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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hints on the History and Management of
-the Honey Bee, by Edward Bevan
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee
-       Being the Substance of Two Lectures Read Before the Members of
-       the Hereford Literary, Philosophical, and Antiquarian
-       Institution, in the Winter of 1850-51
-
-Author: Edward Bevan
-
-Release Date: January 5, 2022 [eBook #67108]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from materials kindly provided by The
-             Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND
-MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE ***
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber Note
-
-Text emphasis denoted by _Italics_.
-
-
-
-
-                             HINTS ON THE
-
-                        HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT
-
-                                OF THE
-
-                              HONEY BEE;
-
-                  BEING THE SUBSTANCE OF TWO LECTURES
-
- READ BEFORE THE MEMBERS OF THE HEREFORD LITERARY, PHILOSOPHICAL, AND
-          ANTIQUARIAN INSTITUTION, IN THE WINTER OF 1850-51,
-
-
-                                  BY
-
-
-                          EDWARD BEVAN, M.D.
-
-
-                               HEREFORD:
-
-            PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET.
-
-                               MDCCCLI.
-
-
-This Lecture elicited so much approbation as to induce the Author to
-have a few copies printed, for the amusement and instruction of those
-who may feel an interest in the subject.
-
-
-
-
-                        HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT
-
-                                OF THE
-
-                              HONEY BEE.
-
-Dr. Bevan (the author of a well-known and admirable manual for
-apiarians) took as the theme of his paper the
-
-HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE.
-
-The learned gentleman began by saying,--Mr. President. Ladies, and
-Gentlemen--You have before you a very old man, but a very young
-lecturer; so young that this is the first time in my life that I ever
-was induced to address a public assembly. Nor might I have summoned
-courage enough to do so now, but for the very powerful appeal which
-was made to us all by our worthy President in his inaugural address,
-wherein, after the manner of the immortal Nelson, he admonished us
-that every member of this Society is expected to do his duty--that is
-to say, that individual attainments should be thrown into a common
-stock, from which each might draw, and to which each might contribute,
-with reciprocal benefit. In obedience to this admonition, and in
-furtherance of its laudable object, I now proceed to throw in my mite
-of information.--The subject to which I have the honor and the pleasure
-to bespeak your attention this evening is the history and management of
-that indefatigable Little insect the honey bee. But, it is a subject
-on which I hardly know how to address such an assembly, owing to the
-various degrees of information which must needs be distributed among
-you. Some of you I imagine to have a very limited acquaintance with
-bees, for the majority of those with whom I have conversed in other
-places respecting them have had their whole knowledge comprised in
-being simply aware that they can sting and gather honey. To such of
-my auditors, if any such there be, it would seem right that I should
-commence with the A B C of the subject, even at the risk of proving
-tiresome to those who are more extensively informed; and some there
-are here present, I have no doubt, who know as much about the matter
-as I do, perhaps more. From such I can only bespeak indulgence. Of all
-the various members of the insect race, there is none which so abounds
-with useful lessons, or is more fraught with wonder, than the honey
-bee From the earliest ages it is found to have occupied the thoughts
-and the pens of the philosopher, the poet, and the moralist; and
-whether we consider its instincts, or its contributions to our comfort
-and convenience, there is scarcely one that can compete with it. In
-testimony of the early notice which it attracted, we have the evidence
-of Holy Writ, from which it may fairly be inferred that honey must have
-been one of man's earliest luxuries; and considering the extent of
-Solomon's knowledge of natural history, I find it difficult to believe
-that the bee was not one of the creatures which he had in his mind
-when writing the 30th chapter of Proverbs, in which he says, "there
-are four things that are little upon the earth, but exceeding wise,"
-viz., ants, _conies_, locusts, and spiders. Unaided by an acquaintance
-with the Hebrew language, I had hoped to ascertain from some competent
-Hebrew scholar that the word which was translated conies or rabbits
-might prove to be an error of some Jewish scribe, and that the word
-ought to have been translated bees--that, in fact, Solomon meant to
-designate four insects, not three insects and a rabbit; for the rabbit
-is not very little, nor a builder of houses in the rocks, neither is
-it, so far as I know, celebrated for any especial wisdom, whereas
-the bee not only answers to all these conditions, but has ever stood
-pre-eminent among insects. The notion which I had formed upon this
-subject was still farther strengthened by finding that the word which
-had been translated conies in the generally-received version of the
-Scriptures was not so rendered in every version of them. This, at any
-rate, betokened some degree of uncertainty upon the subject, even among
-the translators of Scripture. In this my difficulty I referred to two
-eminent Hebrew scholars for enlightenment. They at once decided that,
-if the word had been rendered bees, it would have been mis-translated.
-Still they could neither of them affirm conies to be the correct
-translation. Having thus unsuccessfully endeavoured to vindicate the
-wisdom of Solomon, I must leave the matter in the state of uncertainty
-in which I found it, still claiming, however, for my favourite
-insect that high position which it will, I am sure, be found richly
-to deserve, not only as a model of industry, sagacity, and loyalty,
-but as affording, under good management, an interesting and rational
-amusement to the man of leisure, as well as a source of profit to the
-bumble cottager, wherever located, for, so universally accommodating
-is the bee in its habits, that under the fostering care of man it has
-been found to flourish in every clime to which it has been introduced.
-Since the period to which I have just referred, viz., between three and
-four thousand years ago, the bee seems never to have ceased to occupy
-attention more or less, and through the observations of a succession
-of naturalists, which their pens have recorded, books enough have been
-written on apiarian matters to form a goodly library in themselves.
-I have adverted to the profit which may be derived from a judicious
-management of bees: I will relate to you an anecdote in illustration
-of it, which I could wish may be generally circulated among our rural
-population, not excepting even our rural clergy; for even in this land
-of Goshen I fear there are but too many of our working clergy to whom
-the anecdote may be well worthy of attention. A good old French bishop,
-in paying his annual visit to his clergy, was very much afflicted by
-the representations they made of their extreme poverty, which indeed
-the appearance of their houses and families corroborated. Whilst he
-was deploring the sad state of things which had reduced them to such
-a condition, he arrived at the house of a curate who, living amongst
-a poorer set of parishioners than any he had yet visited, would, he
-feared, be in a still more woful plight than the others. Contrary,
-however, to his expectations, he found appearances very much improved.
