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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/78196-0.txt b/78196-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..113606d --- /dev/null +++ b/78196-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2158 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 *** + + + + + LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1259 + Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius + + A Dictionary of + Geographical Names + + Compiled by Leo Markun + + + HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS + GIRARD, KANSAS + + + + + Copyright, 1927, + Haldeman-Julius Company + + + PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + + + +A DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES + + +_Aachen._ The ancient Aquisgranum, in French: Aix-la-Chapelle. A city +of Rhenish Prussia, Germany. Formerly the capital of Charlemagne and +Pepin the Little. + +_Aar._ A Swiss river. + +_Aargau._ In French: Argovie. A canton of Switzerland. + +_Aberdeen._ Old city of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Now an important +manufacturing center. + +_Aberdeen_ or _Aberdeenshire_. A Scottish county. + +_Aboukir_ or _Abukir_. Village fifteen miles from Alexandria, Egypt. +In Abukir Bay was fought the Battle of the Nile, in which Nelson won a +great victory. + +_Abydos._ An ancient town on the Hellespont (Dardanelles). More +frequently, an Egyptian city near the western bank of the Nile, no +longer in existence. + +_Abyssinia._ Independent state in Africa, governed by a monarch. + +_Acadia._ In French: Acadie. Former name of Nova Scotia. + +_Achaia._ Northern coast of the Peloponnesus or a district in Thessaly, +in ancient times. The whole of southern Greece as a Roman province. + +_Acre._ City in Beirut Vilayet, Syria. Important in the Crusades. + +_Actium._ Promontory in Acarnania, at entrance to the Ambracian Gulf, +where Augustus gained a great victory over Antony and Cleopatra. + +_Adelaide._ Capital of South Australia, important commercial center. + +_Aden._ British fortified settlement and coaling station in Arabia. + +_Adirondacks._ Mountains in northern New York, part of the Appalachian +system. + +_Adrianople._ Anciently, Hadrianopolis or Adrianopolis, the city of +Hadrian. City in Turkey, once the capital of the Ottoman Empire. + +_Adriatic._ Sea, branch of Mediterranean, east of Italy. + +_Aegean._ Sea, between Mediterranean and Sea of Marmora, between Greece +and Asia Minor. + +_Afghanistan._ Country in Asia, north and west of India. + +_Africa._ Continent, connected with Asia by a small strip of land (cut +by Suez Canal) and separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea. +Northern Africa was known to the ancients, but Europeans have only +lately learned to know the southern part and the interior well. Most of +Africa is occupied by European colonies. Area, 11,608,000 sq. mi. + +_Aisne._ River in northern France. Battlefield in Great War. Department +of France. + +_Aix-la-Chapelle._ See Aachen. + +_Ajaccio._ Capital of Corsica, birthplace of Napoleon. + +_Alaska._ Territory of U. S., in northwestern part of North America. + +_Alba Longa._ Most ancient town in Latium, near Rome. Destroyed by +Tullius Hostilius. + +_Albania._ Ancient country east of Iberia. Country in the Balkans. + +_Albany._ Capital of New York. Name of various other cities and towns, +mostly in U. S. River in Ontario. + +_Albion._ Old name for England. + +_Albuquerque._ City in New Mexico. City in Philippines. + +_Aleppo._ City in Syria, controlled by French. + +_Alexandria._ Several cities founded by Alexander the Great bore this +name. Old capital of Egypt, now an important seaport. Ancient cities +near Troy, at entrance of Syria, at the mouth of the Tigris. Modern +cities in Virginia, in Rumania. + +_Algeria._ French colony in northern Africa. + +_Algiers._ In French: Alger. Capital of Algeria, important seaport. + +_Alps._ Mountain system in Europe. + +_Alsace-Lorraine._ Region long disputed between France and Germany. +These provinces are now French. + +_America._ Two continents, North and South America. The New World. + +_Amiens._ French city with a celebrated cathedral. + +_Amsterdam._ The most important city of the Netherlands. A great +seaport. + +_Amu Darya._ River in central Asia. + +_Anatolia._ Asia Minor, part of Turkey. + +_Andes._ Mountain system in the western part of South America. + +_Andorra._ Semi-independent republic in the Pyrenees, controlled by +France. The language is Catalan. In French: Andorre. + +_Angola._ Portuguese dependency in western Africa. + +_Angora._ Province of Turkey and city in the province. Now one of the +capitals of the republic. + +_Annam._ French protectorate in Indo-China, also called Anam. Nominally +a kingdom. + +_Annapolis._ Capital of Maryland, seat of U. S. Naval Academy. + +_Antarctic._ Ocean around South Pole. + +_Antilles._ West Indies, islands in Atlantic, off Central America and +southern North America, or two groups of them. + +_Antioch._ City of Syria, important in ancient times. + +_Antipodes._ Lands on the opposite side of globe, as Australasia. A +group of islands near and under the control of New Zealand. + +_Antwerp._ Capital of province of same name, chief city of Belgium, +important industrially and commercially. + +_Appalachian._ Mountain system in eastern North America. + +_Arabia._ Peninsula of southwestern Asia. Political divisions include +Aden, Asir, Hejaz, Jebel Shammar, Kuweit, Nejd and Hasa, Oman, and +Yemen. + +_Aragon._ Old kingdom, now part of Spain. + +_Arcadia._ Ancient country of Greece. This mountainous district was +supposed to be occupied by contented shepherds. The name is often to +be found in literature, sometimes under the poetical form of Arcady. +Literary Arcadia owes much to Virgil, Sannazzaro, and Sidney. + +_Archangel._ Russian city, of interest because it is farther north than +any other of equal importance. Base of operations against Bolshevists. + +_Arctic._ Ocean around North Pole. + +_Argentina_ or _Argentine Republic_. One of the greatest countries of +South America. + +_Argos._ A town in Argolis, Greece, still in existence, but recorded +here for its ancient importance. In Homer, Argos stands sometimes for +the town itself, sometimes for the region of Argolis or for Agamemnon’s +kingdom, or even for the entire Peloponnesus. The “Argives” are all the +Greeks assembled against Troy in most cases. + +_Armenia._ Ancient country of Asia, at one time divided between Roman +and Persian Empires, Recently, divided among Russia, Persia, and +Turkey. The Christians of A. evidently took considerable pleasure in +being massacred by the Turks. (Russian) Armenia is one in the Union of +Socialist Soviet Republics. In the Bible: Minni. + +_Aroostook._ River and county in Maine. The county depends largely upon +the potato crop. + +_Asia._ Continent of the Old World. With Europe, part of Eurasia. A. is +the largest of the continents, and it is very likely the place where +civilization first arose. Area: 17,040,000 sq. mi. Name applied by +ancients to the western part of Asia Minor, to the whole continent, to +a Roman province formed out of the kingdom of Pergamus. + +_Asia Minor_ or _Anatolia_. Roughly, the part of Asia north of the +Mediterranean Sea. Long part of the Ottoman Empire. + +_Athens._ The center of ancient Greek culture and capital of Attica. +Now a flourishing city and the capital of Greece. Has been under Roman, +Byzantine, and Turkish rule. Most celebrated for antique remains. + +_Atlantic._ Ocean dividing Europe and Africa from America. Sometimes +considered as two oceans, North and South Atlantic. + +_Atlantis._ According to old tradition, a great island in the Atlantic, +swallowed up by the ocean because of the wickedness of its inhabitants. + +_Atlas._ System of mountains in northwestern Africa, where Atlas, son +of Iapetus, is said once to have held up the skies. + +_Australasia._ Arbitrary term used in maps to describe a part of +the earth, including Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Fiji +Islands. Sometimes many other island groups are also included. + +_Australia._ Continent of the southern hemisphere, between Indian and +Pacific Oceans. May be considered an island rather than a continent. +The Commonwealth of Australia is an autonomous part of the British +Empire. Area: 2,948,000 sq. mi. + +_Austria._ Republic of Europe, once part of the Austro-Hungarian +Empire. Has now only an area of about 32,000 sq. mi. + +_Avignon._ Old city of southern France, once called Avenio by the +Romans. Has been a republic, part of Papal States, seat of the Popes. + +_Azerbaijan._ One of the Socialist Soviet Republics. Formerly a Persian +province. Between Armenia and the Caspian Sea. + +_Azores._ Portuguese islands in the Atlantic Ocean. + +_Babylon._ Great city of antiquity. Built on both banks of the +Euphrates, long subject to Assyrian Empire, then the capital of +Babylonia. + +_Bagdad._ City of Mesopotamia, now in Iraq. Still of some importance. + +_Bahia._ State of Brazil and its capital, the oldest city of Brazil. + +_Balearic._ Spanish islands in the Mediterranean. + +_Balkan._ Mountain system in southeastern Europe, peninsula between +Black and Adriatic Seas. The Balkan countries may be said to include +Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Jugo-Slavia (with Montenegro), and Rumania. + +_Baltimore._ Important seaport city of Maryland. + +_Baluchistan._ Country in British India, of which part is divided into +native states. + +_Bangkok._ Chief commercial city of Siam, also the capital. + +_Barbados_, also _Barbadoes_. The most eastward of the West Indian +islands. British colony. + +_Barcelona._ Province of Spain and its capital, seaport and important +city. + +_Basel._ In French: Bâle. Swiss canton and city in it; manufacturing, +commercial, university town. + +_Basque_ or _Biscayan_. The region and language of the western +Pyrenees. Basque provinces of Spain include Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, and +Álava. + +_Batavia._ Dutch residency, bay, city, in East Indies. City is capital +and most important commercial center of Dutch East Indies. In ancient +writings and sometimes in modern ones, B. stands for the Netherlands +or the general district of the Low Countries. In French Revolutionary +times, there was a Batavian Republic in Europe. The Batavia were a +Celtic people, for a time allied with the Romans. + +_Batum._ Province and city, formerly in Russian Empire, now in Georgia. + +_Beirut._ Seaport of Syria, now under French control. In ancient times, +Berytus, a Phoenician port. + +_Belfast._ Important commercial city in Northern Ireland, i.e., not in +the Free State. Center of linen trade. + +_Belgium._ In French: Belgique. Kingdom of western Europe, part of the +Low Countries. Anciently, the territory of the Bellovaci, part of the +Belgae, a Germanic people. + +_Belgrade._ In Serbian: Beograd. Capital of Jugo-Slavia, commercial +city and port. + +_Benares._ District of India and its capital, an ancient city and a +holy place for the Hindus. + +_Bengal._ Presidency of British India, including mouths of Ganges and +Brahmaputra. Bay, really part of Indian Ocean. + +_Berlin._ Capital of Prussia and German Republic. One of the great +cities of the world, of historical as well as present importance. + +_Bermuda._ Islands, British colony, 580 miles from North Carolina. +Haven for thirsty Americans. + +_Berne_ or _Bern_. Canton of Switzerland and its capital, also the +capital of the country. Once a free city. + +_Bethlehem._ Town in Palestine, traditionally the birthplace of the Son +of God. City in Pennsylvania, home of the Bethlehem Steel Company and +the Moravian Theological Seminary. + +_Bhutan._ Nominally independent kingdom in the eastern Himalayas. + +_Birmingham._ City, civic county and borough of Warwickshire, England. +Great manufacturing city, leading hardware center of the world. Also +manufacturing city of Alabama, and several smaller places in U. S. + +_Biscay._ Bay, part of Atlantic, north of Spain and west of France. + +_Biscayan._ See Basque. + +_Black._ Sea, also called Euxine, south of European Russia. The Greeks +knew the sea at an early period, calling it Pontus or Pontus Euxinus. + +_Blenheim_ or _Blindheim_. Village in Bavaria, Germany, where the +French were badly beaten in 1704. + +_Boeotia._ District in ancient Greece. The Boeotians were proverbially +stupid. + +_Bohemia._ Old kingdom, long a crownland of Austria, now part of +Czecho-Slovakia. In Bohemian (Czech): Cechy. + +_Bokhara._ Country of central Asia, dependent upon Russia. + +_Bolivia._ South American republic, west of Brazil. + +_Bologna._ Italian city, the Felsina and Bononia of the ancients. +Capital of province of same name. Famous for medieval architecture, +modern commerce, and sausage. + +_Bombay._ Governmental district of India, island, and city, capital of +the presidency. Great commercial city. + +_Bordeaux._ French city of considerable antiquity. Port, university +city, famous for wine. Capital of France for a short time when Paris +was threatened during World War. + +_Bosnia._ Former Turkish province. Annexation by Austria-Hungary one of +the causes of World War. Now in Jugo-Slavia. + +_Bosporus._ Strait between Black and Marmora Seas. Of great political +and economic importance. + +_Boston._ Capital and chief city of Massachusetts, “Hub of the +Universe” for New Englanders. City and port in Lincolnshire, England, +after which the American Boston was named. + +_Bothnia._ Gulf extension of Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden. + +_Boulogne_ or _Boulogne-sur-Mer_, to distinguish it from +Boulogne-sur-Seine. Seaport of France, where Napoleon made preparations +for the invasion of England. B.-sur-Seine is a suburb of Paris. + +_Brabant._ Old duchy, now divided between Belgium and Netherlands. + +_Bradford._ City of Yorkshire, England. Textile manufacturing center. +Also a small city, B.-on-Avon, and various places in the U. S. + +_Brahmaputra._ Important river of India. + +_Brazil._ Officially, United States of Brazil. One of the great +countries of South America. Language: Portuguese. Climate mostly +tropical. + +_Bremen._ German seaport city, long a free city and one member of the +Hanseatic League. The port of Bremen is called Bremerhaven. + +_Breslau._ Capital of Silesia, Germany. + +_Brest-Litovsk._ City of Grodno, Russia. Here was signed the treaty of +peace between Germany and Soviets, later annulled by the Allies. + +_Bristol._ City of Gloucestershire, England, formerly second only to +London in importance, and a celebrated port. Cabot started to the New +World from B. + +_Brittany._ In French: Bretagne. Old province of France. The people +of Brittany are called Bretons. The duchy was long independent of the +French crown, and was for a time an English fief. + +_Bronx, the._ Borough of the city of New York, principally residential. + +_Brooklyn._ Formerly a city of New York state, now part of the city of +New York. + +_Bruges._ Capital of West Flanders, Belgium. Much more important in +middle ages than now. Many medieval buildings destroyed during World +War. + +_Brussels._ Most important city of Belgium. + +_Bucharest_ or _Bukharest_. In Roumanian: Bucuresti. Capital of +Roumania. + +_Budapest_ or _Budapesth_. Capital of Hungary. Formed of two cities, +Buda and Pest, on opposite sides of the Danube. + +_Buenos Aires._ Capital of Argentina, largest city of South America. Of +manufacturing, commercial, educational importance. + +_Buffalo._ City of New York, of second importance in the state. + +_Bukowina._ Former crownland of Austria, now in Roumania. + +_Bulgaria._ Kingdom of Europe. Balkan state, formerly part of Turkish +Empire. Limited in area as penalty for joining Central Powers in World +War. + +_Burgundy._ In French: Bourgogne. Former duchy, kingdom, province of +France. Acquired by France in eleventh century and then lost. At times +a dangerous rival to France. Burgundy wine is usually red. + +_Burma._ Country of eastern India under British control. + +_Byzantium._ A town on the Bosporus founded by the Megarians, built +anew by Constantine in 330 and called Constantinople. + +_Cádiz._ Province of Spain and its capital, on the island of Leon. The +city, known to the Romans as Gades, was founded by the Phoenicians. + +_Caen._ City in department of Calvados, France. Was an important place +in old Normandy. + +_Cairo._ Capital and chief city of Egypt. Commercial, educational, +religious (Mohammedan) importance. + +_Calais._ Seaport and fortified city of France, on English Channel. + +_Calcutta._ Largest city of India, formerly capital. + +_Caledonia._ For the Romans, the northern part of Britain. Now a poetic +name for Scotland. + +_Cambridge._ University city of England. City of Massachusetts, near +Boston, seat of Harvard University. + +_Canada._ Autonomous country in British Empire, north of U. S. Includes +provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova +Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan, also +territory of Yukon and Northwest Territories. + +_Canary._ Islands in Atlantic, ruled by Spain. Also, Canaries, and in +Spanish, Canarias. + +_Canberra._ New capital of Australia. + +_Canterbury._ City of Kent, England, chief center of Anglican Church. +Shrine of St. Thomas à Becket brought many pilgrims in middle ages. + +_Canton._ In Chinese: Kwangchowfu. Capital of Kwang-fung, China. Great +commercial and manufacturing city, center of foreign trade. + +_Cape Colony_ or _Cape Province_ or, now officially, _Cape of Good +Hope_. Province in Union of South Africa. + +_Capetown._ Also: Cape Town. Capital of Cape of Good Hope, legislative +seat of Union of South Africa. Founded by the Dutch. + +_Cappadocia._ Ancient district of Asia Minor. Tiberius made C. a Roman +province. + +_Cardiff._ City of Glamorganshire, Wales. Important for coal trade. + +_Caria._ Ancient district of southwestern Asia Minor. Part of the Roman +province of Asia. + +_Caribbean._ Sea south of the West Indies. + +_Carinthia._ Former crownland of Austria, now in Austrian Republic. In +German: Kärnten. + +_Carmel._ Mountain of Palestine. Holy place for many centuries. Here, +biblically, Jehovah proved himself to be a greater god than Baal by +sending down fire from heaven. + +_Carniola._ In German: Krain. Former crownland of Austria, now divided +between Italy and Jugo-Slavia. + +_Carpathian._ Mountains, now chiefly in Czecho-Slovakia and Roumania, +before the World War mostly in Hungarian territory. + +_Carthage._ One of the most important and most celebrated cities of +the ancient world, called Carthago or Magna Carthago by the Romans. +Located in Africa, northeast of Tunis. Founded by the Phoenicians. The +Carthaginians built up a state rivalling that of Rome. + +_Caspian._ Sea or lake. By far the largest saltwater lake in the world. +Surrounded by European and Asian Soviet Republics and Persia. + +_Castile._ In Spanish: Castilla. Former kingdom of Spain. Castilian is +literary and standard Spanish. + +_Catalonia._ In Spanish: Cataluña. Former division of Spain. The +inhabitants of C. are called Catalans. The Catalan language is spoken +in part of northern Spain and southern France. + +_Catania._ Province of Sicily and its capital, Catana or Catina of the +ancients. Founded B. C. 730, came under Roman rule in the first Punic +war. At the foot of Mt. Etna, and has suffered much from earthquakes +and volcanic disturbances. + +_Caucasus._ Mountains dividing Europe from Asia, in Soviet territory +between Black and Caspian Seas. + +_Cawnpore_ or _Cawnpur_. District of British India and its capital, an +important railroad junction. Scene of massacre of English residents in +Sepoy rebellion. + +_Celebes._ Island in Dutch East Indies. + +_Chaeronea._ Ancient town in Boeotia, where Philip of Macedon won a +great victory and Sulla defeated Mithridates. + +_Chalcedon._ Old Greek city at the entrance of the Bosporus, opposite +Byzantium. Long independent, then subject to Bithynia. + +_Chalcis._ Several ancient towns. An important city of Euboea, town in +Aetolia, city of Syria. + +_Chaldea._ Old Babylonian province. Name also applied to all Babylonia. + +_Châlons-sur-Marne._ City of France, capital of department of Marne, +place where Attila’s Huns were defeated, A. D. 451. + +_Champagne._ Old province of France. Champagne wine is usually white +and sparkling. + +_Changchowfu._ City of Fukien, China. + +_Changsha._ Capital of Hunan, China. Treaty port. + +_Changteh._ City of Hunan, China. + +_Charlottenburg._ Important suburb of Berlin, Germany. + +_Chautauqua._ Township of western New York, where summer courses are +conducted. + +_Chemnitz._ City of Saxony, Germany. + +_Cheng-tu_ or _Ching-tu_ (sometimes without hyphens). City of Szechuan, +China. + +_Cherbourg._ Port and naval station of Manche Department, France. + +_Chersonesus._ Greek word for peninsula. Without qualifications, it +meant for the Greeks Gallipoli, peninsula of the Dardanelles. C. +Taurica or Scythica was Crimea. Gallipoli is also called Chersonese. + +_Cheshire_ or _Chester_. County of England. A Cheshire cat is a person +with a fixed grin. + +_Chicago._ Second city of U. S. County seat of Cook County, Illinois. +Founded, as Fort Dearborn, in 1804. + +_Chile_ or _Chili_. Important republic of South America. + +_China._ Great Asiatic republic, before 1912 an empire. People of China +possess an ancient and significant civilization. Although C. is not a +“great power,” i.e., is of small military strength, and has been the +scene of exploitation by European and other well-armed countries, it +must be reckoned with, even as a potential maker of war. + +_China._ Sea, part of Pacific Ocean, south and east of China. + +_Chosen._ See Korea. + +_Christiania._ See Oslo. + +_Chungking._ City of Szechuan, China. + +_Cincinnati._ City of Ohio, on Ohio River, manufacturing and commercial +center. + +_Cleveland._ Largest city of Ohio. + +_Cochin China._ French colony, part of French Indo-China. + +_Colchis_ or _Aea_. District of Asia, south of Caucasus Mountains, +important in Greek legend. + +_Cologne._ In German: Köln. District of German Rhine Provinces and +its capital, of great historical importance. Once renowned for its +perfumery. + +_Colombia._ Republic of South America. Has been known as New Granada, +Granadine