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diff --git a/78950-0.txt b/78950-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fa1fd88 --- /dev/null +++ b/78950-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3751 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78950 *** + + + + + Collection of Torture Instruments + from + + +[Illustration: A grainy, vintage black-and-white photograph of a +medieval European castle complex, likely the Nuremberg Castle. The +structure features a large main building with a steeply pitched roof, a +tall square defensive tower, a smaller pointed turret, and stone +fortifications rising out of lush foliage in the foreground.] + + The Royal Castle of Nuremberg + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 1016._ +] + + + + + ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE + OF THE + HISTORICAL AND WORLD-RENOWNED COLLECTION + OF + TORTURE INSTRUMENTS, ETC. + FROM THE + ROYAL CASTLE OF NUREMBERG +AMONGST WHICH WILL BE FOUND THE CELEBRATED ORIGINAL IRON MAIDEN (EISERNE + JUNGFRAU) + + + LENT FOR EXHIBITION BY + THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE + EARL OF SHREWSBURY AND TALBOT + + NOW ON VIEW AT + 115 AND 117 WEST TWENTY-THIRD STREET + NEAR SIXTH AVENUE + NEW YORK + + + Copyright, 1893 + BY JULIUS D. ICHENHÄUSER + + + Press of J. J. Little & Co. + Astor Place, New York + +These torture instruments were purchased on behalf of the Earl of +Shrewsbury, by Mr. J. D. Ichenhäuser, expert in works of art and curios, +68 New Bond St., London, by whom this catalogue was compiled. + +The entire collection was removed from the Royal Castle of Nuremberg, in +April, 1890, since which time it has been exhibited in all the principal +cities of Great Britain by special permission of Lord Shrewsbury. + +It is the original and only genuine collection of its kind, and what +adds to the impressiveness of the exhibition is the fact that _every one +of the barbarous implements have been in actual use_. + + + + +THE RENOWNED COLLECTION OF INSTRUMENTS OF TORTURE FROM THE ROYAL CASTLE + OF NUREMBERG. + + +Nuremberg, the old Reichstadt, the cradle of the Hohenzollerns, the +birthplace of many of the fine arts, has a history which dates back to +the earliest times. One of its oldest monuments is the burg or castle, +of which the five-cornered tower existed in the days of the heathen. +Here for many years this collection of torture instruments was an object +of interest, not only to the inhabitants of the town, but to all +travellers whose wanderings brought them that way. No journey to Bavaria +could be counted completed until the burg had been visited and the “Iron +Maiden” interviewed. The fiendish ingenuity displayed in the +construction of these instruments so that they should inflict the +greatest amount of suffering, shows that the question of torture must +have not only been well thought out, but that it must have had the +sanction and, if we may use the term, patronage of the law-makers and +municipalities. As we look through this collection, we see that neither +tender youth, weak old age, delicate female, or ailing man was spared +its horrors or its shame. And we cannot be too thankful to think we live +in an age where more enlightened and humanitarian principles prevail. + +This collection, so complete, may be to many somewhat grewsome, but it +is of the _highest educational value_, as showing us the great strides +which have been made, not only in arts and sciences, but in the +interests of truth, humanity, and justice. No more does the _Iron +Maiden_ clasp her unhappy and unwilling victim in her deadly embrace; no +more are men and women broken on the _wheel_, tortured on the _rack_, +branded with _red-hot irons_, driven mad with _thumb-screws_, stretched +on _ladders_, or suffer the terrible and lingering “_peine forte et +dure_;” and never again will the laws allow tender women to be mutilated +by the horrible and sharp-clawed _spider_. These and hundreds of other +instruments of the greater tortures will be found catalogued hereafter. +For the punishments of lesser degrees or shame tortures, as great an +amount of ingenuity is also evident. Shame masks and stocks for scolds; +masks and cages for fraudulent tradesmen; for drunkards and brawlers, +the drunkards’ mantle, various masks, stocks, branding-irons, collars, +bracelets. For thieves and thief-children there are also torture +instruments of various designs, all cruel and pitiless. + +Religious or penitential torture is very rich in examples. Here we find +branding-irons, for burning on foreheads and backs; martyr lashes, which +at every stroke tear away the flesh; pear-shaped screw gags, which +entirely prevented any cries or exclamations; iron-spiked collars; +torture seats; feet squeezers; iron boots, which were filled with hot +water or molten metal; thumb-screws, etc., etc. + +The executioner’s axe or sword ended all torture, and no doubt in many +cases came as a happy relief. Space forbids our enlarging further upon +this interesting subject. To the student of bygone generations, and +their cruelty in the dispensation of justice, we commend an inspection +of the torture instruments catalogued herein. + + + + + CATALOGUE. + + + 1 =Heavy Iron Shackle and Long Chain= for fastening prisoner up + to a wall. + + 2 =An Old Roman Pair of Martyr Pincers, or Flesh Tearers.= + + 3 =Mouth-opener= with gradations, to open a mouth to a certain + size. Was used to slit the tongues of blasphemers. + + 4 =Pair of Iron Wrist-holders= for securing prisoners. + + 5 =Perforated Spoon or Sieve=, through which boiling water, oil, + or molten lead was poured on to various portions of the body. + + 6 =Long Iron Gallows Screw.= + + 7 =Iron Brank=, with eyebrows, mustache, and three iron bars, + worn by a parricide. + + 8 =Iron Body Ring=, with chains and hook to fasten up the + criminal in a public place. + + 9 =Iron Crown= studded with round knobs, worn by Christian + martyrs on their way to the auto-da-fé. + + 10 =Spanish Gaiter for Torturing the Leg=, with very formidably + uneven shinbone presser. + + 11 =Branding Iron= from Bayreuth, with letter B. + + 12 =Long Gallows Screw.= + + 13 =Iron Spoon= for boiling pitch or tar, which was dropped + through the perforations on to the naked body of the victim. + + 14 =An extra long Iron Chain=, with shackle at one end and + padlock at the other. + + 15 =Pair of Hand-fasteners or Iron Bracelets.= + + 16 =Strong Venetian Iron Collar=, with high iron crown and + letter S. + + 17 =Strong Iron Manacle and Long Chain.= + + 18 =Pair of Iron Thumbscrews.= + + 19 =Shame Mask or Brank of Iron.= Devil’s head, painted, with + movable tongue. For punishment of scolds. + + 20 =Broad Spanish Wrought-iron Collar= filled with sharp iron + spikes. + + 21 =Similar Iron Spiked Collar.= + + 22 =Small Iron Collar=, covered with leather. + + 23 =Similar Neck Iron=, with bell and padlock. (See engraving, + No. 1015.) + + 24 =Heavy Iron Shackle with Chain.= + + 25 =Iron Thumbscrew.= + + 26 =Strong Iron Manacle and Long Chain.= + + 27 =Similar Iron Manacle and Chain.= + + 28 =Long Gallows Rope=, with hook at one end and pulley at the + other. + + 29 =Iron Shame Mask or Brank=, painted, with long ass’s ears, + for drunkards or lazy ne’er-do-wells. + + 30 =Large-sized Strong Prison Padlock.= + + 31 =Flagellant of Iron Wire=, with spiked ends to tear the + flesh. + + 32 =Heavy Iron Chain=, flagellants with five iron lashes. + + 33 =Curious Bronze Double Cross=, with inscription. This cross + was supposed to have been used by witches when invoking their + charms and incantations against any one they were bewitching or + overlooking. + + 34 =A Large Iron Mouth Opener=, used to fix the tongue before + tearing it out. + + 35 =An Iron Implement, affixed when Cutting off the Tongue.= + + 36 =Double Scolds’ Collar of Wood=, in which two women were + fixed facing each other, hands and neck fastened, and so marched + round the town. + + 37 =Iron Spoon= for melting lead, which was dropped on the naked + bodies of the victims. + +[Illustration: + + _11. Calm, del._ + _See Catalogue, No. 970._ +] + + 38 =Old Roman Martyr Pincers.= With these terrible tongs or + pincers were culprits and Christian martyrs tortured. Not only + did they pinch the skin, or flay, but entire pieces of flesh + were pulled away with them from the ribs. In the old Roman days + they were known as “Ungula,” and the early Germans knew them as + “_Klaue_,” because of their roughened or teeth-like appearance. + + 38a An old book on Martyrdom and Torture, with illustration of + these Pincers and description of their use. + + 39 =Condemned’s Crucifix.= Crucifix made of wood, which the + condemned criminal carried in his hand on his way to execution. + + 40 =Pair of Iron early Handcuffs or Wristlets=, with lock + fastening. + + 41 =Cruel Iron Flagellant=, with five woven iron tails, each + studded with a sharp spur-shaped star to cut into the flesh. + + 42 =A Jointed Iron Handcuff=, by which the wrists were fastened + together. + + 43 =Strong Iron Double Hand-fastener and Thumbscrew= combined. + + 44 =An Iron Implement affixed to the Ears before they were cut + off.= + + 45 =Strong Iron Body Ring=, with long centre chain and a couple + of strong iron wrist-fasteners. + + In the Treatise on Instruments of Torture, by Antonio Gallonio, + published in Rome in 1591, in which the author discourses upon + the true way in which the followers of Christianity were + martyrized, we find diagrams showing the use of this belt and + wrist-holders. The victim was suspended thus, fastened to a beam + or cross-bar, and weights were hung upon his neck and feet until + his body was almost torn asunder. + + 46 =A Pair of Finger-screws.= + + 47 =Handscrew=, with coarsely roughened plank, so as to hurt the + hands as much as possible. + + 48 =Iron Gallows Hook.= + + 49 =Extra Strong Wrought-iron Spiked Collar= studded with spikes + inside and out. + + 50 =Iron Mail Chain Foot-glove=, which was placed on the foot + when red hot. + + 51 =A similar Instrument.= + + 52 =A Branding Iron= from Bamberg for marking the letter B. + + 53 =Large Pair of Iron Martyr Tongs= for tearing the flesh. + + 54 =Large Ball-shaped Iron Ladle=, into which boiling oil was + poured and then dropped on to the body through the perforations. + + 55 =A Pair of Manacles= with strong iron bar between, by which a + prisoner was fastened to a horse. + + It seems beyond a doubt that manacles originally came from Spain. + In the history of English torture these instruments were quite + unknown until found in some of the ships of the Spanish Armada + in the year 1588. They were immediately adopted as a means of + securing a prisoner, and those now shown in the Tower of London + are of Spanish manufacture, and date back over 350 years. + + 56 =Spanish Wrought-iron Collar=, completely studded with sharp + spikes inside and out. + + 57 =Branding Iron= which marked the letter U. + + 58 =Strong Iron Body Belt= with long iron chain and the side + chain fixers to fasten to wall or to a running horse. + + 59 =An Early Spanish Pair-hand Handcuffs= with lock fastening. + + 60 =A somewhat similar one= of different formation, early + Italian. + + 61 =Early German Copper Mask, Devil’s Head and Horns=, all + embossed with small heads over the nose, mouth, and eyes, + typical of a slanderous backbiting personage. + + 62 =A somewhat similar same-period Copper Mask=, likewise with + small embossed faces on end of nose, etc. + + 63 =A somewhat similar Mask=, but with frog’s eyes. + + 64 =Curious Iron Brank=, shape of devil’s head, with stumpy + horns, and small faces on the nose and cheeks, and with trumpet + ears, for listeners, backbiters, etc. + + 65 =Strong Wooden Roller=, which was placed on the rack or on + the stretching gallows, and over which the victim was rolled and + stretched. + + 66 =Mask worn by the Judge of the notorious Vehmgericht=, of + copper, pierced with five breathing holes, also with small + perforations all round the edge so as to permit of a leather or + cotton cap being sewn on. + + As is well known, the accused before the Vehmgericht (secret + judgment) did not see his judges. All were masked completely, + the head being covered with a cap, and the face with such a mask + as here shown. The accused may have been before his dearest + friend, brother, or father, but he could not tell; and so sacred + was the judge’s oath, and so strong the influence exercised by + the awe-inspiring tribunal, whose inexorable judgment none might + gainsay, that the judges themselves dared not reveal their + identity. + + Voltaire, in his commentary on the Marquis de Beccana’s _Essay on + Crimes and Punishment_ (1749), says: “Charlemagne established + the most cruel and most horrible tribunal that ever existed. It + was known as the Vehmic Court, or the judgment of Westphalia. It + went so far as to punish with death those who broke fast during + Lent. When an execution was ordered and no executioner was + forthcoming, the youngest judge had to officiate. Delegates from + this court spread all over Germany, taking information secretly + and unknown to the accused, who was often condemned without + being heard. There was no appeal except to the emperor, and his + commands of mercy were not always effective. This tribunal was + finally abolished in the reign of Maximilian I. The Venetian + Council of Ten was, in comparison, a court of mercy.” + + 67 =Scold’s Wooden Collar=, with two places for the hands. See + note below. + + 68 =A somewhat similar Collar=, with four places for hands, used + for a man and his wife. + + NOTE.—Mr. William Andrews, in his interesting book, _Old-Time + Punishments_, says: “Scolding women in the olden times were + treated as offenders against the public peace, and for their + transgressions were subjected to several cruel modes of + punishment. The corporations of towns during the Middle Ages + made their own regulations for punishing persons guilty of + crimes which were not rendered penal by the laws of the land. + The punishments for correcting scolds differed greatly in + various parts of the country.... The free use of the tongue + gave rise to riots and feuds to such an extent that it is + difficult for us to realize at the present day.” + + 69 =Long Wooden Roller=, studded with spikes, and known as a + “spiked hare;” used on the rack. + + 70 =A similar Roller=, with raised edges. + + 71 =Scold’s Pillory=, shape of a violin, made of wood. In this + the woman charged with being a scold was affixed, and so driven + round the town, or whipped at the cart’s tail, accompanied by + the public executioner, or a drummer, who beat his drum to call + the public’s attention. + + 72 A ditto, somewhat longer. + + 73 =Scold’s Collar of Oak=, in the shape of a ruff. This was + fitted round the neck and had to be worn as shame or penitence + punishment for a certain time in a public place. + + 74 =Spanish Iron Collar=, studded inside with iron spikes and + with sharp saw-toothed edges; worn by religious martyrs. + + 75 =A very similar Iron Collar.