-Everything about the house wore the aspect of comfort and plenty.
-The good bishop was amazed. "How is this, my friend," said he, "you
-are the first pastor I have met with a cheerful face and a plentiful
-board! Have you any income independent of your cure?" "Yes, sir," said
-the curate, "I have; my family would starve on the pittance I receive
-from the poor people that I instruct. If you will walk with me into
-the garden, I will show you the stock that yields me such excellent
-interest." On going to the garden, he showed the bishop a long range of
-bee-hives. "There," said he, "is the bank from which I draw an annual
-dividend, and it is one that never stops payment." His harvest of honey
-enabled him to reduce materially his consumption of sugar, and also to
-send a considerable quantity to market; of the coarser portions he made
-a tolerable substitute for malt liquor, and the sale of his wax nearly
-paid his shoe-maker's bill! Ever since this memorable visit, when any
-of the clergy complained to the bishop of poverty, he would say to them
-"Keep bees! keep bees!" So say I.
-
-I Shall now proceed to call your attention to the several members
-which form the bee community, and to some points in their wonderful
-economy. Every family of bees, when fully constituted, comprises a
-queen, several thousands of labourers, and several hundreds of drones.
-It is usual for naturalists, in giving an account of these insects, to
-commence with the Queen; but I, though a very loyal subject, shall give
-precedence to the labouring population, as constituting by far the most
-numerous portion of the family, and as being the most continuously and
-actively employed. These are the bees on which Dr. Watts so beautifully
-fixed the attention of childhood, as "the little busy bees." They are
-emphatically called the working bees, and most properly, for they are
-true workers, enjoying nearly the whole of their time in fine weather
-in the collection and storing of provisions: much of it is also devoted
-to the construction of the waxen cells in which their stores are
-deposited and the young bees reared To each of these offices it has
-been generally considered that certain bees are duly appointed, and
-that thus the business of the hive is, by a regular division of labour,
-judiciously carried on. Shakspere seems to have had a glimpse at this
-regular mode of proceeding in the bee-hive, for he speaks of bees being
-creatures that teach the art of order to a peopled kingdom, of their
-having officers of sorts, some of them as building roofs of gold,
-while others make boot upon the summer's velvet buds. The whole of his
-description is very beautiful, and, so far as I have quoted from him, I
-believe correct; the rest is mere poetical fancy. By some it has been
-conceived that there is an original difference in the bees, according
-to the duties they are destined to fulfil; but it appears more probable
-that all are born with equal capabilities, and that whatever difference
-may be observable in adult bees arises from causes connected with their
-occupations. To these it is that the poets and moralists have applied
-the terms, the busy bee, the industrious bee, the provident bee, the
-skilful bee; and most truly do they deserve every one of those titles.
-
-I hope the senior members of this assembly will bear with me while I
-address a few words to the younger portion of my auditors. I shall do
-so in the form of a letter which I once addressed to a young lady with
-a present of honey. I should premise, though, that she was a _very_
-young lady, lest you should conceive that I am about to read to you one
-of my old love-letters. It ran thus:--
-
-
-"My dear young friend,--I dare say you have heard it said that things
-are great or small by comparison; this true saying is highly applicable
-on the present occasion. To you the accompanying pot of honey may seem
-to be a small pittance: to the industrious little insects by whom it
-was harvested it would have seemed to be a large treasure. By you, I
-dare say, it could be very comfortably disposed of at _half-a-dozen
-meals:_ it would serve to maintain a hundred bees for _twice as many
-months!_ Think how many flowers a bee must have visited to collect it,
-the trouble she must have had in constructing combs to receive it,
-how many journeys she must have made to import it, the pains she must
-afterwards have taken to secure it from being injured by exposure to
-the air, as well as from the depredations of wasps, moths, and other
-plunderers. I do not call your attention to these things for the
-purpose of enhancing or magnifying my little present in your eyes,
-but because they form a few among the many wonders of creation, with
-which we are so familiar that we are apt to pass them by without being
-duly impressed by them. How few are there, for instance, who, when
-partaking of their daily food, ever think of the numerous heads and
-hands that have been occupied in producing it, their anxious thoughts
-and laborious toils--to use a homely expression, that consider how
-the bread comes into the far mouths! But I have said enough, I trust,
-to set you a thinking, to call into exercise that best gift of God to
-man, his reasoning faculty, and feel confident that you will not be
-addressed in vain by your very sincere friend." (Applause.)
-
-
-I have told you that the working bees form the most numerous portion of
-the community; indeed for eight months of the year they and the queen
-constitute the whole; and in the height of the season every family
-numbers from twelve to twenty thousand, or more, but in winter they
-become very much diminished, owing to the natural shortness of their
-lives, which only extend to from six to eight months. The bees that are
-so rapidly bred in spring, as to render swarming or additional room
-necessary, finish their career about the commencement of winter: on
-those alone that are bred in smaller numbers, in autumn, devolves the
-business of the hive till the following spring, in the course of which
-they also become defunct. Hence the very great disproportion observable
-in the number of all such families at different seasons of the year.
-
-
-I shall now advert to a few of the most interesting parts in the
-anatomy of the bee. In common with other insects, it has been divided
-into the head, the trunk, and the abdomen, or hinder part. The head is
-furnished with two eyes, two antennæ, or horns, as they are sometimes
-called, two feelers, and a proboscis, this latter comprising an
-intricate apparatus of which I shall speak presently. To the trunk are
-attached a double pair of gauze-like wings and six legs, the thighs
-of the hinder pair being each furnished with a small cavity fringed
-with hair, which serves as a basket for the conveyance of food for the
-young, &c. The hinder part contains the bowels, the honey-bag, the
-venom-bag, &c., and at its extremity a concealed sting, to which, as
-also to the proboscis, I have now to bespeak your attention, on account
-of their peculiar structure and uses. The proboscis has attached to it
-a very long tongue; it is also provided with several joints; by both
-these contrivances it is rendered capable of every variety of motion,
-and of probing to the very bottom of most flowers when searching
-for honey. And here we may pause to contemplate the very admirable
-contrivance by which this long implement, the tongue, which would
-otherwise have proved highly incommodious, is preserved from injury.