Confederation, United States of Colombia. + +_Colombo._ Capital of Ceylon, a British colony. + +_Colophon._ Old Ionian (Greek) city which claimed to be the birthplace +of Homer. + +_Colorado._ State, river, desert, of U. S. + +_Congo._ River and country of Africa. The old Congo Free State is now a +Belgian colony. + +_Constance._ In German: Konstanz, also Kostnitz. City of Baden, +Germany, important historically. + +_Constantinople._ Turkish: Istamboul. City of Turkey in Europe, on +the Bosporus. Of international significance because of its location, +at entrance to Black Sea, and because it is the modern center of +Mohammedanism, at least in Turkey. Has been an important Christian +center and capital of (Eastern) Roman Empire. On the site of old +Byzantium. Long the capital of Ottoman Empire, now one of the capitals +of Turkey. + +_Copenhagen._ Danish: Köbenhavn or Kjobenhavn. Capital and fortified +seaport of Denmark. Great commercial city, cultural center of +Scandinavia. + +_Cordova._ Spanish: Córdoba. Province of Spain and its capital. + +_Corea._ See Korea. + +_Corfu._ Island in Ionian Sea, known to the Greeks of antiquity as +Corcyra, seat of an important Corinthian colony. + +_Corinth._ Isthmus of Greece; ancient city located on it, whose +territory was known as Corinthia. Important commercial and colonizing +city of ancient times. The city on its site is now known as New +Corinth. There is also a Gulf of C. or Lepanto, north of Corinthia. + +_Corsica._ Island in Mediterranean, north of Sardinia. French +department. In French: Corse. + +_Costa Rica._ Republic of Central America. + +_Cressy._ French: Crécy or Crécy-en-Ponthieu. Place in France where +Edward the Black Prince badly defeated the French in 1346. + +_Crete_ or _Candia_. Island in the Mediterranean belonging to Greece. +The ancient Creta, with a civilization of some importance in Homeric +times. Much later, a Roman province. + +_Crimea._ Russian: Krim. Peninsula of Russia. Chersonesus Taurica of +the ancients. + +_Croatia._ Formerly a Hungarian crownland, now in Jugo-Slavia. People +of C. are called Croats, their Slavic language is Croatian. + +_Ctesiphon._ Old city of Assyria, winter residence of the kings of +Parthia. + +_Cuba._ Republic. Island of West Indies. The language is Spanish. + +_Czechoslovakia._ Republic formed after the World War, composed of +Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Southern Ruthenia, and Silesia. Languages +spoken include Bohemian or Czech, German, and Ruthenian, which is +practically the same as Ukrainian. + +_Damascus._ One of the oldest cities of the world. Has been under +Syrian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Turkish rule. This +pleasant and commercially important Syrian city is now under French +control. + +_Danube._ Important river of Europe, flowing into Black Sea. + +_Danzig_ or _Dantsic_. Free international city, formerly part of +Prussia, Germany. Seaport, manufacturing center, with an interesting +history. + +_Dardanelles._ Strait between Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmora, now +between Greek and Turkish (Asian) territory. The whole area of the +Straits, waters connecting Black and Mediterranean Seas, with adjacent +land, has been demilitarized. + +_Dauphiné._ Former province of France. The heir to French throne was +formerly called the Dauphin, that is, ruler of D. + +_Dead._ Sea, salt lake in Palestine. + +_Delhi._ Province of British India and its capital, also capital of +Indian Empire. An ancient city. + +_Delos._ Island in Aegean Sea, seat of worship of Apollo. Games were +held here every five years in ancient times. + +_Delphi._ Small town in Phocis, in old Greece, famous for oracle. In +Homer: Pytho. Pythian games were celebrated at D. + +_Denmark._ Danish: Danmark. Kingdom of northern Europe, one of the +Scandinavian countries. Includes northern part of peninsula of Jutland +and a group of islands. + +_Denver._ Capital of Colorado, one of the chief cities of Mountain +States. + +_Detroit._ Chief city of Michigan, center of automobile industry. + +_Dnieper._ Important river of Russia. + +_Dniester._ European river, boundary between Roumania and Soviet +Republics (Ukrainia). + +_Dominican Republic_ or _Santo Domingo_. Republic, eastern part of the +island of Haiti. Population largely colored. + +_Douai_ or _Douay_. French city, damaged in World War. Here Bible +translation of the English Catholics was published. + +_Dresden._ Capital of Saxony, Germany; of great historical interest. + +_Dublin._ Capital of Ireland. Part of its interesting history is an +occupation by the Danes in the middle ages. + +_Dvina._ River of Russia, also known as the Northern D., flowing +into the Gulf of D., a branch of White Sea. Another river, no longer +entirely Russian, known also as the Western D., or the Düna, flowing +into the Gulf of Riga. + +_East Indies._ Somewhat indefinite name, applied usually to Malay +Archipelago, sometimes still inclusive of India and Indo-China. +Formerly the Indies, without qualification; but the application of +the name Indies to islands near the American mainland caused the +differentiation. + +_Eboracum._ Chief Roman town in Britain, now the English city of York. + +_Ecuador._ Republic of South America. + +_Edinburgh._ City of Scotland, long the capital and, historically, +the most important place in the country. The university is old and +celebrated. + +_Egypt._ Country of northern Africa under English control. In effect, a +British colony. Land of very ancient civilization and history both old +and varied. E. fell under Turkish rule in 1517, and remained nominally +part of the Ottoman Empire until the World War. Arabic has been for +some time the chief language. + +_Elba._ Mediterranean island belonging to Italy. Napoleon was sent to +Elba upon his first downfall. + +_Elis._ Ancient country of Greece, considered sacred because of the +games at Olympia. + +_England._ A division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and +Ireland. Because of its dominance, its name is sometimes applied +loosely to the whole country and its empire. The adjective especially +is used in this way, and we say “English” or “British” of a colony +without change in meaning. + +_English Channel._ The channel that separates England from France and +connects Straits of Dover (leading to North Sea) with the Atlantic. + +_Ephesus._ Ancient Ionian city on the coast of Asia Minor. Here stood +a famous temple to Artemis. E. fell under the successive control of +Lydia, Persia, Macedonia, and Rome. + +_Essen._ City of Rhenish Prussia, Germany. Here were located the Krupp +munition works. Many medieval remains. + +_Esthonia._ Republic of northwestern Europe formed as a result of the +World War, made up of the old Russian government of E. and part of +Livonia. Esthonian, a Finnish dialect, is spoken, as well as German, +Russian, and other languages. + +_Ethiopia._ Old country of Africa. The adjectives and nouns Ethiopic +and Ethiopian may refer to a Semitic language or the race of +dark-skinned peoples including the Negroes. + +_Etruria_ or _Tuscia_ or (Greek) _Tyrrhenia_. Ancient country in +central Italy. The Romans called the inhabitants Tuscans. Much of the +Roman civilization was of Tuscan origin. + +_Euphrates._ Important river of western Asia. + +_Eurasia._ Europe and Asia. The two are customarily considered as +separate continents, and probably it would be inconvenient to give +up the old names, but the map shows that they are really one, the +continent of Eurasia. It is not so much the mountains between as +cultural differences which separate Europe and Asia. Russia was long, +and in some ways still remains, an Asian country in this respect. + +_Europe._ Continent, part of Eurasia (q. v.). Has been called a +peninsula of Asia, to emphasize the fact that it is much smaller--the +area is about 3,789,000 sq. mi. Nevertheless, the world has been and is +being Europeanized. It is true, indeed, that much which we consider +European arose in western Asia, and that New York is tending to become +the great center of European civilization. For an American, the most +important thing to realize is the great variety of languages and +national institutions to be found within a small space. + +_Everest._ Mountain, one of the Himalayas, believed to be the highest +in the world. + +_Fez._ One of the capitals of Morocco. + +_Fiji._ British colony, islands in the Pacific. + +_Finland._ Formerly a grand duchy ruled by Russian czars. Still +earlier, occupied by Lapps, ruled by Sweden. Now a republic. The Finns +and Lapps are not of the Aryan race, but of the Mongol group. The Finns +call themselves Suomi. Culturally, Finland has been closer to Sweden +than to Russia. + +_Fiume._ Free city on the Adriatic, formerly belonging to Hungary, +claimed by both Italy and Jugo-Slavia, now Italian. + +_Flanders._ Country of Europe divided among Netherlands, Belgium, and +France. The language of F., Flemish, is a dialect of Dutch. It has +recently been revived for literary purposes. + +_Flodden._ Hill in England. At the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513, King +James IV of Scotland was defeated and killed. + +_Florence._ Italian: Firenze. Capital of Tuscany, Italy. Celebrated for +history and art. + +_Foochow._ Capital of Fukien, China. Treaty port. + +_Formosa._ Island north of Philippines, belonging to Japan. Also called +Taiwan. + +_Fort Sumter._ Fortress in harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, where +the Civil War began. + +_France._ Republic of western Europe. + +_Franche-Comté._ Former French province. + +_Franconia._ Former duchy of Germany. + +_Frankfurt-am-Main._ English: Frankfurt-on-the-Main. City of +Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, Germany. Was capital of the German Confederation. + +_Galatia._ Ancient country of Asia Minor, settled by Gauls. + +_Galicia._ Old kingdom of Spain. Also former (Polish) crownland of +Austria. + +_Galilee._ In the Greek period, the name for northwestern Palestine. A +Roman province. A Galilean means a Christian, as the word is now most +used. + +_Gallipoli._ Peninsula north of Dardanelles. The Entente Allies tried +unsuccessfully during the World War to capture Constantinople, landing +troops here. See also Chersonesus. + +_Ganges._ Important river of India, flowing into Bay of Bengal. + +_Gascony._ French: Gascogne. Former province of France. The Gascons +were supposed to be boastful swaggerers. + +_Gaul_ or _Gallia_. In Roman times, the country occupied by the Galli +or Celtae. Gaul was divided into three parts: Aquitania, Celtica, +and Belgica. It consisted of the present France and some neighboring +sections. Gallia Cisalpina was a Roman province in the north of Italy. + +_Geneva._ German: Genf. Canton of Switzerland and its capital, which is +of interest in many ways. Associated with Rousseau and Calvin. Now the +seat of the League of Nations. French: Genève. + +_Genoa._ Italian: Genova. Important Italian commercial city and port. +Of great historical significance. + +_German Ocean._ Name sometimes applied to North Sea. + +_Germany._ Republic of Europe, formerly an Empire. In German: +Deutschland. The Germania of the Romans did not occupy precisely the +same territory as modern Germany, extending to the Baltic and the +Carpathian Mountains. The medieval organization was feudal, with the +Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation including many non-German +districts. Bismarck organized the German Empire (Reich) with the king +of Prussia at the head. Many German districts are now outside the +republic. The treaties which followed the World War forbade Germany and +Austria to unite. + +_Ghent._ French: Gand. Capital of East Flanders, Belgium. Of great +historical interest. + +_Gibraltar._ Fortified rock and town, a British possession +commanding Strait of G., entrance to Mediterranean Sea. On Iberian +(Spanish-Portuguese) Peninsula. + +_Glasgow._ A Scottish city on the Clyde. Said to have been founded in +the sixth century. The greatest manufacturing and commercial center of +Scotland. + +_Göteborg_ or _Gothenburg_. Important city of Sweden. Port. + +_Great Britain._ England, Scotland, and Wales, as an island, or, before +the addition of Ireland, as a kingdom. Used often instead of the more +cumbersome title of “the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” +Only a part of Ireland remains united, incidentally. + +_Greece._ Greek: Hellas. Republic of Europe, also a memory of ancient +glory. The modern Greeks are not pure descendants of the ancient people +who occupied the country. + +_Greenland._ Danish: Grönland. Large island northeast of North America, +part of which is under Danish control. Much of it is always covered +with ice. + +_Greenwich._ Borough of London where an important observatory is +located. + +_Greenwich Village._ Former village, but long in the most +thickly-settled part of the city of New York. Center of “Bohemian” and +artistic life, not to mention bootleggers and cellar dance-halls where +the smoke can be cut with knife and fork. + +_Guatemala._ Republic of Central America and its capital, also called +G. la Nueva. + +_Guiana._ Region on Atlantic coast of South America, including British, +French, and Dutch G., which are colonies, and parts of Brazil and +Venezuela. The name is sometimes confined to the three colonies. + +_Guinea._ Region on Atlantic coast of Africa. + +_Hague, The._ Dutch: ’s Gravenhage. Capital of the Netherlands and seat +of the World Court. + +_Haiti_ or _Hayti_. Island of West Indies, formerly a French colony, +and a republic occupying the western part of the island. Strongly +influenced by U. S. + +_Halle-an-der-Saale._ City of Prussian Saxony, Germany. Was a member of +the Hanseatic League. Has a celebrated university. + +_Hamburg._ Free city of Germany, of great commercial importance. Was a +member of the Hanseatic League. + +_Hangchow._ City of Chekiang, China. + +_Hankow._ City of Yangtse, China. Treaty port. + +_Hanover._ German: Hannover. Province of Prussia, Germany, and its +capital. + +_Hanseatic League._ Commercial and defensive union of mostly German +cities in the middle ages. The members were called Hanse or Hansa Towns. + +_Havana._ Spanish: Habana. Province of Cuba and its capital, also the +capital of the republic. Important commercial city and port. + +_Hawaiian_ or _Sandwich Islands_. Colony of U. S. in Pacific. + +_Hebrides._ Islands west of Scotland. + +_Heidelberg._ University city of Baden, Germany. + +_Hejaz_ or _Hedjaz_. One of the new states which arose from the World +War. In Arabia, formerly a Turkish administrative unit. + +_Helicon._ Range of mountains in Boeotia, Greece, which was sacred to +Apollo and the Muses in ancient times. Here Aganippe and Hippocrene, +fountains of the Muses, poured forth their waters. + +_Hellas._ Greek name, also poetic term, for Greece. + +_Helsingfors._ Finnish: Helsinki. Capital of Finland. + +_Herat._ City in Afghanistan, of military importance. + +_Herculaneum._ Ancient city in Campania, Italy, destroyed by the +eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A. D. 79. + +_Herzegovina._ Former Turkish province, then under Austrian rule with +Bosnia, now part of Jugo-Slavia. + +_Himalayan._ Mountains, also called the Himalayas, north of India. + +_Hindustan._ India; specifically, a large region in the north. + +_Hispania._ Latin name for Iberian peninsula. + +_Holland._ Popular name for the Netherlands, on account of the +dominating position of the province so called. H. proper is now divided +into two provinces, North and South H. + +_Holstein._ Former duchy of Denmark, later part of Prussia with +Schleswig. See Schleswig-Holstein. + +_Honduras._ Republic of Central America. + +_Hongkong._ Island on Chinese coast, British colony, and its capital, +also known as Victoria, a free port and important commercial center. + +_Honolulu._ Capital of territory of Hawaii. + +_Honshu_ or _Hondo_. Principal island of Japan. + +_Hungary._ The country of the Magyars, formerly a kingdom bound to the +Austrian Empire chiefly through a common monarch. Lost much territory +during World War. + +_Iberia._ Greek name for the peninsula where Spain and Portugal now +are, called the Iberian Peninsula in modern times also. Also the +ancient name for a region in Asia north of Armenia. + +_Iceland._ Danish island in the Atlantic. + +_Ilium._ Troy, the ancient city. + +_Illyria._ Ancient country, including regions now known as Albania, +Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia. Part of Illyria was formed into the +Roman province of Illyricum. + +_India._ Country or region of Asia. The Indian Empire, which does not +include all of India, is British. The native states are included in the +empire, but not French and Portuguese India. + +_Indianapolis._ Capital and chief city of Indiana. + +_Indian Ocean._ Body of water south of India, east of Africa, west of +Australia. + +_Indo-China._ Asian peninsula south and west of China. + +_Indus._ Great river of India. + +_Ionia._ Ancient region on the western coast of Asia Minor, settled by +Ionian Greeks. + +_Irak_ or _Iraq_. Mesopotamia. Nominally independent, but under British +control. + +_Iran._ Persian name for Persia, q. v. + +_Ireland._ An island, one of the British Isles. Now divided between the +(Catholic, nationalistic) Irish Free State, where an attempt has been +made to revive the old language, Gaelic, and Northern I., still closely +bound to Great Britain. + +_Irish Sea._ Part of the Atlantic, between Ireland and northern England. + +_Ispahan._ City of Persia, former capital, of historic importance. + +_Istria._ Former Austrian crownland, now Italian. + +_Italy._ Italian: Italia. This is also the form used by the Romans +beginning in the time of Augustus. Kingdom of Europe. + +_Ithaca._ Island in the Ionian Sea and ancient city where Homer’s +Odysseus reigned. + +_Jaffa._ In ancient times: Joppa. Port of Palestine. + +_Jamaica._ British island of the West Indies. + +_Japan._ Japanese: Nippon. Asiatic empire, the “great power” of the +Orient. + +_Java._ Dutch island in the East Indies. + +_Jena._ City of Saxe-Weimar, Germany. University. Napoleon routed the +Prussians at J. in 1806. + +_Jerusalem._ Capital of Palestine. Of immense historical and religious +importance. Holy to Jews, Mohammedans, and Christians. + +_Johannesburg._ City of Transvaal, Union of South Africa + +_Jordan._ Most important river of Palestine. Here, according to the +Bible, many miracles took place. + +_Judah._ Kingdom of southern Palestine, ruled by “the house of David” +from Jerusalem. + +_Judea._ Roman province in Palestine. Also a name for Israel, Jewry, in +general. + +_Jugo-Slavia._ Also spelled: Yugo-Slavia. The country of the southern +Slavs, made up of Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, and +Montenegro. Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. + +_Kabul._ Capital of Afghanistan. + +_Kansas City._ Important packing and commercial center on the Missouri +River, chiefly in Missouri, also in Kansas (two separate cities). + +_Khartum._ Capital of Sudan, Africa. + +_Kiaochow._ City and district of Shantung, China, taken from Germany by +Japan. + +_Kiel._ City of Holstein, Prussia, Germany. Formerly a great German +naval station. University. Eastern terminus of K. or Kaiser Wilhelm +Canal, connecting Baltic and North Seas. + +_Kiev._ Also _Kief_ or _Kieff_. Important city of Ukrania, Soviet +Republics, of great antiquity. + +_Kingston-on-Hull_ or _Hull_. City and port of Yorkshire, England. + +_Kishinev._ Capital of Bessarabia, now in Roumania. Scene of Jewish +massacres under Russian rule. + +_Königsberg._ Capital of East Prussia, Germany. + +_Korea._ Also _Corea_ or _Chosen_. Formerly independent country of +Asia, since 1910 ruled by Japan. + +_Kovno._ Capital of Lithuania. Lithuanian: Kaunas. + +_Kurland_ or _Courland_. Former duchy and Russian province, now in +Latvia. + +_Laconica_ or _Laconia_. A country of Greece, ruled from Sparta +(Lacedaemon). + +_Lahore._ Capital of Punjab, India. + +_Lanchow_ or _Lanchowfu_. Capital of Kansu, China. + +_Languedoc._ Former province of France. + +_Latium._ Country of ancient Italy, occupied by Latini. Rome struggled +long against L., finally dissolving Latin League. + +_Latvia._ Republic formed out of Russian territory after World War. + +_Leicester._ Capital of Leicestershire, England. + +_Leipzig_ or _Leipsic_. City of Saxony, Germany. Publishing center. At +Battle of L. or of the Nations, 1813, Napoleon was badly defeated. + +_Lemberg._ Polish: Lwów. City of East Galicia, Poland. Formerly ruled +by Austria-Hungary. There was hard fighting around L. during World War. + +_Leningrad._ Formerly St. Petersburg, Petersburg, Petrograd. Great +city, formerly capital, of Russia. Founded by Peter the Great as a +window opening out on Western Europe. + +_Lesbos._ Island in the Aegean Sea. Birthplace of Sappho. _Lesbian_ +sometimes means pertaining to homosexuality between females. + +_Levant._ The eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, its islands and +coastal districts. + +_Liberia._ Negro republic in Africa. + +_Liechtenstein._ Petty principality between Austria and Switzerland. + +_Lille._ City of northern France, around which there was much fighting +in the World War. + +_Lisbon._ Portuguese: Lisboa. Capital and important city of Portugal. +The earthquake of 1755 caused great destruction. + +_Lithuania._ One of the states formed in Europe after the World War. +The Lithuanian Republic claims the Vilna district, now held by Poland. + +_Liverpool._ City of Lancashire, England, second port of Great Britain, +of educational and commercial importance. + +_Lodz._ City of Piotrkow, Poland, formerly Russian. + +_Loire._ River of France. + +_London._ Capital and most important city of the United Kingdom. One of +the great world cities; in population inferior to New York (including +suburbs in each case). + +_Lorraine._ An old duchy of Germany, incorporated in France, part of +which came into German Alsace-Lorraine. Now all French. + +_Los Angeles._ City of southern California, center of motion picture +production. + +_Louisville._ City of Kentucky, on Ohio River. + +_Low Countries._ The old Netherlands; the present Belgium, Luxemburg, +and Netherlands. + +_Luxemburg._ Independent grand duchy of Europe, now in economic