diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67108-0.txt | 1166 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67108-0.zip | bin | 26515 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67108-h.zip | bin | 170137 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67108-h/67108-h.htm | 1553 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67108-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 21960 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/67108-h/images/cover_epub.jpg | bin | 127941 -> 0 bytes |
6 files changed, 0 insertions, 2719 deletions
diff --git a/old/67108-0.txt b/old/67108-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2823d99..0000000 --- a/old/67108-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1166 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hints on the History and Management of -the Honey Bee, by Edward Bevan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee - Being the Substance of Two Lectures Read Before the Members of - the Hereford Literary, Philosophical, and Antiquarian - Institution, in the Winter of 1850-51 - -Author: Edward Bevan - -Release Date: January 5, 2022 [eBook #67108] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from materials kindly provided by The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND -MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE *** - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted by _Italics_. - - - - - HINTS ON THE - - HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT - - OF THE - - HONEY BEE; - - BEING THE SUBSTANCE OF TWO LECTURES - - READ BEFORE THE MEMBERS OF THE HEREFORD LITERARY, PHILOSOPHICAL, AND - ANTIQUARIAN INSTITUTION, IN THE WINTER OF 1850-51, - - - BY - - - EDWARD BEVAN, M.D. - - - HEREFORD: - - PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET. - - MDCCCLI. - - -This Lecture elicited so much approbation as to induce the Author to -have a few copies printed, for the amusement and instruction of those -who may feel an interest in the subject. - - - - - HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT - - OF THE - - HONEY BEE. - -Dr. Bevan (the author of a well-known and admirable manual for -apiarians) took as the theme of his paper the - -HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE. - -The learned gentleman began by saying,--Mr. President. Ladies, and -Gentlemen--You have before you a very old man, but a very young -lecturer; so young that this is the first time in my life that I ever -was induced to address a public assembly. Nor might I have summoned -courage enough to do so now, but for the very powerful appeal which -was made to us all by our worthy President in his inaugural address, -wherein, after the manner of the immortal Nelson, he admonished us -that every member of this Society is expected to do his duty--that is -to say, that individual attainments should be thrown into a common -stock, from which each might draw, and to which each might contribute, -with reciprocal benefit. In obedience to this admonition, and in -furtherance of its laudable object, I now proceed to throw in my mite -of information.--The subject to which I have the honor and the pleasure -to bespeak your attention this evening is the history and management of -that indefatigable Little insect the honey bee. But, it is a subject -on which I hardly know how to address such an assembly, owing to the -various degrees of information which must needs be distributed among -you. Some of you I imagine to have a very limited acquaintance with -bees, for the majority of those with whom I have conversed in other -places respecting them have had their whole knowledge comprised in -being simply aware that they can sting and gather honey. To such of -my auditors, if any such there be, it would seem right that I should -commence with the A B C of the subject, even at the risk of proving -tiresome to those who are more extensively informed; and some there -are here present, I have no doubt, who know as much about the matter -as I do, perhaps more. From such I can only bespeak indulgence. Of all -the various members of the insect race, there is none which so abounds -with useful lessons, or is more fraught with wonder, than the honey -bee From the earliest ages it is found to have occupied the thoughts -and the pens of the philosopher, the poet, and the moralist; and -whether we consider its instincts, or its contributions to our comfort -and convenience, there is scarcely one that can compete with it. In -testimony of the early notice which it attracted, we have the evidence -of Holy Writ, from which it may fairly be inferred that honey must have -been one of man's earliest luxuries; and considering the extent of -Solomon's knowledge of natural history, I find it difficult to believe -that the bee was not one of the creatures which he had in his mind -when writing the 30th chapter of Proverbs, in which he says, "there -are four things that are little upon the earth, but exceeding wise," -viz., ants, _conies_, locusts, and spiders. Unaided by an acquaintance -with the Hebrew language, I had hoped to ascertain from some competent -Hebrew scholar that the word which was translated conies or rabbits -might prove to be an error of some Jewish scribe, and that the word -ought to have been translated bees--that, in fact, Solomon meant to -designate four insects, not three insects and a rabbit; for the rabbit -is not very little, nor a builder of houses in the rocks, neither is -it, so far as I know, celebrated for any especial wisdom, whereas -the bee not only answers to all these conditions, but has ever stood -pre-eminent among insects. The notion which I had formed upon this -subject was still farther strengthened by finding that the word which -had been translated conies in the generally-received version of the -Scriptures was not so rendered in every version of them. This, at any -rate, betokened some degree of uncertainty upon the subject, even among -the translators of Scripture. In this my difficulty I referred to two -eminent Hebrew scholars for enlightenment. They at once decided that, -if the word had been rendered bees, it would have been mis-translated. -Still they could neither of them affirm conies to be the correct -translation. Having thus unsuccessfully endeavoured to vindicate the -wisdom of Solomon, I must leave the matter in the state of uncertainty -in which I found it, still claiming, however, for my favourite -insect that high position which it will, I am sure, be found richly -to deserve, not only as a model of industry, sagacity, and loyalty, -but as affording, under good management, an interesting and rational -amusement to the man of leisure, as well as a source of profit to the -bumble cottager, wherever located, for, so universally accommodating -is the bee in its habits, that under the fostering care of man it has -been found to flourish in every clime to which it has been introduced. -Since the period to which I have just referred, viz., between three and -four thousand years ago, the bee seems never to have ceased to occupy -attention more or less, and through the observations of a succession -of naturalists, which their pens have recorded, books enough have been -written on apiarian matters to form a goodly library in themselves. -I have adverted to the profit which may be derived from a judicious -management of bees: I will relate to you an anecdote in illustration -of it, which I could wish may be generally circulated among our rural -population, not excepting even our rural clergy; for even in this land -of Goshen I fear there are but too many of our working clergy to whom -the anecdote may be well worthy of attention. A good old French bishop, -in paying his annual visit to his clergy, was very much afflicted by -the representations they made of their extreme poverty, which indeed -the appearance of their houses and families corroborated. Whilst he -was deploring the sad state of things which had reduced them to such -a condition, he arrived at the house of a curate who, living amongst -a poorer set of parishioners than any he had yet visited, would, he -feared, be in a still more woful plight than the others. Contrary, -however, to his expectations, he found appearances very much improved. -Everything about the house wore the aspect of comfort and plenty. -The good bishop was amazed. "How is this, my friend," said he, "you -are the first pastor I have met with a cheerful face and a plentiful -board! Have you any income independent of your cure?" "Yes, sir," said -the curate, "I have; my family would starve on the pittance I receive -from the poor people that I instruct. If you will walk with me into -the garden, I will show you the stock that yields me such excellent -interest." On going to the garden, he showed the bishop a long range of -bee-hives. "There," said he, "is the bank from which I draw an annual -dividend, and it is one that never stops payment." His harvest of honey -enabled him to reduce materially his consumption of sugar, and also to -send a considerable quantity to market; of the coarser portions he made -a tolerable substitute for malt liquor, and the sale of his wax nearly -paid his shoe-maker's bill! Ever since this memorable visit, when any -of the clergy complained to the bishop of poverty, he would say to them -"Keep bees! keep bees!" So say I. - -I Shall now proceed to call your attention to the several members -which form the bee community, and to some points in their wonderful -economy. Every family of bees, when fully constituted, comprises a -queen, several thousands of labourers, and several hundreds of drones. -It is usual for naturalists, in giving an account of these insects, to -commence with the Queen; but I, though a very loyal subject, shall give -precedence to the labouring population, as constituting by far the most -numerous portion of the family, and as being the most continuously and -actively employed. These are the bees on which Dr. Watts so beautifully -fixed the attention of childhood, as "the little busy bees." They are -emphatically called the working bees, and most properly, for they are -true workers, enjoying nearly the whole of their time in fine weather -in the collection and storing of provisions: much of it is also devoted -to the construction of the waxen cells in which their stores are -deposited and the young bees reared To each of these offices it has -been generally considered that certain bees are duly appointed, and -that thus the business of the hive is, by a regular division of labour, -judiciously carried on. Shakspere seems to have had a glimpse at this -regular mode of proceeding in the bee-hive, for he speaks of bees being -creatures that teach the art of order to a peopled kingdom, of their -having officers of sorts, some of them as building roofs of gold, -while others make boot upon the summer's velvet buds. The whole of his -description is very beautiful, and, so far as I have quoted from him, I -believe correct; the rest is mere poetical fancy. By some it has been -conceived that there is an original difference in the bees, according -to the duties they are destined to fulfil; but it appears more probable -that all are born with equal capabilities, and that whatever difference -may be observable in adult bees arises from causes connected with their -occupations. To these it is that the poets and moralists have applied -the terms, the busy bee, the industrious bee, the provident bee, the -skilful bee; and most truly do they deserve every one of those titles. - -I hope the senior members of this assembly will bear with me while I -address a few words to the younger portion of my auditors. I shall do -so in the form of a letter which I once addressed to a young lady with -a present of honey. I should premise, though, that she was a _very_ -young lady, lest you should conceive that I am about to read to you one -of my old love-letters. It ran thus:-- - - -"My dear young friend,--I dare say you have heard it said that things -are great or small by comparison; this true saying is highly applicable -on the present occasion. To you the accompanying pot of honey may seem -to be a small pittance: to the industrious little insects by whom it -was harvested it would have seemed to be a large treasure. By you, I -dare say, it could be very comfortably disposed of at _half-a-dozen -meals:_ it would serve to maintain a hundred bees for _twice as many -months!