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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78950 ***
+
+
+
+
+                   Collection of Torture Instruments
+                                  from
+
+
+[Illustration: A grainy, vintage black-and-white photograph of a
+medieval European castle complex, likely the Nuremberg Castle. The
+structure features a large main building with a steeply pitched roof, a
+tall square defensive tower, a smaller pointed turret, and stone
+fortifications rising out of lush foliage in the foreground.]
+
+                     The Royal Castle of Nuremberg
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 1016._
+]
+
+
+
+
+                         ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
+                                 OF THE
+                HISTORICAL AND WORLD-RENOWNED COLLECTION
+                                   OF
+                       TORTURE INSTRUMENTS, ETC.
+                                FROM THE
+                       ROYAL CASTLE OF NUREMBERG
+AMONGST WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE CELEBRATED ORIGINAL IRON MAIDEN (EISERNE
+                               JUNGFRAU)
+
+
+                         LENT FOR EXHIBITION BY
+                        THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE
+                     EARL OF SHREWSBURY AND TALBOT
+
+                             NOW ON VIEW AT
+                  115 AND 117 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET
+                           NEAR SIXTH AVENUE
+                                NEW YORK
+
+
+                            Copyright, 1893
+                        BY JULIUS D. ICHENHÄUSER
+
+
+                      Press of J. J. Little & Co.
+                         Astor Place, New York
+
+These torture instruments were purchased on behalf of the Earl of
+Shrewsbury, by Mr. J. D. Ichenhäuser, expert in works of art and curios,
+68 New Bond St., London, by whom this catalogue was compiled.
+
+The entire collection was removed from the Royal Castle of Nuremberg, in
+April, 1890, since which time it has been exhibited in all the principal
+cities of Great Britain by special permission of Lord Shrewsbury.
+
+It is the original and only genuine collection of its kind, and what
+adds to the impressiveness of the exhibition is the fact that _every one
+of the barbarous implements have been in actual use_.
+
+
+
+
+THE RENOWNED COLLECTION OF INSTRUMENTS OF TORTURE FROM THE ROYAL CASTLE
+                             OF NUREMBERG.
+
+
+Nuremberg, the old Reichstadt, the cradle of the Hohenzollerns, the
+birthplace of many of the fine arts, has a history which dates back to
+the earliest times. One of its oldest monuments is the burg or castle,
+of which the five-cornered tower existed in the days of the heathen.
+Here for many years this collection of torture instruments was an object
+of interest, not only to the inhabitants of the town, but to all
+travellers whose wanderings brought them that way. No journey to Bavaria
+could be counted completed until the burg had been visited and the “Iron
+Maiden” interviewed. The fiendish ingenuity displayed in the
+construction of these instruments so that they should inflict the
+greatest amount of suffering, shows that the question of torture must
+have not only been well thought out, but that it must have had the
+sanction and, if we may use the term, patronage of the law-makers and
+municipalities. As we look through this collection, we see that neither
+tender youth, weak old age, delicate female, or ailing man was spared
+its horrors or its shame. And we cannot be too thankful to think we live
+in an age where more enlightened and humanitarian principles prevail.
+
+This collection, so complete, may be to many somewhat grewsome, but it
+is of the _highest educational value_, as showing us the great strides
+which have been made, not only in arts and sciences, but in the
+interests of truth, humanity, and justice. No more does the _Iron
+Maiden_ clasp her unhappy and unwilling victim in her deadly embrace; no
+more are men and women broken on the _wheel_, tortured on the _rack_,
+branded with _red-hot irons_, driven mad with _thumb-screws_, stretched
+on _ladders_, or suffer the terrible and lingering “_peine forte et
+dure_;” and never again will the laws allow tender women to be mutilated
+by the horrible and sharp-clawed _spider_. These and hundreds of other
+instruments of the greater tortures will be found catalogued hereafter.
+For the punishments of lesser degrees or shame tortures, as great an
+amount of ingenuity is also evident. Shame masks and stocks for scolds;
+masks and cages for fraudulent tradesmen; for drunkards and brawlers,
+the drunkards’ mantle, various masks, stocks, branding-irons, collars,
+bracelets. For thieves and thief-children there are also torture
+instruments of various designs, all cruel and pitiless.
+
+Religious or penitential torture is very rich in examples. Here we find
+branding-irons, for burning on foreheads and backs; martyr lashes, which
+at every stroke tear away the flesh; pear-shaped screw gags, which
+entirely prevented any cries or exclamations; iron-spiked collars;
+torture seats; feet squeezers; iron boots, which were filled with hot
+water or molten metal; thumb-screws, etc., etc.
+
+The executioner’s axe or sword ended all torture, and no doubt in many
+cases came as a happy relief. Space forbids our enlarging further upon
+this interesting subject. To the student of bygone generations, and
+their cruelty in the dispensation of justice, we commend an inspection
+of the torture instruments catalogued herein.
+
+
+
+
+                               CATALOGUE.
+
+
+        1 =Heavy Iron Shackle and Long Chain= for fastening prisoner up
+        to a wall.
+
+        2 =An Old Roman Pair of Martyr Pincers, or Flesh Tearers.=
+
+        3 =Mouth-opener= with gradations, to open a mouth to a certain
+        size. Was used to slit the tongues of blasphemers.
+
+        4 =Pair of Iron Wrist-holders= for securing prisoners.
+
+        5 =Perforated Spoon or Sieve=, through which boiling water, oil,
+        or molten lead was poured on to various portions of the body.
+
+        6 =Long Iron Gallows Screw.=
+
+        7 =Iron Brank=, with eyebrows, mustache, and three iron bars,
+        worn by a parricide.
+
+        8 =Iron Body Ring=, with chains and hook to fasten up the
+        criminal in a public place.
+
+        9 =Iron Crown= studded with round knobs, worn by Christian
+        martyrs on their way to the auto-da-fé.
+
+        10 =Spanish Gaiter for Torturing the Leg=, with very formidably
+        uneven shinbone presser.
+
+        11 =Branding Iron= from Bayreuth, with letter B.
+
+        12 =Long Gallows Screw.=
+
+        13 =Iron Spoon= for boiling pitch or tar, which was dropped
+        through the perforations on to the naked body of the victim.
+
+        14 =An extra long Iron Chain=, with shackle at one end and
+        padlock at the other.
+
+        15 =Pair of Hand-fasteners or Iron Bracelets.=
+
+        16 =Strong Venetian Iron Collar=, with high iron crown and
+        letter S.
+
+        17 =Strong Iron Manacle and Long Chain.=
+
+        18 =Pair of Iron Thumbscrews.=
+
+        19 =Shame Mask or Brank of Iron.= Devil’s head, painted, with
+        movable tongue. For punishment of scolds.
+
+        20 =Broad Spanish Wrought-iron Collar= filled with sharp iron
+        spikes.
+
+        21 =Similar Iron Spiked Collar.=
+
+        22 =Small Iron Collar=, covered with leather.
+
+        23 =Similar Neck Iron=, with bell and padlock. (See engraving,
+        No. 1015.)
+
+        24 =Heavy Iron Shackle with Chain.=
+
+        25 =Iron Thumbscrew.=
+
+        26 =Strong Iron Manacle and Long Chain.=
+
+        27 =Similar Iron Manacle and Chain.=
+
+        28 =Long Gallows Rope=, with hook at one end and pulley at the
+        other.
+
+        29 =Iron Shame Mask or Brank=, painted, with long ass’s ears,
+        for drunkards or lazy ne’er-do-wells.
+
+        30 =Large-sized Strong Prison Padlock.=
+
+        31 =Flagellant of Iron Wire=, with spiked ends to tear the
+        flesh.
+
+        32 =Heavy Iron Chain=, flagellants with five iron lashes.
+
+        33 =Curious Bronze Double Cross=, with inscription. This cross
+        was supposed to have been used by witches when invoking their
+        charms and incantations against any one they were bewitching or
+        overlooking.
+
+        34 =A Large Iron Mouth Opener=, used to fix the tongue before
+        tearing it out.
+
+        35 =An Iron Implement, affixed when Cutting off the Tongue.=
+
+        36 =Double Scolds’ Collar of Wood=, in which two women were
+        fixed facing each other, hands and neck fastened, and so marched
+        round the town.
+
+        37 =Iron Spoon= for melting lead, which was dropped on the naked
+        bodies of the victims.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _11. Calm, del._
+  _See Catalogue, No. 970._
+]
+
+        38 =Old Roman Martyr Pincers.= With these terrible tongs or
+        pincers were culprits and Christian martyrs tortured. Not only
+        did they pinch the skin, or flay, but entire pieces of flesh
+        were pulled away with them from the ribs. In the old Roman days
+        they were known as “Ungula,” and the early Germans knew them as
+        “_Klaue_,” because of their roughened or teeth-like appearance.
+
+        38a An old book on Martyrdom and Torture, with illustration of
+        these Pincers and description of their use.
+
+        39 =Condemned’s Crucifix.= Crucifix made of wood, which the
+        condemned criminal carried in his hand on his way to execution.
+
+        40 =Pair of Iron early Handcuffs or Wristlets=, with lock
+        fastening.
+
+        41 =Cruel Iron Flagellant=, with five woven iron tails, each
+        studded with a sharp spur-shaped star to cut into the flesh.
+
+        42 =A Jointed Iron Handcuff=, by which the wrists were fastened
+        together.
+
+        43 =Strong Iron Double Hand-fastener and Thumbscrew= combined.
+
+        44 =An Iron Implement affixed to the Ears before they were cut
+        off.=
+
+        45 =Strong Iron Body Ring=, with long centre chain and a couple
+        of strong iron wrist-fasteners.
+
+      In the Treatise on Instruments of Torture, by Antonio Gallonio,
+        published in Rome in 1591, in which the author discourses upon
+        the true way in which the followers of Christianity were
+        martyrized, we find diagrams showing the use of this belt and
+        wrist-holders. The victim was suspended thus, fastened to a beam
+        or cross-bar, and weights were hung upon his neck and feet until
+        his body was almost torn asunder.
+
+        46 =A Pair of Finger-screws.=
+
+        47 =Handscrew=, with coarsely roughened plank, so as to hurt the
+        hands as much as possible.
+
+        48 =Iron Gallows Hook.=
+
+        49 =Extra Strong Wrought-iron Spiked Collar= studded with spikes
+        inside and out.
+
+        50 =Iron Mail Chain Foot-glove=, which was placed on the foot
+        when red hot.
+
+        51 =A similar Instrument.=
+
+        52 =A Branding Iron= from Bamberg for marking the letter B.
+
+        53 =Large Pair of Iron Martyr Tongs= for tearing the flesh.
+
+        54 =Large Ball-shaped Iron Ladle=, into which boiling oil was
+        poured and then dropped on to the body through the perforations.
+
+        55 =A Pair of Manacles= with strong iron bar between, by which a
+        prisoner was fastened to a horse.
+
+      It seems beyond a doubt that manacles originally came from Spain.
+        In the history of English torture these instruments were quite
+        unknown until found in some of the ships of the Spanish Armada
+        in the year 1588. They were immediately adopted as a means of
+        securing a prisoner, and those now shown in the Tower of London
+        are of Spanish manufacture, and date back over 350 years.
+
+        56 =Spanish Wrought-iron Collar=, completely studded with sharp
+        spikes inside and out.
+
+        57 =Branding Iron= which marked the letter U.
+
+        58 =Strong Iron Body Belt= with long iron chain and the side
+        chain fixers to fasten to wall or to a running horse.
+
+        59 =An Early Spanish Pair-hand Handcuffs= with lock fastening.
+
+        60 =A somewhat similar one= of different formation, early
+        Italian.
+
+        61 =Early German Copper Mask, Devil’s Head and Horns=, all
+        embossed with small heads over the nose, mouth, and eyes,
+        typical of a slanderous backbiting personage.
+
+        62 =A somewhat similar same-period Copper Mask=, likewise with
+        small embossed faces on end of nose, etc.
+
+        63 =A somewhat similar Mask=, but with frog’s eyes.
+
+        64 =Curious Iron Brank=, shape of devil’s head, with stumpy
+        horns, and small faces on the nose and cheeks, and with trumpet
+        ears, for listeners, backbiters, etc.
+
+        65 =Strong Wooden Roller=, which was placed on the rack or on
+        the stretching gallows, and over which the victim was rolled and
+        stretched.
+
+        66 =Mask worn by the Judge of the notorious Vehmgericht=, of
+        copper, pierced with five breathing holes, also with small
+        perforations all round the edge so as to permit of a leather or
+        cotton cap being sewn on.
+
+      As is well known, the accused before the Vehmgericht (secret
+        judgment) did not see his judges. All were masked completely,
+        the head being covered with a cap, and the face with such a mask
+        as here shown. The accused may have been before his dearest
+        friend, brother, or father, but he could not tell; and so sacred
+        was the judge’s oath, and so strong the influence exercised by
+        the awe-inspiring tribunal, whose inexorable judgment none might
+        gainsay, that the judges themselves dared not reveal their
+        identity.
+
+      Voltaire, in his commentary on the Marquis de Beccana’s _Essay on
+        Crimes and Punishment_ (1749), says: “Charlemagne established
+        the most cruel and most horrible tribunal that ever existed. It
+        was known as the Vehmic Court, or the judgment of Westphalia. It
+        went so far as to punish with death those who broke fast during
+        Lent. When an execution was ordered and no executioner was
+        forthcoming, the youngest judge had to officiate. Delegates from
+        this court spread all over Germany, taking information secretly
+        and unknown to the accused, who was often condemned without
+        being heard. There was no appeal except to the emperor, and his
+        commands of mercy were not always effective. This tribunal was
+        finally abolished in the reign of Maximilian I. The Venetian
+        Council of Ten was, in comparison, a court of mercy.”
+
+        67 =Scold’s Wooden Collar=, with two places for the hands. See
+        note below.
+
+        68 =A somewhat similar Collar=, with four places for hands, used
+        for a man and his wife.
+
+          NOTE.—Mr. William Andrews, in his interesting book, _Old-Time
+          Punishments_, says: “Scolding women in the olden times were
+          treated as offenders against the public peace, and for their
+          transgressions were subjected to several cruel modes of
+          punishment. The corporations of towns during the Middle Ages
+          made their own regulations for punishing persons guilty of
+          crimes which were not rendered penal by the laws of the land.
+          The punishments for correcting scolds differed greatly in
+          various parts of the country.... The free use of the tongue
+          gave rise to riots and feuds to such an extent that it is
+          difficult for us to realize at the present day.”
+
+        69 =Long Wooden Roller=, studded with spikes, and known as a
+        “spiked hare;” used on the rack.
+
+        70 =A similar Roller=, with raised edges.
+
+        71 =Scold’s Pillory=, shape of a violin, made of wood. In this
+        the woman charged with being a scold was affixed, and so driven
+        round the town, or whipped at the cart’s tail, accompanied by
+        the public executioner, or a drummer, who beat his drum to call
+        the public’s attention.
+
+        72 A ditto, somewhat longer.
+
+        73 =Scold’s Collar of Oak=, in the shape of a ruff. This was
+        fitted round the neck and had to be worn as shame or penitence
+        punishment for a certain time in a public place.
+
+        74 =Spanish Iron Collar=, studded inside with iron spikes and
+        with sharp saw-toothed edges; worn by religious martyrs.
+
+        75 =A very similar Iron Collar.=
+
+        76 =Malefactor’s Collar Pillory=, with places for both hands.
+        Made of wood, with very broad collar board so as to show out
+        well in a crowded market-place or church-porch.
+
+        77 A ditto, smaller, with sexagonal rim.
+
+        78 A ditto, round edge, with notched ornamentation.
+
+        79 =An Executioner’s Sword= from the town of Bamberg, the guard
+        embossed in representations of the Passions; wire-woven guard,
+        to prevent it from slipping through the executioner’s hand, and
+        sharp double-edged blade.
+
+        80 =Headsman’s Sword= from Nördlingen, with iron grip, engraved
+        with gallows and wheel on the shield; also three perforations
+        typical of the Holy Trinity, and armorer’s mark.
+
+        81 =Small Iron Memento Mori=, worn with a chain round the neck
+        on the way to execution.