-The joints of which I have spoken enable it to fold itself up when at
-rest, and the desired protection is still further accomplished by means
-of a double sheath, in which the tongue, when unemployed, is always
-enclosed. There is much to excite our admiration in the manner in which
-the bees collect whatever they are in need of. Their first occupation
-in the earliest days of spring, as soon as breeding commences, is to
-collect the fertilising dust of flowers, known by the name of pollen
-or farina, and, as soon as they afford it, to procure honey from
-them; the latter chiefly for themselves, the former chiefly for their
-nurslings. I have often seen them, after rolling upon the anther-dust
-of the flowers, which their fine hairs enable them to retain upon
-their bodies, return home thus enveloped, having the appearance of
-a different kind of bee. This coating of pollen they brash off with
-their downy legs, or their companions do it for them, and apply it to
-the general purposes of the hive. Their ordinary mode of proceeding is
-to collect it into little heaps or pellets, and to transport it upon
-their thighs to their companions in the hive. That which is not wanted
-for present use is kneaded down with a little honey and stored in the
-cells, in which state it is called bee-bread.
-
-The bees collect also another substance called propolis, of a resinous
-nature. This is collected from certain trees, to fasten the combs to
-the roof of the hives, to varnish and strengthen the cell-work, and
-to stop up the crannies of the hive. This substance is used as soon
-as collected, while it is soft, none of it being stored, for its
-collectors are well aware that in a short time it would become so hard
-as to lose its ductility.
-
-In the generality of seasons the bees obtain their principal stores of
-honey from the flowers of the fields, but they also, in some seasons,
-collect it much more abundantly from the leaves of several sorts of
-trees, on which it is deposited in the form of honey-dew, a very sweet
-substance which, having been sucked from the aforesaid leaves by an
-insect called the aphis or tree-louse, passes through its body nearly
-unchanged, covers those leaves which are beneath, and thus affords a
-delicious repast to bees, butterflies, and other insects. The bees
-collect this food by means of the long tongue which I have described
-to you, and which acts as a sort of brush, so that bees may be said
-rather to lap their food than to suck it. By the repeated action of
-this brush-like contrivance, they gradually conduct the sweet juices
-into their mouths, from whence they pass into their honey-bag, and when
-this is filled, they carry home the cargo, regurgitate it, and deposit
-it in those cells which, either by themselves or their companions,
-have been previously prepared to receive it. They are then quickly
-in the fields again in quest of a fresh supply. Thus, throughout the
-spring, summer, and autumn, whenever the weather is favourable, and
-even in unfavourable weather, if they are much in want of food or other
-materials, to use the language of the poet, the bees are to be seen,
-
-    "Gathering honey from every opening flower."
-
-
-The quantity which they collect in this way is often surprising,
-considering how small a portion is imported on each excursion. I have
-just stated that, with the exception of those seasons when honey-dews
-abound, the principal resources of the bees are the flowers of the
-fields, chiefly those of the white clover,--a plant which is found
-upon most pasture lands, but none are more luxuriantly clothed with it
-than the meadows of this county. Hence the excellent pasturage they
-afford for sheep as well as for bees; thus corroborating a very ancient
-opinion, that the finest honey is collected in districts which yield
-the finest wool and the finest wheat; these productions comprehending
-two of the five w's for which Herefordshire has been long so justly
-celebrated, viz., wheat, wool, wood, water, and women! How worthy the
-latter are of this pre-eminence I have abundant evidence around me!
-
-Having explained to you the mechanism and functions of the proboscis,
-I now proceed to describe those of the sting, which are no less worthy
-of admiration for the perfection with which that organ is formed,
-and by which it accomplishes its various purposes. It consists of a
-couple of darts, enclosed in a sheath; but the darts and sheath are
-so very minute that the separate parts are not distinguishable by
-the naked eye. That part called the sheath, though appearing to be
-a single tube, is divided into several portions, each of which is
-capable of being received by the one above it, like the pieces of a
-telescope, so that it can be lengthened or shortened at pleasure. The
-beauty and utility of this latter part of its organisation will be
-still more evident when I come to speak of the Queen. In some other
-insects this apparatus serves not only the purpose of a sting, but also
-that of a saw or a gimlet, to pierce a passage through wood or other
-materials. When the insect stings, the sheath is the first part that
-penetrates the skin, but it is instantly followed by the darts, not
-simultaneously, but first one and then the other, and with the rapidity
-of lightning; by which means, as each dart is provided with a barb,
-it can lay firmer hold, and penetrate deeper into the flesh. When at
-its full depth, a poisonous liquor, which is always ready prepared at
-its root in the venom bag, is forced down the sheath into the wound,
-causing that sharp pain, inflammation, and swelling which _usually_
-ensue. I say _usually_ ensue, for in some peculiar habits, as I have
-known, in several instances, no apparent inconvenience is produced by
-a sting, not even so much as would be caused by the prick of a needle;
-owing to the exquisitely superior fineness of the former. I once had
-an opportunity of having this confirmed in a remarkable maimer by a
-respectable Kentish farmer, who pat it to the test upon one of his
-female servants. She was boasting one day of her flesh being poison
-proof, and saying she did not mind the sting of a bee or a wasp--not
-she, for they never did her any damage, and that she should not mind
-letting any one inflict any number of stings upon her at a penny a
-piece I Her incredulous master accepted the challenge, and "Verily,"
-said he, "I took six penny worth of stinging out of her, without
-causing her to flinch in the least, or apparently to suffer the very
-slightest uneasiness, or any subsequent inconvenience!" This, however,
-is an impunity which very few are endowed with, for in general the pain
-inflicted by a sting is very severe, not only at the moment, but, where
-timely remedies have not been applied, of considerable duration, ending