_ Think how many flowers a bee must have visited to collect it, -the trouble she must have had in constructing combs to receive it, -how many journeys she must have made to import it, the pains she must -afterwards have taken to secure it from being injured by exposure to -the air, as well as from the depredations of wasps, moths, and other -plunderers. I do not call your attention to these things for the -purpose of enhancing or magnifying my little present in your eyes, -but because they form a few among the many wonders of creation, with -which we are so familiar that we are apt to pass them by without being -duly impressed by them. How few are there, for instance, who, when -partaking of their daily food, ever think of the numerous heads and -hands that have been occupied in producing it, their anxious thoughts -and laborious toils--to use a homely expression, that consider how -the bread comes into the far mouths! But I have said enough, I trust, -to set you a thinking, to call into exercise that best gift of God to -man, his reasoning faculty, and feel confident that you will not be -addressed in vain by your very sincere friend." (Applause.) - - -I have told you that the working bees form the most numerous portion of -the community; indeed for eight months of the year they and the queen -constitute the whole; and in the height of the season every family -numbers from twelve to twenty thousand, or more, but in winter they -become very much diminished, owing to the natural shortness of their -lives, which only extend to from six to eight months. The bees that are -so rapidly bred in spring, as to render swarming or additional room -necessary, finish their career about the commencement of winter: on -those alone that are bred in smaller numbers, in autumn, devolves the -business of the hive till the following spring, in the course of which -they also become defunct. Hence the very great disproportion observable -in the number of all such families at different seasons of the year. - - -I shall now advert to a few of the most interesting parts in the -anatomy of the bee. In common with other insects, it has been divided -into the head, the trunk, and the abdomen, or hinder part. The head is -furnished with two eyes, two antennæ, or horns, as they are sometimes -called, two feelers, and a proboscis, this latter comprising an -intricate apparatus of which I shall speak presently. To the trunk are -attached a double pair of gauze-like wings and six legs, the thighs -of the hinder pair being each furnished with a small cavity fringed -with hair, which serves as a basket for the conveyance of food for the -young, &c. The hinder part contains the bowels, the honey-bag, the -venom-bag, &c., and at its extremity a concealed sting, to which, as -also to the proboscis, I have now to bespeak your attention, on account -of their peculiar structure and uses. The proboscis has attached to it -a very long tongue; it is also provided with several joints; by both -these contrivances it is rendered capable of every variety of motion, -and of probing to the very bottom of most flowers when searching -for honey. And here we may pause to contemplate the very admirable -contrivance by which this long implement, the tongue, which would -otherwise have proved highly incommodious, is preserved from injury. -The joints of which I have spoken enable it to fold itself up when at -rest, and the desired protection is still further accomplished by means -of a double sheath, in which the tongue, when unemployed, is always -enclosed. There is much to excite our admiration in the manner in which -the bees collect whatever they are in need of. Their first occupation -in the earliest days of spring, as soon as breeding commences, is to -collect the fertilising dust of flowers, known by the name of pollen -or farina, and, as soon as they afford it, to procure honey from -them; the latter chiefly for themselves, the former chiefly for their -nurslings. I have often seen them, after rolling upon the anther-dust -of the flowers, which their fine hairs enable them to retain upon -their bodies, return home thus enveloped, having the appearance of -a different kind of bee. This coating of pollen they brash off with -their downy legs, or their companions do it for them, and apply it to -the general purposes of the hive. Their ordinary mode of proceeding is -to collect it into little heaps or pellets, and to transport it upon -their thighs to their companions in the hive. That which is not wanted -for present use is kneaded down with a little honey and stored in the -cells, in which state it is called bee-bread. - -The bees collect also another substance called propolis, of a resinous -nature. This is collected from certain trees, to fasten the combs to -the roof of the hives, to varnish and strengthen the cell-work, and -to stop up the crannies of the hive. This substance is used as soon -as collected, while it is soft, none of it being stored, for its -collectors are well aware that in a short time it would become so hard -as to lose its ductility. - -In the generality of seasons the bees obtain their principal stores of -honey from the flowers of the fields, but they also, in some seasons, -collect it much more abundantly from the leaves of several sorts of -trees, on which it is deposited in the form of honey-dew, a very sweet -substance which, having been sucked from the aforesaid leaves by an -insect called the aphis or tree-louse, passes through its body nearly -unchanged, covers those leaves which are beneath, and thus affords a -delicious repast to bees, butterflies, and other insects. The bees -collect this food by means of the long tongue which I have described -to you, and which acts as a sort of brush, so that bees may be said -rather to lap their food than to suck it. By the repeated action of -this brush-like contrivance, they gradually conduct the sweet juices -into their mouths, from whence they pass into their honey-bag, and when -this is filled, they carry home the cargo, regurgitate it, and deposit -it in those cells which, either by themselves or their companions, -have been previously prepared to receive it. They are then quickly -in the fields again in quest of a fresh supply. Thus, throughout the -spring, summer, and autumn, whenever the weather is favourable, and -even in unfavourable weather, if they are much in want of food or other -materials, to use the language of the poet, the bees are to be seen, - - "Gathering honey from every opening flower." - - -The quantity which they collect in this way is often surprising, -considering how small a portion is imported on each excursion. I have -just stated that, with the exception of those seasons when honey-dews -abound, the principal resources of the bees are the flowers of the -fields, chiefly those of the white clover,--a plant which is found -upon most pasture lands, but none are more luxuriantly clothed with it -than the meadows of this county. Hence the excellent pasturage they -afford for sheep as well as for bees; thus corroborating a very ancient -opinion, that the finest honey is collected in districts which yield -the finest wool and the finest wheat; these productions comprehending -two of the five w's for which Herefordshire has been long so justly -celebrated, viz., wheat, wool, wood, water, and women! How worthy the -latter are of this pre-eminence I have abundant evidence around me! - -Having explained to you the mechanism and functions of the proboscis, -I now proceed to describe those of the sting, which are no less worthy -of admiration for the perfection with which that organ is formed, -and by which it accomplishes its various purposes. It consists of a -couple of darts, enclosed in a sheath; but the darts and sheath are -so very minute that the separate parts are not distinguishable by -the naked eye. That part called the sheath, though appearing to be -a single tube, is divided into several portions, each of which is -capable of being received by the one above it, like the pieces of a -telescope, so that it can be lengthened or shortened at pleasure. The -beauty and utility of this latter part of its organisation will be -still more evident when I come to speak of the Queen. In some other -insects this apparatus serves not only the purpose of a sting, but also -that of a saw or a gimlet, to pierce a passage through wood or other -materials. When the insect stings, the sheath is the first part that -penetrates the skin, but it is instantly followed by the darts, not -simultaneously, but first one and then the other, and with the rapidity -of lightning; by which means, as each dart is provided with a barb, -it can lay firmer hold, and penetrate deeper into the flesh. When at -its full depth, a poisonous liquor, which is always ready prepared at -its root in the venom bag, is forced down the sheath into the wound, -causing that sharp pain, inflammation, and swelling which _usually_ -ensue. I say _usually_ ensue, for in some peculiar habits, as I have -known, in several instances, no apparent inconvenience is produced by -a sting, not even so much as would be caused by the prick of a needle; -owing to the exquisitely superior fineness of the former. I once had -an opportunity of having this confirmed in a remarkable maimer by a -respectable Kentish farmer, who pat it to the test upon one of his -female servants. She was boasting one day of her flesh being poison -proof, and saying she did not mind the sting of a bee or a wasp--not -she, for they never did her any damage, and that she should not mind -letting any one inflict any number of stings upon her at a penny a -piece I Her incredulous master accepted the challenge, and "Verily," -said he, "I took six penny worth of stinging out of her, without -causing her to flinch in the least, or apparently to suffer the very -slightest uneasiness, or any subsequent inconvenience!" This, however, -is an impunity which very few are endowed with, for in general the pain -inflicted by a sting is very severe, not only at the moment, but, where -timely remedies have not been applied, of considerable duration, ending -often in much tumour and inflammation, and in some instances, where the -stings have been numerous, fatal consequences have ensued. Whenever an -attack is made by a bee, the person aimed at should walk quietly away -to the nearest bush or other shelter. If he start or suffer himself to -be ruffled, he is much more likely to be stung; and even if he were -stung, in such a comparatively quiescent state, so much the smaller -would be the injury received, a calm deportment enabling the bee to -withdraw the sting by her own efforts, by clenching the barbs round -its shafts, these forming the only obstacles to its withdrawal. If it -be left behind in the wound, the best treatment is quickly to extract -it with a pair of tweezers, and in any case to apply promptly a little -spirit of hartshorn, or any other alkaline liquor that will penetrate -the wound; the venom inserted, being evidently an acid, is neutralised -by an alkali, and rendered comparatively harmless; but everything -depends upon its prompt application. From what I have stated to be -the most effectual remedy for the sting of a bee, it may be inferred -that those who are stung with impunity are very good tempered, for if -they had any sourness in their composition they would have no such -exemption from suffering when stung! Considering, therefore, how very -important good temper is to connubial felicity, may it not be prudent -for persons prior to betrothment to submit each other to the test of -the bee's sting, when perhaps the amount of good temper possessed might -be ascertained by the extent of the suffering inflicted? Should such a -test be found upon trial to be depended upon, what persevering efforts -would it not infallibly induce in the cultivation of good temper, and -to what an incalculable degree would it contribute to the promotion -of social harmony! And how delightful it would be to find that, in -addition to their well known importance in other respects, we had made -of the hivites a virtuous nation. - -I have now to introduce to your notice another highly-interesting and -important member of the bee community--one that is generally considered -to rank above all the rest, and hence the following couplet has been -applied to her:-- - - "First of the throng, and foremost of the whole - One stands confest the sovereign and the soul." - -She is usually designated by the name of queen; and as she suffers no -rival near her throne, she may be regarded as an absolute queen. She -varies considerably in her appearance from the working bees, still more -so in her functions. She is both larger and longer than the workers; -their relative proportions are very fairly given in the plate upon the -table; from which you will perceive that, though the queen's body is -longer than that of a worker, her wings are about the same length, so -that they Call considerably short of covering her body. Her movements -are more slow and graceful than those of the workers. The under parts -of her body are of a copper colour, so likewise are her thighs, but -they are not furnished with baskets; for she has never occasion for -any, being always waited upon by the workers. The sting of the working -bee is quite strait; that of the queen is somewhat curved; and the tube -which encloses it, besides its utility, as a sheath for the sting, -affords a passage for the eggs which she lays; and, by its telescopic -construction, she is able so to extend it as to deposit her eggs at -the very bottom of the brood cells; and this object is still further -facilitated by the tapering form of her hinder part. These eggs, at -the height of the season, she deposits at the rate of 200 a-day, and -thus becomes the fertile mother of many thousands annually, consisting -of workers, drones, and a few scions of royalty. So fast indeed does -her progeny increase at this season as to render fit necessary that -their numbers should be diminished either by the issue of swarms, or by -affording the family additional room. I have now a few words to offer -on the remaining members of the family of bees,--those which have been -denominated by Shakspere as "the lazy yawning drones." These are the -gentlemen of the hive; and truly do they deserve that name, for they