+
+        82 =A Pair of Early Iron Handcuffs= fastened with chain.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 953._
+]
+
+        83 =Executioner’s Sword.= Belonged to the Nuremberg executioner,
+        Franz Schmidt. It has a gilt metal top and guard. On the side of
+        the blade are the following verses:
+
+                 “Die Herrn steuern dem Unheil
+                 Und ich executire das Urtheil
+                 Wenn ich das Schwerdt thu aufheben
+                 So geb Gott dem armen Sünder das ewige Leben.”
+
+          TRANSLATION.—“The world steers towards mischief, and I execute
+          the judgment. When I lift up my sword, God give the poor
+          sinner eternity.”
+
+        84 =Executioner’s Extra Heavy Sword=, with sharp-pointed blade,
+        straight long guard and wire-covered hilt, strong iron-pointed
+        ferrule top.
+
+        85 =Executioner’s Sword.= Thuringen executioner, Balthasar
+        Glaser. With gilt metal work, and the motto:
+
+                       “Hüte Dich, Thu kein Böses nicht,
+                       So Kommst du nicht ins Gericht.”
+
+          TRANSLATION.—“Be careful, do no ill, and you won’t come to
+          judgment.”
+
+        Under the verses are engraved “Justice & St. Michael.” On the
+        handle is the letter “G.”
+
+        86 =An Extra Long and Extra Strong Iron Chain=, with foot
+        shackle at one end and strong iron bar to fasten on to a wall at
+        the other end.
+
+        87 =A Heavy Hempen Scourge or Whip=, with numerous lashes, each
+        one having a steel barb woven into it so as to cut at each
+        stroke.
+
+        88 =A similar one, not so Heavy.=
+
+      It was a common thing in England for prisoners to be whipped with
+        a three-cord whip knotted at each end, and in the feudal times
+        servants were often whipped to death. Whipping vagrants at the
+        cart’s tail was also greatly resorted to, and in many a country
+        town or village a whipping-post exists until this day. In the
+        penitential cell the scourge was also greatly used, and from
+        what we can gather was of the utmost severity. Many of the whips
+        and rods in this collection seem to be of unusual strength, and
+        were doubtless used by the public executioner on criminals
+        without the slightest mercy.
+
+        89 =Long Spiked Wooden Roller=, with numerous rows of long
+        spikes. Known as a “spiked hare.” The victim was laid on a bench
+        or stretched on a ladder, and the “spiked hare” was rolled over
+        his naked body, or, to vary it, he was rolled over the spikes.
+        Some of the old writers describe this torture as being most
+        fearful.
+
+        90 =Thief-catcher.= Very curious instrument. Was used with a
+        long iron handle, terminating at the top with a round hoop,
+        garnished inside with triangular iron spikes. The front of the
+        hoop is made to push open, so that the officer of the law can
+        push it round the neck, arm, or leg of whoever he wants to
+        catch, who on his or her part has no possible means of getting
+        away, the ring having closed on him and preventing any effort to
+        escape.
+
+        91 =Iron Manacle.=
+
+        92 =Manacle=, somewhat similar.
+
+        93 =A Pair of Wrist-fasteners=, each at the end of a long iron
+        bar so as to keep the arms wide apart; were used when prisoners
+        were being whipped.
+
+        94 =Similar Instrument=, somewhat shorter, with two padlocks.
+
+        95 =Very Powerful Spiked Hare=, with sharp iron spikes. When the
+        victim was rolled over this terrible instrument he was
+        completely impaled and disembowelled.
+
+        96 =Strong Coupling-iron=, with manacle at each end to fasten
+        two people.
+
+        97 =Large Heavy Hand Axe=, with metal grip, used to cut off the
+        right hand of those convicted of treason, or parricides.
+
+        98 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Bayreuth, with brass grip, and with
+        the motto:
+
+                 “Ich stehe hoff nebst Gott zu richten recht,
+                 Jesus du bist der Richter und ich der Knecht.”
+
+          TRANSLATION.—“I stand under God to execute aright,
+                        Jesus, Thou art the Judge and I the servant.”
+
+      Under this a figure of Justice and some ornamentation; also:
+
+              “O Herr nimm Diesen Sünder auff in dein Reich,
+              Damit er kann werden vor einem glücklichen streich.”
+
+            TRANSLATION.—“O God, take this sinner into thy kingdom,
+                          That he may know happiness.”
+
+      Under this a knight with dagger, and some ornamentation.
+
+        99 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Munich, with iron guard shagreen
+        handle, in leather sheath and original belt. On the blade is
+        damascened in gold a man being beheaded and St. George, also the
+        verses as per Nos. 233 and 272.
+
+        100 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Augsburg, with extra long and
+        straight guard, the hilt of leather wound round with wire to
+        keep it from slipping.
+
+        101 =A Pair of Iron Bracelets= with aperture to fix on to a
+        chain.
+
+        102 =A somewhat similar Pair of Handcuffs=, with lock and key.
+
+        103 =Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, with ass’s ears and painted
+        face, from Regensburg; worn by drunkards.
+
+        104 =A similar Iron Mask=; worn by females.
+
+        105 =Iron Crown=, with interior four-cornered knobs to press on
+        the head. Was used for females.
+
+        106 =Relief Carved Portrait=, in wood, of the Nuremberg hangman
+        of the year 1578, with manuscript of the period. Very
+        characteristic.
+
+        107 =Foot Padlock.= An instrument in which the feet were locked,
+        as holding them tighter than a chain, when the culprit was
+        placed in a frequented spot loose or fastened to a wall or tree.
+
+        108 =Iron Mail Chain Glove.= Was made red hot before being put
+        on.
+
+        109 =A similar Mail Glove.=
+
+        110 =Hiesel’s Gun=, a very heavy and massive arm with very large
+        bore, the stock so arranged by Hiesel himself that he could fire
+        it off from either shoulder. The lock was also engraved by him.
+
+      Hiesel was a notorious bandit whose name spread terror through all
+        the hill-lands of Upper Bavaria. For many years he was able to
+        elude the vigilant hunt made for him by the soldiery or police,
+        but at last he was taken and executed.
+
+        111 =Strong Iron Foot Presser or Foot Screw=, the cruelty of
+        which is apparent.
+
+        112 =Set of Irons=, consisting of two strong iron bands, two
+        shackles, a pair of handcuffs, padlock, small weights, and
+        twelve-link chain; with this a police officer was enabled to
+        couple a pair of prisoners.
+
+        113 =A strong Iron Leg Shackle, long Chain and Padlock=, used
+        for chaining prisoner in a dungeon.
+
+        114 =Long Iron Bar=, with manacle at each end, was used at the
+        whipping-post.
+
+        115 =Similar One= with ornamental iron bar.
+
+        116 =A Small Iron Thumbscrew=, early Italian.
+
+        117 =A similar Thumbscrew.=
+
+        118 =Executioner’s Sword=, belonging to the last headsman of
+        Nuremberg, beautifully damascened blade, the armorer’s mark and
+        inscription, straight guard and wire-woven hilt.
+
+        119 =A Dutch Executioner’s Sword=, with strongly ribbed blade
+        and leathern hilt.
+
+        120 =An Executioner’s Sword=, from the Low Countries, strongly
+        ribbed and pointed blade.
+
+        121 =Headsman’s or Executioner’s Sword=, from Eichstaedt,
+        round-pointed blade, wire hilt, long guard.
+
+        122 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Erlangen, with shagreen
+        scabbard, the blade engraved with “St. Michael & St. James,” and
+        with the following inscription: “Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum,”
+        and “Et verbum caro factum est.—I.H.S.” Beyond which the sword
+        is beautifully ornamented.
+
+        123 =A Gallows Rope.=
+
+        124 =A similar Gallows Rope.=
+
+        125 =An unknown Fragment of a Sharp, Dangerous Torture
+        Instrument.=
+
+        126 =A Pair of Strongly Locked Handcuffs= fastened on to a long
+        iron bar.
+
+        127 =Venetian Bandit’s Dagger.=
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 905._
+]
+
+        128 =A similar Dagger=, smaller.
+
+        129 =Branding Iron=, marks the letter V.
+
+        130 =Another Branding Iron=, from the town of Fuerth, marking
+        the letter F.
+
+        131 =A different Branding Iron.=
+
+        132 =Long Iron Whip=, black wood handle and three chain iron
+        lashes; would not only tear the flesh, but break a bone when
+        applied with force.
+
+        133 =Scold’s Collar=, perfect fiddle shape, with following
+        inscription:
+
+          “VOR DIE SCHWATZHAFT—UND UNZÜCHTIGEN WEIBER ZU POEN. SIRAH
+          NAGELNEI GEIGENMACHER.—_Allerertn Wohnaft, d. 28 Jan. 1683._”
+
+          “For talkative and scolding women as a penitence.—Sirah
+          Nagelnei, fiddlemaker, 28th Jany., 1683.”
+
+        134 =Prison Warder’s Weapon= in the shape of a hammer; strong
+        wood handle and iron head.
+
+        135 =A Jointed Chain Hand-fastener= to bind both hands together.
+
+        136 =An Iron Tongue-tearer= in the shape of a pair of tongs with
+        screw. With this instrument a strong hold could be taken of a
+        tongue so that it could be torn right out by the roots. Was used
+        on blasphemers, heretics, etc., etc.
+
+      Louis IX., King of France (St. Louis), made a law against
+        blasphemers. He condemned them to a new punishment. Their
+        tongues were to be torn and pierced with red-hot irons, and so
+        terrorizing was this mandate that many of the expletives and
+        oaths which had hitherto been used were moderated and changed.
+        Tête de Dieu became “Tête bleu,” Corps de Dieu “Corbleu,” Sang
+        de Dieu “Sangbleu,” etc., etc. By this means the nobles hoped to
+        escape the wrath of the King and at the same time make their
+        peace with the offended clerics. Many of these so changed words
+        are in vogue now, though few imagine the source whence they
+        came.
+
+        137 =An Iron Armlet and Lock Combined=, with inscription of
+        maker’s name.
+
+        138 =A Very Early Strong Iron Double Hand-fastener= with lock
+        and key.
+
+        139 =An Iron Whip= with six sharp-edged iron tails.
+
+        140 =Spanish Mouth-Pear or Gag=, made of iron and in sections,
+        so that it may be squeezed together in the shape of a pear,
+        hence its name. This was used for those condemned to torture or
+        those privately seized. The instrument was forced into the
+        mouth, and then, by touching the screw, it springs open, and the
+        victim could utter no sound.
+
+        141 =An Iron Winder or Gallows Hook.=
+
+        142 =An Iron Winder or Gallows Hook=, larger.
+
+        143 Another.
+
+        144 =An Iron Gallows Screw.=
+
+        145 =A Strong Iron Gallows Swivel Screw.=
+
+        146 =A Constable’s Staff= of heavy metal, the grip covered with
+        leather, the end in the shape of a man’s fist, a blow from which
+        would break the hardest skull.
+
+        147 =Large Gag= with wooden handle and with spring movement, so
+        as to open when forced into the mouth. Spanish. This gag,
+        although of a different formation from No. 140, was equally as
+        effective in subduing all cries and in preventing any resistance
+        on the part of the condemned.
+
+        148 =An Old English Executioner’s Axe=, with date 1539, under
+        which coat-of-arms with lettering; also the three perforations
+        which signify the Trinity.
+
+        149 =Executioner’s Axe= with long wooden handle and metal
+        ferrule. French.
+
+        150 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Ulm, with iron grip, long leather
+        handle, with a wheel and a gallows inlaid in the blade.
+
+        151 =Curious Finger Axe=, heavy iron blade.
+
+        152 =A Venetian Executioner’s Sword=, short, with brass grip;
+        gallows and wheel on the blade.
+
+        153 =Large Leather Collar= of Hiesel’s big dog, with large brass
+        nails and owner’s monogram.
+
+        154 =Pair of Manacles and a Shackle=, with thirty-jointed chain.
+
+        155 =A Scold’s Wooden Collar=, with pillory for neck and both
+        hands.
+
+        156 =Another=, very similar, iron bound.
+
+        157 =Heavy Iron Wire Penitential Rod.=
+
+        158 =Iron Whip=, with five iron wire lashes, each one with rows
+        of spur-shaped spikes to cut into the flesh.
+
+        159 =A Penitential Iron Whip=, with twelve sharp-edged flat iron
+        lashes.
+
+        160 =Iron Wire Whip=, with five lashes completely studded with
+        iron spikes.
+
+        161 =Hempen Whip=, with six lashes and barbed wire ends.
+
+        162 =Very curious strong Prison Padlock.= Early Spanish.
+
+        163 =Neck Iron and Pair of Shackles=, with seventeen-link chain.
+        The prisoner was fastened by the feet to the iron round his
+        neck.
+
+        164 =Strong Neck Iron=, with padlock and double-length iron
+        chain.
+
+        165 =Iron Thumbscrew.=
+
+        166 =Another Thumbscrew= of different shape and stronger.
+
+        167 =An exceedingly powerful Pair of Iron Wristscrews.=
+
+        168 =A Pair of Iron Handcuffs= or double bracelets.
+
+        169 =An Executioner’s Rapier=, with silver guard. This sword was
+        worn by the hangman on his right side.
+
+        170 =A Similar Sword=, with embossed guard and pommel,
+        silver-mounted grip.
+
+        171 =Curious Wooden Devil’s Head Mask=, with real goat’s horns,
+        for dishonest children.
+
+        172 =Hempen Whip=, with six thongs, for youthful offenders.
+
+        173 =Small Shackle and light Chain=, for youths.
+
+        174 =A Manacle=, with ten-jointed chain, for young people.
+
+        175 =Prison Warder’s Weapon= for self-defence, in the shape of a
+        whip, with a heavy weight at the end. Short, strong handle, with
+        a twisted chain terminating in the weight.
+
+        176 =Mask=, worn by the poison-mixer, Rudhart, of Stuttgart;
+        made of leather and arranged with small holes over the mouth and
+        nose for breathing purposes.
+
+        177 =A curious Double Scolds’ Collar=, in which two women were
+        pilloried, fastened necks and hands, and marched together, thus
+        involuntarily united, round the town.
+
+        178 =Another=, somewhat similar.
+
+        179 =A very curious Wooden-handled Whip.=
+
+        180 =A Whip=, somewhat similar.
+
+        181 =Iron Prison= in the shape of a body ring, handcuffs, and
+        foot shackles, with chain to fasten to a wall.
+
+        182 =A very long and extra strong Iron Chain=, with shackle and
+        long iron security bar.
+
+        183 =Venetian Iron Collar=, with projecting rod terminating in a
+        bell, so that the prisoner could not move without giving notice
+        to the warders and watchers.
+
+        184 =A very curious and ponderous Iron Instrument=, so
+        constructed as to hold feet, hands, and neck, keeping the
+        prisoner in a most painful and awkward position.
+
+        185 =A Venetian Iron Collar and Belt=, somewhat similar to No.
+        183.
+
+        186 =A strong pair of Iron Wrist-pressers.=
+
+        187 =A small pair of Finger-screws.=
+
+        188 =A Hempen Rod=, with numerous lashes, each terminating in a
+        spiked barb.
+
+        189 =Another Hempen Rod=, with knotted lashes.
+
+        190 =Another=, somewhat similar.
+
+        191 =Belt of Chastity=, with the symbol of love—a heart pierced
+        with two arrows—ornamented with green velvet and gold bordering
+        of lace; constructed with double lock.
+
+        192 =Belt of Chastity=, sharp-edged and the ironwork jointed.
+
+        193 =Belt of Chastity=, somewhat similar, covered with red
+        velvet.
+
+        194 =Long Iron Flagellant=, with five iron lashes completely
+        studded with spikes and barbs.
+
+        195 =Another Iron Whip=, with six spur-shaped ends.
+
+        196 =Strong Gallows Hook.=
+
+        197 =Another Iron Gallows Hook.=
+
+        198 =Another=, larger and stronger.
+
+        199 A ditto, smaller.
+
+        200 =A Long Iron Gallows Screw.=
+
+        201 =A Similar Screw=, smaller.
+
+        202 =Another.=
+
+        203 =A Long Straight Gallows Nail.=
+
+        204 =Thumbscrew= of the oldest and most simple construction, for
+        the most painful pressing and screwing entirely through the
+        thumb.
+
+        205 =A Curious Pair of Thumb-holders.= The thumbs were fastened
+        to this, and the culprit easily led along or fastened up in a
+        public place; resistance was impossible.