-often in much tumour and inflammation, and in some instances, where the
-stings have been numerous, fatal consequences have ensued. Whenever an
-attack is made by a bee, the person aimed at should walk quietly away
-to the nearest bush or other shelter. If he start or suffer himself to
-be ruffled, he is much more likely to be stung; and even if he were
-stung, in such a comparatively quiescent state, so much the smaller
-would be the injury received, a calm deportment enabling the bee to
-withdraw the sting by her own efforts, by clenching the barbs round
-its shafts, these forming the only obstacles to its withdrawal. If it
-be left behind in the wound, the best treatment is quickly to extract
-it with a pair of tweezers, and in any case to apply promptly a little
-spirit of hartshorn, or any other alkaline liquor that will penetrate
-the wound; the venom inserted, being evidently an acid, is neutralised
-by an alkali, and rendered comparatively harmless; but everything
-depends upon its prompt application. From what I have stated to be
-the most effectual remedy for the sting of a bee, it may be inferred
-that those who are stung with impunity are very good tempered, for if
-they had any sourness in their composition they would have no such
-exemption from suffering when stung! Considering, therefore, how very
-important good temper is to connubial felicity, may it not be prudent
-for persons prior to betrothment to submit each other to the test of
-the bee's sting, when perhaps the amount of good temper possessed might
-be ascertained by the extent of the suffering inflicted? Should such a
-test be found upon trial to be depended upon, what persevering efforts
-would it not infallibly induce in the cultivation of good temper, and
-to what an incalculable degree would it contribute to the promotion
-of social harmony! And how delightful it would be to find that, in
-addition to their well known importance in other respects, we had made
-of the hivites a virtuous nation.
-
-I have now to introduce to your notice another highly-interesting and
-important member of the bee community--one that is generally considered
-to rank above all the rest, and hence the following couplet has been
-applied to her:--
-
-   "First of the throng, and foremost of the whole
-    One stands confest the sovereign and the soul."
-
-She is usually designated by the name of queen; and as she suffers no
-rival near her throne, she may be regarded as an absolute queen. She
-varies considerably in her appearance from the working bees, still more
-so in her functions. She is both larger and longer than the workers;
-their relative proportions are very fairly given in the plate upon the
-table; from which you will perceive that, though the queen's body is
-longer than that of a worker, her wings are about the same length, so
-that they Call considerably short of covering her body. Her movements
-are more slow and graceful than those of the workers. The under parts
-of her body are of a copper colour, so likewise are her thighs, but
-they are not furnished with baskets; for she has never occasion for
-any, being always waited upon by the workers. The sting of the working
-bee is quite strait; that of the queen is somewhat curved; and the tube
-which encloses it, besides its utility, as a sheath for the sting,
-affords a passage for the eggs which she lays; and, by its telescopic
-construction, she is able so to extend it as to deposit her eggs at
-the very bottom of the brood cells; and this object is still further
-facilitated by the tapering form of her hinder part. These eggs, at
-the height of the season, she deposits at the rate of 200 a-day, and
-thus becomes the fertile mother of many thousands annually, consisting
-of workers, drones, and a few scions of royalty. So fast indeed does
-her progeny increase at this season as to render fit necessary that
-their numbers should be diminished either by the issue of swarms, or by
-affording the family additional room. I have now a few words to offer
-on the remaining members of the family of bees,--those which have been
-denominated by Shakspere as "the lazy yawning drones." These are the
-gentlemen of the hive; and truly do they deserve that name, for they do
-no work, and never venture abroad but in fine weather, when they can
-enjoy the sunshine and philander with the royal ladies. They are nearly
-the same length as the queen, but more bulky, and very clumsily formed,
-and they are not armed with a sting. Superficially regarded, it would
-seem as if they came into the world merely to consume the produce of
-others' industry. They must not be hastily condemned, however, for not
-being gifted with the organs necessary either to collect or to convey
-food; they ought not to be reproached on that score, and as we know
-some of their uses, we may fairly give them credit for others.
-
-
-Having in the former portion of my lecture referred to the very early
-period at which the attention of man was drawn to the honey-bee; to the
-profit which may be derived from a judicious culture of that valuable
-insect; to the various members of which a family of bees consists;
-to their very great powers of increase; and to the very curious and
-wonderful contrivances exhibited in their anatomical structure; I now
-proceed to detail to you one of the most curious and astonishing facts
-which their marvellous history affords, viz., the power they possess
-of supplying the place of a lost queen. When such a misfortune befals
-them, provided there be any eggs in the worker-cells, or even grubs
-that are not more than three days old, they immediately break down
-three worker-cells, destroy two of the eggs or grubs, as the case may
-be, surround the third with the walls of a cell peculiarly appropriate
-for raising queens, and by administering to the inmate a particular
-food called royal jelly, they are enabled to raise up a bee possessing
-every attribute of royalty, which, but for the peculiar diet and the
-large royal cradle with which it was supplied, would have turned out
-simply a working bee. A knowledge of this power in the bee has long
-been familiar to a few foreigners, though for a time discredited in
-this country. In consequence of this discovery, apiarians have been
-enabled to increase their stocks of bees by means of what has been
-called artificial swarming. Should there be no suitable egg or grub
-in the hive from which to replace a lost sovereign, so heavily is the
-calamity felt, that she is mourned over with so fervent and sincere a
-regret that it would seem as if a disaster had befallen them of so dire
-a nature as to threaten the dissolution of the community, and, for a
-time, no successor that could be presented to them would be acceptable.