do -no work, and never venture abroad but in fine weather, when they can -enjoy the sunshine and philander with the royal ladies. They are nearly -the same length as the queen, but more bulky, and very clumsily formed, -and they are not armed with a sting. Superficially regarded, it would -seem as if they came into the world merely to consume the produce of -others' industry. They must not be hastily condemned, however, for not -being gifted with the organs necessary either to collect or to convey -food; they ought not to be reproached on that score, and as we know -some of their uses, we may fairly give them credit for others. - - -Having in the former portion of my lecture referred to the very early -period at which the attention of man was drawn to the honey-bee; to the -profit which may be derived from a judicious culture of that valuable -insect; to the various members of which a family of bees consists; -to their very great powers of increase; and to the very curious and -wonderful contrivances exhibited in their anatomical structure; I now -proceed to detail to you one of the most curious and astonishing facts -which their marvellous history affords, viz., the power they possess -of supplying the place of a lost queen. When such a misfortune befals -them, provided there be any eggs in the worker-cells, or even grubs -that are not more than three days old, they immediately break down -three worker-cells, destroy two of the eggs or grubs, as the case may -be, surround the third with the walls of a cell peculiarly appropriate -for raising queens, and by administering to the inmate a particular -food called royal jelly, they are enabled to raise up a bee possessing -every attribute of royalty, which, but for the peculiar diet and the -large royal cradle with which it was supplied, would have turned out -simply a working bee. A knowledge of this power in the bee has long -been familiar to a few foreigners, though for a time discredited in -this country. In consequence of this discovery, apiarians have been -enabled to increase their stocks of bees by means of what has been -called artificial swarming. Should there be no suitable egg or grub -in the hive from which to replace a lost sovereign, so heavily is the -calamity felt, that she is mourned over with so fervent and sincere a -regret that it would seem as if a disaster had befallen them of so dire -a nature as to threaten the dissolution of the community, and, for a -time, no successor that could be presented to them would be acceptable. -Still this exhibition of grief is not of long continuance; for though -within the first twenty-four or thirty hours they are so inconsolable -as not only to reject, but even to sacrifice, any other queen that -might be presented for their acceptance, yet, after the expiration of -the period I have named, their sorrow becomes mitigated, so that, on -being presented with a stranger queen, she is no longer treated as a -stranger, but even cordially received, and joyfully admitted to the -honors of sovereignty. If the family have neither a queen presented to -them, nor eggs, nor grabs of a suitable age, they either pine gradually -away or join some other establishment, transferring their allegiance -to the sovereign thereof, and rewarding their new associates for their -hospitality by an importation of the stores of the deserted hive. -Before I take leave of the all-important lady I have been describing, -I will just refer to the time the eggs which she respectively lays -require for their full development as perfect bees. The egg of the -working bee is hatched in about four days, when it becomes a grub, -in which state it is fed for about five days more, according to the -temperature of the season; when it has increased so as to fill the -cell, it is covered in by its nurses with a waxen lid. It now spins -round itself a silken web, called a cocoon, in which it is occupied -for about thirty-six hours. After this its various members become -gradually developed, till, on the 21st day from the laying of the eggs -it comes forth a winged insect. As respects the embryo queen, in her -case every stage of the progression is shortened, and she is ready to -emerge as a full-grown queen upon the sixteenth day. The progression of -the drone is the slowest, four-and-twenty days being occupied before -he arrives at maturity. In the respective periods of their adult -existence, there is a still greater relative difference than in that -of their embryo state. I have told you already that the length of life -allotted to the working bee does not extend beyond six or eight months; -that of the drone seldom exceeds four months, whilst the queen's life -is usually extended to three or four years. It has been a question to -what distance bees will fly when exploring the fields, and it has been -ascertained that the usual extent of their flight from home is about a -mile and a half; but if within that range they do not find what they -seek for, they have been known to exceed more than double that distance. - -Having now presented you with a sketch of the history and physiology -of the bee itself, I shall proceed to notice that miracle of insect -architectural skill, a honey-comb, without which any lecture on its -artificers would be very incomplete. A honey-comb is universally -allowed to be one of the most striking achievements of insect industry, -and a most admirable specimen of insect architecture. Every comb -in a hive is composed of two ranges of cells backed against each -other, and each cell is constructed with the strictest mathematical -correctness. According as they are designed for the cradles of working -bees or of drones, they vary somewhat in dimensions, but in each size -the strictest uniformity is preserved. For storing honey both sizes -are constructed and used indiscriminately; but for whatever purposes -intended, one or other of those two sizes is invariably adhered to, and -they are so contrived as to make them contain the greatest possible -quantity in the smallest possible space, and with the smallest possible -quantity of materials. Specimens of drone as well as of worker-cells, -full and empty, are upon the table. On observing the full ones, it -will be perceived that every cell is sealed over, so as to prevent the -external air from having access to the honey; and this may serve as -a hint to those who wish to preserve their honey in as pure a state -as possible, that it should from first to last be as little exposed -as possible to the external air. The cells are all of them of an -hexagonal shape, that having been found by some of the profoundest -geometrical scholars to be the one which most perfectly accomplishes -the results which I have specified. What an astonishing coincidence -is this! Several celebrated mathematicians occupy themselves in -solving an intricate problem, and, after the exercise of the highest -ingenuity and the deepest thought, find their conclusions made manifest -in the operations of the bee! Not only are the cells thus curiously -constructed with the strictest regard, to the economy of space and -materials, but so as to afford the utmost available degree of strength -for though the cells are formed in doable rows, back to back, you will -perceive, on examining the specimens before you, that no two cells -are directly opposed to each other, but that every separate cell is -fortified by having the walls of three others running across the bottom -of it, and all three meeting in its centre! Such wonderful specimens -of constructive skill in the bee, as well as in some other members of -the insect race, might well have excited the astonishment of Solomon -and have called forth the apostrophes of David, and have led him to -exclaim, when contemplating them, "Marvellous are thy works, O God! in -wisdom hast thou made them all!" - -I have given you a description of the curiously-constructed cells which -constitute a honey-comb, and have told you what steps the bees take -when they have to supply the loss of a queen. This gave me occasion -to advert to one of the modes in which they prepare a royal cell. In -such an emergency the usual mode of proceeding is departed from, the -royal cradle being built round the egg or grab, and therefore having -its site wherever that egg or grub may happen to be, not, therefore, -upon the edge of a comb; whilst in the regular course of nature the -royal cell is constructed, not where the egg has been laid, but where -it is proposed that it shall be laid, and in that case always upon -the edge of a comb, its dimensions increasing progressively, as the -royal insect increases in size, and requires increased accommodation. -This proceeding always commences a short time previous to the intended -issue of a swarm. The wood-cut on the table will give a tolerable -notion of the relative appearance of every description of cell, and -in every state. At the top of the comb may be seen cells filled with -honey and sealed over with _fattish_ waxen lids (specimens of which are -afforded by the plate of stored honey-comb); somewhat lower down are -cells containing brood in an advanced state, sealed over with convex -lids; lower still are represented open cells, containing grubs in -every state of progression, the whole being encompassed by open cells, -ready to be occupied either with honey or brood, as may be required. -There is also a specimen of a full-sized royal cell upon the table, -in the state which precedes a queen's emergence from it; and likewise -a half-finished cell of the same description. In the formation of the -common cells, you will be struck with the lightness of their structure, -the wax expended upon them being employed with the strictest regard to -economy, not a gram more being used than is barely necessary; whilst -in fashioning the royal cradle, economy of materials would seem to -be the last thing thought of. This has been so well expressed by an -accomplished apiarian friend, the late Dr. Evans, of Shrewsbury, that I -cannot forbear quoting his very words:-- - - "No more with wary thriftiness imprest, - They grace with lavish pomp their royal guest; - Nor heed the wasted wax nor rifted cell, - To bid with fretted round th' imperial palace swell." - -You will perceive that the walls of these regal edifices, instead of -being like those of the other cells, as thin as paper, to compare great -things with small, are as substantial as the walls of a palace, the -very title conferred upon them by Dr. Evans. - -The source from which wax is produced, though it had been imperfectly -glanced at by one or two old apiarians, was not determined -satisfactorily till within the last sixty or seventy years, it having -been almost universally imagined that the substance which the bees -import upon their thighs, viz., farina, formed its chief constituent; -whereas it is now clearly ascertained that farina does not enter at -all into the composition of wax, but that it is imported solely as -food for embryo bees, and that wax is a secretion from between the -scales, on the under parts of the bee's body, from which it is thrown -off in thin layers. The little creatures, when wax is needed, distend -their stomachs with honey and remain in a quiescent state for about -twenty-four hours, within which time the honey becomes changed in its -nature, and oozes out between the scales in thin flakes ready for -use. These the little artists remove with their hind legs, carry them -forward to their mouths, and then mincing them up with a frothy liquor -till the mass becomes glutinous, reduce it to a state which admits of -its being easily moulded into honey-combs or any other form. - -I have now endeavoured to fix your attention upon several of the -wonderful proceedings of the bee--proceedings which are generally -regarded as the result of instinct, though some of them would almost -incline us to award to it the same attribute that has been applied to a -creature of much greater magnitude, and to speak of the half-reasoning -bee as well as of the half-reasoning elephant. Indeed the enlightened -Boyle, when contemplating the various wonders of nature, has declared -his astonishment to have been more excited by the mite than by the -elephant, and that his admiration dwelt not so much upon the clocks -as upon the watches of creation. In support of what I have felt -disposed to designate as a half-reasoning power, many very striking -illustrations might be adduced, shall on this occasion confine myself -to one, in addition to those I have already detailed to you; and I -do so the rather as it occurred to an old friend of mine, who ended -his days in this city. I allude to the Rev. Richd. Walond, one of the -former Treasurers of our Cathedral, and Rector of Weston-under-Penyard. -As he was inspecting one of his bee-boxes one day towards the end of -October, he perceived that a centre comb loaded with honey had become -separated from its attachments, and was leaning against another comb, -so as to prevent the passage of the bees between them. This accident -excited great activity in the colony, but its precise nature could not -be ascertained at the time. At the end of a few days, the weather being -cold, and the bees clustered closely together, Mr. Walond observed -through the window of the box that they had constructed two horizontal -bars between the combs alluded to, and had removed so much of the -honey and wax