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diff --git a/78196-h/78196-h.htm b/78196-h/78196-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99634df --- /dev/null +++ b/78196-h/78196-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2956 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> +<head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> + <title> + A dictionary of geographical names | Project Gutenberg + </title> + <link rel="icon" href="images/cover.jpg" type="image/x-cover"> + <style> + +body { + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; +} + + h1 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +h1 {font-weight: normal; + font-size: 250%; + margin-top: 01em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + word-spacing: 0.3em; + } + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + + +.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: 33.5%; + margin-right: 33.5%; + clear: both; +} + +hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} +div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} + + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + + +.tdl {text-align: left;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: small; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; + text-indent: 0; +} /* page numbers */ + + + + +.up {font-size: 220%;} +.xlarge {font-size: 140%;} +.large {font-size: 120%;} +.less {font-size: 90%;} +.med {font-size: 110%;} + + +.c {text-align: center;} + +.sp {word-spacing: 0.3em;} + +.hang { + text-indent: -1.5em; + padding-left: 1.5em; +} + +/* Images */ + +img { + max-width: 100%; + height: auto; +} +img.w100 {width: 100%;} + + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; + margin-bottom: 4em; +} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:small; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + margin-top:3em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; + border: .3em double gray; + padding: 1em; +} + + + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 ***</div> + +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover"> +</div> + +<table> + +<tr> + <td class="tdl">LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO.<br> +Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius</td> + <td class="tdl"><span class="up">1259</span></td></tr> + +</table> + + +<h1>A Dictionary of<br> +Geographical Names</h1> + +<p class="c sp large">Compiled by Leo Markun</p> + + +<p class="c sp xlarge p4">HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS<br> +GIRARD, KANSAS +</p> + +<hr class="full"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="c sp large"> +Copyright, 1927<br> +Haldeman-Julius Company</p> +<br> +<p class="c sp less"> +PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA +</p> +</div> +<hr class="full"> + + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> + +<p class="c xlarge sp">A DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL<br> +NAMES</p> +</div> + +<div class="hang med"> + +<p><i>Aachen.</i> The ancient Aquisgranum, in French: +Aix-la-Chapelle. A city of Rhenish Prussia, +Germany. Formerly the capital of Charlemagne +and Pepin the Little.</p> + +<p><i>Aar.</i> A Swiss river.</p> + +<p><i>Aargau.</i> In French: Argovie. A canton of +Switzerland.</p> + +<p><i>Aberdeen.</i> Old city of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. +Now an important manufacturing center.</p> + +<p><i>Aberdeen</i> or <i>Aberdeenshire</i>. A Scottish county.</p> + +<p><i>Aboukir</i> or <i>Abukir</i>. Village fifteen miles from +Alexandria, Egypt. In Abukir Bay was +fought the Battle of the Nile, in which Nelson +won a great victory.</p> + +<p><i>Abydos.</i> An ancient town on the Hellespont +(Dardanelles). More frequently, an Egyptian +city near the western bank of the Nile, no +longer in existence.</p> + +<p><i>Abyssinia.</i> Independent state in Africa, governed +by a monarch.</p> + +<p><i>Acadia.</i> In French: Acadie. Former name of +Nova Scotia.</p> + +<p><i>Achaia.</i> Northern coast of the Peloponnesus or +a district in Thessaly, in ancient times. The +whole of southern Greece as a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Acre.</i> City in Beirut Vilayet, Syria. Important +in the Crusades.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p> + +<p><i>Actium.</i> Promontory in Acarnania, at entrance +to the Ambracian Gulf, where Augustus +gained a great victory over Antony and +Cleopatra.</p> + +<p><i>Adelaide.</i> Capital of South Australia, important +commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Aden.</i> British fortified settlement and coaling +station in Arabia.</p> + +<p><i>Adirondacks.</i> Mountains in northern New +York, part of the Appalachian system.</p> + +<p><i>Adrianople.</i> Anciently, Hadrianopolis or Adrianopolis, +the city of Hadrian. City in Turkey, +once the capital of the Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Adriatic.</i> Sea, branch of Mediterranean, east +of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Aegean.</i> Sea, between Mediterranean and Sea +of Marmora, between Greece and Asia Minor.</p> + +<p><i>Afghanistan.</i> Country in Asia, north and west +of India.</p> + +<p><i>Africa.</i> Continent, connected with Asia by a +small strip of land (cut by Suez Canal) and +separated from Europe by the Mediterranean +Sea. Northern Africa was known to the ancients, +but Europeans have only lately +learned to know the southern part and the +interior well. Most of Africa is occupied by +European colonies. Area, 11,608,000 sq. mi.</p> + +<p><i>Aisne.</i> River in northern France. Battlefield +in Great War. Department of France.</p> + +<p><i>Aix-la-Chapelle.</i> See Aachen.</p> + +<p><i>Ajaccio.</i> Capital of Corsica, birthplace of Napoleon.</p> + +<p><i>Alaska.</i> Territory of U. S., in northwestern +part of North America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> + +<p><i>Alba Longa.</i> Most ancient town in Latium, +near Rome. Destroyed by Tullius Hostilius.</p> + +<p><i>Albania.</i> Ancient country east of Iberia. Country +in the Balkans.</p> + +<p><i>Albany.</i> Capital of New York. Name of various +other cities and towns, mostly in U. S. River +in Ontario.</p> + +<p><i>Albion.</i> Old name for England.</p> + +<p><i>Albuquerque.</i> City in New Mexico. City in +Philippines.</p> + +<p><i>Aleppo.</i> City in Syria, controlled by French.</p> + +<p><i>Alexandria.</i> Several cities founded by Alexander +the Great bore this name. Old capital +of Egypt, now an important seaport. Ancient +cities near Troy, at entrance of Syria, at the +mouth of the Tigris. Modern cities in Virginia, +in Rumania.</p> + +<p><i>Algeria.</i> French colony in northern Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Algiers.</i> In French: Alger. Capital of Algeria, +important seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Alps.</i> Mountain system in Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Alsace-Lorraine.</i> Region long disputed between +France and Germany. These provinces are +now French.</p> + +<p><i>America.</i> Two continents, North and South +America. The New World.</p> + +<p><i>Amiens.</i> French city with a celebrated cathedral.</p> + +<p><i>Amsterdam.</i> The most important city of the +Netherlands. A great seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Amu Darya.</i> River in central Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Anatolia.</i> Asia Minor, part of Turkey.</p> + +<p><i>Andes.</i> Mountain system in the western part +of South America.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span></p> + +<p><i>Andorra.</i> Semi-independent republic in the +Pyrenees, controlled by France. The language +is Catalan. In French: Andorre.</p> + +<p><i>Angola.</i> Portuguese dependency in western +Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Angora.</i> Province of Turkey and city in the +province. Now one of the capitals of the +republic.</p> + +<p><i>Annam.</i> French protectorate in Indo-China, +also called Anam. Nominally a kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>Annapolis.</i> Capital of Maryland, seat of U. S. +Naval Academy.</p> + +<p><i>Antarctic.</i> Ocean around South Pole.</p> + +<p><i>Antilles.</i> West Indies, islands in Atlantic, off +Central America and southern North America, +or two groups of them.</p> + +<p><i>Antioch.</i> City of Syria, important in ancient +times.</p> + +<p><i>Antipodes.</i> Lands on the opposite side of globe, +as Australasia. A group of islands near and +under the control of New Zealand.</p> + +<p><i>Antwerp.</i> Capital of province of same name, +chief city of Belgium, important industrially +and commercially.</p> + +<p><i>Appalachian.</i> Mountain system in eastern North +America.</p> + +<p><i>Arabia.</i> Peninsula of southwestern Asia. Political +divisions include Aden, Asir, Hejaz, +Jebel Shammar, Kuweit, Nejd and Hasa, +Oman, and Yemen.</p> + +<p><i>Aragon.</i> Old kingdom, now part of Spain.</p> + +<p><i>Arcadia.</i> Ancient country of Greece. This +mountainous district was supposed to be occupied +by contented shepherds. The name is +often to be found in literature, sometimes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> +under the poetical form of Arcady. Literary +Arcadia owes much to Virgil, Sannazzaro, +and Sidney.</p> + +<p><i>Archangel.</i> Russian city, of interest because it +is farther north than any other of equal importance. +Base of operations against Bolshevists.</p> + +<p><i>Arctic.</i> Ocean around North Pole.</p> + +<p><i>Argentina</i> or <i>Argentine Republic</i>. One of the +greatest countries of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Argos.</i> A town in Argolis, Greece, still in existence, +but recorded here for its ancient +importance. In Homer, Argos stands sometimes +for the town itself, sometimes for the +region of Argolis or for Agamemnon’s kingdom, +or even for the entire Peloponnesus. +The “Argives” are all the Greeks assembled +against Troy in most cases.</p> + +<p><i>Armenia.</i> Ancient country of Asia, at one time +divided between Roman and Persian Empires, +Recently, divided among Russia, Persia, and +Turkey. The Christians of A. evidently took +considerable pleasure in being massacred by +the Turks. (Russian) Armenia is one in the +Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. In the +Bible: Minni.</p> + +<p><i>Aroostook.</i> River and county in Maine. The +county depends largely upon the potato crop.</p> + +<p><i>Asia.</i> Continent of the Old World. With Europe, +part of Eurasia. A. is the largest of +the continents, and it is very likely the place +where civilization first arose. Area: 17,040,000 +sq. mi. Name applied by ancients to the +western part of Asia Minor, to the whole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> +continent, to a Roman province formed out +of the kingdom of Pergamus.</p> + +<p><i>Asia Minor</i> or <i>Anatolia</i>. Roughly, the part of +Asia north of the Mediterranean Sea. Long +part of the Ottoman Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Athens.</i> The center of ancient Greek culture +and capital of Attica. Now a flourishing city +and the capital of Greece. Has been under +Roman, Byzantine, and Turkish rule. Most +celebrated for antique remains.</p> + +<p><i>Atlantic.</i> Ocean dividing Europe and Africa +from America. Sometimes considered as two +oceans, North and South Atlantic.</p> + +<p><i>Atlantis.</i> According to old tradition, a great +island in the Atlantic, swallowed up by the +ocean because of the wickedness of its inhabitants.</p> + +<p><i>Atlas.</i> System of mountains in northwestern +Africa, where Atlas, son of Iapetus, is said +once to have held up the skies.</p> + +<p><i>Australasia.</i> Arbitrary term used in maps to +describe a part of the earth, including Australia, +Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Fiji +Islands. Sometimes many other island +groups are also included.</p> + +<p><i>Australia.</i> Continent of the southern hemisphere, +between Indian and Pacific Oceans. +May be considered an island rather than a +continent. The Commonwealth of Australia +is an autonomous part of the British Empire. +Area: 2,948,000 sq. mi.</p> + +<p><i>Austria.</i> Republic of Europe, once part of the +Austro-Hungarian Empire. Has now only an +area of about 32,000 sq. mi.