-Still this exhibition of grief is not of long continuance; for though
-within the first twenty-four or thirty hours they are so inconsolable
-as not only to reject, but even to sacrifice, any other queen that
-might be presented for their acceptance, yet, after the expiration of
-the period I have named, their sorrow becomes mitigated, so that, on
-being presented with a stranger queen, she is no longer treated as a
-stranger, but even cordially received, and joyfully admitted to the
-honors of sovereignty. If the family have neither a queen presented to
-them, nor eggs, nor grabs of a suitable age, they either pine gradually
-away or join some other establishment, transferring their allegiance
-to the sovereign thereof, and rewarding their new associates for their
-hospitality by an importation of the stores of the deserted hive.
-Before I take leave of the all-important lady I have been describing,
-I will just refer to the time the eggs which she respectively lays
-require for their full development as perfect bees. The egg of the
-working bee is hatched in about four days, when it becomes a grub,
-in which state it is fed for about five days more, according to the
-temperature of the season; when it has increased so as to fill the
-cell, it is covered in by its nurses with a waxen lid. It now spins
-round itself a silken web, called a cocoon, in which it is occupied
-for about thirty-six hours. After this its various members become
-gradually developed, till, on the 21st day from the laying of the eggs
-it comes forth a winged insect. As respects the embryo queen, in her
-case every stage of the progression is shortened, and she is ready to
-emerge as a full-grown queen upon the sixteenth day. The progression of
-the drone is the slowest, four-and-twenty days being occupied before
-he arrives at maturity. In the respective periods of their adult
-existence, there is a still greater relative difference than in that
-of their embryo state. I have told you already that the length of life
-allotted to the working bee does not extend beyond six or eight months;
-that of the drone seldom exceeds four months, whilst the queen's life
-is usually extended to three or four years. It has been a question to
-what distance bees will fly when exploring the fields, and it has been
-ascertained that the usual extent of their flight from home is about a
-mile and a half; but if within that range they do not find what they
-seek for, they have been known to exceed more than double that distance.
-
-Having now presented you with a sketch of the history and physiology
-of the bee itself, I shall proceed to notice that miracle of insect
-architectural skill, a honey-comb, without which any lecture on its
-artificers would be very incomplete. A honey-comb is universally
-allowed to be one of the most striking achievements of insect industry,
-and a most admirable specimen of insect architecture. Every comb
-in a hive is composed of two ranges of cells backed against each
-other, and each cell is constructed with the strictest mathematical
-correctness. According as they are designed for the cradles of working
-bees or of drones, they vary somewhat in dimensions, but in each size
-the strictest uniformity is preserved. For storing honey both sizes
-are constructed and used indiscriminately; but for whatever purposes
-intended, one or other of those two sizes is invariably adhered to, and
-they are so contrived as to make them contain the greatest possible
-quantity in the smallest possible space, and with the smallest possible
-quantity of materials. Specimens of drone as well as of worker-cells,
-full and empty, are upon the table. On observing the full ones, it
-will be perceived that every cell is sealed over, so as to prevent the
-external air from having access to the honey; and this may serve as
-a hint to those who wish to preserve their honey in as pure a state
-as possible, that it should from first to last be as little exposed
-as possible to the external air. The cells are all of them of an
-hexagonal shape, that having been found by some of the profoundest
-geometrical scholars to be the one which most perfectly accomplishes
-the results which I have specified. What an astonishing coincidence
-is this! Several celebrated mathematicians occupy themselves in
-solving an intricate problem, and, after the exercise of the highest
-ingenuity and the deepest thought, find their conclusions made manifest
-in the operations of the bee! Not only are the cells thus curiously
-constructed with the strictest regard, to the economy of space and
-materials, but so as to afford the utmost available degree of strength
-for though the cells are formed in doable rows, back to back, you will
-perceive, on examining the specimens before you, that no two cells
-are directly opposed to each other, but that every separate cell is
-fortified by having the walls of three others running across the bottom
-of it, and all three meeting in its centre! Such wonderful specimens
-of constructive skill in the bee, as well as in some other members of
-the insect race, might well have excited the astonishment of Solomon
-and have called forth the apostrophes of David, and have led him to
-exclaim, when contemplating them, "Marvellous are thy works, O God! in
-wisdom hast thou made them all!"
-
-I have given you a description of the curiously-constructed cells which
-constitute a honey-comb, and have told you what steps the bees take
-when they have to supply the loss of a queen. This gave me occasion
-to advert to one of the modes in which they prepare a royal cell. In
-such an emergency the usual mode of proceeding is departed from, the
-royal cradle being built round the egg or grab, and therefore having
-its site wherever that egg or grub may happen to be, not, therefore,
-upon the edge of a comb; whilst in the regular course of nature the
-royal cell is constructed, not where the egg has been laid, but where
-it is proposed that it shall be laid, and in that case always upon
-the edge of a comb, its dimensions increasing progressively, as the
-royal insect increases in size, and requires increased accommodation.
-This proceeding always commences a short time previous to the intended
-issue of a swarm. The wood-cut on the table will give a tolerable
-notion of the relative appearance of every description of cell, and
-in every state. At the top of the comb may be seen cells filled with
-honey and sealed over with _fattish_ waxen lids (specimens of which are
-afforded by the plate of stored honey-comb); somewhat lower down are
-cells containing brood in an advanced state, sealed over with convex
-lids; lower still are represented open cells, containing grubs in
-every state of progression, the whole being encompassed by open cells,
-ready to be occupied either with honey or brood, as may be required.
-There is also a specimen of a full-sized royal cell upon the table,
-in the state which precedes a queen's emergence from it; and likewise
-a half-finished cell of the same description. In the formation of the
-common cells, you will be struck with the lightness of their structure,
-the wax expended upon them being employed with the strictest regard to
-economy, not a gram more being used than is barely necessary; whilst
-in fashioning the royal cradle, economy of materials would seem to
-be the last thing thought of. This has been so well expressed by an
-accomplished apiarian friend, the late Dr. Evans, of Shrewsbury, that I
-cannot forbear quoting his very words:--
-
-   "No more with wary thriftiness imprest,
-    They grace with lavish pomp their royal guest;
-    Nor heed the wasted wax nor rifted cell,
-    To bid with fretted round th' imperial palace swell."