from the top of each as to allow a free passage to a bee. -In about ten days the bees had effected an uninterrupted thoroughfare; -the detached comb at its upper part had been secured by a strong -barrier, and fastened to the window. This being accomplished, the -horizontal pillars, first constructed, being of no further use, were -demolished. Had such expedients been had recourse to by human beings, -they would have been regarded as affording evidence of a continued -chain of reasoning, for the most intelligent architect could not -have more judiciously propped up a tottering fabric till it could be -effectually secured. - - -Let me now bespeak your attention to the practical management of -bees, and I shall precede my observations, thereon by addressing a few -words to you upon the subject of swarming, though in all probability -it is a proceeding familiar to most of you. I have already stated that -in the winter and the early spring the queen and the working bees -constitute the whole family; but in April and May, in mild weather much -earlier, so great a number of eggs is deposited, chiefly worker-eggs, -but some portion also of drone-eggs, as, when hatched and brought -to maturity, to encumber the hive so much by their numbers and the -overpowering heat they produce, unless additional room be afforded -them, as to cause the emigration of a large portion of the family. In -this case, one division issues from the hive, accompanied by the old -queen, leaving the other division in the parent hive. These latter -transfer their allegiance to a new queen, one or more being always -either ripe or in embryo, some days prior to the swarm's issuing. The -same stock will occasionally throw off several swarms in the season, -each successive swarm being always accompanied by the princess royal -In general all the younger-princesses are kept imprisoned in their -cells, till all further intention to swarm is given up, when those -that are not required the queen regnant is allowed to destroy, which -her jealousy is ever prompting her to do, whether they be required or -not, and which nothing but the sedulous guard kept over them by the -workers could prevent. If two or more of these royal ladies should -happen to be at liberty at the same time, there is always a contest, -which continues till fatal to all but one. A swarm consists of a queen, -several thousands of working bees of all ages, generally also of a few -hundreds of drones. When all things are prepared for their issuing -forth, storing themselves, for instance, with honey sufficient for a -few days' consumption, and, according to the opinion of some apiarians -(myself among the rest), having made choice of a future residence, -there arises great commotion in the hive, and those bees that have, -by previous concert, decided upon emigrating, sally forth through the -entrance of the hive in a rapid and tumultuous manner, and with so -loud a buzz as to be audible at some distance. After hovering rather -diffusely for some minutes in the air, they gradually congregate and -settle round their queen, usually upon a tree or bush, from which, as -soon as they have become tolerably quiet, they are shaken into a hive -held beneath them; the hive is then instantly inverted, and placed on -a table covered with a cloth upon which two sticks have been laid to -prop up the hive sufficiently to allow a free passage for the bees. -The whole is then well sheltered from the sun by green boughs or some -other protection. If the hive prove agreeable to the bees, they soon -recover from the commotion, and as soon as they have become tolerably -quiet, they should be carried to the place where they are intended to -remain permanently, from whence they will soon begin to roam the fields -in search of materials to furnish their new home. It is customary -among the cottagers to make a noise when bees are swarming, generally -by striking a frying-pan smartly with a large key. This they do from -a notion that it will charm the bees down, but the experience of all -intelligent apiarians has proved this to be a useless practice. While -furnishing their hive with combs the great bulk of the bees suspend -themselves from its roof, in a cluster, consisting of a succession of -semicircular festoons, one within the other, and they keep up such a -degree of warmth as to render their waxen materials soft enough to be -easily moulded. To enable themselves to form this cluster, they cling -to each other by their claws, the fore feet of one bee hanging upon the -hind legs of the one above it. This clustering prevents their earliest -proceedings from being witnessed in hives of the usual form. This, -however, is a difficulty which ingenious apiarians have found means to -overcome, by the use of a unicomb or mirror hive, one of which I shall -be well pleased to show any lady or gentleman who may feel inclined -to see the construction of it, and the facilities it affords for -observation. - -I shall now put you in possession of what I conceive to be the -simplest, cheapest, and most profitable mode of managing bees. There -are two prominent systems in use directed to these objects, each based -upon the importance of giving room to the bees, and diminishing thereby -their disposition to swarm. By one of these systems we are directed -to place the hives or boxes side by side (the collateral system); -the other system advocates the piling of the boxes one upon another -(the storifying system), affording in both cases a free communication -between the boxes whenever required. I have tried both systems myself, -and have taken considerable pains to ascertain the success of others, -who have also given both an ample trial. The result has been to give -me a decided opinion in favour of storifying, and indeed many of my -acquaintances, who had originally been induced to adopt the collateral -plan, have wholly abandoned it for that of storifying. Whichever of -these modes he had recourse to, it has been found that the bees have -a regular habit of constructing their combs at uniform distances from -each other; but they have also another habit, when they are untutored, -viz., that of building them irregularly, insomuch that their position -is frequently curvilinear, and sometimes they are even placed at right -angles with each other. This proceeding forms a great impediment to the -manipulation of wax and honey. It is an impediment, however, which the -mere cottager pays little regard to, and blunders through it. But to -the scientific apiarian it is indispensably necessary to avoid these -various incurvations. To accomplish this desirable object, every box -or bee-hive should be furnished with movable wooden bars, upon each -of which, or at any rate upon every other bar, pieces of worker-comb -should be fixed, to serve as a guide to the bees, prior to their -introduction to a swarm. This, you will perceive, has been attended to -in the hive and boxes before you. And it will be found that the bees, -if they have their guide-combs correctly and securely fixed, will -invariably accept them as the foundations of their future structures; -by which means several important objects will be accomplished. In the -first place, the facility of taking the stored honey will be very -much increased. In the next place, if the bees are not wealthy enough -to spare a whole box full of honey, you can without difficulty take -from them what they _can_ spare. And thirdly, if in your apiary there -should be any families _very_ unequal in wealth, provided the boxes and -bars are reciprocally adapted to each other, one or more bars can be -removed from a weak hive and exchanged for the same number of loaded -bars from a strong one, thus giving needful support to one or more -families without injury to any. In the performance of these operations, -the use of a little tobacco smoke is required to paralyse the bees so -far as to prevent them from being intrusive. But I will now endeavour -to illustrate what I have stated to you, by having recourse to the -boxes upon the table. I will suppose a swarm to have been introduced -to one of them, and that the box and bees have been placed where they -are to remain permanently. If your object be to collect pure honey, -and to prevent swarming, as soon as you have ascertained that the -box is about three-parts full of combs, another box should be placed -either under or over the first, and a communication opened between -them; if the season promise well, the family may be supered, if not -nadired. In some remarkable seasons even a third box may be required; -but this will rarely happen during the first year of a family's -establishment. Indeed, during the first year honey should generally be -rather sparingly taken. In future years, with good seasons, from thirty -to forty pounds may be taken from each family; in highly favourable -seasons, in a good locality, much more. - -I have now brought this lecture to a close. My chief difficulty in -the composition of it has arisen from the exuberance of my materials, -which it was not easy to compress into the form of a lecture. You -will, of course, infer, therefore, that much has been left untold, for -which I must beg to refer you to those works which have been written -professedly on the subject. - -So I here take leave of my brief history of the honey-bee--that -wonderful, that useful insect, which, though not possessed of the -advantages with which man is gifted, having neither religion nor reason -for its guide, affords nevertheless an example to man of the most -perfect order, the most unremitting industry, the greatest harmony, and -the most undeviating attention to the welfare of all. (Applause.) - - * * * * * - -HEREFORD: PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET. - - - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND -MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/67108-0.zip b/old/67108-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4246d39..0000000 --- a/old/67108-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67108-h.zip b/old/67108-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 331a1be..0000000 --- a/old/67108-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67108-h/67108-h.htm b/old/67108-h/67108-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index b148bc1..0000000 --- a/old/67108-h/67108-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1553 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee, by Edward Bevan, a Project Gutenberg eBook. - </title> - <link rel="cover" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - -p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1.5em;} - -hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.tb {width: 45%;} -hr.r10 {width: 10%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} -hr.r20 {width: 20%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} - -.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 3.5%; - font-size: small; text-align: right; color: #808080;} /* page numbers */ -.bdt2 {border-top: solid #000 2px;} -.bdb2 {border-bottom: solid #000 2px;} -.bdt {border-top: solid #000 1px;} -.bdb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} -.bdl {border-left: solid #000 1px;} -.bdr {border-right: solid #000 1px;} -.bbox {border: solid #000 2px;} -.row1 {background-color: #fbfbfb;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.center {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 0;} -.center2 {text-align: center; margin: 1.5em 0 0 0;} -.justify {text-align: justify;} -.vsmall {font-size: 0.5em;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.larger {font-size: 1.25em;} -.mlarger {font-size: 1.5em;} -.big {font-size: 2.5em;} -.vbig {font-size: 4em;} -.undrln {text-decoration: underline;} -.gesspert {letter-spacing: 0.125em;} -.ls5 {letter-spacing: .5em;} -.wsnw {white-space: nowrap;} -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdl0 {text-align: left; padding-left:0;} -.tdr0 {text-align: right; padding-right:0;} -.tdl2 {text-align: left; padding-left:2em;} -.tdr2 {text-align: right; padding-right:2em;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} -.ind2em {padding-left: 2em;} -h1, h2, .caption1, .caption2, .caption3, .caption4 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1, .caption1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2, .caption2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption2nb {font-size:1.50em; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption2nc {font-size:1.50em; text-indent:0; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.caption4 {font-size:1.15em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.pmt4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.pmt2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.pmb2 {margin-bottom: 2em;} -.pmb4 {margin-bottom: 4em;} - -/* Images */ - -.fig_center {margin: auto; text-align: center;} - -.fig_left {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_right {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_caption {font-size: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} - -.tb_stars {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 0; - letter-spacing: 1.5em; font-size: 1.25em;} -.hanging {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} -.blockquot {margin-left: 2em;} -.vtop {vertical-align: top;} -.vbot {vertical-align: bottom;} -.dropcap {float: left; padding-right: 0.5em; font-size: 2em;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.trans_notes {background-color: #e6e6fa; color: black; padding:1.5em; - margin-bottom:5em;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} - -/* Poetry */ -.poem {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;} -.poem br {display: none;} -.