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> + +<p><i>Avignon.</i> Old city of southern France, once +called Avenio by the Romans. Has been a +republic, part of Papal States, seat of the +Popes.</p> + +<p><i>Azerbaijan.</i> One of the Socialist Soviet Republics. +Formerly a Persian province. Between +Armenia and the Caspian Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Azores.</i> Portuguese islands in the Atlantic +Ocean.</p> + +<p><i>Babylon.</i> Great city of antiquity. Built on +both banks of the Euphrates, long subject to +Assyrian Empire, then the capital of Babylonia.</p> + +<p><i>Bagdad.</i> City of Mesopotamia, now in Iraq. +Still of some importance.</p> + +<p><i>Bahia.</i> State of Brazil and its capital, the +oldest city of Brazil.</p> + +<p><i>Balearic.</i> Spanish islands in the Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Balkan.</i> Mountain system in southeastern +Europe, peninsula between Black and Adriatic +Seas. The Balkan countries may be said +to include Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Jugo-Slavia +(with Montenegro), and Rumania.</p> + +<p><i>Baltimore.</i> Important seaport city of Maryland.</p> + +<p><i>Baluchistan.</i> Country in British India, of +which part is divided into native states.</p> + +<p><i>Bangkok.</i> Chief commercial city of Siam, also +the capital.</p> + +<p><i>Barbados</i>, also <i>Barbadoes</i>. The most eastward +of the West Indian islands. British colony.</p> + +<p><i>Barcelona.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, +seaport and important city.</p> + +<p><i>Basel.</i> In French: Bâle. Swiss canton and city<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> +in it; manufacturing, commercial, university +town.</p> + +<p><i>Basque</i> or <i>Biscayan</i>. The region and language +of the western Pyrenees. Basque provinces +of Spain include Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, and +Álava.</p> + +<p><i>Batavia.</i> Dutch residency, bay, city, in East +Indies. City is capital and most important +commercial center of Dutch East Indies. In +ancient writings and sometimes in modern +ones, B. stands for the Netherlands or the general +district of the Low Countries. In French +Revolutionary times, there was a Batavian +Republic in Europe. The Batavia were a +Celtic people, for a time allied with the +Romans.</p> + +<p><i>Batum.</i> Province and city, formerly in Russian +Empire, now in Georgia.</p> + +<p><i>Beirut.</i> Seaport of Syria, now under French +control. In ancient times, Berytus, a Phoenician +port.</p> + +<p><i>Belfast.</i> Important commercial city in Northern +Ireland, i.e., not in the Free State. Center +of linen trade.</p> + +<p><i>Belgium.</i> In French: Belgique. Kingdom of +western Europe, part of the Low Countries. +Anciently, the territory of the Bellovaci, part +of the Belgae, a Germanic people.</p> + +<p><i>Belgrade.</i> In Serbian: Beograd. Capital of +Jugo-Slavia, commercial city and port.</p> + +<p><i>Benares.</i> District of India and its capital, an +ancient city and a holy place for the Hindus.</p> + +<p><i>Bengal.</i> Presidency of British India, including +mouths of Ganges and Brahmaputra. Bay, +really part of Indian Ocean.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> + +<p><i>Berlin.</i> Capital of Prussia and German Republic. +One of the great cities of the world, +of historical as well as present importance.</p> + +<p><i>Bermuda.</i> Islands, British colony, 580 miles +from North Carolina. Haven for thirsty +Americans.</p> + +<p><i>Berne</i> or <i>Bern</i>. Canton of Switzerland and its +capital, also the capital of the country. Once +a free city.</p> + +<p><i>Bethlehem.</i> Town in Palestine, traditionally +the birthplace of the Son of God. City in +Pennsylvania, home of the Bethlehem Steel +Company and the Moravian Theological Seminary.</p> + +<p><i>Bhutan.</i> Nominally independent kingdom in +the eastern Himalayas.</p> + +<p><i>Birmingham.</i> City, civic county and borough +of Warwickshire, England. Great manufacturing +city, leading hardware center of the +world. Also manufacturing city of Alabama, +and several smaller places in U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Biscay.</i> Bay, part of Atlantic, north of Spain +and west of France.</p> + +<p><i>Biscayan.</i> See Basque.</p> + +<p><i>Black.</i> Sea, also called Euxine, south of European +Russia. The Greeks knew the sea at +an early period, calling it Pontus or Pontus +Euxinus.</p> + +<p><i>Blenheim</i> or <i>Blindheim</i>. Village in Bavaria, +Germany, where the French were badly beaten +in 1704.</p> + +<p><i>Boeotia.</i> District in ancient Greece. The Boeotians +were proverbially stupid.</p> + +<p><i>Bohemia.</i> Old kingdom, long a crownland of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> +Austria, now part of Czecho-Slovakia. In +Bohemian (Czech): Cechy.</p> + +<p><i>Bokhara.</i> Country of central Asia, dependent +upon Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Bolivia.</i> South American republic, west of +Brazil.</p> + +<p><i>Bologna.</i> Italian city, the Felsina and Bononia +of the ancients. Capital of province of same +name. Famous for medieval architecture, +modern commerce, and sausage.</p> + +<p><i>Bombay.</i> Governmental district of India, island, +and city, capital of the presidency. +Great commercial city.</p> + +<p><i>Bordeaux.</i> French city of considerable antiquity. +Port, university city, famous for wine. +Capital of France for a short time when Paris +was threatened during World War.</p> + +<p><i>Bosnia.</i> Former Turkish province. Annexation +by Austria-Hungary one of the causes of +World War. Now in Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Bosporus.</i> Strait between Black and Marmora +Seas. Of great political and economic importance.</p> + +<p><i>Boston.</i> Capital and chief city of Massachusetts, +“Hub of the Universe” for New Englanders. +City and port in Lincolnshire, England, after +which the American Boston was named.</p> + +<p><i>Bothnia.</i> Gulf extension of Baltic Sea between +Finland and Sweden.</p> + +<p><i>Boulogne</i> or <i>Boulogne-sur-Mer</i>, to distinguish it +from Boulogne-sur-Seine. Seaport of France, +where Napoleon made preparations for the +invasion of England. B.-sur-Seine is a suburb +of Paris.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span></p> + +<p><i>Brabant.</i> Old duchy, now divided between Belgium +and Netherlands.</p> + +<p><i>Bradford.</i> City of Yorkshire, England. Textile +manufacturing center. Also a small city, B.-on-Avon, +and various places in the U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Brahmaputra.</i> Important river of India.</p> + +<p><i>Brazil.</i> Officially, United States of Brazil. One +of the great countries of South America. +Language: Portuguese. Climate mostly tropical.</p> + +<p><i>Bremen.</i> German seaport city, long a free city +and one member of the Hanseatic League. +The port of Bremen is called Bremerhaven.</p> + +<p><i>Breslau.</i> Capital of Silesia, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Brest-Litovsk.</i> City of Grodno, Russia. Here +was signed the treaty of peace between Germany +and Soviets, later annulled by the +Allies.</p> + +<p><i>Bristol.</i> City of Gloucestershire, England, +formerly second only to London in importance, +and a celebrated port. Cabot started +to the New World from B.</p> + +<p><i>Brittany.</i> In French: Bretagne. Old province +of France. The people of Brittany are called +Bretons. The duchy was long independent +of the French crown, and was for a time +an English fief.</p> + +<p><i>Bronx, the.</i> Borough of the city of New York, +principally residential.</p> + +<p><i>Brooklyn.</i> Formerly a city of New York state, +now part of the city of New York.</p> + +<p><i>Bruges.</i> Capital of West Flanders, Belgium. +Much more important in middle ages than +now. Many medieval buildings destroyed +during World War.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p> + +<p><i>Brussels.</i> Most important city of Belgium.</p> + +<p><i>Bucharest</i> or <i>Bukharest</i>. In Roumanian: Bucuresti. +Capital of Roumania.</p> + +<p><i>Budapest</i> or <i>Budapesth</i>. Capital of Hungary. +Formed of two cities, Buda and Pest, on +opposite sides of the Danube.</p> + +<p><i>Buenos Aires.</i> Capital of Argentina, largest +city of South America. Of manufacturing, +commercial, educational importance.</p> + +<p><i>Buffalo.</i> City of New York, of second importance +in the state.</p> + +<p><i>Bukowina.</i> Former crownland of Austria, now +in Roumania.</p> + +<p><i>Bulgaria.</i> Kingdom of Europe. Balkan state, +formerly part of Turkish Empire. Limited +in area as penalty for joining Central Powers +in World War.</p> + +<p><i>Burgundy.</i> In French: Bourgogne. Former +duchy, kingdom, province of France. Acquired +by France in eleventh century and +then lost. At times a dangerous rival to +France. Burgundy wine is usually red.</p> + +<p><i>Burma.</i> Country of eastern India under British +control.</p> + +<p><i>Byzantium.</i> A town on the Bosporus founded +by the Megarians, built anew by Constantine +in 330 and called Constantinople.</p> + +<p><i>Cádiz.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, on the +island of Leon. The city, known to the +Romans as Gades, was founded by the Phoenicians.</p> + +<p><i>Caen.</i> City in department of Calvados, France. +Was an important place in old Normandy.</p> + +<p><i>Cairo.</i> Capital and chief city of Egypt. Commercial,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> +educational, religious (Mohammedan) +importance.</p> + +<p><i>Calais.</i> Seaport and fortified city of France, on +English Channel.</p> + +<p><i>Calcutta.</i> Largest city of India, formerly capital.</p> + +<p><i>Caledonia.</i> For the Romans, the northern part +of Britain. Now a poetic name for Scotland.</p> + +<p><i>Cambridge.</i> University city of England. City +of Massachusetts, near Boston, seat of Harvard +University.</p> + +<p><i>Canada.</i> Autonomous country in British Empire, +north of U. S. Includes provinces of +Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New +Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, +Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan, +also territory of Yukon and Northwest Territories.</p> + +<p><i>Canary.</i> Islands in Atlantic, ruled by Spain. +Also, Canaries, and in Spanish, Canarias.</p> + +<p><i>Canberra.</i> New capital of Australia.</p> + +<p><i>Canterbury.</i> City of Kent, England, chief center +of Anglican Church. Shrine of St. +Thomas à Becket brought many pilgrims in +middle ages.</p> + +<p><i>Canton.</i> In Chinese: Kwangchowfu. Capital of +Kwang-fung, China. Great commercial and +manufacturing city, center of foreign trade.</p> + +<p><i>Cape Colony</i> or <i>Cape Province</i> or, now officially, +<i>Cape of Good Hope</i>. Province in Union of +South Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Capetown.</i> Also: Cape Town. Capital of Cape +of Good Hope, legislative seat of Union of +South Africa. Founded by the Dutch.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></p> + +<p><i>Cappadocia.</i> Ancient district of Asia Minor. +Tiberius made C. a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Cardiff.</i> City of Glamorganshire, Wales. Important +for coal trade.</p> + +<p><i>Caria.</i> Ancient district of southwestern Asia +Minor. Part of the Roman province of Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Caribbean.</i> Sea south of the West Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Carinthia.</i> Former crownland of Austria, now +in Austrian Republic. In German: Kärnten.</p> + +<p><i>Carmel.</i> Mountain of Palestine. Holy place for +many centuries. Here, biblically, Jehovah +proved himself to be a greater god than Baal +by sending down fire from heaven.</p> + +<p><i>Carniola.</i> In German: Krain. Former crownland +of Austria, now divided between Italy +and Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Carpathian.</i> Mountains, now chiefly in Czecho-Slovakia +and Roumania, before the World +War mostly in Hungarian territory.</p> + +<p><i>Carthage.