+
+        206 =A Pair of Manacles and Chains=, completely confining both
+        hands.
+
+        207 =Double Scolds’ Collar.= In this the women who had
+        quarrelled were placed, neck and hands, and were forced to stand
+        thus facing each other until they were, or pretended to be,
+        friends again.
+
+        208 =A Double Scolds’ Collar= somewhat different in shape and of
+        a later date.
+
+        209 & 210 =Two Iron Manacles.=
+
+        211 =Strong Iron Pillory=, with places for the neck and hands,
+        surmounted by a bell and a weathercock; worn by turncoats and
+        unreliable people.
+
+        212 =A Penitent’s Girdle=, made of barbed wire, which, when worn
+        next to the flesh, caused the most unpleasant and uncomfortable
+        irritation.
+
+        213 =A Long Iron Chain= for fastening up a prisoner securely.
+        Heavy iron padlock at one end, strong ankle ring at the other.
+
+        214 =The Russian Knout=, made of bullets of lead, covered with
+        leather, and strung together. With this terrible instrument
+        slaves and prisoners of all kinds were scourged.
+
+        215 =Copper Boot=, which was filled with boiling water or molten
+        lead.
+
+        216 =Another=, similar.
+
+        217 =A Hempen Whip=, with six knotted lashes.
+
+        218 =Another=, with very numerous lashes, spur-iron edges.
+
+        219 =A Pair of Wooden Pinching Shears= to pinch the fingers or
+        toes.
+
+        220 =Iron Body Ring=, with pair of hand bracelets and
+        eleven-linked chain.
+
+        221 =Implement for fastening the Ankles together=, with place
+        through which to fix an iron chain.
+
+        222 =Catgut Head-tormenter=, with iron handle for the
+        executioner; with this he drew the cords backwards and forwards
+        across the forehead until the victim was almost scalped.
+
+        223 =Iron Penitential Whip=, with five sharp-edged iron tails.
+
+        224 =Very Powerful Screw Iron Foot Breaker or Toe Screw.=
+        Entailed the most terrible pain.
+
+        225 =Powerful Iron Handscrew=, with differently roughened base.
+
+      Who can tell the fearful torture of the thumbscrew, which was so
+        freely used in all European countries? Was a man charged with
+        any crime or supposed to know of any plot against the Church or
+        the Government, the ordeal of the thumbscrew made him confess,
+        even if he was innocent. It was not in human nature (except in
+        _very rare_ cases) to stand this ordeal long; and under its
+        baneful influence, its heart-breaking torture, who knows how
+        many perfectly innocent people were accused and convicted of
+        crimes they had never thought of?
+
+        226 =Branding Iron=, from Utrecht, brands letter U.
+
+        227 =Branding Iron=, brands with mark of the gallows.
+
+        228 =Large Gallows Screw=, from which the condemned was hanged.
+
+        229 =A curious Iron Cupping Machine=, with which letters or
+        designs were burnt into the flesh.
+
+        230 =A Spiked Roller=, over which a man was rolled when on the
+        rack.
+
+        231 =A Pair of Shackles and strong Chain.=
+
+        232 =Leather Head Halter=, which was placed on the head of the
+        condemned and held by the executioner’s assistant.
+
+        233 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Regensburg, with engraved blade
+        and motto:
+
+                         “Die Herrn steuren dem Unheil
+                         Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil,”
+
+          and a figure of Justice. On the other side—
+
+                    “Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben
+                    Wunche ich dem Sünder das ewige Leben,”
+
+          a figure of Justice, and the armorer’s mark. (See No. 83.)
+
+        234 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Crailsheim-Ellwangen,
+        Würtemberg; with broad blade.
+
+        235 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Brannenberg, in Upper Bavaria;
+        with iron guard and strong swept blade and armorer’s mark.
+
+        236 =Double Thumbscrew.=
+
+        237 =Another=, somewhat similar.
+
+        238 =A curious Yoke.= This was worn by the father and mother of
+        a child born out of wedlock. When yoked together they were
+        forced to carry water up to the top of the hill, doubtless up
+        into the old Castle of Nuremberg. (See engraving, No. 996.)
+
+        239 =Long Chain of Nine Links=, with shackle or foot fastener.
+
+        240 =Another long Chain and a Shackle.=
+
+        241 =Curious Shame Mask or Brank=, female head worn by dishonest
+        or immoral women.
+
+        242 =Very curious large Iron Brank or Mask=, with goggle-eyes,
+        large open mouth; worn by blasphemers.
+
+        243 =Iron Mask=, with painted face; worn by youthful criminals.
+
+        244 =Curious pair of Iron Braces=, with front and back bars,
+        body ring, and padlock, in which a man was tightly held and had
+        no power of resistance.
+
+        245 =A pair of round Wrist-holders=, with lock and key.
+
+        246 =A similar pair=, not so heavy.
+
+        247 =Strong Iron Ankle Fasteners=, by which prisoner was secured
+        so as not to be able to move unless released.
+
+        248 =A heavy Iron Shackle or Leg Iron.=
+
+        249 =A painful double Handscrew=, constructed so that the whole
+        ten fingers could be squeezed at the same time.
+
+        250 =A Double-handed Headsman’s Sword=, extra long blade, with
+        armorer’s mark and sign of the Trinity.
+
+        251 =A Military Executioner’s Sword=, with princely and military
+        ornamentation, as well as the three perforations (the Trinity)
+        in the blade.
+
+        252 =An Oriental Executioner’s Sword=, with brass guard and
+        hilt, ribbed blade, pointed end.
+
+        253 =Pair of Hand-bracelets or Handcuffs=, with long chain and
+        padlock.
+
+        254 =Another=, somewhat the same.
+
+        255 =A Gallows Rope.=
+
+        256 =Another Gallows Rope.=
+
+        257 =A Chain= to bind two prisoners by the ankles.
+
+        258 =Very powerful Iron Foot-presser or Foot-screw.=
+
+        259 =Another, somewhat different=, with sharp internal
+        spur-shaped screw to mutilate the foot.
+
+        260 =A Penitent’s Girdle=, made of iron wire, with sharp points,
+        to press into the flesh.
+
+        261 =Long Iron Chain Whip=, with five thongs barbed.
+
+        261a =Iron Torture Stocks=, three feet high, with divisions for
+        neck, hands, and feet. In consequence of the shape of these
+        stocks, when a man’s hands and neck were fastened, the position
+        was an exceedingly painful one.
+
+        261b =A Pair of Iron Pincers=, which were made red-hot and so
+        used. There were various different marks awarded in the
+        punishment, and the victim had to be burned so many times an
+        hour. For each time he branded, the executioner received a
+        certain fee.
+
+        262 =Tongue-tearer.= A pair of tongs so arranged with screws and
+        sharp teeth that it took a firm grip of the tongue. Used on
+        blasphemers.
+
+        263 =Similar Pair of Tongue-tearers.=
+
+        264 =Iron Spider.= This instrument, somewhat like a spider, with
+        long sharp claws, was used to grip the flesh of various portions
+        of the body and then tear it away. Was very frequently used on
+        women, whom it horribly mutilated.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 949._
+]
+
+        265 =Smaller Iron Spider.=
+
+        266 =Mecklenburg Torture Stocks=, supported by a round strong
+        iron stake, with hand and foot fasteners and padlock.
+
+        267 =Very Curious Iron Pillory=; place for the neck and for the
+        hands was fastened with a padlock. The culprit was condemned to
+        wear this terrible instrument so many days, weeks, or years.
+        Early German.
+
+        268 =A Similar Iron Pillory=, somewhat lighter.
+
+        269 =Spanish Gaiter= for torturing the foot, with strong screw
+        and uneven tread.
+
+        270 =A Strong Iron Criminal Coupler or Whipping Stocks.=
+
+        270a =A Pair of Fine Steel Pincers=, for flaying or cutting away
+        the skin, with inscription of Justice, etc.; also armorer’s
+        marks and ornamental design, etc.
+
+        271 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Buchloe, in Swabia, with
+        exquisitely engraved blade. On one side is the motto:
+
+                 “Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben
+                 Wunche ich dem armen Sünder das ewige Leben.”
+
+      Translation:
+
+           “When I raise my sword, I wish the poor sinner eternity.”
+
+      On the reverse:
+
+                      “Durch die Schärfe dieser Klingen
+                      Muss der Kopf vom Leib Wegspringen.”
+
+      Translation:
+
+        “From the sharpness of this blade the head must leave the body.”
+
+        272 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Ansbach, with twisted and gilt
+        top; also pair of shears for cutting the hair on neck and
+        engraved with the following verses:
+
+                    “Die Herren steuren dem Unheil
+                    Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil.
+                    Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben
+                    Wunche ich dem Sünder das ewige Leben.”
+
+      Translation:
+
+          “The world steers toward mischief, and I execute judgment.
+          When I lift up my sword, God give the poor sinner eternity.”
+
+        275 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Passau. On the blade is
+        engraved: Christ on the Cross, and under it, “Crucifixio Christi
+        Et Verbum Caro.= + Z + IA + BLZ + St + A + B + Z + H + GF + B
+        factum.” Under this is a medallion. On the reverse Virgin and
+        Child, and underneath is + Z + IA + etc.
+
+        274 =A Double Scolds’ Collar= for women, with pillories for
+        heads and hands.
+
+        275 =A Scold’s Collar= for one woman only.
+
+        276 =A similar Collar=, but of different shape.
+
+        277 =Hempen Whip=, with numerous barbed ends.
+
+        278 =Cat-o’-nine-tails.=
+
+        279 =Long Chain=, with heavy iron shackle.
+
+        280 =Lighter Chain= for female offenders.
+
+        281 =Curious Wooden Mask or Brank= for horse-stealers.
+
+        282 =Headsman’s Sword=, leather hilt.
+
+        283 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Ingolstadt, with a pointed button,
+        leather handle, a gallows and wheel damascened in copper on the
+        blade.
+
+        284 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Amberg, with iron grip, St. Michael
+        and St. James. Under St. Michael there is Jesus Nazarenus Rex
+        Judæorum, and under St. James an inscription.
+
+        285 =A Pair of Wrist-holders=, with padlock and key.
+
+        286 =Wire Flagellant=, with numerous thongs.
+
+        287 =Jointed Iron double Hand-fastener.=
+
+        288 & 289 =Gallows or Choking Rope.=
+
+        290 =Portion of the Flooring of a Prison.= Oak cut into
+        diamond-shaped points, so as to be as hurtful to the prisoners
+        as possible, and as in many cases the walls were also of the
+        same material, it was very painful to lean, sit, lie, or stand.
+
+        291 =Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, with small ass’s ears.
+
+        292 =Iron Mask=, with mustache. Highwaymen or freebooters were
+        carried round the towns with this mask on, on various days
+        before their execution.
+
+        293 =Whip= with which those who were exposed in the stocks were
+        soundly thrashed in public according to sentence.
+
+        294 =Long Twisted Whip=, with heavier handle and thong, used on
+        more hardened criminals, few of whom survived a sound
+        application.
+
+        295 =Strong Rhinoceros-hide Whip.=
+
+        296 =Three-tailed Cat= (whip).
+
+        297 =Iron Braces and Body Ring=, with pair of manacles. (See No.
+        298.)
+
+        298 =Curious pair of Iron Braces=, with neck collar, handcuffs,
+        and pair of shackles. This instrument fits over each shoulder
+        round the waist, and when the victim is fastened by a collar
+        round the neck, handcuffs, and shackles, he may be said to be a
+        walking prison. He was literally bound in iron.
+
+        299 =Finger Pillory=, or flute-shaped instrument, which opens in
+        a similar way to the collars, but this has ten partitions or
+        divisions for the ten fingers; thus the offender stood in a
+        public place exactly in the position as if playing the flute.
+        Was used for various offences.
+
+        300 =Thieves’ Wooden Lantern=, three-sided, and with movement to
+        darken or show light at will.
+
+        301 =Branding Iron=, to brand culprit on shoulder or forehead.
+
+        302 =Branding Iron=, from Munich, brands the letter M.
+
+        303 & 304 =Two Branding Irons.=
+
+        305 =A Branding Iron=, brands E. C. O.
+
+        306 =Witches’ Idol.= A small carved wooden figure of the devil,
+        said to have been worshipped by witches.
+
+        307 =A small but formidable Pear-shaped Gag=, to prevent
+        prisoners from screaming while under torture. (See No. 140.)
+
+        308 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Augsburg, with shagreen handle
+        and flat blade.
+
+        309 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Weissenburg, with verses. (See
+        No. 272.)
+
+        310 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Ansbach, with the following
+        verse on the blade:
+
+                      “Die Herren steuren dem Unheil.
+                      Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil.
+                                              J. N. R. J.”
+
+        311 =Gallows Cord.=
+
+        312 =Turkish Bowstring, or Executioner’s Cord.=
+
+        313 & 314 =Two Double Hand-fasteners.=
+
+        315 =A very strong solid Iron Double Manacle= at the end of
+        strong iron bar.
+
+        316 A ditto, with long iron chain.
+
+        317 =Iron Mask=, with coat-of-arms and long speaking-tube in the
+        place of a nose, worn by libellous persons and backbiters.
+
+        318 =Iron Polish Torture Stocks=, with two hand and two foot
+        fastenings, double lock with keys; date 1472. When the prisoner
+        was fixed in this, the position was most painful and unpleasant.
+
+        319 =Wooden Pillory for Hands, and Long Chain.=
+
+        320 =Long Wooden Hand or Arm Breaker.= By pressure of powerful
+        screws the hands or arm could be crushed completely.
+
+        321 =A Thieves’ Wooden Lantern=, three-sided and with movable
+        slides.
+
+        322 =Spanish Boot=, made of two strong pieces of heavy wood,
+        fitted inside with protruding iron knobs or buttons, and made to
+        screw up so as to completely break the foot and inflict the most
+        agonizing torture. (See Engraving, No. 1033.)
+
+        323 =Large Curious Prison Padlock and Key=, of extra strength.
+
+        324 =A Pair of Pincers=, for tearing out the tongue by the
+        roots.
+
+        325 =A Cupping Machine=, which, when red hot, impressed the
+        letter T.
+
+        326 =Very Curious Iron Brank=, with ass’s ears and movable
+        tongue and jaws, curiously embossed. The movable jaw denoted the
+        scold or libeller.
+
+        327 =Iron Mask=, with ass’s ears, small bells, and protruding
+        upper lip, worn for immorality.
+
+        328 =Large old Swedish Scold’s Collar=, in the shape of a
+        fiddle, with large bells and bell ropes; very curious.
+
+        329 =Strong Double Manacle=, with heavy iron bar and long chain.
+
+        330 =Venetian sharp Foot-presser=, of wrought iron, studded
+        inside with spikes, which lacerated the flesh.
+
+        331 =Manacle=, with twelve-linked chain.
+
+        332 =Heavy Iron Whip=, with six sharp-edged iron lashes.
+
+        333 =Shackle=, with long iron chain.
+
+        334 =Curious very old Chain= for securing a prisoner by hands
+        and foot.
+
+        335 =Iron Necklet=, with leather thongs and sharply-toothed ring
+        for hanging or fastening the victim to a beam, or where he could
+        just reach the floor on tip-toe.
+
+        336 =A Prison Warder’s Weapon=, to be used on obstreperous or
+        mutinous prisoners. It is in the shape of a whip, but the lash
+        is of iron, with a weight at its end.
+
+        337 to 340 =Four various-sized Iron Shackles.=
+
+        341 =Iron Mask or Brank=, with female face, long horns, and
+        donkey’s ears.
+
+        342 =Curious Shame Mask of Iron=, with long protruding beak and
+        small mustache; also short ass’s ears.
+
+        343 =Scold’s Collar=, shape of the ruff worn by the women of the
+        16th and 17th centuries, but made of wood, hung round with 21
+        small bells and one larger one, and ornamented with a red and
+        white tassel. In this the scold was led up and down the town or
+        neighborhood as a warning to her neighbors.
+
+        344 =A Pair of Strong Iron Martyr Tongs or Pincers= for tearing
+        the flesh or for flaying.
+
+        345 =A Pair of ditto.=
+
+        346 & 347 =Heavy Wooden Hand Pillory=, bound in iron.