= + + 76 =Malefactor’s Collar Pillory=, with places for both hands. + Made of wood, with very broad collar board so as to show out + well in a crowded market-place or church-porch. + + 77 A ditto, smaller, with sexagonal rim. + + 78 A ditto, round edge, with notched ornamentation. + + 79 =An Executioner’s Sword= from the town of Bamberg, the guard + embossed in representations of the Passions; wire-woven guard, + to prevent it from slipping through the executioner’s hand, and + sharp double-edged blade. + + 80 =Headsman’s Sword= from Nördlingen, with iron grip, engraved + with gallows and wheel on the shield; also three perforations + typical of the Holy Trinity, and armorer’s mark. + + 81 =Small Iron Memento Mori=, worn with a chain round the neck + on the way to execution. + + 82 =A Pair of Early Iron Handcuffs= fastened with chain. + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 953._ +] + + 83 =Executioner’s Sword.= Belonged to the Nuremberg executioner, + Franz Schmidt. It has a gilt metal top and guard. On the side of + the blade are the following verses: + + “Die Herrn steuern dem Unheil + Und ich executire das Urtheil + Wenn ich das Schwerdt thu aufheben + So geb Gott dem armen Sünder das ewige Leben.” + + TRANSLATION.—“The world steers towards mischief, and I execute + the judgment. When I lift up my sword, God give the poor + sinner eternity.” + + 84 =Executioner’s Extra Heavy Sword=, with sharp-pointed blade, + straight long guard and wire-covered hilt, strong iron-pointed + ferrule top. + + 85 =Executioner’s Sword.= Thuringen executioner, Balthasar + Glaser. With gilt metal work, and the motto: + + “Hüte Dich, Thu kein Böses nicht, + So Kommst du nicht ins Gericht.” + + TRANSLATION.—“Be careful, do no ill, and you won’t come to + judgment.” + + Under the verses are engraved “Justice & St. Michael.” On the + handle is the letter “G.” + + 86 =An Extra Long and Extra Strong Iron Chain=, with foot + shackle at one end and strong iron bar to fasten on to a wall at + the other end. + + 87 =A Heavy Hempen Scourge or Whip=, with numerous lashes, each + one having a steel barb woven into it so as to cut at each + stroke. + + 88 =A similar one, not so Heavy.= + + It was a common thing in England for prisoners to be whipped with + a three-cord whip knotted at each end, and in the feudal times + servants were often whipped to death. Whipping vagrants at the + cart’s tail was also greatly resorted to, and in many a country + town or village a whipping-post exists until this day. In the + penitential cell the scourge was also greatly used, and from + what we can gather was of the utmost severity. Many of the whips + and rods in this collection seem to be of unusual strength, and + were doubtless used by the public executioner on criminals + without the slightest mercy. + + 89 =Long Spiked Wooden Roller=, with numerous rows of long + spikes. Known as a “spiked hare.” The victim was laid on a bench + or stretched on a ladder, and the “spiked hare” was rolled over + his naked body, or, to vary it, he was rolled over the spikes. + Some of the old writers describe this torture as being most + fearful. + + 90 =Thief-catcher.= Very curious instrument. Was used with a + long iron handle, terminating at the top with a round hoop, + garnished inside with triangular iron spikes. The front of the + hoop is made to push open, so that the officer of the law can + push it round the neck, arm, or leg of whoever he wants to + catch, who on his or her part has no possible means of getting + away, the ring having closed on him and preventing any effort to + escape. + + 91 =Iron Manacle.= + + 92 =Manacle=, somewhat similar. + + 93 =A Pair of Wrist-fasteners=, each at the end of a long iron + bar so as to keep the arms wide apart; were used when prisoners + were being whipped. + + 94 =Similar Instrument=, somewhat shorter, with two padlocks. + + 95 =Very Powerful Spiked Hare=, with sharp iron spikes. When the + victim was rolled over this terrible instrument he was + completely impaled and disembowelled. + + 96 =Strong Coupling-iron=, with manacle at each end to fasten + two people. + + 97 =Large Heavy Hand Axe=, with metal grip, used to cut off the + right hand of those convicted of treason, or parricides. + + 98 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Bayreuth, with brass grip, and with + the motto: + + “Ich stehe hoff nebst Gott zu richten recht, + Jesus du bist der Richter und ich der Knecht.” + + TRANSLATION.—“I stand under God to execute aright, + Jesus, Thou art the Judge and I the servant.” + + Under this a figure of Justice and some ornamentation; also: + + “O Herr nimm Diesen Sünder auff in dein Reich, + Damit er kann werden vor einem glücklichen streich.” + + TRANSLATION.—“O God, take this sinner into thy kingdom, + That he may know happiness.” + + Under this a knight with dagger, and some ornamentation. + + 99 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Munich, with iron guard shagreen + handle, in leather sheath and original belt. On the blade is + damascened in gold a man being beheaded and St. George, also the + verses as per Nos. 233 and 272. + + 100 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Augsburg, with extra long and + straight guard, the hilt of leather wound round with wire to + keep it from slipping. + + 101 =A Pair of Iron Bracelets= with aperture to fix on to a + chain. + + 102 =A somewhat similar Pair of Handcuffs=, with lock and key. + + 103 =Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, with ass’s ears and painted + face, from Regensburg; worn by drunkards. + + 104 =A similar Iron Mask=; worn by females. + + 105 =Iron Crown=, with interior four-cornered knobs to press on + the head. Was used for females. + + 106 =Relief Carved Portrait=, in wood, of the Nuremberg hangman + of the year 1578, with manuscript of the period. Very + characteristic. + + 107 =Foot Padlock.= An instrument in which the feet were locked, + as holding them tighter than a chain, when the culprit was + placed in a frequented spot loose or fastened to a wall or tree. + + 108 =Iron Mail Chain Glove.= Was made red hot before being put + on. + + 109 =A similar Mail Glove.= + + 110 =Hiesel’s Gun=, a very heavy and massive arm with very large + bore, the stock so arranged by Hiesel himself that he could fire + it off from either shoulder. The lock was also engraved by him. + + Hiesel was a notorious bandit whose name spread terror through all + the hill-lands of Upper Bavaria. For many years he was able to + elude the vigilant hunt made for him by the soldiery or police, + but at last he was taken and executed. + + 111 =Strong Iron Foot Presser or Foot Screw=, the cruelty of + which is apparent. + + 112 =Set of Irons=, consisting of two strong iron bands, two + shackles, a pair of handcuffs, padlock, small weights, and + twelve-link chain; with this a police officer was enabled to + couple a pair of prisoners. + + 113 =A strong Iron Leg Shackle, long Chain and Padlock=, used + for chaining prisoner in a dungeon. + + 114 =Long Iron Bar=, with manacle at each end, was used at the + whipping-post. + + 115 =Similar One= with ornamental iron bar. + + 116 =A Small Iron Thumbscrew=, early Italian. + + 117 =A similar Thumbscrew.= + + 118 =Executioner’s Sword=, belonging to the last headsman of + Nuremberg, beautifully damascened blade, the armorer’s mark and + inscription, straight guard and wire-woven hilt. + + 119 =A Dutch Executioner’s Sword=, with strongly ribbed blade + and leathern hilt. + + 120 =An Executioner’s Sword=, from the Low Countries, strongly + ribbed and pointed blade. + + 121 =Headsman’s or Executioner’s Sword=, from Eichstaedt, + round-pointed blade, wire hilt, long guard. + + 122 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Erlangen, with shagreen + scabbard, the blade engraved with “St. Michael & St. James,” and + with the following inscription: “Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum,” + and “Et verbum caro factum est.—I.H.S.” Beyond which the sword + is beautifully ornamented. + + 123 =A Gallows Rope.= + + 124 =A similar Gallows Rope.= + + 125 =An unknown Fragment of a Sharp, Dangerous Torture + Instrument.= + + 126 =A Pair of Strongly Locked Handcuffs= fastened on to a long + iron bar. + + 127 =Venetian Bandit’s Dagger.= + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 905._ +] + + 128 =A similar Dagger=, smaller. + + 129 =Branding Iron=, marks the letter V. + + 130 =Another Branding Iron=, from the town of Fuerth, marking + the letter F. + + 131 =A different Branding Iron.= + + 132 =Long Iron Whip=, black wood handle and three chain iron + lashes; would not only tear the flesh, but break a bone when + applied with force. + + 133 =Scold’s Collar=, perfect fiddle shape, with following + inscription: + + “VOR DIE SCHWATZHAFT—UND UNZÜCHTIGEN WEIBER ZU POEN. SIRAH + NAGELNEI GEIGENMACHER.—_Allerertn Wohnaft, d. 28 Jan. 1683._” + + “For talkative and scolding women as a penitence.—Sirah + Nagelnei, fiddlemaker, 28th Jany., 1683.” + + 134 =Prison Warder’s Weapon= in the shape of a hammer; strong + wood handle and iron head. + + 135 =A Jointed Chain Hand-fastener= to bind both hands together. + + 136 =An Iron Tongue-tearer= in the shape of a pair of tongs with + screw. With this instrument a strong hold could be taken of a + tongue so that it could be torn right out by the roots. Was used + on blasphemers, heretics, etc., etc. + + Louis IX., King of France (St. Louis), made a law against + blasphemers. He condemned them to a new punishment. Their + tongues were to be torn and pierced with red-hot irons, and so + terrorizing was this mandate that many of the expletives and + oaths which had hitherto been used were moderated and changed. + Tête de Dieu became “Tête bleu,” Corps de Dieu “Corbleu,” Sang + de Dieu “Sangbleu,” etc., etc. By this means the nobles hoped to + escape the wrath of the King and at the same time make their + peace with the offended clerics. Many of these so changed words + are in vogue now, though few imagine the source whence they + came. + + 137 =An Iron Armlet and Lock Combined=, with inscription of + maker’s name. + + 138 =A Very Early Strong Iron Double Hand-fastener= with lock + and key. + + 139 =An Iron Whip= with six sharp-edged iron tails. + + 140 =Spanish Mouth-Pear or Gag=, made of iron and in sections, + so that it may be squeezed together in the shape of a pear, + hence its name. This was used for those condemned to torture or + those privately seized. The instrument was forced into the + mouth, and then, by touching the screw, it springs open, and the + victim could utter no sound. + + 141 =An Iron Winder or Gallows Hook.= + + 142 =An Iron Winder or Gallows Hook=, larger. + + 143 Another. + + 144 =An Iron Gallows Screw.= + + 145 =A Strong Iron Gallows Swivel Screw.= + + 146 =A Constable’s Staff= of heavy metal, the grip covered with + leather, the end in the shape of a man’s fist, a blow from which + would break the hardest skull. + + 147 =Large Gag= with wooden handle and with spring movement, so + as to open when forced into the mouth. Spanish. This gag, + although of a different formation from No. 140, was equally as + effective in subduing all cries and in preventing any resistance + on the part of the condemned. + + 148 =An Old English Executioner’s Axe=, with date 1539, under + which coat-of-arms with lettering; also the three perforations + which signify the Trinity. + + 149 =Executioner’s Axe= with long wooden handle and metal + ferrule. French. + + 150 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Ulm, with iron grip, long leather + handle, with a wheel and a gallows inlaid in the blade. + + 151 =Curious Finger Axe=, heavy iron blade. + + 152 =A Venetian Executioner’s Sword=, short, with brass grip; + gallows and wheel on the blade. + + 153 =Large Leather Collar= of Hiesel’s big dog, with large brass + nails and owner’s monogram. + + 154 =Pair of Manacles and a Shackle=, with thirty-jointed chain. + + 155 =A Scold’s Wooden Collar=, with pillory for neck and both + hands. + + 156 =Another=, very similar, iron bound. + + 157 =Heavy Iron Wire Penitential Rod.= + + 158 =Iron Whip=, with five iron wire lashes, each one with rows + of spur-shaped spikes to cut into the flesh. + + 159 =A Penitential Iron Whip=, with twelve sharp-edged flat iron + lashes. + + 160 =Iron Wire Whip=, with five lashes completely studded with + iron spikes. + + 161 =Hempen Whip=, with six lashes and barbed wire ends. + + 162 =Very curious strong Prison Padlock.= Early Spanish. + + 163 =Neck Iron and Pair of Shackles=, with seventeen-link chain. + The prisoner was fastened by the feet to the iron round his + neck. + + 164 =Strong Neck Iron=, with padlock and double-length iron + chain. + + 165 =Iron Thumbscrew.= + + 166 =Another Thumbscrew= of different shape and stronger. + + 167 =An exceedingly powerful Pair of Iron Wristscrews.= + + 168 =A Pair of Iron Handcuffs= or double bracelets. + + 169 =An Executioner’s Rapier=, with silver guard. This sword was + worn by the hangman on his right side. + + 170 =A Similar Sword=, with embossed guard and pommel, + silver-mounted grip. + + 171 =Curious Wooden Devil’s Head Mask=, with real goat’s horns, + for dishonest children. + + 172 =Hempen Whip=, with six thongs, for youthful offenders. + + 173 =Small Shackle and light Chain=, for youths. + + 174 =A Manacle=, with ten-jointed chain, for young people. + + 175 =Prison Warder’s Weapon= for self-defence, in the shape of a + whip, with a heavy weight at the end. Short, strong handle, with + a twisted chain terminating in the weight. + + 176 =Mask=, worn by the poison-mixer, Rudhart, of Stuttgart; + made of leather and arranged with small holes over the mouth and + nose for breathing purposes. + + 177 =A curious Double Scolds’ Collar=, in which two women were + pilloried, fastened necks and hands, and marched together, thus + involuntarily united, round the town. + + 178 =Another=, somewhat similar. + + 179 =A very curious Wooden-handled Whip.= + + 180 =A Whip=, somewhat similar. + + 181 =Iron Prison= in the shape of a body ring, handcuffs, and + foot shackles, with chain to fasten to a wall. + + 182 =A very long and extra strong Iron Chain=, with shackle and + long iron security bar. + + 183 =Venetian Iron Collar=, with projecting rod terminating in a + bell, so that the prisoner could not move without giving notice + to the warders and watchers. + + 184 =A very curious and ponderous Iron Instrument=, so + constructed as to hold feet, hands, and neck, keeping the + prisoner in a most painful and awkward position. + + 185 =A Venetian Iron Collar and Belt=, somewhat similar to No. + 183. + + 186 =A strong pair of Iron Wrist-pressers.= + + 187 =A small pair of Finger-screws.= + + 188 =A Hempen Rod=, with numerous lashes, each terminating in a + spiked barb. + + 189 =Another Hempen Rod=, with knotted lashes. + + 190 =Another=, somewhat similar. + + 191 =Belt of Chastity=, with the symbol of love—a heart pierced + with two arrows—ornamented with green velvet and gold bordering + of lace; constructed with double lock. + + 192 =Belt of Chastity=, sharp-edged and the ironwork jointed. + + 193 =Belt of Chastity=, somewhat similar, covered with red + velvet. + + 194 =Long Iron Flagellant=, with five iron lashes completely + studded with spikes and barbs. + + 195 =Another Iron Whip=, with six spur-shaped ends. + + 196 =Strong Gallows Hook.= + + 197 =Another Iron Gallows Hook.= + + 198 =Another=, larger and stronger. + + 199 A ditto, smaller. + + 200 =A Long Iron Gallows Screw.