</i> One of the most important and most +celebrated cities of the ancient world, called +Carthago or Magna Carthago by the Romans. +Located in Africa, northeast of Tunis. Founded +by the Phoenicians. The Carthaginians +built up a state rivalling that of Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Caspian.</i> Sea or lake. By far the largest saltwater +lake in the world. Surrounded by +European and Asian Soviet Republics and +Persia.</p> + +<p><i>Castile.</i> In Spanish: Castilla. Former kingdom +of Spain. Castilian is literary and standard +Spanish.</p> + +<p><i>Catalonia.</i> In Spanish: Cataluña. Former division +of Spain. The inhabitants of C. are +called Catalans. The Catalan language is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> +spoken in part of northern Spain and southern +France.</p> + +<p><i>Catania.</i> Province of Sicily and its capital, +Catana or Catina of the ancients. Founded +B. C. 730, came under Roman rule in the +first Punic war. At the foot of Mt. Etna, and +has suffered much from earthquakes and volcanic +disturbances.</p> + +<p><i>Caucasus.</i> Mountains dividing Europe from +Asia, in Soviet territory between Black and +Caspian Seas.</p> + +<p><i>Cawnpore</i> or <i>Cawnpur</i>. District of British +India and its capital, an important railroad +junction. Scene of massacre of English residents +in Sepoy rebellion.</p> + +<p><i>Celebes.</i> Island in Dutch East Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Chaeronea.</i> Ancient town in Boeotia, where +Philip of Macedon won a great victory and +Sulla defeated Mithridates.</p> + +<p><i>Chalcedon.</i> Old Greek city at the entrance of +the Bosporus, opposite Byzantium. Long independent, +then subject to Bithynia.</p> + +<p><i>Chalcis.</i> Several ancient towns. An important +city of Euboea, town in Aetolia, city of Syria.</p> + +<p><i>Chaldea.</i> Old Babylonian province. Name also +applied to all Babylonia.</p> + +<p><i>Châlons-sur-Marne.</i> City of France, capital of +department of Marne, place where Attila’s +Huns were defeated, A. D. 451.</p> + +<p><i>Champagne.</i> Old province of France. Champagne +wine is usually white and sparkling.</p> + +<p><i>Changchowfu.</i> City of Fukien, China.</p> + +<p><i>Changsha.</i> Capital of Hunan, China. Treaty +port.</p> + +<p><i>Changteh.</i> City of Hunan, China.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p> + +<p><i>Charlottenburg.</i> Important suburb of Berlin, +Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Chautauqua.</i> Township of western New York, +where summer courses are conducted.</p> + +<p><i>Chemnitz.</i> City of Saxony, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Cheng-tu</i> or <i>Ching-tu</i> (sometimes without hyphens). +City of Szechuan, China.</p> + +<p><i>Cherbourg.</i> Port and naval station of Manche +Department, France.</p> + +<p><i>Chersonesus.</i> Greek word for peninsula. Without +qualifications, it meant for the Greeks +Gallipoli, peninsula of the Dardanelles. +C. Taurica or Scythica was Crimea. Gallipoli +is also called Chersonese.</p> + +<p><i>Cheshire</i> or <i>Chester</i>. County of England. A +Cheshire cat is a person with a fixed grin.</p> + +<p><i>Chicago.</i> Second city of U. S. County seat of +Cook County, Illinois. Founded, as Fort +Dearborn, in 1804.</p> + +<p><i>Chile</i> or <i>Chili</i>. Important republic of South +America.</p> + +<p><i>China.</i> Great Asiatic republic, before 1912 an +empire. People of China possess an ancient +and significant civilization. Although C. is +not a “great power,” i.e., is of small military +strength, and has been the scene of exploitation +by European and other well-armed countries, +it must be reckoned with, even as a +potential maker of war.</p> + +<p><i>China.</i> Sea, part of Pacific Ocean, south and +east of China.</p> + +<p><i>Chosen.</i> See Korea.</p> + +<p><i>Christiania.</i> See Oslo.</p> + +<p><i>Chungking.</i> City of Szechuan, China.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p> + +<p><i>Cincinnati.</i> City of Ohio, on Ohio River, manufacturing +and commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Cleveland.</i> Largest city of Ohio.</p> + +<p><i>Cochin China.</i> French colony, part of French +Indo-China.</p> + +<p><i>Colchis</i> or <i>Aea</i>. District of Asia, south of Caucasus +Mountains, important in Greek legend.</p> + +<p><i>Cologne.</i> In German: Köln. District of German +Rhine Provinces and its capital, of great +historical importance. Once renowned for its +perfumery.</p> + +<p><i>Colombia.</i> Republic of South America. Has +been known as New Granada, Granadine Confederation, +United States of Colombia.</p> + +<p><i>Colombo.</i> Capital of Ceylon, a British colony.</p> + +<p><i>Colophon.</i> Old Ionian (Greek) city which +claimed to be the birthplace of Homer.</p> + +<p><i>Colorado.</i> State, river, desert, of U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Congo.</i> River and country of Africa. The old +Congo Free State is now a Belgian colony.</p> + +<p><i>Constance.</i> In German: Konstanz, also Kostnitz. +City of Baden, Germany, important historically.</p> + +<p><i>Constantinople.</i> Turkish: Istamboul. City of +Turkey in Europe, on the Bosporus. Of international +significance because of its location, +at entrance to Black Sea, and because it +is the modern center of Mohammedanism, at +least in Turkey. Has been an important +Christian center and capital of (Eastern) +Roman Empire. On the site of old Byzantium. +Long the capital of Ottoman Empire, +now one of the capitals of Turkey.</p> + +<p><i>Copenhagen.</i> Danish: Köbenhavn or Kjobenhavn. +Capital and fortified seaport of Denmark.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> +Great commercial city, cultural center +of Scandinavia.</p> + +<p><i>Cordova.</i> Spanish: Córdoba. Province of +Spain and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Corea.</i> See Korea.</p> + +<p><i>Corfu.</i> Island in Ionian Sea, known to the +Greeks of antiquity as Corcyra, seat of an +important Corinthian colony.</p> + +<p><i>Corinth.</i> Isthmus of Greece; ancient city located +on it, whose territory was known as +Corinthia. Important commercial and colonizing +city of ancient times. The city on +its site is now known as New Corinth. There +is also a Gulf of C. or Lepanto, north of +Corinthia.</p> + +<p><i>Corsica.</i> Island in Mediterranean, north of +Sardinia. French department. In French: +Corse.</p> + +<p><i>Costa Rica.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Cressy.</i> French: Crécy or Crécy-en-Ponthieu. +Place in France where Edward the Black +Prince badly defeated the French in 1346.</p> + +<p><i>Crete</i> or <i>Candia</i>. Island in the Mediterranean +belonging to Greece. The ancient Creta, with +a civilization of some importance in Homeric +times. Much later, a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Crimea.</i> Russian: Krim. Peninsula of Russia. +Chersonesus Taurica of the ancients.</p> + +<p><i>Croatia.</i> Formerly a Hungarian crownland, +now in Jugo-Slavia. People of C. are called +Croats, their Slavic language is Croatian.</p> + +<p><i>Ctesiphon.</i> Old city of Assyria, winter residence +of the kings of Parthia.</p> + +<p><i>Cuba.</i> Republic. Island of West Indies. The +language is Spanish.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> + +<p><i>Czechoslovakia.</i> Republic formed after the +World War, composed of Bohemia, Moravia, +Slovakia, Southern Ruthenia, and Silesia. +Languages spoken include Bohemian or Czech, +German, and Ruthenian, which is practically +the same as Ukrainian.</p> + +<p><i>Damascus.</i> One of the oldest cities of the +world. Has been under Syrian, Assyrian, +Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Turkish +rule. This pleasant and commercially important +Syrian city is now under French control.</p> + +<p><i>Danube.</i> Important river of Europe, flowing +into Black Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Danzig</i> or <i>Dantsic</i>. Free international city, +formerly part of Prussia, Germany. Seaport, +manufacturing center, with an interesting +history.</p> + +<p><i>Dardanelles.</i> Strait between Aegean Sea and +Sea of Marmora, now between Greek and +Turkish (Asian) territory. The whole area +of the Straits, waters connecting Black and +Mediterranean Seas, with adjacent land, has +been demilitarized.</p> + +<p><i>Dauphiné.</i> Former province of France. The +heir to French throne was formerly called +the Dauphin, that is, ruler of D.</p> + +<p><i>Dead.</i> Sea, salt lake in Palestine.</p> + +<p><i>Delhi.</i> Province of British India and its capital, +also capital of Indian Empire. An ancient +city.</p> + +<p><i>Delos.</i> Island in Aegean Sea, seat of worship +of Apollo. Games were held here every five +years in ancient times.</p> + +<p><i>Delphi.</i> Small town in Phocis, in old Greece,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> +famous for oracle. In Homer: Pytho. Pythian +games were celebrated at D.</p> + +<p><i>Denmark.</i> Danish: Danmark. Kingdom of +northern Europe, one of the Scandinavian +countries. Includes northern part of peninsula +of Jutland and a group of islands.</p> + +<p><i>Denver.</i> Capital of Colorado, one of the chief +cities of Mountain States.</p> + +<p><i>Detroit.</i> Chief city of Michigan, center of automobile +industry.</p> + +<p><i>Dnieper.</i> Important river of Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Dniester.</i> European river, boundary between +Roumania and Soviet Republics (Ukrainia).</p> + +<p><i>Dominican Republic</i> or <i>Santo Domingo</i>. Republic, +eastern part of the island of Haiti. Population +largely colored.</p> + +<p><i>Douai</i> or <i>Douay</i>. French city, damaged in +World War. Here Bible translation of the +English Catholics was published.</p> + +<p><i>Dresden.</i> Capital of Saxony, Germany; of +great historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Dublin.</i> Capital of Ireland. Part of its interesting +history is an occupation by the Danes +in the middle ages.</p> + +<p><i>Dvina.</i> River of Russia, also known as the +Northern D., flowing into the Gulf of D., +a branch of White Sea. Another river, no +longer entirely Russian, known also as the +Western D., or the Düna, flowing into the +Gulf of Riga.</p> + +<p><i>East Indies.</i> Somewhat indefinite name, applied +usually to Malay Archipelago, sometimes +still inclusive of India and Indo-China. +Formerly the Indies, without qualification; +but the application of the name Indies to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> +islands near the American mainland caused +the differentiation.</p> + +<p><i>Eboracum.</i> Chief Roman town in Britain, now +the English city of York.</p> + +<p><i>Ecuador.</i> Republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Edinburgh.</i> City of Scotland, long the capital +and, historically, the most important place +in the country. The university is old and +celebrated.</p> + +<p><i>Egypt.</i> Country of northern Africa under English +control. In effect, a British colony. +Land of very ancient civilization and history +both old and varied. E. fell under Turkish +rule in 1517, and remained nominally part +of the Ottoman Empire until the World War. +Arabic has been for some time the chief +language.</p> + +<p><i>Elba.</i> Mediterranean island belonging to Italy. +Napoleon was sent to Elba upon his first +downfall.</p> + +<p><i>Elis.</i> Ancient country of Greece, considered +sacred because of the games at Olympia.</p> + +<p><i>England.</i> A division of the United Kingdom +of Great Britain and Ireland. Because of its +dominance, its name is sometimes applied +loosely to the whole country and its empire. +The adjective especially is used in this way, +and we say “English” or “British” of a +colony without change in meaning.</p> + +<p><i>English Channel.</i> The channel that separates +England from France and connects Straits +of Dover (leading to North Sea) with the +Atlantic.</p> + +<p><i>Ephesus.</i> Ancient Ionian city on the coast of +Asia Minor. Here stood a famous temple to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span> +Artemis. E. fell under the successive control +of Lydia, Persia, Macedonia, and Rome.</p> + +<p><i>Essen.</i> City of Rhenish Prussia, Germany. +Here were located the Krupp munition works. +Many medieval remains.</p> + +<p><i>Esthonia.