+
+        348 & 349 =Pair of Wooden Finger-squeezing Shears.=
+
+        350 =Judge’s Staff=, an attribute of the presiding judge. The
+        handle is handsomely ornamented.
+
+        351 =Long Iron Wire Punishment Rod.=
+
+        352 =Very Heavy Iron Double Foot Padlock.= With this fastened
+        on, the prisoner could not possibly run away.
+
+        353 =A very similar Instrument.=
+
+        354 to 358 =Five Scolds’ Wooden Collars=, with aperture for head
+        and both hands, slightly of different construction and periods.
+
+        359 =A Curious Yoke=, in which a couple found guilty of any act
+        against the strict morals of the time were fastened and driven
+        round the town, or stood in a market place. Early Swiss.
+
+        360 =A Long Iron Coupling Chain= with manacle at each end.
+
+        361 =Very Curious and Rare Pighead-shaped Wrought-iron Mask=,
+        used for disgraceful offences.
+
+      The collection of branks or shame masks of various kinds and
+        periods, many although but sparsely described here, will be
+        found to be of the greatest interest to the student and the
+        historian. The brank was very well known in England, and records
+        of its use are kept in many townships, and here and there in the
+        museums a specimen of it may be found.
+
+        362 =An Extra Large-sized Collar=, constructed for a male
+        slanderer or libeller, who, with head and both hands fixed in
+        this uncomfortable appendage, was pilloried for a lengthened
+        period in the market-place, an object of derision to all.
+
+        363 =Wooden Liar’s Knife=, with burnt mark denoting a dragon. In
+        the handle a whistle and bells with a set of printed verses
+        pasted on, from the poems of Nuremberg’s great writer, Hans
+        Sachs.
+
+                            “Dass aufschneidt Messer
+                            Wers kann machs besser.”
+
+                                 On the blade.
+
+                   “Was soll ein Messer wanns nicht schneidt,
+                   Oder steckt allzeit in der Scheidt?
+                   Also was soll auch sein ein Mann,
+                   Der nicht weitlich herschneiden kann.”
+
+                               On the other side.
+
+                   “Hettest du jetzt fein still geschwign
+                   So wär das Messer blieben lign,
+                   Die Pfeiff kein Schall het lassen hörn
+                   Das Glöcklein teht sich dran nicht kehrn.”
+
+      Translation same as No. 413.
+
+        NOTE.—This knife is very curious as showing the style of
+        treatment in those days of the drawers of the “long bow.”
+
+        364 =Large Hand Axe or Heavy Knife=, used to chop off the
+        fingers or hands of those found guilty of treason, killing a
+        parent, and various other crimes.
+
+        365 & 366 =Two Strong Hand-screws=, for squeezing the fingers.
+
+        367 =Chinese Executioner’s Knife=, with engraved handle.
+
+        368 =Constable’s Staff of Iron=, the end terminating in the
+        figure of a man’s fist. Could be used with serious results.
+
+        369 =Leather Body Ring=, with iron fastener. When the criminal
+        was fastened with a ring round his body, shackles fastened from
+        it to his feet, handcuffs to his hands, and a collar to his
+        neck, he had little chance of escape or resistance. Slaves were
+        frequently sold thus bound.
+
+        370 & 371 =Two Strong Iron Bars=, each with a manacle at each
+        end, used for various purposes.
+
+        372 & 373 =Two very Curious and Powerful Thumbscrews.=
+
+        374 =Very Curious Iron Shame Mask or Brank=, with long straight
+        protruding ears, long snout, and overlapping lip (a sign of
+        drunkenness), two curious round raised and blotched ornaments
+        under each eye, and a deeply furrowed forehead. This was worn by
+        confirmed topers, who were frequently condemned to stand exposed
+        for perhaps a week, or longer, according to the gravity of their
+        failing.
+
+        375 =Another Iron Mask=, worn by thieves.
+
+        376 & 377 =Two Hempen Penitential Whips=, with strongly knotted
+        lashes.
+
+        378 =Iron Body Belt=, with a manacle or handcuff fixed on to
+        each side, and strong chain to fasten prisoner up to a wall or
+        dungeon floor.
+
+        379 =A very powerful pair of Ankle Fasteners and Padlock
+        combined.= With this on, the victim could not possibly walk a
+        single step.
+
+        380 =Long Iron Chain=, with strong leg fastener at one end,
+        padlock at the other.
+
+        381 & 382 =Two Strong Iron Shackles.=
+
+        383 =Curious Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, square face with turned
+        up mustache and flattened nose, worn by people who were found to
+        be very quarrelsome or combative.
+
+        384 to 388 =Five Wooden Scolds’ Collars= of various sizes and
+        designs, presumably from different towns.
+
+        389 & 390 =Two Gallows Choking Ropes.=
+
+        391 =Iron Body Ring with Long Iron Chain.=
+
+        392 & 393 =A Pair of very Powerful Iron Finger-screws or Nail
+        Breakers.= Inflicted most terrible pain.
+
+        394 =A very rare and uncommon Iron Brank=, made only in
+        skeleton, but so constructed that parts cover the mouth, nose,
+        and eyes, and with long outstanding head top. Was worn by a
+        prisoner perhaps for years, until his identity was almost lost.
+
+        395, 395a, 396 =Three Long Iron Chains=, each with an ankle
+        fastener at the end; worn in prisons while the inmates were at
+        work, so that they could be fastened to their barrows, spades,
+        or benches.
+
+        397 =A smaller Chain with Leg-holder and Padlock=, worn by a
+        woman or child.
+
+        398 & 399 =A Pair of Double Thumbscrews=, with semi-circular
+        tops and rings.
+
+        400 =A Witch’s Idol.= A carving of the devil’s head in wood,
+        painted. This was worn by the supposed witch on her way to be
+        burnt at the stake.
+
+      Burning to death was a very frequent punishment in all European
+        countries; and in the olden time belief in witches was so strong
+        that burning or drowning of some poor women accused of
+        “overlooking” or “bewitching” someone or something was nothing
+        out of the common. On all such occasions a tablet such as shown
+        was worn on the way to doom.
+
+        401 =An extra strong Long Iron Chain=, with extra strong shackle
+        at one end and heavy padlock at the other; to secure some very
+        determined culprit or evil-doer, most likely one who had been
+        accused of slandering the reigning king or queen.
+
+        402 =Very Powerful Pair of Heavy Iron Leglets=, with arrangement
+        to fit any size and to lock on.
+
+[Illustration: A detailed, historical German engraving titled
+“Rechtfertigung der Vornehmste verräther In Engellandt” (Execution of
+the principal traitors in England). It depicts a bustling public square
+in a European city where multiple prisoners are being drawn on hurdles
+by horses, while others are being hanged, drawn, and quartered on a
+large wooden scaffold before a massive crowd.]
+
+        403 & 404 =A Pair of Iron Ankle Shackles.=
+
+        405 & 406 =A Pair of Double Thumbscrews=, to fasten up both
+        thumbs; one with lock.
+
+        407 =A very Curiously Shaped Thumbscrew=, with extra powerful
+        movement.
+
+        408 =A large Double Finger-screw=, so arranged as to close on
+        two fingers of each hand. Very cruel.
+
+        409 & 410 =A Pair of Gallows Choking Ropes.=
+
+        411 =A strong Gallows Hook.=
+
+        412 =Sheath of an Executioner’s Dagger.= Very early.
+
+        413 =Iron Liar’s Knife=, with bells and rattles, engraved with
+        the following verses on both sides of the blade and handle.
+
+                                 On the handle.
+
+                 “Das Aufschneidt Messr. Wers kan machs besser.
+                 Hettest du jetzt fein still geschwigen
+                 So wer das Messr ruhig blieben.—HANS SACHS.”
+
+             TRANSLATION.—“Who can do better for the Liar’s Knife?
+                           Had you quiet held your tongue
+                           The knife still on the nail had hung.”
+
+                                 On the blade.
+
+                     “Wann dein Maul redet was wer wahr,
+                     Durften die Glöcklein nicht kommen dar
+                     Und dich erinnern dass hinfort
+                     Dich besinnst ehe du redst ein Wort.”
+
+                TRANSLATION.—“If your mouth speaks only true,
+                              The bells they do not ring for you
+                              To remind you that forsooth
+                              You should only speak the truth.”
+
+                               On the other side.
+
+                      “Damit man nicht pfeiff oder leut
+                      Dass jedermann merkt was es bedeut,
+                      Dass dich dass Messer nicht verletz
+                      Und dich in Spott und Hohn versetz.”
+
+                TRANSLATION.—“So that none may whistle or shout
+                              And all know what this is about,
+                              Let this knife bring you no shame
+                              And nought but doubtful fame.”
+
+      This knife was also used by people to show that they could not be
+        imposed upon, the bearer being supposed to be himself “a sharp
+        blade.”
+
+        414 =Long Wooden Roller=; was used on the rack. The victim was
+        stripped and then rolled over this uneven surface while being
+        stretched until his bones were nearly all dislocated.
+
+        415 =A Fragment= of the cloak of the Christian Martyr Johannes
+        Huss, who was burned at the stake at Constanz. See “Foxe’s Book
+        of Martyrs.”
+
+        416 =Iron Brank or Mask=, completely covering the face, with
+        mouth in the act of whistling and with long ass’s ears; worn by
+        persons convicted of gluttony or other excesses.
+
+        417 =Half Iron Brank=, only covering the head, nose, and ears;
+        very curious headpiece, in centre of which a candle was placed
+        and lighted. Ordered by the Holy Inquisition. An exceedingly
+        rare specimen.
+
+        418 & 419 =Two very Powerful and Painful Wrist-holders or
+        Bracelets.=
+
+        420 =An Exceedingly Strong Iron Body Ring=, with handcuff at
+        each side and a 29-link iron chain.
+
+        421 =Very Curious Old Chain= with eccentric shaped links and
+        feet-holders. The prisoner was fastened to a wall and left for
+        days or weeks before being removed to confinement, so that all
+        passers might see and remember the delinquent.
+
+        422 =Another=, somewhat similar, with strong padlock to lock on
+        to leg.
+
+        423 & 424 =Two Shackles=, frequently used with the foregoing.
+
+        425 & 426 =Two Very Curious Early Prison Padlocks.=
+
+        427 =Iron Shame Brank=, from the town of Friedberg, near
+        Augsburg; spectacled eyes, protruding nose, overlapping lip, and
+        ass’s ears. Worn by drunkards.
+
+        428 & 429 =Two Pairs of Leg Shackles=, each with strong iron
+        chain. Worn during severe punishments.
+
+        430 =An Extra Strong Ankle-holder=, with long iron chain.
+
+        431 =A Similar=, lighter and smaller, for female prisoners.
+
+        432 =A Very Curious Wrought-iron Mouth-opener=; was placed
+        between the teeth, which were then easily kept apart while the
+        tongue was torn out, or boiling oil or molten lead was poured
+        down the throat.
+
+        433 & 434 =Two different Double Thumbscrews= for holding both
+        thumbs.
+
+        435 =A strong Double Hand-fastener of Wrought Iron=, with
+        aperture to fix on end of chain. The victim was usually dragged
+        along by a mounted police officer or at a cart’s tail.
+
+        436 =Hair-Cord=, which, when put on and rubbed over the arms and
+        feet, caused a most maddening irritation of the flesh.
+
+        437 =A Cloth Eye-binder=, with two raised parts, which pressed
+        over the victim’s eyes and kept them closed.
+
+        438 =A Choking Rope.=
+
+        439 =Crown of Straw and two Plaits.= This was worn by a fallen
+        virgin. The victim was shorn of all her hair, and had to stand
+        in a church door or other public place.
+
+        440 =Spanish Gaiter used for Torturing the Leg=, with very
+        formidable uneven shinbone presser.
+
+        441 =A somewhat similar one.=
+
+        442 =Another=, extra heavy and larger.
+
+        443 =Pair of Cruel Wood Pinching Shears= for breaking the
+        fingers off after crushing the bone.
+
+        444 =An Iron Handscrew= for pressing the entire five fingers.
+
+        445 =Another=, somewhat different.
+
+        446 to 449 =Two Long Heavy Chains=, with heavy shackles for male
+        prisoners, and two lighter and smaller for women or children.
+
+        450 =Iron Mask for Military Prisoners=, made in the shape of a
+        helmet, with long speaking-tube. Mouth and shield on forehead.
+
+        451 =Somewhat similar Iron Mask=, with flat face and protruding
+        snout. Coat-of-arms on the forehead. Belonged to some feudal
+        knight.
+
+        452 =Very Heavy and Massive Wrought-iron pair of Braces=,
+        consisting of belt, two front bars, and shoulder irons, with
+        strong padlock. When fastened up in this, all efforts at flight,
+        resistance, or even rest, were of no avail.
+
+        453 =A very similar set of Irons.=
+
+        454 =Long Iron Stake=, with top cross-bar having an armlet at
+        each end, long chain at bottom, with shackle for each foot. This
+        in itself forms a complete imprisonment.
+
+        455 =Very heavy square-linked Wrought-iron Chain and
+        Foot-fastener.=
+
+        456 =Another similar, heavier.=
+
+        457 =Iron Head Crown=, with jagged nails inside. With this on,
+        culprits were fastened to the wall.
+
+        458 =Terrible Spanish Spiked Iron Collar=, completely studded
+        outside, inside, and on edges with sharp iron spikes so arranged
+        that the wearer knew no rest, sleeping, waking, standing,
+        sitting, or lying.
+
+        459 =Small Iron Wire Whip=, for flaying the victim while
+        stretched on the rack.
+
+        460 =Torture Ladder=, about 15 feet long, with sharp
+        three-cornered rungs, with cords and pulleys. On this a man was
+        stretched to his fullest extent, to receive the torture which
+        may have been ordered.
+
+        461 =Thief-catcher.= Very curious instrument; long iron handle,
+        terminating at the top with a round hoop, garnished inside with
+        triangular iron spikes. The front of the hoop is made to push
+        open, so that the officer of the law can push it round the neck,
+        arm, or leg of whoever he wants to catch, who on his or her part
+        has no possible means of getting away, the ring having closed on
+        him and preventing any effort to escape.
+
+        462 =Thief-catcher=, similar form.
+
+        463 =Wheel=, with strong protruding iron shaft so as to break
+        the victim’s joints.
+
+        464 =A curious Antique Iron Brank or Mask=, with long snout, for
+        boastful people and liars.
+
+        465 =A long Chain and heavy Shackle.=
+
+        466 =A Curious Witches’ Idol=, carving of a devil’s head,
+        supposed to have been worshipped by witches. See No. 400.
+
+        467 =A Mandragora Root=, cut into the form of a man; said to
+        have great efficacy in the hands of witches against the person
+        they were “overlooking.” A nail or a needle driven into the
+        mandragora caused a pain to shoot through the heart of the
+        living man at the same moment, and nails or needles were driven
+        into it until the person died. Also the mandragora was supposed
+        to have the power of helping its owner to discover hidden
+        treasure, etc., etc.
+
+        468 =A Long Chain=, with two very strong shackles at each end.
+
+        469 & 470 =A Pair of Ditto=, lighter.
+
+        471 =An old Hour-glass=, divided into hour, three-quarters,
+        half, and quarter, by which the duration of the torture was
+        timed.
+
+        472 =Strong Iron Body Ring, Pair of Iron Manacles.=
+
+        473 =Strong Iron Leg Ring, a Handcuff and Padlock=, attached to
+        long, strong iron chain.
+
+        474 =An Antique very large-bore Blunderbuss=, with wheel lock.
+        Forbidden by International agreement.
+
+        475 =Large Wooden Brank or Shame Mask=, in the shape of a
+        death’s head. This was worn by criminals who were pardoned the
+        death penalty, and was worn by them in public places before
+        being taken to the prison where they were incarcerated forever.
+
+        476 =A Thief-catcher=, similar to No. 461.
+
+        477 =Another Wheel=, somewhat similar to No. 463.
+
+      Breaking on the wheel was not a figure of speech, but a stern and
+        terrible reality. When the condemned was laid out on the wooden
+        bed and the wheel brought into action over and over him and
+        weighted with all the strength of the executioner and his
+        assistants, every bone in the body was literally broken. In some
+        countries the victim was tied on to a wheel and turned round and
+        round as the wagon moved; he, sometimes over, sometimes under
+        it. But here the combination of wheel and wooden bed seems much
+        more cruel and lingering.
