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diff --git a/old/67108-0.txt b/old/67108-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 2823d99..0000000 --- a/old/67108-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1166 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hints on the History and Management of -the Honey Bee, by Edward Bevan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee - Being the Substance of Two Lectures Read Before the Members of - the Hereford Literary, Philosophical, and Antiquarian - Institution, in the Winter of 1850-51 - -Author: Edward Bevan - -Release Date: January 5, 2022 [eBook #67108] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from materials kindly provided by The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND -MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE *** - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted by _Italics_. - - - - - HINTS ON THE - - HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT - - OF THE - - HONEY BEE; - - BEING THE SUBSTANCE OF TWO LECTURES - - READ BEFORE THE MEMBERS OF THE HEREFORD LITERARY, PHILOSOPHICAL, AND - ANTIQUARIAN INSTITUTION, IN THE WINTER OF 1850-51, - - - BY - - - EDWARD BEVAN, M.D. - - - HEREFORD: - - PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET. - - MDCCCLI. - - -This Lecture elicited so much approbation as to induce the Author to -have a few copies printed, for the amusement and instruction of those -who may feel an interest in the subject. - - - - - HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT - - OF THE - - HONEY BEE. - -Dr. Bevan (the author of a well-known and admirable manual for -apiarians) took as the theme of his paper the - -HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE. - -The learned gentleman began by saying,--Mr. President. Ladies, and -Gentlemen--You have before you a very old man, but a very young -lecturer; so young that this is the first time in my life that I ever -was induced to address a public assembly. Nor might I have summoned -courage enough to do so now, but for the very powerful appeal which -was made to us all by our worthy President in his inaugural address, -wherein, after the manner of the immortal Nelson, he admonished us -that every member of this Society is expected to do his duty--that is -to say, that individual attainments should be thrown into a common -stock, from which each might draw, and to which each might contribute, -with reciprocal benefit. In obedience to this admonition, and in -furtherance of its laudable object, I now proceed to throw in my mite -of information.--The subject to which I have the honor and the pleasure -to bespeak your attention this evening is the history and management of -that indefatigable Little insect the honey bee. But, it is a subject -on which I hardly know how to address such an assembly, owing to the -various degrees of information which must needs be distributed among -you. Some of you I imagine to have a very limited acquaintance with -bees, for the majority of those with whom I have conversed in other -places respecting them have had their whole knowledge comprised in -being simply aware that they can sting and gather honey. To such of -my auditors, if any such there be, it would seem right that I should -commence with the A B C of the subject, even at the risk of proving -tiresome to those who are more extensively informed; and some there -are here present, I have no doubt, who know as much about the matter -as I do, perhaps more. From such I can only bespeak indulgence. Of all -the various members of the insect race, there is none which so abounds -with useful lessons, or is more fraught with wonder, than the honey -bee From the earliest ages it is found to have occupied the thoughts -and the pens of the philosopher, the poet, and the moralist; and -whether we consider its instincts, or its contributions to our comfort -and convenience, there is scarcely one that can compete with it. In -testimony of the early notice which it attracted, we have the evidence -of Holy Writ, from which it may fairly be inferred that honey must have -been one of man's earliest luxuries; and considering the extent of -Solomon's knowledge of natural history, I find it difficult to believe -that the bee was not one of the creatures which he had in his mind -when writing the 30th chapter of Proverbs, in which he says, "there -are four things that are little upon the earth, but exceeding wise," -viz., ants, _conies_, locusts, and spiders. Unaided by an acquaintance -with the Hebrew language, I had hoped to ascertain from some competent -Hebrew scholar that the word which was translated conies or rabbits -might prove to be an error of some Jewish scribe, and that the word -ought to have been translated bees--that, in fact, Solomon meant to -designate four insects, not three insects and a rabbit; for the rabbit -is not very little, nor a builder of houses in the rocks, neither is -it, so far as I know, celebrated for any especial wisdom, whereas -the bee not only answers to all these conditions, but has ever stood -pre-eminent among insects. The notion which I had formed upon this -subject was still farther strengthened by finding that the word which -had been translated conies in the generally-received version of the -Scriptures was not so rendered in every version of them. This, at any -rate, betokened some degree of uncertainty upon the subject, even among -the translators of Scripture. In this my difficulty I referred to two -eminent Hebrew scholars for enlightenment. They at once decided that, -if the word had been rendered bees, it would have been mis-translated. -Still they could neither of them affirm conies to be the correct -translation. Having thus unsuccessfully endeavoured to vindicate the -wisdom of Solomon, I must leave the matter in the state of uncertainty -in which I found it, still claiming, however, for my favourite -insect that high position which it will, I am sure, be found richly -to deserve, not only as a model of industry, sagacity, and loyalty, -but as affording, under good management, an interesting and rational -amusement to the man of leisure, as well as a source of profit to the -bumble cottager, wherever located, for, so universally accommodating -is the bee in its habits, that under the fostering care of man it has -been found to flourish in every clime to which it has been introduced. -Since the period to which I have just referred, viz., between three and -four thousand years ago, the bee seems never to have ceased to occupy -attention more or less, and through the observations of a succession -of naturalists, which their pens have recorded, books enough have been -written on apiarian matters to form a goodly library in themselves. -I have adverted to the profit which may be derived from a judicious -management of bees: I will relate to you an anecdote in illustration -of it, which I could wish may be generally circulated among our rural -population, not excepting even our rural clergy; for even in this land -of Goshen I fear there are but too many of our working clergy to whom -the anecdote may be well worthy of attention. A good old French bishop, -in paying his annual visit to his clergy, was very much afflicted by -the representations they made of their extreme poverty, which indeed -the appearance of their houses and families corroborated. Whilst he -was deploring the sad state of things which had reduced them to such -a condition, he arrived at the house of a curate who, living amongst -a poorer set of parishioners than any he had yet visited, would, he -feared, be in a still more woful plight than the others. Contrary, -however, to his expectations, he found appearances very much improved. -Everything about the house wore the aspect of comfort and plenty. -The good bishop was amazed. "How is this, my friend," said he, "you -are the first pastor I have met with a cheerful face and a plentiful -board! Have you any income independent of your cure?" "Yes, sir," said -the curate, "I have; my family would starve on the pittance I receive -from the poor people that I instruct. If you will walk with me into -the garden, I will show you the stock that yields me such excellent -interest." On going to the garden, he showed the bishop a long range of -bee-hives. "There," said he, "is the bank from which I draw an annual -dividend, and it is one that never stops payment." His harvest of honey -enabled him to reduce materially his consumption of sugar, and also to -send a considerable quantity to market; of the coarser portions he made -a tolerable substitute for malt liquor, and the sale of his wax nearly -paid his shoe-maker's bill! Ever since this memorable visit, when any -of the clergy complained to the bishop of poverty, he would say to them -"Keep bees! keep bees!" So say I. - -I Shall now proceed to call your attention to the several members -which form the bee community, and to some points in their wonderful -economy. Every family of bees, when fully constituted, comprises a -queen, several thousands of labourers, and several hundreds of drones. -It is usual for naturalists, in giving an account of these insects, to -commence with the Queen; but I, though a very loyal subject, shall give -precedence to the labouring population, as constituting by far the most -numerous portion of the family, and as being the most continuously and -actively employed. These are the bees on which Dr. Watts so beautifully -fixed the attention of childhood, as "the little busy bees." They are -emphatically called the working bees, and most properly, for they are -true workers, enjoying nearly the whole of their time in fine weather -in the collection and storing of provisions: much of it is also devoted -to the construction of the waxen cells in which their stores are -deposited and the young bees reared To each of these offices it has -been generally considered that certain bees are duly appointed, and -that thus the business of the hive is, by a regular division of labour, -judiciously carried on. Shakspere seems to have had a glimpse at this -regular mode of proceeding in the bee-hive, for he speaks of bees being -creatures that teach the art of order to a peopled kingdom, of their -having officers of sorts, some of them as building roofs of gold, -while others make boot upon the summer's velvet buds. The whole of his -description is very beautiful, and, so far as I have quoted from him, I -believe correct; the rest is mere poetical fancy. By some it has been -conceived that there is an original difference in the bees, according -to the duties they are destined to fulfil; but it appears more probable -that all are born with equal capabilities, and that whatever difference -may be observable in adult bees arises from causes connected with their -occupations. To these it is that the poets and moralists have applied -the terms, the busy bee, the industrious bee, the provident bee, the -skilful bee; and most truly do they deserve every one of those titles. - -I hope the senior members of this assembly will bear with me while I -address a few words to the younger portion of my auditors. I shall do -so in the form of a letter which I once addressed to a young lady with -a present of honey. I should premise, though, that she was a _very_ -young lady, lest you should conceive that I am about to read to you one -of my old love-letters. It ran thus:-- - - -"My dear young friend,--I dare say you have heard it said that things -are great or small by comparison; this true saying is highly applicable -on the present occasion. To you the accompanying pot of honey may seem -to be a small pittance: to the industrious little insects by whom it -was harvested it would have seemed to be a large treasure. By you, I -dare say, it could be very comfortably disposed of at _half-a-dozen -meals:_ it would serve to maintain a hundred bees for _twice as many -months!_ Think how many flowers a bee must have visited to collect it, -the trouble she must have had in constructing combs to receive it, -how many journeys she must have made to import it, the pains she must -afterwards have taken to secure it from being injured by exposure to -the air, as well as from the depredations of wasps, moths, and other -plunderers. I do not call your attention to these things for the -purpose of enhancing or magnifying my little present in your eyes, -but because they form a few among the many wonders of creation, with -which we are so familiar that we are apt to pass them by without being -duly impressed by them. How few are there, for instance, who, when -partaking of their daily food, ever think of the numerous heads and -hands that have been occupied in producing it, their anxious thoughts -and laborious toils--to use a homely expression, that consider how -the bread comes into the far mouths! But I have said enough, I trust, -to set you a thinking, to call into exercise that best gift of God to -man, his reasoning faculty, and feel confident that you will not be -addressed in vain by your very sincere friend." (Applause.) - - -I have told you that the working bees form the most numerous portion of -the community; indeed for eight months of the year they and the queen -constitute the whole; and in the height of the season every family -numbers from twelve to twenty thousand, or more, but in winter they -become very much diminished, owing to the natural shortness of their -lives, which only extend to from six to eight months. The bees that are -so rapidly bred in spring, as to render swarming or additional room -necessary, finish their career about the commencement of winter: on -those alone that are bred in smaller numbers, in autumn, devolves the -business of the hive till the following spring, in the course of which -they also become defunct. Hence the very great disproportion observable -in the number of all such families at different seasons of the year. - - -I shall now advert to a few of the most interesting parts in the -anatomy of the bee. In common with other insects, it has been divided -into the head, the trunk, and the abdomen, or hinder part. The head is -furnished with two eyes, two antennæ, or horns, as they are sometimes -called, two feelers, and a proboscis, this latter comprising an -intricate apparatus of which I shall speak presently. To the trunk are -attached a double pair of gauze-like wings and six legs, the thighs -of the hinder pair being each furnished with a small cavity fringed -with hair, which serves as a basket for the conveyance of food for the -young, &c. The hinder part contains the bowels, the honey-bag, the -venom-bag, &c., and at its extremity a concealed sting, to which, as -also to the proboscis, I have now to bespeak your attention, on account -of their peculiar structure and uses. The proboscis has attached to it -a very long tongue; it is also provided with several joints; by both -these contrivances it is rendered capable of every variety of motion, -and of probing to the very bottom of most flowers when searching -for honey. And here we may pause to contemplate the very admirable -contrivance by which this long implement, the tongue, which would -otherwise have proved highly incommodious, is preserved from injury. -The joints of which I have spoken enable it to fold itself up when at -rest, and the desired protection is still further accomplished by means -of a double sheath, in which the tongue, when unemployed, is always -enclosed. There is much to excite our admiration in the manner in which -the bees collect whatever they are in need of. Their first occupation -in the earliest days of spring, as soon as breeding commences, is to -collect the fertilising dust of flowers, known by the name of pollen -or farina, and, as soon as they afford it, to procure honey from -them; the latter chiefly for themselves, the former chiefly for their -nurslings. I have often seen them, after rolling upon the anther-dust -of the flowers, which their fine hairs enable them to retain upon -their bodies, return home thus enveloped, having the appearance of -a different kind of bee. This coating of pollen they brash off with -their downy legs, or their companions do it for them, and apply it to -the general purposes of the hive. Their ordinary mode of proceeding is -to collect it into little heaps or pellets, and to transport it upon -their thighs to their companions in the hive. That which is not wanted -for present use is kneaded down with a little honey and stored in the -cells, in which state it is called bee-bread. - -The bees collect also another substance called propolis, of a resinous -nature. This is collected from certain trees, to fasten the combs to -the roof of the hives, to varnish and strengthen the cell-work, and -to stop up the crannies of the hive. This substance is used as soon -as collected, while it is soft, none of it being stored, for its -collectors are well aware that in a short time it would become so hard -as to lose its ductility. - -In the generality of seasons the bees obtain their principal stores of -honey from the flowers of the fields, but they also, in some seasons, -collect it much more abundantly from the leaves of several sorts of -trees, on which it is deposited in the form of honey-dew, a very sweet -substance which, having been sucked from the aforesaid leaves by an -insect called the aphis or tree-louse, passes through its body nearly -unchanged, covers those leaves which are beneath, and thus affords a -delicious repast to bees, butterflies, and other insects. The bees -collect this food by means of the long tongue which I have described -to you, and which acts as a sort of brush, so that bees may be said -rather to lap their food than to suck it. By the repeated action of -this brush-like contrivance, they gradually conduct the sweet juices -into their mouths, from whence they pass into their honey-bag, and when -this is filled, they carry home the cargo, regurgitate it, and deposit -it in those cells which, either by themselves or their companions, -have been previously prepared to receive it. They are then quickly -in the fields again in quest of a fresh supply. Thus, throughout the -spring, summer, and autumn, whenever the weather is favourable, and -even in unfavourable weather, if they are much in want of food or other -materials, to use the language of the poet, the bees are to be seen, - - "Gathering honey from every opening flower." - - -The quantity which they collect in this way is often surprising, -considering how small a portion is imported on each excursion. I have -just stated that, with the exception of those seasons when honey-dews -abound, the principal resources of the bees are the flowers of the -fields, chiefly those of the white clover,--a plant which is found -upon most pasture lands, but none are more luxuriantly clothed with it -than the meadows of this county. Hence the excellent pasturage they -afford for sheep as well as for bees; thus corroborating a very ancient -opinion, that the finest honey is collected in districts which yield -the finest wool and the finest wheat; these productions comprehending -two of the five w's for which Herefordshire has been long so justly -celebrated, viz., wheat, wool, wood, water, and women! How worthy the -latter are of this pre-eminence I have abundant evidence around me! - -Having explained to you the mechanism and functions of the proboscis, -I now proceed to describe those of the sting, which are no less worthy -of admiration for the perfection with which that organ is formed, -and by which it accomplishes its various purposes. It consists of a -couple of darts, enclosed in a sheath; but the darts and sheath are -so very minute that the separate parts are not distinguishable by -the naked eye. That part called the sheath, though appearing to be -a single tube, is divided into several portions, each of which is -capable of being received by the one above it, like the pieces of a -telescope, so that it can be lengthened or shortened at pleasure. The -beauty and utility of this latter part of its organisation will be -still more evident when I come to speak of the Queen. In some other -insects this apparatus serves not only the purpose of a sting, but also -that of a saw or a gimlet, to pierce a passage through wood or other -materials. When the insect stings, the sheath is the first part that -penetrates the skin, but it is instantly followed by the darts, not -simultaneously, but first one and then the other, and with the rapidity -of lightning; by which means, as each dart is provided with a barb, -it can lay firmer hold, and penetrate deeper into the flesh. When at -its full depth, a poisonous liquor, which is always ready prepared at -its root in the venom bag, is forced down the sheath into the wound, -causing that sharp pain, inflammation, and swelling which _usually_ -ensue. I say _usually_ ensue, for in some peculiar habits, as I have -known, in several instances, no apparent inconvenience is produced by -a sting, not even so much as would be caused by the prick of a needle; -owing to the exquisitely superior fineness of the former. I once had -an opportunity of having this confirmed in a remarkable maimer by a -respectable Kentish farmer, who pat it to the test upon one of his -female servants. She was boasting one day of her flesh being poison -proof, and saying she did not mind the sting of a bee or a wasp--not -she, for they never did her any damage, and that she should not mind -letting any one inflict any number of stings upon her at a penny a -piece I Her incredulous master accepted the challenge, and "Verily," -said he, "I took six penny worth of stinging out of her, without -causing her to flinch in the least, or apparently to suffer the very -slightest uneasiness, or any subsequent inconvenience!" This, however, -is an impunity which very few are endowed with, for in general the pain -inflicted by a sting is very severe, not only at the moment, but, where -timely remedies have not been applied, of considerable duration, ending -often in much tumour and inflammation, and in some instances, where the -stings have been numerous, fatal consequences have ensued. Whenever an -attack is made by a bee, the person aimed at should walk quietly away -to the nearest bush or other shelter. If he start or suffer himself to -be ruffled, he is much more likely to be stung; and even if he were -stung, in such a comparatively quiescent state, so much the smaller -would be the injury received, a calm deportment enabling the bee to -withdraw the sting by her own efforts, by clenching the barbs round -its shafts, these forming the only obstacles to its withdrawal. If it -be left behind in the wound, the best treatment is quickly to extract -it with a pair of tweezers, and in any case to apply promptly a little -spirit of hartshorn, or any other alkaline liquor that will penetrate -the wound; the venom inserted, being evidently an acid, is neutralised -by an alkali, and rendered comparatively harmless; but everything -depends upon its prompt application. From what I have stated to be -the most effectual remedy for the sting of a bee, it may be inferred -that those who are stung with impunity are very good tempered, for if -they had any sourness in their composition they would have no such -exemption from suffering when stung! Considering, therefore, how very -important good temper is to connubial felicity, may it not be prudent -for persons prior to betrothment to submit each other to the test of -the bee's sting, when perhaps the amount of good temper possessed might -be ascertained by the extent of the suffering inflicted? Should such a -test be found upon trial to be depended upon, what persevering efforts -would it not infallibly induce in the cultivation of good temper, and -to what an incalculable degree would it contribute to the promotion -of social harmony! And how delightful it would be to find that, in -addition to their well known importance in other respects, we had made -of the hivites a virtuous nation. - -I have now to introduce to your notice another highly-interesting and -important member of the bee community--one that is generally considered -to rank above all the rest, and hence the following couplet has been -applied to her:-- - - "First of the throng, and foremost of the whole - One stands confest the sovereign and the soul." - -She is usually designated by the name of queen; and as she suffers no -rival near her throne, she may be regarded as an absolute queen. She -varies considerably in her appearance from the working bees, still more -so in her functions. She is both larger and longer than the workers; -their relative proportions are very fairly given in the plate upon the -table; from which you will perceive that, though the queen's body is -longer than that of a worker, her wings are about the same length, so -that they Call considerably short of covering her body. Her movements -are more slow and graceful than those of the workers. The under parts -of her body are of a copper colour, so likewise are her thighs, but -they are not furnished with baskets; for she has never occasion for -any, being always waited upon by the workers. The sting of the working -bee is quite strait; that of the queen is somewhat curved; and the tube -which encloses it, besides its utility, as a sheath for the sting, -affords a passage for the eggs which she lays; and, by its telescopic -construction, she is able so to extend it as to deposit her eggs at -the very bottom of the brood cells; and this object is still further -facilitated by the tapering form of her hinder part. These eggs, at -the height of the season, she deposits at the rate of 200 a-day, and -thus becomes the fertile mother of many thousands annually, consisting -of workers, drones, and a few scions of royalty. So fast indeed does -her progeny increase at this season as to render fit necessary that -their numbers should be diminished either by the issue of swarms, or by -affording the family additional room. I have now a few words to offer -on the remaining members of the family of bees,--those which have been -denominated by Shakspere as "the lazy yawning drones." These are the -gentlemen of the hive; and truly do they deserve that name, for they do -no work, and never venture abroad but in fine weather, when they can -enjoy the sunshine and philander with the royal ladies. They are nearly -the same length as the queen, but more bulky, and very clumsily formed, -and they are not armed with a sting. Superficially regarded, it would -seem as if they came into the world merely to consume the produce of -others' industry. They must not be hastily condemned, however, for not -being gifted with the organs necessary either to collect or to convey -food; they ought not to be reproached on that score, and as we know -some of their uses, we may fairly give them credit for others. - - -Having in the former portion of my lecture referred to the very early -period at which the attention of man was drawn to the honey-bee; to the -profit which may be derived from a judicious culture of that valuable -insect; to the various members of which a family of bees consists; -to their very great powers of increase; and to the very curious and -wonderful contrivances exhibited in their anatomical structure; I now -proceed to detail to you one of the most curious and astonishing facts -which their marvellous history affords, viz., the power they possess -of supplying the place of a lost queen. When such a misfortune befals -them, provided there be any eggs in the worker-cells, or even grubs -that are not more than three days old, they immediately break down -three worker-cells, destroy two of the eggs or grubs, as the case may -be, surround the third with the walls of a cell peculiarly appropriate -for raising queens, and by administering to the inmate a particular -food called royal jelly, they are enabled to raise up a bee possessing -every attribute of royalty, which, but for the peculiar diet and the -large royal cradle with which it was supplied, would have turned out -simply a working bee. A knowledge of this power in the bee has long -been familiar to a few foreigners, though for a time discredited in -this country. In consequence of this discovery, apiarians have been -enabled to increase their stocks of bees by means of what has been -called artificial swarming. Should there be no suitable egg or grub -in the hive from which to replace a lost sovereign, so heavily is the -calamity felt, that she is mourned over with so fervent and sincere a -regret that it would seem as if a disaster had befallen them of so dire -a nature as to threaten the dissolution of the community, and, for a -time, no successor that could be presented to them would be acceptable. -Still this exhibition of grief is not of long continuance; for though -within the first twenty-four or thirty hours they are so inconsolable -as not only to reject, but even to sacrifice, any other queen that -might be presented for their acceptance, yet, after the expiration of -the period I have named, their sorrow becomes mitigated, so that, on -being presented with a stranger queen, she is no longer treated as a -stranger, but even cordially received, and joyfully admitted to the -honors of sovereignty. If the family have neither a queen presented to -them, nor eggs, nor grabs of a suitable age, they either pine gradually -away or join some other establishment, transferring their allegiance -to the sovereign thereof, and rewarding their new associates for their -hospitality by an importation of the stores of the deserted hive. -Before I take leave of the all-important lady I have been describing, -I will just refer to the time the eggs which she respectively lays -require for their full development as perfect bees. The egg of the -working bee is hatched in about four days, when it becomes a grub, -in which state it is fed for about five days more, according to the -temperature of the season; when it has increased so as to fill the -cell, it is covered in by its nurses with a waxen lid. It now spins -round itself a silken web, called a cocoon, in which it is occupied -for about thirty-six hours. After this its various members become -gradually developed, till, on the 21st day from the laying of the eggs -it comes forth a winged insect. As respects the embryo queen, in her -case every stage of the progression is shortened, and she is ready to -emerge as a full-grown queen upon the sixteenth day. The progression of -the drone is the slowest, four-and-twenty days being occupied before -he arrives at maturity. In the respective periods of their adult -existence, there is a still greater relative difference than in that -of their embryo state. I have told you already that the length of life -allotted to the working bee does not extend beyond six or eight months; -that of the drone seldom exceeds four months, whilst the queen's life -is usually extended to three or four years. It has been a question to -what distance bees will fly when exploring the fields, and it has been -ascertained that the usual extent of their flight from home is about a -mile and a half; but if within that range they do not find what they -seek for, they have been known to exceed more than double that distance. - -Having now presented you with a sketch of the history and physiology -of the bee itself, I shall proceed to notice that miracle of insect -architectural skill, a honey-comb, without which any lecture on its -artificers would be very incomplete. A honey-comb is universally -allowed to be one of the most striking achievements of insect industry, -and a most admirable specimen of insect architecture. Every comb -in a hive is composed of two ranges of cells backed against each -other, and each cell is constructed with the strictest mathematical -correctness. According as they are designed for the cradles of working -bees or of drones, they vary somewhat in dimensions, but in each size -the strictest uniformity is preserved. For storing honey both sizes -are constructed and used indiscriminately; but for whatever purposes -intended, one or other of those two sizes is invariably adhered to, and -they are so contrived as to make them contain the greatest possible -quantity in the smallest possible space, and with the smallest possible -quantity of materials. Specimens of drone as well as of worker-cells, -full and empty, are upon the table. On observing the full ones, it -will be perceived that every cell is sealed over, so as to prevent the -external air from having access to the honey; and this may serve as -a hint to those who wish to preserve their honey in as pure a state -as possible, that it should from first to last be as little exposed -as possible to the external air. The cells are all of them of an -hexagonal shape, that having been found by some of the profoundest -geometrical scholars to be the one which most perfectly accomplishes -the results which I have specified. What an astonishing coincidence -is this! Several celebrated mathematicians occupy themselves in -solving an intricate problem, and, after the exercise of the highest -ingenuity and the deepest thought, find their conclusions made manifest -in the operations of the bee! Not only are the cells thus curiously -constructed with the strictest regard, to the economy of space and -materials, but so as to afford the utmost available degree of strength -for though the cells are formed in doable rows, back to back, you will -perceive, on examining the specimens before you, that no two cells -are directly opposed to each other, but that every separate cell is -fortified by having the walls of three others running across the bottom -of it, and all three meeting in its centre! Such wonderful specimens -of constructive skill in the bee, as well as in some other members of -the insect race, might well have excited the astonishment of Solomon -and have called forth the apostrophes of David, and have led him to -exclaim, when contemplating them, "Marvellous are thy works, O God! in -wisdom hast thou made them all!" - -I have given you a description of the curiously-constructed cells which -constitute a honey-comb, and have told you what steps the bees take -when they have to supply the loss of a queen. This gave me occasion -to advert to one of the modes in which they prepare a royal cell. In -such an emergency the usual mode of proceeding is departed from, the -royal cradle being built round the egg or grab, and therefore having -its site wherever that egg or grub may happen to be, not, therefore, -upon the edge of a comb; whilst in the regular course of nature the -royal cell is constructed, not where the egg has been laid, but where -it is proposed that it shall be laid, and in that case always upon -the edge of a comb, its dimensions increasing progressively, as the -royal insect increases in size, and requires increased accommodation. -This proceeding always commences a short time previous to the intended -issue of a swarm. The wood-cut on the table will give a tolerable -notion of the relative appearance of every description of cell, and -in every state. At the top of the comb may be seen cells filled with -honey and sealed over with _fattish_ waxen lids (specimens of which are -afforded by the plate of stored honey-comb); somewhat lower down are -cells containing brood in an advanced state, sealed over with convex -lids; lower still are represented open cells, containing grubs in -every state of progression, the whole being encompassed by open cells, -ready to be occupied either with honey or brood, as may be required. -There is also a specimen of a full-sized royal cell upon the table, -in the state which precedes a queen's emergence from it; and likewise -a half-finished cell of the same description. In the formation of the -common cells, you will be struck with the lightness of their structure, -the wax expended upon them being employed with the strictest regard to -economy, not a gram more being used than is barely necessary; whilst -in fashioning the royal cradle, economy of materials would seem to -be the last thing thought of. This has been so well expressed by an -accomplished apiarian friend, the late Dr. Evans, of Shrewsbury, that I -cannot forbear quoting his very words:-- - - "No more with wary thriftiness imprest, - They grace with lavish pomp their royal guest; - Nor heed the wasted wax nor rifted cell, - To bid with fretted round th' imperial palace swell." - -You will perceive that the walls of these regal edifices, instead of -being like those of the other cells, as thin as paper, to compare great -things with small, are as substantial as the walls of a palace, the -very title conferred upon them by Dr. Evans. - -The source from which wax is produced, though it had been imperfectly -glanced at by one or two old apiarians, was not determined -satisfactorily till within the last sixty or seventy years, it having -been almost universally imagined that the substance which the bees -import upon their thighs, viz., farina, formed its chief constituent; -whereas it is now clearly ascertained that farina does not enter at -all into the composition of wax, but that it is imported solely as -food for embryo bees, and that wax is a secretion from between the -scales, on the under parts of the bee's body, from which it is thrown -off in thin layers. The little creatures, when wax is needed, distend -their stomachs with honey and remain in a quiescent state for about -twenty-four hours, within which time the honey becomes changed in its -nature, and oozes out between the scales in thin flakes ready for -use. These the little artists remove with their hind legs, carry them -forward to their mouths, and then mincing them up with a frothy liquor -till the mass becomes glutinous, reduce it to a state which admits of -its being easily moulded into honey-combs or any other form. - -I have now endeavoured to fix your attention upon several of the -wonderful proceedings of the bee--proceedings which are generally -regarded as the result of instinct, though some of them would almost -incline us to award to it the same attribute that has been applied to a -creature of much greater magnitude, and to speak of the half-reasoning -bee as well as of the half-reasoning elephant. Indeed the enlightened -Boyle, when contemplating the various wonders of nature, has declared -his astonishment to have been more excited by the mite than by the -elephant, and that his admiration dwelt not so much upon the clocks -as upon the watches of creation. In support of what I have felt -disposed to designate as a half-reasoning power, many very striking -illustrations might be adduced, shall on this occasion confine myself -to one, in addition to those I have already detailed to you; and I -do so the rather as it occurred to an old friend of mine, who ended -his days in this city. I allude to the Rev. Richd. Walond, one of the -former Treasurers of our Cathedral, and Rector of Weston-under-Penyard. -As he was inspecting one of his bee-boxes one day towards the end of -October, he perceived that a centre comb loaded with honey had become -separated from its attachments, and was leaning against another comb, -so as to prevent the passage of the bees between them. This accident -excited great activity in the colony, but its precise nature could not -be ascertained at the time. At the end of a few days, the weather being -cold, and the bees clustered closely together, Mr. Walond observed -through the window of the box that they had constructed two horizontal -bars between the combs alluded to, and had removed so much of the -honey and wax from the top of each as to allow a free passage to a bee. -In about ten days the bees had effected an uninterrupted thoroughfare; -the detached comb at its upper part had been secured by a strong -barrier, and fastened to the window. This being accomplished, the -horizontal pillars, first constructed, being of no further use, were -demolished. Had such expedients been had recourse to by human beings, -they would have been regarded as affording evidence of a continued -chain of reasoning, for the most intelligent architect could not -have more judiciously propped up a tottering fabric till it could be -effectually secured. - - -Let me now bespeak your attention to the practical management of -bees, and I shall precede my observations, thereon by addressing a few -words to you upon the subject of swarming, though in all probability -it is a proceeding familiar to most of you. I have already stated that -in the winter and the early spring the queen and the working bees -constitute the whole family; but in April and May, in mild weather much -earlier, so great a number of eggs is deposited, chiefly worker-eggs, -but some portion also of drone-eggs, as, when hatched and brought -to maturity, to encumber the hive so much by their numbers and the -overpowering heat they produce, unless additional room be afforded -them, as to cause the emigration of a large portion of the family. In -this case, one division issues from the hive, accompanied by the old -queen, leaving the other division in the parent hive. These latter -transfer their allegiance to a new queen, one or more being always -either ripe or in embryo, some days prior to the swarm's issuing. The -same stock will occasionally throw off several swarms in the season, -each successive swarm being always accompanied by the princess royal -In general all the younger-princesses are kept imprisoned in their -cells, till all further intention to swarm is given up, when those -that are not required the queen regnant is allowed to destroy, which -her jealousy is ever prompting her to do, whether they be required or -not, and which nothing but the sedulous guard kept over them by the -workers could prevent. If two or more of these royal ladies should -happen to be at liberty at the same time, there is always a contest, -which continues till fatal to all but one. A swarm consists of a queen, -several thousands of working bees of all ages, generally also of a few -hundreds of drones. When all things are prepared for their issuing -forth, storing themselves, for instance, with honey sufficient for a -few days' consumption, and, according to the opinion of some apiarians -(myself among the rest), having made choice of a future residence, -there arises great commotion in the hive, and those bees that have, -by previous concert, decided upon emigrating, sally forth through the -entrance of the hive in a rapid and tumultuous manner, and with so -loud a buzz as to be audible at some distance. After hovering rather -diffusely for some minutes in the air, they gradually congregate and -settle round their queen, usually upon a tree or bush, from which, as -soon as they have become tolerably quiet, they are shaken into a hive -held beneath them; the hive is then instantly inverted, and placed on -a table covered with a cloth upon which two sticks have been laid to -prop up the hive sufficiently to allow a free passage for the bees. -The whole is then well sheltered from the sun by green boughs or some -other protection. If the hive prove agreeable to the bees, they soon -recover from the commotion, and as soon as they have become tolerably -quiet, they should be carried to the place where they are intended to -remain permanently, from whence they will soon begin to roam the fields -in search of materials to furnish their new home. It is customary -among the cottagers to make a noise when bees are swarming, generally -by striking a frying-pan smartly with a large key. This they do from -a notion that it will charm the bees down, but the experience of all -intelligent apiarians has proved this to be a useless practice. While -furnishing their hive with combs the great bulk of the bees suspend -themselves from its roof, in a cluster, consisting of a succession of -semicircular festoons, one within the other, and they keep up such a -degree of warmth as to render their waxen materials soft enough to be -easily moulded. To enable themselves to form this cluster, they cling -to each other by their claws, the fore feet of one bee hanging upon the -hind legs of the one above it. This clustering prevents their earliest -proceedings from being witnessed in hives of the usual form. This, -however, is a difficulty which ingenious apiarians have found means to -overcome, by the use of a unicomb or mirror hive, one of which I shall -be well pleased to show any lady or gentleman who may feel inclined -to see the construction of it, and the facilities it affords for -observation. - -I shall now put you in possession of what I conceive to be the -simplest, cheapest, and most profitable mode of managing bees. There -are two prominent systems in use directed to these objects, each based -upon the importance of giving room to the bees, and diminishing thereby -their disposition to swarm. By one of these systems we are directed -to place the hives or boxes side by side (the collateral system); -the other system advocates the piling of the boxes one upon another -(the storifying system), affording in both cases a free communication -between the boxes whenever required. I have tried both systems myself, -and have taken considerable pains to ascertain the success of others, -who have also given both an ample trial. The result has been to give -me a decided opinion in favour of storifying, and indeed many of my -acquaintances, who had originally been induced to adopt the collateral -plan, have wholly abandoned it for that of storifying. Whichever of -these modes he had recourse to, it has been found that the bees have -a regular habit of constructing their combs at uniform distances from -each other; but they have also another habit, when they are untutored, -viz., that of building them irregularly, insomuch that their position -is frequently curvilinear, and sometimes they are even placed at right -angles with each other. This proceeding forms a great impediment to the -manipulation of wax and honey. It is an impediment, however, which the -mere cottager pays little regard to, and blunders through it. But to -the scientific apiarian it is indispensably necessary to avoid these -various incurvations. To accomplish this desirable object, every box -or bee-hive should be furnished with movable wooden bars, upon each -of which, or at any rate upon every other bar, pieces of worker-comb -should be fixed, to serve as a guide to the bees, prior to their -introduction to a swarm. This, you will perceive, has been attended to -in the hive and boxes before you. And it will be found that the bees, -if they have their guide-combs correctly and securely fixed, will -invariably accept them as the foundations of their future structures; -by which means several important objects will be accomplished. In the -first place, the facility of taking the stored honey will be very -much increased. In the next place, if the bees are not wealthy enough -to spare a whole box full of honey, you can without difficulty take -from them what they _can_ spare. And thirdly, if in your apiary there -should be any families _very_ unequal in wealth, provided the boxes and -bars are reciprocally adapted to each other, one or more bars can be -removed from a weak hive and exchanged for the same number of loaded -bars from a strong one, thus giving needful support to one or more -families without injury to any. In the performance of these operations, -the use of a little tobacco smoke is required to paralyse the bees so -far as to prevent them from being intrusive. But I will now endeavour -to illustrate what I have stated to you, by having recourse to the -boxes upon the table. I will suppose a swarm to have been introduced -to one of them, and that the box and bees have been placed where they -are to remain permanently. If your object be to collect pure honey, -and to prevent swarming, as soon as you have ascertained that the -box is about three-parts full of combs, another box should be placed -either under or over the first, and a communication opened between -them; if the season promise well, the family may be supered, if not -nadired. In some remarkable seasons even a third box may be required; -but this will rarely happen during the first year of a family's -establishment. Indeed, during the first year honey should generally be -rather sparingly taken. In future years, with good seasons, from thirty -to forty pounds may be taken from each family; in highly favourable -seasons, in a good locality, much more. - -I have now brought this lecture to a close. My chief difficulty in -the composition of it has arisen from the exuberance of my materials, -which it was not easy to compress into the form of a lecture. You -will, of course, infer, therefore, that much has been left untold, for -which I must beg to refer you to those works which have been written -professedly on the subject. - -So I here take leave of my brief history of the honey-bee--that -wonderful, that useful insect, which, though not possessed of the -advantages with which man is gifted, having neither religion nor reason -for its guide, affords nevertheless an example to man of the most -perfect order, the most unremitting industry, the greatest harmony, and -the most undeviating attention to the welfare of all. 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