union +with Belgium. + +_Lydia._ Ancient division of Asia Minor, early seat of civilization. + +_Lyons._ French: Lyon. Important city of France, silk manufacturing +center. + +_Macedonia._ Ancient country north of Greece, whose rulers, Philip +and Alexander, built up an empire which was finally overthrown by the +Romans. Most of M. belongs now to Greece and Jugo-Slavia. + +_Madagascar._ Large island, French colony, off the east coast of Africa. + +_Madras._ Presidency of British India and its capital. + +_Madrid._ Province of Spain and its capital, also the capital and +principal city of the kingdom. + +_Maeander_ or _Meander_. River of Asia Minor noted for its wandering +course, now called the Menderez. + +_Magdeburg._ Capital of Prussian Saxony, Germany. Scene of a massacre +in the Thirty Years’ War. + +_Magellan._ Strait between Tierra del Fuego and South American mainland. + +_Mainz_ or _Mayence_. City of Hesse, Germany, of historical and +ecclesiastical importance. Located on the Rhine. + +_Majorca._ Largest of Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean. + +_Malta._ Island and British colony in the Mediterranean Sea. + +_Manchester._ City of Lancashire, most important industrial center of +England. + +_Manchuria._ Country of Asia, a Chinese dependency. + +_Mandalay._ Capital of British Upper Burma. + +_Manhattan._ Borough of New York City, also island. Here are located +the most important offices and many of the factories of the city. M. is +the original New York, and still the heart of the city. + +_Manila._ Capital of Luzon and of Philippine Islands, on Pasig River +and Manila Bay. Great hemp market. + +_Marathon._ Village of ancient Attica, where the Athenians and the +Persians fought an important battle, B. C. 490. + +_Marmora._ Sea between Bosporus and Dardanelles, called Propontis +by the ancients. All these waters have been of immense political +importance. + +_Marne._ River of France, scene of two important battles in World War. + +_Marseilles._ French: Marseille. Second city of France, leading port. +Located on Gulf of Lyons. + +_Masurian._ Lakes and canals in East Prussia. Region where Russian +armies were badly beaten during World War. + +_Mauritius._ Island in the Indian Ocean, British colony. + +_Mecca._ City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of Islam, birthplace of +Mohammed. + +_Medicine Hat._ Small city of Alberta, Canada, often mentioned in +weather reports. + +_Medina._ City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of Islam. + +_Mediterranean._ Important sea, almost entirely enclosed by Europe, +Asia, and Africa. + +_Melbourne._ Capital of Victoria, Australia. Important commercially. + +_Memphis._ Great city and for a time the capital of ancient Egypt. +Modern city of southwestern Tennessee. + +_Mesopotamia._ Region between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. See Irak. + +_Mexico._ Spanish: Méjico. Mexican Spanish: México. Republic of North +America, south of the United States. + +_Mexico._ Gulf, north and east of Mexican Republic. + +_Milan._ Italian: Milano. Province of Italy and its capital, second +city of the kingdom. Great manufacturing center. + +_Miletus._ Ancient city of Asia Minor, of philosophical interest. + +_Milwaukee._ Chief city of Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan. + +_Minneapolis._ City of Minneapolis, flour center. With St. Paul, one of +the “Twin Cities.” On the Mississippi. + +_Mississippi._ Important river of the United States. The M.-Missouri is +considered by geographers the longest river of the world. + +_Monaco._ Petty independent principality on the Mediterranean, +surrounded on land sides by French territory. + +_Mongolia._ Country of Asia dependent on China. + +_Monte Carlo._ Gambling resort of Monaco. + +_Montenegro._ Former Balkan kingdom, now part of Jugo-Slavia. + +_Montevideo._ Capital of Uruguay. + +_Montreal._ City of Quebec, Canada, on the St. Lawrence River. Most +important place in Canada. + +_Moravia._ Former crownland of Austria, now in Czecho-Slovakia. + +_Morea._ Southern peninsula of Greece. Peloponnesus. + +_Morocco._ Country of northern Africa, controlled chiefly by France and +in part by Spain. + +_Moscow._ Province of Russia and its capital, also the capital of the +country. Founded in the twelfth century. + +_Munich._ German: München. Capital of Bavaria, Germany. The art +collections, university, and breweries are all important. + +_Mycenae._ Ancient town in Argolis, Greece. Important in Homeric times. + +_Mysia._ Ancient district of Asia Minor, at one time part of the +kingdom of Pergamus. + +_Mytilene._ Modern name for Lesbos, q. v. Chief city of Lesbos. + +_Nanking._ Capital of Kiangsu, China, and literary center of the +country. Treaty port. + +_Nantes._ City of France, on the Loire, of considerable historical +importance. + +_Naples._ Italian: Napoli. Former kingdom of Italy, one of the Two +Sicilies. Province of Italy and its capital, the largest city of Italy, +the Neapolis of the ancients. Long a Greek city. + +_Navarre._ Former kingdom, chiefly in present France, also extending +into Spain. + +_Nazareth._ Modern name: Al-Nasira. Town of Galilee, Palestine, where +Jesus is said to have spent his youth. + +_Nepal._ Nominally independent country in the Himalayas, under British +control. + +_Netherlands._ Dutch: Nederland. Popularly called Holland. Kingdom of +western Europe. The Netherlands formerly included Belgium. + +_Neukölln_ of _Rixdorf_. City of Brandenburg Prussia, suburban to +Berlin and an important industrial center. + +_Newark._ City of New Jersey, suburban to New York, important +manufacturing and insurance center. + +_Newcastle_ or _N.-on-Tyne_. City of Northumberland, England, located +in the midst of coal fields. + +_New England._ The states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, +Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. + +_Newfoundland._ Island off eastern coast of Canada, British colony. + +_New Haven._ City of Connecticut, seat of Yale University. + +_New Orleans._ City and port of Louisiana, founded by the French. Of +historical, educational, commercial importance. + +_New York._ State of the United States and its chief city, also the +leading city of the United States and, in many respects, of the world. +Founded by the Dutch, who called it Nieuw Amsterdam. Now divided into +the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond. + +_Nicaragua._ Republic of Central America. + +_Nile._ River of Africa, of which the most important part runs through +Egypt. + +_Nineveh_ or _Ninus_. Ancient city on the Tigris, capital of Assyria. +Was a place of importance as early as B. C. 2500. Fell when the +Assyrian Empire was broken up, B. C. 606. + +_Ningpo._ City of Chekiang, China. Treaty port. + +_Nippon._ See Japan. + +_Normandy._ Old duchy and province of France. The Normans were +Scandinavians (“Northmen”) who settled in the northern part of the +country. + +_North._ River, the part of the Hudson that flows by New York City. + +_North._ Sea, also known as the German Ocean. It is the part of the +Atlantic east of Great Britain. + +_Northwest Territories._ Franklin, Keewatin, and Mackenzie, in the +Dominion of Canada. + +_Norway._ Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. Has been subject to or united +with Sweden and Denmark. + +_Nottingham._ City of Nottinghamshire, England. + +_Numidia._ Ancient country of northern Africa, then a Roman province. +Roughly corresponded to modern Algeria. + +_Nuremberg._ German: Nürnberg. City of Middle Franconia, Bavaria, +Germany. Of great historical interest. + +_Oberammergau._ Small city of Upper Bavaria, Germany. Here the famous +Passion Play is performed every ten years. + +_Odessa._ City of Kherson, Ukraine, Soviet Republics. Port on the Black +Sea. + +_Ohio._ Important river of U. S., flowing into the Mississippi. + +_Olympia._ Small plain in Elis, Greece, containing a sacred grove of +Zeus. Scene of the Olympic games of antiquity. + +_Olympus._ Mountain range between Macedonia and Thessaly, where the +Greek gods were supposed to live. + +_Oman._ Nominally independent state in southeastern Arabia. + +_Orange River Colony._ Formerly Orange River Free State, now part of +the Union of South Africa. + +_Oslo._ Formerly: Christiania. Capital of Norway. + +_Ottawa._ Capital of the Dominion of Canada. + +_Ottoman Empire._ The Mohammedan empire of the Turks, broken up by the +World War. See Turkey. + +_Oxford._ City of Oxfordshire, England. University of great antiquity. + +_Oxus._ Modern: Amu Darya. River of central Asia, the usual boundary +between the great empires of southwestern Asia and wandering hordes. + +_Oxyrhyncus._ Place in Egypt where many Greek manuscripts have been +discovered. + +_Pacific._ Ocean, between North and South America and Asia and +Australia. Sometimes divided into two oceans, North and South P. + +_Palestine._ Country of western Asia, part of Syria, of great +historical and religious significance. Now under British control. The +“Land of Israel” or “Holy Land” is at present inhabitated chiefly by +Arabs, but the Jewish Zionists would like to make it the cultural center +of Israel. + +_Palmyra._ Ancient city of Syria, where the unfortunate Zenobia +reigned. Her desire to be “Queen of the East” cost her her kingdom. + +_Panama._ Republic of Central America. Revolted from Colombia in 1903. +Under the control of the U. S., to which a strip of territory called +the Panama Canal Zone belongs. The capital, a seaport and terminus of +the canal, is also called P. + +_Paphos_ or _Paphus_. Name of two towns in ancient Cyprus. Old Paphos +was the chief seat of the worship of Aphrodite, therefore called the +Paphian goddess. + +_Paraguay._ River and republic of South America. + +_Paris._ Capital and chief city of France. One of the great cities of +the world. Located on the Seine. + +_Parnassus._ Range of mountains in Greece or, more usually, a +particular mountain where Apollo and the Muses were supposed to dwell. + +_Paros._ Island in the Aegean Sea where the marble used by ancient +sculptors was quarried. + +_Parthia._ Ancient country of Asia, southeast of the Caspian Sea. +The Parthians were a warlike people whose empire was for a time of +considerable size. + +_Peking._ City of Chihle or Chihli, China, and capital of the country. + +_Peloponnesus._ The southern part of Greece, a peninsula. Modern: +Morea. Divided anciently into Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, +Corinthia, and Arcadia. + +_Pergamum_ or _Pergamus_. Ancient kingdom, afterward Roman province, of +Asia Minor, and its capital. + +_Persia._ Persian: Iran. Great ancient empire, usually known as Persis. +Modern monarchy of Asia. + +_Persian._ Gulf between Persia and Arabia. + +_Peru._ Republic of South America. + +_Petrograd._ Leningrad was called P. during World War, its name having +been changed from St. Petersburg. + +_Pharsalia._ District near Pharsalus, Thessaly, where Julius Caesar +defeated Pompey. + +_Philadelphia._ Chief city of Pennsylvania. Located on Delaware +and Schuylkill Rivers. Founded by William Penn in 1682. Port, +manufacturing and educational center. Of considerable historical +interest. + +_Philippi._ Ancient city of Macedonia where Octavianus and Antony +defeated Brutus and Cassius and where St. Paul first preached the good +news about Jesus in Europe. + +_Philistia._ Old country of Syria whose inhabitants were hostile to the +Hebrews. A Philistine, in modern usage, is one who has no interest in +culture. + +_Phocis._ Ancient country of northern Greece, within which were the +mountain of Parnassus and the oracle of Delphi. + +_Phoenicia, Phenicia_, or _Sidonia_. Ancient country on the Syrian +coast. The Phoenicians were navigators and traders. + +_Phrygia._ Ancient country of Asia Minor, later a Roman province. + +_Po._ River of Italy. + +_Poland._ Polish: Polska. Republic of Europe, formed after the World +War. The old kingdom was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria. + +_Pompeii._ Ancient city of Campania, Italy, at the foot of Mt. +Vesuvius. Overwhelmed by an eruption in A. D. 79 and covered with +volcanic soil. Much of it has been preserved and is now exposed to view. + +_Pontus Euxinus_ or _Pontus_. Ancient name for the Black Sea. A +kingdom, later a Roman province, on its coast was called Pontus. + +_Port-au-Prince._ Capital of Haiti. + +_Portland._ City and port of entry of Oregon. City and port of Maine. + +_Porto Rico._ Spanish: Puerto Rico. Island of West Indies, colony of U. +S. + +_Port Said._ City of Lower Egypt on the Mediterranean. Terminus of Suez +Canal. + +_Portsmouth._ City of Hampshire, England. Important naval station. + +_Portugal._ Republic of western Europe. + +_Posen._ Province of Poland and its capital, once a Hanse town. + +_Prague._ Bohemian: Praha. Capital of Czecho-Slovakia. Founded about +1100. Important commercial and educational center. Located on the +Moldau. + +_Provence._ Old province of France. The language, Provençal, is of +great importance in literary history. Some attempts have been made to +revive it. + +_Providence._ Capital of Rhode Island, port. Seat of Brown University. + +_Prussia._ German: Preussen. Former kingdom of Europe, now an important +part of the German Republic. + +_Pyrenees._ Mountains between Spain and France. + +_Quebec._ Province of Canada and its capital, founded in 1608. + +_Queenstown._ Gaelic: Cobh. Irish port. + +_Rangoon._ City of Pegu Division, Burma, capital and chief port of the +country. + +_Red._ Sea between Arabia and Egypt, through which Suez Canal traffic +passes. + +_Reno._ City of Nevada, divorce center. + +_Rheims_ or _Reims_. City of Marne Department, France. An old city with +a celebrated cathedral, badly damaged in the World War. + +_Rhine._ Celebrated river of Europe. Part of the river runs between +France and Germany. + +_Rhone._ River of Switzerland and France. + +_Richmond._ City of Virginia, its capital and for a time the seat of +government of the Confederate States of America. + +_Riga._ Capital of Latvia. Founded in 1201, was once a Hanse Town. + +_Rio de Janeiro._ Capital of Brazil, in many ways the most important +city of South America. + +_Riviera._ Coastal district on Mediterranean, in France and Italy. + +_Rochester._ Important manufacturing city of New York State. + +_Rome._ Italian and Latin: Roma. Province of Italy and its capital, +also the capital of the kingdom. Center of the western branch of the +Catholic Church. Perhaps Rome was originally formed from a group of +villages founded by people from Alba Longa, the most ancient town in +Latium. It became the center of a great empire. + +_Rosario._ City of Santa Fe, Argentina. + +_Rotterdam._ Old city, great commercial center of the Netherlands. + +_Rouen._ City of France, on the Seine. Of considerable historical +interest. + +_Roumania_ or _Rumania_. Kingdom of Europe. Includes the former +principalities of Wallachia and Moldovia, also Transylvania and +Bessarabia. + +_Russia._ Country of Europe. Officially, it is the Russian Socialist +Soviet Republic. Mail is addressed to U. S. S. R., the Union of +Socialist Soviet Republics, which includes also Ukraine, Armenia, +Georgia, Azerbaijan, and White Russia, as well as various other +districts. The U. S. S. R. includes a great deal of territory inhabited +by non-Russians, although less than the old Russian Empire. + +_Sahara._ Desert of northern Africa. + +_Saint Helena._ British island in the Atlantic where Napoleon spent the +last years of his life. + +_Saint Lawrence._ River of southeastern Canada, flowing into Gulf of +St. Lawrence. + +_Saint Louis._ City of Missouri, on the west bank of the Mississippi. +Important manufacturing and commercial center. + +_Saint Paul._ Capital of Minnesota. One of the “Twin Cities,” with +Minneapolis. + +_Saint Petersburg._ City founded by Peter the Great, now called +Leningrad, q. v. + +_Salamanca._ Province of Spain and its capital, of historical interest. + +_Salamis._ Island off the western coast of Attica, Greece. The Greeks +defeated the Persian fleet of Xerxes nearby, B. C. 480. + +_Salem._ Seaport of Massachusetts, of historical interest. + +_Salerno._ Ancient name: Salernum. City of Italy, capital of the +province of Salerno, and located on the gulf of the same name. +Important in the middle ages. + +_Salonica_ or _Saloniki_. Province of Greece and its capital. Center of +operation of the Allied Macedonian forces in the Great War. + +_Salt Lake City._ Capital of Utah, center of Mormon Church. + +_Salvador._ Republic of Central America. + +_Samaria._ City of ancient Palestine, capital of the kingdom of Israel, +which became the Roman province of Samaria. The modern Samaritans +belong to a small tribe called “Sons of Israel.” + +_Samarkand._ City of Turkestan, Soviet Republics. According to +tradition, founded between 3000 and 4000 B. C. Called Maracanda by +the ancients. Was for a time a Mohammedan sacred city. Also spelled: +Samarcand. + +_Samnium._ Country of ancient Italy. The Samnites were, after hard +resistance, conquered and enslaved by the Romans. + +_Samos._ Greek island in the Aegean Sea. The ancient Samians founded +many colonies. The capital, of the same name, was once a splendid city. + +_Samothrace._ Modern Greek: Samothraki. Small island in the Aegean Sea, +anciently celebrated for its religious mysteries. + +_San Francisco._ City and port of California, first settled by the +Spanish. The celebrated earthquake occurred in 1906. + +_San Marino._ Tiny independent state surrounded by Italian territory, +and its capital. + +_Santo Domingo._ See Dominican Republic. + +_Santos._ City of Brazil from which much coffee is shipped. + +_Sarajevo._ Capital of Bosnia, Jugo-Slavia. Here took place the murder +of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, the direct cause of the World +War. + +_Saratov._ Province of Russia and its capital. + +_Sardinia._ Italian: Sardegna. Large island in the Mediterranean, part +of Italy. It was the king of Sardinia (who had possessions also on the +mainland) that became the first monarch of the kingdom of Italy. + +_Sardis._ Ancient city of Asia Minor, capital of the Lydian Empire and +then of the province of Lydia. + +_Sarmatia._ Ancient name given to a district including eastern Poland +and the southern part of European Russia. In modern poetic and +rhetorical use, Poland. + +_Savoy._ French: Savoie. Duchy ceded to France by Sardinia. + +_Scamander._ River of the Trojan territory, frequently mentioned by +Homer. The modern name of the Scamander, as of the old Maeander, is now +Menderez. + +_Scandinavia._ Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, with Iceland usually +included. Finland is not, strictly speaking, a Scandinavian country, +but it has shown an inclination to ally itself firmly with them. The +Scandinavian Peninsula is divided between Norway and Sweden. + +_Schleswig._ Province of Germany and its capital. Part of Schleswig is +to be Danish. See also Schleswig-Holstein. + +_Schleswig-Holstein._ Former Prussian province, taken from the control +of the king of Denmark by Bismarck. The two duchies, and especially +Holstein, were considered to be part of Germany, and the attempt to +make them Danish soil was resented by Prussia and Austria. + +_Scio._ Island of the Aegean Sea. As the ancient Chios, it was +celebrated for wine and marble. + +_Scotia._ Latinization of Scotland. The Romans called the northern part +of Britain Caledonia. + +_Scotland._ The northern part of Great Britain; long an independent +kingdom, then united under one sovereign with England, finally merged +with it. + +_Scythia._ Ancient name for southeastern Europe, also for northern +Asia. Both these regions are largely within the present Soviet +Republics. + +_Seattle._ City and port of entry of Washington. + +_Sedan._ City of Ardennes Department, France. Here Napoleon III +surrendered with his army in the Franco-Prussian War. Damaged in the +World War. + +_Seine._ River of France. + +_Seleucia._ Name of several cities in Asia built by Seleucis I, King +of Syria. One was near modern Bagdad, a second near Antioch, and there +were at least four more. + +_Senlac._ Low hill near Hastings, England, where William the Conqueror +defeated King Harald of England. Harald was slain in this Battle of +Senlac or Hastings, 1066, and Norman William became king of England. + +_Serbia_ or _Servia_. Serbian: Srbija. Former Balkan kingdom, out of +which Jugo-Slavia has grown. + +_Sestus._ Ancient town in Thrace, celebrated for the love affair of +Hero and Leander and for the bridge of boats Xerxes built here across +the Hellespont (Dardanelles). + +_Sevastopol._ Port of Crimea, Russia, besieged in Crimean War. Also +spelled: Sebastopol. + +_Seville._ Spanish: Sevilla. Province of Spain and its capital, which +is on the Guadalquivir. The Hispalis of the Romans, important under +Moorish rule. + +_Shanghai._ City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty port, with large foreign +settlement. + +_Shantung._ Province of China, formerly dominated by Germany, now by +Japan. + +_Shaohingfu._ City of Chekiang, China. + +_Sheba_ or _Saba_. Old Arabian country whose queen visited Solomon at +Jerusalem. + +_Shechem_ or _Sichem_ or _Sychem_ or _Sychar_. City of ancient +Palestine, for a time the capital of Israel. The city was destroyed, +and Vespasian built the city of Neapolis on its site. + +_Sheffield._ City of Yorkshire, England. Has been celebrated for its +cutlery for many centuries. + +_Siam._ Monarchy of Asia, occupying the western part of Indo-China. + +_Siangtan._ City of Hunan, China. + +_Siberia._ Northern Russia in Asia. It is part of the Russian Socialist +Soviet Republic; i. e., Russia proper. + +_Sicily._ Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian and Latin: +Sicilia. Greek and Carthaginian cities here were rivals for a time, +until the Romans conquered the whole island. With the kingdom of +Naples, made up the monarchy of the Two Sicilies. + +_Sicyonia._ District of northeastern Peloponnesus in ancient Greece. +Its chief city, Sicyon, was an artistic center. + +_Sidon._ Modern: Saida. Chief city of ancient Phoenicia. + +_Siena._ Province of Italy and its capital, which has an old university +and which was once an artistic center. + +_Sinai._ Arabian peninsula and desert, also mountain where Jehovah, +according to tradition, gave Moses