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} -.poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} -.poem span.i1 {display: block; margin-left: 0.5em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} -.poem span.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 4em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - -sub {font-size: .6em; position: relative; top: 0.2em; right: 0.3em;} -sup {font-size: .6em; position: relative; top: 0.2em; left: 0.3em;} - .poem span.i0 {display: block; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> -<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee, by Edward Bevan</p> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Being the Substance of Two Lectures Read Before the Members of the Hereford Literary, Philosophical, and Antiquarian Institution, in the Winter of 1850-51</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Edward Bevan</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 5, 2022 [eBook #67108]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from materials kindly provided by The Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE ***</div> - - - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 256px;"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="256" height="470" alt="Bevan: History and Management of the Honey Bee" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">- 1 -</a></span></p> - - -<div class="bbox" style="width:35em; margin: 2em auto;"> - -<p class="caption2">HINTS ON THE</p> - -<p class="caption1">HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT</p> - -<p class="caption3">OF THE</p> - -<p class="caption1">HONEY BEE;</p> - -<p class="caption3 pmt2 pmb2">BEING THE SUBSTANCE OF TWO LECTURES</p> - -<p class="caption4">READ BEFORE THE MEMBERS OF THE HEREFORD LITERARY, -PHILOSOPHICAL, AND ANTIQUARIAN INSTITUTION, -IN THE WINTER OF 1850-51,</p> - - -<p class="caption3 pmt4 pmb4">BY</p> - - -<h2 class="pmb4">EDWARD BEVAN, M.D.</h2> - - -<p class="caption3 pmt4">HEREFORD:</p> - -<p class="caption4">PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET.</p> - -<p class="caption4">MDCCCLI.</p> - -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">- 2 -</a><br /> - <a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">- 3 -</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">This Lecture elicited so much approbation as -to induce the Author to have a few copies printed, -for the amusement and instruction of those who -may feel an interest in the subject.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">- 4 -</a><br /> - <a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">- 5 -</a></span></p> - - - - -<h1>HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT<br /> -<br /> -<span class="vsmall">OF THE</span><br /> -<br /> -HONEY BEE.</h1> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dr. Bevan</span> (the author of a well-known and admirable -manual for apiarians) took as the theme of his paper the</p> - -<p class="caption3">HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE.</p> - -<p>The learned gentleman began by saying,—Mr. President. -Ladies, and Gentlemen—You have before you a very old -man, but a very young lecturer; so young that this is the -first time in my life that I ever was induced to address a -public assembly. Nor might I have summoned courage -enough to do so now, but for the very powerful appeal -which was made to us all by our worthy President in his -inaugural address, wherein, after the manner of the immortal -Nelson, he admonished us that every member of -this Society is expected to do his duty—that is to say, that -individual attainments should be thrown into a common -stock, from which each might draw, and to which each -might contribute, with reciprocal benefit. In obedience -to this admonition, and in furtherance of its laudable object, -I now proceed to throw in my mite of information.—The -subject to which I have the honor and the pleasure -to bespeak your attention this evening is the history and -management of that indefatigable Little insect the honey -bee. But, it is a subject on which I hardly know how to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">- 6 -</a></span> -address such an assembly, owing to the various degrees of -information which must needs be distributed among you. -Some of you I imagine to have a very limited acquaintance -with bees, for the majority of those with whom I have conversed -in other places respecting them have had their -whole knowledge comprised in being simply aware that -they can sting and gather honey. To such of my auditors, -if any such there be, it would seem right that I should -commence with the A B C of the subject, even at the risk -of proving tiresome to those who are more extensively informed; -and some there are here present, I have no doubt, -who know as much about the matter as I do, perhaps -more. From such I can only bespeak indulgence. Of all -the various members of the insect race, there is none which -so abounds with useful lessons, or is more fraught with -wonder, than the honey bee From the earliest ages it is -found to have occupied the thoughts and the pens of the -philosopher, the poet, and the moralist; and whether we consider -its instincts, or its contributions to our comfort and -convenience, there is scarcely one that can compete with -it. In testimony of the early notice which it attracted, we -have the evidence of Holy Writ, from which it may fairly -be inferred that honey must have been one of man's earliest -luxuries; and considering the extent of Solomon's -knowledge of natural history, I find it difficult to believe -that the bee was not one of the creatures which he had in -his mind when writing the 30th chapter of Proverbs, in -which he says, "there are four things that are little upon -the earth, but exceeding wise," viz., ants, <i>conies</i>, locusts, -and spiders. Unaided by an acquaintance with the Hebrew -language, I had hoped to ascertain from some competent -Hebrew scholar that the word which was translated -conies or rabbits might prove to be an error of some Jewish -scribe, and that the word ought to have been translated -bees—that, in fact, Solomon meant to designate four insects, -not three insects and a rabbit; for the rabbit is not -very little, nor a builder of houses in the rocks, neither is -it, so far as I know, celebrated for any especial wisdom, -whereas the bee not only answers to all these conditions, -but has ever stood pre-eminent among insects. The notion -which I had formed upon this subject was still farther -strengthened by finding that the word which had been -translated conies in the generally-received version of the -Scriptures was not so rendered in every version of them. -This, at any rate, betokened some degree of uncertainty -upon the subject, even among the translators of Scripture. -In this my difficulty I referred to two eminent Hebrew -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">- 7 -</a></span> -scholars for enlightenment. They at once decided that, if -the word had been rendered bees, it would have been mis-translated. -Still they could neither of them affirm conies -to be the correct translation. Having thus unsuccessfully -endeavoured to vindicate the wisdom of Solomon, I must -leave the matter in the state of uncertainty in which I -found it, still claiming, however, for my favourite insect -that high position which it will, I am sure, be found richly -to deserve, not only as a model of industry, sagacity, and -loyalty, but as affording, under good management, an interesting -and rational amusement to the man of leisure, -as well as a source of profit to the bumble cottager, -wherever located, for, so universally accommodating is the -bee in its habits, that under the fostering care of man it -has been found to flourish in every clime to which it has -been introduced. Since the period to which I have just -referred, viz., between three and four thousand years ago, -the bee seems never to have ceased to occupy attention -more or less, and through the observations of a succession -of naturalists, which their pens have recorded, books -enough have been written on apiarian matters to form a -goodly library in themselves. I have adverted to the profit -which may be derived from a judicious management of -bees: I will relate to you an anecdote in illustration of it, -which I could wish may be generally circulated among our -rural population, not excepting even our rural clergy; for -even in this land of Goshen I fear there are but too many -of our working clergy to whom the anecdote may be well -worthy of attention. A good old French bishop, in paying -his annual visit to his clergy, was very much afflicted by -the representations they made of their extreme poverty, -which indeed the appearance of their houses and families -corroborated. Whilst he was deploring the sad state of -things which had reduced them to such a condition, he -arrived at the house of a curate who, living amongst a -poorer set of parishioners than any he had yet visited, -would, he feared, be in a still more woful plight than the -others. Contrary, however, to his expectations, he found -appearances very much improved. Everything about the -house wore the aspect of comfort and plenty. The good -bishop was amazed. "How is this, my friend," said he, -"you are the first pastor I have met with a cheerful face -and a plentiful board! Have you any income independent -of your cure?" "Yes, sir," said the curate, "I have; my -family would starve on the pittance I receive from the poor -people that I instruct. If you will walk with me into the -garden, I will show you the stock that yields me such excellent -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">- 8 -</a></span> -interest." On going to the garden, he showed the -bishop a long range of bee-hives. "There," said he, "is -the bank from which I draw an annual dividend, and it is -one that never stops payment." His harvest of honey enabled -him to reduce materially his consumption of sugar, -and also to send a considerable quantity to market; of -the coarser portions he made a tolerable substitute for -malt liquor, and the sale of his wax nearly paid his shoe-maker's -bill! Ever since this memorable visit, when any -of the clergy complained to the bishop of poverty, he -would say to them "Keep bees! keep bees!" So say I.</p> - -<p>I Shall now proceed to call your attention to the several -members which form the bee community, and to some -points in their wonderful economy. Every family of bees, -when fully constituted, comprises a queen, several thousands -of labourers, and several hundreds of drones. It is -usual for naturalists, in giving an account of these insects, -to commence with the Queen; but I, though a very loyal -subject, shall give precedence to the labouring population, -as constituting by far the most numerous portion of the -family, and as being the most continuously and actively employed. -These are the bees on which Dr. Watts so beautifully -fixed the attention of childhood, as "the little busy -bees." They are emphatically called the working bees, -and most properly, for they are true workers, enjoying -nearly the whole of their time in fine weather in the collection -and storing of provisions: much of it is also devoted -to the construction of the waxen cells in which -their stores are deposited and the young bees reared To -each of these offices it has been generally considered that -certain bees are duly appointed, and that thus the business -of the hive is, by a regular division of labour, judiciously -carried on. Shakspere seems to have had a glimpse at -this regular mode of proceeding in the bee-hive, for he -speaks of bees being creatures that teach the art of order -to a peopled kingdom, of their having officers of sorts, -some of them as building roofs of gold, while others make -boot upon the summer's velvet buds. The whole of his -description is very beautiful, and, so far as I have quoted -from him, I believe correct; the rest is mere poetical -fancy. By some it has been conceived that there is an -original difference in the bees, according to the duties they -are destined to fulfil; but it appears more probable that -all are born with equal capabilities, and that whatever -difference may be observable in adult bees arises from -causes connected with their occupations. To these it is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">- 9 -</a></span> -that the poets and moralists have applied the terms, the -busy bee, the industrious bee, the provident bee, the skilful -bee; and most truly do they deserve every one of those -titles.