</i> Republic of northwestern Europe +formed as a result of the World War, made +up of the old Russian government of E. and +part of Livonia. Esthonian, a Finnish dialect, +is spoken, as well as German, Russian, +and other languages.</p> + +<p><i>Ethiopia.</i> Old country of Africa. The adjectives +and nouns Ethiopic and Ethiopian may +refer to a Semitic language or the race of +dark-skinned peoples including the Negroes.</p> + +<p><i>Etruria</i> or <i>Tuscia</i> or (Greek) <i>Tyrrhenia</i>. Ancient +country in central Italy. The Romans +called the inhabitants Tuscans. Much of the +Roman civilization was of Tuscan origin.</p> + +<p><i>Euphrates.</i> Important river of western Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Eurasia.</i> Europe and Asia. The two are customarily +considered as separate continents, +and probably it would be inconvenient to give +up the old names, but the map shows that +they are really one, the continent of Eurasia. +It is not so much the mountains between +as cultural differences which separate Europe +and Asia. Russia was long, and in some +ways still remains, an Asian country in this +respect.</p> + +<p><i>Europe.</i> Continent, part of Eurasia (q. v.). +Has been called a peninsula of Asia, to emphasize +the fact that it is much smaller—the +area is about 3,789,000 sq. mi. Nevertheless, +the world has been and is being Europeanized.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> +It is true, indeed, that much which +we consider European arose in western Asia, +and that New York is tending to become the +great center of European civilization. For +an American, the most important thing to +realize is the great variety of languages and +national institutions to be found within a +small space.</p> + +<p><i>Everest.</i> Mountain, one of the Himalayas, believed +to be the highest in the world.</p> + +<p><i>Fez.</i> One of the capitals of Morocco.</p> + +<p><i>Fiji.</i> British colony, islands in the Pacific.</p> + +<p><i>Finland.</i> Formerly a grand duchy ruled by +Russian czars. Still earlier, occupied by +Lapps, ruled by Sweden. Now a republic. +The Finns and Lapps are not of the Aryan +race, but of the Mongol group. The Finns +call themselves Suomi. Culturally, Finland +has been closer to Sweden than to Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Fiume.</i> Free city on the Adriatic, formerly +belonging to Hungary, claimed by both Italy +and Jugo-Slavia, now Italian.</p> + +<p><i>Flanders.</i> Country of Europe divided among +Netherlands, Belgium, and France. The language +of F., Flemish, is a dialect of Dutch. +It has recently been revived for literary purposes.</p> + +<p><i>Flodden.</i> Hill in England. At the Battle of +Flodden Field, 1513, King James IV of Scotland +was defeated and killed.</p> + +<p><i>Florence.</i> Italian: Firenze. Capital of Tuscany, +Italy. Celebrated for history and art.</p> + +<p><i>Foochow.</i> Capital of Fukien, China. Treaty +port.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span></p> + +<p><i>Formosa.</i> Island north of Philippines, belonging +to Japan. Also called Taiwan.</p> + +<p><i>Fort Sumter.</i> Fortress in harbor of Charleston, +South Carolina, where the Civil War +began.</p> + +<p><i>France.</i> Republic of western Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Franche-Comté.</i> Former French province.</p> + +<p><i>Franconia.</i> Former duchy of Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Frankfurt-am-Main.</i> English: Frankfurt-on-the-Main. +City of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, +Germany. Was capital of the German Confederation.</p> + +<p><i>Galatia.</i> Ancient country of Asia Minor, settled +by Gauls.</p> + +<p><i>Galicia.</i> Old kingdom of Spain. Also former +(Polish) crownland of Austria.</p> + +<p><i>Galilee.</i> In the Greek period, the name for +northwestern Palestine. A Roman province. +A Galilean means a Christian, as the word +is now most used.</p> + +<p><i>Gallipoli.</i> Peninsula north of Dardanelles. The +Entente Allies tried unsuccessfully during +the World War to capture Constantinople, +landing troops here. See also Chersonesus.</p> + +<p><i>Ganges.</i> Important river of India, flowing into +Bay of Bengal.</p> + +<p><i>Gascony.</i> French: Gascogne. Former province +of France. The Gascons were supposed to be +boastful swaggerers.</p> + +<p><i>Gaul</i> or <i>Gallia</i>. In Roman times, the country +occupied by the Galli or Celtae. Gaul was +divided into three parts: Aquitania, Celtica, +and Belgica. It consisted of the present +France and some neighboring sections. Gallia<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> +Cisalpina was a Roman province in the north +of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Geneva.</i> German: Genf. Canton of Switzerland +and its capital, which is of interest in +many ways. Associated with Rousseau and +Calvin. Now the seat of the League of Nations. +French: Genève.</p> + +<p><i>Genoa.</i> Italian: Genova. Important Italian +commercial city and port. Of great historical +significance.</p> + +<p><i>German Ocean.</i> Name sometimes applied to +North Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Germany.</i> Republic of Europe, formerly an +Empire. In German: Deutschland. The +Germania of the Romans did not occupy precisely +the same territory as modern Germany, +extending to the Baltic and the Carpathian +Mountains. The medieval organization was +feudal, with the Holy Roman Empire of the +German Nation including many non-German +districts. Bismarck organized the German +Empire (Reich) with the king of Prussia at +the head. Many German districts are now +outside the republic. The treaties which followed +the World War forbade Germany and +Austria to unite.</p> + +<p><i>Ghent.</i> French: Gand. Capital of East Flanders, +Belgium. Of great historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Gibraltar.</i> Fortified rock and town, a British +possession commanding Strait of G., entrance +to Mediterranean Sea. On Iberian (Spanish-Portuguese) +Peninsula.</p> + +<p><i>Glasgow.</i> A Scottish city on the Clyde. Said +to have been founded in the sixth century.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> +The greatest manufacturing and commercial +center of Scotland.</p> + +<p><i>Göteborg</i> or <i>Gothenburg</i>. Important city of +Sweden. Port.</p> + +<p><i>Great Britain.</i> England, Scotland, and Wales, +as an island, or, before the addition of Ireland, +as a kingdom. Used often instead of +the more cumbersome title of “the United +Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” +Only a part of Ireland remains united, incidentally.</p> + +<p><i>Greece.</i> Greek: Hellas. Republic of Europe, +also a memory of ancient glory. The modern +Greeks are not pure descendants of the ancient +people who occupied the country.</p> + +<p><i>Greenland.</i> Danish: Grönland. Large island +northeast of North America, part of which is +under Danish control. Much of it is always +covered with ice.</p> + +<p><i>Greenwich.</i> Borough of London where an important +observatory is located.</p> + +<p><i>Greenwich Village.</i> Former village, but long +in the most thickly-settled part of the city +of New York. Center of “Bohemian” and artistic +life, not to mention bootleggers and +cellar dance-halls where the smoke can be +cut with knife and fork.</p> + +<p><i>Guatemala.</i> Republic of Central America and +its capital, also called G. la Nueva.</p> + +<p><i>Guiana.</i> Region on Atlantic coast of South +America, including British, French, and +Dutch G., which are colonies, and parts of +Brazil and Venezuela. The name is sometimes +confined to the three colonies.</p> + +<p><i>Guinea.</i> Region on Atlantic coast of Africa.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span></p> + +<p><i>Hague, The.</i> Dutch: ’s Gravenhage. Capital +of the Netherlands and seat of the World +Court.</p> + +<p><i>Haiti</i> or <i>Hayti</i>. Island of West Indies, formerly +a French colony, and a republic occupying the +western part of the island. Strongly influenced +by U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Halle-an-der-Saale.</i> City of Prussian Saxony, +Germany. Was a member of the Hanseatic +League. Has a celebrated university.</p> + +<p><i>Hamburg.</i> Free city of Germany, of great commercial +importance. Was a member of the +Hanseatic League.</p> + +<p><i>Hangchow.</i> City of Chekiang, China.</p> + +<p><i>Hankow.</i> City of Yangtse, China. Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Hanover.</i> German: Hannover. Province of +Prussia, Germany, and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Hanseatic League.</i> Commercial and defensive +union of mostly German cities in the middle +ages. The members were called Hanse or +Hansa Towns.</p> + +<p><i>Havana.</i> Spanish: Habana. Province of Cuba +and its capital, also the capital of the republic. +Important commercial city and port.</p> + +<p><i>Hawaiian</i> or <i>Sandwich Islands</i>. Colony of U. S. +in Pacific.</p> + +<p><i>Hebrides.</i> Islands west of Scotland.</p> + +<p><i>Heidelberg.</i> University city of Baden, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Hejaz</i> or <i>Hedjaz</i>. One of the new states which +arose from the World War. In Arabia, formerly +a Turkish administrative unit.</p> + +<p><i>Helicon.</i> Range of mountains in Boeotia, Greece, +which was sacred to Apollo and the Muses in +ancient times. Here Aganippe and Hippocrene,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> +fountains of the Muses, poured forth +their waters.</p> + +<p><i>Hellas.</i> Greek name, also poetic term, for +Greece.</p> + +<p><i>Helsingfors.</i> Finnish: Helsinki. Capital of +Finland.</p> + +<p><i>Herat.</i> City in Afghanistan, of military importance.</p> + +<p><i>Herculaneum.</i> Ancient city in Campania, Italy, +destroyed by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius +in A. D. 79.</p> + +<p><i>Herzegovina.</i> Former Turkish province, then +under Austrian rule with Bosnia, now part +of Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Himalayan.</i> Mountains, also called the Himalayas, +north of India.</p> + +<p><i>Hindustan.</i> India; specifically, a large region +in the north.</p> + +<p><i>Hispania.</i> Latin name for Iberian peninsula.</p> + +<p><i>Holland.</i> Popular name for the Netherlands, on +account of the dominating position of the +province so called. H. proper is now divided +into two provinces, North and South H.</p> + +<p><i>Holstein.</i> Former duchy of Denmark, later part +of Prussia with Schleswig. See Schleswig-Holstein.</p> + +<p><i>Honduras.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Hongkong.</i> Island on Chinese coast, British +colony, and its capital, also known as Victoria, +a free port and important commercial +center.</p> + +<p><i>Honolulu.</i> Capital of territory of Hawaii.</p> + +<p><i>Honshu</i> or <i>Hondo</i>. Principal island of Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Hungary.</i> The country of the Magyars, formerly +a kingdom bound to the Austrian Empire<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> +chiefly through a common monarch. Lost +much territory during World War.</p> + +<p><i>Iberia.</i> Greek name for the peninsula where +Spain and Portugal now are, called the Iberian +Peninsula in modern times also. Also +the ancient name for a region in Asia north +of Armenia.</p> + +<p><i>Iceland.</i> Danish island in the Atlantic.</p> + +<p><i>Ilium.</i> Troy, the ancient city.</p> + +<p><i>Illyria.</i> Ancient country, including regions +now known as Albania, Croatia, Dalmatia, +and Bosnia. Part of Illyria was formed into +the Roman province of Illyricum.</p> + +<p><i>India.</i> Country or region of Asia. The Indian +Empire, which does not include all of India, +is British. The native states are included in +the empire, but not French and Portuguese +India.</p> + +<p><i>Indianapolis.</i> Capital and chief city of Indiana.</p> + +<p><i>Indian Ocean.</i> Body of water south of India, +east of Africa, west of Australia.</p> + +<p><i>Indo-China.</i> Asian peninsula south and west of +China.</p> + +<p><i>Indus.</i> Great river of India.</p> + +<p><i>Ionia.</i> Ancient region on the western coast +of Asia Minor, settled by Ionian Greeks.</p> + +<p><i>Irak</i> or <i>Iraq</i>. Mesopotamia. Nominally independent, +but under British control.