-
-You will perceive that the walls of these regal edifices, instead of
-being like those of the other cells, as thin as paper, to compare great
-things with small, are as substantial as the walls of a palace, the
-very title conferred upon them by Dr. Evans.
-
-The source from which wax is produced, though it had been imperfectly
-glanced at by one or two old apiarians, was not determined
-satisfactorily till within the last sixty or seventy years, it having
-been almost universally imagined that the substance which the bees
-import upon their thighs, viz., farina, formed its chief constituent;
-whereas it is now clearly ascertained that farina does not enter at
-all into the composition of wax, but that it is imported solely as
-food for embryo bees, and that wax is a secretion from between the
-scales, on the under parts of the bee's body, from which it is thrown
-off in thin layers. The little creatures, when wax is needed, distend
-their stomachs with honey and remain in a quiescent state for about
-twenty-four hours, within which time the honey becomes changed in its
-nature, and oozes out between the scales in thin flakes ready for
-use. These the little artists remove with their hind legs, carry them
-forward to their mouths, and then mincing them up with a frothy liquor
-till the mass becomes glutinous, reduce it to a state which admits of
-its being easily moulded into honey-combs or any other form.
-
-I have now endeavoured to fix your attention upon several of the
-wonderful proceedings of the bee--proceedings which are generally
-regarded as the result of instinct, though some of them would almost
-incline us to award to it the same attribute that has been applied to a
-creature of much greater magnitude, and to speak of the half-reasoning
-bee as well as of the half-reasoning elephant. Indeed the enlightened
-Boyle, when contemplating the various wonders of nature, has declared
-his astonishment to have been more excited by the mite than by the
-elephant, and that his admiration dwelt not so much upon the clocks
-as upon the watches of creation. In support of what I have felt
-disposed to designate as a half-reasoning power, many very striking
-illustrations might be adduced, shall on this occasion confine myself
-to one, in addition to those I have already detailed to you; and I
-do so the rather as it occurred to an old friend of mine, who ended
-his days in this city. I allude to the Rev. Richd. Walond, one of the
-former Treasurers of our Cathedral, and Rector of Weston-under-Penyard.
-As he was inspecting one of his bee-boxes one day towards the end of
-October, he perceived that a centre comb loaded with honey had become
-separated from its attachments, and was leaning against another comb,
-so as to prevent the passage of the bees between them. This accident
-excited great activity in the colony, but its precise nature could not
-be ascertained at the time. At the end of a few days, the weather being
-cold, and the bees clustered closely together, Mr. Walond observed
-through the window of the box that they had constructed two horizontal
-bars between the combs alluded to, and had removed so much of the
-honey and wax from the top of each as to allow a free passage to a bee.
-In about ten days the bees had effected an uninterrupted thoroughfare;
-the detached comb at its upper part had been secured by a strong
-barrier, and fastened to the window. This being accomplished, the
-horizontal pillars, first constructed, being of no further use, were
-demolished. Had such expedients been had recourse to by human beings,
-they would have been regarded as affording evidence of a continued
-chain of reasoning, for the most intelligent architect could not
-have more judiciously propped up a tottering fabric till it could be
-effectually secured.
-
-
-Let me now bespeak your attention to the practical management of
-bees, and I shall precede my observations, thereon by addressing a few
-words to you upon the subject of swarming, though in all probability
-it is a proceeding familiar to most of you. I have already stated that
-in the winter and the early spring the queen and the working bees
-constitute the whole family; but in April and May, in mild weather much
-earlier, so great a number of eggs is deposited, chiefly worker-eggs,
-but some portion also of drone-eggs, as, when hatched and brought
-to maturity, to encumber the hive so much by their numbers and the
-overpowering heat they produce, unless additional room be afforded
-them, as to cause the emigration of a large portion of the family. In
-this case, one division issues from the hive, accompanied by the old
-queen, leaving the other division in the parent hive. These latter
-transfer their allegiance to a new queen, one or more being always
-either ripe or in embryo, some days prior to the swarm's issuing. The
-same stock will occasionally throw off several swarms in the season,
-each successive swarm being always accompanied by the princess royal
-In general all the younger-princesses are kept imprisoned in their
-cells, till all further intention to swarm is given up, when those
-that are not required the queen regnant is allowed to destroy, which
-her jealousy is ever prompting her to do, whether they be required or
-not, and which nothing but the sedulous guard kept over them by the
-workers could prevent. If two or more of these royal ladies should
-happen to be at liberty at the same time, there is always a contest,
-which continues till fatal to all but one. A swarm consists of a queen,
-several thousands of working bees of all ages, generally also of a few
-hundreds of drones. When all things are prepared for their issuing
-forth, storing themselves, for instance, with honey sufficient for a
-few days' consumption, and, according to the opinion of some apiarians
-(myself among the rest), having made choice of a future residence,
-there arises great commotion in the hive, and those bees that have,
-by previous concert, decided upon emigrating, sally forth through the
-entrance of the hive in a rapid and tumultuous manner, and with so
-loud a buzz as to be audible at some distance. After hovering rather
-diffusely for some minutes in the air, they gradually congregate and
-settle round their queen, usually upon a tree or bush, from which, as
-soon as they have become tolerably quiet, they are shaken into a hive
-held beneath them; the hive is then instantly inverted, and placed on
-a table covered with a cloth upon which two sticks have been laid to
-prop up the hive sufficiently to allow a free passage for the bees.