</p> - -<p>I hope the senior members of this assembly will bear -with me while I address a few words to the younger portion -of my auditors. I shall do so in the form of a letter -which I once addressed to a young lady with a present of -honey. I should premise, though, that she was a <i>very</i> -young lady, lest you should conceive that I am about to -read to you one of my old love-letters. It ran thus:—</p> - - -<p>"My dear young friend,—I dare say you have heard it -said that things are great or small by comparison; this -true saying is highly applicable on the present occasion. -To you the accompanying pot of honey may seem to be -a small pittance: to the industrious little insects by whom -it was harvested it would have seemed to be a large treasure. -By you, I dare say, it could be very comfortably -disposed of at <i>half-a-dozen meals:</i> it would serve to maintain -a hundred bees for <i>twice as many months!</i> Think how -many flowers a bee must have visited to collect it, the -trouble she must have had in constructing combs to receive -it, how many journeys she must have made to import -it, the pains she must afterwards have taken to secure it -from being injured by exposure to the air, as well as from -the depredations of wasps, moths, and other plunderers. -I do not call your attention to these things for the purpose -of enhancing or magnifying my little present in your eyes, -but because they form a few among the many wonders of -creation, with which we are so familiar that we are apt to -pass them by without being duly impressed by them. -How few are there, for instance, who, when partaking of -their daily food, ever think of the numerous heads and -hands that have been occupied in producing it, their anxious -thoughts and laborious toils—to use a homely expression, -that consider how the bread comes into the far mouths! -But I have said enough, I trust, to set you a thinking, to -call into exercise that best gift of God to man, his reasoning -faculty, and feel confident that you will not be addressed -in vain by your very sincere friend." (Applause.)</p> - - -<p>I have told you that the working bees form the most -numerous portion of the community; indeed for eight -months of the year they and the queen constitute the -whole; and in the height of the season every family numbers -from twelve to twenty thousand, or more, but in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">- 10 -</a></span> -winter they become very much diminished, owing to the -natural shortness of their lives, which only extend to from -six to eight months. The bees that are so rapidly bred in -spring, as to render swarming or additional room necessary, -finish their career about the commencement of winter: -on those alone that are bred in smaller numbers, in -autumn, devolves the business of the hive till the following -spring, in the course of which they also become defunct. -Hence the very great disproportion observable in the number -of all such families at different seasons of the year.</p> - - -<p>I shall now advert to a few of the most interesting parts -in the anatomy of the bee. In common with other insects, -it has been divided into the head, the trunk, and the abdomen, -or hinder part. The head is furnished with two -eyes, two antennæ, or horns, as they are sometimes called, -two feelers, and a proboscis, this latter comprising an intricate -apparatus of which I shall speak presently. To the -trunk are attached a double pair of gauze-like wings and -six legs, the thighs of the hinder pair being each furnished -with a small cavity fringed with hair, which serves as a -basket for the conveyance of food for the young, &c. The -hinder part contains the bowels, the honey-bag, the venom-bag, -&c., and at its extremity a concealed sting, to which, -as also to the proboscis, I have now to bespeak your attention, -on account of their peculiar structure and uses. The -proboscis has attached to it a very long tongue; it is also -provided with several joints; by both these contrivances it -is rendered capable of every variety of motion, and of probing -to the very bottom of most flowers when searching for -honey. And here we may pause to contemplate the very -admirable contrivance by which this long implement, the -tongue, which would otherwise have proved highly incommodious, -is preserved from injury. The joints of which I -have spoken enable it to fold itself up when at rest, and -the desired protection is still further accomplished by -means of a double sheath, in which the tongue, when unemployed, -is always enclosed. There is much to excite -our admiration in the manner in which the bees collect -whatever they are in need of. Their first occupation in -the earliest days of spring, as soon as breeding commences, -is to collect the fertilising dust of flowers, known by the -name of pollen or farina, and, as soon as they afford it, to -procure honey from them; the latter chiefly for themselves, -the former chiefly for their nurslings. I have often -seen them, after rolling upon the anther-dust of the -flowers, which their fine hairs enable them to retain upon -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">- 11 -</a></span> -their bodies, return home thus enveloped, having the appearance -of a different kind of bee. This coating of pollen -they brash off with their downy legs, or their companions -do it for them, and apply it to the general purposes of the -hive. Their ordinary mode of proceeding is to collect it -into little heaps or pellets, and to transport it upon their -thighs to their companions in the hive. That which is not -wanted for present use is kneaded down with a little -honey and stored in the cells, in which state it is called -bee-bread.</p> - -<p>The bees collect also another substance called propolis, -of a resinous nature. This is collected from certain trees, -to fasten the combs to the roof of the hives, to varnish and -strengthen the cell-work, and to stop up the crannies of -the hive. This substance is used as soon as collected, -while it is soft, none of it being stored, for its collectors -are well aware that in a short time it would become so -hard as to lose its ductility.</p> - -<p>In the generality of seasons the bees obtain their principal -stores of honey from the flowers of the fields, but they -also, in some seasons, collect it much more abundantly -from the leaves of several sorts of trees, on which it is deposited -in the form of honey-dew, a very sweet substance -which, having been sucked from the aforesaid leaves by an -insect called the aphis or tree-louse, passes through its -body nearly unchanged, covers those leaves which are beneath, -and thus affords a delicious repast to bees, butterflies, -and other insects. The bees collect this food by -means of the long tongue which I have described to you, -and which acts as a sort of brush, so that bees may be -said rather to lap their food than to suck it. By the repeated -action of this brush-like contrivance, they gradually -conduct the sweet juices into their mouths, from whence -they pass into their honey-bag, and when this is filled, they -carry home the cargo, regurgitate it, and deposit it in -those cells which, either by themselves or their companions, -have been previously prepared to receive it. They are -then quickly in the fields again in quest of a fresh supply. -Thus, throughout the spring, summer, and autumn, whenever -the weather is favourable, and even in unfavourable -weather, if they are much in want of food or other materials, -to use the language of the poet, the bees are to be -seen,</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"Gathering honey from every opening flower."<br /></span> -</div></div> - - -<p>The quantity which they collect in this way is often surprising, -considering how small a portion is imported on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">- 12 -</a></span> -each excursion. I have just stated that, with the exception -of those seasons when honey-dews abound, the principal -resources of the bees are the flowers of the fields, -chiefly those of the white clover,—a plant which is found -upon most pasture lands, but none are more luxuriantly -clothed with it than the meadows of this county. Hence -the excellent pasturage they afford for sheep as well as for -bees; thus corroborating a very ancient opinion, that the -finest honey is collected in districts which yield the finest -wool and the finest wheat; these productions comprehending -two of the five w's for which Herefordshire has been -long so justly celebrated, viz., wheat, wool, wood, water, and -women! How worthy the latter are of this pre-eminence I -have abundant evidence around me!</p> - -<p>Having explained to you the mechanism and functions -of the proboscis, I now proceed to describe those -of the sting, which are no less worthy of admiration -for the perfection with which that organ is formed, -and by which it accomplishes its various purposes. It -consists of a couple of darts, enclosed in a sheath; but -the darts and sheath are so very minute that the separate -parts are not distinguishable by the naked eye. That part -called the sheath, though appearing to be a single tube, is -divided into several portions, each of which is capable of -being received by the one above it, like the pieces of a -telescope, so that it can be lengthened or shortened at -pleasure. The beauty and utility of this latter part of its -organisation will be still more evident when I come to -speak of the Queen. In some other insects this apparatus -serves not only the purpose of a sting, but also that of a -saw or a gimlet, to pierce a passage through wood or other -materials. When the insect stings, the sheath is the first -part that penetrates the skin, but it is instantly followed -by the darts, not simultaneously, but first one and then -the other, and with the rapidity of lightning; by which -means, as each dart is provided with a barb, it can lay -firmer hold, and penetrate deeper into the flesh. When -at its full depth, a poisonous liquor, which is always ready -prepared at its root in the venom bag, is forced down the -sheath into the wound, causing that sharp pain, inflammation, -and swelling which <i>usually</i> ensue. I say <i>usually</i> -ensue, for in some peculiar habits, as I have known, in -several instances, no apparent inconvenience is produced -by a sting, not even so much as would be caused by the -prick of a needle; owing to the exquisitely superior fineness -of the former. I once had an opportunity of having -this confirmed in a remarkable maimer by a respectable -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">- 13 -</a></span> -Kentish farmer, who pat it to the test upon one of his -female servants. She was boasting one day of her flesh -being poison proof, and saying she did not mind the sting -of a bee or a wasp—not she, for they never did her any -damage, and that she should not mind letting any one inflict -any number of stings upon her at a penny a piece I -Her incredulous master accepted the challenge, and -"Verily," said he, "I took six penny worth of stinging out -of her, without causing her to flinch in the least, or apparently -to suffer the very slightest uneasiness, or any subsequent -inconvenience!" This, however, is an impunity -which very few are endowed with, for in general the pain -inflicted by a sting is very severe, not only at the moment, -but, where timely remedies have not been applied, of considerable -duration, ending often in much tumour and inflammation, -and in some instances, where the stings have -been numerous, fatal consequences have ensued. Whenever -an attack is made by a bee, the person aimed at -should walk quietly away to the nearest bush or other -shelter. If he start or suffer himself to be ruffled, he is -much more likely to be stung; and even if he were stung, -in such a comparatively quiescent state, so much the -smaller would be the injury received, a calm deportment -enabling the bee to withdraw the sting by her own efforts, -by clenching the barbs round its shafts, these forming the -only obstacles to its withdrawal. If it be left behind in the -wound, the best treatment is quickly to extract it with a -pair of tweezers, and in any case to apply promptly a little -spirit of hartshorn, or any other alkaline liquor that will -penetrate the wound; the venom inserted, being evidently -an acid, is neutralised by an alkali, and rendered comparatively -harmless; but everything depends upon its prompt -application. From what I have stated to be the most -effectual remedy for the sting of a bee, it may be inferred -that those who are stung with impunity are very good -tempered, for if they had any sourness in their composition -they would have no such exemption from suffering when -stung! Considering, therefore, how very important good -temper is to connubial felicity, may it not be prudent for persons -prior to betrothment to submit each other to the test of -the bee's sting, when perhaps the amount of good temper -possessed might be ascertained by the extent of the suffering -inflicted? Should such a test be found upon trial to be -depended upon, what persevering efforts would it not infallibly -induce in the cultivation of good temper, and to -what an incalculable degree would it contribute to the -promotion of social harmony! And how delightful it -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">- 14 -</a></span> -would be to find that, in addition to their well known importance -in other respects, we had made of the hivites a -virtuous nation.</p> - -<p>I have now to introduce to your notice another highly-interesting -and important member of the bee community—one -that is generally considered to rank above all the rest, -and hence the following couplet has been applied to her:—</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"First of the throng, and foremost of the whole<br /></span> -<span class="i1">One stands confest the sovereign and the soul."