</p> + +<p><i>Iran.</i> Persian name for Persia, q. v.</p> + +<p><i>Ireland.</i> An island, one of the British Isles. +Now divided between the (Catholic, nationalistic) +Irish Free State, where an attempt has +been made to revive the old language, Gaelic, +and Northern I., still closely bound to Great +Britain.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p> + +<p><i>Irish Sea.</i> Part of the Atlantic, between Ireland +and northern England.</p> + +<p><i>Ispahan.</i> City of Persia, former capital, of historic +importance.</p> + +<p><i>Istria.</i> Former Austrian crownland, now +Italian.</p> + +<p><i>Italy.</i> Italian: Italia. This is also the form +used by the Romans beginning in the time +of Augustus. Kingdom of Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Ithaca.</i> Island in the Ionian Sea and ancient +city where Homer’s Odysseus reigned.</p> + +<p><i>Jaffa.</i> In ancient times: Joppa. Port of Palestine.</p> + +<p><i>Jamaica.</i> British island of the West Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Japan.</i> Japanese: Nippon. Asiatic empire, the +“great power” of the Orient.</p> + +<p><i>Java.</i> Dutch island in the East Indies.</p> + +<p><i>Jena.</i> City of Saxe-Weimar, Germany. University. +Napoleon routed the Prussians at +J. in 1806.</p> + +<p><i>Jerusalem.</i> Capital of Palestine. Of immense +historical and religious importance. Holy +to Jews, Mohammedans, and Christians.</p> + +<p><i>Johannesburg.</i> City of Transvaal, Union of +South Africa</p> + +<p><i>Jordan.</i> Most important river of Palestine. +Here, according to the Bible, many miracles +took place.</p> + +<p><i>Judah.</i> Kingdom of southern Palestine, ruled +by “the house of David” from Jerusalem.</p> + +<p><i>Judea.</i> Roman province in Palestine. Also +a name for Israel, Jewry, in general.</p> + +<p><i>Jugo-Slavia.</i> Also spelled: Yugo-Slavia. The +country of the southern Slavs, made up of +Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span> +and Montenegro. Kingdom of the Serbs, +Croats, and Slovenes.</p> + +<p><i>Kabul.</i> Capital of Afghanistan.</p> + +<p><i>Kansas City.</i> Important packing and commercial +center on the Missouri River, chiefly in +Missouri, also in Kansas (two separate cities).</p> + +<p><i>Khartum.</i> Capital of Sudan, Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Kiaochow.</i> City and district of Shantung, +China, taken from Germany by Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Kiel.</i> City of Holstein, Prussia, Germany. +Formerly a great German naval station. +University. Eastern terminus of K. or Kaiser +Wilhelm Canal, connecting Baltic and North +Seas.</p> + +<p><i>Kiev.</i> Also <i>Kief</i> or <i>Kieff</i>. Important city of +Ukrania, Soviet Republics, of great antiquity.</p> + +<p><i>Kingston-on-Hull</i> or <i>Hull</i>. City and port of +Yorkshire, England.</p> + +<p><i>Kishinev.</i> Capital of Bessarabia, now in Roumania. +Scene of Jewish massacres under +Russian rule.</p> + +<p><i>Königsberg.</i> Capital of East Prussia, Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Korea.</i> Also <i>Corea</i> or <i>Chosen</i>. Formerly independent +country of Asia, since 1910 ruled +by Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Kovno.</i> Capital of Lithuania. Lithuanian: +Kaunas.</p> + +<p><i>Kurland</i> or <i>Courland</i>. Former duchy and Russian +province, now in Latvia.</p> + +<p><i>Laconica</i> or <i>Laconia</i>. A country of Greece, +ruled from Sparta (Lacedaemon).</p> + +<p><i>Lahore.</i> Capital of Punjab, India.</p> + +<p><i>Lanchow</i> or <i>Lanchowfu</i>. Capital of Kansu, +China.</p> + +<p><i>Languedoc.</i> Former province of France.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p> + +<p><i>Latium.</i> Country of ancient Italy, occupied by +Latini. Rome struggled long against L., +finally dissolving Latin League.</p> + +<p><i>Latvia.</i> Republic formed out of Russian territory +after World War.</p> + +<p><i>Leicester.</i> Capital of Leicestershire, England.</p> + +<p><i>Leipzig</i> or <i>Leipsic</i>. City of Saxony, Germany. +Publishing center. At Battle of L. or of the +Nations, 1813, Napoleon was badly defeated.</p> + +<p><i>Lemberg.</i> Polish: Lwów. City of East Galicia, +Poland. Formerly ruled by Austria-Hungary. +There was hard fighting around L. during +World War.</p> + +<p><i>Leningrad.</i> Formerly St. Petersburg, Petersburg, +Petrograd. Great city, formerly capital, +of Russia. Founded by Peter the Great as +a window opening out on Western Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Lesbos.</i> Island in the Aegean Sea. Birthplace +of Sappho. <i>Lesbian</i> sometimes means +pertaining to homosexuality between females.</p> + +<p><i>Levant.</i> The eastern part of the Mediterranean +Sea, its islands and coastal districts.</p> + +<p><i>Liberia.</i> Negro republic in Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Liechtenstein.</i> Petty principality between Austria +and Switzerland.</p> + +<p><i>Lille.</i> City of northern France, around which +there was much fighting in the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Lisbon.</i> Portuguese: Lisboa. Capital and important +city of Portugal. The earthquake of +1755 caused great destruction.</p> + +<p><i>Lithuania.</i> One of the states formed in Europe +after the World War. The Lithuanian Republic +claims the Vilna district, now held by +Poland.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p> + +<p><i>Liverpool.</i> City of Lancashire, England, second +port of Great Britain, of educational and +commercial importance.</p> + +<p><i>Lodz.</i> City of Piotrkow, Poland, formerly Russian.</p> + +<p><i>Loire.</i> River of France.</p> + +<p><i>London.</i> Capital and most important city of +the United Kingdom. One of the great world +cities; in population inferior to New York +(including suburbs in each case).</p> + +<p><i>Lorraine.</i> An old duchy of Germany, incorporated +in France, part of which came into +German Alsace-Lorraine. Now all French.</p> + +<p><i>Los Angeles.</i> City of southern California, center +of motion picture production.</p> + +<p><i>Louisville.</i> City of Kentucky, on Ohio River.</p> + +<p><i>Low Countries.</i> The old Netherlands; the present +Belgium, Luxemburg, and Netherlands.</p> + +<p><i>Luxemburg.</i> Independent grand duchy of Europe, +now in economic union with Belgium.</p> + +<p><i>Lydia.</i> Ancient division of Asia Minor, early +seat of civilization.</p> + +<p><i>Lyons.</i> French: Lyon. Important city of +France, silk manufacturing center.</p> + +<p><i>Macedonia.</i> Ancient country north of Greece, +whose rulers, Philip and Alexander, built up +an empire which was finally overthrown by +the Romans. Most of M. belongs now to +Greece and Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Madagascar.</i> Large island, French colony, off +the east coast of Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Madras.</i> Presidency of British India and its +capital.</p> + +<p><i>Madrid.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, also +the capital and principal city of the kingdom.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p> + +<p><i>Maeander</i> or <i>Meander</i>. River of Asia Minor +noted for its wandering course, now called +the Menderez.</p> + +<p><i>Magdeburg.</i> Capital of Prussian Saxony, Germany. +Scene of a massacre in the Thirty +Years’ War.</p> + +<p><i>Magellan.</i> Strait between Tierra del Fuego +and South American mainland.</p> + +<p><i>Mainz</i> or <i>Mayence</i>. City of Hesse, Germany, of +historical and ecclesiastical importance. Located +on the Rhine.</p> + +<p><i>Majorca.</i> Largest of Balearic Islands, in the +Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Malta.</i> Island and British colony in the Mediterranean +Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Manchester.</i> City of Lancashire, most important +industrial center of England.</p> + +<p><i>Manchuria.</i> Country of Asia, a Chinese dependency.</p> + +<p><i>Mandalay.</i> Capital of British Upper Burma.</p> + +<p><i>Manhattan.</i> Borough of New York City, also +island. Here are located the most important +offices and many of the factories of the city. +M. is the original New York, and still the +heart of the city.</p> + +<p><i>Manila.</i> Capital of Luzon and of Philippine +Islands, on Pasig River and Manila Bay. +Great hemp market.</p> + +<p><i>Marathon.</i> Village of ancient Attica, where the +Athenians and the Persians fought an important +battle, B. C. 490.</p> + +<p><i>Marmora.</i> Sea between Bosporus and Dardanelles, +called Propontis by the ancients. All +these waters have been of immense political +importance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span></p> + +<p><i>Marne.</i> River of France, scene of two important +battles in World War.</p> + +<p><i>Marseilles.</i> French: Marseille. Second city of +France, leading port. Located on Gulf of +Lyons.</p> + +<p><i>Masurian.</i> Lakes and canals in East Prussia. +Region where Russian armies were badly +beaten during World War.</p> + +<p><i>Mauritius.</i> Island in the Indian Ocean, British +colony.</p> + +<p><i>Mecca.</i> City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of +Islam, birthplace of Mohammed.</p> + +<p><i>Medicine Hat.</i> Small city of Alberta, Canada, +often mentioned in weather reports.</p> + +<p><i>Medina.</i> City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of +Islam.</p> + +<p><i>Mediterranean.</i> Important sea, almost entirely +enclosed by Europe, Asia, and Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Melbourne.</i> Capital of Victoria, Australia. Important +commercially.</p> + +<p><i>Memphis.</i> Great city and for a time the capital +of ancient Egypt. Modern city of southwestern +Tennessee.</p> + +<p><i>Mesopotamia.</i> Region between the rivers Euphrates +and Tigris. See Irak.</p> + +<p><i>Mexico.</i> Spanish: Méjico. Mexican Spanish: +México. Republic of North America, south +of the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Mexico.</i> Gulf, north and east of Mexican Republic.</p> + +<p><i>Milan.</i> Italian: Milano. Province of Italy and +its capital, second city of the kingdom. Great +manufacturing center.</p> + +<p><i>Miletus.</i> Ancient city of Asia Minor, of philosophical +interest.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span></p> + +<p><i>Milwaukee.</i> Chief city of Wisconsin, on Lake +Michigan.</p> + +<p><i>Minneapolis.</i> City of Minneapolis, flour center. +With St. Paul, one of the “Twin Cities.” +On the Mississippi.</p> + +<p><i>Mississippi.</i> Important river of the United +States. The M.-Missouri is considered by +geographers the longest river of the world.</p> + +<p><i>Monaco.</i> Petty independent principality on the +Mediterranean, surrounded on land sides by +French territory.</p> + +<p><i>Mongolia.</i> Country of Asia dependent on China.</p> + +<p><i>Monte Carlo.</i> Gambling resort of Monaco.</p> + +<p><i>Montenegro.</i> Former Balkan kingdom, now +part of Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Montevideo.</i> Capital of Uruguay.</p> + +<p><i>Montreal.</i> City of Quebec, Canada, on the St. +Lawrence River. Most important place in +Canada.</p> + +<p><i>Moravia.</i> Former crownland of Austria, now +in Czecho-Slovakia.</p> + +<p><i>Morea.</i> Southern peninsula of Greece. Peloponnesus.</p> + +<p><i>Morocco.</i> Country of northern Africa, controlled +chiefly by France and in part by +Spain.</p> + +<p><i>Moscow.</i> Province of Russia and its capital, +also the capital of the country. Founded in +the twelfth century.</p> + +<p><i>Munich.</i> German: München. Capital of Bavaria, +Germany. The art collections, university, +and breweries are all important.</p> + +<p><i>Mycenae.</i> Ancient town in Argolis, Greece. +Important in Homeric times.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p> + +<p><i>Mysia.</i> Ancient district of Asia Minor, at one +time part of the kingdom of Pergamus.</p> + +<p><i>Mytilene.</i> Modern name for Lesbos, q. v. Chief +city of Lesbos.</p> + +<p><i>Nanking.</i> Capital of Kiangsu, China, and literary +center of the country. Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Nantes.</i> City of France, on the Loire, of considerable +historical importance.</p> + +<p><i>Naples.