-The whole is then well sheltered from the sun by green boughs or some
-other protection. If the hive prove agreeable to the bees, they soon
-recover from the commotion, and as soon as they have become tolerably
-quiet, they should be carried to the place where they are intended to
-remain permanently, from whence they will soon begin to roam the fields
-in search of materials to furnish their new home. It is customary
-among the cottagers to make a noise when bees are swarming, generally
-by striking a frying-pan smartly with a large key. This they do from
-a notion that it will charm the bees down, but the experience of all
-intelligent apiarians has proved this to be a useless practice. While
-furnishing their hive with combs the great bulk of the bees suspend
-themselves from its roof, in a cluster, consisting of a succession of
-semicircular festoons, one within the other, and they keep up such a
-degree of warmth as to render their waxen materials soft enough to be
-easily moulded. To enable themselves to form this cluster, they cling
-to each other by their claws, the fore feet of one bee hanging upon the
-hind legs of the one above it. This clustering prevents their earliest
-proceedings from being witnessed in hives of the usual form. This,
-however, is a difficulty which ingenious apiarians have found means to
-overcome, by the use of a unicomb or mirror hive, one of which I shall
-be well pleased to show any lady or gentleman who may feel inclined
-to see the construction of it, and the facilities it affords for
-observation.
-
-I shall now put you in possession of what I conceive to be the
-simplest, cheapest, and most profitable mode of managing bees. There
-are two prominent systems in use directed to these objects, each based
-upon the importance of giving room to the bees, and diminishing thereby
-their disposition to swarm. By one of these systems we are directed
-to place the hives or boxes side by side (the collateral system);
-the other system advocates the piling of the boxes one upon another
-(the storifying system), affording in both cases a free communication
-between the boxes whenever required. I have tried both systems myself,
-and have taken considerable pains to ascertain the success of others,
-who have also given both an ample trial. The result has been to give
-me a decided opinion in favour of storifying, and indeed many of my
-acquaintances, who had originally been induced to adopt the collateral
-plan, have wholly abandoned it for that of storifying. Whichever of
-these modes he had recourse to, it has been found that the bees have
-a regular habit of constructing their combs at uniform distances from
-each other; but they have also another habit, when they are untutored,
-viz., that of building them irregularly, insomuch that their position
-is frequently curvilinear, and sometimes they are even placed at right
-angles with each other. This proceeding forms a great impediment to the
-manipulation of wax and honey. It is an impediment, however, which the
-mere cottager pays little regard to, and blunders through it. But to
-the scientific apiarian it is indispensably necessary to avoid these
-various incurvations. To accomplish this desirable object, every box
-or bee-hive should be furnished with movable wooden bars, upon each
-of which, or at any rate upon every other bar, pieces of worker-comb
-should be fixed, to serve as a guide to the bees, prior to their
-introduction to a swarm. This, you will perceive, has been attended to
-in the hive and boxes before you. And it will be found that the bees,
-if they have their guide-combs correctly and securely fixed, will
-invariably accept them as the foundations of their future structures;
-by which means several important objects will be accomplished. In the
-first place, the facility of taking the stored honey will be very
-much increased. In the next place, if the bees are not wealthy enough
-to spare a whole box full of honey, you can without difficulty take
-from them what they _can_ spare. And thirdly, if in your apiary there
-should be any families _very_ unequal in wealth, provided the boxes and
-bars are reciprocally adapted to each other, one or more bars can be
-removed from a weak hive and exchanged for the same number of loaded
-bars from a strong one, thus giving needful support to one or more
-families without injury to any. In the performance of these operations,
-the use of a little tobacco smoke is required to paralyse the bees so
-far as to prevent them from being intrusive. But I will now endeavour
-to illustrate what I have stated to you, by having recourse to the
-boxes upon the table. I will suppose a swarm to have been introduced
-to one of them, and that the box and bees have been placed where they
-are to remain permanently. If your object be to collect pure honey,
-and to prevent swarming, as soon as you have ascertained that the
-box is about three-parts full of combs, another box should be placed
-either under or over the first, and a communication opened between
-them; if the season promise well, the family may be supered, if not
-nadired. In some remarkable seasons even a third box may be required;
-but this will rarely happen during the first year of a family's
-establishment. Indeed, during the first year honey should generally be
-rather sparingly taken. In future years, with good seasons, from thirty
-to forty pounds may be taken from each family; in highly favourable
-seasons, in a good locality, much more.
-
-I have now brought this lecture to a close. My chief difficulty in
-the composition of it has arisen from the exuberance of my materials,
-which it was not easy to compress into the form of a lecture. You
-will, of course, infer, therefore, that much has been left untold, for
-which I must beg to refer you to those works which have been written
-professedly on the subject.
-
-So I here take leave of my brief history of the honey-bee--that
-wonderful, that useful insect, which, though not possessed of the
-advantages with which man is gifted, having neither religion nor reason
-for its guide, affords nevertheless an example to man of the most
-perfect order, the most unremitting industry, the greatest harmony, and
-the most undeviating attention to the welfare of all. (Applause.)
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-HEREFORD: PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET.
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-<p style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee, by Edward Bevan</p>
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Hints on the History and Management of the Honey Bee</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Being the Substance of Two Lectures Read Before the Members of the Hereford Literary, Philosophical, and Antiquarian Institution, in the Winter of 1850-51</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Edward Bevan</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 5, 2022 [eBook #67108]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from materials kindly provided by The Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain.</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE ***</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-<div class="fig_center" style="width: 256px;">
-<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="256" height="470" alt="Bevan: History and Management of the Honey Bee" />
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">- 1 -</a></span></p>
-
-
-<div class="bbox" style="width:35em; margin: 2em auto;">
-
-<p class="caption2">HINTS ON THE</p>
-
-<p class="caption1">HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT</p>
-
-<p class="caption3">OF THE</p>
-
-<p class="caption1">HONEY BEE;</p>
-
-<p class="caption3 pmt2 pmb2">BEING THE SUBSTANCE OF TWO LECTURES</p>
-
-<p class="caption4">READ BEFORE THE MEMBERS OF THE HEREFORD LITERARY,
-PHILOSOPHICAL, AND ANTIQUARIAN INSTITUTION,
-IN THE WINTER OF 1850-51,</p>
-
-
-<p class="caption3 pmt4 pmb4">BY</p>
-
-
-<h2 class="pmb4">EDWARD BEVAN, M.D.</h2>
-
-
-<p class="caption3 pmt4">HEREFORD:</p>
-
-<p class="caption4">PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET.</p>
-
-<p class="caption4">MDCCCLI.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">- 2 -</a><br />
-&nbsp;<a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">- 3 -</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="center">This Lecture elicited so much approbation as
-to induce the Author to have a few copies printed,
-for the amusement and instruction of those who
-may feel an interest in the subject.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">- 4 -</a><br />
-&nbsp;<a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">- 5 -</a></span></p>
-
-
-
-
-<h1>HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT<br />
-<br />
-<span class="vsmall">OF THE</span><br />
-<br />
-HONEY BEE.</h1>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dr. Bevan</span> (the author of a well-known and admirable
-manual for apiarians) took as the theme of his paper the</p>
-
-<p class="caption3">HISTORY OF THE HONEY-BEE.</p>
-
-<p>The learned gentleman began by saying,&mdash;Mr. President.