= + + 201 =A Similar Screw=, smaller. + + 202 =Another.= + + 203 =A Long Straight Gallows Nail.= + + 204 =Thumbscrew= of the oldest and most simple construction, for + the most painful pressing and screwing entirely through the + thumb. + + 205 =A Curious Pair of Thumb-holders.= The thumbs were fastened + to this, and the culprit easily led along or fastened up in a + public place; resistance was impossible. + + 206 =A Pair of Manacles and Chains=, completely confining both + hands. + + 207 =Double Scolds’ Collar.= In this the women who had + quarrelled were placed, neck and hands, and were forced to stand + thus facing each other until they were, or pretended to be, + friends again. + + 208 =A Double Scolds’ Collar= somewhat different in shape and of + a later date. + + 209 & 210 =Two Iron Manacles.= + + 211 =Strong Iron Pillory=, with places for the neck and hands, + surmounted by a bell and a weathercock; worn by turncoats and + unreliable people. + + 212 =A Penitent’s Girdle=, made of barbed wire, which, when worn + next to the flesh, caused the most unpleasant and uncomfortable + irritation. + + 213 =A Long Iron Chain= for fastening up a prisoner securely. + Heavy iron padlock at one end, strong ankle ring at the other. + + 214 =The Russian Knout=, made of bullets of lead, covered with + leather, and strung together. With this terrible instrument + slaves and prisoners of all kinds were scourged. + + 215 =Copper Boot=, which was filled with boiling water or molten + lead. + + 216 =Another=, similar. + + 217 =A Hempen Whip=, with six knotted lashes. + + 218 =Another=, with very numerous lashes, spur-iron edges. + + 219 =A Pair of Wooden Pinching Shears= to pinch the fingers or + toes. + + 220 =Iron Body Ring=, with pair of hand bracelets and + eleven-linked chain. + + 221 =Implement for fastening the Ankles together=, with place + through which to fix an iron chain. + + 222 =Catgut Head-tormenter=, with iron handle for the + executioner; with this he drew the cords backwards and forwards + across the forehead until the victim was almost scalped. + + 223 =Iron Penitential Whip=, with five sharp-edged iron tails. + + 224 =Very Powerful Screw Iron Foot Breaker or Toe Screw.= + Entailed the most terrible pain. + + 225 =Powerful Iron Handscrew=, with differently roughened base. + + Who can tell the fearful torture of the thumbscrew, which was so + freely used in all European countries? Was a man charged with + any crime or supposed to know of any plot against the Church or + the Government, the ordeal of the thumbscrew made him confess, + even if he was innocent. It was not in human nature (except in + _very rare_ cases) to stand this ordeal long; and under its + baneful influence, its heart-breaking torture, who knows how + many perfectly innocent people were accused and convicted of + crimes they had never thought of? + + 226 =Branding Iron=, from Utrecht, brands letter U. + + 227 =Branding Iron=, brands with mark of the gallows. + + 228 =Large Gallows Screw=, from which the condemned was hanged. + + 229 =A curious Iron Cupping Machine=, with which letters or + designs were burnt into the flesh. + + 230 =A Spiked Roller=, over which a man was rolled when on the + rack. + + 231 =A Pair of Shackles and strong Chain.= + + 232 =Leather Head Halter=, which was placed on the head of the + condemned and held by the executioner’s assistant. + + 233 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Regensburg, with engraved blade + and motto: + + “Die Herrn steuren dem Unheil + Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil,” + + and a figure of Justice. On the other side— + + “Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben + Wunche ich dem Sünder das ewige Leben,” + + a figure of Justice, and the armorer’s mark. (See No. 83.) + + 234 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Crailsheim-Ellwangen, + Würtemberg; with broad blade. + + 235 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Brannenberg, in Upper Bavaria; + with iron guard and strong swept blade and armorer’s mark. + + 236 =Double Thumbscrew.= + + 237 =Another=, somewhat similar. + + 238 =A curious Yoke.= This was worn by the father and mother of + a child born out of wedlock. When yoked together they were + forced to carry water up to the top of the hill, doubtless up + into the old Castle of Nuremberg. (See engraving, No. 996.) + + 239 =Long Chain of Nine Links=, with shackle or foot fastener. + + 240 =Another long Chain and a Shackle.= + + 241 =Curious Shame Mask or Brank=, female head worn by dishonest + or immoral women. + + 242 =Very curious large Iron Brank or Mask=, with goggle-eyes, + large open mouth; worn by blasphemers. + + 243 =Iron Mask=, with painted face; worn by youthful criminals. + + 244 =Curious pair of Iron Braces=, with front and back bars, + body ring, and padlock, in which a man was tightly held and had + no power of resistance. + + 245 =A pair of round Wrist-holders=, with lock and key. + + 246 =A similar pair=, not so heavy. + + 247 =Strong Iron Ankle Fasteners=, by which prisoner was secured + so as not to be able to move unless released. + + 248 =A heavy Iron Shackle or Leg Iron.= + + 249 =A painful double Handscrew=, constructed so that the whole + ten fingers could be squeezed at the same time. + + 250 =A Double-handed Headsman’s Sword=, extra long blade, with + armorer’s mark and sign of the Trinity. + + 251 =A Military Executioner’s Sword=, with princely and military + ornamentation, as well as the three perforations (the Trinity) + in the blade. + + 252 =An Oriental Executioner’s Sword=, with brass guard and + hilt, ribbed blade, pointed end. + + 253 =Pair of Hand-bracelets or Handcuffs=, with long chain and + padlock. + + 254 =Another=, somewhat the same. + + 255 =A Gallows Rope.= + + 256 =Another Gallows Rope.= + + 257 =A Chain= to bind two prisoners by the ankles. + + 258 =Very powerful Iron Foot-presser or Foot-screw.= + + 259 =Another, somewhat different=, with sharp internal + spur-shaped screw to mutilate the foot. + + 260 =A Penitent’s Girdle=, made of iron wire, with sharp points, + to press into the flesh. + + 261 =Long Iron Chain Whip=, with five thongs barbed. + + 261a =Iron Torture Stocks=, three feet high, with divisions for + neck, hands, and feet. In consequence of the shape of these + stocks, when a man’s hands and neck were fastened, the position + was an exceedingly painful one. + + 261b =A Pair of Iron Pincers=, which were made red-hot and so + used. There were various different marks awarded in the + punishment, and the victim had to be burned so many times an + hour. For each time he branded, the executioner received a + certain fee. + + 262 =Tongue-tearer.= A pair of tongs so arranged with screws and + sharp teeth that it took a firm grip of the tongue. Used on + blasphemers. + + 263 =Similar Pair of Tongue-tearers.= + + 264 =Iron Spider.= This instrument, somewhat like a spider, with + long sharp claws, was used to grip the flesh of various portions + of the body and then tear it away. Was very frequently used on + women, whom it horribly mutilated. + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 949._ +] + + 265 =Smaller Iron Spider.= + + 266 =Mecklenburg Torture Stocks=, supported by a round strong + iron stake, with hand and foot fasteners and padlock. + + 267 =Very Curious Iron Pillory=; place for the neck and for the + hands was fastened with a padlock. The culprit was condemned to + wear this terrible instrument so many days, weeks, or years. + Early German. + + 268 =A Similar Iron Pillory=, somewhat lighter. + + 269 =Spanish Gaiter= for torturing the foot, with strong screw + and uneven tread. + + 270 =A Strong Iron Criminal Coupler or Whipping Stocks.= + + 270a =A Pair of Fine Steel Pincers=, for flaying or cutting away + the skin, with inscription of Justice, etc.; also armorer’s + marks and ornamental design, etc. + + 271 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Buchloe, in Swabia, with + exquisitely engraved blade. On one side is the motto: + + “Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben + Wunche ich dem armen Sünder das ewige Leben.” + + Translation: + + “When I raise my sword, I wish the poor sinner eternity.” + + On the reverse: + + “Durch die Schärfe dieser Klingen + Muss der Kopf vom Leib Wegspringen.” + + Translation: + + “From the sharpness of this blade the head must leave the body.” + + 272 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Ansbach, with twisted and gilt + top; also pair of shears for cutting the hair on neck and + engraved with the following verses: + + “Die Herren steuren dem Unheil + Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil. + Wann ich das Schwert thu aufheben + Wunche ich dem Sünder das ewige Leben.” + + Translation: + + “The world steers toward mischief, and I execute judgment. + When I lift up my sword, God give the poor sinner eternity.” + + 275 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Passau. On the blade is + engraved: Christ on the Cross, and under it, “Crucifixio Christi + Et Verbum Caro.= + Z + IA + BLZ + St + A + B + Z + H + GF + B + factum.” Under this is a medallion. On the reverse Virgin and + Child, and underneath is + Z + IA + etc. + + 274 =A Double Scolds’ Collar= for women, with pillories for + heads and hands. + + 275 =A Scold’s Collar= for one woman only. + + 276 =A similar Collar=, but of different shape. + + 277 =Hempen Whip=, with numerous barbed ends. + + 278 =Cat-o’-nine-tails.= + + 279 =Long Chain=, with heavy iron shackle. + + 280 =Lighter Chain= for female offenders. + + 281 =Curious Wooden Mask or Brank= for horse-stealers. + + 282 =Headsman’s Sword=, leather hilt. + + 283 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Ingolstadt, with a pointed button, + leather handle, a gallows and wheel damascened in copper on the + blade. + + 284 =Headsman’s Sword=, from Amberg, with iron grip, St. Michael + and St. James. Under St. Michael there is Jesus Nazarenus Rex + Judæorum, and under St. James an inscription. + + 285 =A Pair of Wrist-holders=, with padlock and key. + + 286 =Wire Flagellant=, with numerous thongs. + + 287 =Jointed Iron double Hand-fastener.= + + 288 & 289 =Gallows or Choking Rope.= + + 290 =Portion of the Flooring of a Prison.= Oak cut into + diamond-shaped points, so as to be as hurtful to the prisoners + as possible, and as in many cases the walls were also of the + same material, it was very painful to lean, sit, lie, or stand. + + 291 =Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, with small ass’s ears. + + 292 =Iron Mask=, with mustache. Highwaymen or freebooters were + carried round the towns with this mask on, on various days + before their execution. + + 293 =Whip= with which those who were exposed in the stocks were + soundly thrashed in public according to sentence. + + 294 =Long Twisted Whip=, with heavier handle and thong, used on + more hardened criminals, few of whom survived a sound + application. + + 295 =Strong Rhinoceros-hide Whip.= + + 296 =Three-tailed Cat= (whip). + + 297 =Iron Braces and Body Ring=, with pair of manacles. (See No. + 298.) + + 298 =Curious pair of Iron Braces=, with neck collar, handcuffs, + and pair of shackles. This instrument fits over each shoulder + round the waist, and when the victim is fastened by a collar + round the neck, handcuffs, and shackles, he may be said to be a + walking prison. He was literally bound in iron. + + 299 =Finger Pillory=, or flute-shaped instrument, which opens in + a similar way to the collars, but this has ten partitions or + divisions for the ten fingers; thus the offender stood in a + public place exactly in the position as if playing the flute. + Was used for various offences. + + 300 =Thieves’ Wooden Lantern=, three-sided, and with movement to + darken or show light at will. + + 301 =Branding Iron=, to brand culprit on shoulder or forehead. + + 302 =Branding Iron=, from Munich, brands the letter M. + + 303 & 304 =Two Branding Irons.= + + 305 =A Branding Iron=, brands E. C. O. + + 306 =Witches’ Idol.= A small carved wooden figure of the devil, + said to have been worshipped by witches. + + 307 =A small but formidable Pear-shaped Gag=, to prevent + prisoners from screaming while under torture. (See No. 140.) + + 308 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Augsburg, with shagreen handle + and flat blade. + + 309 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Weissenburg, with verses. (See + No. 272.) + + 310 =Executioner’s Sword=, from Ansbach, with the following + verse on the blade: + + “Die Herren steuren dem Unheil. + Ich exequire ihr End Urtheil. + J. N. R. J.” + + 311 =Gallows Cord.= + + 312 =Turkish Bowstring, or Executioner’s Cord.= + + 313 & 314 =Two Double Hand-fasteners.= + + 315 =A very strong solid Iron Double Manacle= at the end of + strong iron bar. + + 316 A ditto, with long iron chain. + + 317 =Iron Mask=, with coat-of-arms and long speaking-tube in the + place of a nose, worn by libellous persons and backbiters. + + 318 =Iron Polish Torture Stocks=, with two hand and two foot + fastenings, double lock with keys; date 1472. When the prisoner + was fixed in this, the position was most painful and unpleasant. + + 319 =Wooden Pillory for Hands, and Long Chain.= + + 320 =Long Wooden Hand or Arm Breaker.= By pressure of powerful + screws the hands or arm could be crushed completely. + + 321 =A Thieves’ Wooden Lantern=, three-sided and with movable + slides. + + 322 =Spanish Boot=, made of two strong pieces of heavy wood, + fitted inside with protruding iron knobs or buttons, and made to + screw up so as to completely break the foot and inflict the most + agonizing torture. (See Engraving, No. 1033.) + + 323 =Large Curious Prison Padlock and Key=, of extra strength. + + 324 =A Pair of Pincers=, for tearing out the tongue by the + roots. + + 325 =A Cupping Machine=, which, when red hot, impressed the + letter T. + + 326 =Very Curious Iron Brank=, with ass’s ears and movable + tongue and jaws, curiously embossed. The movable jaw denoted the + scold or libeller. + + 327 =Iron Mask=, with ass’s ears, small bells, and protruding + upper lip, worn for immorality. + + 328 =Large old Swedish Scold’s Collar=, in the shape of a + fiddle, with large bells and bell ropes; very curious. + + 329 =Strong Double Manacle=, with heavy iron bar and long chain. + + 330 =Venetian sharp Foot-presser=, of wrought iron, studded + inside with spikes, which lacerated the flesh. + + 331 =Manacle=, with twelve-linked chain. + + 332 =Heavy Iron Whip=, with six sharp-edged iron lashes. + + 333 =Shackle=, with long iron chain. + + 334 =Curious very old Chain= for securing a prisoner by hands + and foot. + + 335 =Iron Necklet=, with leather thongs and sharply-toothed ring + for hanging or fastening the victim to a beam, or where he could + just reach the floor on tip-toe. + + 336 =A Prison Warder’s Weapon=, to be used on obstreperous or + mutinous prisoners. It is in the shape of a whip, but the lash + is of iron, with a weight at its end. + + 337 to 340 =Four various-sized Iron Shackles.= + + 341 =Iron Mask or Brank=, with female face, long horns, and + donkey’s ears. + + 342 =Curious Shame Mask of Iron=, with long protruding beak and + small mustache; also short ass’s ears. + + 343 =Scold’s Collar=, shape of the ruff worn by the women of the + 16th and 17th centuries, but made of wood, hung round with 21 + small bells and one larger one, and ornamented with a red and + white tassel. In this the scold was led up and down the town or + neighborhood as a warning to her neighbors. + + 344 =A Pair of Strong Iron Martyr Tongs or Pincers= for tearing + the flesh or for flaying. + + 345 =A Pair of ditto.= + + 346 & 347 =Heavy Wooden Hand Pillory=, bound in iron. + + 348 & 349 =Pair of Wooden Finger-squeezing Shears.= + + 350 =Judge’s Staff=, an attribute of the presiding judge. The + handle is handsomely ornamented. + + 351 =Long Iron Wire Punishment Rod.= + + 352 =Very Heavy Iron Double Foot Padlock.= With this fastened + on, the prisoner could not possibly run away. + + 353 =A very similar Instrument.= + + 354 to 358 =Five Scolds’ Wooden Collars=, with aperture for head + and both hands, slightly of different construction and periods. + + 359 =A Curious Yoke=, in which a couple found guilty of any act + against the strict morals of the time were fastened and driven + round the town, or stood in a market place. Early Swiss. + + 360 =A Long Iron Coupling Chain= with manacle at each end. + + 361 =Very Curious and Rare Pighead-shaped Wrought-iron Mask=, + used for disgraceful offences. + + The collection of branks or shame masks of various kinds and + periods, many although but sparsely described here, will be + found to be of the greatest interest to the student and the + historian. The brank was very well known in England, and records + of its use are kept in many townships, and here and there in the + museums a specimen of it may be found. + + 362 =An Extra Large-sized Collar=, constructed for a male + slanderer or libeller, who, with head and both hands fixed in + this uncomfortable appendage, was pilloried for a lengthened + period in the market-place, an object of derision to all. + + 363 =Wooden Liar’s Knife=, with burnt mark denoting a dragon. In + the handle a whistle and bells with a set of printed verses + pasted on, from the poems of Nuremberg’s great writer, Hans + Sachs. + + “Dass aufschneidt Messer + Wers kann machs besser.” + + On the blade. + + “Was soll ein Messer wanns nicht schneidt, + Oder steckt allzeit in der Scheidt? + Also was soll auch sein ein Mann, + Der nicht weitlich herschneiden kann.” + + On the other side. + + “Hettest du jetzt fein still geschwign + So wär das Messer blieben lign, + Die Pfeiff kein Schall het lassen hörn + Das Glöcklein teht sich dran nicht kehrn.” + + Translation same as No. 413. + + NOTE.—This knife is very curious as showing the style of + treatment in those days of the drawers of the “long bow.” + + 364 =Large Hand Axe or Heavy Knife=, used to chop off the + fingers or hands of those found guilty of treason, killing a + parent, and various other crimes. + + 365 & 366 =Two Strong Hand-screws=, for squeezing the fingers. + + 367 =Chinese Executioner’s Knife=, with engraved handle. + + 368 =Constable’s Staff of Iron=, the end terminating in the + figure of a man’s fist. Could be used with serious results. + + 369 =Leather Body Ring=, with iron fastener. When the criminal + was fastened with a ring round his body, shackles fastened from + it to his feet, handcuffs to his hands, and a collar to his + neck, he had little chance of escape or resistance. Slaves were + frequently sold thus bound. + + 370 & 371 =Two Strong Iron Bars=, each with a manacle at each + end, used for various purposes. + + 372 & 373 =Two very Curious and Powerful Thumbscrews.= + + 374 =Very Curious Iron Shame Mask or Brank=, with long straight + protruding ears, long snout, and overlapping lip (a sign of + drunkenness), two curious round raised and blotched ornaments + under each eye, and a deeply furrowed forehead. This was worn by + confirmed topers, who were frequently condemned to stand exposed + for perhaps a week, or longer, according to the gravity of their + failing. + + 375 =Another Iron Mask=, worn by thieves. + + 376 & 377 =Two Hempen Penitential Whips=, with strongly knotted + lashes. + + 378 =Iron Body Belt=, with a manacle or handcuff fixed on to + each side, and strong chain to fasten prisoner up to a wall or + dungeon floor. + + 379 =A very powerful pair of Ankle Fasteners and Padlock + combined.= With this on, the victim could not possibly walk a + single step. + + 380 =Long Iron Chain=, with strong leg fastener at one end, + padlock at the other. + + 381 & 382 =Two Strong Iron Shackles.= + + 383 =Curious Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, square face with turned + up mustache and flattened nose, worn by people who were found to + be very quarrelsome or combative. + + 384 to 388 =Five Wooden Scolds’ Collars= of various sizes and + designs, presumably from different towns. + + 389 & 390 =Two Gallows Choking Ropes.= + + 391 =Iron Body Ring with Long Iron Chain.= + + 392 & 393 =A Pair of very Powerful Iron Finger-screws or Nail + Breakers.= Inflicted most terrible pain. + + 394 =A very rare and uncommon Iron Brank=, made only in + skeleton, but so constructed that parts cover the mouth, nose, + and eyes, and with long outstanding head top. Was worn by a + prisoner perhaps for years, until his identity was almost lost. + + 395, 395a, 396 =Three Long Iron Chains=, each with an ankle + fastener at the end; worn in prisons while the inmates were at + work, so that they could be fastened to their barrows, spades, + or benches. + + 397 =A smaller Chain with Leg-holder and Padlock=, worn by a + woman or child. + + 398 & 399 =A Pair of Double Thumbscrews=, with semi-circular + tops and rings. + + 400 =A Witch’s Idol.= A carving of the devil’s head in wood, + painted. This was worn by the supposed witch on her way to be + burnt at the stake. + + Burning to death was a very frequent punishment in all European + countries; and in the olden time belief in witches was so strong + that burning or drowning of some poor women accused of + “overlooking” or “bewitching” someone or something was nothing + out of the common. On all such occasions a tablet such as shown + was worn on the way to doom. + + 401 =An extra strong Long Iron Chain=, with extra strong shackle + at one end and heavy padlock at the other; to secure some very + determined culprit or evil-doer, most likely one who had been + accused of slandering the reigning king or queen. + + 402 =Very Powerful Pair of Heavy Iron Leglets=, with arrangement + to fit any size and to lock on. + +[Illustration: A detailed, historical German engraving titled +“Rechtfertigung der Vornehmste verräther In Engellandt” (Execution of +the principal traitors in England). It depicts a bustling public square +in a European city where multiple prisoners are being drawn on hurdles +by horses, while others are being hanged, drawn, and quartered on a +large wooden scaffold before a massive crowd.] + + 403 & 404 =A Pair of Iron Ankle Shackles.= + + 405 & 406 =A Pair of Double Thumbscrews=, to fasten up both + thumbs; one with lock. + + 407 =A very Curiously Shaped Thumbscrew=, with extra powerful + movement. + + 408 =A large Double Finger-screw=, so arranged as to close on + two fingers of each hand. Very cruel. + + 409 & 410 =A Pair of Gallows Choking Ropes.= + + 411 =A strong Gallows Hook.= + + 412 =Sheath of an Executioner’s Dagger.= Very early. + + 413 =Iron Liar’s Knife=, with bells and rattles, engraved with + the following verses on both sides of the blade and handle. + + On the handle. + + “Das Aufschneidt Messr. Wers kan machs besser. + Hettest du jetzt fein still geschwigen + So wer das Messr ruhig blieben.—HANS SACHS.” + + TRANSLATION.—“Who can do better for the Liar’s Knife? + Had you quiet held your tongue + The knife still on the nail had hung.” + + On the blade. + + “Wann dein Maul redet was wer wahr, + Durften die Glöcklein nicht kommen dar + Und dich erinnern dass hinfort + Dich besinnst ehe du redst ein Wort.” + + TRANSLATION.—“If your mouth speaks only true, + The bells they do not ring for you + To remind you that forsooth + You should only speak the truth.” + + On the other side. + + “Damit man nicht pfeiff oder leut + Dass jedermann merkt was es bedeut, + Dass dich dass Messer nicht verletz + Und dich in Spott und Hohn versetz.” + + TRANSLATION.—“So that none may whistle or shout + And all know what this is about, + Let this knife bring you no shame + And nought but doubtful fame.” + + This knife was also used by people to show that they could not be + imposed upon, the bearer being supposed to be himself “a sharp + blade.” + + 414 =Long Wooden Roller=; was used on the rack. The victim was + stripped and then rolled over this uneven surface while being + stretched until his bones were nearly all dislocated. + + 415 =A Fragment= of the cloak of the Christian Martyr Johannes + Huss, who was burned at the stake at Constanz. See “Foxe’s Book + of Martyrs.” + + 416 =Iron Brank or Mask=, completely covering the face, with + mouth in the act of whistling and with long ass’s ears; worn by + persons convicted of gluttony or other excesses. + + 417 =Half Iron Brank=, only covering the head, nose, and ears; + very curious headpiece, in centre of which a candle was placed + and lighted. Ordered by the Holy Inquisition. An exceedingly + rare specimen. + + 418 & 419 =Two very Powerful and Painful Wrist-holders or + Bracelets.= + + 420 =An Exceedingly Strong Iron Body Ring=, with handcuff at + each side and a 29-link iron chain. + + 421 =Very Curious Old Chain= with eccentric shaped links and + feet-holders. The prisoner was fastened to a wall and left for + days or weeks before being removed to confinement, so that all + passers might see and remember the delinquent. + + 422 =Another=, somewhat similar, with strong padlock to lock on + to leg. + + 423 & 424 =Two Shackles=, frequently used with the foregoing. + + 425 & 426 =Two Very Curious Early Prison Padlocks.= + + 427 =Iron Shame Brank=, from the town of Friedberg, near + Augsburg; spectacled eyes, protruding nose, overlapping lip, and + ass’s ears. Worn by drunkards. + + 428 & 429 =Two Pairs of Leg Shackles=, each with strong iron + chain. Worn during severe punishments. + + 430 =An Extra Strong Ankle-holder=, with long iron chain. + + 431 =A Similar=, lighter and smaller, for female prisoners. + + 432 =A Very Curious Wrought-iron Mouth-opener=; was placed + between the teeth, which were then easily kept apart while the + tongue was torn out, or boiling oil or molten lead was poured + down the throat. + + 433 & 434 =Two different Double Thumbscrews= for holding both + thumbs. + + 435 =A strong Double Hand-fastener of Wrought Iron=, with + aperture to fix on end of chain. The victim was usually dragged + along by a mounted police officer or at a cart’s tail. + + 436 =Hair-Cord=, which, when put on and rubbed over the arms and + feet, caused a most maddening irritation of the flesh. + + 437 =A Cloth Eye-binder=, with two raised parts, which pressed + over the victim’s eyes and kept them closed. + + 438 =A Choking Rope.= + + 439 =Crown of Straw and two Plaits.= This was worn by a fallen + virgin. The victim was shorn of all her hair, and had to stand + in a church door or other public place. + + 440 =Spanish Gaiter used for Torturing the Leg=, with very + formidable uneven shinbone presser. + + 441 =A somewhat similar one.= + + 442 =Another=, extra heavy and larger. + + 443 =Pair of Cruel Wood Pinching Shears= for breaking the + fingers off after crushing the bone. + + 444 =An Iron Handscrew= for pressing the entire five fingers. + + 445 =Another=, somewhat different. + + 446 to 449 =Two Long Heavy Chains=, with heavy shackles for male + prisoners, and two lighter and smaller for women or children. + + 450 =Iron Mask for Military Prisoners=, made in the shape of a + helmet, with long speaking-tube. Mouth and shield on forehead. + + 451 =Somewhat similar Iron Mask=, with flat face and protruding + snout. Coat-of-arms on the forehead. Belonged to some feudal + knight. + + 452 =Very Heavy and Massive Wrought-iron pair of Braces=, + consisting of belt, two front bars, and shoulder irons, with + strong padlock. When fastened up in this, all efforts at flight, + resistance, or even rest, were of no avail. + + 453 =A very similar set of Irons.= + + 454 =Long Iron Stake=, with top cross-bar having an armlet at + each end, long chain at bottom, with shackle for each foot. This + in itself forms a complete imprisonment. + + 455 =Very heavy square-linked Wrought-iron Chain and + Foot-fastener.= + + 456 =Another similar, heavier.= + + 457 =Iron Head Crown=, with jagged nails inside. With this on, + culprits were fastened to the wall. + + 458 =Terrible Spanish Spiked Iron Collar=, completely studded + outside, inside, and on edges with sharp iron spikes so arranged + that the wearer knew no rest, sleeping, waking, standing, + sitting, or lying. + + 459 =Small Iron Wire Whip=, for flaying the victim while + stretched on the rack. + + 460 =Torture Ladder=, about 15 feet long, with sharp + three-cornered rungs, with cords and pulleys. On this a man was + stretched to his fullest extent, to receive the torture which + may have been ordered. + + 461 =Thief-catcher.= Very curious instrument; long iron handle, + terminating at the top with a round hoop, garnished inside with + triangular iron spikes. The front of the hoop is made to push + open, so that the officer of the law can push it round the neck, + arm, or leg of whoever he wants to catch, who on his or her part + has no possible means of getting away, the ring having closed on + him and preventing any effort to escape. + + 462 =Thief-catcher=, similar form. + + 463 =Wheel=, with strong protruding iron shaft so as to break + the victim’s joints. + + 464 =A curious Antique Iron Brank or Mask=, with long snout, for + boastful people and liars. + + 465 =A long Chain and heavy Shackle.= + + 466 =A Curious Witches’ Idol=, carving of a devil’s head, + supposed to have been worshipped by witches. See No. 400. + + 467 =A Mandragora Root=, cut into the form of a man; said to + have great efficacy in the hands of witches against the person + they were “overlooking.” A nail or a needle driven into the + mandragora caused a pain to shoot through the heart of the + living man at the same moment, and nails or needles were driven + into it until the person died. Also the mandragora was supposed + to have the power of helping its owner to discover hidden + treasure, etc., etc. + + 468 =A Long Chain=, with two very strong shackles at each end. + + 469 & 470 =A Pair of Ditto=, lighter. + + 471 =An old Hour-glass=, divided into hour, three-quarters, + half, and quarter, by which the duration of the torture was + timed. + + 472 =Strong Iron Body Ring, Pair of Iron Manacles.= + + 473 =Strong Iron Leg Ring, a Handcuff and Padlock=, attached to + long, strong iron chain. + + 474 =An Antique very large-bore Blunderbuss=, with wheel lock. + Forbidden by International agreement. + + 475 =Large Wooden Brank or Shame Mask=, in the shape of a + death’s head. This was worn by criminals who were pardoned the + death penalty, and was worn by them in public places before + being taken to the prison where they were incarcerated forever. + + 476 =A Thief-catcher=, similar to No. 461. + + 477 =Another Wheel=, somewhat similar to No. 463. + + Breaking on the wheel was not a figure of speech, but a stern and + terrible reality. When the condemned was laid out on the wooden + bed and the wheel brought into action over and over him and + weighted with all the strength of the executioner and his + assistants, every bone in the body was literally broken. In some + countries the victim was tied on to a wheel and turned round and + round as the wagon moved; he, sometimes over, sometimes under + it. But here the combination of wheel and wooden bed seems much + more cruel and lingering. + + 478 =Witch-catching Staff=, with the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and + Ave Maria. Under the iron point for prodding is also a hook for + catching hold. This was so arranged that when a witch was to be + caught it was unnecessary to touch her, as in those days of + superstition no man could lay his hand upon a witch for fear of + all sorts of evil spells. Catching hold of her with this staff, + protected as it was by the words Jesus, Nazarenum, and Ave + Maria, was considered to have the effect of circumventing all + her machinations. + + 479 =Witch-catcher Staff= of a somewhat different kind. + + 480 =Curious Iron Brank or Mask=, with small eyes, with pointed + beard and weathercock on crown, showing a changeable disposition + or one given to untruths. + + 481 =Strong Iron Body Ring=, with two chains. + + 482 =Another=, lighter, with hinged movement. + + 483 =Curious Mask= without any face, with long speaking-trumpet + and snake on which to hang any stolen property; for thieves. + + 484 =An Iron Brank=, without face, long ass’s ears for + drunkards. + + 485, 486, 487 =Three strong Iron Leglets=, with long chains. + + 488 =Large Iron Chandelier=, used for lighting the torture + chamber. + + 489 to 491 =Three long Chains and Iron Fasteners=, various sizes + and strengths. + + 492 =A Strong Circular Wood and Iron Pulley= and rope for + running victim up to a beam, when his feet were heavily weighted + until his joints were broken. + + 493 =Nobleman’s very curious Iron Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped + like a man’s face, with movable visor and mustache, at each end + of which is a bell; also one at each ear, a larger one at the + point of the beard, and surmounted by two iron rods, each + terminating in a bell. The use of this brank seems lost in + obscurity, and we have searched in vain for its application; but + there can be little doubt it was worn by malefactors of noble + birth; and the idea seems to be that it was worn on the way to + execution by a parricide, the bells being to call all the + world’s attention to the despicable criminal. + + NOTE.—In England branks seem only to have been used for scolds; + but in the cities of the Continent they were used for criminals + of both sexes. + + 494 =An Executioner’s Cord or Rope=, by which the delinquents + were bound before going to execution. + + 495 =Another Executioner’s Rope=, similar. + + 496 to 554 =A Large Collection= of strong iron manacles, + shackles, and body rings of various times and nationalities. + + NOTE.—Although the space at our command will not allow us to + individualize and describe each of these manacles, shackles, and + chains, each and every one is different, made at different + periods, and of various designs. They played a great part in the + criminal history of Europe, having been used in every country. + Criminals wore them in prison, in the torture chamber, at the + stake, and in the Tumbril. In the penitent’s cell they also + found their place. In fact, volumes might be written on their + use and abuse. + + 555 =A Model of the Guillotine=, made of wood. + + 556 =A Metal Model= of same, differently constructed. + + 557 =Iron Coal Stove= on tripod feet. In this the coals were + lighted and got to a white heat in order to make the branding + irons red hot, and so burn the marks or letters into the flesh + of the forehead or back. + + 558 =Iron Coal Box= for same purpose. + + 559 =Pair of Bellows=, used for blowing up the fire in above. + + The history of branding is so well known that it is needless to + enter into it here. Both men and women were branded in all + European countries for all sorts of crimes, and even in the + earlier times a serf bore his master’s brand mark. + + 560 =The Condemned’s Cup or Mug.= Made of glass, with engraving + of the crucifixion. Out of this cup the condemned was given wine + to drink during his last day. + + 561 =An Antique Fayence Beer Jug=, with burnt-in picture of + Hiesel and his big dog. + + 562 =Punishment Officers’ Drum.= This small, long four-cornered + iron-bound oak drum or rattle was used to call all wayfarers’ + and passers’ attention to the culprit, so that all might see, + hear, and take warning by the punishment thus being meted out. + + 563 =Soup Bowl and Spoon.= This was used to affix to a scolds’ + collar, in which two females were fastened, so that if, as it + frequently happened, the shame of the punishment did not bring + the combatant females to a renewal of friendship and + forgiveness, they were reduced by _hunger_. The bowl was hung + close under their noses, filled with soup or stew; the women had + one hand loosened, and were glad to eat out of the same bowl, + using the only spoon one after the other. This was taken as a + sign of returning affection. + + 564 =Iron Wristscrew=, of great cruelty, with outward roughed + movement for lacerating the arm. + + 565 =Spanish Gaiter= for torturing the leg, with strong screw + and roughed inner movement for crushing the shin bone. + + 566 Ditto, with similar movement, different screws. + + 567 =Another=, of different construction. + + 568 =Another=, different. + + 569 =Another=, different. + + 570 =Another=, larger and more powerful. + + 571 =Another=, with an addition of sharp iron teeth in base. + + 572 =Another=, still different, with double screws for entirely + crushing the leg bone. + + 573, 574 & 575 =Three very curious and different large + Prison-gate Padlocks.= + + 576 & 577 =Two Scolds’ Wooden Collars=, with aperture for neck + and both hands. + + 578 =A large Wooden Winder or Pulley=, used to stretch + criminals. + + 579 Ditto, of wood and iron. + + 580 =A long Wooden Spiked Hare=, with strong spikes. (See No. + 89.) + + 581 =Strong Iron Neck Collar=, with outstanding iron rod with + bell on end, so that prisoner could never move without giving + warning. + + 582 =A Witches’ Idol Figure of the Evil One=, which witches were + supposed to worship. + + 583 =An Iron Chandelier=, somewhat similar to No. 488. + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 1019._ +] + + 584 =Curious barred face Helmet or Mask=, worn by juvenile + criminals. + + 585 =A Poacher’s Flint Gun=, made of iron, formed so that it + looks like a mountaineer’s stick, with a chamois horn handle, + the lock made so that it can be taken off and put on at will. + + 586 =Prison Whip=, with thorn handle. + + 587 =An Extra Heavy Brank, or Punishment Hat, for Lazy People.= + It is of iron, and with iron bars across the face. + + 588 =Instrument used to draw knots of cords as tightly as + possible.= + + 589 =Long Iron Chain with ankle fastener at the end.= + + 590 =Penitent’s Cap, made of Linen=, with opening for eyes, + ears, mouth, and nose. + + 591 =Executioner’s Staff=, carried before the execution. Wooden + handle, with red and white rings. + + 592 =A Set of Stocks, with place for two Culprits.= In these + delinquents of almost all kinds were placed, for varying + periods, exposed to public gaze and scorn. + + 593 =Penitent’s Linen Shirt.= + + 594 =Executioner’s Cloak=, very long, of red woollen material, + presumably red so as not to show blood spots or stains. + + 595 =Wonderful Wooden Chain= of many links, with hanging spoons. + This work of patience was done by Baron von der Trenk whilst in + prison, and cut out of a plank of wood, with no other tools than + the knife he was allowed to cut his bread with. What makes this + chain the more remarkable is that it has no joints of any kind, + is neither nailed, screwed, or glued, but is entirely + self-containing, and cut out of the solid. Baron von der Trenk + was imprisoned for high treason at Magdeburg. + + 596 =A Heavy Stone=, used for stretching. + + 597 =Another=, similar weight. + + 598 =A Pair of Stone Bullet Weights.= + + 599 =An Iron Ball Weight.= + + 600 =A Heavy Pair of Weights.= + + 601 =A Heavy Stone Weight.= + + 602 Ditto. + + 603 Ditto. + + 604 =Spanish Mantle, or Drunkard’s Cloak, and Helmet.= This + so-called cloak is really in the form of a long barrel, wider at + the bottom than at the top. It was hinged at the back so as to + open. The drunkard or ne’er-do-well was placed in it, and it was + closed to and locked, the top having an iron-bound orifice just + large enough to let his head through. On his head was placed the + barred helmet, through which he could see and be seen by all. + The period of confinement was varied according to the offence or + its frequency. One or two hours was the usual sentence. To tall + men this was more severe than to short ones. Whereas a tall one, + standing up, would lift the entire wooden barrel on his + shoulders, and would after a time, borne down by its weight, + have to sink on to his knees, a short man would be able to stand + inside and so suffer far less pain. + + “Several historians, dealing with the social life of England + in bygone times, have described the wearing of the barrel + after the manner of a cloak as a general mode of punishing + drunkards in force during the Commonwealth. Mr. Ralph Gardner, + of Cheriton, in the county of Norfolk, printed in 1655 a work, + in which he says, ‘He the deponent further affirms that he + hath seen men drove up and down the streets with a great tub + or barrel, opened in the sides, with a whole in one end to put + their heads through, and so cover their shoulders and bodies + down to the small of their legs, and then close the + same—called the new-fashioned cloak, and so make them march to + the view of all beholders; and this is their punishment for + drunkards and the like.’ + + “It is noticed in _Travels in Holland_, by Sir William + Brereton, under the date of May 29th, 1634, as seen at Delft. + John Evelyn visited Delft on August 17th, 1641, and writes, + ‘that in the Senate House hangs a weighty vessel of wood, not + unlike a butter churn, which the adventurous woman that hath + two husbands at one time is to wear on her shoulders, her head + peeping out of the top only, and so led about the town as a + penance for her incontinence.’ Samuel Pepys has an entry in + his diary respecting seeing a similar barrel at The Hague in + the year 1660. We have traces of this mode of punishment in + Germany. John Howard, in his work entitled _The State Prisons + in England and Wales_, 1684, thus writes, ‘In Denmark some + criminals of the lower sort, as watchmen, coachmen, &c., are + punished by being led through the city in what is called “The + Spanish Mantle.”...’ I measured one at Berlin. This mode of + punishment is particularly dreaded, and is one cause that + night robberies are never heard of in Copenhagen.”—_Old-Time + Punishments_, W. ANDREWS. + + From the above it appears that not only was it used for drunkards, + but also for burglars, bigamous women, etc., etc. + + 605 =A similar Spanish Mantle or Drunkard’s Cloak= without + helmet, from Munich. + + 606 =A somewhat similar one=, from Lauingen, in Suabia. + + 607 =Weighty Stone= in the shape of a coat-of-arms shield, and + dated 1661. This somewhat great weight was hung by a chain round + the neck of the accused. Crimes such as theft, assaults, etc. + + 608 =A similar Stone=, used for field or garden thieves. It is + engraved with a head, and has on the top a crown of flowers and + some fruit. + + 609 =A similar Stone= for gamblers, with deeply-cut engravings + of playing cards. + + 610 =Very large-sized Double Brank or Shame Mask=, shaped like + the fiend’s head, with horns, protruding eyes, and teeth. + Belonging to this are also a snake and dragon’s head. This + hideous mask was worn by a woman who had daily assaulted her + husband. As in all these old punishments, the culprit stood in a + most public place. In this instance the snake or dragon was held + in the hand. It signified that the holder was a house dragon, + and as such, deserving the scorn and obloquy of all beholders. + + 611 =Wooden Tablet= with the word mörder (murderer) written on + it. This was worn by a criminal convicted of murder. On it was + also inscribed a written notice of the executioner’s as to + particulars of the crime, date of execution, etc. + + 612 =Large Wooden Stocks=, in which a condemned culprit was + forced to stand tied up in a market or public place so many + hours daily, fastened by the feet, and with a tablet bearing his + name, description of crime, and punishment. In most cases he was + also sentenced to receive so many whippings per day or week, + which were applied by the public executioner. + + 613 =Iron Stocks=, shape of a chair. Was frequently used as a + ducking-stool to duck scolds or witches. + + 614 =Tablet worn by the Occupant of Stocks.= This one was + evidently worn by fruit or field thieves. + + 615 =Baker’s Ducking-Cage.= Very curious oak cage, about six + feet high. Inside is a seat. In this cage the baker who gave + short weight was locked up, and the cage was then hung to chains + and drawn up and down in the water until the occupant was nearly + drowned. See engraving, No. 709. + + NOTE.—This ducking-cage was not known in England. There are many + ducking-stools still extant, but from all inquiries we find that + they were only used to duck scolds or women charged with + witchcraft. + + 616 =Large Oil Painting=, by Michael Angelo di Caravaggio, + showing _Man’s First Crime_, Cain killing his brother Abel. + + 617 =Seat or Settle belonging to a Torture Chamber=, with + one-half for the physician and the other for the executioner. It + will be noticed that the part intended for the doctor has a back + to lean against, whilst the executioner’s part has not. + + 618 =Small Table= on which there is a sharp-toothed thumb and + finger screw, an instrument which the victim must have seen with + a shuddering sense of fear, so ingenious is it in its cruelty. + + 619 =A Pair of Heavy Weights.= + + 620 =Torture Chair=, covered all over with wooden spikes, so + that the occupant could not sit without being severely punished, + the more so as his feet were often weighted with heavy stones to + add to his pain. + + 621 =The Spiked Portion of a Torture Seat.= + + 622 =Torture Chair=, the back, the seat-stretcher, foot-rest, + completely covered with sharp wooden spikes, so that the + occupant was tortured sitting, leaning, standing; in fact, after + a short time the pain became unbearable. + + 623 =Heavy Wooden Torture Seat=, with front lockable iron bar so + that the victim could be securely fastened in. In this chair + tortures of all kinds were inflicted. + + 624 =Torture Rack=, about 10 feet long, with “spiked hare,” + round roller, and all the necessary cords for binding and + stretching the victim. + + 625 =Torture Cradle=, about 6 feet long, completely covered with + wooden spikes and with wooden spiked movable cushion (?) head + rest. + + 626 =Stretching Gallows=, known in German as Schlimme Liesel + (Fearful Eliza). At the foot are strong iron rings, into which + the man’s feet were placed; his hands were then fastened to a + triangle, which was raised by means of ropes and pulleys until + he was stretched beyond endurance. When in this position he was + perhaps flayed, or else cruelly whipped at stated periods by the + public executioner. + + 627 =Spanish Donkey.= This terrible instrument is formed with a + =Ʌ= or cone-shaped top, worked to a sharp point. The victim was + placed straddle-legged on this, and heavy weights placed on each + foot, until the sharp point of the donkey’s back cut clean + through his body, or broke him right in halves. + + 628 =Whipping Bench=, from Berlin. A large bench upholstered, + straps to fasten the arms, legs, head, and feet, with a movable + footboard, to be raised according to the height of the whipper. + + 629 =Ball and Chain= for prisoner’s leg. + + 630 =The Wooden Bed= on which the victim of the wheel was laid. + + 631 =Heavy Iron Execution Chair.= + + The culprit sat or kneeled in the chair, with head leaning over + the back, and the headsman, after cutting away the hair, with + one stroke severed the head from the body. + + 632 =A large heavy Bell=, which was rung all the way the + condemned was being taken to the block or scaffold. Backward and + forward, forward and backward, swung the bell, until the + executioner was ready to do his grewsome work. + + 633 =The Mummified Head of a Beheaded Nuremberg Child + Murderess=, together with the spear on which it was shown at the + wheel. + + 634 =A small old German Delinquent’s Altar=, with small figure + of the crucified Saviour. + + 635 =A Pair of Bronze Candlesticks= which were chained to the + altar; same period. + + 636 =The Celebrated Original IRON MAIDEN (Eiserne Jungfrau).= + This terror-inspiring torture instrument is made of strong wood, + bound together with iron bands. Opens with two doors, to allow + the prisoner to be placed inside. The entire interior is fitted + with long, sharp iron spikes, so that, when the doors are + pressed to, the sharp prongs force their way into various + portions of the victim’s body. Two entered his eyes, others + pierced his back, his chest, and, in fact, _impaled_ him alive + in such a manner that he lingered in the most agonizing torture. + When death relieved the poor wretch from his agonies, perhaps + after days, a trap-door in the base was pulled open and the body + was allowed to fall into the moat or river below. Persons were + condemned to death by the embraces of the _Iron Maiden_ for + plots against the governing powers, parricide, religious + unbelief, and murder with attempt against puberty. The date of + this rare specimen is the fifteenth century. + + It is believed that the Iron Maiden is purely and peculiarly a + relic of old Nuremberg, as at that date we do not read of it + anywhere else, whilst the annals of that town contain many + allusions to its terrors. + + We find that in the next (16th) century there was an instrument of + execution in Scotland known as the “Maiden,” but it was + perfectly different to this one, and was really a beheading + block on to which a knife fell from a certain height, and + something after the style of the present guillotine—a much more + merciful and expeditious mode of execution than the slow, cruel, + lingering death above mentioned. As we said in our Preface, the + fiendish ingenuity displayed in inventing terrible torture is in + no instance more in evidence than in the construction of this + relic of ancient Nuremberg, known as “The Iron Maiden.” + + 637 =An Engraving= showing the “Iron Maiden.” + + 638 =An Old Painting= on panel, “Justice,” with the inscription: + + “Gott ist grecht in sainn Gericht drum thu gutts und sündge + nicht.” + + Translation: + + “God’s judgment is aright; do thou good, and sin not.” + + This was fixed over the judge’s seat. + + 639 =Small Panel Painting.= “The Sign of the Ban of Blood,” + showing an axe and a severed hand. + + 640 =A similar Panel.= + + 641 =Stone Tablet=, which hung over the entrance door to the + torture chamber, with the inscription— + + “Atris patratis sunt atra theatra parata.” + + Translation: + + “Dark deeds make dark endings.” + + 642 =A Papal Bull=, dated Rome, 5th February, 1492. Written in + Latin on parchment, giving an authority to the Abbot of St. + Ægidus, in Nuremberg, to hold and constitute Courts of Justice + in that town. + + 643 =A Witch’s Charm=, of lead, with engraved characters and + motto. + + 644 =Wooden Model of the Witch’s Castle=, near Straubing, in + Lower Bavaria; here the notorious Agnes Bernauer was accused of + being a witch, and as such kept until she was drowned in the + Danube. + + 645 =Oil Painting of the Gilder, Erdmann of Nuremberg.= He was + the last man publicly tortured in Nuremberg. After his death he + was found to have been innocent of the crime of theft to which + he had _confessed_ under torture, and in consequence of this + lamentable miscarriage of justice, it was decided that torture + should be forever abolished in the town. + + 646 =Picture of the Guillotine= on wood. + + 647 =A Curious 15th-Century Forerunner of the Mitrailleuse or + Gatling Gun=, constructed so as to fire fifteen balls at one + time; was in those days called a _Hell Machine_, and its use was + forbidden by the International agreement as being outside the + pale of fair warfare. + + 648 =Thumb Instrument, or Press=, with two pressers for thumbs. + + 649 =A Set of Stocks with Wheels=, so that they could be wheeled + about to any part of the city or from town. + + 650 =A Strong Wooden Windlass= for running the victim up to the + ceiling, where he was suspended by the thumb, with weights + attached to his feet. + + 651 =Portrait of Maria Renata, of Wurzburg=, who was the last + woman burnt at the stake in Germany for being suspected of + witchcraft. + + 652 =Oil Painting of a Bavarian Court Jester= who was bricked in + alive, with his hands tied behind him, at the Castle of + Trausnitz, and so left miserably to starve to death. + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 1020._ +] + + + The Collection of Prints and Engravings, + + _Showing the Application of the Various Tortures in Different + Countries._ + + 700 Descriptive account of the capture of the Bavarian robber, + Hiesel. + + 701 Tumult at Middelburg, in Holland. + + 702 Man on stretcher being singed to death. + + 703 Print showing the application of manacles, shackles, etc. + + 704 Portrait of Judica Widman, wife of the executioner of + Nuremberg, 1672. + + 705 Louis XVI. brought back from Varennes to Paris, June 25, + 1791. + + 706 “La malheureuse famille Calas.” + + 707 Dick Turpin and Black Bess. + + 708 The execution of the two famous castle thieves at Berlin, + June 8, 1718. + + 709 The Debtors’ Bridge at Nuremberg, showing debtors’ towers + for males and females, and also a baker being dipped for + fraudulent weights. + + 710 Picture showing a person being branded on back, forehead, + and cheeks. + + 711 Execution at The Hague, 1619. + + 712 Torture and execution of women. + + 713 Three terrible modes of execution. + + 714 Portrait of a Swiss rebel, beheaded near Lucerne in 1653. + + 715 Prisoner chained, and with iron collar. + + 716 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer, the fraudulent Finance + Minister of Würtemberg. + + 717 The same, executed in a cage. + + 718 Wife of Widman, the Nuremberg executioner. + + 719 Execution of Counts Struensee and Brand, Copenhagen, 1772, + and their crests being destroyed by the headsman. + + 720 Arrest of a notorious thief. + + 721 Portrait of Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat. + + 722 Picture of a prisoner in chains. + + 723 A decapitated head exposed on the wheel. + + 724 Execution of two thieves at Hamburg. + + 725 Massacre in the Low Countries. + + 726 Scene during the French Revolution. + + 727 Episodes during the life of Jack Rann. + + 728 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog (colored). + + 729 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, after Guido Reni. + + 730 Sixteen portraits of notorious criminals. + + 731 Portrait of Lieutenant Schiedel, who captured Hiesel. + + 732 The fortress of Hohenstein, where Oppenheimer was + imprisoned. + + 733 Execution in the Low Countries, 1584. + + 734 Execution of Councillor Gosson, at Atrecht (Arras), for not + joining the rebels, October 20, 1578. + + 735 Strangulation of the grand Vizier Cara Mustapha by order of + the Sultan, February, 1684. + + 736 Portrait of Philip Egalité. + + 737 Man being publicly whipped on the stocks. + + 738 Madame Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI. + + 739 Portrait of Johann Beuckels, Provost of Münster, called Jan + Van Leyden. + + 740 Capture of Louis XVI. at Varennes, June 22, 1791. + + 741 Jan Smit, hung by his feet at Haarlem, in 1752. + + 742 Suess Oppenheimer in prison, and his trial. + + 743 Execution of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolean patriot, outside + the walls of Mantua. + + 744 Portrait of Robespierre. + + 745 Portrait of P. Schaeffer. + + 746 Portrait of Anckerström, murderer of the King of Sweden. + + 747 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach, 1567. + + 748 Death of Gustav the Fearless, King of Sweden, at a ball, by + the hand of an assassin, March 16, 1792. + + 749 Portrait of the Count Cagliostro. + + 750 Portrait of the Emperor Joseph II., during whose reign + torture was relinquished in Germany. + + 751 A prisoner suffering the bastinado. + + 752 The man in the iron mask. + + 753 Engraving of a female cheat in Strasburg. + + 754 Showing Algerius, student of Padua, burned at Rome in 1557. + + 755 Execution of Louis XVI. + + 756 Execution of the regicides, Counts Struensee and Brand, at + Copenhagen, April 28, 1772. + + 757 Massacre by the Spaniards in the Low Countries. + + 758 Damien being torn to pieces by four horses; his remains + burnt. + + 759 Terrible massacre at Haarlem after the capture of the town + by the Spaniards, July 13, 1573. + + 760 Portrait of Wiedman, the Nuremberg executioner. + + 761 Henri Masers de Latude, incarcerated during thirty-five + years in different state prisons. + + 762 Portrait of Carl Sand, murderer of Kotzebue. + + 763 A military execution. + + 764 Engraving, showing a man having his eyes burned out. + + 765 Execution of Marie Antoinette on the Place de la Revolution, + October 16, 1793. Her last words were, “Farewell, my children; I + go to rejoin your father.” + + 766 Massacre in the Low Countries by the Spaniards. + + 767 The memorable address of Louis XVI. at the Bar of the + National Convention, December 26, 1792. + + 768 Model of the Bastile. + + 769 A prisoner being led to execution. + + 770 A murderess in prison, in chains. + + 771 Thomas Muncer, preacher, executed at Alstet, Thuringia. + + 772 The robber Hiesel, his son and dog. + + 773 Calas taking leave of his family. + + 774 Bohemian rebel. + + 775 Attempted murder during a public procession. + + 776 Portrait of Jacob Clements, the murderer of Henry III., King + of France, August 1, 1589. + + 777 Execution of eighteen noblemen at Brussels, June 1, 1568, by + order of the Spaniards. + + 778 Four people condemned to be burnt by the Inquisition. + + 779 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser. + + 780 Execution of a general for having given his town over to the + enemy. + + 781 Portrait of Johann de Witt. + + 782 An execution in the interior of a prison. + + 783 Terrible torture of a woman at Maestricht. + + 784 Terrible torture inflicted at Veer, in Zeeland, in 1560. + + 785 Attempt to kill Napoleon I. with an infernal machine, + December 25, 1800. + + 786 The son of Louis XVI. being shown the guillotine. + + 787 Execution of French delinquents for having attempted the + life of Prince of Saxony at Cologne, June 13, 1704. + + 788 Dulcinus and his wife torn limb from limb at Novara, 1308. + + 789 The guillotine. + + 790 Arrest of the rebel, Johann David Miller. + + 791 Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, Baron of Denbigh, Governor + of the Low Countries. + + 792 Portrait of the murderer of P. Forster in prison. + + 793 Count Cajetani tried and executed for alchemistry. + + 794 Portrait of the Duke of Alba. + + 795 Execution of Louis XVI. + + 796 Five views showing the deposition and imprisonment of + Charles I. of England. + + 797 Execution at Buchloe, Bavaria, 1777. + + 798 Drowning and hanging rebels at Bonn, on the Rhine. + + 799 Execution of Counts Egmont and Van Horn, June 5, 1568, at + Brussels. + + 800 Cecilie Renaud arrested at Robespierre’s house in 1794. + + 801 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer. + + 802 Hiesel’s attempt to escape from prison. + + 803 Engraving showing twenty-four criminals, some handcuffed, + some with shackles, some with jougs. + + 804 Allegorical picture, “The Angel Delivering Man from Satan’s + Influence.” + + 805 A culprit being exposed in a cage. + + 806 Cruelties by the Spaniards in the Netherlands. + + 807 A female fortune-teller paraded through the streets of + Nuremberg in 1801. + + 808 The Duc de Nemours in prison. + + 809 The Duke of Orleans, Philip Egalité. + + 810 Drowning of French subjects in the Loire by order of + Carrier, 1793. + + 811 The Duke of Alba treacherously summons Counts Van Horn and + Egmont, and has them seized. + + 812 Rebels being led to execution. + + 813 Portraits of three Frankfort rebels. + + 814 Lucretia Grenville, who attempted Cromwell’s life. + + 815 The wounded Robespierre being carried into the vestry-room + of the Committee of Public Safety. + + 816 Execution of rebels in front of Town Hall at Leipsic. + + 817 A famous robber and his gang being taken to prison. + + 818 The Spanish auto-da-fé. + + 819 Hungarian preachers sent to the galleys in 1674. + + 820 Attempt on the life of Joseph I., King of Portugal, and + execution of the plotters, in 1759. + + 821 Execution in London, subject unknown. + + 822 Various modes of execution. + + 823 Showing various executions. + + 824 Ann Hendricks, burned at Amsterdam, 1571. + + 825 A public execution. + + 826 Scenes in the life of a noted criminal. + + 827 Twelve portraits of notorious criminals. + + 828 Prisoners at work. + + 829 Assassination of Prince of Orange, March 15, 1582. + + 830 The death of Kotzebue. + + 831 Portrait of Wilhelm von Grumpach. + + 832 Attack on the village of Jonckersdorff, near Cologne. + + 833 Execution at Frankfort, 1616. + + 834 Public execution of a woman at Ansbach. + + 835 Print showing Suess Oppenheimer in cage (colored). + + 836 Kaspar Hauser’s grave at Ansbach, with poem. + + 837 Execution of six persons, Vohlau, in 1661. + + 838 The brothers de Witt, executed and mutilated. + + 839 Pouring boiling oil down prisoners’ throats at Poitou, in + 1685. + + 840 Louis XVI. and his family. + + 841 Arrest of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes, and his band. + + 842 Episodes of the murder of the Mayor of Liège by Count + Varfuse. + + 843 Portraits of plotters against William of Orange of England, + and history of the plot. + + 844 Execution of Cajetani at Custrin, in Pomerania, 1709. + + 845 Engraving showing the execution of the Duke of Monmouth, on + Tower Hill, July, 1685; and in the same frame the execution