtheil
                 Wenn ich das Schwerdt thu aufheben
                 So geb Gott dem armen Sünder das ewige Leben.”

          TRANSLATION.—“The world steers towards mischief, and I execute
          the judgment. When I lift up my sword, God give the poor
          sinner eternity.”

        84 =Executioner’s Extra Heavy Sword=, with sharp-pointed blade,
        straight long guard and wire-covered hilt, strong iron-pointed
        ferrule top.

        85 =Executioner’s Sword.= Thuringen executioner, Balthasar
        Glaser. With gilt metal work, and the motto:

                       “Hüte Dich, Thu kein Böses nicht,
                       So Kommst du nicht ins Gericht.”

          TRANSLATION.—“Be careful, do no ill, and you won’t come to
          judgment.”

        Under the verses are engraved “Justice & St. Michael.” On the
        handle is the letter “G.”

        86 =An Extra Long and Extra Strong Iron Chain=, with foot
        shackle at one end and strong iron bar to fasten on to a wall at
        the other end.

        87 =A Heavy Hempen Scourge or Whip=, with numerous lashes, each
        one having a steel barb woven into it so as to cut at each
        stroke.

        88 =A similar one, not so Heavy.=

      It was a common thing in England for prisoners to be whipped with
        a three-cord whip knotted at each end, and in the feudal times
        servants were often whipped to death. Whipping vagrants at the
        cart’s tail was also greatly resorted to, and in many a country
        town or village a whipping-post exists until this day. In the
        penitential cell the scourge was also greatly used, and from
        what we can gather was of the utmost severity. Many of the whips
        and rods in this collection seem to be of unusual strength, and
        were doubtless used by the public executioner on criminals
        without the slightest mercy.

        89 =Long Spiked Wooden Roller=, with numerous rows of long
        spikes. Known as a “spiked hare.” The victim was laid on a bench
        or stretched on a ladder, and the “spiked hare” was rolled over
        his naked body, or, to vary it, he was rolled over the spikes.
        Some of the old writers describe this torture as being most
        fearful.

        90 =Thief-catcher.= Very curious instrument. Was used with a
        long iron handle, terminating at the top with a round hoop,
        garnished inside with triangular iron spikes. The front of the
        hoop is made to push open, so that the officer of the law can
        push it round the neck, arm, or leg of whoever he wants to
        catch, who on his or her part has no possible means of getting
        away, the ring having closed on him and preventing any effort to
        escape.

        91 =Iron Manacle.=

        92 =Manacle=, somewhat similar.

        93 =A Pair of Wrist-fasteners=, each at the end of a long iron
        bar so as to keep the arms wide apart; were used when prisoners
        were being whipped.

        94 =Similar Instrument=, somewhat shorter, with two padlocks.

        95 =Very Powerful Spiked Hare=, with sharp iron spikes. When the
        victim was rolled over this terrible instrument he was
        completely impaled and disembowelled.

        96 =Strong Coupling-iron=, with manacle at each end to fasten
        two people.

        97 =Large Heavy Hand Axe=, with metal grip, used to cut off the
        right hand of those convicted of treason, or parricides.

        98 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Bayreuth, with brass grip, and with
        the motto:

                 “Ich stehe hoff nebst Gott zu richten recht,
                 Jesus du bist der Richter und ich der Knecht.”

          TRANSLATION.—“I stand under God to execute aright,
                        Jesus, Thou art the Judge and I the servant.”

      Under this a figure of Justice and some ornamentation; also:

              “O Herr nimm Diesen Sünder auff in dein Reich,
              Damit er kann werden vor einem glücklichen streich.”

            TRANSLATION.—“O God, take this sinner into thy kingdom,
                          That he may know happiness.”

      Under this a knight with dagger, and some ornamentation.

        99 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Munich, with iron guard shagreen
        handle, in leather sheath and original belt. On the blade is
        damascened in gold a man being beheaded and St. George, also the
        verses as per Nos. 233 and 272.

        100 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Augsburg, with extra long and
        straight guard, the hilt of leather wound round with wire to
        keep it from slipping.

        101 =A Pair of Iron Bracelets= with aperture to fix on to a
        chain.

        102 =A somewhat similar Pair of Handcuffs=, with lock and key.

        103 =Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, with ass’s ears and painted
        face, from Regensburg; worn by drunkards.

        104 =A similar Iron Mask=; worn by females.

        105 =Iron Crown=, with interior four-cornered knobs to press on
        the head. Was used for females.

        106 =Relief Carved Portrait=, in wood, of the Nuremberg hangman
        of the year 1578, with manuscript of the period. Very
        characteristic.

        107 =Foot Padlock.= An instrument in which the feet were locked,
        as holding them tighter than a chain, when the culprit was
        placed in a frequented spot loose or fastened to a wall or tree.

        108 =Iron Mail Chain Glove.= Was made red hot before being put
        on.

        109 =A similar Mail Glove.=

        110 =Hiesel’s Gun=, a very heavy and massive arm with very large
        bore, the stock so arranged by Hiesel himself that he could fire
        it off from either shoulder. The lock was also engraved by him.

      Hiesel was a notorious bandit whose name spread terror through all
        the hill-lands of Upper Bavaria. For many years he was able to
        elude the vigilant hunt made for him by the soldiery or police,
        but at last he was taken and executed.

        111 =Strong Iron Foot Presser or Foot Screw=, the cruelty of
        which is apparent.

        112 =Set of Irons=, consisting of two strong iron bands, two
        shackles, a pair of handcuffs, padlock, small weights, and
        twelve-link chain; with this a police officer was enabled to
        couple a pair of prisoners.

        113 =A strong Iron Leg Shackle, long Chain and Padlock=, used
        for chaining prisoner in a dungeon.

        114 =Long Iron Bar=, with manacle at each end, was used at the
        whipping-post.

        115 =Similar One= with ornamental iron bar.

        116 =A Small Iron Thumbscrew=, early Italian.

        117 =A similar Thumbscrew.=

        118 =Executioner’s Sword=, belonging to the last headsman of
        Nuremberg, beautifully damascened blade, the armorer’s mark and
        inscription, straight guard and wire-woven hilt.

        119 =A Dutch Executioner’s Sword=, with strongly ribbed blade
        and leathern hilt.

        120 =An Executioner’s Sword=, from the Low Countries, strongly
        ribbed and pointed blade.

        121 =Headsman’s or Executioner’s Sword=, from Eichstaedt,
        round-pointed blade, wire hilt, long guard.

        122 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Erlangen, with shagreen
        scabbard, the blade engraved with “St. Michael & St. James,” and
        with the following inscription: “Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum,”
        and “Et verbum caro factum est.—I.H.S.” Beyond which the sword
        is beautifully ornamented.

        123 =A Gallows Rope.=

        124 =A similar Gallows Rope.=

        125 =An unknown Fragment of a Sharp, Dangerous Torture
        Instrument.=

        126 =A Pair of Strongly Locked Handcuffs= fastened on to a long
        iron bar.

        127 =Venetian Bandit’s Dagger.=

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 905._
]

        128 =A similar Dagger=, smaller.

        129 =Branding Iron=, marks the letter V.

        130 =Another Branding Iron=, from the town of Fuerth, marking
        the letter F.

        131 =A different Branding Iron.=

        132 =Long Iron Whip=, black wood handle and three chain iron
        lashes; would not only tear the flesh, but break a bone when
        applied with force.

        133 =Scold’s Collar=, perfect fiddle shape, with following
        inscription:

          “VOR DIE SCHWATZHAFT—UND UNZÜCHTIGEN WEIBER ZU POEN. SIRAH
          NAGELNEI GEIGENMACHER.—_Allerertn Wohnaft, d. 28 Jan. 1683._”

          “For talkative and scolding women as a penitence.—Sirah
          Nagelnei, fiddlemaker, 28th Jany., 1683.”

        134 =Prison Warder’s Weapon= in the shape of a hammer; strong
        wood handle and iron head.

        135 =A Jointed Chain Hand-fastener= to bind both hands together.

        136 =An Iron Tongue-tearer= in the shape of a pair of tongs with
        screw. With this instrument a strong hold could be taken of a
        tongue so that it could be torn right out by the roots. Was used
        on blasphemers, heretics, etc., etc.

      Louis IX., King of France (St. Louis), made a law against
        blasphemers. He condemned them to a new punishment. Their
        tongues were to be torn and pierced with red-hot irons, and so
        terrorizing was this mandate that many of the expletives and
        oaths which had hitherto been used were moderated and changed.
        Tête de Dieu became “Tête bleu,” Corps de Dieu “Corbleu,” Sang
        de Dieu “Sangbleu,” etc., etc. By this means the nobles hoped to
        escape the wrath of the King and at the same time make their
        peace with the offended clerics. Many of these so changed words
        are in vogue now, though few imagine the source whence they
        came.

        137 =An Iron Armlet and Lock Combined=, with inscription of
        maker’s name.

        138 =A Very Early Strong Iron Double Hand-fastener= with lock
        and key.

        139 =An Iron Whip= with six sharp-edged iron tails.

        140 =Spanish Mouth-Pear or Gag=, made of iron and in sections,
        so that it may be squeezed together in the shape of a pear,
        hence its name. This was used for those condemned to torture or
        those privately seized. The instrument was forced into the
        mouth, and then, by touching the screw, it springs open, and the
        victim could utter no sound.

        141 =An Iron Winder or Gallows Hook.=

        142 =An Iron Winder or Gallows Hook=, larger.

        143 Another.

        144 =An Iron Gallows Screw.=

        145 =A Strong Iron Gallows Swivel Screw.=

        146 =A Constable’s Staff= of heavy metal, the grip covered with
        leather, the end in the shape of a man’s fist, a blow from which
        would break the hardest skull.

        147 =Large Gag= with wooden handle and with spring movement, so
        as to open when forced into the mouth. Spanish. This gag,
        although of a different formation from No. 140, was equally as
        effective in subduing all cries and in preventing any resistance
        on the part of the condemned.

        148 =An Old English Executioner’s Axe=, with date 1539, under
        which coat-of-arms with lettering; also the three perforations
        which signify the Trinity.

        149 =Executioner’s Axe= with long wooden handle and metal
        ferrule. French.

        150 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Ulm, with iron grip, long leather
        handle, with a wheel and a gallows inlaid in the blade.

        151 =Curious Finger Axe=, heavy iron blade.

        152 =A Venetian Executioner’s Sword=, short, with brass grip;
        gallows and wheel on the blade.

        153 =Large Leather Collar= of Hiesel’s big dog, with large brass
        nails and owner’s monogram.

        154 =Pair of Manacles and a Shackle=, with thirty-jointed chain.

        155 =A Scold’s Wooden Collar=, with pillory for neck and both
        hands.

        156 =Another=, very similar, iron bound.

        157 =Heavy Iron Wire Penitential Rod.=

        158 =Iron Whip=, with five iron wire lashes, each one with rows
        of spur-shaped spikes to cut into the flesh.

        159 =A Penitential Iron Whip=, with twelve sharp-edged flat iron
        lashes.

        160 =Iron Wire Whip=, with five lashes completely studded with
        iron spikes.

        161 =Hempen Whip=, with six lashes and barbed wire ends.

        162 =Very curious strong Prison Padlock.= Early Spanish.

        163 =Neck Iron and Pair of Shackles=, with seventeen-link chain.
        The prisoner was fastened by the feet to the iron round his
        neck.

        164 =Strong Neck Iron=, with padlock and double-length iron
        chain.

        165 =Iron Thumbscrew.=

        166 =Another Thumbscrew= of different shape and stronger.

        167 =An exceedingly powerful Pair of Iron Wristscrews.=

        168 =A Pair of Iron Handcuffs= or double bracelets.

        169 =An Executioner’s Rapier=, with silver guard. This sword was
        worn by the hangman on his right side.

        170 =A Similar Sword=, with embossed guard and pommel,
        silver-mounted grip.

        171 =Curious Wooden Devil’s Head Mask=, with real goat’s horns,
        for dishonest children.

        172 =Hempen Whip=, with six thongs, for youthful offenders.

        173 =Small Shackle and light Chain=, for youths.

        174 =A Manacle=, with ten-jointed chain, for young people.

        175 =Prison Warder’s Weapon= for self-defence, in the shape of a
        whip, with a heavy weight at the end. Short, strong handle, with
        a twisted chain terminating in the weight.

        176 =Mask=, worn by the poison-mixer, Rudhart, of Stuttgart;
        made of leather and arranged with small holes over the mouth and
        nose for breathing purposes.

        177 =A curious Double Scolds’ Collar=, in which two women were
        pilloried, fastened necks and hands, and marched together, thus
        involuntarily united, round the town.

        178 =Another=, somewhat similar.

        179 =A very curious Wooden-handled Whip.=

        180 =A Whip=, somewhat similar.

        181 =Iron Prison= in the shape of a body ring, handcuffs, and
        foot shackles, with chain to fasten to a wall.