the Ten Commandments. + +_Singan_ or _Singanfoo_ or _Sianfu_. City of Shenshi, China, capital of +the province and formerly of the country. Of considerable commercial +importance, and has a population of about a million. + +_Singapore._ British dependency of Straits Settlements and its capital, +seaport and commercial center. + +_Slavonia._ Former Hungarian crownland, now in Jugo-Slavia. + +_Smyrna._ Seaport of Asia Minor, Turkey. Temporarily a Greek +protectorate after World War. + +_Sofia._ Bulgarian: Sredetz. Capital of Bulgaria. + +_Soissons._ City of Aisne Department, France, around which there was +much fighting during the World War. + +_South Africa, Union of._ Autonomous British colony including Cape of +Good Hope, Transvaal, Natal, and Orange Free State. + +_Southampton._ Seaport of Hampshire, England, where many transatlantic +passengers are landed. + +_Spain._ Spanish: España. European kingdom, sharing the Iberian +Peninsula with Portugal. + +_Springfield._ Name of a number of cities in U.S., as the capital of +Illinois, manufacturing center in Massachusetts, and places of more or +less importance in Missouri, Ohio, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Oregon, +South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Vermont. + +_Stamboul._ Name given, especially by the French, to Constantinople. + +_Stockholm._ Province of Sweden and its capital, also the capital of +the kingdom. Seaport. + +_Strassburg._ City of Alsace, France. Founded by the Romans, who called +it Argentoratum. + +_Stratford-on-Avon._ Municipal borough of Warwickshire, England. Here +William Shakespeare was born. + +_Stuttgart._ Capital of Württemberg, Germany. Founded in the thirteenth +century. + +_Suchau_ or _Soochow_. City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty port. + +_Suez._ City of Egypt, southern (Red Sea) terminus of Suez Canal, which +goes north to the Mediterranean. + +_Surabaya_ or _Soerabaya_. Dutch: Soerabaja. Dutch province of Java and +its capital, a seaport. + +_Susa_ or (Biblical) _Shusan_. Winter residence of the Persian kings of +antiquity, in Elam. + +_Sweden._ Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. Has been united with Denmark +and Norway, with the latter of which it shares the Scandinavian +Peninsula. The last Swedish-Norwegian union lasted from 1814 to 1905. + +_Switzerland._ German: Schweiz. French: Suisse. Italian: Svizzera. +Republic of Europe. The most important of the languages spoken are, +in the order named, German, French, Italian, and Romansh. S. is a +confederation of cantons, and the division of governmental powers +between local divisions and the federal authorities somewhat resembles +the U. S. system. The Swiss navy is not very important. + +_Sybaris._ Ancient Greek town in Lucania. The wealthy inhabitants were +experts in providing delight to their senses. This colony of southern +Italy has left to us the word _sybarite_, a luxury-loving and usually +effeminate person. + +_Sydney._ Capital and important commercial center of New South Wales, +Australia. + +_Syracuse._ Italian: Siracusa. City of Sicily, the chief town in +ancient times. Founded by Dorian Greeks. The Athenians were defeated +here B. C. 413. Also, city of New York State. + +_Syria_ or _Aram_. In the widest sense, the region in western Asia +bounded by the Mediterranean, the Arabian Desert, the Tigris, and the +mountains of Armenia, inhabited by Semitic peoples. Also the region +north of Palestine now under French control. + +_Tabriz._ Capital of Persian Azerbaijan. Important commercial center. + +_Tagus._ Spanish: Tajo. Portuguese: Tejo. River of Spain and Portugal. + +_Tanagra._ Ancient town of Boeotia, Greece. The Athenians were defeated +nearby, B. C. 457. + +_Tananarivo_ or _Antananarivo_. French: Tananarive. Capital of +Madagascar. + +_Tangier._ Seaport of Morocco, where Emperor William II made a speech +in 1905 which helped to bring about the World War. + +_Taranto._ Ancient: Tarentum. City of Lecce, Apulia, Italy. Was the +leading Greek city in Italy, and under Roman rule it had a reputation +for luxury. + +_Tarshish._ Country mentioned in the Bible, connected with shipping. +It is not known just where T. was. The Phoenician coast and Italy are +possibilities. + +_Tarsus._ City of Turkey. Was the capital of the Roman province of +Cilicia. St. Paul was born here. + +_Tartary_ or _Tatary_. Country of the Tartars or Tatars. Parts of +Russia and central and eastern Asia. + +_Tasmania._ Island near Australia, part of the Australian Commonwealth. + +_Taurus._ Mountain chain of Asia Minor. + +_Teheran._ Capital of Persia and important commercial center. + +_Tempe._ Valley of ancient Thessaly, the beauty of which is much +praised by ancient poets. + +_Tenedos._ Turkish island in the Aegean Sea. The Greeks retired here, +in Homer’s story, when they left the iron horse before Troy. + +_Teos._ The ancient town in Asia Minor where Anacreon was born. + +_Thames._ Celebrated river of England, also rivers in Connecticut and +Ontario, Canada. + +_Thasus._ Greek island in the Aegean Sea, at one time occupied by the +Phoenicians. + +_Thebes_ or _Thebae_. Two cities of antiquity. One was the capital of +Egypt for a time, and was said to be the oldest city in the world. It +is the No or No-Ammon of the Bible. The other was the chief city of +Boeotia, important in Greek legend. It is the modern Thivai. + +_Thermopylae._ Pass leading from Thessaly into Locris, Greece. Here +Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans valiantly fought against the +armies of Xerxes, B. C. 480. Also called: Pylae. + +_Thessalonica_ and _Therma_. Ancient names for Salonica, q. v. + +_Thessaly._ Ancient division of Greece. Also: Thessalia. + +_Thrace_ or _Thracia_. Ancient country of eastern Europe, part of the +Macedonian Empire, then a Roman province. + +_Tiber._ Latin: Tiberis, Tybris, Tiberinus. Italian: Tevere. River of +Italy, on which Rome stands. + +_Tibet._ Asiatic country dependent on China. Also: Thibet. + +_Tierra del Fuego._ Islands at the southern tip of South America, +separated from mainland by the Strait of Magellan. + +_Tiflis._ Province of Asiatic Russia and its capital. + +_Tigris._ River of western Asia, joins Euphrates and falls into the +Persian Gulf. + +_Tokio_ or _Tokyo_. Capital and chief city of Japan. + +_Toledo._ Province of Spain and its capital, a city of much historical +importance. Has been capital of Visigoth and Mohammedan kingdoms and of +the Christian kingdom of Castile. Ecclesiastical center of Spain. The +swords of T. have been famous. Also, city of Ohio, manufacturing center +and lake port. + +_Toronto._ Capital of Ontario, Canada, located on Lake Ontario. + +_Toulon._ French port and naval station on the Mediterranean. + +_Toulouse._ Old city of Haute-Garonne, France, capital of the +department. University. + +_Trafalgar._ Spanish cape near which Nelson won a great naval victory +but was himself slain. + +_Transylvania._ District of Hungary transferred to Roumania after the +World War. + +_Trebizond_ or _Tarobosan_. Ancient: Trapezus. Province of Turkey and +its capital, port on the Black Sea. Has belonged to several different +empires. There was, during the middle ages, an empire of T. connected +with the Byzantine Empire. + +_Trent._ Italian: Trento. Italian city, taken from Austria after the +World War. + +_Trieste_ or _Triest_. Important Adriatic port, gained by Italy after +the World War. + +_Troy._ Ancient city of Asia Minor where, according to the Homeric +legend, the Greeks fought to recover Helen, runaway wife of Menelaus. +The country was called Troas, Troad, or Troja. The city was also known +as Ilium. + +_Troyes._ City of Aube Department, France, of historical importance. + +_Tunis._ French protectorate of northern Africa (also called Tunisia) +and its capital. + +_Turin._ Italian: Torino. Province of Italy and its capital, a leading +silk manufacturing center. Formerly capital of the duchy of Savoy and +the kingdom of Sardinia. + +_Turkestan._ Region of central Asia. Politically, it is in Russia, +China, and several minor states. + +_Turkey._ Formerly: Turkish or Ottoman Empire. Republic of Asia and +eastern Europe. Much reduced in area and importance by a series of +wars, including the World War of 1914-1918. + +_Tuscany._ Former grand duchy of Italy developed out of the city-state +of Florence, now a department or province. + +_Tusculum._ Ancient town of Latium where Cato the Censor was born and +Cicero had a villa. + +_Tyre._ Ancient seaport of Phoenicia. Modern: Sur. + +_Tyrol_ or _Tirol_. Former crownland of Austria, part of which, +including Trent, is now in Italy. T. is in the Alps. + +_Ukraine_ or _Little Russia_. One of the Soviet Republics. Also called: +Ukrainia. Officially: Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republics. + +_United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland._ The combined kingdoms of +England (including Wales), Scotland, and Ireland. The last, except for +what is called Northern Ireland, has been taken from the United Kingdom. + +_United States of America._ Federal republic of North America. An +American (or, in the Latin countries, a North American) is a citizen of +the United States, in ordinary usage. + +_Ur of the Chaldees._ Locality in ancient Babylonia from which Abram +(Abraham) is said to have come. + +_Ural._ River and mountains dividing European and Asiatic Russia. + +_Urbino._ Former duchy of Italy and its capital, now capital of the +department of Pesaro e Urbino. No longer of great importance. + +_Uruguay._ River and republic of South America. + +_Utica._ Important city of ancient Africa, founded by the Phoenicians. + +_Utrecht._ Province of the Netherlands and its capital, an +anciently-founded city. + +_Valencia._ Old kingdom, now included in Spain. Province of Spain and +its capital, a Mediterranean port, which was founded in the second +century B. C. The Romans called the city Valentia. + +_Valparaiso._ Province of Chile and its capital, a fortified seaport. + +_Venetia._ District of northern Italy, the territory belonging to +Venice. Now a province of the kingdom. + +_Venezuela._ Republic of northern South America. + +_Venice._ Italian: Venezia. City of Italy, near the head of the +Adriatic. Located on eighty little islands. Of great historical +importance. + +_Verdun._ City of Meuse Department, France, nearly destroyed in the +World War. + +_Verona._ Province of Italy and its capital. + +_Versailles._ City of France near Paris, of historic importance. + +_Vesuvius._ Volcano of southern Italy. + +_Vienna._ German: Wien. Capital of Austria, interesting in many +ways. Founded by the Romans, has long been important politically and +commercially, but has declined somewhat since the World War. + +_Vilna._ City of Poland, claimed also by the Lithuanians. + +_Volga._ River of Russia. + +_Wales._ Principality of Great Britain, which is for most purposes +treated as part of England. + +_Warsaw._ Polish: Warszawa. Capital of Poland. Of historical and +present importance. + +_Washington._ City of District of Columbia, capital of U. S. Also, +state of U. S., on the Pacific. + +_Waterloo._ Town of Brabant, Belgium, where Napoleon was defeated in +1815. + +_Weimar._ Capital of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Germany. Important in +literary history. + +_Wessex._ Former kingdom in southern England, of present interest +chiefly because of the writings of Thomas Hardy. + +_West Indies._ The group (or groups) of islands between Florida and +Venezuela, including the Bahamas, the Antilles, and the Virgin Islands. + +_West Point._ Town in the state of New York where the United States +Military Academy is located. + +_White._ Sea of Russia, opening into the Arctic Ocean. + +_Wittenberg._ City of Prussian Saxony, Germany, where the Lutheran +Reformation began. + +_Wuchang._ City of Hupeh, China. + +_Xanthus._ Ancient name of two rivers, one more familiar as the +Scamander, q. v. Ancient city of Lycia, Asia Minor. + +_Yangtze._ Most important river of China. + +_Yellow._ Sea between China and Korea. + +_Yokahoma._ Important treaty port and commercial center of Japan. + +_York._ City of Yorkshire, England, ecclesiastical center. + +_Yorktown._ Town of Virginia where Cornwallis surrendered, practically +bringing about the end of the Revolutionary War. + +_Ypres._ City of West Flanders, Belgium, about which there was much +heavy fighting during the World War. + +_Zama_ or _Zama Regia_. Ancient town of northern Africa where Scipio +Africanus defeated Hannibal, B. C. 202, bringing the second Punic War +to an end. + +_Zambesi._ River of Africa. + +_Zanzibar._ Island on the coast of East Africa a sultanate under +British control, and its capital, a seaport. + +_Zela._ City of Pontus, Asia Minor, in ancient times. Here Julius +Caesar defeated Pharnaces, then writing to Rome, “Veni: Vidi: Vici.” (I +came: I saw: I conquered.) + +_Zurich._ German: Zürich. Canton of Switzerland and its capital, on the +Lake of Z. the chief commercial and industrial city of the republic. + + + + + Transcriber's Notes: + + Italics are shown thus: _sloping_. + + Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained. + + Perceived typographical errors have been changed. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 *** diff --git a/78196-h/78196-h.htm b/78196-h/78196-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99634df --- /dev/null +++ b/78196-h/78196-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2956 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + A dictionary of geographical names | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; +} + + h1 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +h1 {font-weight: normal; + font-size: 250%; + margin-top: 01em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + word-spacing: 0.3em; + } + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + + +.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + +hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} + + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + + +.tdl {text-align: left;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; +} /* page numbers */ + + + + +.up {font-size: 220%;} +.xlarge {font-size: 140%;} +.large {font-size: 120%;} +.less {font-size: 90%;} +.med {font-size: 110%;} + + +.c {text-align: center;} + +.sp {word-spacing: 0.3em;} + +.hang { + text-indent: -1.5em; + padding-left: 1.5em; +} + +/* Images */ + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} +img.w100 {width: 100%;} + + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; + margin-bottom: 4em; +} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + margin-top:3em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; + border: .3em double gray; + padding: 1em; +} + + + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 ***</div> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover"> +</div> + +<table> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO.<br> +Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius</td> + <td class="tdl"><span class="up">1259</span></td></tr> + +</table> + + +<h1>A Dictionary of<br> +Geographical Names</h1> + +<p class="c sp large">Compiled by Leo Markun</p> + + +<p class="c sp xlarge p4">HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS<br> +GIRARD, KANSAS +</p> + +<hr class="full"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="c sp large"> +Copyright, 1927<br> +Haldeman-Julius Company</p> +<br> +<p class="c sp less"> +PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA +</p> +</div> +<hr class="full"> + + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> + +<p class="c xlarge sp">A DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL<br> +NAMES</p> +</div> + +<div class="hang med"> + +<p><i>Aachen.</i> The ancient Aquisgranum, in French: +Aix-la-Chapelle. A city of Rhenish Prussia, +Germany. Formerly the capital of Charlemagne +and Pepin the Little.</p> + +<p><i>Aar.</i> A Swiss river.</p> + +<p><i>Aargau.</i> In French: Argovie. A canton of +Switzerland.</p> + +<p><i>Aberdeen.</i> Old city of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. +Now an important manufacturing center.</p> + +<p><i>Aberdeen</i> or <i>Aberdeenshire</i>. A Scottish county.</p> + +<p><i>Aboukir</i> or <i>Abukir</i>. Village fifteen miles from +Alexandria, Egypt. In Abukir Bay was +fought the Battle of the Nile, in which Nelson +won a great victory.</p> + +<p><i>Abydos.</i> An ancient town on the Hellespont +(Dardanelles). More frequently, an Egyptian +city near the western bank of the Nile, no +longer in existence.</p> + +<p><i>Abyssinia.</i> Independent state in Africa, governed +by a monarch.</p> + +<p><i>Acadia.</i> In French: Acadie. Former name of +Nova Scotia.</p> + +<p><i>Achaia.</i> Northern coast of the Peloponnesus or +a district in Thessaly, in ancient times. The +whole of southern Greece as a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Acre.</i> City in Beirut Vilayet, Syria. Important +in the Crusades.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p> + +<p><i>Actium.</i> Promontory in Acarnania, at entrance +to the Ambracian Gulf, where Augustus +gained a great victory over Antony and +Cleopatra.</p> + +<p><i>Adelaide.</i> Capital of South Australia, important +commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Aden.</i> British fortified settlement and coaling +station in Arabia.</p> + +<p><i>Adirondacks.</i> Mountains in northern New +York, part of the Appalachian system.</p> + +<p><i>Adrianople.</i> Anciently, Hadrianopolis or Adrianopolis, +the city of Hadrian. City in Turkey, +once the capital of the Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Adriatic.</i> Sea, branch of Mediterranean, east +of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Aegean.</i> Sea, between Mediterranean and Sea +of Marmora, between Greece and Asia Minor.</p> + +<p><i>Afghanistan.</i> Country in Asia, north and west +of India.</p> + +<p><i>Africa.</i> Continent, connected with Asia by a +small strip of land (cut by Suez Canal) and +separated from Europe by the Mediterranean +Sea. Northern Africa was known to the ancients, +but Europeans have only lately +learned to know the southern part and the +interior well. Most of Africa is occupied by +European colonies. Area, 11,608,000 sq. mi.</p> + +<p><i>Aisne.</i> River in northern France. Battlefield +in Great War. Department of France.</p> + +<p><i>Aix-la-Chapelle.</i> See Aachen.</p> + +<p><i>Ajaccio.</i> Capital of Corsica, birthplace of Napoleon.</p> + +<p><i>Alaska.</i> Territory of U. S., in northwestern +part of North America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> + +<p><i>Alba Longa.</i> Most ancient town in Latium, +near Rome. Destroyed by Tullius Hostilius.</p> + +<p><i>Albania.</i> Ancient country east of Iberia. Country +in the Balkans.</p> + +<p><i>Albany.</i> Capital of New York. Name of various +other cities and towns, mostly in U. S. River +in Ontario.</p> + +<p><i>Albion.</i> Old name for England.</p> + +<p><i>Albuquerque.</i> City in New Mexico. City in +Philippines.</p> + +<p><i>Aleppo.</i> City in Syria, controlled by French.</p> + +<p><i>Alexandria.</i> Several cities founded by Alexander +the Great bore this name. Old capital +of Egypt, now an important seaport. Ancient +cities near Troy, at entrance of Syria, at the +mouth of the Tigris. Modern cities in Virginia, +in Rumania.</p> + +<p><i>Algeria.</i> French colony in northern Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Algiers.</i> In French: Alger. Capital of Algeria, +important seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Alps.</i> Mountain system in Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Alsace-Lorraine.</i> Region long disputed between +France and Germany. These provinces are +now French.</p> + +<p><i>America.</i> Two continents, North and South +America. The New World.</p> + +<p><i>Amiens.</i> French city with a celebrated cathedral.</p> + +<p><i>Amsterdam.</i> The most important city of the +Netherlands. A great seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Amu Darya.</i> River in central Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Anatolia.</i> Asia Minor, part of Turkey.</p> + +<p><i>Andes.</i> Mountain system in the western part +of South America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p> + +<p><i>Andorra.</i> Semi-independent republic in the +Pyrenees, controlled by France. The language +is Catalan. In French: Andorre.</p> + +<p><i>Angola.</i> Portuguese dependency in western +Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Angora.</i> Province of Turkey and city in the +province. Now one of the capitals of the +republic.</p> + +<p><i>Annam.</i> French protectorate in Indo-China, +also called Anam. Nominally a kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>Annapolis.</i> Capital of Maryland, seat of U. S. +Naval Academy.</p> + +<p><i>Antarctic.</i> Ocean around South Pole.</p> + +<p><i>Antilles.</i> West Indies, islands in Atlantic, off +Central America and southern North America, +or two groups of them.</p> + +<p><i>Antioch.</i> City of Syria, important in ancient +times.</p> + +<p><i>Antipodes.</i> Lands on the opposite side of globe, +as Australasia. A group of islands near and +under the control of New Zealand.</p> + +<p><i>Antwerp.</i> Capital of province of same name, +chief city of Belgium, important industrially +and commercially.</p> + +<p><i>Appalachian.</i> Mountain system in eastern North +America.</p> + +<p><i>Arabia.</i> Peninsula of southwestern Asia. Political +divisions include Aden, Asir, Hejaz, +Jebel Shammar, Kuweit, Nejd and Hasa, +Oman, and Yemen.</p> + +<p><i>Aragon.</i> Old kingdom, now part of Spain.</p> + +<p><i>Arcadia.</i> Ancient country of Greece. This +mountainous district was supposed to be occupied +by contented shepherds. The name is +often to be found in literature, sometimes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> +under the poetical form of Arcady. Literary +Arcadia owes much to Virgil, Sannazzaro, +and Sidney.</p> + +<p><i>Archangel.</i> Russian city, of interest because it +is farther north than any other of equal importance. +Base of operations against Bolshevists.</p> + +<p><i>Arctic.</i> Ocean around North Pole.</p> + +<p><i>Argentina</i> or <i>Argentine Republic</i>. One of the +greatest countries of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Argos.