</i> Italian: Napoli. Former kingdom of +Italy, one of the Two Sicilies. Province of +Italy and its capital, the largest city of Italy, +the Neapolis of the ancients. Long a Greek +city.</p> + +<p><i>Navarre.</i> Former kingdom, chiefly in present +France, also extending into Spain.</p> + +<p><i>Nazareth.</i> Modern name: Al-Nasira. Town of +Galilee, Palestine, where Jesus is said to have +spent his youth.</p> + +<p><i>Nepal.</i> Nominally independent country in the +Himalayas, under British control.</p> + +<p><i>Netherlands.</i> Dutch: Nederland. Popularly +called Holland. Kingdom of western Europe. +The Netherlands formerly included Belgium.</p> + +<p><i>Neukölln</i> of <i>Rixdorf</i>. City of Brandenburg +Prussia, suburban to Berlin and an important +industrial center.</p> + +<p><i>Newark.</i> City of New Jersey, suburban to New +York, important manufacturing and insurance +center.</p> + +<p><i>Newcastle</i> or <i>N.-on-Tyne</i>. City of Northumberland, +England, located in the midst of coal +fields.</p> + +<p><i>New England.</i> The states of Maine, New Hampshire, +Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, +and Connecticut.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span></p> + +<p><i>Newfoundland.</i> Island off eastern coast of +Canada, British colony.</p> + +<p><i>New Haven.</i> City of Connecticut, seat of Yale +University.</p> + +<p><i>New Orleans.</i> City and port of Louisiana, +founded by the French. Of historical, educational, +commercial importance.</p> + +<p><i>New York.</i> State of the United States and its +chief city, also the leading city of the United +States and, in many respects, of the world. +Founded by the Dutch, who called it Nieuw +Amsterdam. Now divided into the boroughs +of Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, +and Richmond.</p> + +<p><i>Nicaragua.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Nile.</i> River of Africa, of which the most important +part runs through Egypt.</p> + +<p><i>Nineveh</i> or <i>Ninus</i>. Ancient city on the Tigris, +capital of Assyria. Was a place of importance +as early as B. C. 2500. Fell when the +Assyrian Empire was broken up, B. C. 606.</p> + +<p><i>Ningpo.</i> City of Chekiang, China. Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Nippon.</i> See Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Normandy.</i> Old duchy and province of France. +The Normans were Scandinavians (“Northmen”) +who settled in the northern part +of the country.</p> + +<p><i>North.</i> River, the part of the Hudson that +flows by New York City.</p> + +<p><i>North.</i> Sea, also known as the German Ocean. +It is the part of the Atlantic east of Great +Britain.</p> + +<p><i>Northwest Territories.</i> Franklin, Keewatin, +and Mackenzie, in the Dominion of Canada.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span></p> + +<p><i>Norway.</i> Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. +Has been subject to or united with Sweden +and Denmark.</p> + +<p><i>Nottingham.</i> City of Nottinghamshire, England.</p> + +<p><i>Numidia.</i> Ancient country of northern Africa, +then a Roman province. Roughly corresponded +to modern Algeria.</p> + +<p><i>Nuremberg.</i> German: Nürnberg. City of Middle +Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. Of great +historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Oberammergau.</i> Small city of Upper Bavaria, +Germany. Here the famous Passion Play is +performed every ten years.</p> + +<p><i>Odessa.</i> City of Kherson, Ukraine, Soviet Republics. +Port on the Black Sea.</p> + +<p><i>Ohio.</i> Important river of U. S., flowing into +the Mississippi.</p> + +<p><i>Olympia.</i> Small plain in Elis, Greece, containing +a sacred grove of Zeus. Scene of the +Olympic games of antiquity.</p> + +<p><i>Olympus.</i> Mountain range between Macedonia +and Thessaly, where the Greek gods were +supposed to live.</p> + +<p><i>Oman.</i> Nominally independent state in southeastern +Arabia.</p> + +<p><i>Orange River Colony.</i> Formerly Orange River +Free State, now part of the Union of South +Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Oslo.</i> Formerly: Christiania. Capital of Norway.</p> + +<p><i>Ottawa.</i> Capital of the Dominion of Canada.</p> + +<p><i>Ottoman Empire.</i> The Mohammedan empire +of the Turks, broken up by the World War. +See Turkey.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span></p> + +<p><i>Oxford.</i> City of Oxfordshire, England. University +of great antiquity.</p> + +<p><i>Oxus.</i> Modern: Amu Darya. River of central +Asia, the usual boundary between the great +empires of southwestern Asia and wandering +hordes.</p> + +<p><i>Oxyrhyncus.</i> Place in Egypt where many Greek +manuscripts have been discovered.</p> + +<p><i>Pacific.</i> Ocean, between North and South +America and Asia and Australia. Sometimes +divided into two oceans, North and South P.</p> + +<p><i>Palestine.</i> Country of western Asia, part of +Syria, of great historical and religious significance. +Now under British control. The +“Land of Israel” or “Holy Land” is at present +inhabitated chiefly by Arabs, but the +Jewish Zionists would like to make it the +cultural center of Israel.</p> + +<p><i>Palmyra.</i> Ancient city of Syria, where the unfortunate +Zenobia reigned. Her desire to +be “Queen of the East” cost her her kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>Panama.</i> Republic of Central America. Revolted +from Colombia in 1903. Under the +control of the U. S., to which a strip of territory +called the Panama Canal Zone belongs. +The capital, a seaport and terminus of the +canal, is also called P.</p> + +<p><i>Paphos</i> or <i>Paphus</i>. Name of two towns in +ancient Cyprus. Old Paphos was the chief +seat of the worship of Aphrodite, therefore +called the Paphian goddess.</p> + +<p><i>Paraguay.</i> River and republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Paris.</i> Capital and chief city of France. One +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span>of the great cities of the world. Located on +the Seine.</p> + +<p><i>Parnassus.</i> Range of mountains in Greece or, +more usually, a particular mountain where +Apollo and the Muses were supposed to dwell.</p> + +<p><i>Paros.</i> Island in the Aegean Sea where the +marble used by ancient sculptors was quarried.</p> + +<p><i>Parthia.</i> Ancient country of Asia, southeast +of the Caspian Sea. The Parthians were +a warlike people whose empire was for a +time of considerable size.</p> + +<p><i>Peking.</i> City of Chihle or Chihli, China, and +capital of the country.</p> + +<p><i>Peloponnesus.</i> The southern part of Greece, a +peninsula. Modern: Morea. Divided anciently +into Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Corinthia, +and Arcadia.</p> + +<p><i>Pergamum</i> or <i>Pergamus</i>. Ancient kingdom, +afterward Roman province, of Asia Minor, +and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Persia.</i> Persian: Iran. Great ancient empire, +usually known as Persis. Modern monarchy +of Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Persian.</i> Gulf between Persia and Arabia.</p> + +<p><i>Peru.</i> Republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Petrograd.</i> Leningrad was called P. during +World War, its name having been changed +from St. Petersburg.</p> + +<p><i>Pharsalia.</i> District near Pharsalus, Thessaly, +where Julius Caesar defeated Pompey.</p> + +<p><i>Philadelphia.</i> Chief city of Pennsylvania. Located +on Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> +Founded by William Penn in 1682. Port, +manufacturing and educational center. Of +considerable historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Philippi.</i> Ancient city of Macedonia where +Octavianus and Antony defeated Brutus and +Cassius and where St. Paul first preached the +good news about Jesus in Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Philistia.</i> Old country of Syria whose inhabitants +were hostile to the Hebrews. A Philistine, +in modern usage, is one who has no interest +in culture.</p> + +<p><i>Phocis.</i> Ancient country of northern Greece, +within which were the mountain of Parnassus +and the oracle of Delphi.</p> + +<p><i>Phoenicia, Phenicia</i>, or <i>Sidonia</i>. Ancient country +on the Syrian coast. The Phoenicians +were navigators and traders.</p> + +<p><i>Phrygia.</i> Ancient country of Asia Minor, later +a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Po.</i> River of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Poland.</i> Polish: Polska. Republic of Europe, +formed after the World War. The old kingdom +was divided among Russia, Prussia, and +Austria.</p> + +<p><i>Pompeii.</i> Ancient city of Campania, Italy, at +the foot of Mt. Vesuvius. Overwhelmed by an +eruption in A. D. 79 and covered with volcanic +soil. Much of it has been preserved +and is now exposed to view.</p> + +<p><i>Pontus Euxinus</i> or <i>Pontus</i>. Ancient name for +the Black Sea. A kingdom, later a Roman +province, on its coast was called Pontus.</p> + +<p><i>Port-au-Prince.</i> Capital of Haiti.</p> + +<p><i>Portland.</i> City and port of entry of Oregon. +City and port of Maine.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span></p> + +<p><i>Porto Rico.</i> Spanish: Puerto Rico. Island of +West Indies, colony of U. S.</p> + +<p><i>Port Said.</i> City of Lower Egypt on the Mediterranean. +Terminus of Suez Canal.</p> + +<p><i>Portsmouth.</i> City of Hampshire, England. Important +naval station.</p> + +<p><i>Portugal.</i> Republic of western Europe.</p> + +<p><i>Posen.</i> Province of Poland and its capital, once +a Hanse town.</p> + +<p><i>Prague.</i> Bohemian: Praha. Capital of Czecho-Slovakia. +Founded about 1100. Important +commercial and educational center. Located +on the Moldau.</p> + +<p><i>Provence.</i> Old province of France. The language, +Provençal, is of great importance in +literary history. Some attempts have been +made to revive it.</p> + +<p><i>Providence.</i> Capital of Rhode Island, port. +Seat of Brown University.</p> + +<p><i>Prussia.</i> German: Preussen. Former kingdom +of Europe, now an important part of the +German Republic.</p> + +<p><i>Pyrenees.</i> Mountains between Spain and +France.</p> + +<p><i>Quebec.</i> Province of Canada and its capital, +founded in 1608.</p> + +<p><i>Queenstown.</i> Gaelic: Cobh. Irish port.</p> + +<p><i>Rangoon.</i> City of Pegu Division, Burma, capital +and chief port of the country.</p> + +<p><i>Red.</i> Sea between Arabia and Egypt, through +which Suez Canal traffic passes.</p> + +<p><i>Reno.</i> City of Nevada, divorce center.</p> + +<p><i>Rheims</i> or <i>Reims</i>. City of Marne Department, +France. An old city with a celebrated cathedral, +badly damaged in the World War.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p> + +<p><i>Rhine.</i> Celebrated river of Europe. Part of +the river runs between France and Germany.</p> + +<p><i>Rhone.</i> River of Switzerland and France.</p> + +<p><i>Richmond.</i> City of Virginia, its capital and for +a time the seat of government of the Confederate +States of America.</p> + +<p><i>Riga.</i> Capital of Latvia. Founded in 1201, was +once a Hanse Town.</p> + +<p><i>Rio de Janeiro.</i> Capital of Brazil, in many +ways the most important city of South +America.</p> + +<p><i>Riviera.</i> Coastal district on Mediterranean, +in France and Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Rochester.</i> Important manufacturing city of +New York State.</p> + +<p><i>Rome.</i> Italian and Latin: Roma. Province of +Italy and its capital, also the capital of the +kingdom. Center of the western branch of +the Catholic Church. Perhaps Rome was +originally formed from a group of villages +founded by people from Alba Longa, the most +ancient town in Latium. It became the center +of a great empire.</p> + +<p><i>Rosario.</i> City of Santa Fe, Argentina.</p> + +<p><i>Rotterdam.</i> Old city, great commercial center +of the Netherlands.</p> + +<p><i>Rouen.</i> City of France, on the Seine. Of considerable +historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Roumania</i> or <i>Rumania</i>. Kingdom of Europe. +Includes the former principalities of Wallachia +and Moldovia, also Transylvania and +Bessarabia.</p> + +<p><i>Russia.