+
+        478 =Witch-catching Staff=, with the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and
+        Ave Maria. Under the iron point for prodding is also a hook for
+        catching hold. This was so arranged that when a witch was to be
+        caught it was unnecessary to touch her, as in those days of
+        superstition no man could lay his hand upon a witch for fear of
+        all sorts of evil spells. Catching hold of her with this staff,
+        protected as it was by the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and Ave
+        Maria, was considered to have the effect of circumventing all
+        her machinations.
+
+        479 =Witch-catcher Staff= of a somewhat different kind.
+
+        480 =Curious Iron Brank or Mask=, with small eyes, with pointed
+        beard and weathercock on crown, showing a changeable disposition
+        or one given to untruths.
+
+        481 =Strong Iron Body Ring=, with two chains.
+
+        482 =Another=, lighter, with hinged movement.
+
+        483 =Curious Mask= without any face, with long speaking-trumpet
+        and snake on which to hang any stolen property; for thieves.
+
+        484 =An Iron Brank=, without face, long ass’s ears for
+        drunkards.
+
+        485, 486, 487 =Three strong Iron Leglets=, with long chains.
+
+        488 =Large Iron Chandelier=, used for lighting the torture
+        chamber.
+
+        489 to 491 =Three long Chains and Iron Fasteners=, various sizes
+        and strengths.
+
+        492 =A Strong Circular Wood and Iron Pulley= and rope for
+        running victim up to a beam, when his feet were heavily weighted
+        until his joints were broken.
+
+        493 =Nobleman’s very curious Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped
+        like a man’s face, with movable visor and mustache, at each end
+        of which is a bell; also one at each ear, a larger one at the
+        point of the beard, and surmounted by two iron rods, each
+        terminating in a bell. The use of this brank seems lost in
+        obscurity, and we have searched in vain for its application; but
+        there can be little doubt it was worn by malefactors of noble
+        birth; and the idea seems to be that it was worn on the way to
+        execution by a parricide, the bells being to call all the
+        world’s attention to the despicable criminal.
+
+        NOTE.—In England branks seem only to have been used for scolds;
+        but in the cities of the Continent they were used for criminals
+        of both sexes.
+
+        494 =An Executioner’s Cord or Rope=, by which the delinquents
+        were bound before going to execution.
+
+        495 =Another Executioner’s Rope=, similar.
+
+        496 to 554 =A Large Collection= of strong iron manacles,
+        shackles, and body rings of various times and nationalities.
+
+        NOTE.—Although the space at our command will not allow us to
+        individualize and describe each of these manacles, shackles, and
+        chains, each and every one is different, made at different
+        periods, and of various designs. They played a great part in the
+        criminal history of Europe, having been used in every country.
+        Criminals wore them in prison, in the torture chamber, at the
+        stake, and in the Tumbril. In the penitent’s cell they also
+        found their place. In fact, volumes might be written on their
+        use and abuse.
+
+        555 =A Model of the Guillotine=, made of wood.
+
+        556 =A Metal Model= of same, differently constructed.
+
+        557 =Iron Coal Stove= on tripod feet. In this the coals were
+        lighted and got to a white heat in order to make the branding
+        irons red hot, and so burn the marks or letters into the flesh
+        of the forehead or back.
+
+        558 =Iron Coal Box= for same purpose.
+
+        559 =Pair of Bellows=, used for blowing up the fire in above.
+
+      The history of branding is so well known that it is needless to
+        enter into it here. Both men and women were branded in all
+        European countries for all sorts of crimes, and even in the
+        earlier times a serf bore his master’s brand mark.
+
+        560 =The Condemned’s Cup or Mug.= Made of glass, with engraving
+        of the crucifixion. Out of this cup the condemned was given wine
+        to drink during his last day.
+
+        561 =An Antique Fayence Beer Jug=, with burnt-in picture of
+        Hiesel and his big dog.
+
+        562 =Punishment Officers’ Drum.= This small, long four-cornered
+        iron-bound oak drum or rattle was used to call all wayfarers’
+        and passers’ attention to the culprit, so that all might see,
+        hear, and take warning by the punishment thus being meted out.
+
+        563 =Soup Bowl and Spoon.= This was used to affix to a scolds’
+        collar, in which two females were fastened, so that if, as it
+        frequently happened, the shame of the punishment did not bring
+        the combatant females to a renewal of friendship and
+        forgiveness, they were reduced by _hunger_. The bowl was hung
+        close under their noses, filled with soup or stew; the women had
+        one hand loosened, and were glad to eat out of the same bowl,
+        using the only spoon one after the other. This was taken as a
+        sign of returning affection.
+
+        564 =Iron Wristscrew=, of great cruelty, with outward roughed
+        movement for lacerating the arm.
+
+        565 =Spanish Gaiter= for torturing the leg, with strong screw
+        and roughed inner movement for crushing the shin bone.
+
+        566 Ditto, with similar movement, different screws.
+
+        567 =Another=, of different construction.
+
+        568 =Another=, different.
+
+        569 =Another=, different.
+
+        570 =Another=, larger and more powerful.
+
+        571 =Another=, with an addition of sharp iron teeth in base.
+
+        572 =Another=, still different, with double screws for entirely
+        crushing the leg bone.
+
+        573, 574 & 575 =Three very curious and different large
+        Prison-gate Padlocks.=
+
+        576 & 577 =Two Scolds’ Wooden Collars=, with aperture for neck
+        and both hands.
+
+        578 =A large Wooden Winder or Pulley=, used to stretch
+        criminals.
+
+        579 Ditto, of wood and iron.
+
+        580 =A long Wooden Spiked Hare=, with strong spikes. (See No.
+        89.)
+
+        581 =Strong Iron Neck Collar=, with outstanding iron rod with
+        bell on end, so that prisoner could never move without giving
+        warning.
+
+        582 =A Witches’ Idol Figure of the Evil One=, which witches were
+        supposed to worship.
+
+        583 =An Iron Chandelier=, somewhat similar to No. 488.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 1019._
+]
+
+        584 =Curious barred face Helmet or Mask=, worn by juvenile
+        criminals.
+
+        585 =A Poacher’s Flint Gun=, made of iron, formed so that it
+        looks like a mountaineer’s stick, with a chamois horn handle,
+        the lock made so that it can be taken off and put on at will.
+
+        586 =Prison Whip=, with thorn handle.
+
+        587 =An Extra Heavy Brank, or Punishment Hat, for Lazy People.=
+        It is of iron, and with iron bars across the face.
+
+        588 =Instrument used to draw knots of cords as tightly as
+        possible.=
+
+        589 =Long Iron Chain with ankle fastener at the end.=
+
+        590 =Penitent’s Cap, made of Linen=, with opening for eyes,
+        ears, mouth, and nose.
+
+        591 =Executioner’s Staff=, carried before the execution. Wooden
+        handle, with red and white rings.
+
+        592 =A Set of Stocks, with place for two Culprits.= In these
+        delinquents of almost all kinds were placed, for varying
+        periods, exposed to public gaze and scorn.
+
+        593 =Penitent’s Linen Shirt.=
+
+        594 =Executioner’s Cloak=, very long, of red woollen material,
+        presumably red so as not to show blood spots or stains.
+
+        595 =Wonderful Wooden Chain= of many links, with hanging spoons.
+        This work of patience was done by Baron von der Trenk whilst in
+        prison, and cut out of a plank of wood, with no other tools than
+        the knife he was allowed to cut his bread with. What makes this
+        chain the more remarkable is that it has no joints of any kind,
+        is neither nailed, screwed, or glued, but is entirely
+        self-containing, and cut out of the solid. Baron von der Trenk
+        was imprisoned for high treason at Magdeburg.
+
+        596 =A Heavy Stone=, used for stretching.
+
+        597 =Another=, similar weight.
+
+        598 =A Pair of Stone Bullet Weights.=
+
+        599 =An Iron Ball Weight.=
+
+        600 =A Heavy Pair of Weights.=
+
+        601 =A Heavy Stone Weight.=
+
+        602 Ditto.
+
+        603 Ditto.
+
+        604 =Spanish Mantle, or Drunkard’s Cloak, and Helmet.= This
+        so-called cloak is really in the form of a long barrel, wider at
+        the bottom than at the top. It was hinged at the back so as to
+        open. The drunkard or ne’er-do-well was placed in it, and it was
+        closed to and locked, the top having an iron-bound orifice just
+        large enough to let his head through. On his head was placed the
+        barred helmet, through which he could see and be seen by all.
+        The period of confinement was varied according to the offence or
+        its frequency. One or two hours was the usual sentence. To tall
+        men this was more severe than to short ones. Whereas a tall one,
+        standing up, would lift the entire wooden barrel on his
+        shoulders, and would after a time, borne down by its weight,
+        have to sink on to his knees, a short man would be able to stand
+        inside and so suffer far less pain.
+
+          “Several historians, dealing with the social life of England
+          in bygone times, have described the wearing of the barrel
+          after the manner of a cloak as a general mode of punishing
+          drunkards in force during the Commonwealth. Mr. Ralph Gardner,
+          of Cheriton, in the county of Norfolk, printed in 1655 a work,
+          in which he says, ‘He the deponent further affirms that he
+          hath seen men drove up and down the streets with a great tub
+          or barrel, opened in the sides, with a whole in one end to put
+          their heads through, and so cover their shoulders and bodies
+          down to the small of their legs, and then close the
+          same—called the new-fashioned cloak, and so make them march to
+          the view of all beholders; and this is their punishment for
+          drunkards and the like.’
+
+          “It is noticed in _Travels in Holland_, by Sir William
+          Brereton, under the date of May 29th, 1634, as seen at Delft.
+          John Evelyn visited Delft on August 17th, 1641, and writes,
+          ‘that in the Senate House hangs a weighty vessel of wood, not
+          unlike a butter churn, which the adventurous woman that hath
+          two husbands at one time is to wear on her shoulders, her head
+          peeping out of the top only, and so led about the town as a
+          penance for her incontinence.’ Samuel Pepys has an entry in
+          his diary respecting seeing a similar barrel at The Hague in
+          the year 1660. We have traces of this mode of punishment in
+          Germany. John Howard, in his work entitled _The State Prisons
+          in England and Wales_, 1684, thus writes, ‘In Denmark some
+          criminals of the lower sort, as watchmen, coachmen, &c., are
+          punished by being led through the city in what is called “The
+          Spanish Mantle.”...’ I measured one at Berlin. This mode of
+          punishment is particularly dreaded, and is one cause that
+          night robberies are never heard of in Copenhagen.”—_Old-Time
+          Punishments_, W. ANDREWS.
+
+      From the above it appears that not only was it used for drunkards,
+        but also for burglars, bigamous women, etc., etc.
+
+        605 =A similar Spanish Mantle or Drunkard’s Cloak= without
+        helmet, from Munich.
+
+        606 =A somewhat similar one=, from Lauingen, in Suabia.
+
+        607 =Weighty Stone= in the shape of a coat-of-arms shield, and
+        dated 1661. This somewhat great weight was hung by a chain round
+        the neck of the accused. Crimes such as theft, assaults, etc.
+
+        608 =A similar Stone=, used for field or garden thieves. It is
+        engraved with a head, and has on the top a crown of flowers and
+        some fruit.
+
+        609 =A similar Stone= for gamblers, with deeply-cut engravings
+        of playing cards.
+
+        610 =Very large-sized Double Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped like
+        the fiend’s head, with horns, protruding eyes, and teeth.
+        Belonging to this are also a snake and dragon’s head. This
+        hideous mask was worn by a woman who had daily assaulted her
+        husband. As in all these old punishments, the culprit stood in a
+        most public place. In this instance the snake or dragon was held
+        in the hand. It signified that the holder was a house dragon,
+        and as such, deserving the scorn and obloquy of all beholders.
+
+        611 =Wooden Tablet= with the word mörder (murderer) written on
+        it. This was worn by a criminal convicted of murder. On it was
+        also inscribed a written notice of the executioner’s as to
+        particulars of the crime, date of execution, etc.
+
+        612 =Large Wooden Stocks=, in which a condemned culprit was
+        forced to stand tied up in a market or public place so many
+        hours daily, fastened by the feet, and with a tablet bearing his
+        name, description of crime, and punishment. In most cases he was
+        also sentenced to receive so many whippings per day or week,
+        which were applied by the public executioner.
+
+        613 =Iron Stocks=, shape of a chair. Was frequently used as a
+        ducking-stool to duck scolds or witches.
+
+        614 =Tablet worn by the Occupant of Stocks.= This one was
+        evidently worn by fruit or field thieves.
+
+        615 =Baker’s Ducking-Cage.= Very curious oak cage, about six
+        feet high. Inside is a seat. In this cage the baker who gave
+        short weight was locked up, and the cage was then hung to chains
+        and drawn up and down in the water until the occupant was nearly
+        drowned. See engraving, No. 709.
+
+        NOTE.—This ducking-cage was not known in England. There are many
+        ducking-stools still extant, but from all inquiries we find that
+        they were only used to duck scolds or women charged with
+        witchcraft.
+
+        616 =Large Oil Painting=, by Michael Angelo di Caravaggio,
+        showing _Man’s First Crime_, Cain killing his brother Abel.
+
+        617 =Seat or Settle belonging to a Torture Chamber=, with
+        one-half for the physician and the other for the executioner. It
+        will be noticed that the part intended for the doctor has a back
+        to lean against, whilst the executioner’s part has not.
+
+        618 =Small Table= on which there is a sharp-toothed thumb and
+        finger screw, an instrument which the victim must have seen with
+        a shuddering sense of fear, so ingenious is it in its cruelty.
+
+        619 =A Pair of Heavy Weights.=
+
+        620 =Torture Chair=, covered all over with wooden spikes, so
+        that the occupant could not sit without being severely punished,
+        the more so as his feet were often weighted with heavy stones to
+        add to his pain.
+
+        621 =The Spiked Portion of a Torture Seat.=
+
+        622 =Torture Chair=, the back, the seat-stretcher, foot-rest,
+        completely covered with sharp wooden spikes, so that the
+        occupant was tortured sitting, leaning, standing; in fact, after
+        a short time the pain became unbearable.
+
+        623 =Heavy Wooden Torture Seat=, with front lockable iron bar so
+        that the victim could be securely fastened in. In this chair
+        tortures of all kinds were inflicted.
+
+        624 =Torture Rack=, about 10 feet long, with “spiked hare,”
+        round roller, and all the necessary cords for binding and
+        stretching the victim.
+
+        625 =Torture Cradle=, about 6 feet long, completely covered with
+        wooden spikes and with wooden spiked movable cushion (?) head
+        rest.
+
+        626 =Stretching Gallows=, known in German as Schlimme Liesel
+        (Fearful Eliza). At the foot are strong iron rings, into which
+        the man’s feet were placed; his hands were then fastened to a
+        triangle, which was raised by means of ropes and pulleys until
+        he was stretched beyond endurance. When in this position he was
+        perhaps flayed, or else cruelly whipped at stated periods by the
+        public executioner.
+
+        627 =Spanish Donkey.= This terrible instrument is formed with a
+        =Ʌ= or cone-shaped top, worked to a sharp point. The victim was
+        placed straddle-legged on this, and heavy weights placed on each
+        foot, until the sharp point of the donkey’s back cut clean
+        through his body, or broke him right in halves.
+
+        628 =Whipping Bench=, from Berlin. A large bench upholstered,
+        straps to fasten the arms, legs, head, and feet, with a movable
+        footboard, to be raised according to the height of the whipper.
+
+        629 =Ball and Chain= for prisoner’s leg.
+
+        630 =The Wooden Bed= on which the victim of the wheel was laid.
+
+        631 =Heavy Iron Execution Chair.=
+
+      The culprit sat or kneeled in the chair, with head leaning over
+        the back, and the headsman, after cutting away the hair, with
+        one stroke severed the head from the body.
+
+        632 =A large heavy Bell=, which was rung all the way the
+        condemned was being taken to the block or scaffold. Backward and
+        forward, forward and backward, swung the bell, until the
+        executioner was ready to do his grewsome work.
+
+        633 =The Mummified Head of a Beheaded Nuremberg Child
+        Murderess=, together with the spear on which it was shown at the
+        wheel.