</i> A town in Argolis, Greece, still in existence, +but recorded here for its ancient +importance. In Homer, Argos stands sometimes +for the town itself, sometimes for the +region of Argolis or for Agamemnon’s kingdom, +or even for the entire Peloponnesus. +The “Argives” are all the Greeks assembled +against Troy in most cases.</p> + +<p><i>Armenia.</i> Ancient country of Asia, at one time +divided between Roman and Persian Empires, +Recently, divided among Russia, Persia, and +Turkey. The Christians of A. evidently took +considerable pleasure in being massacred by +the Turks. (Russian) Armenia is one in the +Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. In the +Bible: Minni.</p> + +<p><i>Aroostook.</i> River and county in Maine. The +county depends largely upon the potato crop.</p> + +<p><i>Asia.</i> Continent of the Old World. With Europe, +part of Eurasia. A. is the largest of +the continents, and it is very likely the place +where civilization first arose. Area: 17,040,000 +sq. mi. Name applied by ancients to the +western part of Asia Minor, to the whole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> +continent, to a Roman province formed out +of the kingdom of Pergamus.</p> + +<p><i>Asia Minor</i> or <i>Anatolia</i>. Roughly, the part of +Asia north of the Mediterranean Sea. Long +part of the Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Athens.</i> The center of ancient Greek culture +and capital of Attica. Now a flourishing city +and the capital of Greece. Has been under +Roman, Byzantine, and Turkish rule. Most +celebrated for antique remains.</p> + +<p><i>Atlantic.</i> Ocean dividing Europe and Africa +from America. Sometimes considered as two +oceans, North and South Atlantic.</p> + +<p><i>Atlantis.</i> According to old tradition, a great +island in the Atlantic, swallowed up by the +ocean because of the wickedness of its inhabitants.</p> + +<p><i>Atlas.</i> System of mountains in northwestern +Africa, where Atlas, son of Iapetus, is said +once to have held up the skies.</p> + +<p><i>Australasia.</i> Arbitrary term used in maps to +describe a part of the earth, including Australia, +Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Fiji +Islands. Sometimes many other island +groups are also included.</p> + +<p><i>Australia.</i> Continent of the southern hemisphere, +between Indian and Pacific Oceans. +May be considered an island rather than a +continent. The Commonwealth of Australia +is an autonomous part of the British Empire. +Area: 2,948,000 sq. mi.</p> + +<p><i>Austria.</i> Republic of Europe, once part of the +Austro-Hungarian Empire. Has now only an +area of about 32,000 sq. mi.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> + +<p><i>Avignon.</i> Old city of southern France, once +called Avenio by the Romans. Has been a +republic, part of Papal States, seat of the +Popes.</p> + +<p><i>Azerbaijan.</i> One of the Socialist Soviet Republics. +Formerly a Persian province. Between +Armenia and the Caspian Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Azores.</i> Portuguese islands in the Atlantic +Ocean.</p> + +<p><i>Babylon.</i> Great city of antiquity. Built on +both banks of the Euphrates, long subject to +Assyrian Empire, then the capital of Babylonia.</p> + +<p><i>Bagdad.</i> City of Mesopotamia, now in Iraq. +Still of some importance.</p> + +<p><i>Bahia.</i> State of Brazil and its capital, the +oldest city of Brazil.</p> + +<p><i>Balearic.</i> Spanish islands in the Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Balkan.</i> Mountain system in southeastern +Europe, peninsula between Black and Adriatic +Seas. The Balkan countries may be said +to include Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Jugo-Slavia +(with Montenegro), and Rumania.</p> + +<p><i>Baltimore.</i> Important seaport city of Maryland.</p> + +<p><i>Baluchistan.</i> Country in British India, of +which part is divided into native states.</p> + +<p><i>Bangkok.</i> Chief commercial city of Siam, also +the capital.</p> + +<p><i>Barbados</i>, also <i>Barbadoes</i>. The most eastward +of the West Indian islands. British colony.</p> + +<p><i>Barcelona.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, +seaport and important city.</p> + +<p><i>Basel.</i> In French: Bâle. Swiss canton and city<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> +in it; manufacturing, commercial, university +town.</p> + +<p><i>Basque</i> or <i>Biscayan</i>. The region and language +of the western Pyrenees. Basque provinces +of Spain include Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, and +Álava.</p> + +<p><i>Batavia.</i> Dutch residency, bay, city, in East +Indies. City is capital and most important +commercial center of Dutch East Indies. In +ancient writings and sometimes in modern +ones, B. stands for the Netherlands or the general +district of the Low Countries. In French +Revolutionary times, there was a Batavian +Republic in Europe. The Batavia were a +Celtic people, for a time allied with the +Romans.</p> + +<p><i>Batum.</i> Province and city, formerly in Russian +Empire, now in Georgia.</p> + +<p><i>Beirut.</i> Seaport of Syria, now under French +control. In ancient times, Berytus, a Phoenician +port.</p> + +<p><i>Belfast.</i> Important commercial city in Northern +Ireland, i.e., not in the Free State. Center +of linen trade.</p> + +<p><i>Belgium.</i> In French: Belgique. Kingdom of +western Europe, part of the Low Countries. +Anciently, the territory of the Bellovaci, part +of the Belgae, a Germanic people.</p> + +<p><i>Belgrade.</i> In Serbian: Beograd. Capital of +Jugo-Slavia, commercial city and port.</p> + +<p><i>Benares.</i> District of India and its capital, an +ancient city and a holy place for the Hindus.</p> + +<p><i>Bengal.</i> Presidency of British India, including +mouths of Ganges and Brahmaputra. Bay, +really part of Indian Ocean.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> + +<p><i>Berlin.</i> Capital of Prussia and German Republic. +One of the great cities of the world, +of historical as well as present importance.</p> + +<p><i>Bermuda.</i> Islands, British colony, 580 miles +from North Carolina. Haven for thirsty +Americans.</p> + +<p><i>Berne</i> or <i>Bern</i>. Canton of Switzerland and its +capital, also the capital of the country. Once +a free city.</p> + +<p><i>Bethlehem.</i> Town in Palestine, traditionally +the birthplace of the Son of God. City in +Pennsylvania, home of the Bethlehem Steel +Company and the Moravian Theological Seminary.</p> + +<p><i>Bhutan.</i> Nominally independent kingdom in +the eastern Himalayas.</p> + +<p><i>Birmingham.</i> City, civic county and borough +of Warwickshire, England. Great manufacturing +city, leading hardware center of the +world. Also manufacturing city of Alabama, +and several smaller places in U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Biscay.</i> Bay, part of Atlantic, north of Spain +and west of France.</p> + +<p><i>Biscayan.</i> See Basque.</p> + +<p><i>Black.</i> Sea, also called Euxine, south of European +Russia. The Greeks knew the sea at +an early period, calling it Pontus or Pontus +Euxinus.</p> + +<p><i>Blenheim</i> or <i>Blindheim</i>. Village in Bavaria, +Germany, where the French were badly beaten +in 1704.</p> + +<p><i>Boeotia.</i> District in ancient Greece. The Boeotians +were proverbially stupid.</p> + +<p><i>Bohemia.</i> Old kingdom, long a crownland of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> +Austria, now part of Czecho-Slovakia. In +Bohemian (Czech): Cechy.</p> + +<p><i>Bokhara.</i> Country of central Asia, dependent +upon Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Bolivia.</i> South American republic, west of +Brazil.</p> + +<p><i>Bologna.</i> Italian city, the Felsina and Bononia +of the ancients. Capital of province of same +name. Famous for medieval architecture, +modern commerce, and sausage.</p> + +<p><i>Bombay.</i> Governmental district of India, island, +and city, capital of the presidency. +Great commercial city.</p> + +<p><i>Bordeaux.</i> French city of considerable antiquity. +Port, university city, famous for wine. +Capital of France for a short time when Paris +was threatened during World War.</p> + +<p><i>Bosnia.</i> Former Turkish province. Annexation +by Austria-Hungary one of the causes of +World War. Now in Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Bosporus.</i> Strait between Black and Marmora +Seas. Of great political and economic importance.</p> + +<p><i>Boston.</i> Capital and chief city of Massachusetts, +“Hub of the Universe” for New Englanders. +City and port in Lincolnshire, England, after +which the American Boston was named.</p> + +<p><i>Bothnia.</i> Gulf extension of Baltic Sea between +Finland and Sweden.</p> + +<p><i>Boulogne</i> or <i>Boulogne-sur-Mer</i>, to distinguish it +from Boulogne-sur-Seine. Seaport of France, +where Napoleon made preparations for the +invasion of England. B.-sur-Seine is a suburb +of Paris.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p> + +<p><i>Brabant.</i> Old duchy, now divided between Belgium +and Netherlands.</p> + +<p><i>Bradford.</i> City of Yorkshire, England. Textile +manufacturing center. Also a small city, B.-on-Avon, +and various places in the U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Brahmaputra.</i> Important river of India.</p> + +<p><i>Brazil.</i> Officially, United States of Brazil. One +of the great countries of South America. +Language: Portuguese. Climate mostly tropical.</p> + +<p><i>Bremen.</i> German seaport city, long a free city +and one member of the Hanseatic League. +The port of Bremen is called Bremerhaven.</p> + +<p><i>Breslau.</i> Capital of Silesia, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Brest-Litovsk.</i> City of Grodno, Russia. Here +was signed the treaty of peace between Germany +and Soviets, later annulled by the +Allies.</p> + +<p><i>Bristol.</i> City of Gloucestershire, England, +formerly second only to London in importance, +and a celebrated port. Cabot started +to the New World from B.</p> + +<p><i>Brittany.</i> In French: Bretagne. Old province +of France. The people of Brittany are called +Bretons. The duchy was long independent +of the French crown, and was for a time +an English fief.</p> + +<p><i>Bronx, the.</i> Borough of the city of New York, +principally residential.</p> + +<p><i>Brooklyn.</i> Formerly a city of New York state, +now part of the city of New York.</p> + +<p><i>Bruges.</i> Capital of West Flanders, Belgium. +Much more important in middle ages than +now. Many medieval buildings destroyed +during World War.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p> + +<p><i>Brussels.</i> Most important city of Belgium.</p> + +<p><i>Bucharest</i> or <i>Bukharest</i>. In Roumanian: Bucuresti. +Capital of Roumania.</p> + +<p><i>Budapest</i> or <i>Budapesth</i>. Capital of Hungary. +Formed of two cities, Buda and Pest, on +opposite sides of the Danube.</p> + +<p><i>Buenos Aires.</i> Capital of Argentina, largest +city of South America. Of manufacturing, +commercial, educational importance.</p> + +<p><i>Buffalo.</i> City of New York, of second importance +in the state.</p> + +<p><i>Bukowina.</i> Former crownland of Austria, now +in Roumania.</p> + +<p><i>Bulgaria.</i> Kingdom of Europe. Balkan state, +formerly part of Turkish Empire. Limited +in area as penalty for joining Central Powers +in World War.</p> + +<p><i>Burgundy.</i> In French: Bourgogne. Former +duchy, kingdom, province of France. Acquired +by France in eleventh century and +then lost. At times a dangerous rival to +France. Burgundy wine is usually red.</p> + +<p><i>Burma.</i> Country of eastern India under British +control.</p> + +<p><i>Byzantium.</i> A town on the Bosporus founded +by the Megarians, built anew by Constantine +in 330 and called Constantinople.</p> + +<p><i>Cádiz.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, on the +island of Leon. The city, known to the +Romans as Gades, was founded by the Phoenicians.</p> + +<p><i>Caen.</i> City in department of Calvados, France. +Was an important place in old Normandy.</p> + +<p><i>Cairo.</i> Capital and chief city of Egypt. Commercial,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> +educational, religious (Mohammedan) +importance.</p> + +<p><i>Calais.</i> Seaport and fortified city of France, on +English Channel.</p> + +<p><i>Calcutta.</i> Largest city of India, formerly capital.</p> + +<p><i>Caledonia.</i> For the Romans, the northern part +of Britain. Now a poetic name for Scotland.</p> + +<p><i>Cambridge.</i> University city of England. City +of Massachusetts, near Boston, seat of Harvard +University.</p> + +<p><i>Canada.</i> Autonomous country in British Empire, +north of U. S. Includes provinces of +Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New +Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, +Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan, +also territory of Yukon and Northwest Territories.</p> + +<p><i>Canary.</i> Islands in Atlantic, ruled by Spain. +Also, Canaries, and in Spanish, Canarias.</p> + +<p><i>Canberra.</i> New capital of Australia.</p> + +<p><i>Canterbury.</i> City of Kent, England, chief center +of Anglican Church. Shrine of St. +Thomas à Becket brought many pilgrims in +middle ages.</p> + +<p><i>Canton.</i> In Chinese: Kwangchowfu. Capital of +Kwang-fung, China. Great commercial and +manufacturing city, center of foreign trade.</p> + +<p><i>Cape Colony</i> or <i>Cape Province</i> or, now officially, +<i>Cape of Good Hope</i>. Province in Union of +South Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Capetown.</i> Also: Cape Town. Capital of Cape +of Good Hope, legislative seat of Union of +South Africa. Founded by the Dutch.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></p> + +<p><i>Cappadocia.</i> Ancient district of Asia Minor. +Tiberius made C. a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Cardiff.</i> City of Glamorganshire, Wales. Important +for coal trade.</p> + +<p><i>Caria.</i> Ancient district of southwestern Asia +Minor. Part of the Roman province of Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Caribbean.</i> Sea south of the West Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Carinthia.</i> Former crownland of Austria, now +in Austrian Republic. In German: Kärnten.</p> + +<p><i>Carmel.</i> Mountain of Palestine. Holy place for +many centuries. Here, biblically, Jehovah +proved himself to be a greater god than Baal +by sending down fire from heaven.</p> + +<p><i>Carniola.</i> In German: Krain. Former crownland +of Austria, now divided between Italy +and Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Carpathian.</i> Mountains, now chiefly in Czecho-Slovakia +and Roumania, before the World +War mostly in Hungarian territory.</p> + +<p><i>Carthage.</i> One of the most important and most +celebrated cities of the ancient world, called +Carthago or Magna Carthago by the Romans. +Located in Africa, northeast of Tunis. Founded +by the Phoenicians. The Carthaginians +built up a state rivalling that of Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Caspian.</i> Sea or lake. By far the largest saltwater +lake in the world. Surrounded by +European and Asian Soviet Republics and +Persia.</p> + +<p><i>Castile.</i> In Spanish: Castilla. Former kingdom +of Spain. Castilian is literary and standard +Spanish.</p> + +<p><i>Catalonia.</i> In Spanish: Cataluña. Former division +of Spain. The inhabitants of C. are +called Catalans. The Catalan language is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> +spoken in part of northern Spain and southern +France.</p> + +<p><i>Catania.</i> Province of Sicily and its capital, +Catana or Catina of the ancients. Founded +B. C. 730, came under Roman rule in the +first Punic war. At the foot of Mt. Etna, and +has suffered much from earthquakes and volcanic +disturbances.</p> + +<p><i>Caucasus.</i> Mountains dividing Europe from +Asia, in Soviet territory between Black and +Caspian Seas.</p> + +<p><i>Cawnpore</i> or <i>Cawnpur</i>. District of British +India and its capital, an important railroad +junction. Scene of massacre of English residents +in Sepoy rebellion.</p> + +<p><i>Celebes.</i> Island in Dutch East Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Chaeronea.</i> Ancient town in Boeotia, where +Philip of Macedon won a great victory and +Sulla defeated Mithridates.</p> + +<p><i>Chalcedon.</i> Old Greek city at the entrance of +the Bosporus, opposite Byzantium. Long independent, +then subject to Bithynia.</p> + +<p><i>Chalcis.</i> Several ancient towns. An important +city of Euboea, town in Aetolia, city of Syria.</p> + +<p><i>Chaldea.</i> Old Babylonian province. Name also +applied to all Babylonia.</p> + +<p><i>Châlons-sur-Marne.</i> City of France, capital of +department of Marne, place where Attila’s +Huns were defeated, A. D. 451.</p> + +<p><i>Champagne.</i> Old province of France. Champagne +wine is usually white and sparkling.</p> + +<p><i>Changchowfu.</i> City of Fukien, China.</p> + +<p><i>Changsha.</i> Capital of Hunan, China. Treaty +port.</p> + +<p><i>Changteh.</i> City of Hunan, China.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p> + +<p><i>Charlottenburg.</i> Important suburb of Berlin, +Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Chautauqua.</i> Township of western New York, +where summer courses are conducted.</p> + +<p><i>Chemnitz.</i> City of Saxony, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Cheng-tu</i> or <i>Ching-tu</i> (sometimes without hyphens). +City of Szechuan, China.</p> + +<p><i>Cherbourg.</i> Port and naval station of Manche +Department, France.</p> + +<p><i>Chersonesus.</i> Greek word for peninsula. Without +qualifications, it meant for the Greeks +Gallipoli, peninsula of the Dardanelles. +C. Taurica or Scythica was Crimea. Gallipoli +is also called Chersonese.</p> + +<p><i>Cheshire</i> or <i>Chester</i>. County of England. A +Cheshire cat is a person with a fixed grin.</p> + +<p><i>Chicago.</i> Second city of U. S. County seat of +Cook County, Illinois. Founded, as Fort +Dearborn, in 1804.</p> + +<p><i>Chile</i> or <i>Chili</i>. Important republic of South +America.</p> + +<p><i>China.</i> Great Asiatic republic, before 1912 an +empire. People of China possess an ancient +and significant civilization. Although C. is +not a “great power,” i.e., is of small military +strength, and has been the scene of exploitation +by European and other well-armed countries, +it must be reckoned with, even as a +potential maker of war.</p> + +<p><i>China.</i> Sea, part of Pacific Ocean, south and +east of China.</p> + +<p><i>Chosen.</i> See Korea.</p> + +<p><i>Christiania.</i> See Oslo.</p> + +<p><i>Chungking.</i> City of Szechuan, China.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> + +<p><i>Cincinnati.</i> City of Ohio, on Ohio River, manufacturing +and commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Cleveland.</i> Largest city of Ohio.</p> + +<p><i>Cochin China.</i> French colony, part of French +Indo-China.</p> + +<p><i>Colchis</i> or <i>Aea</i>. District of Asia, south of Caucasus +Mountains, important in Greek legend.</p> + +<p><i>Cologne.</i> In German: Köln. District of German +Rhine Provinces and its capital, of great +historical importance. Once renowned for its +perfumery.</p> + +<p><i>Colombia.</i> Republic of South America. Has +been known as New Granada, Granadine Confederation, +United States of Colombia.</p> + +<p><i>Colombo.</i> Capital of Ceylon, a British colony.</p> + +<p><i>Colophon.</i> Old Ionian (Greek) city which +claimed to be the birthplace of Homer.</p> + +<p><i>Colorado.</i> State, river, desert, of U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Congo.</i> River and country of Africa. The old +Congo Free State is now a Belgian colony.</p> + +<p><i>Constance.</i> In German: Konstanz, also Kostnitz. +City of Baden, Germany, important historically.</p> + +<p><i>Constantinople.</i> Turkish: Istamboul. City of +Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus. Of international +significance because of its location, +at entrance to Black Sea, and because it +is the modern center of Mohammedanism, at +least in Turkey. Has been an important +Christian center and capital of (Eastern) +Roman Empire. On the site of old Byzantium. +Long the capital of Ottoman Empire, +now one of the capitals of Turkey.</p> + +<p><i>Copenhagen.</i> Danish: Köbenhavn or Kjobenhavn. +Capital and fortified seaport of Denmark.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> +Great commercial city, cultural center +of Scandinavia.</p> + +<p><i>Cordova.</i> Spanish: Córdoba. Province of +Spain and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Corea.</i> See Korea.</p> + +<p><i>Corfu.</i> Island in Ionian Sea, known to the +Greeks of antiquity as Corcyra, seat of an +important Corinthian colony.</p> + +<p><i>Corinth.</i> Isthmus of Greece; ancient city located +on it, whose territory was known as +Corinthia. Important commercial and colonizing +city of ancient times. The city on +its site is now known as New Corinth. There +is also a Gulf of C. or Lepanto, north of +Corinthia.</p> + +<p><i>Corsica.</i> Island in Mediterranean, north of +Sardinia. French department. In French: +Corse.</p> + +<p><i>Costa Rica.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Cressy.</i> French: Crécy or Crécy-en-Ponthieu. +Place in France where Edward the Black +Prince badly defeated the French in 1346.</p> + +<p><i>Crete</i> or <i>Candia</i>. Island in the Mediterranean +belonging to Greece. The ancient Creta, with +a civilization of some importance in Homeric +times. Much later, a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Crimea.</i> Russian: Krim. Peninsula of Russia. +Chersonesus Taurica of the ancients.</p> + +<p><i>Croatia.</i> Formerly a Hungarian crownland, +now in Jugo-Slavia. People of C. are called +Croats, their Slavic language is Croatian.</p> + +<p><i>Ctesiphon.</i> Old city of Assyria, winter residence +of the kings of Parthia.</p> + +<p><i>Cuba.</i> Republic. Island of West Indies. The +language is Spanish.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> + +<p><i>Czechoslovakia.</i> Republic formed after the +World War, composed of Bohemia, Moravia, +Slovakia, Southern Ruthenia, and Silesia. +Languages spoken include Bohemian or Czech, +German, and Ruthenian, which is practically +the same as Ukrainian.