</i> Country of Europe. Officially, it is +the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic. Mail +is addressed to U. S. S. R., the Union of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> +Socialist Soviet Republics, which includes +also Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, +and White Russia, as well as various other +districts. The U. S. S. R. includes a great +deal of territory inhabited by non-Russians, +although less than the old Russian Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Sahara.</i> Desert of northern Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Helena.</i> British island in the Atlantic +where Napoleon spent the last years of his +life.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Lawrence.</i> River of southeastern Canada, +flowing into Gulf of St. Lawrence.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Louis.</i> City of Missouri, on the west +bank of the Mississippi. Important manufacturing +and commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Paul.</i> Capital of Minnesota. One of the +“Twin Cities,” with Minneapolis.</p> + +<p><i>Saint Petersburg.</i> City founded by Peter the +Great, now called Leningrad, q. v.</p> + +<p><i>Salamanca.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, +of historical interest.</p> + +<p><i>Salamis.</i> Island off the western coast of Attica, +Greece. The Greeks defeated the Persian +fleet of Xerxes nearby, B. C. 480.</p> + +<p><i>Salem.</i> Seaport of Massachusetts, of historical +interest.</p> + +<p><i>Salerno.</i> Ancient name: Salernum. City of +Italy, capital of the province of Salerno, and +located on the gulf of the same name. Important +in the middle ages.</p> + +<p><i>Salonica</i> or <i>Saloniki</i>. Province of Greece and +its capital. Center of operation of the Allied +Macedonian forces in the Great War.</p> + +<p><i>Salt Lake City.</i> Capital of Utah, center of +Mormon Church.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p> + +<p><i>Salvador.</i> Republic of Central America.</p> + +<p><i>Samaria.</i> City of ancient Palestine, capital of +the kingdom of Israel, which became the +Roman province of Samaria. The modern +Samaritans belong to a small tribe called +“Sons of Israel.”</p> + +<p><i>Samarkand.</i> City of Turkestan, Soviet Republics. +According to tradition, founded between +3000 and 4000 B. C. Called Maracanda by +the ancients. Was for a time a Mohammedan +sacred city. Also spelled: Samarcand.</p> + +<p><i>Samnium.</i> Country of ancient Italy. The +Samnites were, after hard resistance, conquered +and enslaved by the Romans.</p> + +<p><i>Samos.</i> Greek island in the Aegean Sea. The +ancient Samians founded many colonies. The +capital, of the same name, was once a splendid +city.</p> + +<p><i>Samothrace.</i> Modern Greek: Samothraki. +Small island in the Aegean Sea, anciently +celebrated for its religious mysteries.</p> + +<p><i>San Francisco.</i> City and port of California, +first settled by the Spanish. The celebrated +earthquake occurred in 1906.</p> + +<p><i>San Marino.</i> Tiny independent state surrounded +by Italian territory, and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Santo Domingo.</i> See Dominican Republic.</p> + +<p><i>Santos.</i> City of Brazil from which much coffee +is shipped.</p> + +<p><i>Sarajevo.</i> Capital of Bosnia, Jugo-Slavia. Here +took place the murder of Archduke Francis +Ferdinand of Austria, the direct cause of the +World War.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p> + +<p><i>Saratov.</i> Province of Russia and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Sardinia.</i> Italian: Sardegna. Large island in +the Mediterranean, part of Italy. It was the +king of Sardinia (who had possessions also +on the mainland) that became the first monarch +of the kingdom of Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Sardis.</i> Ancient city of Asia Minor, capital of +the Lydian Empire and then of the province +of Lydia.</p> + +<p><i>Sarmatia.</i> Ancient name given to a district including +eastern Poland and the southern part +of European Russia. In modern poetic and +rhetorical use, Poland.</p> + +<p><i>Savoy.</i> French: Savoie. Duchy ceded to +France by Sardinia.</p> + +<p><i>Scamander.</i> River of the Trojan territory, frequently +mentioned by Homer. The modern +name of the Scamander, as of the old Maeander, +is now Menderez.</p> + +<p><i>Scandinavia.</i> Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, +with Iceland usually included. Finland is +not, strictly speaking, a Scandinavian country, +but it has shown an inclination to ally +itself firmly with them. The Scandinavian +Peninsula is divided between Norway and +Sweden.</p> + +<p><i>Schleswig.</i> Province of Germany and its capital. +Part of Schleswig is to be Danish. See +also Schleswig-Holstein.</p> + +<p><i>Schleswig-Holstein.</i> Former Prussian province, +taken from the control of the king of Denmark +by Bismarck. The two duchies, and +especially Holstein, were considered to be +part of Germany, and the attempt to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> +them Danish soil was resented by Prussia +and Austria.</p> + +<p><i>Scio.</i> Island of the Aegean Sea. As the ancient +Chios, it was celebrated for wine and +marble.</p> + +<p><i>Scotia.</i> Latinization of Scotland. The Romans +called the northern part of Britain Caledonia.</p> + +<p><i>Scotland.</i> The northern part of Great Britain; +long an independent kingdom, then united +under one sovereign with England, finally +merged with it.</p> + +<p><i>Scythia.</i> Ancient name for southeastern Europe, +also for northern Asia. Both these regions +are largely within the present Soviet +Republics.</p> + +<p><i>Seattle.</i> City and port of entry of Washington.</p> + +<p><i>Sedan.</i> City of Ardennes Department, France. +Here Napoleon III surrendered with his army +in the Franco-Prussian War. Damaged in the +World War.</p> + +<p><i>Seine.</i> River of France.</p> + +<p><i>Seleucia.</i> Name of several cities in Asia built +by Seleucis I, King of Syria. One was near +modern Bagdad, a second near Antioch, and +there were at least four more.</p> + +<p><i>Senlac.</i> Low hill near Hastings, England, +where William the Conqueror defeated King +Harald of England. Harald was slain in this +Battle of Senlac or Hastings, 1066, and Norman +William became king of England.</p> + +<p><i>Serbia</i> or <i>Servia</i>. Serbian: Srbija. Former +Balkan kingdom, out of which Jugo-Slavia +has grown.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span></p> + +<p><i>Sestus.</i> Ancient town in Thrace, celebrated +for the love affair of Hero and Leander and +for the bridge of boats Xerxes built here +across the Hellespont (Dardanelles).</p> + +<p><i>Sevastopol.</i> Port of Crimea, Russia, besieged +in Crimean War. Also spelled: Sebastopol.</p> + +<p><i>Seville.</i> Spanish: Sevilla. Province of Spain +and its capital, which is on the Guadalquivir. +The Hispalis of the Romans, important under +Moorish rule.</p> + +<p><i>Shanghai.</i> City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty +port, with large foreign settlement.</p> + +<p><i>Shantung.</i> Province of China, formerly dominated +by Germany, now by Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Shaohingfu.</i> City of Chekiang, China.</p> + +<p><i>Sheba</i> or <i>Saba</i>. Old Arabian country whose +queen visited Solomon at Jerusalem.</p> + +<p><i>Shechem</i> or <i>Sichem</i> or <i>Sychem</i> or <i>Sychar</i>. City +of ancient Palestine, for a time the capital of +Israel. The city was destroyed, and Vespasian +built the city of Neapolis on its site.</p> + +<p><i>Sheffield.</i> City of Yorkshire, England. Has +been celebrated for its cutlery for many centuries.</p> + +<p><i>Siam.</i> Monarchy of Asia, occupying the western +part of Indo-China.</p> + +<p><i>Siangtan.</i> City of Hunan, China.</p> + +<p><i>Siberia.</i> Northern Russia in Asia. It is part +of the Russian Socialist Soviet Republic; i. e., +Russia proper.</p> + +<p><i>Sicily.</i> Italian island in the Mediterranean +Sea. Italian and Latin: Sicilia. Greek and +Carthaginian cities here were rivals for a +time, until the Romans conquered the whole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span> +island. With the kingdom of Naples, made +up the monarchy of the Two Sicilies.</p> + +<p><i>Sicyonia.</i> District of northeastern Peloponnesus +in ancient Greece. Its chief city, +Sicyon, was an artistic center.</p> + +<p><i>Sidon.</i> Modern: Saida. Chief city of ancient +Phoenicia.</p> + +<p><i>Siena.</i> Province of Italy and its capital, which +has an old university and which was once an +artistic center.</p> + +<p><i>Sinai.</i> Arabian peninsula and desert, also +mountain where Jehovah, according to tradition, +gave Moses the Ten Commandments.</p> + +<p><i>Singan</i> or <i>Singanfoo</i> or <i>Sianfu</i>. City of Shenshi, +China, capital of the province and formerly +of the country. Of considerable commercial +importance, and has a population of +about a million.</p> + +<p><i>Singapore.</i> British dependency of Straits Settlements +and its capital, seaport and commercial +center.</p> + +<p><i>Slavonia.</i> Former Hungarian crownland, now +in Jugo-Slavia.</p> + +<p><i>Smyrna.</i> Seaport of Asia Minor, Turkey. Temporarily +a Greek protectorate after World +War.</p> + +<p><i>Sofia.</i> Bulgarian: Sredetz. Capital of Bulgaria.</p> + +<p><i>Soissons.</i> City of Aisne Department, France, +around which there was much fighting during +the World War.</p> + +<p><i>South Africa, Union of.</i> Autonomous British +colony including Cape of Good Hope, Transvaal, +Natal, and Orange Free State.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span></p> + +<p><i>Southampton.</i> Seaport of Hampshire, England, +where many transatlantic passengers +are landed.</p> + +<p><i>Spain.</i> Spanish: España. European kingdom, +sharing the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal.</p> + +<p><i>Springfield.</i> Name of a number of cities in +U.S., as the capital of Illinois, manufacturing +center in Massachusetts, and places of more +or less importance in Missouri, Ohio, Iowa, +Kentucky, Minnesota, Oregon, South Carolina, +South Dakota, Tennessee, and Vermont.</p> + +<p><i>Stamboul.</i> Name given, especially by the +French, to Constantinople.</p> + +<p><i>Stockholm.</i> Province of Sweden and its capital, +also the capital of the kingdom. Seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Strassburg.</i> City of Alsace, France. Founded +by the Romans, who called it Argentoratum.</p> + +<p><i>Stratford-on-Avon.</i> Municipal borough of Warwickshire, +England. Here William Shakespeare +was born.</p> + +<p><i>Stuttgart.</i> Capital of Württemberg, Germany. +Founded in the thirteenth century.</p> + +<p><i>Suchau</i> or <i>Soochow</i>. City of Kiangsu, China. +Treaty port.</p> + +<p><i>Suez.</i> City of Egypt, southern (Red Sea) +terminus of Suez Canal, which goes north +to the Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Surabaya</i> or <i>Soerabaya</i>. Dutch: Soerabaja. +Dutch province of Java and its capital, a seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Susa</i> or (Biblical) <i>Shusan</i>. Winter residence +of the Persian kings of antiquity, in Elam.</p> + +<p><i>Sweden.</i> Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. +Has been united with Denmark and Norway,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span> +with the latter of which it shares the Scandinavian +Peninsula. The last Swedish-Norwegian +union lasted from 1814 to 1905.</p> + +<p><i>Switzerland.</i> German: Schweiz. French: +Suisse. Italian: Svizzera. Republic of Europe. +The most important of the languages +spoken are, in the order named, German, +French, Italian, and Romansh. S. is a confederation +of cantons, and the division of +governmental powers between local divisions +and the federal authorities somewhat resembles +the U. S. system. The Swiss navy is not +very important.</p> + +<p><i>Sybaris.</i> Ancient Greek town in Lucania. The +wealthy inhabitants were experts in providing +delight to their senses. This colony of +southern Italy has left to us the word <i>sybarite</i>, +a luxury-loving and usually effeminate +person.</p> + +<p><i>Sydney.</i> Capital and important commercial center +of New South Wales, Australia.</p> + +<p><i>Syracuse.