of + the Marchioness of Brinvilliers. + + 846 Scenes during the Rebellion at Mastricht, 1576. + + 847 Portrait of Kohler, who was executed for blasphemy. + + 848 Portrait of Frederick van der Trenck. + + 849 Colored engraving showing the landing of Murat, King of + Naples, at Pizzo, October 8, 1815. + + 850 Portrait of Stortzenbecher, Hamburg pirate, who was + executed. + + 851 Execution of the robber Hiesel. + + 852 The brothers Bigedini, tortured and afterwards executed at + Mantua for high treason. + + 853 Revolution at Vincennes, February 28, 1791. + + 854 Cruelties inflicted by President Massaut at Niort in 1664. + + 855 Portrait of the Countess Valois de la Motte. + + 856 Execution in Brabant, 1570. + + 857 Suess Oppenheimer being escorted to the place of execution. + + 858 A meeting of the French revolutionary party in Paris, 1793. + + 859 Portrait of Roesner, and his execution. + + 860 Burning and torture of Jews in Vienna, 1642. + + 861 Showing a prisoner in chains. + + 862 Louis XVI. being led to execution, accompanied by his + Confessor, Edgeworth. + + 863 Engraving showing various vices and their resulting + punishments. In this print will be seen many of the instruments + of torture as described in this Catalogue. + + 864 Human sacrifice in the East. + + 865 Execution of Louis XVI., January 21, 1793, whose last words + were, “I die innocent of the crimes of which I am accused. I + never wished anything beyond the happiness of my people, and my + dying prayer is that Heaven may forgive them my death.” + + 866 J. B. Ziermann, a notorious murderer, executed at + Rudolstadt, May 29, 1767. + + 867 Jean, a merchant at Cordova, led about with his face turned + to an ass’s tail, and then burnt in 850. + + 868 The drowning of Marie de Monjou, 1552. + + 869 Trial and execution of Roessner at Thorn, in Prussia. + + 870 Camille Desmoulins preaching revolution, July 12, 1789. + + 871 Excesses by the Spaniards in the Low Countries. + + 872 Execution at Prague in 1621. + + 873 Man confronted by a murderer. + + 874 Episodes in the life of Hiesel. + + 875 Engraving showing prisoners secured in various ways in a + prison cell. + + 876 Execution of Edward Digby, Thomas Winter, and others, in + London, 1606. + + 877 Arnoldus, reader at Brixen, burned as a heretic at Rome, + 1145. + + 878 Bird’s-eye view of the Chateau de Vincennes, where the + Prince de Conti and others were arrested. + + 879 Hiesel being conducted to the court-house. + + 880 Interior of the State Prison in Venice. + + 881 Charles VI. orders the dishonorer of his wife to be sewn up + in a sack and thrown into the river. + + 882 Execution of the Gunpowder Plot criminals in London. + + 883 Suess Oppenheimer in a cage surrounded by spectators. + + 884 Portrait of John George Wogaz, a notorious thief, who stole, + in October, 1788, valuable pictures from the Dresden Gallery. + + 885 Plan of the old torture prison in Nuremberg. + + 886 Execution of Sand at Mannheim, 1820. + + 887 Execution at Berlin, June 8, 1718. + + 888 Massacre of the Huguenots. + + 889 An Englishman, John Brett, burnt at Antwerp, after having + had his tongue torn out, 1576. + + 890 Massacre in Ireland about 1644. + + 891 Terrible torture at Antwerp, 1576. + + 892 Robber being broken on the wheel. + + 893 Engraving showing a man being stoned to death. + + 894 George Wanger, beheaded at Brixen, 1591. + + 895 The whipping of a woman. + + 896 Portrait of Suess Oppenheimer and his mistress. + + 897 Portrait of Beatrice de Cenci, with inscription. + + 898 Murder at Stettin, scene of the murder, and culprit in + prison. + + 899 Portrait of Cartouche, his imprisonment and execution. + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 1017._ +] + + 900 A letter from the Vehmgericht, dated 1509, with seal and + coat-of-arms, inviting Heyntz Kone to come before the judgment, + addressed thus: + + “Ane Heyntz Kone komme diesse Brieff Dissen brieff sol + niemandt vffthun lessen odder horen lessen er sy dan eyn echt + recht freyscheffe des heimlich freyen Gerichts.” + + (“This letter is for Heyntz Kone; no one must open it, hear + it, or read it, but this is a real free letter of the secret + free judgment.”) + + 901 Engraving showing the use of the antique blunderbuss (see + torture instruments). + + 902 Portrait of Widman, the headsman of Nuremberg. + + 903 Execution of rebels at Frankfort, 1616. + + 904 Execution at Prague, June, 1621. + + 905 Engraving showing man being roasted to death. + + 906 Parricide having his hands cut off and then executed. + + 907 Sacking of a Dutch town, and torture of the inhabitants. + + 908 A notorious robber and his boy being examined before the + judge. + + 909 Murder of General Wallenstein, Duke of Friedland, at Eger, + 1634. + + 910 Colored print of Hiesel and his boy and dog. + + 911 Public exposure of a murderer outside the Town Hall at + Nuremberg. + + 912 Attack on the Prince of Orange at Delft, July 10, 1584. + + 913 Persecution of the Protestant Ministers in Hungary, 1674. + + 914 A woman being buried alive at Brussels, 1597. + + 915 Portrait of Damien, “the greatest monster on earth,” + murderer of Henri Quatre. + + 916 An engraving, showing man being flogged. + + 917 Murder of a Burgomaster. + + 918 Imprisonment and execution of Brothers Rennebaum. + + 919 Episodes in the life of Hiesel. + + 920 Female accused of arson, in prison. + + 921 Portrait of Widman, Nuremberg executioner, born 1675. + + 922 James Bolland, executed for forgery. + + 923 Murder of Marat by Charlotte Corday, July 13, 1793. + + 924 Portraits of Mme. de Brinvilliers and another. + + 925 Louis XVI. taking leave of his family. + + 926 View of the State Prison in Venice. + + 927 Portrait of the head of a gypsy band who was executed on the + wheel in 1733. + + 928 Execution of Gray and Baxter at Whitehall. + + 929 Schinder Hannes, his wife, and child. + + 930 Beginning of the French revolution, first emeute in Faubourg + St. Antoine. + + 931 A celebrated robber discovered hiding in a beer-barrel. + + 932 Burning of the town of Ulm by the French, with map of the + district. + + 933 Portrait of the French General Melac, who devastated + Germany. + + 934 Conspirators against the King of Portugal. + + 935 Tortures inflicted on the Swiss by applying red-hot irons to + their hands, in 1214. + + 936 Execution of a woman in London, subject unknown. + + 937 Execution at The Hague. + + 938 Heinrich Emkens being burned to death with lighted straw at + Utrecht in 1562. + + 939 Criminals being whipped and otherwise tortured, previous to + being burned to death, at Bruges. + + 940 Burning of criminals at Ghent, 1578. + + 941 Portrait and execution of Count of Tattenbach, executed at + Gratz, in Styria, December 1, 1671. + + 942 The fortress of Hohenstein prison, of Würtemberg. + + 943 Public exposure of a perjurer at Augsburg. + + 944 The son of Louis XVI. executed before the eyes of his + father. + + 945 Portraits of five female criminals. + + 946 Portrait of Karl Ludwig Sand. + + 947 Prisoner in chains. + + 948 The Bavarian robber, Toni, in prison, 1786. + + 949 Damien chained to his iron bed on which he was carried to + the judgment-chamber, and on which he could be tortured without + being released. + + 950 Portrait of Jan van Leyden. + + 951 Portrait of a notorious malefactor. + + 952 John Grosch, handcuffed in prison. + + 953 Geleyn Cornelius, hung by his thumb, with weights to his + feet, afterwards burnt, 1572. + + 954 Henry II. of England doing penance at Thomas-à-Beckett’s + grave. + + 955 Engraving showing an execution block in Rome. + + 956 Punishments in the early Middle Ages. + + 957 A notorious criminal being exhibited in a cage. + + 958 View of the dungeon where the torture instruments were + exhibited at the Royal Castle of Nuremberg. + + 959 Capture of a notorious criminal. + + 960 Scene at a public execution. + + 961 Capture of rebels. + + 962 Engraving showing Sand in prison. + + 963 Death of General Dillon at Lille, April 29, 1792. + + 964 Execution of a general at Innsbrück. + + 965 Hiesel at a country inn. + + 966 Murder at an inn at Nuremberg. + + 967 Execution of two thieves outside the castle at Berlin. + + 968 Public exposure of a perjurer previous to his being + guillotined. + + 969 Portrait of Mary Lafarge. + + 970 Engraving showing man stretched perpendicularly, and being + flayed alive. + + 971 Showing man being stretched on stretching bench preparatory + to flogging. + + 972 Interior of a prison, and various punishments. + + 973 A prisoner being visited by priests. + + 974 An execution on the wheel. + + 975 Three martyrs sewn in sacks and drowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, + 1560. + + 976 The arrest of a woman by an officer of police. + + 977 Execution of De Previl at Arras. + + 978 A group of martyrs being burned at Salzburg, 1528. + + 979 Execution of about 350 persons near Mayence, by order of the + Crown, and various modes of death, 1529. + + 980 Origines tortured at Alexandria in the year 254. + + 981 Fearful cruelties perpetrated in the Netherlands by the Duke + of Alba, 1567. + + 982 Sacking of a town and massacre of the inhabitants. + + 983 Executions in Hungary. + + 984 Portrait of a murderer at Munich. + + 985 Runck, the dishonest keeper of the royal castle at Berlin. + + 986 Portrait of John Christopher Neumann, thief and son of + thievish parents. + + 987 Female convicted of arson, in chains. + + 988 Death of Robespierre. + + 989 Portrait of the famous robber, Schinder Hannes. + + 990 The prisoner of Chillon. + + 991 Engraving of a token of Charles I. of England. + + 992 Portrait of Thomas Moore. + + 993 Simon, guardian of the Bastille. + + 994 Portrait of Count Struensee, murderer of the King of + Denmark. + + 995 Portrait of William, Earl of Kilmarnock, beheaded in London, + August 29, 1746. + + 996 Peasants measuring a matrimonial yoke. + + 997 Titus Oates in the Pillory. + + 998 Portrait of Christian Müller, of Stolpe. + + 999 Portrait of Egmont. + + 1000 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh, beheaded in London, + November 19, 1618. + + 1001 Print showing the application of the iron Joug. The Joug of + St. Goar on the Rhine. + + 1002 Portrait of Mary Queen of Scots. + + 1003 “Le Temple,” the celebrated prison of Louis XVI. + + 1004 Portrait of Kaspar Müller, called “Gallows Kaspar.” + + 1005 Berend Knipperdolling, Provost of Münster, in Westphalia. + + 1006 Prisoner chained with belt, handcuffs, etc. + + 1007 Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk. + + 1008 The Bridge of Sighs, at Venice. + + 1009 Erdmann, who was innocently tortured in Nuremberg. + + 1010 Portrait of Thomas, Count Amalfi, the Neapolitan rebel. + + 1011 Portrait of the son and successor of the Nuremberg + executioner, Widman. + + 1012 Portrait of Kaspar Hauser. + + 1013 Portrait of Eppelein von Gailingen, the famous bandit who + jumped on horseback from the walls of the Castle of Nuremberg. + + 1014 Scene at a public execution. + + 1015 Showing male and female prisoners at work, each one wearing + a neck or head iron with bell (see No. 23). + + 1016 Curious old print showing various modes of torture, men + being flogged, flayed, hanged, burned, broken on the wheel, + etc., etc., and with following motto: “Scopus Legis est aut ut + eu que punit emendet, aut poena eius caeteros melliores reddet + aut sublatis malis caeteri securiores vivat.” + + 1017 Engraving showing metal bull being heated, preparatory to + placing Christian martyrs inside to be roasted to death. + + 1018 Perspective showing the buildings of the Schwabach prison + and torture-house, with man receiving the bastinado. + + 1019 Regulus being headed into a barrel with spiked nails, + preparatory to being rolled down a hill. + + 1020 Engraving showing the execution of a famous robber band, + some being hanged, broken on the wheel, and the chief being + decapitated. + + NOTE.—The following twenty-nine engravings are taken from the + celebrated Torture Law-book, “Constitutio Criminalis + Theresiana,” which book contains the series of laws passed by + the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, etc., etc., and dated + Vienna, the last day of December, 1768. It appears that up to + this date torture could be inflicted at the will and decree of + any governor of a province, judge, or feudal lord. The Empress, + however, determined that laws should be passed not only limiting + these powers, but minutely detailing the various crimes for + which torture was to be allowed, the mode and form in which it + was to be applied, and giving drawings, diagrams, and + descriptions of the instruments to be used, as follows: + + 1021 The thumbscrew, its application and directions for use. + + 1022 Diagram showing formation of the thumbscrew. + + 1023 Showing how the thumbs should be placed when applying the + thumbscrew. + + 1024 Showing prisoners under the torture of the thumbscrew. + + 1025 The punishment of the cord, showing the formation and + appearance of the binding-cord. + + 1026 Showing the application of the cord, with diagram of the + human arm under the infliction of the torture of the + binding-cord. + + 1027 The arms bound together with the cord. + + 1028 Showing the stretching ladder, with details as to binding + the prisoner preparatory to being stretched. + + 1029 Prisoner bound on stretching ladder, with winding apparatus + for stretching him. + + 1030 Another diagram of the stretching ladder, with prisoner + being stretched. + + 1031 Showing the formation of the bundle of candles used for + burning portions of the condemned’s body while on the stretching + ladder. + + 1032 Prisoner undergoing the torture of burning while on the + stretching ladder. + + 1033 Three engravings showing the formation of the Spanish boot + (see No. 322), with diagrams giving mode of application. + + 1034 Prisoner undergoing the torture of the Spanish boot. + + 1035 Four engravings showing the thumb-presser, its formation + and application. + + 1036 Three illustrations giving details of bench or seat on + which victim was laid or sat preparatory to being bound, with + diagram showing the hands fastened together. + + 1037 Four illustrations showing wheel and hoist with which the + condemned was raised, giving also particulars of weights which + were to be attached to his feet, and diagram of man being so run + up. + + 1037a Three illustrations of the spiked shinbone pressers, their + formation and use. + + + The Collection of Engravings and Prints, + + _Showing the Old Town of Nuremberg, its Surroundings, Customs + and Costumes._ + + 1038 Public shooting competition in Nuremberg, in 1614, and + procession attending it. + + 1039 Church of the bare-footed monks as it was before the fire + in 1671. + + 1040 Soldiers entering the old town. + + 1041 The former fortress of Lichtenau, near Nuremberg. + + 1042 The square near the Neuenthor, Nuremberg. + + 1043 View of the Castle Grünsberg, near Nuremberg. + + 1044 View looking towards the hospital gate at Nuremberg. + + 1045 Festival of cross-bow men at Nuremberg. + + 1046 View of the Frauenthor at Nuremberg. + + 1047 Front view of the Nuremberg Arsenal. + + 1048 The house of the ancient family of Von Grundherr in 1356. + + 1049 View of the five-cornered tower of the Castle of Nuremberg. + + 1050 Encampment of the Franconian troops outside Nuremberg in + 1793. + + 1051 View of Nuremberg Castle, on ascending the hill. + + 1052 Encampment of French troops near Nuremberg in 1796. + + 1053 Nuremberg beadle in old costume. + + 1054 The Frauenthor at Nuremberg. + + 1055 View of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg. + + 1056 Armored Knight on horseback, 16th century. + + 1057 Pencil-drawing of the Rosenau at Nuremberg. + + 1058 View of the Castle. + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalog, No. 971._ +] + + 1059 View of same from another aspect. + + 1060 View of the town from the Wortherthor. + + 1061 Views of the St. Egidus Church and School in 1696. + + 1062 View of the town after the burning of the above church, + 1696. + + 1063 Nuremberger Militiamen in 1803. + + 1064 The Church of Our Lady at Nuremberg. + + 1065 Burning of Ulm in 1688. + + 1066 Jollification of peasantry at a fair. + + 1067 Public games at Nuremberg, fencing, etc., etc. + + 1068 Carthusian Chapel. + + 1069 St. Walburgi’s Church. + + 1070 The gate of the Castle. + + 1071 View of Nuremberg and poetic description of same. + + 1072 View of Gostenhof, suburb of Nuremberg. + + 1073 The Cemetery of St. John, near Nuremberg. + + 1074 View in the Büchenglingen wood, near Nuremberg, and public + entertainments therein. + + 1075 The hotel of the Golden Goose, formerly the house-of-call + of the royal mails, date 1701. + + 1076 A member of the legal profession in olden times. + + 1077 The Cloister Church in Nuremberg. + + 1078 Conrad Fürleger, governor of the town fortress in 1679. + + 1079 Portrait of Nicolas Muffel, Senator, born 1410, died 1469. + + 1080 View of the Pfalzgrafenstube at Nuremberg. + + 1081 View of Town and Castle. + + 1082 The annual festivities of the Guild of Fishermen. + + 1083 Undertakers of the olden times. + + 1084 Castle Hiltpoltstein, near Nuremberg. + + 1085 View of the Castle from the cemetery. + + 1086 Fire at the Church of St. Egidus. + + 1087 Panoramic view of a procession of soldiers marching from + the Arsenal to the Castle. + + 1088 A series of eight colored prints showing the following + ceremonies: 1. Procession of foundlings on St. John’s Day. 2. + Annual Christmas fair. 3. Carol singers. 