</p> + +<p><i>Damascus.</i> One of the oldest cities of the +world. Has been under Syrian, Assyrian, +Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Turkish +rule. This pleasant and commercially important +Syrian city is now under French control.</p> + +<p><i>Danube.</i> Important river of Europe, flowing +into Black Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Danzig</i> or <i>Dantsic</i>. Free international city, +formerly part of Prussia, Germany. Seaport, +manufacturing center, with an interesting +history.</p> + +<p><i>Dardanelles.</i> Strait between Aegean Sea and +Sea of Marmora, now between Greek and +Turkish (Asian) territory. The whole area +of the Straits, waters connecting Black and +Mediterranean Seas, with adjacent land, has +been demilitarized.</p> + +<p><i>Dauphiné.</i> Former province of France. The +heir to French throne was formerly called +the Dauphin, that is, ruler of D.</p> + +<p><i>Dead.</i> Sea, salt lake in Palestine.</p> + +<p><i>Delhi.</i> Province of British India and its capital, +also capital of Indian Empire. An ancient +city.</p> + +<p><i>Delos.</i> Island in Aegean Sea, seat of worship +of Apollo. Games were held here every five +years in ancient times.</p> + +<p><i>Delphi.</i> Small town in Phocis, in old Greece,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> +famous for oracle. In Homer: Pytho. Pythian +games were celebrated at D.</p> + +<p><i>Denmark.</i> Danish: Danmark. Kingdom of +northern Europe, one of the Scandinavian +countries. Includes northern part of peninsula +of Jutland and a group of islands.</p> + +<p><i>Denver.</i> Capital of Colorado, one of the chief +cities of Mountain States.</p> + +<p><i>Detroit.</i> Chief city of Michigan, center of automobile +industry.</p> + +<p><i>Dnieper.</i> Important river of Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Dniester.</i> European river, boundary between +Roumania and Soviet Republics (Ukrainia).</p> + +<p><i>Dominican Republic</i> or <i>Santo Domingo</i>. Republic, +eastern part of the island of Haiti. Population +largely colored.</p> + +<p><i>Douai</i> or <i>Douay</i>. French city, damaged in +World War. Here Bible translation of the +English Catholics was published.</p> + +<p><i>Dresden.</i> Capital of Saxony, Germany; of +great historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Dublin.</i> Capital of Ireland. Part of its interesting +history is an occupation by the Danes +in the middle ages.</p> + +<p><i>Dvina.</i> River of Russia, also known as the +Northern D., flowing into the Gulf of D., +a branch of White Sea. Another river, no +longer entirely Russian, known also as the +Western D., or the Düna, flowing into the +Gulf of Riga.</p> + +<p><i>East Indies.</i> Somewhat indefinite name, applied +usually to Malay Archipelago, sometimes +still inclusive of India and Indo-China. +Formerly the Indies, without qualification; +but the application of the name Indies to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> +islands near the American mainland caused +the differentiation.</p> + +<p><i>Eboracum.</i> Chief Roman town in Britain, now +the English city of York.</p> + +<p><i>Ecuador.</i> Republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Edinburgh.</i> City of Scotland, long the capital +and, historically, the most important place +in the country. The university is old and +celebrated.</p> + +<p><i>Egypt.</i> Country of northern Africa under English +control. In effect, a British colony. +Land of very ancient civilization and history +both old and varied. E. fell under Turkish +rule in 1517, and remained nominally part +of the Ottoman Empire until the World War. +Arabic has been for some time the chief +language.</p> + +<p><i>Elba.</i> Mediterranean island belonging to Italy. +Napoleon was sent to Elba upon his first +downfall.</p> + +<p><i>Elis.</i> Ancient country of Greece, considered +sacred because of the games at Olympia.</p> + +<p><i>England.</i> A division of the United Kingdom +of Great Britain and Ireland. Because of its +dominance, its name is sometimes applied +loosely to the whole country and its empire. +The adjective especially is used in this way, +and we say “English” or “British” of a +colony without change in meaning.</p> + +<p><i>English Channel.</i> The channel that separates +England from France and connects Straits +of Dover (leading to North Sea) with the +Atlantic.</p> + +<p><i>Ephesus.</i> Ancient Ionian city on the coast of +Asia Minor. Here stood a famous temple to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> +Artemis. E. fell under the successive control +of Lydia, Persia, Macedonia, and Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Essen.</i> City of Rhenish Prussia, Germany. +Here were located the Krupp munition works. +Many medieval remains.</p> + +<p><i>Esthonia.</i> Republic of northwestern Europe +formed as a result of the World War, made +up of the old Russian government of E. and +part of Livonia. Esthonian, a Finnish dialect, +is spoken, as well as German, Russian, +and other languages.</p> + +<p><i>Ethiopia.</i> Old country of Africa. The adjectives +and nouns Ethiopic and Ethiopian may +refer to a Semitic language or the race of +dark-skinned peoples including the Negroes.</p> + +<p><i>Etruria</i> or <i>Tuscia</i> or (Greek) <i>Tyrrhenia</i>. Ancient +country in central Italy. The Romans +called the inhabitants Tuscans. Much of the +Roman civilization was of Tuscan origin.</p> + +<p><i>Euphrates.</i> Important river of western Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Eurasia.</i> Europe and Asia. The two are customarily +considered as separate continents, +and probably it would be inconvenient to give +up the old names, but the map shows that +they are really one, the continent of Eurasia. +It is not so much the mountains between +as cultural differences which separate Europe +and Asia. Russia was long, and in some +ways still remains, an Asian country in this +respect.</p> + +<p><i>Europe.</i> Continent, part of Eurasia (q. v.). +Has been called a peninsula of Asia, to emphasize +the fact that it is much smaller—the +area is about 3,789,000 sq. mi. Nevertheless, +the world has been and is being Europeanized.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> +It is true, indeed, that much which +we consider European arose in western Asia, +and that New York is tending to become the +great center of European civilization. For +an American, the most important thing to +realize is the great variety of languages and +national institutions to be found within a +small space.</p> + +<p><i>Everest.</i> Mountain, one of the Himalayas, believed +to be the highest in the world.</p> + +<p><i>Fez.</i> One of the capitals of Morocco.</p> + +<p><i>Fiji.</i> British colony, islands in the Pacific.</p> + +<p><i>Finland.</i> Formerly a grand duchy ruled by +Russian czars. Still earlier, occupied by +Lapps, ruled by Sweden. Now a republic. +The Finns and Lapps are not of the Aryan +race, but of the Mongol group. The Finns +call themselves Suomi. Culturally, Finland +has been closer to Sweden than to Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Fiume.</i> Free city on the Adriatic, formerly +belonging to Hungary, claimed by both Italy +and Jugo-Slavia, now Italian.</p> + +<p><i>Flanders.</i> Country of Europe divided among +Netherlands, Belgium, and France. The language +of F., Flemish, is a dialect of Dutch. +It has recently been revived for literary purposes.</p> + +<p><i>Flodden.</i> Hill in England. At the Battle of +Flodden Field, 1513, King James IV of Scotland +was defeated and killed.</p> + +<p><i>Florence.</i> Italian: Firenze. Capital of Tuscany, +Italy. Celebrated for history and art.</p> + +<p><i>Foochow.</i> Capital of Fukien, China. Treaty +port.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span></p> + +<p><i>Formosa.</i> Island north of Philippines, belonging +to Japan. Also called Taiwan.</p> + +<p><i>Fort Sumter.</i> Fortress in harbor of Charleston, +South Carolina, where the Civil War +began.</p> + +<p><i>France.</i> Republic of western Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Franche-Comté.</i> Former French province.</p> + +<p><i>Franconia.</i> Former duchy of Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Frankfurt-am-Main.</i> English: Frankfurt-on-the-Main. +City of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, +Germany. Was capital of the German Confederation.</p> + +<p><i>Galatia.</i> Ancient country of Asia Minor, settled +by Gauls.</p> + +<p><i>Galicia.</i> Old kingdom of Spain. Also former +(Polish) crownland of Austria.</p> + +<p><i>Galilee.</i> In the Greek period, the name for +northwestern Palestine. A Roman province. +A Galilean means a Christian, as the word +is now most used.</p> + +<p><i>Gallipoli.</i> Peninsula north of Dardanelles. The +Entente Allies tried unsuccessfully during +the World War to capture Constantinople, +landing troops here. See also Chersonesus.</p> + +<p><i>Ganges.</i> Important river of India, flowing into +Bay of Bengal.</p> + +<p><i>Gascony.</i> French: Gascogne. Former province +of France. The Gascons were supposed to be +boastful swaggerers.</p> + +<p><i>Gaul</i> or <i>Gallia</i>. In Roman times, the country +occupied by the Galli or Celtae. Gaul was +divided into three parts: Aquitania, Celtica, +and Belgica. It consisted of the present +France and some neighboring sections. Gallia<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> +Cisalpina was a Roman province in the north +of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Geneva.</i> German: Genf. Canton of Switzerland +and its capital, which is of interest in +many ways. Associated with Rousseau and +Calvin. Now the seat of the League of Nations. +French: Genève.</p> + +<p><i>Genoa.</i> Italian: Genova. Important Italian +commercial city and port. Of great historical +significance.</p> + +<p><i>German Ocean.</i> Name sometimes applied to +North Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Germany.</i> Republic of Europe, formerly an +Empire. In German: Deutschland. The +Germania of the Romans did not occupy precisely +the same territory as modern Germany, +extending to the Baltic and the Carpathian +Mountains. The medieval organization was +feudal, with the Holy Roman Empire of the +German Nation including many non-German +districts. Bismarck organized the German +Empire (Reich) with the king of Prussia at +the head. Many German districts are now +outside the republic. The treaties which followed +the World War forbade Germany and +Austria to unite.</p> + +<p><i>Ghent.</i> French: Gand. Capital of East Flanders, +Belgium. Of great historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Gibraltar.</i> Fortified rock and town, a British +possession commanding Strait of G., entrance +to Mediterranean Sea. On Iberian (Spanish-Portuguese) +Peninsula.</p> + +<p><i>Glasgow.</i> A Scottish city on the Clyde. Said +to have been founded in the sixth century.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> +The greatest manufacturing and commercial +center of Scotland.</p> + +<p><i>Göteborg</i> or <i>Gothenburg</i>. Important city of +Sweden. Port.</p> + +<p><i>Great Britain.</i> England, Scotland, and Wales, +as an island, or, before the addition of Ireland, +as a kingdom. Used often instead of +the more cumbersome title of “the United +Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” +Only a part of Ireland remains united, incidentally.</p> + +<p><i>Greece.</i> Greek: Hellas. Republic of Europe, +also a memory of ancient glory. The modern +Greeks are not pure descendants of the ancient +people who occupied the country.</p> + +<p><i>Greenland.</i> Danish: Grönland. Large island +northeast of North America, part of which is +under Danish control. Much of it is always +covered with ice.</p> + +<p><i>Greenwich.</i> Borough of London where an important +observatory is located.</p> + +<p><i>Greenwich Village.</i> Former village, but long +in the most thickly-settled part of the city +of New York. Center of “Bohemian” and artistic +life, not to mention bootleggers and +cellar dance-halls where the smoke can be +cut with knife and fork.</p> + +<p><i>Guatemala.</i> Republic of Central America and +its capital, also called G. la Nueva.</p> + +<p><i>Guiana.</i> Region on Atlantic coast of South +America, including British, French, and +Dutch G., which are colonies, and parts of +Brazil and Venezuela. The name is sometimes +confined to the three colonies.</p> + +<p><i>Guinea.</i> Region on Atlantic coast of Africa.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span></p> + +<p><i>Hague, The.</i> Dutch: ’s Gravenhage. Capital +of the Netherlands and seat of the World +Court.</p> + +<p><i>Haiti</i> or <i>Hayti</i>. Island of West Indies, formerly +a French colony, and a republic occupying the +western part of the island. Strongly influenced +by U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Halle-an-der-Saale.</i> City of Prussian Saxony, +Germany. Was a member of the Hanseatic +League. Has a celebrated university.</p> + +<p><i>Hamburg.</i> Free city of Germany, of great commercial +importance. Was a member of the +Hanseatic League.</p> + +<p><i>Hangchow.</i> City of Chekiang, China.</p> + +<p><i>Hankow.</i> City of Yangtse, China. Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Hanover.</i> German: Hannover. Province of +Prussia, Germany, and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Hanseatic League.</i> Commercial and defensive +union of mostly German cities in the middle +ages. The members were called Hanse or +Hansa Towns.</p> + +<p><i>Havana.</i> Spanish: Habana. Province of Cuba +and its capital, also the capital of the republic. +Important commercial city and port.</p> + +<p><i>Hawaiian</i> or <i>Sandwich Islands</i>. Colony of U. S. +in Pacific.</p> + +<p><i>Hebrides.</i> Islands west of Scotland.</p> + +<p><i>Heidelberg.</i> University city of Baden, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Hejaz</i> or <i>Hedjaz</i>. One of the new states which +arose from the World War. In Arabia, formerly +a Turkish administrative unit.</p> + +<p><i>Helicon.</i> Range of mountains in Boeotia, Greece, +which was sacred to Apollo and the Muses in +ancient times. Here Aganippe and Hippocrene,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> +fountains of the Muses, poured forth +their waters.</p> + +<p><i>Hellas.</i> Greek name, also poetic term, for +Greece.</p> + +<p><i>Helsingfors.</i> Finnish: Helsinki. Capital of +Finland.</p> + +<p><i>Herat.</i> City in Afghanistan, of military importance.</p> + +<p><i>Herculaneum.</i> Ancient city in Campania, Italy, +destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius +in A. D. 79.</p> + +<p><i>Herzegovina.</i> Former Turkish province, then +under Austrian rule with Bosnia, now part +of Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Himalayan.</i> Mountains, also called the Himalayas, +north of India.</p> + +<p><i>Hindustan.</i> India; specifically, a large region +in the north.</p> + +<p><i>Hispania.</i> Latin name for Iberian peninsula.</p> + +<p><i>Holland.</i> Popular name for the Netherlands, on +account of the dominating position of the +province so called. H. proper is now divided +into two provinces, North and South H.</p> + +<p><i>Holstein.</i> Former duchy of Denmark, later part +of Prussia with Schleswig. See Schleswig-Holstein.</p> + +<p><i>Honduras.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Hongkong.</i> Island on Chinese coast, British +colony, and its capital, also known as Victoria, +a free port and important commercial +center.</p> + +<p><i>Honolulu.</i> Capital of territory of Hawaii.</p> + +<p><i>Honshu</i> or <i>Hondo</i>. Principal island of Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Hungary.</i> The country of the Magyars, formerly +a kingdom bound to the Austrian Empire<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> +chiefly through a common monarch. Lost +much territory during World War.</p> + +<p><i>Iberia.</i> Greek name for the peninsula where +Spain and Portugal now are, called the Iberian +Peninsula in modern times also. Also +the ancient name for a region in Asia north +of Armenia.</p> + +<p><i>Iceland.</i> Danish island in the Atlantic.</p> + +<p><i>Ilium.</i> Troy, the ancient city.</p> + +<p><i>Illyria.</i> Ancient country, including regions +now known as Albania, Croatia, Dalmatia, +and Bosnia. Part of Illyria was formed into +the Roman province of Illyricum.</p> + +<p><i>India.</i> Country or region of Asia. The Indian +Empire, which does not include all of India, +is British. The native states are included in +the empire, but not French and Portuguese +India.</p> + +<p><i>Indianapolis.</i> Capital and chief city of Indiana.</p> + +<p><i>Indian Ocean.</i> Body of water south of India, +east of Africa, west of Australia.</p> + +<p><i>Indo-China.</i> Asian peninsula south and west of +China.</p> + +<p><i>Indus.</i> Great river of India.</p> + +<p><i>Ionia.</i> Ancient region on the western coast +of Asia Minor, settled by Ionian Greeks.</p> + +<p><i>Irak</i> or <i>Iraq</i>. Mesopotamia. Nominally independent, +but under British control.</p> + +<p><i>Iran.</i> Persian name for Persia, q. v.</p> + +<p><i>Ireland.</i> An island, one of the British Isles. +Now divided between the (Catholic, nationalistic) +Irish Free State, where an attempt has +been made to revive the old language, Gaelic, +and Northern I., still closely bound to Great +Britain.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> + +<p><i>Irish Sea.</i> Part of the Atlantic, between Ireland +and northern England.</p> + +<p><i>Ispahan.</i> City of Persia, former capital, of historic +importance.</p> + +<p><i>Istria.</i> Former Austrian crownland, now +Italian.</p> + +<p><i>Italy.</i> Italian: Italia. This is also the form +used by the Romans beginning in the time +of Augustus. Kingdom of Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Ithaca.</i> Island in the Ionian Sea and ancient +city where Homer’s Odysseus reigned.</p> + +<p><i>Jaffa.</i> In ancient times: Joppa. Port of Palestine.</p> + +<p><i>Jamaica.</i> British island of the West Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Japan.</i> Japanese: Nippon. Asiatic empire, the +“great power” of the Orient.</p> + +<p><i>Java.</i> Dutch island in the East Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Jena.</i> City of Saxe-Weimar, Germany. University. +Napoleon routed the Prussians at +J. in 1806.</p> + +<p><i>Jerusalem.</i> Capital of Palestine. Of immense +historical and religious importance. Holy +to Jews, Mohammedans, and Christians.</p> + +<p><i>Johannesburg.</i> City of Transvaal, Union of +South Africa</p> + +<p><i>Jordan.</i> Most important river of Palestine. +Here, according to the Bible, many miracles +took place.</p> + +<p><i>Judah.</i> Kingdom of southern Palestine, ruled +by “the house of David” from Jerusalem.</p> + +<p><i>Judea.</i> Roman province in Palestine. Also +a name for Israel, Jewry, in general.</p> + +<p><i>Jugo-Slavia.</i> Also spelled: Yugo-Slavia. The +country of the southern Slavs, made up of +Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> +and Montenegro. Kingdom of the Serbs, +Croats, and Slovenes.</p> + +<p><i>Kabul.</i> Capital of Afghanistan.</p> + +<p><i>Kansas City.</i> Important packing and commercial +center on the Missouri River, chiefly in +Missouri, also in Kansas (two separate cities).</p> + +<p><i>Khartum.</i> Capital of Sudan, Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Kiaochow.</i> City and district of Shantung, +China, taken from Germany by Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Kiel.</i> City of Holstein, Prussia, Germany. +Formerly a great German naval station. +University. Eastern terminus of K. or Kaiser +Wilhelm Canal, connecting Baltic and North +Seas.</p> + +<p><i>Kiev.</i> Also <i>Kief</i> or <i>Kieff</i>. Important city of +Ukrania, Soviet Republics, of great antiquity.</p> + +<p><i>Kingston-on-Hull</i> or <i>Hull</i>. City and port of +Yorkshire, England.</p> + +<p><i>Kishinev.</i> Capital of Bessarabia, now in Roumania. +Scene of Jewish massacres under +Russian rule.</p> + +<p><i>Königsberg.</i> Capital of East Prussia, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Korea.</i> Also <i>Corea</i> or <i>Chosen</i>. Formerly independent +country of Asia, since 1910 ruled +by Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Kovno.</i> Capital of Lithuania. Lithuanian: +Kaunas.</p> + +<p><i>Kurland</i> or <i>Courland</i>. Former duchy and Russian +province, now in Latvia.</p> + +<p><i>Laconica</i> or <i>Laconia</i>. A country of Greece, +ruled from Sparta (Lacedaemon).</p> + +<p><i>Lahore.</i> Capital of Punjab, India.</p> + +<p><i>Lanchow</i> or <i>Lanchowfu</i>. Capital of Kansu, +China.</p> + +<p><i>Languedoc.</i> Former province of France.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p> + +<p><i>Latium.</i> Country of ancient Italy, occupied by +Latini. Rome struggled long against L., +finally dissolving Latin League.</p> + +<p><i>Latvia.</i> Republic formed out of Russian territory +after World War.</p> + +<p><i>Leicester.</i> Capital of Leicestershire, England.</p> + +<p><i>Leipzig</i> or <i>Leipsic</i>. City of Saxony, Germany. +Publishing center. At Battle of L. or of the +Nations, 1813, Napoleon was badly defeated.</p> + +<p><i>Lemberg.</i> Polish: Lwów. City of East Galicia, +Poland. Formerly ruled by Austria-Hungary. +There was hard fighting around L. during +World War.</p> + +<p><i>Leningrad.</i> Formerly St. Petersburg, Petersburg, +Petrograd. Great city, formerly capital, +of Russia. Founded by Peter the Great as +a window opening out on Western Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Lesbos.</i> Island in the Aegean Sea. Birthplace +of Sappho. <i>Lesbian</i> sometimes means +pertaining to homosexuality between females.</p> + +<p><i>Levant.</i> The eastern part of the Mediterranean +Sea, its islands and coastal districts.</p> + +<p><i>Liberia.</i> Negro republic in Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Liechtenstein.</i> Petty principality between Austria +and Switzerland.</p> + +<p><i>Lille.</i> City of northern France, around which +there was much fighting in the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Lisbon.</i> Portuguese: Lisboa. Capital and important +city of Portugal. The earthquake of +1755 caused great destruction.