+
+        634 =A small old German Delinquent’s Altar=, with small figure
+        of the crucified Saviour.
+
+        635 =A Pair of Bronze Candlesticks= which were chained to the
+        altar; same period.
+
+        636 =The Celebrated Original IRON MAIDEN (Eiserne Jungfrau).=
+        This terror-inspiring torture instrument is made of strong wood,
+        bound together with iron bands. Opens with two doors, to allow
+        the prisoner to be placed inside. The entire interior is fitted
+        with long, sharp iron spikes, so that, when the doors are
+        pressed to, the sharp prongs force their way into various
+        portions of the victim’s body. Two entered his eyes, others
+        pierced his back, his chest, and, in fact, _impaled_ him alive
+        in such a manner that he lingered in the most agonizing torture.
+        When death relieved the poor wretch from his agonies, perhaps
+        after days, a trap-door in the base was pulled open and the body
+        was allowed to fall into the moat or river below. Persons were
+        condemned to death by the embraces of the _Iron Maiden_ for
+        plots against the governing powers, parricide, religious
+        unbelief, and murder with attempt against puberty. The date of
+        this rare specimen is the fifteenth century.
+
+      It is believed that the Iron Maiden is purely and peculiarly a
+        relic of old Nuremberg, as at that date we do not read of it
+        anywhere else, whilst the annals of that town contain many
+        allusions to its terrors.
+
+      We find that in the next (16th) century there was an instrument of
+        execution in Scotland known as the “Maiden,” but it was
+        perfectly different to this one, and was really a beheading
+        block on to which a knife fell from a certain height, and
+        something after the style of the present guillotine—a much more
+        merciful and expeditious mode of execution than the slow, cruel,
+        lingering death above mentioned. As we said in our Preface, the
+        fiendish ingenuity displayed in inventing terrible torture is in
+        no instance more in evidence than in the construction of this
+        relic of ancient Nuremberg, known as “The Iron Maiden.”
+
+        637 =An Engraving= showing the “Iron Maiden.”
+
+        638 =An Old Painting= on panel, “Justice,” with the inscription:
+
+          “Gott ist grecht in sainn Gericht drum thu gutts und sündge
+          nicht.”
+
+      Translation:
+
+          “God’s judgment is aright; do thou good, and sin not.”
+
+      This was fixed over the judge’s seat.
+
+        639 =Small Panel Painting.= “The Sign of the Ban of Blood,”
+        showing an axe and a severed hand.
+
+        640 =A similar Panel.=
+
+        641 =Stone Tablet=, which hung over the entrance door to the
+        torture chamber, with the inscription—
+
+                   “Atris patratis sunt atra theatra parata.”
+
+      Translation:
+
+                        “Dark deeds make dark endings.”
+
+        642 =A Papal Bull=, dated Rome, 5th February, 1492. Written in
+        Latin on parchment, giving an authority to the Abbot of St.
+        Ægidus, in Nuremberg, to hold and constitute Courts of Justice
+        in that town.
+
+        643 =A Witch’s Charm=, of lead, with engraved characters and
+        motto.
+
+        644 =Wooden Model of the Witch’s Castle=, near Straubing, in
+        Lower Bavaria; here the notorious Agnes Bernauer was accused of
+        being a witch, and as such kept until she was drowned in the
+        Danube.
+
+        645 =Oil Painting of the Gilder, Erdmann of Nuremberg.= He was
+        the last man publicly tortured in Nuremberg. After his death he
+        was found to have been innocent of the crime of theft to which
+        he had _confessed_ under torture, and in consequence of this
+        lamentable miscarriage of justice, it was decided that torture
+        should be forever abolished in the town.
+
+        646 =Picture of the Guillotine= on wood.
+
+        647 =A Curious 15th-Century Forerunner of the Mitrailleuse or
+        Gatling Gun=, constructed so as to fire fifteen balls at one
+        time; was in those days called a _Hell Machine_, and its use was
+        forbidden by the International agreement as being outside the
+        pale of fair warfare.
+
+        648 =Thumb Instrument, or Press=, with two pressers for thumbs.
+
+        649 =A Set of Stocks with Wheels=, so that they could be wheeled
+        about to any part of the city or from town.
+
+        650 =A Strong Wooden Windlass= for running the victim up to the
+        ceiling, where he was suspended by the thumb, with weights
+        attached to his feet.
+
+        651 =Portrait of Maria Renata, of Wurzburg=, who was the last
+        woman burnt at the stake in Germany for being suspected of
+        witchcraft.
+
+        652 =Oil Painting of a Bavarian Court Jester= who was bricked in
+        alive, with his hands tied behind him, at the Castle of
+        Trausnitz, and so left miserably to starve to death.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 1020._
+]
+
+
+                The Collection of Prints and Engravings,
+
+          _Showing the Application of the Various Tortures in Different
+                                   Countries._
+
+        700 Descriptive account of the capture of the Bavarian robber,
+        Hiesel.
+
+        701 Tumult at Middelburg, in Holland.
+
+        702 Man on stretcher being singed to death.
+
+        703 Print showing the application of manacles, shackles, etc.
+
+        704 Portrait of Judica Widman, wife of the executioner of
+        Nuremberg, 1672.
+
+        705 Louis XVI. brought back from Varennes to Paris, June 25,
+        1791.
+
+        706 “La malheureuse famille Calas.”
+
+        707 Dick Turpin and Black Bess.
+
+        708 The execution of the two famous castle thieves at Berlin,
+        June 8, 1718.
+
+        709 The Debtors’ Bridge at Nuremberg, showing debtors’ towers
+        for males and females, and also a baker being dipped for
+        fraudulent weights.
+
+        710 Picture showing a person being branded on back, forehead,
+        and cheeks.
+
+        711 Execution at The Hague, 1619.
+
+        712 Torture and execution of women.
+
+        713 Three terrible modes of execution.
+
+        714 Portrait of a Swiss rebel, beheaded near Lucerne in 1653.
+
+        715 Prisoner chained, and with iron collar.
+
+        716 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer, the fraudulent Finance
+        Minister of Würtemberg.
+
+        717 The same, executed in a cage.
+
+        718 Wife of Widman, the Nuremberg executioner.
+
+        719 Execution of Counts Struensee and Brand, Copenhagen, 1772,
+        and their crests being destroyed by the headsman.
+
+        720 Arrest of a notorious thief.
+
+        721 Portrait of Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat.
+
+        722 Picture of a prisoner in chains.
+
+        723 A decapitated head exposed on the wheel.
+
+        724 Execution of two thieves at Hamburg.
+
+        725 Massacre in the Low Countries.
+
+        726 Scene during the French Revolution.
+
+        727 Episodes during the life of Jack Rann.
+
+        728 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog (colored).
+
+        729 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, after Guido Reni.
+
+        730 Sixteen portraits of notorious criminals.
+
+        731 Portrait of Lieutenant Schiedel, who captured Hiesel.
+
+        732 The fortress of Hohenstein, where Oppenheimer was
+        imprisoned.
+
+        733 Execution in the Low Countries, 1584.
+
+        734 Execution of Councillor Gosson, at Atrecht (Arras), for not
+        joining the rebels, October 20, 1578.
+
+        735 Strangulation of the grand Vizier Cara Mustapha by order of
+        the Sultan, February, 1684.
+
+        736 Portrait of Philip Egalité.
+
+        737 Man being publicly whipped on the stocks.
+
+        738 Madame Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI.
+
+        739 Portrait of Johann Beuckels, Provost of Münster, called Jan
+        Van Leyden.
+
+        740 Capture of Louis XVI. at Varennes, June 22, 1791.
+
+        741 Jan Smit, hung by his feet at Haarlem, in 1752.
+
+        742 Suess Oppenheimer in prison, and his trial.
+
+        743 Execution of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolean patriot, outside
+        the walls of Mantua.
+
+        744 Portrait of Robespierre.
+
+        745 Portrait of P. Schaeffer.
+
+        746 Portrait of Anckerström, murderer of the King of Sweden.
+
+        747 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach, 1567.
+
+        748 Death of Gustav the Fearless, King of Sweden, at a ball, by
+        the hand of an assassin, March 16, 1792.
+
+        749 Portrait of the Count Cagliostro.
+
+        750 Portrait of the Emperor Joseph II., during whose reign
+        torture was relinquished in Germany.
+
+        751 A prisoner suffering the bastinado.
+
+        752 The man in the iron mask.
+
+        753 Engraving of a female cheat in Strasburg.
+
+        754 Showing Algerius, student of Padua, burned at Rome in 1557.
+
+        755 Execution of Louis XVI.
+
+        756 Execution of the regicides, Counts Struensee and Brand, at
+        Copenhagen, April 28, 1772.
+
+        757 Massacre by the Spaniards in the Low Countries.
+
+        758 Damien being torn to pieces by four horses; his remains
+        burnt.
+
+        759 Terrible massacre at Haarlem after the capture of the town
+        by the Spaniards, July 13, 1573.
+
+        760 Portrait of Wiedman, the Nuremberg executioner.
+
+        761 Henri Masers de Latude, incarcerated during thirty-five
+        years in different state prisons.
+
+        762 Portrait of Carl Sand, murderer of Kotzebue.
+
+        763 A military execution.
+
+        764 Engraving, showing a man having his eyes burned out.
+
+        765 Execution of Marie Antoinette on the Place de la Revolution,
+        October 16, 1793. Her last words were, “Farewell, my children; I
+        go to rejoin your father.”
+
+        766 Massacre in the Low Countries by the Spaniards.
+
+        767 The memorable address of Louis XVI. at the Bar of the
+        National Convention, December 26, 1792.
+
+        768 Model of the Bastile.
+
+        769 A prisoner being led to execution.
+
+        770 A murderess in prison, in chains.
+
+        771 Thomas Muncer, preacher, executed at Alstet, Thuringia.
+
+        772 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog.
+
+        773 Calas taking leave of his family.
+
+        774 Bohemian rebel.
+
+        775 Attempted murder during a public procession.
+
+        776 Portrait of Jacob Clements, the murderer of Henry III., King
+        of France, August 1, 1589.
+
+        777 Execution of eighteen noblemen at Brussels, June 1, 1568, by
+        order of the Spaniards.
+
+        778 Four people condemned to be burnt by the Inquisition.
+
+        779 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser.
+
+        780 Execution of a general for having given his town over to the
+        enemy.
+
+        781 Portrait of Johann de Witt.
+
+        782 An execution in the interior of a prison.
+
+        783 Terrible torture of a woman at Maestricht.
+
+        784 Terrible torture inflicted at Veer, in Zeeland, in 1560.
+
+        785 Attempt to kill Napoleon I. with an infernal machine,
+        December 25, 1800.
+
+        786 The son of Louis XVI. being shown the guillotine.
+
+        787 Execution of French delinquents for having attempted the
+        life of Prince of Saxony at Cologne, June 13, 1704.
+
+        788 Dulcinus and his wife torn limb from limb at Novara, 1308.
+
+        789 The guillotine.
+
+        790 Arrest of the rebel, Johann David Miller.
+
+        791 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Baron of Denbigh, Governor
+        of the Low Countries.
+
+        792 Portrait of the murderer of P. Forster in prison.
+
+        793 Count Cajetani tried and executed for alchemistry.
+
+        794 Portrait of the Duke of Alba.
+
+        795 Execution of Louis XVI.
+
+        796 Five views showing the deposition and imprisonment of
+        Charles I. of England.
+
+        797 Execution at Buchloe, Bavaria, 1777.
+
+        798 Drowning and hanging rebels at Bonn, on the Rhine.
+
+        799 Execution of Counts Egmont and Van Horn, June 5, 1568, at
+        Brussels.
+
+        800 Cecilie Renaud arrested at Robespierre’s house in 1794.
+
+        801 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer.
+
+        802 Hiesel’s attempt to escape from prison.
+
+        803 Engraving showing twenty-four criminals, some handcuffed,
+        some with shackles, some with jougs.
+
+        804 Allegorical picture, “The Angel Delivering Man from Satan’s
+        Influence.”
+
+        805 A culprit being exposed in a cage.
+
+        806 Cruelties by the Spaniards in the Netherlands.
+
+        807 A female fortune-teller paraded through the streets of
+        Nuremberg in 1801.
+
+        808 The Duc de Nemours in prison.
+
+        809 The Duke of Orleans, Philip Egalité.
+
+        810 Drowning of French subjects in the Loire by order of
+        Carrier, 1793.
+
+        811 The Duke of Alba treacherously summons Counts Van Horn and
+        Egmont, and has them seized.
+
+        812 Rebels being led to execution.
+
+        813 Portraits of three Frankfort rebels.
+
+        814 Lucretia Grenville, who attempted Cromwell’s life.
+
+        815 The wounded Robespierre being carried into the vestry-room
+        of the Committee of Public Safety.
+
+        816 Execution of rebels in front of Town Hall at Leipsic.
+
+        817 A famous robber and his gang being taken to prison.
+
+        818 The Spanish auto-da-fé.
+
+        819 Hungarian preachers sent to the galleys in 1674.
+
+        820 Attempt on the life of Joseph I., King of Portugal, and
+        execution of the plotters, in 1759.
+
+        821 Execution in London, subject unknown.
+
+        822 Various modes of execution.
+
+        823 Showing various executions.
+
+        824 Ann Hendricks, burned at Amsterdam, 1571.
+
+        825 A public execution.
+
+        826 Scenes in the life of a noted criminal.
+
+        827 Twelve portraits of notorious criminals.
+
+        828 Prisoners at work.
+
+        829 Assassination of Prince of Orange, March 15, 1582.
+
+        830 The death of Kotzebue.
+
+        831 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach.
+
+        832 Attack on the village of Jonckersdorff, near Cologne.
+
+        833 Execution at Frankfort, 1616.
+
+        834 Public execution of a woman at Ansbach.
+
+        835 Print showing Suess Oppenheimer in cage (colored).
+
+        836 Kaspar Hauser’s grave at Ansbach, with poem.
+
+        837 Execution of six persons, Vohlau, in 1661.
+
+        838 The brothers de Witt, executed and mutilated.
+
+        839 Pouring boiling oil down prisoners’ throats at Poitou, in
+        1685.
+
+        840 Louis XVI. and his family.
+
+        841 Arrest of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes, and his band.
+
+        842 Episodes of the murder of the Mayor of Liège by Count
+        Varfuse.
+
+        843 Portraits of plotters against William of Orange of England,
+        and history of the plot.
+
+        844 Execution of Cajetani at Custrin, in Pomerania, 1709.
+
+        845 Engraving showing the execution of the Duke of Monmouth, on
+        Tower Hill, July, 1685; and in the same frame the execution of
+        the Marchioness of Brinvilliers.
+
+        846 Scenes during the Rebellion at Mastricht, 1576.
+
+        847 Portrait of Kohler, who was executed for blasphemy.
+
+        848 Portrait of Frederick van der Trenck.
+
+        849 Colored engraving showing the landing of Murat, King of
+        Naples, at Pizzo, October 8, 1815.
+
+        850 Portrait of Stortzenbecher, Hamburg pirate, who was
+        executed.
+
+        851 Execution of the robber Hiesel.
+
+        852 The brothers Bigedini, tortured and afterwards executed at
+        Mantua for high treason.
+
+        853 Revolution at Vincennes, February 28, 1791.
+
+        854 Cruelties inflicted by President Massaut at Niort in 1664.
+
+        855 Portrait of the Countess Valois de la Motte.
+
+        856 Execution in Brabant, 1570.
+
+        857 Suess Oppenheimer being escorted to the place of execution.
+
+        858 A meeting of the French revolutionary party in Paris, 1793.
+
+        859 Portrait of Roesner, and his execution.
+
+        860 Burning and torture of Jews in Vienna, 1642.
+
+        861 Showing a prisoner in chains.
+
+        862 Louis XVI. being led to execution, accompanied by his
+        Confessor, Edgeworth.
+
+        863 Engraving showing various vices and their resulting
+        punishments. In this print will be seen many of the instruments
+        of torture as described in this Catalogue.
+
+        864 Human sacrifice in the East.
+
+        865 Execution of Louis XVI., January 21, 1793, whose last words
+        were, “I die innocent of the crimes of which I am accused. I
+        never wished anything beyond the happiness of my people, and my
+        dying prayer is that Heaven may forgive them my death.”
+
+        866 J. B. Ziermann, a notorious murderer, executed at
+        Rudolstadt, May 29, 1767.
+
+        867 Jean, a merchant at Cordova, led about with his face turned
+        to an ass’s tail, and then burnt in 850.
+
+        868 The drowning of Marie de Monjou, 1552.
+
+        869 Trial and execution of Roessner at Thorn, in Prussia.
+
+        870 Camille Desmoulins preaching revolution, July 12, 1789.
+
+        871 Excesses by the Spaniards in the Low Countries.
+
+        872 Execution at Prague in 1621.
+
+        873 Man confronted by a murderer.
+
+        874 Episodes in the life of Hiesel.
+
+        875 Engraving showing prisoners secured in various ways in a
+        prison cell.
+
+        876 Execution of Edward Digby, Thomas Winter, and others, in
+        London, 1606.
+
+        877 Arnoldus, reader at Brixen, burned as a heretic at Rome,
+        1145.
+
+        878 Bird’s-eye view of the Chateau de Vincennes, where the
+        Prince de Conti and others were arrested.
+
+        879 Hiesel being conducted to the court-house.
+
+        880 Interior of the State Prison in Venice.
+
+        881 Charles VI. orders the dishonorer of his wife to be sewn up
+        in a sack and thrown into the river.
+
+        882 Execution of the Gunpowder Plot criminals in London.
+
+        883 Suess Oppenheimer in a cage surrounded by spectators.
+
+        884 Portrait of John George Wogaz, a notorious thief, who stole,
+        in October, 1788, valuable pictures from the Dresden Gallery.
+
+        885 Plan of the old torture prison in Nuremberg.
+
+        886 Execution of Sand at Mannheim, 1820.
+
+        887 Execution at Berlin, June 8, 1718.
+
+        888 Massacre of the Huguenots.
+
+        889 An Englishman, John Brett, burnt at Antwerp, after having
+        had his tongue torn out, 1576.
+
+        890 Massacre in Ireland about 1644.
+
+        891 Terrible torture at Antwerp, 1576.
+
+        892 Robber being broken on the wheel.
+
+        893 Engraving showing a man being stoned to death.
+
+        894 George Wanger, beheaded at Brixen, 1591.
+
+        895 The whipping of a woman.
+
+        896 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer and his mistress.
+
+        897 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, with inscription.
+
+        898 Murder at Stettin, scene of the murder, and culprit in
+        prison.
+
+        899 Portrait of Cartouche, his imprisonment and execution.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 1017._
+]
+
+        900 A letter from the Vehmgericht, dated 1509, with seal and
+        coat-of-arms, inviting Heyntz Kone to come before the judgment,
+        addressed thus:
+
+          “Ane Heyntz Kone komme diesse Brieff Dissen brieff sol
+          niemandt vffthun lessen odder horen lessen er sy dan eyn echt
+          recht freyscheffe des heimlich freyen Gerichts.”
+
+          (“This letter is for Heyntz Kone; no one must open it, hear
+          it, or read it, but this is a real free letter of the secret
+          free judgment.”)
+
+        901 Engraving showing the use of the antique blunderbuss (see
+        torture instruments).
+
+        902 Portrait of Widman, the headsman of Nuremberg.
+
+        903 Execution of rebels at Frankfort, 1616.
+
+        904 Execution at Prague, June, 1621.
+
+        905 Engraving showing man being roasted to death.
+
+        906 Parricide having his hands cut off and then executed.
+
+        907 Sacking of a Dutch town, and torture of the inhabitants.
+
+        908 A notorious robber and his boy being examined before the
+        judge.
+
+        909 Murder of General Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland, at Eger,
+        1634.
+
+        910 Colored print of Hiesel and his boy and dog.
+
+        911 Public exposure of a murderer outside the Town Hall at
+        Nuremberg.
+
+        912 Attack on the Prince of Orange at Delft, July 10, 1584.
+
+        913 Persecution of the Protestant Ministers in Hungary, 1674.
+
+        914 A woman being buried alive at Brussels, 1597.
+
+        915 Portrait of Damien, “the greatest monster on earth,”
+        murderer of Henri Quatre.
+
+        916 An engraving, showing man being flogged.
+
+        917 Murder of a Burgomaster.
+
+        918 Imprisonment and execution of Brothers Rennebaum.
+
+        919 Episodes in the life of Hiesel.
+
+        920 Female accused of arson, in prison.
+
+        921 Portrait of Widman, Nuremberg executioner, born 1675.
+
+        922 James Bolland, executed for forgery.
+
+        923 Murder of Marat by Charlotte Corday, July 13, 1793.
+
+        924 Portraits of Mme. de Brinvilliers and another.
+
+        925 Louis XVI. taking leave of his family.
+
+        926 View of the State Prison in Venice.
+
+        927 Portrait of the head of a gypsy band who was executed on the
+        wheel in 1733.
+
+        928 Execution of Gray and Baxter at Whitehall.
+
+        929 Schinder Hannes, his wife, and child.
+
+        930 Beginning of the French revolution, first emeute in Faubourg
+        St. Antoine.
+
+        931 A celebrated robber discovered hiding in a beer-barrel.
+
+        932 Burning of the town of Ulm by the French, with map of the
+        district.
+
+        933 Portrait of the French General Melac, who devastated
+        Germany.
+
+        934 Conspirators against the King of Portugal.
+
+        935 Tortures inflicted on the Swiss by applying red-hot irons to
+        their hands, in 1214.
+
+        936 Execution of a woman in London, subject unknown.
+
+        937 Execution at The Hague.
+
+        938 Heinrich Emkens being burned to death with lighted straw at
+        Utrecht in 1562.
+
+        939 Criminals being whipped and otherwise tortured, previous to
+        being burned to death, at Bruges.
+
+        940 Burning of criminals at Ghent, 1578.
+
+        941 Portrait and execution of Count of Tattenbach, executed at
+        Gratz, in Styria, December 1, 1671.
+
+        942 The fortress of Hohenstein prison, of Würtemberg.
+
+        943 Public exposure of a perjurer at Augsburg.
+
+        944 The son of Louis XVI. executed before the eyes of his
+        father.
+
+        945 Portraits of five female criminals.
+
+        946 Portrait of Karl Ludwig Sand.
+
+        947 Prisoner in chains.
+
+        948 The Bavarian robber, Toni, in prison, 1786.
+
+        949 Damien chained to his iron bed on which he was carried to
+        the judgment-chamber, and on which he could be tortured without
+        being released.
+
+        950 Portrait of Jan van Leyden.
+
+        951 Portrait of a notorious malefactor.
+
+        952 John Grosch, handcuffed in prison.
+
+        953 Geleyn Cornelius, hung by his thumb, with weights to his
+        feet, afterwards burnt, 1572.
+
+        954 Henry II. of England doing penance at Thomas-à-Beckett’s
+        grave.
+
+        955 Engraving showing an execution block in Rome.
+
+        956 Punishments in the early Middle Ages.
+
+        957 A notorious criminal being exhibited in a cage.
+
+        958 View of the dungeon where the torture instruments were
+        exhibited at the Royal Castle of Nuremberg.
+
+        959 Capture of a notorious criminal.
+
+        960 Scene at a public execution.
+
+        961 Capture of rebels.
+
+        962 Engraving showing Sand in prison.
+
+        963 Death of General Dillon at Lille, April 29, 1792.
+
+        964 Execution of a general at Innsbrück.
+
+        965 Hiesel at a country inn.
+
+        966 Murder at an inn at Nuremberg.
+
+        967 Execution of two thieves outside the castle at Berlin.
+
+        968 Public exposure of a perjurer previous to his being
+        guillotined.
+
+        969 Portrait of Mary Lafarge.
+
+        970 Engraving showing man stretched perpendicularly, and being
+        flayed alive.
+
+        971 Showing man being stretched on stretching bench preparatory
+        to flogging.
+
+        972 Interior of a prison, and various punishments.
+
+        973 A prisoner being visited by priests.
+
+        974 An execution on the wheel.
+
+        975 Three martyrs sewn in sacks and drowned at Aix-la-Chapelle,
+        1560.
+
+        976 The arrest of a woman by an officer of police.
+
+        977 Execution of De Previl at Arras.
+
+        978 A group of martyrs being burned at Salzburg, 1528.
+
+        979 Execution of about 350 persons near Mayence, by order of the
+        Crown, and various modes of death, 1529.
+
+        980 Origines tortured at Alexandria in the year 254.
+
+        981 Fearful cruelties perpetrated in the Netherlands by the Duke
+        of Alba, 1567.
+
+        982 Sacking of a town and massacre of the inhabitants.
+
+        983 Executions in Hungary.
+
+        984 Portrait of a murderer at Munich.
+
+        985 Runck, the dishonest keeper of the royal castle at Berlin.
+
+        986 Portrait of John Christopher Neumann, thief and son of
+        thievish parents.
+
+        987 Female convicted of arson, in chains.
+
+        988 Death of Robespierre.
+
+        989 Portrait of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes.
+
+        990 The prisoner of Chillon.
+
+        991 Engraving of a token of Charles I. of England.
+
+        992 Portrait of Thomas Moore.
+
+        993 Simon, guardian of the Bastille.
+
+        994 Portrait of Count Struensee, murderer of the King of
+        Denmark.
+
+        995 Portrait of William, Earl of Kilmarnock, beheaded in London,
+        August 29, 1746.
+
+        996 Peasants measuring a matrimonial yoke.
+
+        997 Titus Oates in the Pillory.
+
+        998 Portrait of Christian Müller, of Stolpe.
+
+        999 Portrait of Egmont.
+
+        1000 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh, beheaded in London,
+        November 19, 1618.
+
+        1001 Print showing the application of the iron Joug. The Joug of
+        St. Goar on the Rhine.
+
+        1002 Portrait of Mary Queen of Scots.
+
+        1003 “Le Temple,” the celebrated prison of Louis XVI.
+
+        1004 Portrait of Kaspar Müller, called “Gallows Kaspar.”
+
+        1005 Berend Knipperdolling, Provost of Münster, in Westphalia.
+
+        1006 Prisoner chained with belt, handcuffs, etc.
+
+        1007 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk.
+
+        1008 The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice.
+
+        1009 Erdmann, who was innocently tortured in Nuremberg.
+
+        1010 Portrait of Thomas, Count Amalfi, the Neapolitan rebel.
+
+        1011 Portrait of the son and successor of the Nuremberg
+        executioner, Widman.
+
+        1012 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser.
+
+        1013 Portrait of Eppelein von Gailingen, the famous bandit who
+        jumped on horseback from the walls of the Castle of Nuremberg.
+
+        1014 Scene at a public execution.
+
+        1015 Showing male and female prisoners at work, each one wearing
+        a neck or head iron with bell (see No. 23).
+
+        1016 Curious old print showing various modes of torture, men
+        being flogged, flayed, hanged, burned, broken on the wheel,
+        etc., etc., and with following motto: “Scopus Legis est aut ut
+        eu que punit emendet, aut poena eius caeteros melliores reddet
+        aut sublatis malis caeteri securiores vivat.”
+
+        1017 Engraving showing metal bull being heated, preparatory to
+        placing Christian martyrs inside to be roasted to death.
+
+        1018 Perspective showing the buildings of the Schwabach prison
+        and torture-house, with man receiving the bastinado.
+
+        1019 Regulus being headed into a barrel with spiked nails,
+        preparatory to being rolled down a hill.
+
+        1020 Engraving showing the execution of a famous robber band,
+        some being hanged, broken on the wheel, and the chief being
+        decapitated.
+
+        NOTE.—The following twenty-nine engravings are taken from the
+        celebrated Torture Law-book, “Constitutio Criminalis
+        Theresiana,” which book contains the series of laws passed by
+        the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, etc., etc., and dated
+        Vienna, the last day of December, 1768. It appears that up to
+        this date torture could be inflicted at the will and decree of
+        any governor of a province, judge, or feudal lord. The Empress,
+        however, determined that laws should be passed not only limiting
+        these powers, but minutely detailing the various crimes for
+        which torture was to be allowed, the mode and form in which it
+        was to be applied, and giving drawings, diagrams, and
+        descriptions of the instruments to be used, as follows:
+
+        1021 The thumbscrew, its application and directions for use.
+
+        1022 Diagram showing formation of the thumbscrew.
+
+        1023 Showing how the thumbs should be placed when applying the
+        thumbscrew.
+
+        1024 Showing prisoners under the torture of the thumbscrew.
+
+        1025 The punishment of the cord, showing the formation and
+        appearance of the binding-cord.
+
+        1026 Showing the application of the cord, with diagram of the
+        human arm under the infliction of the torture of the
+        binding-cord.
+
+        1027 The arms bound together with the cord.
+
+        1028 Showing the stretching ladder, with details as to binding
+        the prisoner preparatory to being stretched.
+
+        1029 Prisoner bound on stretching ladder, with winding apparatus
+        for stretching him.
+
+        1030 Another diagram of the stretching ladder, with prisoner
+        being stretched.
+
+        1031 Showing the formation of the bundle of candles used for
+        burning portions of the condemned’s body while on the stretching
+        ladder.
+
+        1032 Prisoner undergoing the torture of burning while on the
+        stretching ladder.
+
+        1033 Three engravings showing the formation of the Spanish boot
+        (see No. 322), with diagrams giving mode of application.
+
+        1034 Prisoner undergoing the torture of the Spanish boot.
+
+        1035 Four engravings showing the thumb-presser, its formation
+        and application.
+
+        1036 Three illustrations giving details of bench or seat on
+        which victim was laid or sat preparatory to being bound, with
+        diagram showing the hands fastened together.
+
+        1037 Four illustrations showing wheel and hoist with which the
+        condemned was raised, giving also particulars of weights which
+        were to be attached to his feet, and diagram of man being so run
+        up.
+
+        1037a Three illustrations of the spiked shinbone pressers, their
+        formation and use.
+
+
+                The Collection of Engravings and Prints,
+
+          _Showing the Old Town of Nuremberg, its Surroundings, Customs
+                                 and Costumes._
+
+        1038 Public shooting competition in Nuremberg, in 1614, and
+        procession attending it.
+
+        1039 Church of the bare-footed monks as it was before the fire
+        in 1671.
+
+        1040 Soldiers entering the old town.
+
+        1041 The former fortress of Lichtenau, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1042 The square near the Neuenthor, Nuremberg.
+
+        1043 View of the Castle Grünsberg, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1044 View looking towards the hospital gate at Nuremberg.
+
+        1045 Festival of cross-bow men at Nuremberg.
+
+        1046 View of the Frauenthor at Nuremberg.
+
+        1047 Front view of the Nuremberg Arsenal.
+
+        1048 The house of the ancient family of Von Grundherr in 1356.
+
+        1049 View of the five-cornered tower of the Castle of Nuremberg.
+
+        1050 Encampment of the Franconian troops outside Nuremberg in
+        1793.
+
+        1051 View of Nuremberg Castle, on ascending the hill.
+
+        1052 Encampment of French troops near Nuremberg in 1796.
+
+        1053 Nuremberg beadle in old costume.
+
+        1054 The Frauenthor at Nuremberg.
+
+        1055 View of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg.
+
+        1056 Armored Knight on horseback, 16th century.
+
+        1057 Pencil-drawing of the Rosenau at Nuremberg.
+
+        1058 View of the Castle.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalog, No. 971._
+]
+
+        1059 View of same from another aspect.
+
+        1060 View of the town from the Wortherthor.
+
+        1061 Views of the St. Egidus Church and School in 1696.
+
+        1062 View of the town after the burning of the above church,
+        1696.
+
+        1063 Nuremberger Militiamen in 1803.
+
+        1064 The Church of Our Lady at Nuremberg.
+
+        1065 Burning of Ulm in 1688.
+
+        1066 Jollification of peasantry at a fair.
+
+        1067 Public games at Nuremberg, fencing, etc., etc.
+
+        1068 Carthusian Chapel.
+
+        1069 St. Walburgi’s Church.
+
+        1070 The gate of the Castle.
+
+        1071 View of Nuremberg and poetic description of same.
+
+        1072 View of Gostenhof, suburb of Nuremberg.
+
+        1073 The Cemetery of St. John, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1074 View in the Büchenglingen wood, near Nuremberg, and public
+        entertainments therein.