        182 =A very long and extra strong Iron Chain=, with shackle and
        long iron security bar.

        183 =Venetian Iron Collar=, with projecting rod terminating in a
        bell, so that the prisoner could not move without giving notice
        to the warders and watchers.

        184 =A very curious and ponderous Iron Instrument=, so
        constructed as to hold feet, hands, and neck, keeping the
        prisoner in a most painful and awkward position.

        185 =A Venetian Iron Collar and Belt=, somewhat similar to No.
        183.

        186 =A strong pair of Iron Wrist-pressers.=

        187 =A small pair of Finger-screws.=

        188 =A Hempen Rod=, with numerous lashes, each terminating in a
        spiked barb.

        189 =Another Hempen Rod=, with knotted lashes.

        190 =Another=, somewhat similar.

        191 =Belt of Chastity=, with the symbol of love—a heart pierced
        with two arrows—ornamented with green velvet and gold bordering
        of lace; constructed with double lock.

        192 =Belt of Chastity=, sharp-edged and the ironwork jointed.

        193 =Belt of Chastity=, somewhat similar, covered with red
        velvet.

        194 =Long Iron Flagellant=, with five iron lashes completely
        studded with spikes and barbs.

        195 =Another Iron Whip=, with six spur-shaped ends.

        196 =Strong Gallows Hook.=

        197 =Another Iron Gallows Hook.=

        198 =Another=, larger and stronger.

        199 A ditto, smaller.

        200 =A Long Iron Gallows Screw.=

        201 =A Similar Screw=, smaller.

        202 =Another.=

        203 =A Long Straight Gallows Nail.=

        204 =Thumbscrew= of the oldest and most simple construction, for
        the most painful pressing and screwing entirely through the
        thumb.

        205 =A Curious Pair of Thumb-holders.= The thumbs were fastened
        to this, and the culprit easily led along or fastened up in a
        public place; resistance was impossible.

        206 =A Pair of Manacles and Chains=, completely confining both
        hands.

        207 =Double Scolds’ Collar.= In this the women who had
        quarrelled were placed, neck and hands, and were forced to stand
        thus facing each other until they were, or pretended to be,
        friends again.

        208 =A Double Scolds’ Collar= somewhat different in shape and of
        a later date.

        209 & 210 =Two Iron Manacles.=

        211 =Strong Iron Pillory=, with places for the neck and hands,
        surmounted by a bell and a weathercock; worn by turncoats and
        unreliable people.

        212 =A Penitent’s Girdle=, made of barbed wire, which, when worn
        next to the flesh, caused the most unpleasant and uncomfortable
        irritation.

        213 =A Long Iron Chain= for fastening up a prisoner securely.
        Heavy iron padlock at one end, strong ankle ring at the other.

        214 =The Russian Knout=, made of bullets of lead, covered with
        leather, and strung together. With this terrible instrument
        slaves and prisoners of all kinds were scourged.

        215 =Copper Boot=, which was filled with boiling water or molten
        lead.

        216 =Another=, similar.

        217 =A Hempen Whip=, with six knotted lashes.

        218 =Another=, with very numerous lashes, spur-iron edges.

        219 =A Pair of Wooden Pinching Shears= to pinch the fingers or
        toes.

        220 =Iron Body Ring=, with pair of hand bracelets and
        eleven-linked chain.

        221 =Implement for fastening the Ankles together=, with place
        through which to fix an iron chain.

        222 =Catgut Head-tormenter=, with iron handle for the
        executioner; with this he drew the cords backwards and forwards
        across the forehead until the victim was almost scalped.

        223 =Iron Penitential Whip=, with five sharp-edged iron tails.

        224 =Very Powerful Screw Iron Foot Breaker or Toe Screw.=
        Entailed the most terrible pain.

        225 =Powerful Iron Handscrew=, with differently roughened base.

      Who can tell the fearful torture of the thumbscrew, which was so
        freely used in all European countries? Was a man charged with
        any crime or supposed to know of any plot against the Church or
        the Government, the ordeal of the thumbscrew made him confess,
        even if he was innocent. It was not in human nature (except in
        _very rare_ cases) to stand this ordeal long; and under its
        baneful influence, its heart-breaking torture, who knows how
        many perfectly innocent people were accused and convicted of
        crimes they had never thought of?

        226 =Branding Iron=, from Utrecht, brands letter U.

        227 =Branding Iron=, brands with mark of the gallows.

        228 =Large Gallows Screw=, from which the condemned was hanged.

        229 =A curious Iron Cupping Machine=, with which letters or
        designs were burnt into the flesh.

        230 =A Spiked Roller=, over which a man was rolled when on the
        rack.

        231 =A Pair of Shackles and strong Chain.=

        232 =Leather Head Halter=, which was placed on the head of the
        condemned and held by the executioner’s assistant.

        233 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Regensburg, with engraved blade
        and motto:

                         “Die Herrn steuren dem Unheil
                         Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil,”

          and a figure of Justice. On the other side—

                    “Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben
                    Wunche ich dem Sünder das ewige Leben,”

          a figure of Justice, and the armorer’s mark. (See No. 83.)

        234 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Crailsheim-Ellwangen,
        Würtemberg; with broad blade.

        235 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Brannenberg, in Upper Bavaria;
        with iron guard and strong swept blade and armorer’s mark.

        236 =Double Thumbscrew.=

        237 =Another=, somewhat similar.

        238 =A curious Yoke.= This was worn by the father and mother of
        a child born out of wedlock. When yoked together they were
        forced to carry water up to the top of the hill, doubtless up
        into the old Castle of Nuremberg. (See engraving, No. 996.)

        239 =Long Chain of Nine Links=, with shackle or foot fastener.

        240 =Another long Chain and a Shackle.=

        241 =Curious Shame Mask or Brank=, female head worn by dishonest
        or immoral women.

        242 =Very curious large Iron Brank or Mask=, with goggle-eyes,
        large open mouth; worn by blasphemers.

        243 =Iron Mask=, with painted face; worn by youthful criminals.

        244 =Curious pair of Iron Braces=, with front and back bars,
        body ring, and padlock, in which a man was tightly held and had
        no power of resistance.

        245 =A pair of round Wrist-holders=, with lock and key.

        246 =A similar pair=, not so heavy.

        247 =Strong Iron Ankle Fasteners=, by which prisoner was secured
        so as not to be able to move unless released.

        248 =A heavy Iron Shackle or Leg Iron.=

        249 =A painful double Handscrew=, constructed so that the whole
        ten fingers could be squeezed at the same time.

        250 =A Double-handed Headsman’s Sword=, extra long blade, with
        armorer’s mark and sign of the Trinity.

        251 =A Military Executioner’s Sword=, with princely and military
        ornamentation, as well as the three perforations (the Trinity)
        in the blade.

        252 =An Oriental Executioner’s Sword=, with brass guard and
        hilt, ribbed blade, pointed end.

        253 =Pair of Hand-bracelets or Handcuffs=, with long chain and
        padlock.

        254 =Another=, somewhat the same.

        255 =A Gallows Rope.=

        256 =Another Gallows Rope.=

        257 =A Chain= to bind two prisoners by the ankles.

        258 =Very powerful Iron Foot-presser or Foot-screw.=

        259 =Another, somewhat different=, with sharp internal
        spur-shaped screw to mutilate the foot.

        260 =A Penitent’s Girdle=, made of iron wire, with sharp points,
        to press into the flesh.

        261 =Long Iron Chain Whip=, with five thongs barbed.

        261a =Iron Torture Stocks=, three feet high, with divisions for
        neck, hands, and feet. In consequence of the shape of these
        stocks, when a man’s hands and neck were fastened, the position
        was an exceedingly painful one.

        261b =A Pair of Iron Pincers=, which were made red-hot and so
        used. There were various different marks awarded in the
        punishment, and the victim had to be burned so many times an
        hour. For each time he branded, the executioner received a
        certain fee.

        262 =Tongue-tearer.= A pair of tongs so arranged with screws and
        sharp teeth that it took a firm grip of the tongue. Used on
        blasphemers.

        263 =Similar Pair of Tongue-tearers.=

        264 =Iron Spider.= This instrument, somewhat like a spider, with
        long sharp claws, was used to grip the flesh of various portions
        of the body and then tear it away. Was very frequently used on
        women, whom it horribly mutilated.

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 949._
]

        265 =Smaller Iron Spider.=

        266 =Mecklenburg Torture Stocks=, supported by a round strong
        iron stake, with hand and foot fasteners and padlock.

        267 =Very Curious Iron Pillory=; place for the neck and for the
        hands was fastened with a padlock. The culprit was condemned to
        wear this terrible instrument so many days, weeks, or years.
        Early German.

        268 =A Similar Iron Pillory=, somewhat lighter.

        269 =Spanish Gaiter= for torturing the foot, with strong screw
        and uneven tread.

        270 =A Strong Iron Criminal Coupler or Whipping Stocks.=

        270a =A Pair of Fine Steel Pincers=, for flaying or cutting away
        the skin, with inscription of Justice, etc.; also armorer’s
        marks and ornamental design, etc.

        271 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Buchloe, in Swabia, with
        exquisitely engraved blade. On one side is the motto:

                 “Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben
                 Wunche ich dem armen Sünder das ewige Leben.”

      Translation:

           “When I raise my sword, I wish the poor sinner eternity.”

      On the reverse:

                      “Durch die Schärfe dieser Klingen
                      Muss der Kopf vom Leib Wegspringen.”

      Translation:

        “From the sharpness of this blade the head must leave the body.”

        272 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Ansbach, with twisted and gilt
        top; also pair of shears for cutting the hair on neck and
        engraved with the following verses:

                    “Die Herren steuren dem Unheil
                    Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil.
                    Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben
                    Wunche ich dem Sünder das ewige Leben.”

      Translation:

          “The world steers toward mischief, and I execute judgment.
          When I lift up my sword, God give the poor sinner eternity.”

        275 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Passau. On the blade is
        engraved: Christ on the Cross, and under it, “Crucifixio Christi
        Et Verbum Caro.= + Z + IA + BLZ + St + A + B + Z + H + GF + B
        factum.” Under this is a medallion. On the reverse Virgin and
        Child, and underneath is + Z + IA + etc.

        274 =A Double Scolds’ Collar= for women, with pillories for
        heads and hands.

        275 =A Scold’s Collar= for one woman only.

        276 =A similar Collar=, but of different shape.

        277 =Hempen Whip=, with numerous barbed ends.

        278 =Cat-o’-nine-tails.=

        279 =Long Chain=, with heavy iron shackle.

        280 =Lighter Chain= for female offenders.

        281 =Curious Wooden Mask or Brank= for horse-stealers.

        282 =Headsman’s Sword=, leather hilt.

        283 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Ingolstadt, with a pointed button,
        leather handle, a gallows and wheel damascened in copper on the
        blade.

        284 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Amberg, with iron grip, St. Michael
        and St. James. Under St. Michael there is Jesus Nazarenus Rex
        Judæorum, and under St. James an inscription.

        285 =A Pair of Wrist-holders=, with padlock and key.

        286 =Wire Flagellant=, with numerous thongs.

        287 =Jointed Iron double Hand-fastener.=

        288 & 289 =Gallows or Choking Rope.=

        290 =Portion of the Flooring of a Prison.= Oak cut into
        diamond-shaped points, so as to be as hurtful to the prisoners
        as possible, and as in many cases the walls were also of the
        same material, it was very painful to lean, sit, lie, or stand.

        291 =Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, with small ass’s ears.

        292 =Iron Mask=, with mustache. Highwaymen or freebooters were
        carried round the towns with this mask on, on various days
        before their execution.

        293 =Whip= with which those who were exposed in the stocks were
        soundly thrashed in public according to sentence.

        294 =Long Twisted Whip=, with heavier handle and thong, used on
        more hardened criminals, few of whom survived a sound
        application.

        295 =Strong Rhinoceros-hide Whip.=

        296 =Three-tailed Cat= (whip).

        297 =Iron Braces and Body Ring=, with pair of manacles. (See No.
        298.)

        298 =Curious pair of Iron Braces=, with neck collar, handcuffs,
        and pair of shackles. This instrument fits over each shoulder
        round the waist, and when the victim is fastened by a collar
        round the neck, handcuffs, and shackles, he may be said to be a
        walking prison. He was literally bound in iron.

        299 =Finger Pillory=, or flute-shaped instrument, which opens in
        a similar way to the collars, but this has ten partitions or
        divisions for the ten fingers; thus the offender stood in a
        public place exactly in the position as if playing the flute.
        Was used for various offences.

        300 =Thieves’ Wooden Lantern=, three-sided, and with movement to
        darken or show light at will.

        301 =Branding Iron=, to brand culprit on shoulder or forehead.

        302 =Branding Iron=, from Munich, brands the letter M.

        303 & 304 =Two Branding Irons.=

        305 =A Branding Iron=, brands E. C. O.

        306 =Witches’ Idol.= A small carved wooden figure of the devil,
        said to have been worshipped by witches.