</p> + +<p><i>Lithuania.</i> One of the states formed in Europe +after the World War. The Lithuanian Republic +claims the Vilna district, now held by +Poland.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p> + +<p><i>Liverpool.</i> City of Lancashire, England, second +port of Great Britain, of educational and +commercial importance.</p> + +<p><i>Lodz.</i> City of Piotrkow, Poland, formerly Russian.</p> + +<p><i>Loire.</i> River of France.</p> + +<p><i>London.</i> Capital and most important city of +the United Kingdom. One of the great world +cities; in population inferior to New York +(including suburbs in each case).</p> + +<p><i>Lorraine.</i> An old duchy of Germany, incorporated +in France, part of which came into +German Alsace-Lorraine. Now all French.</p> + +<p><i>Los Angeles.</i> City of southern California, center +of motion picture production.</p> + +<p><i>Louisville.</i> City of Kentucky, on Ohio River.</p> + +<p><i>Low Countries.</i> The old Netherlands; the present +Belgium, Luxemburg, and Netherlands.</p> + +<p><i>Luxemburg.</i> Independent grand duchy of Europe, +now in economic union with Belgium.</p> + +<p><i>Lydia.</i> Ancient division of Asia Minor, early +seat of civilization.</p> + +<p><i>Lyons.</i> French: Lyon. Important city of +France, silk manufacturing center.</p> + +<p><i>Macedonia.</i> Ancient country north of Greece, +whose rulers, Philip and Alexander, built up +an empire which was finally overthrown by +the Romans. Most of M. belongs now to +Greece and Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Madagascar.</i> Large island, French colony, off +the east coast of Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Madras.</i> Presidency of British India and its +capital.</p> + +<p><i>Madrid.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, also +the capital and principal city of the kingdom.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p> + +<p><i>Maeander</i> or <i>Meander</i>. River of Asia Minor +noted for its wandering course, now called +the Menderez.</p> + +<p><i>Magdeburg.</i> Capital of Prussian Saxony, Germany. +Scene of a massacre in the Thirty +Years’ War.</p> + +<p><i>Magellan.</i> Strait between Tierra del Fuego +and South American mainland.</p> + +<p><i>Mainz</i> or <i>Mayence</i>. City of Hesse, Germany, of +historical and ecclesiastical importance. Located +on the Rhine.</p> + +<p><i>Majorca.</i> Largest of Balearic Islands, in the +Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Malta.</i> Island and British colony in the Mediterranean +Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Manchester.</i> City of Lancashire, most important +industrial center of England.</p> + +<p><i>Manchuria.</i> Country of Asia, a Chinese dependency.</p> + +<p><i>Mandalay.</i> Capital of British Upper Burma.</p> + +<p><i>Manhattan.</i> Borough of New York City, also +island. Here are located the most important +offices and many of the factories of the city. +M. is the original New York, and still the +heart of the city.</p> + +<p><i>Manila.</i> Capital of Luzon and of Philippine +Islands, on Pasig River and Manila Bay. +Great hemp market.</p> + +<p><i>Marathon.</i> Village of ancient Attica, where the +Athenians and the Persians fought an important +battle, B. C. 490.</p> + +<p><i>Marmora.</i> Sea between Bosporus and Dardanelles, +called Propontis by the ancients. All +these waters have been of immense political +importance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p> + +<p><i>Marne.</i> River of France, scene of two important +battles in World War.</p> + +<p><i>Marseilles.</i> French: Marseille. Second city of +France, leading port. Located on Gulf of +Lyons.</p> + +<p><i>Masurian.</i> Lakes and canals in East Prussia. +Region where Russian armies were badly +beaten during World War.</p> + +<p><i>Mauritius.</i> Island in the Indian Ocean, British +colony.</p> + +<p><i>Mecca.</i> City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of +Islam, birthplace of Mohammed.</p> + +<p><i>Medicine Hat.</i> Small city of Alberta, Canada, +often mentioned in weather reports.</p> + +<p><i>Medina.</i> City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of +Islam.</p> + +<p><i>Mediterranean.</i> Important sea, almost entirely +enclosed by Europe, Asia, and Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Melbourne.</i> Capital of Victoria, Australia. Important +commercially.</p> + +<p><i>Memphis.</i> Great city and for a time the capital +of ancient Egypt. Modern city of southwestern +Tennessee.</p> + +<p><i>Mesopotamia.</i> Region between the rivers Euphrates +and Tigris. See Irak.</p> + +<p><i>Mexico.</i> Spanish: Méjico. Mexican Spanish: +México. Republic of North America, south +of the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Mexico.</i> Gulf, north and east of Mexican Republic.</p> + +<p><i>Milan.</i> Italian: Milano. Province of Italy and +its capital, second city of the kingdom. Great +manufacturing center.</p> + +<p><i>Miletus.</i> Ancient city of Asia Minor, of philosophical +interest.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span></p> + +<p><i>Milwaukee.</i> Chief city of Wisconsin, on Lake +Michigan.</p> + +<p><i>Minneapolis.</i> City of Minneapolis, flour center. +With St. Paul, one of the “Twin Cities.” +On the Mississippi.</p> + +<p><i>Mississippi.</i> Important river of the United +States. The M.-Missouri is considered by +geographers the longest river of the world.</p> + +<p><i>Monaco.</i> Petty independent principality on the +Mediterranean, surrounded on land sides by +French territory.</p> + +<p><i>Mongolia.</i> Country of Asia dependent on China.</p> + +<p><i>Monte Carlo.</i> Gambling resort of Monaco.</p> + +<p><i>Montenegro.</i> Former Balkan kingdom, now +part of Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Montevideo.</i> Capital of Uruguay.</p> + +<p><i>Montreal.</i> City of Quebec, Canada, on the St. +Lawrence River. Most important place in +Canada.</p> + +<p><i>Moravia.</i> Former crownland of Austria, now +in Czecho-Slovakia.</p> + +<p><i>Morea.</i> Southern peninsula of Greece. Peloponnesus.</p> + +<p><i>Morocco.</i> Country of northern Africa, controlled +chiefly by France and in part by +Spain.</p> + +<p><i>Moscow.</i> Province of Russia and its capital, +also the capital of the country. Founded in +the twelfth century.</p> + +<p><i>Munich.</i> German: München. Capital of Bavaria, +Germany. The art collections, university, +and breweries are all important.</p> + +<p><i>Mycenae.</i> Ancient town in Argolis, Greece. +Important in Homeric times.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p> + +<p><i>Mysia.</i> Ancient district of Asia Minor, at one +time part of the kingdom of Pergamus.</p> + +<p><i>Mytilene.</i> Modern name for Lesbos, q. v. Chief +city of Lesbos.</p> + +<p><i>Nanking.</i> Capital of Kiangsu, China, and literary +center of the country. Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Nantes.</i> City of France, on the Loire, of considerable +historical importance.</p> + +<p><i>Naples.</i> Italian: Napoli. Former kingdom of +Italy, one of the Two Sicilies. Province of +Italy and its capital, the largest city of Italy, +the Neapolis of the ancients. Long a Greek +city.</p> + +<p><i>Navarre.</i> Former kingdom, chiefly in present +France, also extending into Spain.</p> + +<p><i>Nazareth.</i> Modern name: Al-Nasira. Town of +Galilee, Palestine, where Jesus is said to have +spent his youth.</p> + +<p><i>Nepal.</i> Nominally independent country in the +Himalayas, under British control.</p> + +<p><i>Netherlands.</i> Dutch: Nederland. Popularly +called Holland. Kingdom of western Europe. +The Netherlands formerly included Belgium.</p> + +<p><i>Neukölln</i> of <i>Rixdorf</i>. City of Brandenburg +Prussia, suburban to Berlin and an important +industrial center.</p> + +<p><i>Newark.</i> City of New Jersey, suburban to New +York, important manufacturing and insurance +center.</p> + +<p><i>Newcastle</i> or <i>N.-on-Tyne</i>. City of Northumberland, +England, located in the midst of coal +fields.</p> + +<p><i>New England.</i> The states of Maine, New Hampshire, +Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, +and Connecticut.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span></p> + +<p><i>Newfoundland.</i> Island off eastern coast of +Canada, British colony.</p> + +<p><i>New Haven.</i> City of Connecticut, seat of Yale +University.</p> + +<p><i>New Orleans.</i> City and port of Louisiana, +founded by the French. Of historical, educational, +commercial importance.</p> + +<p><i>New York.</i> State of the United States and its +chief city, also the leading city of the United +States and, in many respects, of the world. +Founded by the Dutch, who called it Nieuw +Amsterdam. Now divided into the boroughs +of Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, +and Richmond.</p> + +<p><i>Nicaragua.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Nile.</i> River of Africa, of which the most important +part runs through Egypt.</p> + +<p><i>Nineveh</i> or <i>Ninus</i>. Ancient city on the Tigris, +capital of Assyria. Was a place of importance +as early as B. C. 2500. Fell when the +Assyrian Empire was broken up, B. C. 606.</p> + +<p><i>Ningpo.</i> City of Chekiang, China. Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Nippon.</i> See Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Normandy.</i> Old duchy and province of France. +The Normans were Scandinavians (“Northmen”) +who settled in the northern part +of the country.</p> + +<p><i>North.</i> River, the part of the Hudson that +flows by New York City.</p> + +<p><i>North.</i> Sea, also known as the German Ocean. +It is the part of the Atlantic east of Great +Britain.</p> + +<p><i>Northwest Territories.</i> Franklin, Keewatin, +and Mackenzie, in the Dominion of Canada.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span></p> + +<p><i>Norway.</i> Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. +Has been subject to or united with Sweden +and Denmark.</p> + +<p><i>Nottingham.</i> City of Nottinghamshire, England.</p> + +<p><i>Numidia.</i> Ancient country of northern Africa, +then a Roman province. Roughly corresponded +to modern Algeria.</p> + +<p><i>Nuremberg.</i> German: Nürnberg. City of Middle +Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Of great +historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Oberammergau.</i> Small city of Upper Bavaria, +Germany. Here the famous Passion Play is +performed every ten years.</p> + +<p><i>Odessa.</i> City of Kherson, Ukraine, Soviet Republics. +Port on the Black Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Ohio.</i> Important river of U. S., flowing into +the Mississippi.</p> + +<p><i>Olympia.</i> Small plain in Elis, Greece, containing +a sacred grove of Zeus. Scene of the +Olympic games of antiquity.</p> + +<p><i>Olympus.</i> Mountain range between Macedonia +and Thessaly, where the Greek gods were +supposed to live.</p> + +<p><i>Oman.</i> Nominally independent state in southeastern +Arabia.</p> + +<p><i>Orange River Colony.</i> Formerly Orange River +Free State, now part of the Union of South +Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Oslo.</i> Formerly: Christiania. Capital of Norway.</p> + +<p><i>Ottawa.</i> Capital of the Dominion of Canada.</p> + +<p><i>Ottoman Empire.</i> The Mohammedan empire +of the Turks, broken up by the World War. +See Turkey.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span></p> + +<p><i>Oxford.</i> City of Oxfordshire, England. University +of great antiquity.</p> + +<p><i>Oxus.</i> Modern: Amu Darya. River of central +Asia, the usual boundary between the great +empires of southwestern Asia and wandering +hordes.</p> + +<p><i>Oxyrhyncus.</i> Place in Egypt where many Greek +manuscripts have been discovered.</p> + +<p><i>Pacific.</i> Ocean, between North and South +America and Asia and Australia. Sometimes +divided into two oceans, North and South P.</p> + +<p><i>Palestine.</i> Country of western Asia, part of +Syria, of great historical and religious significance. +Now under British control. The +“Land of Israel” or “Holy Land” is at present +inhabitated chiefly by Arabs, but the +Jewish Zionists would like to make it the +cultural center of Israel.</p> + +<p><i>Palmyra.</i> Ancient city of Syria, where the unfortunate +Zenobia reigned. Her desire to +be “Queen of the East” cost her her kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>Panama.</i> Republic of Central America. Revolted +from Colombia in 1903. Under the +control of the U. S., to which a strip of territory +called the Panama Canal Zone belongs. +The capital, a seaport and terminus of the +canal, is also called P.</p> + +<p><i>Paphos</i> or <i>Paphus</i>. Name of two towns in +ancient Cyprus. Old Paphos was the chief +seat of the worship of Aphrodite, therefore +called the Paphian goddess.</p> + +<p><i>Paraguay.</i> River and republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Paris.</i> Capital and chief city of France. One +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span>of the great cities of the world. Located on +the Seine.</p> + +<p><i>Parnassus.</i> Range of mountains in Greece or, +more usually, a particular mountain where +Apollo and the Muses were supposed to dwell.</p> + +<p><i>Paros.</i> Island in the Aegean Sea where the +marble used by ancient sculptors was quarried.</p> + +<p><i>Parthia.</i> Ancient country of Asia, southeast +of the Caspian Sea. The Parthians were +a warlike people whose empire was for a +time of considerable size.</p> + +<p><i>Peking.</i> City of Chihle or Chihli, China, and +capital of the country.</p> + +<p><i>Peloponnesus.</i> The southern part of Greece, a +peninsula. Modern: Morea. Divided anciently +into Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Corinthia, +and Arcadia.</p> + +<p><i>Pergamum</i> or <i>Pergamus</i>. Ancient kingdom, +afterward Roman province, of Asia Minor, +and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Persia.</i> Persian: Iran. Great ancient empire, +usually known as Persis. Modern monarchy +of Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Persian.</i> Gulf between Persia and Arabia.</p> + +<p><i>Peru.</i> Republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Petrograd.</i> Leningrad was called P. during +World War, its name having been changed +from St. Petersburg.</p> + +<p><i>Pharsalia.</i> District near Pharsalus, Thessaly, +where Julius Caesar defeated Pompey.</p> + +<p><i>Philadelphia.</i> Chief city of Pennsylvania. Located +on Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> +Founded by William Penn in 1682. Port, +manufacturing and educational center. Of +considerable historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Philippi.</i> Ancient city of Macedonia where +Octavianus and Antony defeated Brutus and +Cassius and where St. Paul first preached the +good news about Jesus in Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Philistia.</i> Old country of Syria whose inhabitants +were hostile to the Hebrews. A Philistine, +in modern usage, is one who has no interest +in culture.</p> + +<p><i>Phocis.</i> Ancient country of northern Greece, +within which were the mountain of Parnassus +and the oracle of Delphi.</p> + +<p><i>Phoenicia, Phenicia</i>, or <i>Sidonia</i>. Ancient country +on the Syrian coast. The Phoenicians +were navigators and traders.</p> + +<p><i>Phrygia.</i> Ancient country of Asia Minor, later +a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Po.</i> River of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Poland.</i> Polish: Polska. Republic of Europe, +formed after the World War. The old kingdom +was divided among Russia, Prussia, and +Austria.</p> + +<p><i>Pompeii.</i> Ancient city of Campania, Italy, at +the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. Overwhelmed by an +eruption in A. D. 79 and covered with volcanic +soil. Much of it has been preserved +and is now exposed to view.</p> + +<p><i>Pontus Euxinus</i> or <i>Pontus</i>. Ancient name for +the Black Sea. A kingdom, later a Roman +province, on its coast was called Pontus.</p> + +<p><i>Port-au-Prince.</i> Capital of Haiti.</p> + +<p><i>Portland.</i> City and port of entry of Oregon. +City and port of Maine.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span></p> + +<p><i>Porto Rico.</i> Spanish: Puerto Rico. Island of +West Indies, colony of U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Port Said.</i> City of Lower Egypt on the Mediterranean. +Terminus of Suez Canal.</p> + +<p><i>Portsmouth.</i> City of Hampshire, England. Important +naval station.</p> + +<p><i>Portugal.</i> Republic of western Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Posen.</i> Province of Poland and its capital, once +a Hanse town.</p> + +<p><i>Prague.</i> Bohemian: Praha. Capital of Czecho-Slovakia. +Founded about 1100. Important +commercial and educational center. Located +on the Moldau.</p> + +<p><i>Provence.</i> Old province of France. The language, +Provençal, is of great importance in +literary history. Some attempts have been +made to revive it.</p> + +<p><i>Providence.</i> Capital of Rhode Island, port. +Seat of Brown University.</p> + +<p><i>Prussia.</i> German: Preussen. Former kingdom +of Europe, now an important part of the +German Republic.</p> + +<p><i>Pyrenees.</i> Mountains between Spain and +France.</p> + +<p><i>Quebec.</i> Province of Canada and its capital, +founded in 1608.</p> + +<p><i>Queenstown.</i> Gaelic: Cobh. Irish port.</p> + +<p><i>Rangoon.</i> City of Pegu Division, Burma, capital +and chief port of the country.</p> + +<p><i>Red.</i> Sea between Arabia and Egypt, through +which Suez Canal traffic passes.</p> + +<p><i>Reno.</i> City of Nevada, divorce center.</p> + +<p><i>Rheims</i> or <i>Reims</i>. City of Marne Department, +France. An old city with a celebrated cathedral, +badly damaged in the World War.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rhine.</i> Celebrated river of Europe. Part of +the river runs between France and Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Rhone.</i> River of Switzerland and France.</p> + +<p><i>Richmond.</i> City of Virginia, its capital and for +a time the seat of government of the Confederate +States of America.</p> + +<p><i>Riga.</i> Capital of Latvia. Founded in 1201, was +once a Hanse Town.</p> + +<p><i>Rio de Janeiro.</i> Capital of Brazil, in many +ways the most important city of South +America.</p> + +<p><i>Riviera.</i> Coastal district on Mediterranean, +in France and Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Rochester.</i> Important manufacturing city of +New York State.</p> + +<p><i>Rome.</i> Italian and Latin: Roma. Province of +Italy and its capital, also the capital of the +kingdom. Center of the western branch of +the Catholic Church. Perhaps Rome was +originally formed from a group of villages +founded by people from Alba Longa, the most +ancient town in Latium. It became the center +of a great empire.</p> + +<p><i>Rosario.</i> City of Santa Fe, Argentina.</p> + +<p><i>Rotterdam.</i> Old city, great commercial center +of the Netherlands.</p> + +<p><i>Rouen.</i> City of France, on the Seine. Of considerable +historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Roumania</i> or <i>Rumania</i>. Kingdom of Europe. +Includes the former principalities of Wallachia +and Moldovia, also Transylvania and +Bessarabia.</p> + +<p><i>Russia.</i> Country of Europe. Officially, it is +the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic. Mail +is addressed to U. S. S. R., the Union of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> +Socialist Soviet Republics, which includes +also Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, +and White Russia, as well as various other +districts. The U. S. S. R. includes a great +deal of territory inhabited by non-Russians, +although less than the old Russian Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Sahara.</i> Desert of northern Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Helena.</i> British island in the Atlantic +where Napoleon spent the last years of his +life.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Lawrence.</i> River of southeastern Canada, +flowing into Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Louis.</i> City of Missouri, on the west +bank of the Mississippi. Important manufacturing +and commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Paul.</i> Capital of Minnesota. One of the +“Twin Cities,” with Minneapolis.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Petersburg.</i> City founded by Peter the +Great, now called Leningrad, q. v.</p> + +<p><i>Salamanca.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, +of historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Salamis.</i> Island off the western coast of Attica, +Greece. The Greeks defeated the Persian +fleet of Xerxes nearby, B. C. 480.</p> + +<p><i>Salem.</i> Seaport of Massachusetts, of historical +interest.</p> + +<p><i>Salerno.</i> Ancient name: Salernum. City of +Italy, capital of the province of Salerno, and +located on the gulf of the same name. Important +in the middle ages.</p> + +<p><i>Salonica</i> or <i>Saloniki</i>. Province of Greece and +its capital. Center of operation of the Allied +Macedonian forces in the Great War.</p> + +<p><i>Salt Lake City.</i> Capital of Utah, center of +Mormon Church.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> + +<p><i>Salvador.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Samaria.</i> City of ancient Palestine, capital of +the kingdom of Israel, which became the +Roman province of Samaria. The modern +Samaritans belong to a small tribe called +“Sons of Israel.”</p> + +<p><i>Samarkand.</i> City of Turkestan, Soviet Republics. +According to tradition, founded between +3000 and 4000 B. C. Called Maracanda by +the ancients. Was for a time a Mohammedan +sacred city. Also spelled: Samarcand.</p> + +<p><i>Samnium.</i> Country of ancient Italy. The +Samnites were, after hard resistance, conquered +and enslaved by the Romans.</p> + +<p><i>Samos.</i> Greek island in the Aegean Sea. The +ancient Samians founded many colonies. The +capital, of the same name, was once a splendid +city.</p> + +<p><i>Samothrace.</i> Modern Greek: Samothraki. +Small island in the Aegean Sea, anciently +celebrated for its religious mysteries.</p> + +<p><i>San Francisco.