+
+        1075 The hotel of the Golden Goose, formerly the house-of-call
+        of the royal mails, date 1701.
+
+        1076 A member of the legal profession in olden times.
+
+        1077 The Cloister Church in Nuremberg.
+
+        1078 Conrad Fürleger, governor of the town fortress in 1679.
+
+        1079 Portrait of Nicolas Muffel, Senator, born 1410, died 1469.
+
+        1080 View of the Pfalzgrafenstube at Nuremberg.
+
+        1081 View of Town and Castle.
+
+        1082 The annual festivities of the Guild of Fishermen.
+
+        1083 Undertakers of the olden times.
+
+        1084 Castle Hiltpoltstein, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1085 View of the Castle from the cemetery.
+
+        1086 Fire at the Church of St. Egidus.
+
+        1087 Panoramic view of a procession of soldiers marching from
+        the Arsenal to the Castle.
+
+        1088 A series of eight colored prints showing the following
+        ceremonies: 1. Procession of foundlings on St. John’s Day. 2.
+        Annual Christmas fair. 3. Carol singers. 4. Councillors
+        inspecting the bread. 5. Examination of the children in the
+        churches. 6. Proclamation of the Easter fair. 7. Ceremony of
+        proclaiming the freedom of the city. 8. The drummers beating in
+        the New Year.
+
+        1089 The Church of St. Leonard, 1612.
+
+        1090 View from the old Town Hall, 1614.
+
+        1091 The prison at Bamberg, where witches were incarcerated.
+
+        1092 Plan showing the position of the Swedish troops before
+        Nuremberg in 1632.
+
+        1093 Festivities of the Butchers’ Guild.
+
+        1094 View of the hospital gate.
+
+        1095 Explosion of the Nuremberg powder mill, 1766.
+
+        1096 The grand hall of the Rathhaus.
+
+        1097 The inner courtyard of the Castle of Nuremberg, showing
+        Queen Cunnigunde’s lime tree.
+
+        1098 A set of four costume engravings.
+
+        1099 View of the fortifications of the town.
+
+        1100 Three hawkers of the olden time.
+
+        1101 Panoramic view of the town, 1599.
+
+        1102 The Castle of Rotheberg, three miles from Nuremberg, date
+        1793.
+
+        1103 The Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth, near Nuremberg,
+        built in 838.
+
+        1104 The Mayor, attended by Councillors, going to the Town Hall.
+
+        1105 Colored view of the Castle towards the west.
+
+        1106 The White Tower, 1701.
+
+        1107 Ascent of the aëronaut Blanchart on November 16, 1787.
+        Colored print.
+
+        1108 Picture showing condemned wine, seized and taken towards
+        the river by the authorities.
+
+        1109 Winter festival, sledge drive given by the Mayor of
+        Nuremberg, in honor of Count Stolberg, in 1763.
+
+        1110 The band of the Militia in early times.
+
+        1111 Procession of the German Emperor Leopold, attended by the
+        patricians of the town, 1658.
+
+        1112 A Nuremberg patrician and attendant going to the Council in
+        1620.
+
+        1113 View from the wooden bridge over the Pegnitz.
+
+        1114 Parade of the Royal Bavarian National Guard at Nuremberg in
+        1812.
+
+        1115 The Landauer Chapel, 1700.
+
+        1116 View of St. Jobst in 1702.
+
+        1117 View over the Pegnitz, the debtor’s bridge.
+
+        1118 The fruit market.
+
+        1119 Four engravings of costumes.
+
+        1120 Annual meeting of the crack shots.
+
+        1121 St. Moritz Chapel, with funeral procession.
+
+        1122 View of St. Jobst, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1123 A bridegroom and bride of the nobility.
+
+        1124 Very old view of Nuremberg Castle.
+
+        1125 View of the Haller Gate, with two bridges over the Pegnitz,
+        in 1693.
+
+        1126 The Franciscan Church in 1126.
+
+        1127 The meat market in Nuremberg in 1680.
+
+        1128 View from the Castle.
+
+        1129 View from the bridges.
+
+        1130 Personifications of various Nuremberg slang terms.
+
+        1131 Same.
+
+        1132 View of an overflow of the river.
+
+        1133 Ruins of the Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth.
+
+        1134 Colored print showing eight different grades of inhabitants
+        of Nuremberg.
+
+        1135 The town-crier and his attendants.
+
+        1136 The Hallerthor at Nuremberg, from the exterior.
+
+        1137 Pencil-sketch view of town.
+
+        1138 The sentinel on the ramparts.
+
+        1139 Another view of the old lime-tree at Nuremberg.
+
+        1140 The Church of St. John.
+
+        1141 Procession and entry of the Emperor Joseph in 1704.
+
+        1142 View of Nuremberg near the park gate.
+
+        1143 The water-gate at Nuremberg.
+
+        1144 The hostelry of the Red Horse in 1701.
+
+        1145 View of the Sophia spring at Grünsberg.
+
+        1146 Foundations of old buildings.
+
+        1147 Procession of the Guild of Clothworkers in 1722.
+
+        1148 Entry of the German Emperor, Matthias I., 1612.
+
+        1149 View of the Castle towards the town.
+
+        1150 Winter diversions near Nuremberg.
+
+        1151 Nuremberg female peasant, 1701.
+
+        1152 Same, with rain cloth, 1701.
+
+        1153 A lady of rank walking, 1701.
+
+        1154 Great banquet in Town Hall at Nuremberg to celebrate the
+        peace of 1649.
+
+        1155 Plans showing town and neighborhood.
+
+        1156 Guild procession in 1687.
+
+        1157 The entrance gate at St. Peter.
+
+        1158 A Town Councillor.
+
+        1159 A merchant.
+
+        1160 Attendant at funerals.
+
+        1161 A bridegroom of the Patrician order.
+
+        1162 A battle near Nuremberg in 1657.
+
+        1163 Nuremberg star singers.
+
+        1164 Drummers.
+
+        1165 A Patrician bride.
+
+        1166 A jester.
+
+        1167 Characteristic impersonations of Nuremberg terms.
+
+        1168 A bird’s-eye view of Nuremberg, 15th century.
+
+        1169 Distribution of presents from the windows of the Town Hall.
+
+        1170 View of the Park.
+
+        1171 The Fortress of Nuremberg, looking west.
+
+        1172 View from the Lauferthor.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _See Catalogue, No. 939._
+]
+
+        1173 The corn market.
+
+        1174 Competition of cross-bowmen in 1768.
+
+        1175 View outside the Nuremberg Town Hall on the occasion of
+        paying homage to Charles VI., on January 18, 1712.
+
+        1176 View of Nuremberg, with key to buildings, etc.
+
+        1177 Curious building at Nuremberg in 1646.
+
+        1178 Twelve ancient costume pictures in one frame, with poetic
+        inscriptions.
+
+        1179 Four large colored views of the different gates of
+        Nuremberg.
+
+        1180 Post at St. Rochus.
+
+        1181 View of Nuremberg Castle.
+
+        1182 An inviter to a wedding and a toast-master.
+
+        1183 Four female costumes.
+
+        1184 A peasant and his family on the way to church.
+
+        1185 View of the Town Hall from St. Sebald.
+
+        1186 Inundations at Nuremberg, 1784; water-color drawing by
+        Prasch.
+
+        1187 The chimney sweeps’ (of Nuremberg) annual outing.
+
+        1188 Plan of a fortification of Nuremberg.
+
+        1189 Twenty characteristic engravings of Nuremberg slang terms.
+
+        1190 View of Charles’s Chapel, with four saints.
+
+        1191 Procession of the old Guilds, the Tapemakers and
+        Bellfounders.
+
+        1192 Overflow of the Pegnitz in February, 1784.
+
+        1193 View of the Laufergasse in Nuremberg.
+
+        1194 Three clergymen in ancient costumes.
+
+        1195 A Nuremberg peasant.
+
+        1196 View from the Castle.
+
+        1197 View from the river island at Nuremberg.
+
+        1198 View of the Castle Courtyard.
+
+        1199 Procession of the Guild of the Turners on September 21,
+        1700.
+
+        1200 Twenty-four characteristic skits of Nuremberg.
+
+        1201 Perspective view of the Rathhaus, with burgomaster and
+        councillors.
+
+        1202 A Nuremberg market woman.
+
+        1203 Four processions of the Guilds of Compassmakers in 1688.
+
+        1204 A Jewess going to the Synagogue.
+
+        1205 A Nuremberg clergyman.
+
+        1206 A Jew going to the Synagogue.
+
+        1207 A view of Stein, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1208 The annual lottery in the Rathhaus.
+
+        1209 View from the Lauferthor.
+
+        1210 Very curious work done by Johann Leonard Tauber at
+        Nuremberg in 1752, being a representation of a ball and cross
+        (Reichsapfel), all composed of the six degrees of the Christian
+        faith, Luther’s catechism with explanation, the morning and
+        evening prayers, and a great many other portions of Holy Writ,
+        all written with pen and ink. In the rose alone is the Lord’s
+        Prayer entire. This can all be distinctly read with a magnifying
+        glass.
+
+        1211 Two colored engravings—the bridegroom and two pages, the
+        bride and two Town Councillors.
+
+        1212 The Poet’s Wood, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1213 The five-cornered tower.
+
+        1214 Two views of St. Moritz’s Chapel, one as in 1300 and one as
+        in 1313.
+
+        1215 Pencil-drawing of General Tilly, commander of Imperial
+        troops at Nuremberg, 1634.
+
+        1216 The gymnasium with gymnastic performances.
+
+        1217 The St. Margaret’s Chapel in the Castle.
+
+        1218 Procession of Sausagemakers, an antique usage in early
+        times, 1658.
+
+        1219 The Observatory at Nuremberg, 1716.
+
+        1220 The Engelthal Convent, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1221 The famous lime-tree.
+
+        1222 The fort of Reicheneck, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1223 Water-color, showing the Thiergaertnerthor.
+
+        1224 Water-color, the Lauferthor.
+
+        1225 Ditto, the Hospitalthor.
+
+        1226 Ditto, the Neuethor.
+
+        1227 Ditto, the Wördterthor.
+
+        1228 Ditto, the Frauenthor.
+
+        1229 View of a square in Nuremberg.
+
+        1230 A similar view.
+
+        1231 Lawelshof, a suburb of Nuremberg.
+
+        1232 A colored plan of the encampment of Swedish troops before
+        Nuremberg, 1632.
+
+        1233 A dedication on the 100th jubilee of the cross-bowmen in
+        1782.
+
+        1234 View of Town Hall, 1671.
+
+        1235 A miracle outside the five-cornered tower in 1631.
+
+        1236 Burning of the Church of St. Laurence.
+
+        1237 View of Betzenstein, near Nuremberg.
+
+        1237a A Nuremberg mouse-trap dealer.
+
+        1238 The burg from the east side.
+
+        1239 Colored prints, outside suburbs of Nuremberg.
+
+        1240 The Cemetery of St. Rochius.
+
+        1241 The Haymarket in Nuremberg, 1701.
+
+        1242 A town singer.
+
+        1243 Entrance to a pleasure-garden in the Park.
+
+        1244 View of a pleasure-garden.
+
+        1245 The St. Augustin Convent.
+
+        1246 Plan of the floods, showing height of waters in 1595 and
+        1784.
+
+        1247 St. Martha’s Church.
+
+        1248 Inspection of the bakeries by the Commission.
+
+        1249 The fishermen’s competition on the river.
+
+        1250 The junior burgomaster on his way to town.
+
+        1251 The summoning officer and his attendants.
+
+        1252 Three judicial officials.
+
+        1253 Two Nuremberg girls in costume, with poetic description.
+
+        1254 A guild’s procession.
+
+        1255 View of the Spittlerthor and Arsenal.
+
+        1256 Large view of Nuremberg, with key, after Lorenz Strauch.
+
+        1257 Battle between French and Austrians outside Nuremberg in
+        1800.
+
+        1258 Murder of two young Viscounts of Nuremberg.
+
+        1259 The Twelve Carthusian Brothers.
+
+        1260 Street scene in Nuremberg.
+
+        1261 Old view.
+
+        1262 Costumes of the 17th century.
+
+        1263 Pencil-drawing of one of the gates.
+
+        1264 The great market and beautiful fountain.
+
+        1265 Road leading to the Castle.
+
+        1266 Funeral of a Nuremberg Patrician, 1794.
+
+        1267 A wedding at home amongst the nobility.
+
+        1268 The five-cornered tower.
+
+        1269 A similar view.
+
+        1270 Departure of the French in 1801.
+
+        1271 View from the Lauferthor, looking towards the Woertherthor.
+
+        1272 View near the Neuethor.
+
+        1273 View on the frozen river, with skating.
+
+        1274 View of the large bronze fountain, by George Schweigger, in
+        1660.
+
+        1275 Exhibition of relics at Easter.
+
+        1276 View of the town in 1511.
+
+        1277 Chase of a thief or beggar.
+
+        1278 Siewel tower of Nuremberg.
+
+        1279 View of the burg.
+
+        1280 A Nuremberg toast-master.
+
+        1281 The Fleischbrücke.
+
+        1282 St. Nicholas Chapel.
+
+        1283 The fruit-market in 1725.
+
+        1284 The Castle looking north.
+
+        1285 Street in Nuremberg, towards the Spittlerthor.
+
+        1286 Pen-and-ink drawing, view of the town.
+
+        1287 Large view, with key.
+
+        1288 Hostelry or house of call for merchants from Leipzig fair,
+        and where the Customs examination took place.
+
+        1289 The Fleischbrücke, looking towards the Castle.
+
+        1290 A view of the Castle.
+
+        1291 Counting-house of the firm of Bestelmayer.
+
+        1292 Nuremberg Councillors going to church after the election of
+        Emperor Leopold II. as Romish Emperor of Germany, 1790.
+
+        1293 The Nuremberg Patricians.
+
+        1294 The wheat brewery.
+
+        1295 A milk-seller.
+
+        1296 St. Walburgi’s Church.
+
+        1297 Isle of Nuremberg and riding-school.
+
+        1298 View on a lake near Nuremberg.
+
+        1299 Two foundling children.
+
+        1300 The Judenbüler postern.
+
+        1301 View after the battle between Austrians and French, outside
+        Nuremberg, in 1800.
+
+        1302 The town-jester.
+
+        1303 Interior of the armory, 1728.
+
+        1304 Fishing on the Dutzenteich.
+
+        1305 A female going on sentry duty.
+
+        1306 The fencing-school.
+
+        1307 The sport of bull-fighting, 1795.
+
+        1308 Imperial troops before Nuremberg, 1785.
+
+        1309 Old house near the Castle.
+
+        1310 The French troops leaving Nuremberg in 1796.
+
+        1311 View of the Lauferthor.
+
+        1312 Large interior of St. Lorenz Church, 1696.
+
+        1313 Large interior of St. Sebaldus Church, 1693.
+
+        1314 Burning of a water-mill.
+
+        1315 Interior of the opera-house.
+
+        1316 The island of the Pegnitz.
+
+        1317 Fisherman’s hut near the lake.
+
+        1318 The Pellerhaus.
+
+        1319 Public gardens.
+
+        1320 Colored print of the five-cornered tower of the Castle of
+        Nuremberg.
+
+        1321 Large wooden coat-of-arms which hung outside the gate of
+        the Castle of Nuremberg while the town was under the dominion of
+        Austria.
+
+        1322 Cherry-stone, on which are minutely and exquisitely carved
+        113 eminently characteristic heads of emperors, princes, popes,
+        and other historical persons. Highly interesting and unique
+        specimen, the masterpiece of the celebrated Nuremberg carver,
+        PETER FLOETNER, who lived there in the early part of the
+        sixteenth century. It is specially mentioned in JOHANN
+        NEUDORFFER’S book on Nuremberg artists, and was formerly in the
+        collection of Art Treasures at Bayreuth Castle, the ancient seat
+        of the Margraves of Brandenburg.
+
+        1323 Oil-painting. View of Nuremberg.
+
+        1324 Oil-painting. View near Nuremberg. Winter scene.
+
+        1325 Oil-painting. Map of Nuremberg, period of the thirty years’
+        war.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                              TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
+
+
+        ● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
+        ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
+        ● Enclosed bold font in =equals=.
+        ● Images without captions use HTML alt text.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78950 ***