4. Councillors + inspecting the bread. 5. Examination of the children in the + churches. 6. Proclamation of the Easter fair. 7. Ceremony of + proclaiming the freedom of the city. 8. The drummers beating in + the New Year. + + 1089 The Church of St. Leonard, 1612. + + 1090 View from the old Town Hall, 1614. + + 1091 The prison at Bamberg, where witches were incarcerated. + + 1092 Plan showing the position of the Swedish troops before + Nuremberg in 1632. + + 1093 Festivities of the Butchers’ Guild. + + 1094 View of the hospital gate. + + 1095 Explosion of the Nuremberg powder mill, 1766. + + 1096 The grand hall of the Rathhaus. + + 1097 The inner courtyard of the Castle of Nuremberg, showing + Queen Cunnigunde’s lime tree. + + 1098 A set of four costume engravings. + + 1099 View of the fortifications of the town. + + 1100 Three hawkers of the olden time. + + 1101 Panoramic view of the town, 1599. + + 1102 The Castle of Rotheberg, three miles from Nuremberg, date + 1793. + + 1103 The Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth, near Nuremberg, + built in 838. + + 1104 The Mayor, attended by Councillors, going to the Town Hall. + + 1105 Colored view of the Castle towards the west. + + 1106 The White Tower, 1701. + + 1107 Ascent of the aëronaut Blanchart on November 16, 1787. + Colored print. + + 1108 Picture showing condemned wine, seized and taken towards + the river by the authorities. + + 1109 Winter festival, sledge drive given by the Mayor of + Nuremberg, in honor of Count Stolberg, in 1763. + + 1110 The band of the Militia in early times. + + 1111 Procession of the German Emperor Leopold, attended by the + patricians of the town, 1658. + + 1112 A Nuremberg patrician and attendant going to the Council in + 1620. + + 1113 View from the wooden bridge over the Pegnitz. + + 1114 Parade of the Royal Bavarian National Guard at Nuremberg in + 1812. + + 1115 The Landauer Chapel, 1700. + + 1116 View of St. Jobst in 1702. + + 1117 View over the Pegnitz, the debtor’s bridge. + + 1118 The fruit market. + + 1119 Four engravings of costumes. + + 1120 Annual meeting of the crack shots. + + 1121 St. Moritz Chapel, with funeral procession. + + 1122 View of St. Jobst, near Nuremberg. + + 1123 A bridegroom and bride of the nobility. + + 1124 Very old view of Nuremberg Castle. + + 1125 View of the Haller Gate, with two bridges over the Pegnitz, + in 1693. + + 1126 The Franciscan Church in 1126. + + 1127 The meat market in Nuremberg in 1680. + + 1128 View from the Castle. + + 1129 View from the bridges. + + 1130 Personifications of various Nuremberg slang terms. + + 1131 Same. + + 1132 View of an overflow of the river. + + 1133 Ruins of the Emperor Charles’s Chapel at Fuerth. + + 1134 Colored print showing eight different grades of inhabitants + of Nuremberg. + + 1135 The town-crier and his attendants. + + 1136 The Hallerthor at Nuremberg, from the exterior. + + 1137 Pencil-sketch view of town. + + 1138 The sentinel on the ramparts. + + 1139 Another view of the old lime-tree at Nuremberg. + + 1140 The Church of St. John. + + 1141 Procession and entry of the Emperor Joseph in 1704. + + 1142 View of Nuremberg near the park gate. + + 1143 The water-gate at Nuremberg. + + 1144 The hostelry of the Red Horse in 1701. + + 1145 View of the Sophia spring at Grünsberg. + + 1146 Foundations of old buildings. + + 1147 Procession of the Guild of Clothworkers in 1722. + + 1148 Entry of the German Emperor, Matthias I., 1612. + + 1149 View of the Castle towards the town. + + 1150 Winter diversions near Nuremberg. + + 1151 Nuremberg female peasant, 1701. + + 1152 Same, with rain cloth, 1701. + + 1153 A lady of rank walking, 1701. + + 1154 Great banquet in Town Hall at Nuremberg to celebrate the + peace of 1649. + + 1155 Plans showing town and neighborhood. + + 1156 Guild procession in 1687. + + 1157 The entrance gate at St. Peter. + + 1158 A Town Councillor. + + 1159 A merchant. + + 1160 Attendant at funerals. + + 1161 A bridegroom of the Patrician order. + + 1162 A battle near Nuremberg in 1657. + + 1163 Nuremberg star singers. + + 1164 Drummers. + + 1165 A Patrician bride. + + 1166 A jester. + + 1167 Characteristic impersonations of Nuremberg terms. + + 1168 A bird’s-eye view of Nuremberg, 15th century. + + 1169 Distribution of presents from the windows of the Town Hall. + + 1170 View of the Park. + + 1171 The Fortress of Nuremberg, looking west. + + 1172 View from the Lauferthor. + +[Illustration: + + _See Catalogue, No. 939._ +] + + 1173 The corn market. + + 1174 Competition of cross-bowmen in 1768. + + 1175 View outside the Nuremberg Town Hall on the occasion of + paying homage to Charles VI., on January 18, 1712. + + 1176 View of Nuremberg, with key to buildings, etc. + + 1177 Curious building at Nuremberg in 1646. + + 1178 Twelve ancient costume pictures in one frame, with poetic + inscriptions. + + 1179 Four large colored views of the different gates of + Nuremberg. + + 1180 Post at St. Rochus. + + 1181 View of Nuremberg Castle. + + 1182 An inviter to a wedding and a toast-master. + + 1183 Four female costumes. + + 1184 A peasant and his family on the way to church. + + 1185 View of the Town Hall from St. Sebald. + + 1186 Inundations at Nuremberg, 1784; water-color drawing by + Prasch. + + 1187 The chimney sweeps’ (of Nuremberg) annual outing. + + 1188 Plan of a fortification of Nuremberg. + + 1189 Twenty characteristic engravings of Nuremberg slang terms. + + 1190 View of Charles’s Chapel, with four saints. + + 1191 Procession of the old Guilds, the Tapemakers and + Bellfounders. + + 1192 Overflow of the Pegnitz in February, 1784. + + 1193 View of the Laufergasse in Nuremberg. + + 1194 Three clergymen in ancient costumes. + + 1195 A Nuremberg peasant. + + 1196 View from the Castle. + + 1197 View from the river island at Nuremberg. + + 1198 View of the Castle Courtyard. + + 1199 Procession of the Guild of the Turners on September 21, + 1700. + + 1200 Twenty-four characteristic skits of Nuremberg. + + 1201 Perspective view of the Rathhaus, with burgomaster and + councillors. + + 1202 A Nuremberg market woman. + + 1203 Four processions of the Guilds of Compassmakers in 1688. + + 1204 A Jewess going to the Synagogue. + + 1205 A Nuremberg clergyman. + + 1206 A Jew going to the Synagogue. + + 1207 A view of Stein, near Nuremberg. + + 1208 The annual lottery in the Rathhaus. + + 1209 View from the Lauferthor. + + 1210 Very curious work done by Johann Leonard Tauber at + Nuremberg in 1752, being a representation of a ball and cross + (Reichsapfel), all composed of the six degrees of the Christian + faith, Luther’s catechism with explanation, the morning and + evening prayers, and a great many other portions of Holy Writ, + all written with pen and ink. In the rose alone is the Lord’s + Prayer entire. This can all be distinctly read with a magnifying + glass. + + 1211 Two colored engravings—the bridegroom and two pages, the + bride and two Town Councillors. + + 1212 The Poet’s Wood, near Nuremberg. + + 1213 The five-cornered tower. + + 1214 Two views of St. Moritz’s Chapel, one as in 1300 and one as + in 1313. + + 1215 Pencil-drawing of General Tilly, commander of Imperial + troops at Nuremberg, 1634. + + 1216 The gymnasium with gymnastic performances. + + 1217 The St. Margaret’s Chapel in the Castle. + + 1218 Procession of Sausagemakers, an antique usage in early + times, 1658. + + 1219 The Observatory at Nuremberg, 1716. + + 1220 The Engelthal Convent, near Nuremberg. + + 1221 The famous lime-tree. + + 1222 The fort of Reicheneck, near Nuremberg. + + 1223 Water-color, showing the Thiergaertnerthor. + + 1224 Water-color, the Lauferthor. + + 1225 Ditto, the Hospitalthor. + + 1226 Ditto, the Neuethor. + + 1227 Ditto, the Wördterthor. + + 1228 Ditto, the Frauenthor. + + 1229 View of a square in Nuremberg. + + 1230 A similar view. + + 1231 Lawelshof, a suburb of Nuremberg. + + 1232 A colored plan of the encampment of Swedish troops before + Nuremberg, 1632. + + 1233 A dedication on the 100th jubilee of the cross-bowmen in + 1782. + + 1234 View of Town Hall, 1671. + + 1235 A miracle outside the five-cornered tower in 1631. + + 1236 Burning of the Church of St. Laurence. + + 1237 View of Betzenstein, near Nuremberg. + + 1237a A Nuremberg mouse-trap dealer. + + 1238 The burg from the east side. + + 1239 Colored prints, outside suburbs of Nuremberg. + + 1240 The Cemetery of St. Rochius. + + 1241 The Haymarket in Nuremberg, 1701. + + 1242 A town singer. + + 1243 Entrance to a pleasure-garden in the Park. + + 1244 View of a pleasure-garden. + + 1245 The St. Augustin Convent. + + 1246 Plan of the floods, showing height of waters in 1595 and + 1784. + + 1247 St. Martha’s Church. + + 1248 Inspection of the bakeries by the Commission. + + 1249 The fishermen’s competition on the river. + + 1250 The junior burgomaster on his way to town. + + 1251 The summoning officer and his attendants. + + 1252 Three judicial officials. + + 1253 Two Nuremberg girls in costume, with poetic description. + + 1254 A guild’s procession. + + 1255 View of the Spittlerthor and Arsenal. + + 1256 Large view of Nuremberg, with key, after Lorenz Strauch. + + 1257 Battle between French and Austrians outside Nuremberg in + 1800. + + 1258 Murder of two young Viscounts of Nuremberg. + + 1259 The Twelve Carthusian Brothers. + + 1260 Street scene in Nuremberg. + + 1261 Old view. + + 1262 Costumes of the 17th century. + + 1263 Pencil-drawing of one of the gates. + + 1264 The great market and beautiful fountain. + + 1265 Road leading to the Castle. + + 1266 Funeral of a Nuremberg Patrician, 1794. + + 1267 A wedding at home amongst the nobility. + + 1268 The five-cornered tower. + + 1269 A similar view. + + 1270 Departure of the French in 1801. + + 1271 View from the Lauferthor, looking towards the Woertherthor. + + 1272 View near the Neuethor. + + 1273 View on the frozen river, with skating. + + 1274 View of the large bronze fountain, by George Schweigger, in + 1660. + + 1275 Exhibition of relics at Easter. + + 1276 View of the town in 1511. + + 1277 Chase of a thief or beggar. + + 1278 Siewel tower of Nuremberg. + + 1279 View of the burg. + + 1280 A Nuremberg toast-master. + + 1281 The Fleischbrücke. + + 1282 St. Nicholas Chapel. + + 1283 The fruit-market in 1725. + + 1284 The Castle looking north. + + 1285 Street in Nuremberg, towards the Spittlerthor. + + 1286 Pen-and-ink drawing, view of the town. + + 1287 Large view, with key. + + 1288 Hostelry or house of call for merchants from Leipzig fair, + and where the Customs examination took place. + + 1289 The Fleischbrücke, looking towards the Castle. + + 1290 A view of the Castle. + + 1291 Counting-house of the firm of Bestelmayer. + + 1292 Nuremberg Councillors going to church after the election of + Emperor Leopold II. as Romish Emperor of Germany, 1790. + + 1293 The Nuremberg Patricians. + + 1294 The wheat brewery. + + 1295 A milk-seller. + + 1296 St. Walburgi’s Church. + + 1297 Isle of Nuremberg and riding-school. + + 1298 View on a lake near Nuremberg. + + 1299 Two foundling children. + + 1300 The Judenbüler postern. + + 1301 View after the battle between Austrians and French, outside + Nuremberg, in 1800. + + 1302 The town-jester. + + 1303 Interior of the armory, 1728. + + 1304 Fishing on the Dutzenteich. + + 1305 A female going on sentry duty. + + 1306 The fencing-school. + + 1307 The sport of bull-fighting, 1795. + + 1308 Imperial troops before Nuremberg, 1785. + + 1309 Old house near the Castle. + + 1310 The French troops leaving Nuremberg in 1796. + + 1311 View of the Lauferthor. + + 1312 Large interior of St. Lorenz Church, 1696. + + 1313 Large interior of St. Sebaldus Church, 1693. + + 1314 Burning of a water-mill. + + 1315 Interior of the opera-house. + + 1316 The island of the Pegnitz. + + 1317 Fisherman’s hut near the lake. + + 1318 The Pellerhaus. + + 1319 Public gardens. + + 1320 Colored print of the five-cornered tower of the Castle of + Nuremberg. + + 1321 Large wooden coat-of-arms which hung outside the gate of + the Castle of Nuremberg while the town was under the dominion of + Austria. + + 1322 Cherry-stone, on which are minutely and exquisitely carved + 113 eminently characteristic heads of emperors, princes, popes, + and other historical persons. Highly interesting and unique + specimen, the masterpiece of the celebrated Nuremberg carver, + PETER FLOETNER, who lived there in the early part of the + sixteenth century. It is specially mentioned in JOHANN + NEUDORFFER’S book on Nuremberg artists, and was formerly in the + collection of Art Treasures at Bayreuth Castle, the ancient seat + of the Margraves of Brandenburg. + + 1323 Oil-painting. View of Nuremberg. + + 1324 Oil-painting. View near Nuremberg. Winter scene. + + 1325 Oil-painting. Map of Nuremberg, period of the thirty years’ + war. + +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES + + + ● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained. + ● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. + ● Enclosed bold font in =equals=. + ● Images without captions use HTML alt text. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78950 *** |