        307 =A small but formidable Pear-shaped Gag=, to prevent
        prisoners from screaming while under torture. (See No. 140.)

        308 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Augsburg, with shagreen handle
        and flat blade.

        309 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Weissenburg, with verses. (See
        No. 272.)

        310 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Ansbach, with the following
        verse on the blade:

                      “Die Herren steuren dem Unheil.
                      Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil.
                                              J. N. R. J.”

        311 =Gallows Cord.=

        312 =Turkish Bowstring, or Executioner’s Cord.=

        313 & 314 =Two Double Hand-fasteners.=

        315 =A very strong solid Iron Double Manacle= at the end of
        strong iron bar.

        316 A ditto, with long iron chain.

        317 =Iron Mask=, with coat-of-arms and long speaking-tube in the
        place of a nose, worn by libellous persons and backbiters.

        318 =Iron Polish Torture Stocks=, with two hand and two foot
        fastenings, double lock with keys; date 1472. When the prisoner
        was fixed in this, the position was most painful and unpleasant.

        319 =Wooden Pillory for Hands, and Long Chain.=

        320 =Long Wooden Hand or Arm Breaker.= By pressure of powerful
        screws the hands or arm could be crushed completely.

        321 =A Thieves’ Wooden Lantern=, three-sided and with movable
        slides.

        322 =Spanish Boot=, made of two strong pieces of heavy wood,
        fitted inside with protruding iron knobs or buttons, and made to
        screw up so as to completely break the foot and inflict the most
        agonizing torture. (See Engraving, No. 1033.)

        323 =Large Curious Prison Padlock and Key=, of extra strength.

        324 =A Pair of Pincers=, for tearing out the tongue by the
        roots.

        325 =A Cupping Machine=, which, when red hot, impressed the
        letter T.

        326 =Very Curious Iron Brank=, with ass’s ears and movable
        tongue and jaws, curiously embossed. The movable jaw denoted the
        scold or libeller.

        327 =Iron Mask=, with ass’s ears, small bells, and protruding
        upper lip, worn for immorality.

        328 =Large old Swedish Scold’s Collar=, in the shape of a
        fiddle, with large bells and bell ropes; very curious.

        329 =Strong Double Manacle=, with heavy iron bar and long chain.

        330 =Venetian sharp Foot-presser=, of wrought iron, studded
        inside with spikes, which lacerated the flesh.

        331 =Manacle=, with twelve-linked chain.

        332 =Heavy Iron Whip=, with six sharp-edged iron lashes.

        333 =Shackle=, with long iron chain.

        334 =Curious very old Chain= for securing a prisoner by hands
        and foot.

        335 =Iron Necklet=, with leather thongs and sharply-toothed ring
        for hanging or fastening the victim to a beam, or where he could
        just reach the floor on tip-toe.

        336 =A Prison Warder’s Weapon=, to be used on obstreperous or
        mutinous prisoners. It is in the shape of a whip, but the lash
        is of iron, with a weight at its end.

        337 to 340 =Four various-sized Iron Shackles.=

        341 =Iron Mask or Brank=, with female face, long horns, and
        donkey’s ears.

        342 =Curious Shame Mask of Iron=, with long protruding beak and
        small mustache; also short ass’s ears.

        343 =Scold’s Collar=, shape of the ruff worn by the women of the
        16th and 17th centuries, but made of wood, hung round with 21
        small bells and one larger one, and ornamented with a red and
        white tassel. In this the scold was led up and down the town or
        neighborhood as a warning to her neighbors.

        344 =A Pair of Strong Iron Martyr Tongs or Pincers= for tearing
        the flesh or for flaying.

        345 =A Pair of ditto.=

        346 & 347 =Heavy Wooden Hand Pillory=, bound in iron.

        348 & 349 =Pair of Wooden Finger-squeezing Shears.=

        350 =Judge’s Staff=, an attribute of the presiding judge. The
        handle is handsomely ornamented.

        351 =Long Iron Wire Punishment Rod.=

        352 =Very Heavy Iron Double Foot Padlock.= With this fastened
        on, the prisoner could not possibly run away.

        353 =A very similar Instrument.=

        354 to 358 =Five Scolds’ Wooden Collars=, with aperture for head
        and both hands, slightly of different construction and periods.

        359 =A Curious Yoke=, in which a couple found guilty of any act
        against the strict morals of the time were fastened and driven
        round the town, or stood in a market place. Early Swiss.

        360 =A Long Iron Coupling Chain= with manacle at each end.

        361 =Very Curious and Rare Pighead-shaped Wrought-iron Mask=,
        used for disgraceful offences.

      The collection of branks or shame masks of various kinds and
        periods, many although but sparsely described here, will be
        found to be of the greatest interest to the student and the
        historian. The brank was very well known in England, and records
        of its use are kept in many townships, and here and there in the
        museums a specimen of it may be found.

        362 =An Extra Large-sized Collar=, constructed for a male
        slanderer or libeller, who, with head and both hands fixed in
        this uncomfortable appendage, was pilloried for a lengthened
        period in the market-place, an object of derision to all.

        363 =Wooden Liar’s Knife=, with burnt mark denoting a dragon. In
        the handle a whistle and bells with a set of printed verses
        pasted on, from the poems of Nuremberg’s great writer, Hans
        Sachs.

                            “Dass aufschneidt Messer
                            Wers kann machs besser.”

                                 On the blade.

                   “Was soll ein Messer wanns nicht schneidt,
                   Oder steckt allzeit in der Scheidt?
                   Also was soll auch sein ein Mann,
                   Der nicht weitlich herschneiden kann.”

                               On the other side.

                   “Hettest du jetzt fein still geschwign
                   So wär das Messer blieben lign,
                   Die Pfeiff kein Schall het lassen hörn
                   Das Glöcklein teht sich dran nicht kehrn.”

      Translation same as No. 413.

        NOTE.—This knife is very curious as showing the style of
        treatment in those days of the drawers of the “long bow.”

        364 =Large Hand Axe or Heavy Knife=, used to chop off the
        fingers or hands of those found guilty of treason, killing a
        parent, and various other crimes.

        365 & 366 =Two Strong Hand-screws=, for squeezing the fingers.

        367 =Chinese Executioner’s Knife=, with engraved handle.

        368 =Constable’s Staff of Iron=, the end terminating in the
        figure of a man’s fist. Could be used with serious results.

        369 =Leather Body Ring=, with iron fastener. When the criminal
        was fastened with a ring round his body, shackles fastened from
        it to his feet, handcuffs to his hands, and a collar to his
        neck, he had little chance of escape or resistance. Slaves were
        frequently sold thus bound.

        370 & 371 =Two Strong Iron Bars=, each with a manacle at each
        end, used for various purposes.

        372 & 373 =Two very Curious and Powerful Thumbscrews.=

        374 =Very Curious Iron Shame Mask or Brank=, with long straight
        protruding ears, long snout, and overlapping lip (a sign of
        drunkenness), two curious round raised and blotched ornaments
        under each eye, and a deeply furrowed forehead. This was worn by
        confirmed topers, who were frequently condemned to stand exposed
        for perhaps a week, or longer, according to the gravity of their
        failing.

        375 =Another Iron Mask=, worn by thieves.

        376 & 377 =Two Hempen Penitential Whips=, with strongly knotted
        lashes.

        378 =Iron Body Belt=, with a manacle or handcuff fixed on to
        each side, and strong chain to fasten prisoner up to a wall or
        dungeon floor.

        379 =A very powerful pair of Ankle Fasteners and Padlock
        combined.= With this on, the victim could not possibly walk a
        single step.

        380 =Long Iron Chain=, with strong leg fastener at one end,
        padlock at the other.

        381 & 382 =Two Strong Iron Shackles.=

        383 =Curious Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, square face with turned
        up mustache and flattened nose, worn by people who were found to
        be very quarrelsome or combative.

        384 to 388 =Five Wooden Scolds’ Collars= of various sizes and
        designs, presumably from different towns.

        389 & 390 =Two Gallows Choking Ropes.=

        391 =Iron Body Ring with Long Iron Chain.=

        392 & 393 =A Pair of very Powerful Iron Finger-screws or Nail
        Breakers.= Inflicted most terrible pain.

        394 =A very rare and uncommon Iron Brank=, made only in
        skeleton, but so constructed that parts cover the mouth, nose,
        and eyes, and with long outstanding head top. Was worn by a
        prisoner perhaps for years, until his identity was almost lost.

        395, 395a, 396 =Three Long Iron Chains=, each with an ankle
        fastener at the end; worn in prisons while the inmates were at
        work, so that they could be fastened to their barrows, spades,
        or benches.

        397 =A smaller Chain with Leg-holder and Padlock=, worn by a
        woman or child.

        398 & 399 =A Pair of Double Thumbscrews=, with semi-circular
        tops and rings.

        400 =A Witch’s Idol.= A carving of the devil’s head in wood,
        painted. This was worn by the supposed witch on her way to be
        burnt at the stake.

      Burning to death was a very frequent punishment in all European
        countries; and in the olden time belief in witches was so strong
        that burning or drowning of some poor women accused of
        “overlooking” or “bewitching” someone or something was nothing
        out of the common. On all such occasions a tablet such as shown
        was worn on the way to doom.

        401 =An extra strong Long Iron Chain=, with extra strong shackle
        at one end and heavy padlock at the other; to secure some very
        determined culprit or evil-doer, most likely one who had been
        accused of slandering the reigning king or queen.

        402 =Very Powerful Pair of Heavy Iron Leglets=, with arrangement
        to fit any size and to lock on.

[Illustration: A detailed, historical German engraving titled
“Rechtfertigung der Vornehmste verräther In Engellandt” (Execution of
the principal traitors in England). It depicts a bustling public square
in a European city where multiple prisoners are being drawn on hurdles
by horses, while others are being hanged, drawn, and quartered on a
large wooden scaffold before a massive crowd.]

        403 & 404 =A Pair of Iron Ankle Shackles.=

        405 & 406 =A Pair of Double Thumbscrews=, to fasten up both
        thumbs; one with lock.

        407 =A very Curiously Shaped Thumbscrew=, with extra powerful
        movement.

        408 =A large Double Finger-screw=, so arranged as to close on
        two fingers of each hand. Very cruel.

        409 & 410 =A Pair of Gallows Choking Ropes.=

        411 =A strong Gallows Hook.=

        412 =Sheath of an Executioner’s Dagger.= Very early.

        413 =Iron Liar’s Knife=, with bells and rattles, engraved with
        the following verses on both sides of the blade and handle.

                                 On the handle.

                 “Das Aufschneidt Messr. Wers kan machs besser.
                 Hettest du jetzt fein still geschwigen
                 So wer das Messr ruhig blieben.—HANS SACHS.”

             TRANSLATION.—“Who can do better for the Liar’s Knife?
                           Had you quiet held your tongue
                           The knife still on the nail had hung.”

                                 On the blade.

                     “Wann dein Maul redet was wer wahr,
                     Durften die Glöcklein nicht kommen dar
                     Und dich erinnern dass hinfort
                     Dich besinnst ehe du redst ein Wort.”

                TRANSLATION.—“If your mouth speaks only true,
                              The bells they do not ring for you
                              To remind you that forsooth
                              You should only speak the truth.”

                               On the other side.

                      “Damit man nicht pfeiff oder leut
                      Dass jedermann merkt was es bedeut,
                      Dass dich dass Messer nicht verletz
                      Und dich in Spott und Hohn versetz.”

                TRANSLATION.—“So that none may whistle or shout
                              And all know what this is about,
                              Let this knife bring you no shame
                              And nought but doubtful fame.”

      This knife was also used by people to show that they could not be
        imposed upon, the bearer being supposed to be himself “a sharp
        blade.”

        414 =Long Wooden Roller=; was used on the rack. The victim was
        stripped and then rolled over this uneven surface while being
        stretched until his bones were nearly all dislocated.

        415 =A Fragment= of the cloak of the Christian Martyr Johannes
        Huss, who was burned at the stake at Constanz. See “Foxe’s Book
        of Martyrs.”

        416 =Iron Brank or Mask=, completely covering the face, with
        mouth in the act of whistling and with long ass’s ears; worn by
        persons convicted of gluttony or other excesses.

        417 =Half Iron Brank=, only covering the head, nose, and ears;
        very curious headpiece, in centre of which a candle was placed
        and lighted. Ordered by the Holy Inquisition. An exceedingly
        rare specimen.

        418 & 419 =Two very Powerful and Painful Wrist-holders or
        Bracelets.=

        420 =An Exceedingly Strong Iron Body Ring=, with handcuff at
        each side and a 29-link iron chain.

        421 =Very Curious Old Chain= with eccentric shaped links and
        feet-holders. The prisoner was fastened to a wall and left for
        days or weeks before being removed to confinement, so that all
        passers might see and remember the delinquent.

        422 =Another=, somewhat similar, with strong padlock to lock on
        to leg.

        423 & 424 =Two Shackles=, frequently used with the foregoing.