</i> City and port of California, +first settled by the Spanish. The celebrated +earthquake occurred in 1906.</p> + +<p><i>San Marino.</i> Tiny independent state surrounded +by Italian territory, and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Santo Domingo.</i> See Dominican Republic.</p> + +<p><i>Santos.</i> City of Brazil from which much coffee +is shipped.</p> + +<p><i>Sarajevo.</i> Capital of Bosnia, Jugo-Slavia. Here +took place the murder of Archduke Francis +Ferdinand of Austria, the direct cause of the +World War.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p> + +<p><i>Saratov.</i> Province of Russia and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Sardinia.</i> Italian: Sardegna. Large island in +the Mediterranean, part of Italy. It was the +king of Sardinia (who had possessions also +on the mainland) that became the first monarch +of the kingdom of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Sardis.</i> Ancient city of Asia Minor, capital of +the Lydian Empire and then of the province +of Lydia.</p> + +<p><i>Sarmatia.</i> Ancient name given to a district including +eastern Poland and the southern part +of European Russia. In modern poetic and +rhetorical use, Poland.</p> + +<p><i>Savoy.</i> French: Savoie. Duchy ceded to +France by Sardinia.</p> + +<p><i>Scamander.</i> River of the Trojan territory, frequently +mentioned by Homer. The modern +name of the Scamander, as of the old Maeander, +is now Menderez.</p> + +<p><i>Scandinavia.</i> Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, +with Iceland usually included. Finland is +not, strictly speaking, a Scandinavian country, +but it has shown an inclination to ally +itself firmly with them. The Scandinavian +Peninsula is divided between Norway and +Sweden.</p> + +<p><i>Schleswig.</i> Province of Germany and its capital. +Part of Schleswig is to be Danish. See +also Schleswig-Holstein.</p> + +<p><i>Schleswig-Holstein.</i> Former Prussian province, +taken from the control of the king of Denmark +by Bismarck. The two duchies, and +especially Holstein, were considered to be +part of Germany, and the attempt to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> +them Danish soil was resented by Prussia +and Austria.</p> + +<p><i>Scio.</i> Island of the Aegean Sea. As the ancient +Chios, it was celebrated for wine and +marble.</p> + +<p><i>Scotia.</i> Latinization of Scotland. The Romans +called the northern part of Britain Caledonia.</p> + +<p><i>Scotland.</i> The northern part of Great Britain; +long an independent kingdom, then united +under one sovereign with England, finally +merged with it.</p> + +<p><i>Scythia.</i> Ancient name for southeastern Europe, +also for northern Asia. Both these regions +are largely within the present Soviet +Republics.</p> + +<p><i>Seattle.</i> City and port of entry of Washington.</p> + +<p><i>Sedan.</i> City of Ardennes Department, France. +Here Napoleon III surrendered with his army +in the Franco-Prussian War. Damaged in the +World War.</p> + +<p><i>Seine.</i> River of France.</p> + +<p><i>Seleucia.</i> Name of several cities in Asia built +by Seleucis I, King of Syria. One was near +modern Bagdad, a second near Antioch, and +there were at least four more.</p> + +<p><i>Senlac.</i> Low hill near Hastings, England, +where William the Conqueror defeated King +Harald of England. Harald was slain in this +Battle of Senlac or Hastings, 1066, and Norman +William became king of England.</p> + +<p><i>Serbia</i> or <i>Servia</i>. Serbian: Srbija. Former +Balkan kingdom, out of which Jugo-Slavia +has grown.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sestus.</i> Ancient town in Thrace, celebrated +for the love affair of Hero and Leander and +for the bridge of boats Xerxes built here +across the Hellespont (Dardanelles).</p> + +<p><i>Sevastopol.</i> Port of Crimea, Russia, besieged +in Crimean War. Also spelled: Sebastopol.</p> + +<p><i>Seville.</i> Spanish: Sevilla. Province of Spain +and its capital, which is on the Guadalquivir. +The Hispalis of the Romans, important under +Moorish rule.</p> + +<p><i>Shanghai.</i> City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty +port, with large foreign settlement.</p> + +<p><i>Shantung.</i> Province of China, formerly dominated +by Germany, now by Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Shaohingfu.</i> City of Chekiang, China.</p> + +<p><i>Sheba</i> or <i>Saba</i>. Old Arabian country whose +queen visited Solomon at Jerusalem.</p> + +<p><i>Shechem</i> or <i>Sichem</i> or <i>Sychem</i> or <i>Sychar</i>. City +of ancient Palestine, for a time the capital of +Israel. The city was destroyed, and Vespasian +built the city of Neapolis on its site.</p> + +<p><i>Sheffield.</i> City of Yorkshire, England. Has +been celebrated for its cutlery for many centuries.</p> + +<p><i>Siam.</i> Monarchy of Asia, occupying the western +part of Indo-China.</p> + +<p><i>Siangtan.</i> City of Hunan, China.</p> + +<p><i>Siberia.</i> Northern Russia in Asia. It is part +of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic; i. e., +Russia proper.</p> + +<p><i>Sicily.</i> Italian island in the Mediterranean +Sea. Italian and Latin: Sicilia. Greek and +Carthaginian cities here were rivals for a +time, until the Romans conquered the whole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span> +island. With the kingdom of Naples, made +up the monarchy of the Two Sicilies.</p> + +<p><i>Sicyonia.</i> District of northeastern Peloponnesus +in ancient Greece. Its chief city, +Sicyon, was an artistic center.</p> + +<p><i>Sidon.</i> Modern: Saida. Chief city of ancient +Phoenicia.</p> + +<p><i>Siena.</i> Province of Italy and its capital, which +has an old university and which was once an +artistic center.</p> + +<p><i>Sinai.</i> Arabian peninsula and desert, also +mountain where Jehovah, according to tradition, +gave Moses the Ten Commandments.</p> + +<p><i>Singan</i> or <i>Singanfoo</i> or <i>Sianfu</i>. City of Shenshi, +China, capital of the province and formerly +of the country. Of considerable commercial +importance, and has a population of +about a million.</p> + +<p><i>Singapore.</i> British dependency of Straits Settlements +and its capital, seaport and commercial +center.</p> + +<p><i>Slavonia.</i> Former Hungarian crownland, now +in Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Smyrna.</i> Seaport of Asia Minor, Turkey. Temporarily +a Greek protectorate after World +War.</p> + +<p><i>Sofia.</i> Bulgarian: Sredetz. Capital of Bulgaria.</p> + +<p><i>Soissons.</i> City of Aisne Department, France, +around which there was much fighting during +the World War.</p> + +<p><i>South Africa, Union of.</i> Autonomous British +colony including Cape of Good Hope, Transvaal, +Natal, and Orange Free State.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span></p> + +<p><i>Southampton.</i> Seaport of Hampshire, England, +where many transatlantic passengers +are landed.</p> + +<p><i>Spain.</i> Spanish: España. European kingdom, +sharing the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal.</p> + +<p><i>Springfield.</i> Name of a number of cities in +U.S., as the capital of Illinois, manufacturing +center in Massachusetts, and places of more +or less importance in Missouri, Ohio, Iowa, +Kentucky, Minnesota, Oregon, South Carolina, +South Dakota, Tennessee, and Vermont.</p> + +<p><i>Stamboul.</i> Name given, especially by the +French, to Constantinople.</p> + +<p><i>Stockholm.</i> Province of Sweden and its capital, +also the capital of the kingdom. Seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Strassburg.</i> City of Alsace, France. Founded +by the Romans, who called it Argentoratum.</p> + +<p><i>Stratford-on-Avon.</i> Municipal borough of Warwickshire, +England. Here William Shakespeare +was born.</p> + +<p><i>Stuttgart.</i> Capital of Württemberg, Germany. +Founded in the thirteenth century.</p> + +<p><i>Suchau</i> or <i>Soochow</i>. City of Kiangsu, China. +Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Suez.</i> City of Egypt, southern (Red Sea) +terminus of Suez Canal, which goes north +to the Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Surabaya</i> or <i>Soerabaya</i>. Dutch: Soerabaja. +Dutch province of Java and its capital, a seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Susa</i> or (Biblical) <i>Shusan</i>. Winter residence +of the Persian kings of antiquity, in Elam.</p> + +<p><i>Sweden.</i> Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. +Has been united with Denmark and Norway,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span> +with the latter of which it shares the Scandinavian +Peninsula. The last Swedish-Norwegian +union lasted from 1814 to 1905.</p> + +<p><i>Switzerland.</i> German: Schweiz. French: +Suisse. Italian: Svizzera. Republic of Europe. +The most important of the languages +spoken are, in the order named, German, +French, Italian, and Romansh. S. is a confederation +of cantons, and the division of +governmental powers between local divisions +and the federal authorities somewhat resembles +the U. S. system. The Swiss navy is not +very important.</p> + +<p><i>Sybaris.</i> Ancient Greek town in Lucania. The +wealthy inhabitants were experts in providing +delight to their senses. This colony of +southern Italy has left to us the word <i>sybarite</i>, +a luxury-loving and usually effeminate +person.</p> + +<p><i>Sydney.</i> Capital and important commercial center +of New South Wales, Australia.</p> + +<p><i>Syracuse.</i> Italian: Siracusa. City of Sicily, +the chief town in ancient times. Founded by +Dorian Greeks. The Athenians were defeated +here B. C. 413. Also, city of New York State.</p> + +<p><i>Syria</i> or <i>Aram</i>. In the widest sense, the region +in western Asia bounded by the Mediterranean, +the Arabian Desert, the Tigris, and the +mountains of Armenia, inhabited by Semitic +peoples. Also the region north of Palestine +now under French control.</p> + +<p><i>Tabriz.</i> Capital of Persian Azerbaijan. Important +commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Tagus.</i> Spanish: Tajo. Portuguese: Tejo. River +of Spain and Portugal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p> + +<p><i>Tanagra.</i> Ancient town of Boeotia, Greece. +The Athenians were defeated nearby, B. C. +457.</p> + +<p><i>Tananarivo</i> or <i>Antananarivo</i>. French: Tananarive. +Capital of Madagascar.</p> + +<p><i>Tangier.</i> Seaport of Morocco, where Emperor +William II made a speech in 1905 which +helped to bring about the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Taranto.</i> Ancient: Tarentum. City of Lecce, +Apulia, Italy. Was the leading Greek city in +Italy, and under Roman rule it had a reputation +for luxury.</p> + +<p><i>Tarshish.</i> Country mentioned in the Bible, +connected with shipping. It is not known just +where T. was. The Phoenician coast and +Italy are possibilities.</p> + +<p><i>Tarsus.</i> City of Turkey. Was the capital of +the Roman province of Cilicia. St. Paul was +born here.</p> + +<p><i>Tartary</i> or <i>Tatary</i>. Country of the Tartars or +Tatars. Parts of Russia and central and +eastern Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Tasmania.</i> Island near Australia, part of the +Australian Commonwealth.</p> + +<p><i>Taurus.</i> Mountain chain of Asia Minor.</p> + +<p><i>Teheran.</i> Capital of Persia and important +commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Tempe.</i> Valley of ancient Thessaly, the beauty +of which is much praised by ancient poets.</p> + +<p><i>Tenedos.</i> Turkish island in the Aegean Sea. +The Greeks retired here, in Homer’s story, +when they left the iron horse before Troy.</p> + +<p><i>Teos.</i> The ancient town in Asia Minor where +Anacreon was born.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p> + +<p><i>Thames.</i> Celebrated river of England, also +rivers in Connecticut and Ontario, Canada.</p> + +<p><i>Thasus.</i> Greek island in the Aegean Sea, at +one time occupied by the Phoenicians.</p> + +<p><i>Thebes</i> or <i>Thebae</i>. Two cities of antiquity. +One was the capital of Egypt for a time, and +was said to be the oldest city in the world. +It is the No or No-Ammon of the Bible. The +other was the chief city of Boeotia, important +in Greek legend. It is the modern Thivai.</p> + +<p><i>Thermopylae.</i> Pass leading from Thessaly into +Locris, Greece. Here Leonidas and his three +hundred Spartans valiantly fought against +the armies of Xerxes, B. C. 480. Also called: +Pylae.</p> + +<p><i>Thessalonica</i> and <i>Therma</i>. Ancient names for +Salonica, q. v.</p> + +<p><i>Thessaly.</i> Ancient division of Greece. Also: +Thessalia.</p> + +<p><i>Thrace</i> or <i>Thracia</i>. Ancient country of eastern +Europe, part of the Macedonian Empire, then +a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Tiber.</i> Latin: Tiberis, Tybris, Tiberinus. Italian: +Tevere. River of Italy, on which Rome +stands.</p> + +<p><i>Tibet.</i> Asiatic country dependent on China. +Also: Thibet.</p> + +<p><i>Tierra del Fuego.</i> Islands at the southern tip +of South America, separated from mainland +by the Strait of Magellan.</p> + +<p><i>Tiflis.</i> Province of Asiatic Russia and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Tigris.</i> River of western Asia, joins Euphrates +and falls into the Persian Gulf.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> + +<p><i>Tokio</i> or <i>Tokyo</i>. Capital and chief city of +Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Toledo.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, a +city of much historical importance. Has been +capital of Visigoth and Mohammedan kingdoms +and of the Christian kingdom of Castile. +Ecclesiastical center of Spain. The swords of +T. have been famous. Also, city of Ohio, +manufacturing center and lake port.</p> + +<p><i>Toronto.</i> Capital of Ontario, Canada, located +on Lake Ontario.</p> + +<p><i>Toulon.</i> French port and naval station on the +Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Toulouse.</i> Old city of Haute-Garonne, France, +capital of the department. University.</p> + +<p><i>Trafalgar.</i> Spanish cape near which Nelson +won a great naval victory but was himself +slain.</p> + +<p><i>Transylvania.</i> District of Hungary transferred +to Roumania after the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Trebizond</i> or <i>Tarobosan</i>. Ancient: Trapezus. +Province of Turkey and its capital, port on +the Black Sea. Has belonged to several different +empires. There was, during the middle +ages, an empire of T. connected with +the Byzantine Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Trent.</i> Italian: Trento. Italian city, taken +from Austria after the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Trieste</i> or <i>Triest</i>. Important Adriatic port, +gained by Italy after the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Troy.</i> Ancient city of Asia Minor where, according +to the Homeric legend, the Greeks +fought to recover Helen, runaway wife of +Menelaus. The country was called Troas,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> +Troad, or Troja. The city was also known +as Ilium.</p> + +<p><i>Troyes.</i> City of Aube Department, France, of +historical importance.</p> + +<p><i>Tunis.</i> French protectorate of northern Africa +(also called Tunisia) and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Turin.</i> Italian: Torino. Province of Italy and +its capital, a leading silk manufacturing center. +Formerly capital of the duchy of Savoy +and the kingdom of Sardinia.</p> + +<p><i>Turkestan.</i> Region of central Asia. Politically, +it is in Russia, China, and several minor +states.</p> + +<p><i>Turkey.</i> Formerly: Turkish or Ottoman Empire. +Republic of Asia and eastern Europe. +Much reduced in area and importance by a +series of wars, including the World War of +1914-1918.</p> + +<p><i>Tuscany.</i> Former grand duchy of Italy developed +out of the city-state of Florence, now a +department or province.</p> + +<p><i>Tusculum.</i> Ancient town of Latium where +Cato the Censor was born and Cicero had a +villa.</p> + +<p><i>Tyre.</i> Ancient seaport of Phoenicia. Modern: +Sur.</p> + +<p><i>Tyrol</i> or <i>Tirol</i>. Former crownland of Austria, +part of which, including Trent, is now in +Italy. T. is in the Alps.</p> + +<p><i>Ukraine</i> or <i>Little Russia</i>. One of the Soviet +Republics. Also called: Ukrainia. Officially: +Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republics.</p> + +<p><i>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.</i> +The combined kingdoms of England (including<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span> +Wales), Scotland, and Ireland. The last, +except for what is called Northern Ireland, +has been taken from the United Kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>United States of America.</i> Federal republic of +North America. An American (or, in the +Latin countries, a North American) is a citizen +of the United States, in ordinary usage.</p> + +<p><i>Ur of the Chaldees.</i> Locality in ancient Babylonia +from which Abram (Abraham) is said +to have come.</p> + +<p><i>Ural.</i> River and mountains dividing European +and Asiatic Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Urbino.</i> Former duchy of Italy and its capital, +now capital of the department of Pesaro e +Urbino. No longer of great importance.</p> + +<p><i>Uruguay.</i> River and republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Utica.</i> Important city of ancient Africa, +founded by the Phoenicians.</p> + +<p><i>Utrecht.</i> Province of the Netherlands and its +capital, an anciently-founded city.</p> + +<p><i>Valencia.</i> Old kingdom, now included in Spain. +Province of Spain and its capital, a Mediterranean +port, which was founded in the second +century B. C. The Romans called the city +Valentia.</p> + +<p><i>Valparaiso.</i> Province of Chile and its capital, +a fortified seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Venetia.</i> District of northern Italy, the territory +belonging to Venice. Now a province of +the kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>Venezuela.</i> Republic of northern South America.</p> + +<p><i>Venice.</i> Italian: Venezia. City of Italy, near<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span> +the head of the Adriatic. Located on eighty +little islands. Of great historical importance.</p> + +<p><i>Verdun.</i> City of Meuse Department, France, +nearly destroyed in the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Verona.</i> Province of Italy and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Versailles.</i> City of France near Paris, of historic +importance.</p> + +<p><i>Vesuvius.</i> Volcano of southern Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Vienna.</i> German: Wien. Capital of Austria, +interesting in many ways. Founded by the +Romans, has long been important politically +and commercially, but has declined somewhat +since the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Vilna.</i> City of Poland, claimed also by the +Lithuanians.</p> + +<p><i>Volga.</i> River of Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Wales.</i> Principality of Great Britain, which +is for most purposes treated as part of England.</p> + +<p><i>Warsaw.</i> Polish: Warszawa. Capital of Poland. +Of historical and present importance.</p> + +<p><i>Washington.</i> City of District of Columbia, +capital of U. S. Also, state of U. S., on the +Pacific.</p> + +<p><i>Waterloo.</i> Town of Brabant, Belgium, where +Napoleon was defeated in 1815.</p> + +<p><i>Weimar.</i> Capital of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, +Germany. Important in literary history.</p> + +<p><i>Wessex.</i> Former kingdom in southern England, +of present interest chiefly because of +the writings of Thomas Hardy.</p> + +<p><i>West Indies.</i> The group (or groups) of islands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span> +between Florida and Venezuela, including the +Bahamas, the Antilles, and the Virgin Islands.</p> + +<p><i>West Point.</i> Town in the state of New York +where the United States Military Academy is +located.</p> + +<p><i>White.</i> Sea of Russia, opening into the Arctic +Ocean.</p> + +<p><i>Wittenberg.</i> City of Prussian Saxony, Germany, +where the Lutheran Reformation began.</p> + +<p><i>Wuchang.</i> City of Hupeh, China.</p> + +<p><i>Xanthus.</i> Ancient name of two rivers, one +more familiar as the Scamander, q. v. Ancient +city of Lycia, Asia Minor.</p> + +<p><i>Yangtze.</i> Most important river of China.</p> + +<p><i>Yellow.</i> Sea between China and Korea.</p> + +<p><i>Yokahoma.</i> Important treaty port and commercial +center of Japan.</p> + +<p><i>York.</i> City of Yorkshire, England, ecclesiastical +center.</p> + +<p><i>Yorktown.</i> Town of Virginia where Cornwallis +surrendered, practically bringing about the +end of the Revolutionary War.</p> + +<p><i>Ypres.</i> City of West Flanders, Belgium, about +which there was much heavy fighting during +the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Zama</i> or <i>Zama Regia</i>. Ancient town of northern +Africa where Scipio Africanus defeated +Hannibal, B. C. 202, bringing the second +Punic War to an end.</p> + +<p><i>Zambesi.</i> River of Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Zanzibar.</i> Island on the coast of East Africa +a sultanate under British control, and its +capital, a seaport.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p> + +<p><i>Zela.</i> City of Pontus, Asia Minor, in ancient +times. Here Julius Caesar defeated Pharnaces, +then writing to Rome, “Veni: Vidi: +Vici.” (I came: I saw: I conquered.)</p> + +<p><i>Zurich.</i> German: Zürich. Canton of Switzerland +and its capital, on the Lake of Z. +the chief commercial and industrial city of +the republic.</p></div> + +<hr class="full"> + +<div class="transnote"> + +<p class="c">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> + +<p>Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.</p> + +<p>Perceived typographical errors have been changed.</p> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/78196-h/images/cover.jpg b/78196-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..de412ef --- /dev/null +++ b/78196-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c72794 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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