<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>She is usually designated by the name of queen; and -as she suffers no rival near her throne, she may be regarded -as an absolute queen. She varies considerably in her appearance -from the working bees, still more so in her functions. -She is both larger and longer than the workers; -their relative proportions are very fairly given in the plate -upon the table; from which you will perceive that, though -the queen's body is longer than that of a worker, her wings -are about the same length, so that they Call considerably -short of covering her body. Her movements are more -slow and graceful than those of the workers. The under -parts of her body are of a copper colour, so likewise are -her thighs, but they are not furnished with baskets; for -she has never occasion for any, being always waited upon -by the workers. The sting of the working bee is quite -strait; that of the queen is somewhat curved; and the -tube which encloses it, besides its utility, as a sheath for -the sting, affords a passage for the eggs which she lays; -and, by its telescopic construction, she is able so to extend -it as to deposit her eggs at the very bottom of the brood -cells; and this object is still further facilitated by the tapering -form of her hinder part. These eggs, at the height of -the season, she deposits at the rate of 200 a-day, and thus -becomes the fertile mother of many thousands annually, -consisting of workers, drones, and a few scions of royalty. -So fast indeed does her progeny increase at this season -as to render fit necessary that their numbers should be diminished -either by the issue of swarms, or by affording -the family additional room. I have now a few words to -offer on the remaining members of the family of bees,—those -which have been denominated by Shakspere as "the -lazy yawning drones." These are the gentlemen of the -hive; and truly do they deserve that name, for they do no -work, and never venture abroad but in fine weather, when -they can enjoy the sunshine and philander with the royal -ladies. They are nearly the same length as the queen, -but more bulky, and very clumsily formed, and they are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">- 15 -</a></span> -not armed with a sting. Superficially regarded, it would -seem as if they came into the world merely to consume -the produce of others' industry. They must not be hastily -condemned, however, for not being gifted with the organs -necessary either to collect or to convey food; they ought -not to be reproached on that score, and as we know some -of their uses, we may fairly give them credit for others.</p> - - -<p>Having in the former portion of my lecture referred -to the very early period at which the attention of man -was drawn to the honey-bee; to the profit which may -be derived from a judicious culture of that valuable insect; -to the various members of which a family of bees -consists; to their very great powers of increase; and -to the very curious and wonderful contrivances exhibited -in their anatomical structure; I now proceed to detail to -you one of the most curious and astonishing facts which -their marvellous history affords, viz., the power they -possess of supplying the place of a lost queen. When -such a misfortune befals them, provided there be any eggs -in the worker-cells, or even grubs that are not more than -three days old, they immediately break down three -worker-cells, destroy two of the eggs or grubs, as the case -may be, surround the third with the walls of a cell peculiarly -appropriate for raising queens, and by administering -to the inmate a particular food called royal jelly, they are -enabled to raise up a bee possessing every attribute of -royalty, which, but for the peculiar diet and the large -royal cradle with which it was supplied, would have turned -out simply a working bee. A knowledge of this power in -the bee has long been familiar to a few foreigners, though -for a time discredited in this country. In consequence of -this discovery, apiarians have been enabled to increase -their stocks of bees by means of what has been called -artificial swarming. Should there be no suitable egg or -grub in the hive from which to replace a lost sovereign, so -heavily is the calamity felt, that she is mourned over with -so fervent and sincere a regret that it would seem as if a -disaster had befallen them of so dire a nature as to threaten -the dissolution of the community, and, for a time, no successor -that could be presented to them would be acceptable. -Still this exhibition of grief is not of long continuance; -for though within the first twenty-four or thirty -hours they are so inconsolable as not only to reject, but -even to sacrifice, any other queen that might be presented -for their acceptance, yet, after the expiration of the period -I have named, their sorrow becomes mitigated, so that, on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">- 16 -</a></span> -being presented with a stranger queen, she is no longer -treated as a stranger, but even cordially received, and joyfully -admitted to the honors of sovereignty. If the family -have neither a queen presented to them, nor eggs, nor -grabs of a suitable age, they either pine gradually away -or join some other establishment, transferring their -allegiance to the sovereign thereof, and rewarding their -new associates for their hospitality by an importation of -the stores of the deserted hive. Before I take leave of the -all-important lady I have been describing, I will just refer -to the time the eggs which she respectively lays require for -their full development as perfect bees. The egg of the -working bee is hatched in about four days, when it becomes -a grub, in which state it is fed for about five days more, -according to the temperature of the season; when it has -increased so as to fill the cell, it is covered in by its nurses -with a waxen lid. It now spins round itself a silken web, -called a cocoon, in which it is occupied for about thirty-six -hours. After this its various members become gradually -developed, till, on the 21st day from the laying of the eggs -it comes forth a winged insect. As respects the embryo -queen, in her case every stage of the progression is shortened, -and she is ready to emerge as a full-grown queen -upon the sixteenth day. The progression of the drone is -the slowest, four-and-twenty days being occupied before -he arrives at maturity. In the respective periods of their -adult existence, there is a still greater relative difference -than in that of their embryo state. I have told you already -that the length of life allotted to the working bee -does not extend beyond six or eight months; that of the -drone seldom exceeds four months, whilst the queen's life -is usually extended to three or four years. It has been a -question to what distance bees will fly when exploring the -fields, and it has been ascertained that the usual extent of -their flight from home is about a mile and a half; but if -within that range they do not find what they seek for, -they have been known to exceed more than double that -distance.</p> - -<p>Having now presented you with a sketch of the history -and physiology of the bee itself, I shall proceed to notice -that miracle of insect architectural skill, a honey-comb, -without which any lecture on its artificers would be very -incomplete. A honey-comb is universally allowed to be -one of the most striking achievements of insect industry, -and a most admirable specimen of insect architecture. -Every comb in a hive is composed of two ranges of cells -backed against each other, and each cell is constructed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">- 17 -</a></span> -with the strictest mathematical correctness. According -as they are designed for the cradles of working bees or of -drones, they vary somewhat in dimensions, but in each -size the strictest uniformity is preserved. For storing -honey both sizes are constructed and used indiscriminately; -but for whatever purposes intended, one or other -of those two sizes is invariably adhered to, and they are -so contrived as to make them contain the greatest possible -quantity in the smallest possible space, and with the -smallest possible quantity of materials. Specimens of -drone as well as of worker-cells, full and empty, are upon -the table. On observing the full ones, it will be perceived -that every cell is sealed over, so as to prevent the external -air from having access to the honey; and this may serve -as a hint to those who wish to preserve their honey in as -pure a state as possible, that it should from first to last be -as little exposed as possible to the external air. The cells -are all of them of an hexagonal shape, that having been -found by some of the profoundest geometrical scholars to -be the one which most perfectly accomplishes the results -which I have specified. What an astonishing coincidence -is this! Several celebrated mathematicians occupy themselves -in solving an intricate problem, and, after the exercise -of the highest ingenuity and the deepest thought, -find their conclusions made manifest in the operations of -the bee! Not only are the cells thus curiously constructed -with the strictest regard, to the economy of space and materials, -but so as to afford the utmost available degree of -strength for though the cells are formed in doable rows, -back to back, you will perceive, on examining the specimens -before you, that no two cells are directly opposed to -each other, but that every separate cell is fortified by having -the walls of three others running across the bottom of -it, and all three meeting in its centre! Such wonderful -specimens of constructive skill in the bee, as well as in -some other members of the insect race, might well have -excited the astonishment of Solomon and have called -forth the apostrophes of David, and have led him to exclaim, -when contemplating them, "Marvellous are thy -works, O God! in wisdom hast thou made them all!"</p> - -<p>I have given you a description of the curiously-constructed -cells which constitute a honey-comb, and have -told you what steps the bees take when they have to supply -the loss of a queen. This gave me occasion to advert -to one of the modes in which they prepare a royal cell. -In such an emergency the usual mode of proceeding is departed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">- 18 -</a></span> -from, the royal cradle being built round the egg or -grab, and therefore having its site wherever that egg or -grub may happen to be, not, therefore, upon the edge of -a comb; whilst in the regular course of nature the royal -cell is constructed, not where the egg has been laid, but -where it is proposed that it shall be laid, and in that case -always upon the edge of a comb, its dimensions increasing -progressively, as the royal insect increases in size, and requires -increased accommodation. This proceeding always -commences a short time previous to the intended issue of -a swarm. The wood-cut on the table will give a tolerable -notion of the relative appearance of every description of -cell, and in every state. At the top of the comb may be -seen cells filled with honey and sealed over with <i>fattish</i> -waxen lids (specimens of which are afforded by the plate -of stored honey-comb); somewhat lower down are cells -containing brood in an advanced state, sealed over with -convex lids; lower still are represented open cells, containing -grubs in every state of progression, the whole being -encompassed by open cells, ready to be occupied either -with honey or brood, as may be required. There is also a -specimen of a full-sized royal cell upon the table, in the -state which precedes a queen's emergence from it; and -likewise a half-finished cell of the same description. In -the formation of the common cells, you will be struck with -the lightness of their structure, the wax expended upon -them being employed with the strictest regard to economy, -not a gram more being used than is barely necessary; -whilst in fashioning the royal cradle, economy of materials -would seem to be the last thing thought of. This has been -so well expressed by an accomplished apiarian friend, the -late Dr. Evans, of Shrewsbury, that I cannot forbear quoting -his very words:—</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">"No more with wary thriftiness imprest,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">They grace with lavish pomp their royal guest;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">Nor heed the wasted wax nor rifted cell,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">To bid with fretted round th' imperial palace swell."<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>You will perceive that the walls of these regal edifices, instead -of being like those of the other cells, as thin as -paper, to compare great things with small, are as substantial -as the walls of a palace, the very title conferred upon -them by Dr. Evans.