        425 & 426 =Two Very Curious Early Prison Padlocks.=

        427 =Iron Shame Brank=, from the town of Friedberg, near
        Augsburg; spectacled eyes, protruding nose, overlapping lip, and
        ass’s ears. Worn by drunkards.

        428 & 429 =Two Pairs of Leg Shackles=, each with strong iron
        chain. Worn during severe punishments.

        430 =An Extra Strong Ankle-holder=, with long iron chain.

        431 =A Similar=, lighter and smaller, for female prisoners.

        432 =A Very Curious Wrought-iron Mouth-opener=; was placed
        between the teeth, which were then easily kept apart while the
        tongue was torn out, or boiling oil or molten lead was poured
        down the throat.

        433 & 434 =Two different Double Thumbscrews= for holding both
        thumbs.

        435 =A strong Double Hand-fastener of Wrought Iron=, with
        aperture to fix on end of chain. The victim was usually dragged
        along by a mounted police officer or at a cart’s tail.

        436 =Hair-Cord=, which, when put on and rubbed over the arms and
        feet, caused a most maddening irritation of the flesh.

        437 =A Cloth Eye-binder=, with two raised parts, which pressed
        over the victim’s eyes and kept them closed.

        438 =A Choking Rope.=

        439 =Crown of Straw and two Plaits.= This was worn by a fallen
        virgin. The victim was shorn of all her hair, and had to stand
        in a church door or other public place.

        440 =Spanish Gaiter used for Torturing the Leg=, with very
        formidable uneven shinbone presser.

        441 =A somewhat similar one.=

        442 =Another=, extra heavy and larger.

        443 =Pair of Cruel Wood Pinching Shears= for breaking the
        fingers off after crushing the bone.

        444 =An Iron Handscrew= for pressing the entire five fingers.

        445 =Another=, somewhat different.

        446 to 449 =Two Long Heavy Chains=, with heavy shackles for male
        prisoners, and two lighter and smaller for women or children.

        450 =Iron Mask for Military Prisoners=, made in the shape of a
        helmet, with long speaking-tube. Mouth and shield on forehead.

        451 =Somewhat similar Iron Mask=, with flat face and protruding
        snout. Coat-of-arms on the forehead. Belonged to some feudal
        knight.

        452 =Very Heavy and Massive Wrought-iron pair of Braces=,
        consisting of belt, two front bars, and shoulder irons, with
        strong padlock. When fastened up in this, all efforts at flight,
        resistance, or even rest, were of no avail.

        453 =A very similar set of Irons.=

        454 =Long Iron Stake=, with top cross-bar having an armlet at
        each end, long chain at bottom, with shackle for each foot. This
        in itself forms a complete imprisonment.

        455 =Very heavy square-linked Wrought-iron Chain and
        Foot-fastener.=

        456 =Another similar, heavier.=

        457 =Iron Head Crown=, with jagged nails inside. With this on,
        culprits were fastened to the wall.

        458 =Terrible Spanish Spiked Iron Collar=, completely studded
        outside, inside, and on edges with sharp iron spikes so arranged
        that the wearer knew no rest, sleeping, waking, standing,
        sitting, or lying.

        459 =Small Iron Wire Whip=, for flaying the victim while
        stretched on the rack.

        460 =Torture Ladder=, about 15 feet long, with sharp
        three-cornered rungs, with cords and pulleys. On this a man was
        stretched to his fullest extent, to receive the torture which
        may have been ordered.

        461 =Thief-catcher.= Very curious instrument; long iron handle,
        terminating at the top with a round hoop, garnished inside with
        triangular iron spikes. The front of the hoop is made to push
        open, so that the officer of the law can push it round the neck,
        arm, or leg of whoever he wants to catch, who on his or her part
        has no possible means of getting away, the ring having closed on
        him and preventing any effort to escape.

        462 =Thief-catcher=, similar form.

        463 =Wheel=, with strong protruding iron shaft so as to break
        the victim’s joints.

        464 =A curious Antique Iron Brank or Mask=, with long snout, for
        boastful people and liars.

        465 =A long Chain and heavy Shackle.=

        466 =A Curious Witches’ Idol=, carving of a devil’s head,
        supposed to have been worshipped by witches. See No. 400.

        467 =A Mandragora Root=, cut into the form of a man; said to
        have great efficacy in the hands of witches against the person
        they were “overlooking.” A nail or a needle driven into the
        mandragora caused a pain to shoot through the heart of the
        living man at the same moment, and nails or needles were driven
        into it until the person died. Also the mandragora was supposed
        to have the power of helping its owner to discover hidden
        treasure, etc., etc.

        468 =A Long Chain=, with two very strong shackles at each end.

        469 & 470 =A Pair of Ditto=, lighter.

        471 =An old Hour-glass=, divided into hour, three-quarters,
        half, and quarter, by which the duration of the torture was
        timed.

        472 =Strong Iron Body Ring, Pair of Iron Manacles.=

        473 =Strong Iron Leg Ring, a Handcuff and Padlock=, attached to
        long, strong iron chain.

        474 =An Antique very large-bore Blunderbuss=, with wheel lock.
        Forbidden by International agreement.

        475 =Large Wooden Brank or Shame Mask=, in the shape of a
        death’s head. This was worn by criminals who were pardoned the
        death penalty, and was worn by them in public places before
        being taken to the prison where they were incarcerated forever.

        476 =A Thief-catcher=, similar to No. 461.

        477 =Another Wheel=, somewhat similar to No. 463.

      Breaking on the wheel was not a figure of speech, but a stern and
        terrible reality. When the condemned was laid out on the wooden
        bed and the wheel brought into action over and over him and
        weighted with all the strength of the executioner and his
        assistants, every bone in the body was literally broken. In some
        countries the victim was tied on to a wheel and turned round and
        round as the wagon moved; he, sometimes over, sometimes under
        it. But here the combination of wheel and wooden bed seems much
        more cruel and lingering.

        478 =Witch-catching Staff=, with the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and
        Ave Maria. Under the iron point for prodding is also a hook for
        catching hold. This was so arranged that when a witch was to be
        caught it was unnecessary to touch her, as in those days of
        superstition no man could lay his hand upon a witch for fear of
        all sorts of evil spells. Catching hold of her with this staff,
        protected as it was by the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and Ave
        Maria, was considered to have the effect of circumventing all
        her machinations.

        479 =Witch-catcher Staff= of a somewhat different kind.

        480 =Curious Iron Brank or Mask=, with small eyes, with pointed
        beard and weathercock on crown, showing a changeable disposition
        or one given to untruths.

        481 =Strong Iron Body Ring=, with two chains.

        482 =Another=, lighter, with hinged movement.

        483 =Curious Mask= without any face, with long speaking-trumpet
        and snake on which to hang any stolen property; for thieves.

        484 =An Iron Brank=, without face, long ass’s ears for
        drunkards.

        485, 486, 487 =Three strong Iron Leglets=, with long chains.

        488 =Large Iron Chandelier=, used for lighting the torture
        chamber.

        489 to 491 =Three long Chains and Iron Fasteners=, various sizes
        and strengths.

        492 =A Strong Circular Wood and Iron Pulley= and rope for
        running victim up to a beam, when his feet were heavily weighted
        until his joints were broken.

        493 =Nobleman’s very curious Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped
        like a man’s face, with movable visor and mustache, at each end
        of which is a bell; also one at each ear, a larger one at the
        point of the beard, and surmounted by two iron rods, each
        terminating in a bell. The use of this brank seems lost in
        obscurity, and we have searched in vain for its application; but
        there can be little doubt it was worn by malefactors of noble
        birth; and the idea seems to be that it was worn on the way to
        execution by a parricide, the bells being to call all the
        world’s attention to the despicable criminal.

        NOTE.—In England branks seem only to have been used for scolds;
        but in the cities of the Continent they were used for criminals
        of both sexes.

        494 =An Executioner’s Cord or Rope=, by which the delinquents
        were bound before going to execution.

        495 =Another Executioner’s Rope=, similar.

        496 to 554 =A Large Collection= of strong iron manacles,
        shackles, and body rings of various times and nationalities.

        NOTE.—Although the space at our command will not allow us to
        individualize and describe each of these manacles, shackles, and
        chains, each and every one is different, made at different
        periods, and of various designs. They played a great part in the
        criminal history of Europe, having been used in every country.
        Criminals wore them in prison, in the torture chamber, at the
        stake, and in the Tumbril. In the penitent’s cell they also
        found their place. In fact, volumes might be written on their
        use and abuse.

        555 =A Model of the Guillotine=, made of wood.

        556 =A Metal Model= of same, differently constructed.

        557 =Iron Coal Stove= on tripod feet. In this the coals were
        lighted and got to a white heat in order to make the branding
        irons red hot, and so burn the marks or letters into the flesh
        of the forehead or back.

        558 =Iron Coal Box= for same purpose.

        559 =Pair of Bellows=, used for blowing up the fire in above.

      The history of branding is so well known that it is needless to
        enter into it here. Both men and women were branded in all
        European countries for all sorts of crimes, and even in the
        earlier times a serf bore his master’s brand mark.

        560 =The Condemned’s Cup or Mug.= Made of glass, with engraving
        of the crucifixion. Out of this cup the condemned was given wine
        to drink during his last day.

        561 =An Antique Fayence Beer Jug=, with burnt-in picture of
        Hiesel and his big dog.

        562 =Punishment Officers’ Drum.= This small, long four-cornered
        iron-bound oak drum or rattle was used to call all wayfarers’
        and passers’ attention to the culprit, so that all might see,
        hear, and take warning by the punishment thus being meted out.

        563 =Soup Bowl and Spoon.= This was used to affix to a scolds’
        collar, in which two females were fastened, so that if, as it
        frequently happened, the shame of the punishment did not bring
        the combatant females to a renewal of friendship and
        forgiveness, they were reduced by _hunger_. The bowl was hung
        close under their noses, filled with soup or stew; the women had
        one hand loosened, and were glad to eat out of the same bowl,
        using the only spoon one after the other. This was taken as a
        sign of returning affection.

        564 =Iron Wristscrew=, of great cruelty, with outward roughed
        movement for lacerating the arm.

        565 =Spanish Gaiter= for torturing the leg, with strong screw
        and roughed inner movement for crushing the shin bone.

        566 Ditto, with similar movement, different screws.

        567 =Another=, of different construction.

        568 =Another=, different.

        569 =Another=, different.

        570 =Another=, larger and more powerful.

        571 =Another=, with an addition of sharp iron teeth in base.

        572 =Another=, still different, with double screws for entirely
        crushing the leg bone.

        573, 574 & 575 =Three very curious and different large
        Prison-gate Padlocks.=

        576 & 577 =Two Scolds’ Wooden Collars=, with aperture for neck
        and both hands.

        578 =A large Wooden Winder or Pulley=, used to stretch
        criminals.

        579 Ditto, of wood and iron.

        580 =A long Wooden Spiked Hare=, with strong spikes. (See No.
        89.)

        581 =Strong Iron Neck Collar=, with outstanding iron rod with
        bell on end, so that prisoner could never move without giving
        warning.

        582 =A Witches’ Idol Figure of the Evil One=, which witches were
        supposed to worship.

        583 =An Iron Chandelier=, somewhat similar to No. 488.

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 1019._
]

        584 =Curious barred face Helmet or Mask=, worn by juvenile
        criminals.

        585 =A Poacher’s Flint Gun=, made of iron, formed so that it
        looks like a mountaineer’s stick, with a chamois horn handle,
        the lock made so that it can be taken off and put on at will.

        586 =Prison Whip=, with thorn handle.

        587 =An Extra Heavy Brank, or Punishment Hat, for Lazy People.=
        It is of iron, and with iron bars across the face.

        588 =Instrument used to draw knots of cords as tightly as
        possible.=

        589 =Long Iron Chain with ankle fastener at the end.=

        590 =Penitent’s Cap, made of Linen=, with opening for eyes,
        ears, mouth, and nose.

        591 =Executioner’s Staff=, carried before the execution. Wooden
        handle, with red and white rings.

        592 =A Set of Stocks, with place for two Culprits.= In these
        delinquents of almost all kinds were placed, for varying
        periods, exposed to public gaze and scorn.

        593 =Penitent’s Linen Shirt.=

        594 =Executioner’s Cloak=, very long, of red woollen material,
        presumably red so as not to show blood spots or stains.

        595 =Wonderful Wooden Chain= of many links, with hanging spoons.
        This work of patience was done by Baron von der Trenk whilst in
        prison, and cut out of a plank of wood, with no other tools than
        the knife he was allowed to cut his bread with. What makes this
        chain the more remarkable is that it has no joints of any kind,
        is neither nailed, screwed, or glued, but is entirely
        self-containing, and cut out of the solid. Baron von der Trenk
        was imprisoned for high treason at Magdeburg.

        596 =A Heavy Stone=, used for stretching.

        597 =Another=, similar weight.