</i> Italian: Siracusa. City of Sicily, +the chief town in ancient times. Founded by +Dorian Greeks. The Athenians were defeated +here B. C. 413. Also, city of New York State.</p> + +<p><i>Syria</i> or <i>Aram</i>. In the widest sense, the region +in western Asia bounded by the Mediterranean, +the Arabian Desert, the Tigris, and the +mountains of Armenia, inhabited by Semitic +peoples. Also the region north of Palestine +now under French control.</p> + +<p><i>Tabriz.</i> Capital of Persian Azerbaijan. Important +commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Tagus.</i> Spanish: Tajo. Portuguese: Tejo. River +of Spain and Portugal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p> + +<p><i>Tanagra.</i> Ancient town of Boeotia, Greece. +The Athenians were defeated nearby, B. C. +457.</p> + +<p><i>Tananarivo</i> or <i>Antananarivo</i>. French: Tananarive. +Capital of Madagascar.</p> + +<p><i>Tangier.</i> Seaport of Morocco, where Emperor +William II made a speech in 1905 which +helped to bring about the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Taranto.</i> Ancient: Tarentum. City of Lecce, +Apulia, Italy. Was the leading Greek city in +Italy, and under Roman rule it had a reputation +for luxury.</p> + +<p><i>Tarshish.</i> Country mentioned in the Bible, +connected with shipping. It is not known just +where T. was. The Phoenician coast and +Italy are possibilities.</p> + +<p><i>Tarsus.</i> City of Turkey. Was the capital of +the Roman province of Cilicia. St. Paul was +born here.</p> + +<p><i>Tartary</i> or <i>Tatary</i>. Country of the Tartars or +Tatars. Parts of Russia and central and +eastern Asia.</p> + +<p><i>Tasmania.</i> Island near Australia, part of the +Australian Commonwealth.</p> + +<p><i>Taurus.</i> Mountain chain of Asia Minor.</p> + +<p><i>Teheran.</i> Capital of Persia and important +commercial center.</p> + +<p><i>Tempe.</i> Valley of ancient Thessaly, the beauty +of which is much praised by ancient poets.</p> + +<p><i>Tenedos.</i> Turkish island in the Aegean Sea. +The Greeks retired here, in Homer’s story, +when they left the iron horse before Troy.</p> + +<p><i>Teos.</i> The ancient town in Asia Minor where +Anacreon was born.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p> + +<p><i>Thames.</i> Celebrated river of England, also +rivers in Connecticut and Ontario, Canada.</p> + +<p><i>Thasus.</i> Greek island in the Aegean Sea, at +one time occupied by the Phoenicians.</p> + +<p><i>Thebes</i> or <i>Thebae</i>. Two cities of antiquity. +One was the capital of Egypt for a time, and +was said to be the oldest city in the world. +It is the No or No-Ammon of the Bible. The +other was the chief city of Boeotia, important +in Greek legend. It is the modern Thivai.</p> + +<p><i>Thermopylae.</i> Pass leading from Thessaly into +Locris, Greece. Here Leonidas and his three +hundred Spartans valiantly fought against +the armies of Xerxes, B. C. 480. Also called: +Pylae.</p> + +<p><i>Thessalonica</i> and <i>Therma</i>. Ancient names for +Salonica, q. v.</p> + +<p><i>Thessaly.</i> Ancient division of Greece. Also: +Thessalia.</p> + +<p><i>Thrace</i> or <i>Thracia</i>. Ancient country of eastern +Europe, part of the Macedonian Empire, then +a Roman province.</p> + +<p><i>Tiber.</i> Latin: Tiberis, Tybris, Tiberinus. Italian: +Tevere. River of Italy, on which Rome +stands.</p> + +<p><i>Tibet.</i> Asiatic country dependent on China. +Also: Thibet.</p> + +<p><i>Tierra del Fuego.</i> Islands at the southern tip +of South America, separated from mainland +by the Strait of Magellan.</p> + +<p><i>Tiflis.</i> Province of Asiatic Russia and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Tigris.</i> River of western Asia, joins Euphrates +and falls into the Persian Gulf.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span></p> + +<p><i>Tokio</i> or <i>Tokyo</i>. Capital and chief city of +Japan.</p> + +<p><i>Toledo.</i> Province of Spain and its capital, a +city of much historical importance. Has been +capital of Visigoth and Mohammedan kingdoms +and of the Christian kingdom of Castile. +Ecclesiastical center of Spain. The swords of +T. have been famous. Also, city of Ohio, +manufacturing center and lake port.</p> + +<p><i>Toronto.</i> Capital of Ontario, Canada, located +on Lake Ontario.</p> + +<p><i>Toulon.</i> French port and naval station on the +Mediterranean.</p> + +<p><i>Toulouse.</i> Old city of Haute-Garonne, France, +capital of the department. University.</p> + +<p><i>Trafalgar.</i> Spanish cape near which Nelson +won a great naval victory but was himself +slain.</p> + +<p><i>Transylvania.</i> District of Hungary transferred +to Roumania after the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Trebizond</i> or <i>Tarobosan</i>. Ancient: Trapezus. +Province of Turkey and its capital, port on +the Black Sea. Has belonged to several different +empires. There was, during the middle +ages, an empire of T. connected with +the Byzantine Empire.</p> + +<p><i>Trent.</i> Italian: Trento. Italian city, taken +from Austria after the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Trieste</i> or <i>Triest</i>. Important Adriatic port, +gained by Italy after the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Troy.</i> Ancient city of Asia Minor where, according +to the Homeric legend, the Greeks +fought to recover Helen, runaway wife of +Menelaus. The country was called Troas,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> +Troad, or Troja. The city was also known +as Ilium.</p> + +<p><i>Troyes.</i> City of Aube Department, France, of +historical importance.</p> + +<p><i>Tunis.</i> French protectorate of northern Africa +(also called Tunisia) and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Turin.</i> Italian: Torino. Province of Italy and +its capital, a leading silk manufacturing center. +Formerly capital of the duchy of Savoy +and the kingdom of Sardinia.</p> + +<p><i>Turkestan.</i> Region of central Asia. Politically, +it is in Russia, China, and several minor +states.</p> + +<p><i>Turkey.</i> Formerly: Turkish or Ottoman Empire. +Republic of Asia and eastern Europe. +Much reduced in area and importance by a +series of wars, including the World War of +1914-1918.</p> + +<p><i>Tuscany.</i> Former grand duchy of Italy developed +out of the city-state of Florence, now a +department or province.</p> + +<p><i>Tusculum.</i> Ancient town of Latium where +Cato the Censor was born and Cicero had a +villa.</p> + +<p><i>Tyre.</i> Ancient seaport of Phoenicia. Modern: +Sur.</p> + +<p><i>Tyrol</i> or <i>Tirol</i>. Former crownland of Austria, +part of which, including Trent, is now in +Italy. T. is in the Alps.</p> + +<p><i>Ukraine</i> or <i>Little Russia</i>. One of the Soviet +Republics. Also called: Ukrainia. Officially: +Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republics.</p> + +<p><i>United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.</i> +The combined kingdoms of England (including<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span> +Wales), Scotland, and Ireland. The last, +except for what is called Northern Ireland, +has been taken from the United Kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>United States of America.</i> Federal republic of +North America. An American (or, in the +Latin countries, a North American) is a citizen +of the United States, in ordinary usage.</p> + +<p><i>Ur of the Chaldees.</i> Locality in ancient Babylonia +from which Abram (Abraham) is said +to have come.</p> + +<p><i>Ural.</i> River and mountains dividing European +and Asiatic Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Urbino.</i> Former duchy of Italy and its capital, +now capital of the department of Pesaro e +Urbino. No longer of great importance.</p> + +<p><i>Uruguay.</i> River and republic of South America.</p> + +<p><i>Utica.</i> Important city of ancient Africa, +founded by the Phoenicians.</p> + +<p><i>Utrecht.</i> Province of the Netherlands and its +capital, an anciently-founded city.</p> + +<p><i>Valencia.</i> Old kingdom, now included in Spain. +Province of Spain and its capital, a Mediterranean +port, which was founded in the second +century B. C. The Romans called the city +Valentia.</p> + +<p><i>Valparaiso.</i> Province of Chile and its capital, +a fortified seaport.</p> + +<p><i>Venetia.</i> District of northern Italy, the territory +belonging to Venice. Now a province of +the kingdom.</p> + +<p><i>Venezuela.</i> Republic of northern South America.</p> + +<p><i>Venice.</i> Italian: Venezia. City of Italy, near<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span> +the head of the Adriatic. Located on eighty +little islands. Of great historical importance.</p> + +<p><i>Verdun.</i> City of Meuse Department, France, +nearly destroyed in the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Verona.</i> Province of Italy and its capital.</p> + +<p><i>Versailles.</i> City of France near Paris, of historic +importance.</p> + +<p><i>Vesuvius.</i> Volcano of southern Italy.</p> + +<p><i>Vienna.</i> German: Wien. Capital of Austria, +interesting in many ways. Founded by the +Romans, has long been important politically +and commercially, but has declined somewhat +since the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Vilna.</i> City of Poland, claimed also by the +Lithuanians.</p> + +<p><i>Volga.</i> River of Russia.</p> + +<p><i>Wales.</i> Principality of Great Britain, which +is for most purposes treated as part of England.</p> + +<p><i>Warsaw.</i> Polish: Warszawa. Capital of Poland. +Of historical and present importance.</p> + +<p><i>Washington.</i> City of District of Columbia, +capital of U. S. Also, state of U. S., on the +Pacific.</p> + +<p><i>Waterloo.</i> Town of Brabant, Belgium, where +Napoleon was defeated in 1815.</p> + +<p><i>Weimar.</i> Capital of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, +Germany. Important in literary history.</p> + +<p><i>Wessex.</i> Former kingdom in southern England, +of present interest chiefly because of +the writings of Thomas Hardy.</p> + +<p><i>West Indies.</i> The group (or groups) of islands<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span> +between Florida and Venezuela, including the +Bahamas, the Antilles, and the Virgin Islands.</p> + +<p><i>West Point.</i> Town in the state of New York +where the United States Military Academy is +located.</p> + +<p><i>White.</i> Sea of Russia, opening into the Arctic +Ocean.</p> + +<p><i>Wittenberg.</i> City of Prussian Saxony, Germany, +where the Lutheran Reformation began.</p> + +<p><i>Wuchang.</i> City of Hupeh, China.</p> + +<p><i>Xanthus.</i> Ancient name of two rivers, one +more familiar as the Scamander, q. v. Ancient +city of Lycia, Asia Minor.</p> + +<p><i>Yangtze.</i> Most important river of China.</p> + +<p><i>Yellow.</i> Sea between China and Korea.</p> + +<p><i>Yokahoma.</i> Important treaty port and commercial +center of Japan.</p> + +<p><i>York.</i> City of Yorkshire, England, ecclesiastical +center.</p> + +<p><i>Yorktown.</i> Town of Virginia where Cornwallis +surrendered, practically bringing about the +end of the Revolutionary War.</p> + +<p><i>Ypres.</i> City of West Flanders, Belgium, about +which there was much heavy fighting during +the World War.</p> + +<p><i>Zama</i> or <i>Zama Regia</i>. Ancient town of northern +Africa where Scipio Africanus defeated +Hannibal, B. C. 202, bringing the second +Punic War to an end.</p> + +<p><i>Zambesi.</i> River of Africa.</p> + +<p><i>Zanzibar.</i> Island on the coast of East Africa +a sultanate under British control, and its +capital, a seaport.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p> + +<p><i>Zela.</i> City of Pontus, Asia Minor, in ancient +times. Here Julius Caesar defeated Pharnaces, +then writing to Rome, “Veni: Vidi: +Vici.” (I came: I saw: I conquered.)</p> + +<p><i>Zurich.</i> German: Zürich. Canton of Switzerland +and its capital, on the Lake of Z. +the chief commercial and industrial city of +the republic.</p></div> + +<hr class="full"> + +<div class="transnote"> + +<p class="c">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> + +<p>Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.</p> + +<p>Perceived typographical errors have been changed.</p> + +</div> + +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |