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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 ***
+
+
+
+
+                       LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1259
+                     Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius
+
+                            A Dictionary of
+                          Geographical Names
+
+                        Compiled by Leo Markun
+
+
+                     HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS
+                            GIRARD, KANSAS
+
+
+
+
+                           Copyright, 1927,
+                        Haldeman-Julius Company
+
+
+                PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+
+A DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
+
+
+_Aachen._ The ancient Aquisgranum, in French: Aix-la-Chapelle. A city
+of Rhenish Prussia, Germany. Formerly the capital of Charlemagne and
+Pepin the Little.
+
+_Aar._ A Swiss river.
+
+_Aargau._ In French: Argovie. A canton of Switzerland.
+
+_Aberdeen._ Old city of Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Now an important
+manufacturing center.
+
+_Aberdeen_ or _Aberdeenshire_. A Scottish county.
+
+_Aboukir_ or _Abukir_. Village fifteen miles from Alexandria, Egypt.
+In Abukir Bay was fought the Battle of the Nile, in which Nelson won a
+great victory.
+
+_Abydos._ An ancient town on the Hellespont (Dardanelles). More
+frequently, an Egyptian city near the western bank of the Nile, no
+longer in existence.
+
+_Abyssinia._ Independent state in Africa, governed by a monarch.
+
+_Acadia._ In French: Acadie. Former name of Nova Scotia.
+
+_Achaia._ Northern coast of the Peloponnesus or a district in Thessaly,
+in ancient times. The whole of southern Greece as a Roman province.
+
+_Acre._ City in Beirut Vilayet, Syria. Important in the Crusades.
+
+_Actium._ Promontory in Acarnania, at entrance to the Ambracian Gulf,
+where Augustus gained a great victory over Antony and Cleopatra.
+
+_Adelaide._ Capital of South Australia, important commercial center.
+
+_Aden._ British fortified settlement and coaling station in Arabia.
+
+_Adirondacks._ Mountains in northern New York, part of the Appalachian
+system.
+
+_Adrianople._ Anciently, Hadrianopolis or Adrianopolis, the city of
+Hadrian. City in Turkey, once the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
+
+_Adriatic._ Sea, branch of Mediterranean, east of Italy.
+
+_Aegean._ Sea, between Mediterranean and Sea of Marmora, between Greece
+and Asia Minor.
+
+_Afghanistan._ Country in Asia, north and west of India.
+
+_Africa._ Continent, connected with Asia by a small strip of land (cut
+by Suez Canal) and separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea.
+Northern Africa was known to the ancients, but Europeans have only
+lately learned to know the southern part and the interior well. Most of
+Africa is occupied by European colonies. Area, 11,608,000 sq. mi.
+
+_Aisne._ River in northern France. Battlefield in Great War. Department
+of France.
+
+_Aix-la-Chapelle._ See Aachen.
+
+_Ajaccio._ Capital of Corsica, birthplace of Napoleon.
+
+_Alaska._ Territory of U. S., in northwestern part of North America.
+
+_Alba Longa._ Most ancient town in Latium, near Rome. Destroyed by
+Tullius Hostilius.
+
+_Albania._ Ancient country east of Iberia. Country in the Balkans.
+
+_Albany._ Capital of New York. Name of various other cities and towns,
+mostly in U. S. River in Ontario.
+
+_Albion._ Old name for England.
+
+_Albuquerque._ City in New Mexico. City in Philippines.
+
+_Aleppo._ City in Syria, controlled by French.
+
+_Alexandria._ Several cities founded by Alexander the Great bore this
+name. Old capital of Egypt, now an important seaport. Ancient cities
+near Troy, at entrance of Syria, at the mouth of the Tigris. Modern
+cities in Virginia, in Rumania.
+
+_Algeria._ French colony in northern Africa.
+
+_Algiers._ In French: Alger. Capital of Algeria, important seaport.
+
+_Alps._ Mountain system in Europe.
+
+_Alsace-Lorraine._ Region long disputed between France and Germany.
+These provinces are now French.
+
+_America._ Two continents, North and South America. The New World.
+
+_Amiens._ French city with a celebrated cathedral.
+
+_Amsterdam._ The most important city of the Netherlands. A great
+seaport.
+
+_Amu Darya._ River in central Asia.
+
+_Anatolia._ Asia Minor, part of Turkey.
+
+_Andes._ Mountain system in the western part of South America.
+
+_Andorra._ Semi-independent republic in the Pyrenees, controlled by
+France. The language is Catalan. In French: Andorre.
+
+_Angola._ Portuguese dependency in western Africa.
+
+_Angora._ Province of Turkey and city in the province. Now one of the
+capitals of the republic.
+
+_Annam._ French protectorate in Indo-China, also called Anam. Nominally
+a kingdom.
+
+_Annapolis._ Capital of Maryland, seat of U. S. Naval Academy.
+
+_Antarctic._ Ocean around South Pole.
+
+_Antilles._ West Indies, islands in Atlantic, off Central America and
+southern North America, or two groups of them.
+
+_Antioch._ City of Syria, important in ancient times.
+
+_Antipodes._ Lands on the opposite side of globe, as Australasia. A
+group of islands near and under the control of New Zealand.
+
+_Antwerp._ Capital of province of same name, chief city of Belgium,
+important industrially and commercially.
+
+_Appalachian._ Mountain system in eastern North America.
+
+_Arabia._ Peninsula of southwestern Asia. Political divisions include
+Aden, Asir, Hejaz, Jebel Shammar, Kuweit, Nejd and Hasa, Oman, and
+Yemen.
+
+_Aragon._ Old kingdom, now part of Spain.
+
+_Arcadia._ Ancient country of Greece. This mountainous district was
+supposed to be occupied by contented shepherds. The name is often to
+be found in literature, sometimes under the poetical form of Arcady.
+Literary Arcadia owes much to Virgil, Sannazzaro, and Sidney.
+
+_Archangel._ Russian city, of interest because it is farther north than
+any other of equal importance. Base of operations against Bolshevists.
+
+_Arctic._ Ocean around North Pole.
+
+_Argentina_ or _Argentine Republic_. One of the greatest countries of
+South America.
+
+_Argos._ A town in Argolis, Greece, still in existence, but recorded
+here for its ancient importance. In Homer, Argos stands sometimes for
+the town itself, sometimes for the region of Argolis or for Agamemnon’s
+kingdom, or even for the entire Peloponnesus. The “Argives” are all the
+Greeks assembled against Troy in most cases.
+
+_Armenia._ Ancient country of Asia, at one time divided between Roman
+and Persian Empires, Recently, divided among Russia, Persia, and
+Turkey. The Christians of A. evidently took considerable pleasure in
+being massacred by the Turks. (Russian) Armenia is one in the Union of
+Socialist Soviet Republics. In the Bible: Minni.
+
+_Aroostook._ River and county in Maine. The county depends largely upon
+the potato crop.
+
+_Asia._ Continent of the Old World. With Europe, part of Eurasia. A. is
+the largest of the continents, and it is very likely the place where
+civilization first arose. Area: 17,040,000 sq. mi. Name applied by
+ancients to the western part of Asia Minor, to the whole continent, to
+a Roman province formed out of the kingdom of Pergamus.
+
+_Asia Minor_ or _Anatolia_. Roughly, the part of Asia north of the
+Mediterranean Sea. Long part of the Ottoman Empire.
+
+_Athens._ The center of ancient Greek culture and capital of Attica.
+Now a flourishing city and the capital of Greece. Has been under Roman,
+Byzantine, and Turkish rule. Most celebrated for antique remains.
+
+_Atlantic._ Ocean dividing Europe and Africa from America. Sometimes
+considered as two oceans, North and South Atlantic.
+
+_Atlantis._ According to old tradition, a great island in the Atlantic,
+swallowed up by the ocean because of the wickedness of its inhabitants.
+
+_Atlas._ System of mountains in northwestern Africa, where Atlas, son
+of Iapetus, is said once to have held up the skies.
+
+_Australasia._ Arbitrary term used in maps to describe a part of
+the earth, including Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Fiji
+Islands. Sometimes many other island groups are also included.
+
+_Australia._ Continent of the southern hemisphere, between Indian and
+Pacific Oceans. May be considered an island rather than a continent.
+The Commonwealth of Australia is an autonomous part of the British
+Empire. Area: 2,948,000 sq. mi.
+
+_Austria._ Republic of Europe, once part of the Austro-Hungarian
+Empire. Has now only an area of about 32,000 sq. mi.
+
+_Avignon._ Old city of southern France, once called Avenio by the
+Romans. Has been a republic, part of Papal States, seat of the Popes.
+
+_Azerbaijan._ One of the Socialist Soviet Republics. Formerly a Persian
+province. Between Armenia and the Caspian Sea.
+
+_Azores._ Portuguese islands in the Atlantic Ocean.
+
+_Babylon._ Great city of antiquity. Built on both banks of the
+Euphrates, long subject to Assyrian Empire, then the capital of
+Babylonia.
+
+_Bagdad._ City of Mesopotamia, now in Iraq. Still of some importance.
+
+_Bahia._ State of Brazil and its capital, the oldest city of Brazil.
+
+_Balearic._ Spanish islands in the Mediterranean.
+
+_Balkan._ Mountain system in southeastern Europe, peninsula between
+Black and Adriatic Seas. The Balkan countries may be said to include
+Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Jugo-Slavia (with Montenegro), and Rumania.
+
+_Baltimore._ Important seaport city of Maryland.
+
+_Baluchistan._ Country in British India, of which part is divided into
+native states.
+
+_Bangkok._ Chief commercial city of Siam, also the capital.
+
+_Barbados_, also _Barbadoes_. The most eastward of the West Indian
+islands. British colony.
+
+_Barcelona._ Province of Spain and its capital, seaport and important
+city.
+
+_Basel._ In French: Bâle. Swiss canton and city in it; manufacturing,
+commercial, university town.
+
+_Basque_ or _Biscayan_. The region and language of the western
+Pyrenees. Basque provinces of Spain include Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, and
+Álava.
+
+_Batavia._ Dutch residency, bay, city, in East Indies. City is capital
+and most important commercial center of Dutch East Indies. In ancient
+writings and sometimes in modern ones, B. stands for the Netherlands
+or the general district of the Low Countries. In French Revolutionary
+times, there was a Batavian Republic in Europe. The Batavia were a
+Celtic people, for a time allied with the Romans.
+
+_Batum._ Province and city, formerly in Russian Empire, now in Georgia.
+
+_Beirut._ Seaport of Syria, now under French control. In ancient times,
+Berytus, a Phoenician port.
+
+_Belfast._ Important commercial city in Northern Ireland, i.e., not in
+the Free State. Center of linen trade.
+
+_Belgium._ In French: Belgique. Kingdom of western Europe, part of the
+Low Countries. Anciently, the territory of the Bellovaci, part of the
+Belgae, a Germanic people.
+
+_Belgrade._ In Serbian: Beograd. Capital of Jugo-Slavia, commercial
+city and port.
+
+_Benares._ District of India and its capital, an ancient city and a
+holy place for the Hindus.
+
+_Bengal._ Presidency of British India, including mouths of Ganges and
+Brahmaputra. Bay, really part of Indian Ocean.
+
+_Berlin._ Capital of Prussia and German Republic. One of the great
+cities of the world, of historical as well as present importance.
+
+_Bermuda._ Islands, British colony, 580 miles from North Carolina.
+Haven for thirsty Americans.
+
+_Berne_ or _Bern_. Canton of Switzerland and its capital, also the
+capital of the country. Once a free city.
+
+_Bethlehem._ Town in Palestine, traditionally the birthplace of the Son
+of God. City in Pennsylvania, home of the Bethlehem Steel Company and
+the Moravian Theological Seminary.
+
+_Bhutan._ Nominally independent kingdom in the eastern Himalayas.
+
+_Birmingham._ City, civic county and borough of Warwickshire, England.
+Great manufacturing city, leading hardware center of the world. Also
+manufacturing city of Alabama, and several smaller places in U. S.
+
+_Biscay._ Bay, part of Atlantic, north of Spain and west of France.
+
+_Biscayan._ See Basque.
+
+_Black._ Sea, also called Euxine, south of European Russia. The Greeks
+knew the sea at an early period, calling it Pontus or Pontus Euxinus.
+
+_Blenheim_ or _Blindheim_. Village in Bavaria, Germany, where the
+French were badly beaten in 1704.
+
+_Boeotia._ District in ancient Greece. The Boeotians were proverbially
+stupid.
+
+_Bohemia._ Old kingdom, long a crownland of Austria, now part of
+Czecho-Slovakia. In Bohemian (Czech): Cechy.
+
+_Bokhara._ Country of central Asia, dependent upon Russia.
+
+_Bolivia._ South American republic, west of Brazil.
+
+_Bologna._ Italian city, the Felsina and Bononia of the ancients.
+Capital of province of same name. Famous for medieval architecture,
+modern commerce, and sausage.
+
+_Bombay._ Governmental district of India, island, and city, capital of
+the presidency. Great commercial city.
+
+_Bordeaux._ French city of considerable antiquity. Port, university
+city, famous for wine. Capital of France for a short time when Paris
+was threatened during World War.
+
+_Bosnia._ Former Turkish province. Annexation by Austria-Hungary one of
+the causes of World War. Now in Jugo-Slavia.
+
+_Bosporus._ Strait between Black and Marmora Seas. Of great political
+and economic importance.
+
+_Boston._ Capital and chief city of Massachusetts, “Hub of the
+Universe” for New Englanders. City and port in Lincolnshire, England,
+after which the American Boston was named.
+
+_Bothnia._ Gulf extension of Baltic Sea between Finland and Sweden.
+
+_Boulogne_ or _Boulogne-sur-Mer_, to distinguish it from
+Boulogne-sur-Seine. Seaport of France, where Napoleon made preparations
+for the invasion of England. B.-sur-Seine is a suburb of Paris.
+
+_Brabant._ Old duchy, now divided between Belgium and Netherlands.
+
+_Bradford._ City of Yorkshire, England. Textile manufacturing center.
+Also a small city, B.-on-Avon, and various places in the U. S.
+
+_Brahmaputra._ Important river of India.
+
+_Brazil._ Officially, United States of Brazil. One of the great
+countries of South America. Language: Portuguese. Climate mostly
+tropical.
+
+_Bremen._ German seaport city, long a free city and one member of the
+Hanseatic League. The port of Bremen is called Bremerhaven.
+
+_Breslau._ Capital of Silesia, Germany.
+
+_Brest-Litovsk._ City of Grodno, Russia. Here was signed the treaty of
+peace between Germany and Soviets, later annulled by the Allies.
+
+_Bristol._ City of Gloucestershire, England, formerly second only to
+London in importance, and a celebrated port. Cabot started to the New
+World from B.
+
+_Brittany._ In French: Bretagne. Old province of France. The people
+of Brittany are called Bretons. The duchy was long independent of the
+French crown, and was for a time an English fief.
+
+_Bronx, the._ Borough of the city of New York, principally residential.
+
+_Brooklyn._ Formerly a city of New York state, now part of the city of
+New York.
+
+_Bruges._ Capital of West Flanders, Belgium. Much more important in
+middle ages than now. Many medieval buildings destroyed during World
+War.
+
+_Brussels._ Most important city of Belgium.
+
+_Bucharest_ or _Bukharest_. In Roumanian: Bucuresti. Capital of
+Roumania.
+
+_Budapest_ or _Budapesth_. Capital of Hungary. Formed of two cities,
+Buda and Pest, on opposite sides of the Danube.
+
+_Buenos Aires._ Capital of Argentina, largest city of South America. Of
+manufacturing, commercial, educational importance.
+
+_Buffalo._ City of New York, of second importance in the state.
+
+_Bukowina._ Former crownland of Austria, now in Roumania.
+
+_Bulgaria._ Kingdom of Europe. Balkan state, formerly part of Turkish
+Empire. Limited in area as penalty for joining Central Powers in World
+War.
+
+_Burgundy._ In French: Bourgogne. Former duchy, kingdom, province of
+France. Acquired by France in eleventh century and then lost. At times
+a dangerous rival to France. Burgundy wine is usually red.
+
+_Burma._ Country of eastern India under British control.
+
+_Byzantium._ A town on the Bosporus founded by the Megarians, built
+anew by Constantine in 330 and called Constantinople.
+
+_Cádiz._ Province of Spain and its capital, on the island of Leon. The
+city, known to the Romans as Gades, was founded by the Phoenicians.
+
+_Caen._ City in department of Calvados, France. Was an important place
+in old Normandy.
+
+_Cairo._ Capital and chief city of Egypt. Commercial, educational,
+religious (Mohammedan) importance.
+
+_Calais._ Seaport and fortified city of France, on English Channel.
+
+_Calcutta._ Largest city of India, formerly capital.
+
+_Caledonia._ For the Romans, the northern part of Britain. Now a poetic
+name for Scotland.
+
+_Cambridge._ University city of England. City of Massachusetts, near
+Boston, seat of Harvard University.
+
+_Canada._ Autonomous country in British Empire, north of U. S. Includes
+provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova
+Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Prince Edward Island, and Saskatchewan, also
+territory of Yukon and Northwest Territories.
+
+_Canary._ Islands in Atlantic, ruled by Spain. Also, Canaries, and in
+Spanish, Canarias.
+
+_Canberra._ New capital of Australia.
+
+_Canterbury._ City of Kent, England, chief center of Anglican Church.
+Shrine of St. Thomas à Becket brought many pilgrims in middle ages.
+
+_Canton._ In Chinese: Kwangchowfu. Capital of Kwang-fung, China. Great
+commercial and manufacturing city, center of foreign trade.
+
+_Cape Colony_ or _Cape Province_ or, now officially, _Cape of Good
+Hope_. Province in Union of South Africa.
+
+_Capetown._ Also: Cape Town. Capital of Cape of Good Hope, legislative
+seat of Union of South Africa. Founded by the Dutch.
+
+_Cappadocia._ Ancient district of Asia Minor. Tiberius made C. a Roman
+province.
+
+_Cardiff._ City of Glamorganshire, Wales. Important for coal trade.
+
+_Caria._ Ancient district of southwestern Asia Minor. Part of the Roman
+province of Asia.
+
+_Caribbean._ Sea south of the West Indies.
+
+_Carinthia._ Former crownland of Austria, now in Austrian Republic. In
+German: Kärnten.
+
+_Carmel._ Mountain of Palestine. Holy place for many centuries. Here,
+biblically, Jehovah proved himself to be a greater god than Baal by
+sending down fire from heaven.
+
+_Carniola._ In German: Krain. Former crownland of Austria, now divided
+between Italy and Jugo-Slavia.
+
+_Carpathian._ Mountains, now chiefly in Czecho-Slovakia and Roumania,
+before the World War mostly in Hungarian territory.
+
+_Carthage._ One of the most important and most celebrated cities of
+the ancient world, called Carthago or Magna Carthago by the Romans.
+Located in Africa, northeast of Tunis. Founded by the Phoenicians. The
+Carthaginians built up a state rivalling that of Rome.
+
+_Caspian._ Sea or lake. By far the largest saltwater lake in the world.
+Surrounded by European and Asian Soviet Republics and Persia.
+
+_Castile._ In Spanish: Castilla. Former kingdom of Spain. Castilian is
+literary and standard Spanish.
+
+_Catalonia._ In Spanish: Cataluña. Former division of Spain. The
+inhabitants of C. are called Catalans. The Catalan language is spoken
+in part of northern Spain and southern France.
+
+_Catania._ Province of Sicily and its capital, Catana or Catina of the
+ancients. Founded B. C. 730, came under Roman rule in the first Punic
+war. At the foot of Mt. Etna, and has suffered much from earthquakes
+and volcanic disturbances.
+
+_Caucasus._ Mountains dividing Europe from Asia, in Soviet territory
+between Black and Caspian Seas.
+
+_Cawnpore_ or _Cawnpur_. District of British India and its capital, an
+important railroad junction. Scene of massacre of English residents in
+Sepoy rebellion.
+
+_Celebes._ Island in Dutch East Indies.
+
+_Chaeronea._ Ancient town in Boeotia, where Philip of Macedon won a
+great victory and Sulla defeated Mithridates.
+
+_Chalcedon._ Old Greek city at the entrance of the Bosporus, opposite
+Byzantium. Long independent, then subject to Bithynia.
+
+_Chalcis._ Several ancient towns. An important city of Euboea, town in
+Aetolia, city of Syria.
+
+_Chaldea._ Old Babylonian province. Name also applied to all Babylonia.
+
+_Châlons-sur-Marne._ City of France, capital of department of Marne,
+place where Attila’s Huns were defeated, A. D. 451.
+
+_Champagne._ Old province of France. Champagne wine is usually white
+and sparkling.
+
+_Changchowfu._ City of Fukien, China.
+
+_Changsha._ Capital of Hunan, China. Treaty port.
+
+_Changteh._ City of Hunan, China.
+
+_Charlottenburg._ Important suburb of Berlin, Germany.
+
+_Chautauqua._ Township of western New York, where summer courses are
+conducted.
+
+_Chemnitz._ City of Saxony, Germany.
+
+_Cheng-tu_ or _Ching-tu_ (sometimes without hyphens). City of Szechuan,
+China.
+
+_Cherbourg._ Port and naval station of Manche Department, France.
+
+_Chersonesus._ Greek word for peninsula. Without qualifications, it
+meant for the Greeks Gallipoli, peninsula of the Dardanelles. C.
+Taurica or Scythica was Crimea. Gallipoli is also called Chersonese.
+
+_Cheshire_ or _Chester_. County of England. A Cheshire cat is a person
+with a fixed grin.
+
+_Chicago._ Second city of U. S. County seat of Cook County, Illinois.
+Founded, as Fort Dearborn, in 1804.
+
+_Chile_ or _Chili_. Important republic of South America.
+
+_China._ Great Asiatic republic, before 1912 an empire. People of China
+possess an ancient and significant civilization. Although C. is not a
+“great power,” i.e., is of small military strength, and has been the
+scene of exploitation by European and other well-armed countries, it
+must be reckoned with, even as a potential maker of war.
+
+_China._ Sea, part of Pacific Ocean, south and east of China.
+
+_Chosen._ See Korea.
+
+_Christiania._ See Oslo.
+
+_Chungking._ City of Szechuan, China.
+
+_Cincinnati._ City of Ohio, on Ohio River, manufacturing and commercial
+center.
+
+_Cleveland._ Largest city of Ohio.
+
+_Cochin China._ French colony, part of French Indo-China.
+
+_Colchis_ or _Aea_. District of Asia, south of Caucasus Mountains,
+important in Greek legend.
+
+_Cologne._ In German: Köln. District of German Rhine Provinces and
+its capital, of great historical importance. Once renowned for its
+perfumery.
+
+_Colombia._ Republic of South America. Has been known as New Granada,
+Granadine Confederation, United States of Colombia.
+
+_Colombo._ Capital of Ceylon, a British colony.
+
+_Colophon._ Old Ionian (Greek) city which claimed to be the birthplace
+of Homer.
+
+_Colorado._ State, river, desert, of U. S.
+
+_Congo._ River and country of Africa. The old Congo Free State is now a
+Belgian colony.
+
+_Constance._ In German: Konstanz, also Kostnitz. City of Baden,
+Germany, important historically.
+
+_Constantinople._ Turkish: Istamboul. City of Turkey in Europe, on
+the Bosporus. Of international significance because of its location,
+at entrance to Black Sea, and because it is the modern center of
+Mohammedanism, at least in Turkey. Has been an important Christian
+center and capital of (Eastern) Roman Empire. On the site of old
+Byzantium. Long the capital of Ottoman Empire, now one of the capitals
+of Turkey.
+
+_Copenhagen._ Danish: Köbenhavn or Kjobenhavn. Capital and fortified
+seaport of Denmark. Great commercial city, cultural center of
+Scandinavia.
+
+_Cordova._ Spanish: Córdoba. Province of Spain and its capital.
+
+_Corea._ See Korea.
+
+_Corfu._ Island in Ionian Sea, known to the Greeks of antiquity as
+Corcyra, seat of an important Corinthian colony.
+
+_Corinth._ Isthmus of Greece; ancient city located on it, whose
+territory was known as Corinthia. Important commercial and colonizing
+city of ancient times. The city on its site is now known as New
+Corinth. There is also a Gulf of C. or Lepanto, north of Corinthia.
+
+_Corsica._ Island in Mediterranean, north of Sardinia. French
+department. In French: Corse.
+
+_Costa Rica._ Republic of Central America.
+
+_Cressy._ French: Crécy or Crécy-en-Ponthieu. Place in France where
+Edward the Black Prince badly defeated the French in 1346.
+
+_Crete_ or _Candia_. Island in the Mediterranean belonging to Greece.
+The ancient Creta, with a civilization of some importance in Homeric
+times. Much later, a Roman province.
+
+_Crimea._ Russian: Krim. Peninsula of Russia. Chersonesus Taurica of
+the ancients.
+
+_Croatia._ Formerly a Hungarian crownland, now in Jugo-Slavia. People
+of C. are called Croats, their Slavic language is Croatian.
+
+_Ctesiphon._ Old city of Assyria, winter residence of the kings of
+Parthia.
+
+_Cuba._ Republic. Island of West Indies. The language is Spanish.
+
+_Czechoslovakia._ Republic formed after the World War, composed of
+Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Southern Ruthenia, and Silesia. Languages
+spoken include Bohemian or Czech, German, and Ruthenian, which is
+practically the same as Ukrainian.
+
+_Damascus._ One of the oldest cities of the world. Has been under
+Syrian, Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek, Roman, Turkish rule. This
+pleasant and commercially important Syrian city is now under French
+control.
+
+_Danube._ Important river of Europe, flowing into Black Sea.
+
+_Danzig_ or _Dantsic_. Free international city, formerly part of
+Prussia, Germany. Seaport, manufacturing center, with an interesting
+history.
+
+_Dardanelles._ Strait between Aegean Sea and Sea of Marmora, now
+between Greek and Turkish (Asian) territory. The whole area of the
+Straits, waters connecting Black and Mediterranean Seas, with adjacent
+land, has been demilitarized.
+
+_Dauphiné._ Former province of France. The heir to French throne was
+formerly called the Dauphin, that is, ruler of D.
+
+_Dead._ Sea, salt lake in Palestine.
+
+_Delhi._ Province of British India and its capital, also capital of
+Indian Empire. An ancient city.
+
+_Delos._ Island in Aegean Sea, seat of worship of Apollo. Games were
+held here every five years in ancient times.
+
+_Delphi._ Small town in Phocis, in old Greece, famous for oracle. In
+Homer: Pytho. Pythian games were celebrated at D.
+
+_Denmark._ Danish: Danmark. Kingdom of northern Europe, one of the
+Scandinavian countries. Includes northern part of peninsula of Jutland
+and a group of islands.
+
+_Denver._ Capital of Colorado, one of the chief cities of Mountain
+States.
+
+_Detroit._ Chief city of Michigan, center of automobile industry.
+
+_Dnieper._ Important river of Russia.
+
+_Dniester._ European river, boundary between Roumania and Soviet
+Republics (Ukrainia).
+
+_Dominican Republic_ or _Santo Domingo_. Republic, eastern part of the
+island of Haiti. Population largely colored.
+
+_Douai_ or _Douay_. French city, damaged in World War. Here Bible
+translation of the English Catholics was published.
+
+_Dresden._ Capital of Saxony, Germany; of great historical interest.
+
+_Dublin._ Capital of Ireland. Part of its interesting history is an
+occupation by the Danes in the middle ages.
+
+_Dvina._ River of Russia, also known as the Northern D., flowing
+into the Gulf of D., a branch of White Sea. Another river, no longer
+entirely Russian, known also as the Western D., or the Düna, flowing
+into the Gulf of Riga.
+
+_East Indies._ Somewhat indefinite name, applied usually to Malay
+Archipelago, sometimes still inclusive of India and Indo-China.
+Formerly the Indies, without qualification; but the application of
+the name Indies to islands near the American mainland caused the
+differentiation.
+
+_Eboracum._ Chief Roman town in Britain, now the English city of York.
+
+_Ecuador._ Republic of South America.
+
+_Edinburgh._ City of Scotland, long the capital and, historically,
+the most important place in the country. The university is old and
+celebrated.
+
+_Egypt._ Country of northern Africa under English control. In effect, a
+British colony. Land of very ancient civilization and history both old
+and varied. E. fell under Turkish rule in 1517, and remained nominally
+part of the Ottoman Empire until the World War. Arabic has been for
+some time the chief language.
+
+_Elba._ Mediterranean island belonging to Italy. Napoleon was sent to
+Elba upon his first downfall.
+
+_Elis._ Ancient country of Greece, considered sacred because of the
+games at Olympia.
+
+_England._ A division of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
+Ireland. Because of its dominance, its name is sometimes applied
+loosely to the whole country and its empire. The adjective especially
+is used in this way, and we say “English” or “British” of a colony
+without change in meaning.
+
+_English Channel._ The channel that separates England from France and
+connects Straits of Dover (leading to North Sea) with the Atlantic.
+
+_Ephesus._ Ancient Ionian city on the coast of Asia Minor. Here stood
+a famous temple to Artemis. E. fell under the successive control of
+Lydia, Persia, Macedonia, and Rome.
+
+_Essen._ City of Rhenish Prussia, Germany. Here were located the Krupp
+munition works. Many medieval remains.
+
+_Esthonia._ Republic of northwestern Europe formed as a result of the
+World War, made up of the old Russian government of E. and part of
+Livonia. Esthonian, a Finnish dialect, is spoken, as well as German,
+Russian, and other languages.
+
+_Ethiopia._ Old country of Africa. The adjectives and nouns Ethiopic
+and Ethiopian may refer to a Semitic language or the race of
+dark-skinned peoples including the Negroes.
+
+_Etruria_ or _Tuscia_ or (Greek) _Tyrrhenia_. Ancient country in
+central Italy. The Romans called the inhabitants Tuscans. Much of the
+Roman civilization was of Tuscan origin.
+
+_Euphrates._ Important river of western Asia.
+
+_Eurasia._ Europe and Asia. The two are customarily considered as
+separate continents, and probably it would be inconvenient to give
+up the old names, but the map shows that they are really one, the
+continent of Eurasia. It is not so much the mountains between as
+cultural differences which separate Europe and Asia. Russia was long,
+and in some ways still remains, an Asian country in this respect.
+
+_Europe._ Continent, part of Eurasia (q. v.). Has been called a
+peninsula of Asia, to emphasize the fact that it is much smaller--the
+area is about 3,789,000 sq. mi. Nevertheless, the world has been and is
+being Europeanized. It is true, indeed, that much which we consider
+European arose in western Asia, and that New York is tending to become
+the great center of European civilization. For an American, the most
+important thing to realize is the great variety of languages and
+national institutions to be found within a small space.
+
+_Everest._ Mountain, one of the Himalayas, believed to be the highest
+in the world.
+
+_Fez._ One of the capitals of Morocco.
+
+_Fiji._ British colony, islands in the Pacific.
+
+_Finland._ Formerly a grand duchy ruled by Russian czars. Still
+earlier, occupied by Lapps, ruled by Sweden. Now a republic. The Finns
+and Lapps are not of the Aryan race, but of the Mongol group. The Finns
+call themselves Suomi. Culturally, Finland has been closer to Sweden
+than to Russia.
+
+_Fiume._ Free city on the Adriatic, formerly belonging to Hungary,
+claimed by both Italy and Jugo-Slavia, now Italian.
+
+_Flanders._ Country of Europe divided among Netherlands, Belgium, and
+France. The language of F., Flemish, is a dialect of Dutch. It has
+recently been revived for literary purposes.
+
+_Flodden._ Hill in England. At the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513, King
+James IV of Scotland was defeated and killed.
+
+_Florence._ Italian: Firenze. Capital of Tuscany, Italy. Celebrated for
+history and art.
+
+_Foochow._ Capital of Fukien, China. Treaty port.
+
+_Formosa._ Island north of Philippines, belonging to Japan. Also called
+Taiwan.
+
+_Fort Sumter._ Fortress in harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, where
+the Civil War began.
+
+_France._ Republic of western Europe.
+
+_Franche-Comté._ Former French province.
+
+_Franconia._ Former duchy of Germany.
+
+_Frankfurt-am-Main._ English: Frankfurt-on-the-Main. City of
+Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, Germany. Was capital of the German Confederation.
+
+_Galatia._ Ancient country of Asia Minor, settled by Gauls.
+
+_Galicia._ Old kingdom of Spain. Also former (Polish) crownland of
+Austria.
+
+_Galilee._ In the Greek period, the name for northwestern Palestine. A
+Roman province. A Galilean means a Christian, as the word is now most
+used.
+
+_Gallipoli._ Peninsula north of Dardanelles. The Entente Allies tried
+unsuccessfully during the World War to capture Constantinople, landing
+troops here. See also Chersonesus.
+
+_Ganges._ Important river of India, flowing into Bay of Bengal.
+
+_Gascony._ French: Gascogne. Former province of France. The Gascons
+were supposed to be boastful swaggerers.
+
+_Gaul_ or _Gallia_. In Roman times, the country occupied by the Galli
+or Celtae. Gaul was divided into three parts: Aquitania, Celtica,
+and Belgica. It consisted of the present France and some neighboring
+sections. Gallia Cisalpina was a Roman province in the north of Italy.
+
+_Geneva._ German: Genf. Canton of Switzerland and its capital, which is
+of interest in many ways. Associated with Rousseau and Calvin. Now the
+seat of the League of Nations. French: Genève.
+
+_Genoa._ Italian: Genova. Important Italian commercial city and port.
+Of great historical significance.
+
+_German Ocean._ Name sometimes applied to North Sea.
+
+_Germany._ Republic of Europe, formerly an Empire. In German:
+Deutschland. The Germania of the Romans did not occupy precisely the
+same territory as modern Germany, extending to the Baltic and the
+Carpathian Mountains. The medieval organization was feudal, with the
+Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation including many non-German
+districts. Bismarck organized the German Empire (Reich) with the king
+of Prussia at the head. Many German districts are now outside the
+republic. The treaties which followed the World War forbade Germany and
+Austria to unite.
+
+_Ghent._ French: Gand. Capital of East Flanders, Belgium. Of great
+historical interest.
+
+_Gibraltar._ Fortified rock and town, a British possession
+commanding Strait of G., entrance to Mediterranean Sea. On Iberian
+(Spanish-Portuguese) Peninsula.
+
+_Glasgow._ A Scottish city on the Clyde. Said to have been founded in
+the sixth century. The greatest manufacturing and commercial center of
+Scotland.
+
+_Göteborg_ or _Gothenburg_. Important city of Sweden. Port.
+
+_Great Britain._ England, Scotland, and Wales, as an island, or, before
+the addition of Ireland, as a kingdom. Used often instead of the more
+cumbersome title of “the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.”
+Only a part of Ireland remains united, incidentally.
+
+_Greece._ Greek: Hellas. Republic of Europe, also a memory of ancient
+glory. The modern Greeks are not pure descendants of the ancient people
+who occupied the country.
+
+_Greenland._ Danish: Grönland. Large island northeast of North America,
+part of which is under Danish control. Much of it is always covered
+with ice.
+
+_Greenwich._ Borough of London where an important observatory is
+located.
+
+_Greenwich Village._ Former village, but long in the most
+thickly-settled part of the city of New York. Center of “Bohemian” and
+artistic life, not to mention bootleggers and cellar dance-halls where
+the smoke can be cut with knife and fork.
+
+_Guatemala._ Republic of Central America and its capital, also called
+G. la Nueva.
+
+_Guiana._ Region on Atlantic coast of South America, including British,
+French, and Dutch G., which are colonies, and parts of Brazil and
+Venezuela. The name is sometimes confined to the three colonies.
+
+_Guinea._ Region on Atlantic coast of Africa.
+
+_Hague, The._ Dutch: ’s Gravenhage. Capital of the Netherlands and seat
+of the World Court.
+
+_Haiti_ or _Hayti_. Island of West Indies, formerly a French colony,
+and a republic occupying the western part of the island. Strongly
+influenced by U. S.
+
+_Halle-an-der-Saale._ City of Prussian Saxony, Germany. Was a member of
+the Hanseatic League. Has a celebrated university.
+
+_Hamburg._ Free city of Germany, of great commercial importance. Was a
+member of the Hanseatic League.
+
+_Hangchow._ City of Chekiang, China.
+
+_Hankow._ City of Yangtse, China. Treaty port.
+
+_Hanover._ German: Hannover. Province of Prussia, Germany, and its
+capital.
+
+_Hanseatic League._ Commercial and defensive union of mostly German
+cities in the middle ages. The members were called Hanse or Hansa Towns.
+
+_Havana._ Spanish: Habana. Province of Cuba and its capital, also the
+capital of the republic. Important commercial city and port.
+
+_Hawaiian_ or _Sandwich Islands_. Colony of U. S. in Pacific.
+
+_Hebrides._ Islands west of Scotland.
+
+_Heidelberg._ University city of Baden, Germany.
+
+_Hejaz_ or _Hedjaz_. One of the new states which arose from the World
+War. In Arabia, formerly a Turkish administrative unit.
+
+_Helicon._ Range of mountains in Boeotia, Greece, which was sacred to
+Apollo and the Muses in ancient times. Here Aganippe and Hippocrene,
+fountains of the Muses, poured forth their waters.
+
+_Hellas._ Greek name, also poetic term, for Greece.
+
+_Helsingfors._ Finnish: Helsinki. Capital of Finland.
+
+_Herat._ City in Afghanistan, of military importance.
+
+_Herculaneum._ Ancient city in Campania, Italy, destroyed by the
+eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A. D. 79.
+
+_Herzegovina._ Former Turkish province, then under Austrian rule with
+Bosnia, now part of Jugo-Slavia.
+
+_Himalayan._ Mountains, also called the Himalayas, north of India.
+
+_Hindustan._ India; specifically, a large region in the north.
+
+_Hispania._ Latin name for Iberian peninsula.
+
+_Holland._ Popular name for the Netherlands, on account of the
+dominating position of the province so called. H. proper is now divided
+into two provinces, North and South H.
+
+_Holstein._ Former duchy of Denmark, later part of Prussia with
+Schleswig. See Schleswig-Holstein.
+
+_Honduras._ Republic of Central America.
+
+_Hongkong._ Island on Chinese coast, British colony, and its capital,
+also known as Victoria, a free port and important commercial center.
+
+_Honolulu._ Capital of territory of Hawaii.
+
+_Honshu_ or _Hondo_. Principal island of Japan.
+
+_Hungary._ The country of the Magyars, formerly a kingdom bound to the
+Austrian Empire chiefly through a common monarch. Lost much territory
+during World War.
+
+_Iberia._ Greek name for the peninsula where Spain and Portugal now
+are, called the Iberian Peninsula in modern times also. Also the
+ancient name for a region in Asia north of Armenia.
+
+_Iceland._ Danish island in the Atlantic.
+
+_Ilium._ Troy, the ancient city.
+
+_Illyria._ Ancient country, including regions now known as Albania,
+Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia. Part of Illyria was formed into the
+Roman province of Illyricum.
+
+_India._ Country or region of Asia. The Indian Empire, which does not
+include all of India, is British. The native states are included in the
+empire, but not French and Portuguese India.
+
+_Indianapolis._ Capital and chief city of Indiana.
+
+_Indian Ocean._ Body of water south of India, east of Africa, west of
+Australia.
+
+_Indo-China._ Asian peninsula south and west of China.
+
+_Indus._ Great river of India.
+
+_Ionia._ Ancient region on the western coast of Asia Minor, settled by
+Ionian Greeks.
+
+_Irak_ or _Iraq_. Mesopotamia. Nominally independent, but under British
+control.
+
+_Iran._ Persian name for Persia, q. v.
+
+_Ireland._ An island, one of the British Isles. Now divided between the
+(Catholic, nationalistic) Irish Free State, where an attempt has been
+made to revive the old language, Gaelic, and Northern I., still closely
+bound to Great Britain.
+
+_Irish Sea._ Part of the Atlantic, between Ireland and northern England.
+
+_Ispahan._ City of Persia, former capital, of historic importance.
+
+_Istria._ Former Austrian crownland, now Italian.
+
+_Italy._ Italian: Italia. This is also the form used by the Romans
+beginning in the time of Augustus. Kingdom of Europe.
+
+_Ithaca._ Island in the Ionian Sea and ancient city where Homer’s
+Odysseus reigned.
+
+_Jaffa._ In ancient times: Joppa. Port of Palestine.
+
+_Jamaica._ British island of the West Indies.
+
+_Japan._ Japanese: Nippon. Asiatic empire, the “great power” of the
+Orient.
+
+_Java._ Dutch island in the East Indies.
+
+_Jena._ City of Saxe-Weimar, Germany. University. Napoleon routed the
+Prussians at J. in 1806.
+
+_Jerusalem._ Capital of Palestine. Of immense historical and religious
+importance. Holy to Jews, Mohammedans, and Christians.
+
+_Johannesburg._ City of Transvaal, Union of South Africa
+
+_Jordan._ Most important river of Palestine. Here, according to the
+Bible, many miracles took place.
+
+_Judah._ Kingdom of southern Palestine, ruled by “the house of David”
+from Jerusalem.
+
+_Judea._ Roman province in Palestine. Also a name for Israel, Jewry, in
+general.
+
+_Jugo-Slavia._ Also spelled: Yugo-Slavia. The country of the southern
+Slavs, made up of Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, and
+Montenegro. Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
+
+_Kabul._ Capital of Afghanistan.
+
+_Kansas City._ Important packing and commercial center on the Missouri
+River, chiefly in Missouri, also in Kansas (two separate cities).
+
+_Khartum._ Capital of Sudan, Africa.
+
+_Kiaochow._ City and district of Shantung, China, taken from Germany by
+Japan.
+
+_Kiel._ City of Holstein, Prussia, Germany. Formerly a great German
+naval station. University. Eastern terminus of K. or Kaiser Wilhelm
+Canal, connecting Baltic and North Seas.
+
+_Kiev._ Also _Kief_ or _Kieff_. Important city of Ukrania, Soviet
+Republics, of great antiquity.
+
+_Kingston-on-Hull_ or _Hull_. City and port of Yorkshire, England.
+
+_Kishinev._ Capital of Bessarabia, now in Roumania. Scene of Jewish
+massacres under Russian rule.
+
+_Königsberg._ Capital of East Prussia, Germany.
+
+_Korea._ Also _Corea_ or _Chosen_. Formerly independent country of
+Asia, since 1910 ruled by Japan.
+
+_Kovno._ Capital of Lithuania. Lithuanian: Kaunas.
+
+_Kurland_ or _Courland_. Former duchy and Russian province, now in
+Latvia.
+
+_Laconica_ or _Laconia_. A country of Greece, ruled from Sparta
+(Lacedaemon).
+
+_Lahore._ Capital of Punjab, India.
+
+_Lanchow_ or _Lanchowfu_. Capital of Kansu, China.
+
+_Languedoc._ Former province of France.
+
+_Latium._ Country of ancient Italy, occupied by Latini. Rome struggled
+long against L., finally dissolving Latin League.
+
+_Latvia._ Republic formed out of Russian territory after World War.
+
+_Leicester._ Capital of Leicestershire, England.
+
+_Leipzig_ or _Leipsic_. City of Saxony, Germany. Publishing center. At
+Battle of L. or of the Nations, 1813, Napoleon was badly defeated.
+
+_Lemberg._ Polish: Lwów. City of East Galicia, Poland. Formerly ruled
+by Austria-Hungary. There was hard fighting around L. during World War.
+
+_Leningrad._ Formerly St. Petersburg, Petersburg, Petrograd. Great
+city, formerly capital, of Russia. Founded by Peter the Great as a
+window opening out on Western Europe.
+
+_Lesbos._ Island in the Aegean Sea. Birthplace of Sappho. _Lesbian_
+sometimes means pertaining to homosexuality between females.
+
+_Levant._ The eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, its islands and
+coastal districts.
+
+_Liberia._ Negro republic in Africa.
+
+_Liechtenstein._ Petty principality between Austria and Switzerland.
+
+_Lille._ City of northern France, around which there was much fighting
+in the World War.
+
+_Lisbon._ Portuguese: Lisboa. Capital and important city of Portugal.
+The earthquake of 1755 caused great destruction.
+
+_Lithuania._ One of the states formed in Europe after the World War.
+The Lithuanian Republic claims the Vilna district, now held by Poland.
+
+_Liverpool._ City of Lancashire, England, second port of Great Britain,
+of educational and commercial importance.
+
+_Lodz._ City of Piotrkow, Poland, formerly Russian.
+
+_Loire._ River of France.
+
+_London._ Capital and most important city of the United Kingdom. One of
+the great world cities; in population inferior to New York (including
+suburbs in each case).
+
+_Lorraine._ An old duchy of Germany, incorporated in France, part of
+which came into German Alsace-Lorraine. Now all French.
+
+_Los Angeles._ City of southern California, center of motion picture
+production.
+
+_Louisville._ City of Kentucky, on Ohio River.
+
+_Low Countries._ The old Netherlands; the present Belgium, Luxemburg,
+and Netherlands.
+
+_Luxemburg._ Independent grand duchy of Europe, now in economic union
+with Belgium.
+
+_Lydia._ Ancient division of Asia Minor, early seat of civilization.
+
+_Lyons._ French: Lyon. Important city of France, silk manufacturing
+center.
+
+_Macedonia._ Ancient country north of Greece, whose rulers, Philip
+and Alexander, built up an empire which was finally overthrown by the
+Romans. Most of M. belongs now to Greece and Jugo-Slavia.
+
+_Madagascar._ Large island, French colony, off the east coast of Africa.
+
+_Madras._ Presidency of British India and its capital.
+
+_Madrid._ Province of Spain and its capital, also the capital and
+principal city of the kingdom.
+
+_Maeander_ or _Meander_. River of Asia Minor noted for its wandering
+course, now called the Menderez.
+
+_Magdeburg._ Capital of Prussian Saxony, Germany. Scene of a massacre
+in the Thirty Years’ War.
+
+_Magellan._ Strait between Tierra del Fuego and South American mainland.
+
+_Mainz_ or _Mayence_. City of Hesse, Germany, of historical and
+ecclesiastical importance. Located on the Rhine.
+
+_Majorca._ Largest of Balearic Islands, in the Mediterranean.
+
+_Malta._ Island and British colony in the Mediterranean Sea.
+
+_Manchester._ City of Lancashire, most important industrial center of
+England.
+
+_Manchuria._ Country of Asia, a Chinese dependency.
+
+_Mandalay._ Capital of British Upper Burma.
+
+_Manhattan._ Borough of New York City, also island. Here are located
+the most important offices and many of the factories of the city. M. is
+the original New York, and still the heart of the city.
+
+_Manila._ Capital of Luzon and of Philippine Islands, on Pasig River
+and Manila Bay. Great hemp market.
+
+_Marathon._ Village of ancient Attica, where the Athenians and the
+Persians fought an important battle, B. C. 490.
+
+_Marmora._ Sea between Bosporus and Dardanelles, called Propontis
+by the ancients. All these waters have been of immense political
+importance.
+
+_Marne._ River of France, scene of two important battles in World War.
+
+_Marseilles._ French: Marseille. Second city of France, leading port.
+Located on Gulf of Lyons.
+
+_Masurian._ Lakes and canals in East Prussia. Region where Russian
+armies were badly beaten during World War.
+
+_Mauritius._ Island in the Indian Ocean, British colony.
+
+_Mecca._ City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of Islam, birthplace of
+Mohammed.
+
+_Medicine Hat._ Small city of Alberta, Canada, often mentioned in
+weather reports.
+
+_Medina._ City of Hedjaz, Arabia. Holy city of Islam.
+
+_Mediterranean._ Important sea, almost entirely enclosed by Europe,
+Asia, and Africa.
+
+_Melbourne._ Capital of Victoria, Australia. Important commercially.
+
+_Memphis._ Great city and for a time the capital of ancient Egypt.
+Modern city of southwestern Tennessee.
+
+_Mesopotamia._ Region between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. See Irak.
+
+_Mexico._ Spanish: Méjico. Mexican Spanish: México. Republic of North
+America, south of the United States.
+
+_Mexico._ Gulf, north and east of Mexican Republic.
+
+_Milan._ Italian: Milano. Province of Italy and its capital, second
+city of the kingdom. Great manufacturing center.
+
+_Miletus._ Ancient city of Asia Minor, of philosophical interest.
+
+_Milwaukee._ Chief city of Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan.
+
+_Minneapolis._ City of Minneapolis, flour center. With St. Paul, one of
+the “Twin Cities.” On the Mississippi.
+
+_Mississippi._ Important river of the United States. The M.-Missouri is
+considered by geographers the longest river of the world.
+
+_Monaco._ Petty independent principality on the Mediterranean,
+surrounded on land sides by French territory.
+
+_Mongolia._ Country of Asia dependent on China.
+
+_Monte Carlo._ Gambling resort of Monaco.
+
+_Montenegro._ Former Balkan kingdom, now part of Jugo-Slavia.
+
+_Montevideo._ Capital of Uruguay.
+
+_Montreal._ City of Quebec, Canada, on the St. Lawrence River. Most
+important place in Canada.
+
+_Moravia._ Former crownland of Austria, now in Czecho-Slovakia.
+
+_Morea._ Southern peninsula of Greece. Peloponnesus.
+
+_Morocco._ Country of northern Africa, controlled chiefly by France and
+in part by Spain.
+
+_Moscow._ Province of Russia and its capital, also the capital of the
+country. Founded in the twelfth century.
+
+_Munich._ German: München. Capital of Bavaria, Germany. The art
+collections, university, and breweries are all important.
+
+_Mycenae._ Ancient town in Argolis, Greece. Important in Homeric times.
+
+_Mysia._ Ancient district of Asia Minor, at one time part of the
+kingdom of Pergamus.
+
+_Mytilene._ Modern name for Lesbos, q. v. Chief city of Lesbos.
+
+_Nanking._ Capital of Kiangsu, China, and literary center of the
+country. Treaty port.
+
+_Nantes._ City of France, on the Loire, of considerable historical
+importance.
+
+_Naples._ Italian: Napoli. Former kingdom of Italy, one of the Two
+Sicilies. Province of Italy and its capital, the largest city of Italy,
+the Neapolis of the ancients. Long a Greek city.
+
+_Navarre._ Former kingdom, chiefly in present France, also extending
+into Spain.
+
+_Nazareth._ Modern name: Al-Nasira. Town of Galilee, Palestine, where
+Jesus is said to have spent his youth.
+
+_Nepal._ Nominally independent country in the Himalayas, under British
+control.
+
+_Netherlands._ Dutch: Nederland. Popularly called Holland. Kingdom of
+western Europe. The Netherlands formerly included Belgium.
+
+_Neukölln_ of _Rixdorf_. City of Brandenburg Prussia, suburban to
+Berlin and an important industrial center.
+
+_Newark._ City of New Jersey, suburban to New York, important
+manufacturing and insurance center.
+
+_Newcastle_ or _N.-on-Tyne_. City of Northumberland, England, located
+in the midst of coal fields.