        598 =A Pair of Stone Bullet Weights.=

        599 =An Iron Ball Weight.=

        600 =A Heavy Pair of Weights.=

        601 =A Heavy Stone Weight.=

        602 Ditto.

        603 Ditto.

        604 =Spanish Mantle, or Drunkard’s Cloak, and Helmet.= This
        so-called cloak is really in the form of a long barrel, wider at
        the bottom than at the top. It was hinged at the back so as to
        open. The drunkard or ne’er-do-well was placed in it, and it was
        closed to and locked, the top having an iron-bound orifice just
        large enough to let his head through. On his head was placed the
        barred helmet, through which he could see and be seen by all.
        The period of confinement was varied according to the offence or
        its frequency. One or two hours was the usual sentence. To tall
        men this was more severe than to short ones. Whereas a tall one,
        standing up, would lift the entire wooden barrel on his
        shoulders, and would after a time, borne down by its weight,
        have to sink on to his knees, a short man would be able to stand
        inside and so suffer far less pain.

          “Several historians, dealing with the social life of England
          in bygone times, have described the wearing of the barrel
          after the manner of a cloak as a general mode of punishing
          drunkards in force during the Commonwealth. Mr. Ralph Gardner,
          of Cheriton, in the county of Norfolk, printed in 1655 a work,
          in which he says, ‘He the deponent further affirms that he
          hath seen men drove up and down the streets with a great tub
          or barrel, opened in the sides, with a whole in one end to put
          their heads through, and so cover their shoulders and bodies
          down to the small of their legs, and then close the
          same—called the new-fashioned cloak, and so make them march to
          the view of all beholders; and this is their punishment for
          drunkards and the like.’

          “It is noticed in _Travels in Holland_, by Sir William
          Brereton, under the date of May 29th, 1634, as seen at Delft.
          John Evelyn visited Delft on August 17th, 1641, and writes,
          ‘that in the Senate House hangs a weighty vessel of wood, not
          unlike a butter churn, which the adventurous woman that hath
          two husbands at one time is to wear on her shoulders, her head
          peeping out of the top only, and so led about the town as a
          penance for her incontinence.’ Samuel Pepys has an entry in
          his diary respecting seeing a similar barrel at The Hague in
          the year 1660. We have traces of this mode of punishment in
          Germany. John Howard, in his work entitled _The State Prisons
          in England and Wales_, 1684, thus writes, ‘In Denmark some
          criminals of the lower sort, as watchmen, coachmen, &c., are
          punished by being led through the city in what is called “The
          Spanish Mantle.”...’ I measured one at Berlin. This mode of
          punishment is particularly dreaded, and is one cause that
          night robberies are never heard of in Copenhagen.”—_Old-Time
          Punishments_, W. ANDREWS.

      From the above it appears that not only was it used for drunkards,
        but also for burglars, bigamous women, etc., etc.

        605 =A similar Spanish Mantle or Drunkard’s Cloak= without
        helmet, from Munich.

        606 =A somewhat similar one=, from Lauingen, in Suabia.

        607 =Weighty Stone= in the shape of a coat-of-arms shield, and
        dated 1661. This somewhat great weight was hung by a chain round
        the neck of the accused. Crimes such as theft, assaults, etc.

        608 =A similar Stone=, used for field or garden thieves. It is
        engraved with a head, and has on the top a crown of flowers and
        some fruit.

        609 =A similar Stone= for gamblers, with deeply-cut engravings
        of playing cards.

        610 =Very large-sized Double Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped like
        the fiend’s head, with horns, protruding eyes, and teeth.
        Belonging to this are also a snake and dragon’s head. This
        hideous mask was worn by a woman who had daily assaulted her
        husband. As in all these old punishments, the culprit stood in a
        most public place. In this instance the snake or dragon was held
        in the hand. It signified that the holder was a house dragon,
        and as such, deserving the scorn and obloquy of all beholders.

        611 =Wooden Tablet= with the word mörder (murderer) written on
        it. This was worn by a criminal convicted of murder. On it was
        also inscribed a written notice of the executioner’s as to
        particulars of the crime, date of execution, etc.

        612 =Large Wooden Stocks=, in which a condemned culprit was
        forced to stand tied up in a market or public place so many
        hours daily, fastened by the feet, and with a tablet bearing his
        name, description of crime, and punishment. In most cases he was
        also sentenced to receive so many whippings per day or week,
        which were applied by the public executioner.

        613 =Iron Stocks=, shape of a chair. Was frequently used as a
        ducking-stool to duck scolds or witches.

        614 =Tablet worn by the Occupant of Stocks.= This one was
        evidently worn by fruit or field thieves.

        615 =Baker’s Ducking-Cage.= Very curious oak cage, about six
        feet high. Inside is a seat. In this cage the baker who gave
        short weight was locked up, and the cage was then hung to chains
        and drawn up and down in the water until the occupant was nearly
        drowned. See engraving, No. 709.

        NOTE.—This ducking-cage was not known in England. There are many
        ducking-stools still extant, but from all inquiries we find that
        they were only used to duck scolds or women charged with
        witchcraft.

        616 =Large Oil Painting=, by Michael Angelo di Caravaggio,
        showing _Man’s First Crime_, Cain killing his brother Abel.

        617 =Seat or Settle belonging to a Torture Chamber=, with
        one-half for the physician and the other for the executioner. It
        will be noticed that the part intended for the doctor has a back
        to lean against, whilst the executioner’s part has not.

        618 =Small Table= on which there is a sharp-toothed thumb and
        finger screw, an instrument which the victim must have seen with
        a shuddering sense of fear, so ingenious is it in its cruelty.

        619 =A Pair of Heavy Weights.=

        620 =Torture Chair=, covered all over with wooden spikes, so
        that the occupant could not sit without being severely punished,
        the more so as his feet were often weighted with heavy stones to
        add to his pain.

        621 =The Spiked Portion of a Torture Seat.=

        622 =Torture Chair=, the back, the seat-stretcher, foot-rest,
        completely covered with sharp wooden spikes, so that the
        occupant was tortured sitting, leaning, standing; in fact, after
        a short time the pain became unbearable.

        623 =Heavy Wooden Torture Seat=, with front lockable iron bar so
        that the victim could be securely fastened in. In this chair
        tortures of all kinds were inflicted.

        624 =Torture Rack=, about 10 feet long, with “spiked hare,”
        round roller, and all the necessary cords for binding and
        stretching the victim.

        625 =Torture Cradle=, about 6 feet long, completely covered with
        wooden spikes and with wooden spiked movable cushion (?) head
        rest.

        626 =Stretching Gallows=, known in German as Schlimme Liesel
        (Fearful Eliza). At the foot are strong iron rings, into which
        the man’s feet were placed; his hands were then fastened to a
        triangle, which was raised by means of ropes and pulleys until
        he was stretched beyond endurance. When in this position he was
        perhaps flayed, or else cruelly whipped at stated periods by the
        public executioner.

        627 =Spanish Donkey.= This terrible instrument is formed with a
        =Ʌ= or cone-shaped top, worked to a sharp point. The victim was
        placed straddle-legged on this, and heavy weights placed on each
        foot, until the sharp point of the donkey’s back cut clean
        through his body, or broke him right in halves.

        628 =Whipping Bench=, from Berlin. A large bench upholstered,
        straps to fasten the arms, legs, head, and feet, with a movable
        footboard, to be raised according to the height of the whipper.

        629 =Ball and Chain= for prisoner’s leg.

        630 =The Wooden Bed= on which the victim of the wheel was laid.

        631 =Heavy Iron Execution Chair.=

      The culprit sat or kneeled in the chair, with head leaning over
        the back, and the headsman, after cutting away the hair, with
        one stroke severed the head from the body.

        632 =A large heavy Bell=, which was rung all the way the
        condemned was being taken to the block or scaffold. Backward and
        forward, forward and backward, swung the bell, until the
        executioner was ready to do his grewsome work.

        633 =The Mummified Head of a Beheaded Nuremberg Child
        Murderess=, together with the spear on which it was shown at the
        wheel.

        634 =A small old German Delinquent’s Altar=, with small figure
        of the crucified Saviour.

        635 =A Pair of Bronze Candlesticks= which were chained to the
        altar; same period.

        636 =The Celebrated Original IRON MAIDEN (Eiserne Jungfrau).=
        This terror-inspiring torture instrument is made of strong wood,
        bound together with iron bands. Opens with two doors, to allow
        the prisoner to be placed inside. The entire interior is fitted
        with long, sharp iron spikes, so that, when the doors are
        pressed to, the sharp prongs force their way into various
        portions of the victim’s body. Two entered his eyes, others
        pierced his back, his chest, and, in fact, _impaled_ him alive
        in such a manner that he lingered in the most agonizing torture.
        When death relieved the poor wretch from his agonies, perhaps
        after days, a trap-door in the base was pulled open and the body
        was allowed to fall into the moat or river below. Persons were
        condemned to death by the embraces of the _Iron Maiden_ for
        plots against the governing powers, parricide, religious
        unbelief, and murder with attempt against puberty. The date of
        this rare specimen is the fifteenth century.

      It is believed that the Iron Maiden is purely and peculiarly a
        relic of old Nuremberg, as at that date we do not read of it
        anywhere else, whilst the annals of that town contain many
        allusions to its terrors.

      We find that in the next (16th) century there was an instrument of
        execution in Scotland known as the “Maiden,” but it was
        perfectly different to this one, and was really a beheading
        block on to which a knife fell from a certain height, and
        something after the style of the present guillotine—a much more
        merciful and expeditious mode of execution than the slow, cruel,
        lingering death above mentioned. As we said in our Preface, the
        fiendish ingenuity displayed in inventing terrible torture is in
        no instance more in evidence than in the construction of this
        relic of ancient Nuremberg, known as “The Iron Maiden.”

        637 =An Engraving= showing the “Iron Maiden.”

        638 =An Old Painting= on panel, “Justice,” with the inscription:

          “Gott ist grecht in sainn Gericht drum thu gutts und sündge
          nicht.”

      Translation:

          “God’s judgment is aright; do thou good, and sin not.”

      This was fixed over the judge’s seat.

        639 =Small Panel Painting.= “The Sign of the Ban of Blood,”
        showing an axe and a severed hand.

        640 =A similar Panel.=

        641 =Stone Tablet=, which hung over the entrance door to the
        torture chamber, with the inscription—

                   “Atris patratis sunt atra theatra parata.”

      Translation:

                        “Dark deeds make dark endings.”

        642 =A Papal Bull=, dated Rome, 5th February, 1492. Written in
        Latin on parchment, giving an authority to the Abbot of St.
        Ægidus, in Nuremberg, to hold and constitute Courts of Justice
        in that town.

        643 =A Witch’s Charm=, of lead, with engraved characters and
        motto.

        644 =Wooden Model of the Witch’s Castle=, near Straubing, in
        Lower Bavaria; here the notorious Agnes Bernauer was accused of
        being a witch, and as such kept until she was drowned in the
        Danube.

        645 =Oil Painting of the Gilder, Erdmann of Nuremberg.= He was
        the last man publicly tortured in Nuremberg. After his death he
        was found to have been innocent of the crime of theft to which
        he had _confessed_ under torture, and in consequence of this
        lamentable miscarriage of justice, it was decided that torture
        should be forever abolished in the town.

        646 =Picture of the Guillotine= on wood.

        647 =A Curious 15th-Century Forerunner of the Mitrailleuse or
        Gatling Gun=, constructed so as to fire fifteen balls at one
        time; was in those days called a _Hell Machine_, and its use was
        forbidden by the International agreement as being outside the
        pale of fair warfare.

        648 =Thumb Instrument, or Press=, with two pressers for thumbs.

        649 =A Set of Stocks with Wheels=, so that they could be wheeled
        about to any part of the city or from town.

        650 =A Strong Wooden Windlass= for running the victim up to the
        ceiling, where he was suspended by the thumb, with weights
        attached to his feet.

        651 =Portrait of Maria Renata, of Wurzburg=, who was the last
        woman burnt at the stake in Germany for being suspected of
        witchcraft.

        652 =Oil Painting of a Bavarian Court Jester= who was bricked in
        alive, with his hands tied behind him, at the Castle of
        Trausnitz, and so left miserably to starve to death.

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 1020._
]


                The Collection of Prints and Engravings,

          _Showing the Application of the Various Tortures in Different
                                   Countries._

        700 Descriptive account of the capture of the Bavarian robber,
        Hiesel.

        701 Tumult at Middelburg, in Holland.

        702 Man on stretcher being singed to death.

        703 Print showing the application of manacles, shackles, etc.

        704 Portrait of Judica Widman, wife of the executioner of
        Nuremberg, 1672.

        705 Louis XVI. brought back from Varennes to Paris, June 25,
        1791.

        706 “La malheureuse famille Calas.”

        707 Dick Turpin and Black Bess.

        708 The execution of the two famous castle thieves at Berlin,
        June 8, 1718.

        709 The Debtors’ Bridge at Nuremberg, showing debtors’ towers
        for males and females, and also a baker being dipped for
        fraudulent weights.

        710 Picture showing a person being branded on back, forehead,
        and cheeks.

        711 Execution at The Hague, 1619.

        712 Torture and execution of women.

        713 Three terrible modes of execution.

        714 Portrait of a Swiss rebel, beheaded near Lucerne in 1653.

        715 Prisoner chained, and with iron collar.

        716 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer, the fraudulent Finance
        Minister of Würtemberg.

        717 The same, executed in a cage.

        718 Wife of Widman, the Nuremberg executioner.

        719 Execution of Counts Struensee and Brand, Copenhagen, 1772,
        and their crests being destroyed by the headsman.

        720 Arrest of a notorious thief.

        721 Portrait of Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat.

        722 Picture of a prisoner in chains.

        723 A decapitated head exposed on the wheel.

        724 Execution of two thieves at Hamburg.

        725 Massacre in the Low Countries.

        726 Scene during the French Revolution.

        727 Episodes during the life of Jack Rann.

        728 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog (colored).

        729 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, after Guido Reni.

        730 Sixteen portraits of notorious criminals.

        731 Portrait of Lieutenant Schiedel, who captured Hiesel.

        732 The fortress of Hohenstein, where Oppenheimer was
        imprisoned.

        733 Execution in the Low Countries, 1584.

        734 Execution of Councillor Gosson, at Atrecht (Arras), for not
        joining the rebels, October 20, 1578.

        735 Strangulation of the grand Vizier Cara Mustapha by order of
        the Sultan, February, 1684.

        736 Portrait of Philip Egalité.

        737 Man being publicly whipped on the stocks.

        738 Madame Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI.

        739 Portrait of Johann Beuckels, Provost of Münster, called Jan
        Van Leyden.

        740 Capture of Louis XVI. at Varennes, June 22, 1791.

        741 Jan Smit, hung by his feet at Haarlem, in 1752.

        742 Suess Oppenheimer in prison, and his trial.

        743 Execution of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolean patriot, outside
        the walls of Mantua.

        744 Portrait of Robespierre.

        745 Portrait of P. Schaeffer.

        746 Portrait of Anckerström, murderer of the King of Sweden.

        747 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach, 1567.

        748 Death of Gustav the Fearless, King of Sweden, at a ball, by
        the hand of an assassin, March 16, 1792.

        749 Portrait of the Count Cagliostro.

        750 Portrait of the Emperor Joseph II., during whose reign
        torture was relinquished in Germany.

        751 A prisoner suffering the bastinado.

        752 The man in the iron mask.

        753 Engraving of a female cheat in Strasburg.

        754 Showing Algerius, student of Padua, burned at Rome in 1557.

        755 Execution of Louis XVI.

        756 Execution of the regicides, Counts Struensee and Brand, at
        Copenhagen, April 28, 1772.

        757 Massacre by the Spaniards in the Low Countries.

        758 Damien being torn to pieces by four horses; his remains
        burnt.

        759 Terrible massacre at Haarlem after the capture of the town
        by the Spaniards, July 13, 1573.

        760 Portrait of Wiedman, the Nuremberg executioner.

        761 Henri Masers de Latude, incarcerated during thirty-five
        years in different state prisons.

        762 Portrait of Carl Sand, murderer of Kotzebue.

        763 A military execution.

        764 Engraving, showing a man having his eyes burned out.

        765 Execution of Marie Antoinette on the Place de la Revolution,
        October 16, 1793. Her last words were, “Farewell, my children; I
        go to rejoin your father.”

        766 Massacre in the Low Countries by the Spaniards.

        767 The memorable address of Louis XVI. at the Bar of the
        National Convention, December 26, 1792.

        768 Model of the Bastile.

        769 A prisoner being led to execution.

        770 A murderess in prison, in chains.

        771 Thomas Muncer, preacher, executed at Alstet, Thuringia.

        772 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog.

        773 Calas taking leave of his family.

        774 Bohemian rebel.

        775 Attempted murder during a public procession.

        776 Portrait of Jacob Clements, the murderer of Henry III., King
        of France, August 1, 1589.

        777 Execution of eighteen noblemen at Brussels, June 1, 1568, by
        order of the Spaniards.

        778 Four people condemned to be burnt by the Inquisition.

        779 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser.

        780 Execution of a general for having given his town over to the
        enemy.

        781 Portrait of Johann de Witt.

        782 An execution in the interior of a prison.

        783 Terrible torture of a woman at Maestricht.

        784 Terrible torture inflicted at Veer, in Zeeland, in 1560.

        785 Attempt to kill Napoleon I. with an infernal machine,
        December 25, 1800.

        786 The son of Louis XVI. being shown the guillotine.

        787 Execution of French delinquents for having attempted the
        life of Prince of Saxony at Cologne, June 13, 1704.

        788 Dulcinus and his wife torn limb from limb at Novara, 1308.

        789 The guillotine.

        790 Arrest of the rebel, Johann David Miller.

        791 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Baron of Denbigh, Governor
        of the Low Countries.

        792 Portrait of the murderer of P. Forster in prison.

        793 Count Cajetani tried and executed for alchemistry.

        794 Portrait of the Duke of Alba.

        795 Execution of Louis XVI.

        796 Five views showing the deposition and imprisonment of
        Charles I. of England.

        797 Execution at Buchloe, Bavaria, 1777.

        798 Drowning and hanging rebels at Bonn, on the Rhine.

        799 Execution of Counts Egmont and Van Horn, June 5, 1568, at
        Brussels.

        800 Cecilie Renaud arrested at Robespierre’s house in 1794.

        801 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer.

        802 Hiesel’s attempt to escape from prison.

        803 Engraving showing twenty-four criminals, some handcuffed,
        some with shackles, some with jougs.

        804 Allegorical picture, “The Angel Delivering Man from Satan’s
        Influence.”

        805 A culprit being exposed in a cage.

        806 Cruelties by the Spaniards in the Netherlands.

        807 A female fortune-teller paraded through the streets of
        Nuremberg in 1801.

        808 The Duc de Nemours in prison.

        809 The Duke of Orleans, Philip Egalité.

        810 Drowning of French subjects in the Loire by order of
        Carrier, 1793.

        811 The Duke of Alba treacherously summons Counts Van Horn and
        Egmont, and has them seized.

        812 Rebels being led to execution.

        813 Portraits of three Frankfort rebels.

        814 Lucretia Grenville, who attempted Cromwell’s life.

        815 The wounded Robespierre being carried into the vestry-room
        of the Committee of Public Safety.

        816 Execution of rebels in front of Town Hall at Leipsic.

        817 A famous robber and his gang being taken to prison.

        818 The Spanish auto-da-fé.

        819 Hungarian preachers sent to the galleys in 1674.

        820 Attempt on the life of Joseph I., King of Portugal, and
        execution of the plotters, in 1759.

        821 Execution in London, subject unknown.

        822 Various modes of execution.

        823 Showing various executions.

        824 Ann Hendricks, burned at Amsterdam, 1571.

        825 A public execution.

        826 Scenes in the life of a noted criminal.

        827 Twelve portraits of notorious criminals.

        828 Prisoners at work.

        829 Assassination of Prince of Orange, March 15, 1582.

        830 The death of Kotzebue.

        831 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach.

        832 Attack on the village of Jonckersdorff, near Cologne.

        833 Execution at Frankfort, 1616.

        834 Public execution of a woman at Ansbach.

        835 Print showing Suess Oppenheimer in cage (colored).

        836 Kaspar Hauser’s grave at Ansbach, with poem.

        837 Execution of six persons, Vohlau, in 1661.

        838 The brothers de Witt, executed and mutilated.

        839 Pouring boiling oil down prisoners’ throats at Poitou, in
        1685.

        840 Louis XVI. and his family.

        841 Arrest of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes, and his band.

        842 Episodes of the murder of the Mayor of Liège by Count
        Varfuse.

        843 Portraits of plotters against William of Orange of England,
        and history of the plot.

        844 Execution of Cajetani at Custrin, in Pomerania, 1709.

        845 Engraving showing the execution of the Duke of Monmouth, on
        Tower Hill, July, 1685; and in the same frame the execution of
        the Marchioness of Brinvilliers.

        846 Scenes during the Rebellion at Mastricht, 1576.

        847 Portrait of Kohler, who was executed for blasphemy.

        848 Portrait of Frederick van der Trenck.

        849 Colored engraving showing the landing of Murat, King of
        Naples, at Pizzo, October 8, 1815.

        850 Portrait of Stortzenbecher, Hamburg pirate, who was
        executed.

        851 Execution of the robber Hiesel.

        852 The brothers Bigedini, tortured and afterwards executed at
        Mantua for high treason.

        853 Revolution at Vincennes, February 28, 1791.

        854 Cruelties inflicted by President Massaut at Niort in 1664.

        855 Portrait of the Countess Valois de la Motte.

        856 Execution in Brabant, 1570.

        857 Suess Oppenheimer being escorted to the place of execution.

        858 A meeting of the French revolutionary party in Paris, 1793.

        859 Portrait of Roesner, and his execution.

        860 Burning and torture of Jews in Vienna, 1642.

        861 Showing a prisoner in chains.

        862 Louis XVI. being led to execution, accompanied by his
        Confessor, Edgeworth.

        863 Engraving showing various vices and their resulting
        punishments. In this print will be seen many of the instruments
        of torture as described in this Catalogue.

        864 Human sacrifice in the East.

        865 Execution of Louis XVI., January 21, 1793, whose last words
        were, “I die innocent of the crimes of which I am accused. I
        never wished anything beyond the happiness of my people, and my
        dying prayer is that Heaven may forgive them my death.”

        866 J. B. Ziermann, a notorious murderer, executed at
        Rudolstadt, May 29, 1767.

        867 Jean, a merchant at Cordova, led about with his face turned
        to an ass’s tail, and then burnt in 850.

        868 The drowning of Marie de Monjou, 1552.

        869 Trial and execution of Roessner at Thorn, in Prussia.

        870 Camille Desmoulins preaching revolution, July 12, 1789.

        871 Excesses by the Spaniards in the Low Countries.

        872 Execution at Prague in 1621.

        873 Man confronted by a murderer.

        874 Episodes in the life of Hiesel.

        875 Engraving showing prisoners secured in various ways in a
        prison cell.

        876 Execution of Edward Digby, Thomas Winter, and others, in
        London, 1606.

        877 Arnoldus, reader at Brixen, burned as a heretic at Rome,
        1145.

        878 Bird’s-eye view of the Chateau de Vincennes, where the
        Prince de Conti and others were arrested.

        879 Hiesel being conducted to the court-house.

        880 Interior of the State Prison in Venice.

        881 Charles VI. orders the dishonorer of his wife to be sewn up
        in a sack and thrown into the river.

        882 Execution of the Gunpowder Plot criminals in London.

        883 Suess Oppenheimer in a cage surrounded by spectators.

        884 Portrait of John George Wogaz, a notorious thief, who stole,
        in October, 1788, valuable pictures from the Dresden Gallery.

        885 Plan of the old torture prison in Nuremberg.

        886 Execution of Sand at Mannheim, 1820.

        887 Execution at Berlin, June 8, 1718.

        888 Massacre of the Huguenots.

        889 An Englishman, John Brett, burnt at Antwerp, after having
        had his tongue torn out, 1576.

        890 Massacre in Ireland about 1644.

        891 Terrible torture at Antwerp, 1576.

        892 Robber being broken on the wheel.

        893 Engraving showing a man being stoned to death.

        894 George Wanger, beheaded at Brixen, 1591.

        895 The whipping of a woman.

        896 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer and his mistress.

        897 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, with inscription.

        898 Murder at Stettin, scene of the murder, and culprit in
        prison.

        899 Portrait of Cartouche, his imprisonment and execution.

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 1017._
]

        900 A letter from the Vehmgericht, dated 1509, with seal and
        coat-of-arms, inviting Heyntz Kone to come before the judgment,
        addressed thus:

          “Ane Heyntz Kone komme diesse Brieff Dissen brieff sol
          niemandt vffthun lessen odder horen lessen er sy dan eyn echt
          recht freyscheffe des heimlich freyen Gerichts.”

          (“This letter is for Heyntz Kone; no one must open it, hear
          it, or read it, but this is a real free letter of the secret
          free judgment.”)

        901 Engraving showing the use of the antique blunderbuss (see
        torture instruments).

        902 Portrait of Widman, the headsman of Nuremberg.

        903 Execution of rebels at Frankfort, 1616.

        904 Execution at Prague, June, 1621.

        905 Engraving showing man being roasted to death.

        906 Parricide having his hands cut off and then executed.

        907 Sacking of a Dutch town, and torture of the inhabitants.

        908 A notorious robber and his boy being examined before the
        judge.

        909 Murder of General Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland, at Eger,
        1634.

        910 Colored print of Hiesel and his boy and dog.

        911 Public exposure of a murderer outside the Town Hall at
        Nuremberg.

        912 Attack on the Prince of Orange at Delft, July 10, 1584.

        913 Persecution of the Protestant Ministers in Hungary, 1674.

        914 A woman being buried alive at Brussels, 1597.

        915 Portrait of Damien, “the greatest monster on earth,”
        murderer of Henri Quatre.

        916 An engraving, showing man being flogged.

        917 Murder of a Burgomaster.

        918 Imprisonment and execution of Brothers Rennebaum.

        919 Episodes in the life of Hiesel.

        920 Female accused of arson, in prison.

        921 Portrait of Widman, Nuremberg executioner, born 1675.

        922 James Bolland, executed for forgery.

        923 Murder of Marat by Charlotte Corday, July 13, 1793.

        924 Portraits of Mme. de Brinvilliers and another.

        925 Louis XVI. taking leave of his family.

        926 View of the State Prison in Venice.

        927 Portrait of the head of a gypsy band who was executed on the
        wheel in 1733.

        928 Execution of Gray and Baxter at Whitehall.

        929 Schinder Hannes, his wife, and child.

        930 Beginning of the French revolution, first emeute in Faubourg
        St. Antoine.

        931 A celebrated robber discovered hiding in a beer-barrel.

        932 Burning of the town of Ulm by the French, with map of the
        district.

        933 Portrait of the French General Melac, who devastated
        Germany.

        934 Conspirators against the King of Portugal.

        935 Tortures inflicted on the Swiss by applying red-hot irons to
        their hands, in 1214.

        936 Execution of a woman in London, subject unknown.

        937 Execution at The Hague.

        938 Heinrich Emkens being burned to death with lighted straw at
        Utrecht in 1562.

        939 Criminals being whipped and otherwise tortured, previous to
        being burned to death, at Bruges.

        940 Burning of criminals at Ghent, 1578.

        941 Portrait and execution of Count of Tattenbach, executed at
        Gratz, in Styria, December 1, 1671.

        942 The fortress of Hohenstein prison, of Würtemberg.

        943 Public exposure of a perjurer at Augsburg.

        944 The son of Louis XVI. executed before the eyes of his
        father.

        945 Portraits of five female criminals.

        946 Portrait of Karl Ludwig Sand.

        947 Prisoner in chains.

        948 The Bavarian robber, Toni, in prison, 1786.

        949 Damien chained to his iron bed on which he was carried to
        the judgment-chamber, and on which he could be tortured without
        being released.

        950 Portrait of Jan van Leyden.

        951 Portrait of a notorious malefactor.

        952 John Grosch, handcuffed in prison.

        953 Geleyn Cornelius, hung by his thumb, with weights to his
        feet, afterwards burnt, 1572.

        954 Henry II. of England doing penance at Thomas-à-Beckett’s
        grave.

        955 Engraving showing an execution block in Rome.

        956 Punishments in the early Middle Ages.

        957 A notorious criminal being exhibited in a cage.

        958 View of the dungeon where the torture instruments were
        exhibited at the Royal Castle of Nuremberg.

        959 Capture of a notorious criminal.

        960 Scene at a public execution.

        961 Capture of rebels.

        962 Engraving showing Sand in prison.

        963 Death of General Dillon at Lille, April 29, 1792.

        964 Execution of a general at Innsbrück.

        965 Hiesel at a country inn.

        966 Murder at an inn at Nuremberg.

        967 Execution of two thieves outside the castle at Berlin.

        968 Public exposure of a perjurer previous to his being
        guillotined.

        969 Portrait of Mary Lafarge.

        970 Engraving showing man stretched perpendicularly, and being
        flayed alive.

        971 Showing man being stretched on stretching bench preparatory
        to flogging.

        972 Interior of a prison, and various punishments.

        973 A prisoner being visited by priests.

        974 An execution on the wheel.

        975 Three martyrs sewn in sacks and drowned at Aix-la-Chapelle,
        1560.

        976 The arrest of a woman by an officer of police.

        977 Execution of De Previl at Arras.

        978 A group of martyrs being burned at Salzburg, 1528.

        979 Execution of about 350 persons near Mayence, by order of the
        Crown, and various modes of death, 1529.

        980 Origines tortured at Alexandria in the year 254.

        981 Fearful cruelties perpetrated in the Netherlands by the Duke
        of Alba, 1567.

        982 Sacking of a town and massacre of the inhabitants.

        983 Executions in Hungary.

        984 Portrait of a murderer at Munich.

        985 Runck, the dishonest keeper of the royal castle at Berlin.

        986 Portrait of John Christopher Neumann, thief and son of
        thievish parents.

        987 Female convicted of arson, in chains.

        988 Death of Robespierre.

        989 Portrait of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes.

        990 The prisoner of Chillon.

        991 Engraving of a token of Charles I. of England.

        992 Portrait of Thomas Moore.

        993 Simon, guardian of the Bastille.

        994 Portrait of Count Struensee, murderer of the King of
        Denmark.

        995 Portrait of William, Earl of Kilmarnock, beheaded in London,
        August 29, 1746.

        996 Peasants measuring a matrimonial yoke.

        997 Titus Oates in the Pillory.

        998 Portrait of Christian Müller, of Stolpe.

        999 Portrait of Egmont.

        1000 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh, beheaded in London,
        November 19, 1618.

        1001 Print showing the application of the iron Joug. The Joug of
        St. Goar on the Rhine.

        1002 Portrait of Mary Queen of Scots.

        1003 “Le Temple,” the celebrated prison of Louis XVI.

        1004 Portrait of Kaspar Müller, called “Gallows Kaspar.”

        1005 Berend Knipperdolling, Provost of Münster, in Westphalia.

        1006 Prisoner chained with belt, handcuffs, etc.

        1007 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk.

        1008 The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice.

        1009 Erdmann, who was innocently tortured in Nuremberg.

        1010 Portrait of Thomas, Count Amalfi, the Neapolitan rebel.

        1011 Portrait of the son and successor of the Nuremberg
        executioner, Widman.

        1012 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser.

        1013 Portrait of Eppelein von Gailingen, the famous bandit who
        jumped on horseback from the walls of the Castle of Nuremberg.

        1014 Scene at a public execution.

        1015 Showing male and female prisoners at work, each one wearing
        a neck or head iron with bell (see No. 23).

        1016 Curious old print showing various modes of torture, men
        being flogged, flayed, hanged, burned, broken on the wheel,
        etc., etc., and with following motto: “Scopus Legis est aut ut
        eu que punit emendet, aut poena eius caeteros melliores reddet
        aut sublatis malis caeteri securiores vivat.”

        1017 Engraving showing metal bull being heated, preparatory to
        placing Christian martyrs inside to be roasted to death.

        1018 Perspective showing the buildings of the Schwabach prison
        and torture-house, with man receiving the bastinado.

        1019 Regulus being headed into a barrel with spiked nails,
        preparatory to being rolled down a hill.

        1020 Engraving showing the execution of a famous robber band,
        some being hanged, broken on the wheel, and the chief being
        decapitated.

        NOTE.—The following twenty-nine engravings are taken from the
        celebrated Torture Law-book, “Constitutio Criminalis
        Theresiana,” which book contains the series of laws passed by
        the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, etc., etc., and dated
        Vienna, the last day of December, 1768. It appears that up to
        this date torture could be inflicted at the will and decree of
        any governor of a province, judge, or feudal lord. The Empress,
        however, determined that laws should be passed not only limiting
        these powers, but minutely detailing the various crimes for
        which torture was to be allowed, the mode and form in which it
        was to be applied, and giving drawings, diagrams, and
        descriptions of the instruments to be used, as follows:

        1021 The thumbscrew, its application and directions for use.

        1022 Diagram showing formation of the thumbscrew.

        1023 Showing how the thumbs should be placed when applying the
        thumbscrew.

        1024 Showing prisoners under the torture of the thumbscrew.

        1025 The punishment of the cord, showing the formation and
        appearance of the binding-cord.

        1026 Showing the application of the cord, with diagram of the
        human arm under the infliction of the torture of the
        binding-cord.

        1027 The arms bound together with the cord.

        1028 Showing the stretching ladder, with details as to binding
        the prisoner preparatory to being stretched.

        1029 Prisoner bound on stretching ladder, with winding apparatus
        for stretching him.

        1030 Another diagram of the stretching ladder, with prisoner
        being stretched.

        1031 Showing the formation of the bundle of candles used for
        burning portions of the condemned’s body while on the stretching
        ladder.

        1032 Prisoner undergoing the torture of burning while on the
        stretching ladder.

        1033 Three engravings showing the formation of the Spanish boot
        (see No. 322), with diagrams giving mode of application.

        1034 Prisoner undergoing the torture of the Spanish boot.

        1035 Four engravings showing the thumb-presser, its formation
        and application.

        1036 Three illustrations giving details of bench or seat on
        which victim was laid or sat preparatory to being bound, with
        diagram showing the hands fastened together.

        1037 Four illustrations showing wheel and hoist with which the
        condemned was raised, giving also particulars of weights which
        were to be attached to his feet, and diagram of man being so run
        up.

        1037a Three illustrations of the spiked shinbone pressers, their
        formation and use.


                The Collection of Engravings and Prints,

          _Showing the Old Town of Nuremberg, its Surroundings, Customs
                                 and Costumes._

        1038 Public shooting competition in Nuremberg, in 1614, and
        procession attending it.

        1039 Church of the bare-footed monks as it was before the fire
        in 1671.

        1040 Soldiers entering the old town.

        1041 The former fortress of Lichtenau, near Nuremberg.

        1042 The square near the Neuenthor, Nuremberg.

        1043 View of the Castle Grünsberg, near Nuremberg.

        1044 View looking towards the hospital gate at Nuremberg.

        1045 Festival of cross-bow men at Nuremberg.

        1046 View of the Frauenthor at Nuremberg.

        1047 Front view of the Nuremberg Arsenal.

        1048 The house of the ancient family of Von Grundherr in 1356.

        1049 View of the five-cornered tower of the Castle of Nuremberg.

        1050 Encampment of the Franconian troops outside Nuremberg in
        1793.

        1051 View of Nuremberg Castle, on ascending the hill.

        1052 Encampment of French troops near Nuremberg in 1796.

        1053 Nuremberg beadle in old costume.

        1054 The Frauenthor at Nuremberg.

        1055 View of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg.

        1056 Armored Knight on horseback, 16th century.

        1057 Pencil-drawing of the Rosenau at Nuremberg.

        1058 View of the Castle.

[Illustration:

  _See Catalog, No. 971._
]

        1059 View of same from another aspect.

        1060 View of the town from the Wortherthor.

        1061 Views of the St. Egidus Church and School in 1696.

        1062 View of the town after the burning of the above church,
        1696.

        1063 Nuremberger Militiamen in 1803.

        1064 The Church of Our Lady at Nuremberg.

        1065 Burning of Ulm in 1688.

        1066 Jollification of peasantry at a fair.

        1067 Public games at Nuremberg, fencing, etc., etc.

        1068 Carthusian Chapel.

        1069 St. Walburgi’s Church.

        1070 The gate of the Castle.

        1071 View of Nuremberg and poetic description of same.

        1072 View of Gostenhof, suburb of Nuremberg.

        1073 The Cemetery of St. John, near Nuremberg.

        1074 View in the Büchenglingen wood, near Nuremberg, and public
        entertainments therein.

        1075 The hotel of the Golden Goose, formerly the house-of-call
        of the royal mails, date 1701.

        1076 A member of the legal profession in olden times.

        1077 The Cloister Church in Nuremberg.

        1078 Conrad Fürleger, governor of the town fortress in 1679.

        1079 Portrait of Nicolas Muffel, Senator, born 1410, died 1469.

        1080 View of the Pfalzgrafenstube at Nuremberg.

        1081 View of Town and Castle.

        1082 The annual festivities of the Guild of Fishermen.

        1083 Undertakers of the olden times.

        1084 Castle Hiltpoltstein, near Nuremberg.

        1085 View of the Castle from the cemetery.

        1086 Fire at the Church of St. Egidus.

        1087 Panoramic view of a procession of soldiers marching from
        the Arsenal to the Castle.

        1088 A series of eight colored prints showing the following
        ceremonies: 1. Procession of foundlings on St. John’s Day. 2.
        Annual Christmas fair. 3. Carol singers. 4. Councillors
        inspecting the bread. 5. Examination of the children in the
        churches. 6. Proclamation of the Easter fair. 7. Ceremony of
        proclaiming the freedom of the city. 8. The drummers beating in
        the New Year.

        1089 The Church of St. Leonard, 1612.

        1090 View from the old Town Hall, 1614.

        1091 The prison at Bamberg, where witches were incarcerated.

        1092 Plan showing the position of the Swedish troops before
        Nuremberg in 1632.

        1093 Festivities of the Butchers’ Guild.

        1094 View of the hospital gate.

        1095 Explosion of the Nuremberg powder mill, 1766.

        1096 The grand hall of the Rathhaus.

        1097 The inner courtyard of the Castle of Nuremberg, showing
        Queen Cunnigunde’s lime tree.

        1098 A set of four costume engravings.

        1099 View of the fortifications of the town.

        1100 Three hawkers of the olden time.

        1101 Panoramic view of the town, 1599.

        1102 The Castle of Rotheberg, three miles from Nuremberg, date
        1793.

        1103 The Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth, near Nuremberg,
        built in 838.

        1104 The Mayor, attended by Councillors, going to the Town Hall.

        1105 Colored view of the Castle towards the west.

        1106 The White Tower, 1701.

        1107 Ascent of the aëronaut Blanchart on November 16, 1787.
        Colored print.

        1108 Picture showing condemned wine, seized and taken towards
        the river by the authorities.

        1109 Winter festival, sledge drive given by the Mayor of
        Nuremberg, in honor of Count Stolberg, in 1763.

        1110 The band of the Militia in early times.

        1111 Procession of the German Emperor Leopold, attended by the
        patricians of the town, 1658.

        1112 A Nuremberg patrician and attendant going to the Council in
        1620.

        1113 View from the wooden bridge over the Pegnitz.

        1114 Parade of the Royal Bavarian National Guard at Nuremberg in
        1812.

        1115 The Landauer Chapel, 1700.

        1116 View of St. Jobst in 1702.

        1117 View over the Pegnitz, the debtor’s bridge.

        1118 The fruit market.

        1119 Four engravings of costumes.

        1120 Annual meeting of the crack shots.

        1121 St. Moritz Chapel, with funeral procession.

        1122 View of St. Jobst, near Nuremberg.

        1123 A bridegroom and bride of the nobility.

        1124 Very old view of Nuremberg Castle.

        1125 View of the Haller Gate, with two bridges over the Pegnitz,
        in 1693.

        1126 The Franciscan Church in 1126.

        1127 The meat market in Nuremberg in 1680.

        1128 View from the Castle.

        1129 View from the bridges.

        1130 Personifications of various Nuremberg slang terms.

        1131 Same.

        1132 View of an overflow of the river.

        1133 Ruins of the Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth.

        1134 Colored print showing eight different grades of inhabitants
        of Nuremberg.

        1135 The town-crier and his attendants.

        1136 The Hallerthor at Nuremberg, from the exterior.

        1137 Pencil-sketch view of town.

        1138 The sentinel on the ramparts.

        1139 Another view of the old lime-tree at Nuremberg.

        1140 The Church of St. John.

        1141 Procession and entry of the Emperor Joseph in 1704.

        1142 View of Nuremberg near the park gate.

        1143 The water-gate at Nuremberg.

        1144 The hostelry of the Red Horse in 1701.

        1145 View of the Sophia spring at Grünsberg.

        1146 Foundations of old buildings.

        1147 Procession of the Guild of Clothworkers in 1722.

        1148 Entry of the German Emperor, Matthias I., 1612.

        1149 View of the Castle towards the town.

        1150 Winter diversions near Nuremberg.

        1151 Nuremberg female peasant, 1701.

        1152 Same, with rain cloth, 1701.

        1153 A lady of rank walking, 1701.

        1154 Great banquet in Town Hall at Nuremberg to celebrate the
        peace of 1649.

        1155 Plans showing town and neighborhood.

        1156 Guild procession in 1687.

        1157 The entrance gate at St. Peter.

        1158 A Town Councillor.

        1159 A merchant.

        1160 Attendant at funerals.

        1161 A bridegroom of the Patrician order.

        1162 A battle near Nuremberg in 1657.

        1163 Nuremberg star singers.

        1164 Drummers.

        1165 A Patrician bride.

        1166 A jester.

        1167 Characteristic impersonations of Nuremberg terms.

        1168 A bird’s-eye view of Nuremberg, 15th century.

        1169 Distribution of presents from the windows of the Town Hall.

        1170 View of the Park.

        1171 The Fortress of Nuremberg, looking west.

        1172 View from the Lauferthor.

[Illustration:

  _See Catalogue, No. 939._
]

        1173 The corn market.

        1174 Competition of cross-bowmen in 1768.

        1175 View outside the Nuremberg Town Hall on the occasion of
        paying homage to Charles VI., on January 18, 1712.

        1176 View of Nuremberg, with key to buildings, etc.

        1177 Curious building at Nuremberg in 1646.

        1178 Twelve ancient costume pictures in one frame, with poetic
        inscriptions.

        1179 Four large colored views of the different gates of
        Nuremberg.

        1180 Post at St. Rochus.

        1181 View of Nuremberg Castle.

        1182 An inviter to a wedding and a toast-master.

        1183 Four female costumes.

        1184 A peasant and his family on the way to church.

        1185 View of the Town Hall from St. Sebald.

        1186 Inundations at Nuremberg, 1784; water-color drawing by
        Prasch.

        1187 The chimney sweeps’ (of Nuremberg) annual outing.

        1188 Plan of a fortification of Nuremberg.

        1189 Twenty characteristic engravings of Nuremberg slang terms.

        1190 View of Charles’s Chapel, with four saints.

        1191 Procession of the old Guilds, the Tapemakers and
        Bellfounders.

        1192 Overflow of the Pegnitz in February, 1784.

        1193 View of the Laufergasse in Nuremberg.

        1194 Three clergymen in ancient costumes.

        1195 A Nuremberg peasant.

        1196 View from the Castle.

        1197 View from the river island at Nuremberg.

        1198 View of the Castle Courtyard.

        1199 Procession of the Guild of the Turners on September 21,
        1700.

        1200 Twenty-four characteristic skits of Nuremberg.

        1201 Perspective view of the Rathhaus, with burgomaster and
        councillors.

        1202 A Nuremberg market woman.

        1203 Four processions of the Guilds of Compassmakers in 1688.

        1204 A Jewess going to the Synagogue.

        1205 A Nuremberg clergyman.

        1206 A Jew going to the Synagogue.

        1207 A view of Stein, near Nuremberg.

        1208 The annual lottery in the Rathhaus.

        1209 View from the Lauferthor.

        1210 Very curious work done by Johann Leonard Tauber at
        Nuremberg in 1752, being a representation of a ball and cross
        (Reichsapfel), all composed of the six degrees of the Christian
        faith, Luther’s catechism with explanation, the morning and
        evening prayers, and a great many other portions of Holy Writ,
        all written with pen and ink. In the rose alone is the Lord’s
        Prayer entire. This can all be distinctly read with a magnifying
        glass.

        1211 Two colored engravings—the bridegroom and two pages, the
        bride and two Town Councillors.

        1212 The Poet’s Wood, near Nuremberg.

        1213 The five-cornered tower.

        1214 Two views of St. Moritz’s Chapel, one as in 1300 and one as
        in 1313.

        1215 Pencil-drawing of General Tilly, commander of Imperial
        troops at Nuremberg, 1634.

        1216 The gymnasium with gymnastic performances.

        1217 The St. Margaret’s Chapel in the Castle.

        1218 Procession of Sausagemakers, an antique usage in early
        times, 1658.

        1219 The Observatory at Nuremberg, 1716.

        1220 The Engelthal Convent, near Nuremberg.

        1221 The famous lime-tree.

        1222 The fort of Reicheneck, near Nuremberg.

        1223 Water-color, showing the Thiergaertnerthor.

        1224 Water-color, the Lauferthor.

        1225 Ditto, the Hospitalthor.

        1226 Ditto, the Neuethor.

        1227 Ditto, the Wördterthor.

        1228 Ditto, the Frauenthor.

        1229 View of a square in Nuremberg.

        1230 A similar view.

        1231 Lawelshof, a suburb of Nuremberg.

        1232 A colored plan of the encampment of Swedish troops before
        Nuremberg, 1632.

        1233 A dedication on the 100th jubilee of the cross-bowmen in
        1782.

        1234 View of Town Hall, 1671.

        1235 A miracle outside the five-cornered tower in 1631.

        1236 Burning of the Church of St. Laurence.

        1237 View of Betzenstein, near Nuremberg.

        1237a A Nuremberg mouse-trap dealer.

        1238 The burg from the east side.

        1239 Colored prints, outside suburbs of Nuremberg.

        1240 The Cemetery of St. Rochius.

        1241 The Haymarket in Nuremberg, 1701.

        1242 A town singer.

        1243 Entrance to a pleasure-garden in the Park.

        1244 View of a pleasure-garden.

        1245 The St. Augustin Convent.

        1246 Plan of the floods, showing height of waters in 1595 and
        1784.

        1247 St. Martha’s Church.

        1248 Inspection of the bakeries by the Commission.

        1249 The fishermen’s competition on the river.

        1250 The junior burgomaster on his way to town.

        1251 The summoning officer and his attendants.

        1252 Three judicial officials.

        1253 Two Nuremberg girls in costume, with poetic description.

        1254 A guild’s procession.

        1255 View of the Spittlerthor and Arsenal.

        1256 Large view of Nuremberg, with key, after Lorenz Strauch.

        1257 Battle between French and Austrians outside Nuremberg in
        1800.

        1258 Murder of two young Viscounts of Nuremberg.

        1259 The Twelve Carthusian Brothers.

        1260 Street scene in Nuremberg.

        1261 Old view.

        1262 Costumes of the 17th century.

        1263 Pencil-drawing of one of the gates.

        1264 The great market and beautiful fountain.

        1265 Road leading to the Castle.

        1266 Funeral of a Nuremberg Patrician, 1794.

        1267 A wedding at home amongst the nobility.

        1268 The five-cornered tower.

        1269 A similar view.

        1270 Departure of the French in 1801.

        1271 View from the Lauferthor, looking towards the Woertherthor.

        1272 View near the Neuethor.

        1273 View on the frozen river, with skating.

        1274 View of the large bronze fountain, by George Schweigger, in
        1660.

        1275 Exhibition of relics at Easter.

        1276 View of the town in 1511.

        1277 Chase of a thief or beggar.

        1278 Siewel tower of Nuremberg.

        1279 View of the burg.

        1280 A Nuremberg toast-master.

        1281 The Fleischbrücke.

        1282 St. Nicholas Chapel.

        1283 The fruit-market in 1725.

        1284 The Castle looking north.

        1285 Street in Nuremberg, towards the Spittlerthor.

        1286 Pen-and-ink drawing, view of the town.

        1287 Large view, with key.

        1288 Hostelry or house of call for merchants from Leipzig fair,
        and where the Customs examination took place.

        1289 The Fleischbrücke, looking towards the Castle.

        1290 A view of the Castle.

        1291 Counting-house of the firm of Bestelmayer.

        1292 Nuremberg Councillors going to church after the election of
        Emperor Leopold II. as Romish Emperor of Germany, 1790.

        1293 The Nuremberg Patricians.

        1294 The wheat brewery.

        1295 A milk-seller.

        1296 St. Walburgi’s Church.

        1297 Isle of Nuremberg and riding-school.

        1298 View on a lake near Nuremberg.

        1299 Two foundling children.

        1300 The Judenbüler postern.

        1301 View after the battle between Austrians and French, outside
        Nuremberg, in 1800.

        1302 The town-jester.

        1303 Interior of the armory, 1728.

        1304 Fishing on the Dutzenteich.

        1305 A female going on sentry duty.

        1306 The fencing-school.

        1307 The sport of bull-fighting, 1795.

        1308 Imperial troops before Nuremberg, 1785.

        1309 Old house near the Castle.

        1310 The French troops leaving Nuremberg in 1796.

        1311 View of the Lauferthor.

        1312 Large interior of St. Lorenz Church, 1696.

        1313 Large interior of St. Sebaldus Church, 1693.

        1314 Burning of a water-mill.

        1315 Interior of the opera-house.

        1316 The island of the Pegnitz.

        1317 Fisherman’s hut near the lake.

        1318 The Pellerhaus.

        1319 Public gardens.

        1320 Colored print of the five-cornered tower of the Castle of
        Nuremberg.

        1321 Large wooden coat-of-arms which hung outside the gate of
        the Castle of Nuremberg while the town was under the dominion of
        Austria.

        1322 Cherry-stone, on which are minutely and exquisitely carved
        113 eminently characteristic heads of emperors, princes, popes,
        and other historical persons. Highly interesting and unique
        specimen, the masterpiece of the celebrated Nuremberg carver,
        PETER FLOETNER, who lived there in the early part of the
        sixteenth century. It is specially mentioned in JOHANN
        NEUDORFFER’S book on Nuremberg artists, and was formerly in the
        collection of Art Treasures at Bayreuth Castle, the ancient seat
        of the Margraves of Brandenburg.

        1323 Oil-painting. View of Nuremberg.

        1324 Oil-painting. View near Nuremberg. Winter scene.

        1325 Oil-painting. Map of Nuremberg, period of the thirty years’
        war.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                              TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES


        ● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
        ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
        ● Enclosed bold font in =equals=.
        ● Images without captions use HTML alt text.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78950 ***