</p> - -<p>The source from which wax is produced, though it had -been imperfectly glanced at by one or two old apiarians, -was not determined satisfactorily till within the last sixty -or seventy years, it having been almost universally imagined -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">- 19 -</a></span> -that the substance which the bees import upon -their thighs, viz., farina, formed its chief constituent; -whereas it is now clearly ascertained that farina does not -enter at all into the composition of wax, but that it is -imported solely as food for embryo bees, and that wax is a -secretion from between the scales, on the under parts of -the bee's body, from which it is thrown off in thin layers. -The little creatures, when wax is needed, distend their -stomachs with honey and remain in a quiescent state for -about twenty-four hours, within which time the honey becomes -changed in its nature, and oozes out between the -scales in thin flakes ready for use. These the little artists -remove with their hind legs, carry them forward to their -mouths, and then mincing them up with a frothy liquor -till the mass becomes glutinous, reduce it to a state which -admits of its being easily moulded into honey-combs or -any other form.</p> - -<p>I have now endeavoured to fix your attention upon -several of the wonderful proceedings of the bee—proceedings -which are generally regarded as the result of instinct, -though some of them would almost incline us to award to -it the same attribute that has been applied to a creature -of much greater magnitude, and to speak of the half-reasoning -bee as well as of the half-reasoning elephant. -Indeed the enlightened Boyle, when contemplating the -various wonders of nature, has declared his astonishment -to have been more excited by the mite than by the elephant, -and that his admiration dwelt not so much upon the -clocks as upon the watches of creation. In support of -what I have felt disposed to designate as a half-reasoning -power, many very striking illustrations might be adduced, -shall on this occasion confine myself to one, in addition -to those I have already detailed to you; and I do so the -rather as it occurred to an old friend of mine, who ended -his days in this city. I allude to the Rev. Richd. Walond, -one of the former Treasurers of our Cathedral, and Rector -of Weston-under-Penyard. As he was inspecting one of -his bee-boxes one day towards the end of October, he perceived -that a centre comb loaded with honey had become -separated from its attachments, and was leaning against -another comb, so as to prevent the passage of the bees between -them. This accident excited great activity in the -colony, but its precise nature could not be ascertained at -the time. At the end of a few days, the weather being -cold, and the bees clustered closely together, Mr. Walond -observed through the window of the box that they had -constructed two horizontal bars between the combs alluded -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">- 20 -</a></span> -to, and had removed so much of the honey and wax -from the top of each as to allow a free passage to a bee. -In about ten days the bees had effected an uninterrupted -thoroughfare; the detached comb at its upper part had -been secured by a strong barrier, and fastened to the window. -This being accomplished, the horizontal pillars, first -constructed, being of no further use, were demolished. -Had such expedients been had recourse to by human -beings, they would have been regarded as affording evidence -of a continued chain of reasoning, for the most intelligent -architect could not have more judiciously propped -up a tottering fabric till it could be effectually secured.</p> - - -<p>Let me now bespeak your attention to the practical -management of bees, and I shall precede my observations, -thereon by addressing a few words to you upon the subject -of swarming, though in all probability it is a proceeding -familiar to most of you. I have already stated that in the -winter and the early spring the queen and the working -bees constitute the whole family; but in April and May, -in mild weather much earlier, so great a number of eggs -is deposited, chiefly worker-eggs, but some portion also of -drone-eggs, as, when hatched and brought to maturity, to -encumber the hive so much by their numbers and the -overpowering heat they produce, unless additional room -be afforded them, as to cause the emigration of a large -portion of the family. In this case, one division issues -from the hive, accompanied by the old queen, leaving the -other division in the parent hive. These latter transfer -their allegiance to a new queen, one or more being always -either ripe or in embryo, some days prior to the swarm's -issuing. The same stock will occasionally throw off several -swarms in the season, each successive swarm being always -accompanied by the princess royal In general all the -younger-princesses are kept imprisoned in their cells, till -all further intention to swarm is given up, when those that -are not required the queen regnant is allowed to destroy, -which her jealousy is ever prompting her to do, whether -they be required or not, and which nothing but the sedulous -guard kept over them by the workers could prevent. -If two or more of these royal ladies should happen to be -at liberty at the same time, there is always a contest, -which continues till fatal to all but one. A swarm consists -of a queen, several thousands of working bees of all -ages, generally also of a few hundreds of drones. When -all things are prepared for their issuing forth, storing -themselves, for instance, with honey sufficient for a few -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">- 21 -</a></span> -days' consumption, and, according to the opinion of some -apiarians (myself among the rest), having made choice of -a future residence, there arises great commotion in the -hive, and those bees that have, by previous concert, decided -upon emigrating, sally forth through the entrance of -the hive in a rapid and tumultuous manner, and with -so loud a buzz as to be audible at some distance. After -hovering rather diffusely for some minutes in the air, they -gradually congregate and settle round their queen, usually -upon a tree or bush, from which, as soon as they have become -tolerably quiet, they are shaken into a hive held beneath -them; the hive is then instantly inverted, and -placed on a table covered with a cloth upon which two -sticks have been laid to prop up the hive sufficiently to -allow a free passage for the bees. The whole is then well -sheltered from the sun by green boughs or some other protection. -If the hive prove agreeable to the bees, they -soon recover from the commotion, and as soon as they have -become tolerably quiet, they should be carried to the place -where they are intended to remain permanently, from -whence they will soon begin to roam the fields in search of -materials to furnish their new home. It is customary -among the cottagers to make a noise when bees are -swarming, generally by striking a frying-pan smartly with -a large key. This they do from a notion that it will -charm the bees down, but the experience of all intelligent -apiarians has proved this to be a useless practice. While -furnishing their hive with combs the great bulk of the -bees suspend themselves from its roof, in a cluster, consisting -of a succession of semicircular festoons, one within -the other, and they keep up such a degree of warmth as -to render their waxen materials soft enough to be easily -moulded. To enable themselves to form this cluster, they -cling to each other by their claws, the fore feet of one bee -hanging upon the hind legs of the one above it. This -clustering prevents their earliest proceedings from being -witnessed in hives of the usual form. This, however, is a -difficulty which ingenious apiarians have found means to -overcome, by the use of a unicomb or mirror hive, one of -which I shall be well pleased to show any lady or gentleman -who may feel inclined to see the construction of it, -and the facilities it affords for observation.</p> - -<p>I shall now put you in possession of what I conceive to -be the simplest, cheapest, and most profitable mode of -managing bees. There are two prominent systems in use -directed to these objects, each based upon the importance -of giving room to the bees, and diminishing thereby their -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">- 22 -</a></span> -disposition to swarm. By one of these systems we are -directed to place the hives or boxes side by side (the collateral -system); the other system advocates the piling of -the boxes one upon another (the storifying system), affording -in both cases a free communication between the -boxes whenever required. I have tried both systems myself, -and have taken considerable pains to ascertain the -success of others, who have also given both an ample trial. -The result has been to give me a decided opinion in favour -of storifying, and indeed many of my acquaintances, who -had originally been induced to adopt the collateral plan, -have wholly abandoned it for that of storifying. Whichever -of these modes he had recourse to, it has been found -that the bees have a regular habit of constructing their -combs at uniform distances from each other; but they -have also another habit, when they are untutored, viz., -that of building them irregularly, insomuch that their position -is frequently curvilinear, and sometimes they are -even placed at right angles with each other. This proceeding -forms a great impediment to the manipulation of wax -and honey. It is an impediment, however, which the mere -cottager pays little regard to, and blunders through it. -But to the scientific apiarian it is indispensably necessary -to avoid these various incurvations. To accomplish this -desirable object, every box or bee-hive should be furnished -with movable wooden bars, upon each of which, or at any -rate upon every other bar, pieces of worker-comb should -be fixed, to serve as a guide to the bees, prior to their introduction -to a swarm. This, you will perceive, has been -attended to in the hive and boxes before you. And it will -be found that the bees, if they have their guide-combs -correctly and securely fixed, will invariably accept them as -the foundations of their future structures; by which -means several important objects will be accomplished. In -the first place, the facility of taking the stored honey will -be very much increased. In the next place, if the bees -are not wealthy enough to spare a whole box full of honey, -you can without difficulty take from them what they <i>can</i> -spare. And thirdly, if in your apiary there should be -any families <i>very</i> unequal in wealth, provided the boxes -and bars are reciprocally adapted to each other, one or -more bars can be removed from a weak hive and exchanged -for the same number of loaded bars from a strong one, -thus giving needful support to one or more families without -injury to any. In the performance of these operations, -the use of a little tobacco smoke is required to paralyse -the bees so far as to prevent them from being intrusive. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">- 23 -</a></span> -But I will now endeavour to illustrate what I have stated -to you, by having recourse to the boxes upon the table. -I will suppose a swarm to have been introduced to one of -them, and that the box and bees have been placed where -they are to remain permanently. If your object be to collect -pure honey, and to prevent swarming, as soon as you -have ascertained that the box is about three-parts full of -combs, another box should be placed either under or over -the first, and a communication opened between them; if -the season promise well, the family may be supered, if not -nadired. In some remarkable seasons even a third box -may be required; but this will rarely happen during the -first year of a family's establishment. Indeed, during the -first year honey should generally be rather sparingly taken. -In future years, with good seasons, from thirty to forty -pounds may be taken from each family; in highly favourable -seasons, in a good locality, much more.</p> - -<p>I have now brought this lecture to a close. My chief -difficulty in the composition of it has arisen from the -exuberance of my materials, which it was not easy to compress -into the form of a lecture. You will, of course, infer, -therefore, that much has been left untold, for which I -must beg to refer you to those works which have been -written professedly on the subject.</p> - -<p>So I here take leave of my brief history of the honey-bee—that -wonderful, that useful insect, which, though not -possessed of the advantages with which man is gifted, -having neither religion nor reason for its guide, affords -nevertheless an example to man of the most perfect order, -the most unremitting industry, the greatest harmony, and -the most undeviating attention to the welfare of all. (Applause.)</p> - - -<p class="caption4 pmt4 pmb4 bdt">HEREFORD: PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET.</p> - - - - - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/67108-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/67108-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bdc0583..0000000 --- a/old/67108-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/67108-h/images/cover_epub.jpg b/old/67108-h/images/cover_epub.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7b10c97..0000000 --- a/old/67108-h/images/cover_epub.jpg +++ /dev/null |