+
+_New England._ The states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
+Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
+
+_Newfoundland._ Island off eastern coast of Canada, British colony.
+
+_New Haven._ City of Connecticut, seat of Yale University.
+
+_New Orleans._ City and port of Louisiana, founded by the French. Of
+historical, educational, commercial importance.
+
+_New York._ State of the United States and its chief city, also the
+leading city of the United States and, in many respects, of the world.
+Founded by the Dutch, who called it Nieuw Amsterdam. Now divided into
+the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond.
+
+_Nicaragua._ Republic of Central America.
+
+_Nile._ River of Africa, of which the most important part runs through
+Egypt.
+
+_Nineveh_ or _Ninus_. Ancient city on the Tigris, capital of Assyria.
+Was a place of importance as early as B. C. 2500. Fell when the
+Assyrian Empire was broken up, B. C. 606.
+
+_Ningpo._ City of Chekiang, China. Treaty port.
+
+_Nippon._ See Japan.
+
+_Normandy._ Old duchy and province of France. The Normans were
+Scandinavians (“Northmen”) who settled in the northern part of the
+country.
+
+_North._ River, the part of the Hudson that flows by New York City.
+
+_North._ Sea, also known as the German Ocean. It is the part of the
+Atlantic east of Great Britain.
+
+_Northwest Territories._ Franklin, Keewatin, and Mackenzie, in the
+Dominion of Canada.
+
+_Norway._ Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. Has been subject to or united
+with Sweden and Denmark.
+
+_Nottingham._ City of Nottinghamshire, England.
+
+_Numidia._ Ancient country of northern Africa, then a Roman province.
+Roughly corresponded to modern Algeria.
+
+_Nuremberg._ German: Nürnberg. City of Middle Franconia, Bavaria,
+Germany. Of great historical interest.
+
+_Oberammergau._ Small city of Upper Bavaria, Germany. Here the famous
+Passion Play is performed every ten years.
+
+_Odessa._ City of Kherson, Ukraine, Soviet Republics. Port on the Black
+Sea.
+
+_Ohio._ Important river of U. S., flowing into the Mississippi.
+
+_Olympia._ Small plain in Elis, Greece, containing a sacred grove of
+Zeus. Scene of the Olympic games of antiquity.
+
+_Olympus._ Mountain range between Macedonia and Thessaly, where the
+Greek gods were supposed to live.
+
+_Oman._ Nominally independent state in southeastern Arabia.
+
+_Orange River Colony._ Formerly Orange River Free State, now part of
+the Union of South Africa.
+
+_Oslo._ Formerly: Christiania. Capital of Norway.
+
+_Ottawa._ Capital of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+_Ottoman Empire._ The Mohammedan empire of the Turks, broken up by the
+World War. See Turkey.
+
+_Oxford._ City of Oxfordshire, England. University of great antiquity.
+
+_Oxus._ Modern: Amu Darya. River of central Asia, the usual boundary
+between the great empires of southwestern Asia and wandering hordes.
+
+_Oxyrhyncus._ Place in Egypt where many Greek manuscripts have been
+discovered.
+
+_Pacific._ Ocean, between North and South America and Asia and
+Australia. Sometimes divided into two oceans, North and South P.
+
+_Palestine._ Country of western Asia, part of Syria, of great
+historical and religious significance. Now under British control. The
+“Land of Israel” or “Holy Land” is at present inhabitated chiefly by
+Arabs, but the Jewish Zionists would like to make it the cultural center
+of Israel.
+
+_Palmyra._ Ancient city of Syria, where the unfortunate Zenobia
+reigned. Her desire to be “Queen of the East” cost her her kingdom.
+
+_Panama._ Republic of Central America. Revolted from Colombia in 1903.
+Under the control of the U. S., to which a strip of territory called
+the Panama Canal Zone belongs. The capital, a seaport and terminus of
+the canal, is also called P.
+
+_Paphos_ or _Paphus_. Name of two towns in ancient Cyprus. Old Paphos
+was the chief seat of the worship of Aphrodite, therefore called the
+Paphian goddess.
+
+_Paraguay._ River and republic of South America.
+
+_Paris._ Capital and chief city of France. One of the great cities of
+the world. Located on the Seine.
+
+_Parnassus._ Range of mountains in Greece or, more usually, a
+particular mountain where Apollo and the Muses were supposed to dwell.
+
+_Paros._ Island in the Aegean Sea where the marble used by ancient
+sculptors was quarried.
+
+_Parthia._ Ancient country of Asia, southeast of the Caspian Sea.
+The Parthians were a warlike people whose empire was for a time of
+considerable size.
+
+_Peking._ City of Chihle or Chihli, China, and capital of the country.
+
+_Peloponnesus._ The southern part of Greece, a peninsula. Modern:
+Morea. Divided anciently into Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia,
+Corinthia, and Arcadia.
+
+_Pergamum_ or _Pergamus_. Ancient kingdom, afterward Roman province, of
+Asia Minor, and its capital.
+
+_Persia._ Persian: Iran. Great ancient empire, usually known as Persis.
+Modern monarchy of Asia.
+
+_Persian._ Gulf between Persia and Arabia.
+
+_Peru._ Republic of South America.
+
+_Petrograd._ Leningrad was called P. during World War, its name having
+been changed from St. Petersburg.
+
+_Pharsalia._ District near Pharsalus, Thessaly, where Julius Caesar
+defeated Pompey.
+
+_Philadelphia._ Chief city of Pennsylvania. Located on Delaware
+and Schuylkill Rivers. Founded by William Penn in 1682. Port,
+manufacturing and educational center. Of considerable historical
+interest.
+
+_Philippi._ Ancient city of Macedonia where Octavianus and Antony
+defeated Brutus and Cassius and where St. Paul first preached the good
+news about Jesus in Europe.
+
+_Philistia._ Old country of Syria whose inhabitants were hostile to the
+Hebrews. A Philistine, in modern usage, is one who has no interest in
+culture.
+
+_Phocis._ Ancient country of northern Greece, within which were the
+mountain of Parnassus and the oracle of Delphi.
+
+_Phoenicia, Phenicia_, or _Sidonia_. Ancient country on the Syrian
+coast. The Phoenicians were navigators and traders.
+
+_Phrygia._ Ancient country of Asia Minor, later a Roman province.
+
+_Po._ River of Italy.
+
+_Poland._ Polish: Polska. Republic of Europe, formed after the World
+War. The old kingdom was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
+
+_Pompeii._ Ancient city of Campania, Italy, at the foot of Mt.
+Vesuvius. Overwhelmed by an eruption in A. D. 79 and covered with
+volcanic soil. Much of it has been preserved and is now exposed to view.
+
+_Pontus Euxinus_ or _Pontus_. Ancient name for the Black Sea. A
+kingdom, later a Roman province, on its coast was called Pontus.
+
+_Port-au-Prince._ Capital of Haiti.
+
+_Portland._ City and port of entry of Oregon. City and port of Maine.
+
+_Porto Rico._ Spanish: Puerto Rico. Island of West Indies, colony of U.
+S.
+
+_Port Said._ City of Lower Egypt on the Mediterranean. Terminus of Suez
+Canal.
+
+_Portsmouth._ City of Hampshire, England. Important naval station.
+
+_Portugal._ Republic of western Europe.
+
+_Posen._ Province of Poland and its capital, once a Hanse town.
+
+_Prague._ Bohemian: Praha. Capital of Czecho-Slovakia. Founded about
+1100. Important commercial and educational center. Located on the
+Moldau.
+
+_Provence._ Old province of France. The language, Provençal, is of
+great importance in literary history. Some attempts have been made to
+revive it.
+
+_Providence._ Capital of Rhode Island, port. Seat of Brown University.
+
+_Prussia._ German: Preussen. Former kingdom of Europe, now an important
+part of the German Republic.
+
+_Pyrenees._ Mountains between Spain and France.
+
+_Quebec._ Province of Canada and its capital, founded in 1608.
+
+_Queenstown._ Gaelic: Cobh. Irish port.
+
+_Rangoon._ City of Pegu Division, Burma, capital and chief port of the
+country.
+
+_Red._ Sea between Arabia and Egypt, through which Suez Canal traffic
+passes.
+
+_Reno._ City of Nevada, divorce center.
+
+_Rheims_ or _Reims_. City of Marne Department, France. An old city with
+a celebrated cathedral, badly damaged in the World War.
+
+_Rhine._ Celebrated river of Europe. Part of the river runs between
+France and Germany.
+
+_Rhone._ River of Switzerland and France.
+
+_Richmond._ City of Virginia, its capital and for a time the seat of
+government of the Confederate States of America.
+
+_Riga._ Capital of Latvia. Founded in 1201, was once a Hanse Town.
+
+_Rio de Janeiro._ Capital of Brazil, in many ways the most important
+city of South America.
+
+_Riviera._ Coastal district on Mediterranean, in France and Italy.
+
+_Rochester._ Important manufacturing city of New York State.
+
+_Rome._ Italian and Latin: Roma. Province of Italy and its capital,
+also the capital of the kingdom. Center of the western branch of the
+Catholic Church. Perhaps Rome was originally formed from a group of
+villages founded by people from Alba Longa, the most ancient town in
+Latium. It became the center of a great empire.
+
+_Rosario._ City of Santa Fe, Argentina.
+
+_Rotterdam._ Old city, great commercial center of the Netherlands.
+
+_Rouen._ City of France, on the Seine. Of considerable historical
+interest.
+
+_Roumania_ or _Rumania_. Kingdom of Europe. Includes the former
+principalities of Wallachia and Moldovia, also Transylvania and
+Bessarabia.
+
+_Russia._ Country of Europe. Officially, it is the Russian Socialist
+Soviet Republic. Mail is addressed to U. S. S. R., the Union of
+Socialist Soviet Republics, which includes also Ukraine, Armenia,
+Georgia, Azerbaijan, and White Russia, as well as various other
+districts. The U. S. S. R. includes a great deal of territory inhabited
+by non-Russians, although less than the old Russian Empire.
+
+_Sahara._ Desert of northern Africa.
+
+_Saint Helena._ British island in the Atlantic where Napoleon spent the
+last years of his life.
+
+_Saint Lawrence._ River of southeastern Canada, flowing into Gulf of
+St. Lawrence.
+
+_Saint Louis._ City of Missouri, on the west bank of the Mississippi.
+Important manufacturing and commercial center.
+
+_Saint Paul._ Capital of Minnesota. One of the “Twin Cities,” with
+Minneapolis.
+
+_Saint Petersburg._ City founded by Peter the Great, now called
+Leningrad, q. v.
+
+_Salamanca._ Province of Spain and its capital, of historical interest.
+
+_Salamis._ Island off the western coast of Attica, Greece. The Greeks
+defeated the Persian fleet of Xerxes nearby, B. C. 480.
+
+_Salem._ Seaport of Massachusetts, of historical interest.
+
+_Salerno._ Ancient name: Salernum. City of Italy, capital of the
+province of Salerno, and located on the gulf of the same name.
+Important in the middle ages.
+
+_Salonica_ or _Saloniki_. Province of Greece and its capital. Center of
+operation of the Allied Macedonian forces in the Great War.
+
+_Salt Lake City._ Capital of Utah, center of Mormon Church.
+
+_Salvador._ Republic of Central America.
+
+_Samaria._ City of ancient Palestine, capital of the kingdom of Israel,
+which became the Roman province of Samaria. The modern Samaritans
+belong to a small tribe called “Sons of Israel.”
+
+_Samarkand._ City of Turkestan, Soviet Republics. According to
+tradition, founded between 3000 and 4000 B. C. Called Maracanda by
+the ancients. Was for a time a Mohammedan sacred city. Also spelled:
+Samarcand.
+
+_Samnium._ Country of ancient Italy. The Samnites were, after hard
+resistance, conquered and enslaved by the Romans.
+
+_Samos._ Greek island in the Aegean Sea. The ancient Samians founded
+many colonies. The capital, of the same name, was once a splendid city.
+
+_Samothrace._ Modern Greek: Samothraki. Small island in the Aegean Sea,
+anciently celebrated for its religious mysteries.
+
+_San Francisco._ City and port of California, first settled by the
+Spanish. The celebrated earthquake occurred in 1906.
+
+_San Marino._ Tiny independent state surrounded by Italian territory,
+and its capital.
+
+_Santo Domingo._ See Dominican Republic.
+
+_Santos._ City of Brazil from which much coffee is shipped.
+
+_Sarajevo._ Capital of Bosnia, Jugo-Slavia. Here took place the murder
+of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, the direct cause of the World
+War.
+
+_Saratov._ Province of Russia and its capital.
+
+_Sardinia._ Italian: Sardegna. Large island in the Mediterranean, part
+of Italy. It was the king of Sardinia (who had possessions also on the
+mainland) that became the first monarch of the kingdom of Italy.
+
+_Sardis._ Ancient city of Asia Minor, capital of the Lydian Empire and
+then of the province of Lydia.
+
+_Sarmatia._ Ancient name given to a district including eastern Poland
+and the southern part of European Russia. In modern poetic and
+rhetorical use, Poland.
+
+_Savoy._ French: Savoie. Duchy ceded to France by Sardinia.
+
+_Scamander._ River of the Trojan territory, frequently mentioned by
+Homer. The modern name of the Scamander, as of the old Maeander, is now
+Menderez.
+
+_Scandinavia._ Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, with Iceland usually
+included. Finland is not, strictly speaking, a Scandinavian country,
+but it has shown an inclination to ally itself firmly with them. The
+Scandinavian Peninsula is divided between Norway and Sweden.
+
+_Schleswig._ Province of Germany and its capital. Part of Schleswig is
+to be Danish. See also Schleswig-Holstein.
+
+_Schleswig-Holstein._ Former Prussian province, taken from the control
+of the king of Denmark by Bismarck. The two duchies, and especially
+Holstein, were considered to be part of Germany, and the attempt to
+make them Danish soil was resented by Prussia and Austria.
+
+_Scio._ Island of the Aegean Sea. As the ancient Chios, it was
+celebrated for wine and marble.
+
+_Scotia._ Latinization of Scotland. The Romans called the northern part
+of Britain Caledonia.
+
+_Scotland._ The northern part of Great Britain; long an independent
+kingdom, then united under one sovereign with England, finally merged
+with it.
+
+_Scythia._ Ancient name for southeastern Europe, also for northern
+Asia. Both these regions are largely within the present Soviet
+Republics.
+
+_Seattle._ City and port of entry of Washington.
+
+_Sedan._ City of Ardennes Department, France. Here Napoleon III
+surrendered with his army in the Franco-Prussian War. Damaged in the
+World War.
+
+_Seine._ River of France.
+
+_Seleucia._ Name of several cities in Asia built by Seleucis I, King
+of Syria. One was near modern Bagdad, a second near Antioch, and there
+were at least four more.
+
+_Senlac._ Low hill near Hastings, England, where William the Conqueror
+defeated King Harald of England. Harald was slain in this Battle of
+Senlac or Hastings, 1066, and Norman William became king of England.
+
+_Serbia_ or _Servia_. Serbian: Srbija. Former Balkan kingdom, out of
+which Jugo-Slavia has grown.
+
+_Sestus._ Ancient town in Thrace, celebrated for the love affair of
+Hero and Leander and for the bridge of boats Xerxes built here across
+the Hellespont (Dardanelles).
+
+_Sevastopol._ Port of Crimea, Russia, besieged in Crimean War. Also
+spelled: Sebastopol.
+
+_Seville._ Spanish: Sevilla. Province of Spain and its capital, which
+is on the Guadalquivir. The Hispalis of the Romans, important under
+Moorish rule.
+
+_Shanghai._ City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty port, with large foreign
+settlement.
+
+_Shantung._ Province of China, formerly dominated by Germany, now by
+Japan.
+
+_Shaohingfu._ City of Chekiang, China.
+
+_Sheba_ or _Saba_. Old Arabian country whose queen visited Solomon at
+Jerusalem.
+
+_Shechem_ or _Sichem_ or _Sychem_ or _Sychar_. City of ancient
+Palestine, for a time the capital of Israel. The city was destroyed,
+and Vespasian built the city of Neapolis on its site.
+
+_Sheffield._ City of Yorkshire, England. Has been celebrated for its
+cutlery for many centuries.
+
+_Siam._ Monarchy of Asia, occupying the western part of Indo-China.
+
+_Siangtan._ City of Hunan, China.
+
+_Siberia._ Northern Russia in Asia. It is part of the Russian Socialist
+Soviet Republic; i. e., Russia proper.
+
+_Sicily._ Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea. Italian and Latin:
+Sicilia. Greek and Carthaginian cities here were rivals for a time,
+until the Romans conquered the whole island. With the kingdom of
+Naples, made up the monarchy of the Two Sicilies.
+
+_Sicyonia._ District of northeastern Peloponnesus in ancient Greece.
+Its chief city, Sicyon, was an artistic center.
+
+_Sidon._ Modern: Saida. Chief city of ancient Phoenicia.
+
+_Siena._ Province of Italy and its capital, which has an old university
+and which was once an artistic center.
+
+_Sinai._ Arabian peninsula and desert, also mountain where Jehovah,
+according to tradition, gave Moses the Ten Commandments.
+
+_Singan_ or _Singanfoo_ or _Sianfu_. City of Shenshi, China, capital of
+the province and formerly of the country. Of considerable commercial
+importance, and has a population of about a million.
+
+_Singapore._ British dependency of Straits Settlements and its capital,
+seaport and commercial center.
+
+_Slavonia._ Former Hungarian crownland, now in Jugo-Slavia.
+
+_Smyrna._ Seaport of Asia Minor, Turkey. Temporarily a Greek
+protectorate after World War.
+
+_Sofia._ Bulgarian: Sredetz. Capital of Bulgaria.
+
+_Soissons._ City of Aisne Department, France, around which there was
+much fighting during the World War.
+
+_South Africa, Union of._ Autonomous British colony including Cape of
+Good Hope, Transvaal, Natal, and Orange Free State.
+
+_Southampton._ Seaport of Hampshire, England, where many transatlantic
+passengers are landed.
+
+_Spain._ Spanish: España. European kingdom, sharing the Iberian
+Peninsula with Portugal.
+
+_Springfield._ Name of a number of cities in U.S., as the capital of
+Illinois, manufacturing center in Massachusetts, and places of more or
+less importance in Missouri, Ohio, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Oregon,
+South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, and Vermont.
+
+_Stamboul._ Name given, especially by the French, to Constantinople.
+
+_Stockholm._ Province of Sweden and its capital, also the capital of
+the kingdom. Seaport.
+
+_Strassburg._ City of Alsace, France. Founded by the Romans, who called
+it Argentoratum.
+
+_Stratford-on-Avon._ Municipal borough of Warwickshire, England. Here
+William Shakespeare was born.
+
+_Stuttgart._ Capital of Württemberg, Germany. Founded in the thirteenth
+century.
+
+_Suchau_ or _Soochow_. City of Kiangsu, China. Treaty port.
+
+_Suez._ City of Egypt, southern (Red Sea) terminus of Suez Canal, which
+goes north to the Mediterranean.
+
+_Surabaya_ or _Soerabaya_. Dutch: Soerabaja. Dutch province of Java and
+its capital, a seaport.
+
+_Susa_ or (Biblical) _Shusan_. Winter residence of the Persian kings of
+antiquity, in Elam.
+
+_Sweden._ Scandinavian kingdom of Europe. Has been united with Denmark
+and Norway, with the latter of which it shares the Scandinavian
+Peninsula. The last Swedish-Norwegian union lasted from 1814 to 1905.
+
+_Switzerland._ German: Schweiz. French: Suisse. Italian: Svizzera.
+Republic of Europe. The most important of the languages spoken are,
+in the order named, German, French, Italian, and Romansh. S. is a
+confederation of cantons, and the division of governmental powers
+between local divisions and the federal authorities somewhat resembles
+the U. S. system. The Swiss navy is not very important.
+
+_Sybaris._ Ancient Greek town in Lucania. The wealthy inhabitants were
+experts in providing delight to their senses. This colony of southern
+Italy has left to us the word _sybarite_, a luxury-loving and usually
+effeminate person.
+
+_Sydney._ Capital and important commercial center of New South Wales,
+Australia.
+
+_Syracuse._ Italian: Siracusa. City of Sicily, the chief town in
+ancient times. Founded by Dorian Greeks. The Athenians were defeated
+here B. C. 413. Also, city of New York State.
+
+_Syria_ or _Aram_. In the widest sense, the region in western Asia
+bounded by the Mediterranean, the Arabian Desert, the Tigris, and the
+mountains of Armenia, inhabited by Semitic peoples. Also the region
+north of Palestine now under French control.
+
+_Tabriz._ Capital of Persian Azerbaijan. Important commercial center.
+
+_Tagus._ Spanish: Tajo. Portuguese: Tejo. River of Spain and Portugal.
+
+_Tanagra._ Ancient town of Boeotia, Greece. The Athenians were defeated
+nearby, B. C. 457.
+
+_Tananarivo_ or _Antananarivo_. French: Tananarive. Capital of
+Madagascar.
+
+_Tangier._ Seaport of Morocco, where Emperor William II made a speech
+in 1905 which helped to bring about the World War.
+
+_Taranto._ Ancient: Tarentum. City of Lecce, Apulia, Italy. Was the
+leading Greek city in Italy, and under Roman rule it had a reputation
+for luxury.
+
+_Tarshish._ Country mentioned in the Bible, connected with shipping.
+It is not known just where T. was. The Phoenician coast and Italy are
+possibilities.
+
+_Tarsus._ City of Turkey. Was the capital of the Roman province of
+Cilicia. St. Paul was born here.
+
+_Tartary_ or _Tatary_. Country of the Tartars or Tatars. Parts of
+Russia and central and eastern Asia.
+
+_Tasmania._ Island near Australia, part of the Australian Commonwealth.
+
+_Taurus._ Mountain chain of Asia Minor.
+
+_Teheran._ Capital of Persia and important commercial center.
+
+_Tempe._ Valley of ancient Thessaly, the beauty of which is much
+praised by ancient poets.
+
+_Tenedos._ Turkish island in the Aegean Sea. The Greeks retired here,
+in Homer’s story, when they left the iron horse before Troy.
+
+_Teos._ The ancient town in Asia Minor where Anacreon was born.
+
+_Thames._ Celebrated river of England, also rivers in Connecticut and
+Ontario, Canada.
+
+_Thasus._ Greek island in the Aegean Sea, at one time occupied by the
+Phoenicians.
+
+_Thebes_ or _Thebae_. Two cities of antiquity. One was the capital of
+Egypt for a time, and was said to be the oldest city in the world. It
+is the No or No-Ammon of the Bible. The other was the chief city of
+Boeotia, important in Greek legend. It is the modern Thivai.
+
+_Thermopylae._ Pass leading from Thessaly into Locris, Greece. Here
+Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans valiantly fought against the
+armies of Xerxes, B. C. 480. Also called: Pylae.
+
+_Thessalonica_ and _Therma_. Ancient names for Salonica, q. v.
+
+_Thessaly._ Ancient division of Greece. Also: Thessalia.
+
+_Thrace_ or _Thracia_. Ancient country of eastern Europe, part of the
+Macedonian Empire, then a Roman province.
+
+_Tiber._ Latin: Tiberis, Tybris, Tiberinus. Italian: Tevere. River of
+Italy, on which Rome stands.
+
+_Tibet._ Asiatic country dependent on China. Also: Thibet.
+
+_Tierra del Fuego._ Islands at the southern tip of South America,
+separated from mainland by the Strait of Magellan.
+
+_Tiflis._ Province of Asiatic Russia and its capital.
+
+_Tigris._ River of western Asia, joins Euphrates and falls into the
+Persian Gulf.
+
+_Tokio_ or _Tokyo_. Capital and chief city of Japan.
+
+_Toledo._ Province of Spain and its capital, a city of much historical
+importance. Has been capital of Visigoth and Mohammedan kingdoms and of
+the Christian kingdom of Castile. Ecclesiastical center of Spain. The
+swords of T. have been famous. Also, city of Ohio, manufacturing center
+and lake port.
+
+_Toronto._ Capital of Ontario, Canada, located on Lake Ontario.
+
+_Toulon._ French port and naval station on the Mediterranean.
+
+_Toulouse._ Old city of Haute-Garonne, France, capital of the
+department. University.
+
+_Trafalgar._ Spanish cape near which Nelson won a great naval victory
+but was himself slain.
+
+_Transylvania._ District of Hungary transferred to Roumania after the
+World War.
+
+_Trebizond_ or _Tarobosan_. Ancient: Trapezus. Province of Turkey and
+its capital, port on the Black Sea. Has belonged to several different
+empires. There was, during the middle ages, an empire of T. connected
+with the Byzantine Empire.
+
+_Trent._ Italian: Trento. Italian city, taken from Austria after the
+World War.
+
+_Trieste_ or _Triest_. Important Adriatic port, gained by Italy after
+the World War.
+
+_Troy._ Ancient city of Asia Minor where, according to the Homeric
+legend, the Greeks fought to recover Helen, runaway wife of Menelaus.
+The country was called Troas, Troad, or Troja. The city was also known
+as Ilium.
+
+_Troyes._ City of Aube Department, France, of historical importance.
+
+_Tunis._ French protectorate of northern Africa (also called Tunisia)
+and its capital.
+
+_Turin._ Italian: Torino. Province of Italy and its capital, a leading
+silk manufacturing center. Formerly capital of the duchy of Savoy and
+the kingdom of Sardinia.
+
+_Turkestan._ Region of central Asia. Politically, it is in Russia,
+China, and several minor states.
+
+_Turkey._ Formerly: Turkish or Ottoman Empire. Republic of Asia and
+eastern Europe. Much reduced in area and importance by a series of
+wars, including the World War of 1914-1918.
+
+_Tuscany._ Former grand duchy of Italy developed out of the city-state
+of Florence, now a department or province.
+
+_Tusculum._ Ancient town of Latium where Cato the Censor was born and
+Cicero had a villa.
+
+_Tyre._ Ancient seaport of Phoenicia. Modern: Sur.
+
+_Tyrol_ or _Tirol_. Former crownland of Austria, part of which,
+including Trent, is now in Italy. T. is in the Alps.
+
+_Ukraine_ or _Little Russia_. One of the Soviet Republics. Also called:
+Ukrainia. Officially: Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republics.
+
+_United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland._ The combined kingdoms of
+England (including Wales), Scotland, and Ireland. The last, except for
+what is called Northern Ireland, has been taken from the United Kingdom.
+
+_United States of America._ Federal republic of North America. An
+American (or, in the Latin countries, a North American) is a citizen of
+the United States, in ordinary usage.
+
+_Ur of the Chaldees._ Locality in ancient Babylonia from which Abram
+(Abraham) is said to have come.
+
+_Ural._ River and mountains dividing European and Asiatic Russia.
+
+_Urbino._ Former duchy of Italy and its capital, now capital of the
+department of Pesaro e Urbino. No longer of great importance.
+
+_Uruguay._ River and republic of South America.
+
+_Utica._ Important city of ancient Africa, founded by the Phoenicians.
+
+_Utrecht._ Province of the Netherlands and its capital, an
+anciently-founded city.
+
+_Valencia._ Old kingdom, now included in Spain. Province of Spain and
+its capital, a Mediterranean port, which was founded in the second
+century B. C. The Romans called the city Valentia.
+
+_Valparaiso._ Province of Chile and its capital, a fortified seaport.
+
+_Venetia._ District of northern Italy, the territory belonging to
+Venice. Now a province of the kingdom.
+
+_Venezuela._ Republic of northern South America.
+
+_Venice._ Italian: Venezia. City of Italy, near the head of the
+Adriatic. Located on eighty little islands. Of great historical
+importance.
+
+_Verdun._ City of Meuse Department, France, nearly destroyed in the
+World War.
+
+_Verona._ Province of Italy and its capital.
+
+_Versailles._ City of France near Paris, of historic importance.
+
+_Vesuvius._ Volcano of southern Italy.
+
+_Vienna._ German: Wien. Capital of Austria, interesting in many
+ways. Founded by the Romans, has long been important politically and
+commercially, but has declined somewhat since the World War.
+
+_Vilna._ City of Poland, claimed also by the Lithuanians.
+
+_Volga._ River of Russia.
+
+_Wales._ Principality of Great Britain, which is for most purposes
+treated as part of England.
+
+_Warsaw._ Polish: Warszawa. Capital of Poland. Of historical and
+present importance.
+
+_Washington._ City of District of Columbia, capital of U. S. Also,
+state of U. S., on the Pacific.
+
+_Waterloo._ Town of Brabant, Belgium, where Napoleon was defeated in
+1815.
+
+_Weimar._ Capital of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Germany. Important in
+literary history.
+
+_Wessex._ Former kingdom in southern England, of present interest
+chiefly because of the writings of Thomas Hardy.
+
+_West Indies._ The group (or groups) of islands between Florida and
+Venezuela, including the Bahamas, the Antilles, and the Virgin Islands.
+
+_West Point._ Town in the state of New York where the United States
+Military Academy is located.
+
+_White._ Sea of Russia, opening into the Arctic Ocean.
+
+_Wittenberg._ City of Prussian Saxony, Germany, where the Lutheran
+Reformation began.
+
+_Wuchang._ City of Hupeh, China.
+
+_Xanthus._ Ancient name of two rivers, one more familiar as the
+Scamander, q. v. Ancient city of Lycia, Asia Minor.
+
+_Yangtze._ Most important river of China.
+
+_Yellow._ Sea between China and Korea.
+
+_Yokahoma._ Important treaty port and commercial center of Japan.
+
+_York._ City of Yorkshire, England, ecclesiastical center.
+
+_Yorktown._ Town of Virginia where Cornwallis surrendered, practically
+bringing about the end of the Revolutionary War.
+
+_Ypres._ City of West Flanders, Belgium, about which there was much
+heavy fighting during the World War.
+
+_Zama_ or _Zama Regia_. Ancient town of northern Africa where Scipio
+Africanus defeated Hannibal, B. C. 202, bringing the second Punic War
+to an end.
+
+_Zambesi._ River of Africa.
+
+_Zanzibar._ Island on the coast of East Africa a sultanate under
+British control, and its capital, a seaport.
+
+_Zela._ City of Pontus, Asia Minor, in ancient times. Here Julius
+Caesar defeated Pharnaces, then writing to Rome, “Veni: Vidi: Vici.” (I
+came: I saw: I conquered.)
+
+_Zurich._ German: Zürich. Canton of Switzerland and its capital, on the
+Lake of Z. the chief commercial and industrial city of the republic.
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber's Notes:
+
+  Italics are shown thus: _sloping_.
+
+  Variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained.
+
+  Perceived typographical errors have been changed.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 78196 ***