-Ladies, and Gentlemen&mdash;You have before you a very old
-man, but a very young lecturer; so young that this is the
-first time in my life that I ever was induced to address a
-public assembly. Nor might I have summoned courage
-enough to do so now, but for the very powerful appeal
-which was made to us all by our worthy President in his
-inaugural address, wherein, after the manner of the immortal
-Nelson, he admonished us that every member of
-this Society is expected to do his duty&mdash;that is to say, that
-individual attainments should be thrown into a common
-stock, from which each might draw, and to which each
-might contribute, with reciprocal benefit. In obedience
-to this admonition, and in furtherance of its laudable object,
-I now proceed to throw in my mite of information.&mdash;The
-subject to which I have the honor and the pleasure
-to bespeak your attention this evening is the history and
-management of that indefatigable Little insect the honey
-bee. But, it is a subject on which I hardly know how to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">- 6 -</a></span>
-address such an assembly, owing to the various degrees of
-information which must needs be distributed among you.
-Some of you I imagine to have a very limited acquaintance
-with bees, for the majority of those with whom I have conversed
-in other places respecting them have had their
-whole knowledge comprised in being simply aware that
-they can sting and gather honey. To such of my auditors,
-if any such there be, it would seem right that I should
-commence with the A B C of the subject, even at the risk
-of proving tiresome to those who are more extensively informed;
-and some there are here present, I have no doubt,
-who know as much about the matter as I do, perhaps
-more. From such I can only bespeak indulgence. Of all
-the various members of the insect race, there is none which
-so abounds with useful lessons, or is more fraught with
-wonder, than the honey bee From the earliest ages it is
-found to have occupied the thoughts and the pens of the
-philosopher, the poet, and the moralist; and whether we consider
-its instincts, or its contributions to our comfort and
-convenience, there is scarcely one that can compete with
-it. In testimony of the early notice which it attracted, we
-have the evidence of Holy Writ, from which it may fairly
-be inferred that honey must have been one of man's earliest
-luxuries; and considering the extent of Solomon's
-knowledge of natural history, I find it difficult to believe
-that the bee was not one of the creatures which he had in
-his mind when writing the 30th chapter of Proverbs, in
-which he says, "there are four things that are little upon
-the earth, but exceeding wise," viz., ants, <i>conies</i>, locusts,
-and spiders. Unaided by an acquaintance with the Hebrew
-language, I had hoped to ascertain from some competent
-Hebrew scholar that the word which was translated
-conies or rabbits might prove to be an error of some Jewish
-scribe, and that the word ought to have been translated
-bees&mdash;that, in fact, Solomon meant to designate four insects,
-not three insects and a rabbit; for the rabbit is not
-very little, nor a builder of houses in the rocks, neither is
-it, so far as I know, celebrated for any especial wisdom,
-whereas the bee not only answers to all these conditions,
-but has ever stood pre-eminent among insects. The notion
-which I had formed upon this subject was still farther
-strengthened by finding that the word which had been
-translated conies in the generally-received version of the
-Scriptures was not so rendered in every version of them.
-This, at any rate, betokened some degree of uncertainty
-upon the subject, even among the translators of Scripture.
-In this my difficulty I referred to two eminent Hebrew
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">- 7 -</a></span>
-scholars for enlightenment. They at once decided that, if
-the word had been rendered bees, it would have been mis-translated.
-Still they could neither of them affirm conies
-to be the correct translation. Having thus unsuccessfully
-endeavoured to vindicate the wisdom of Solomon, I must
-leave the matter in the state of uncertainty in which I
-found it, still claiming, however, for my favourite insect
-that high position which it will, I am sure, be found richly
-to deserve, not only as a model of industry, sagacity, and
-loyalty, but as affording, under good management, an interesting
-and rational amusement to the man of leisure,
-as well as a source of profit to the bumble cottager,
-wherever located, for, so universally accommodating is the
-bee in its habits, that under the fostering care of man it
-has been found to flourish in every clime to which it has
-been introduced. Since the period to which I have just
-referred, viz., between three and four thousand years ago,
-the bee seems never to have ceased to occupy attention
-more or less, and through the observations of a succession
-of naturalists, which their pens have recorded, books
-enough have been written on apiarian matters to form a
-goodly library in themselves. I have adverted to the profit
-which may be derived from a judicious management of
-bees: I will relate to you an anecdote in illustration of it,
-which I could wish may be generally circulated among our
-rural population, not excepting even our rural clergy; for
-even in this land of Goshen I fear there are but too many
-of our working clergy to whom the anecdote may be well
-worthy of attention. A good old French bishop, in paying
-his annual visit to his clergy, was very much afflicted by
-the representations they made of their extreme poverty,
-which indeed the appearance of their houses and families
-corroborated. Whilst he was deploring the sad state of
-things which had reduced them to such a condition, he
-arrived at the house of a curate who, living amongst a
-poorer set of parishioners than any he had yet visited,
-would, he feared, be in a still more woful plight than the
-others. Contrary, however, to his expectations, he found
-appearances very much improved. Everything about the
-house wore the aspect of comfort and plenty. The good
-bishop was amazed. "How is this, my friend," said he,
-"you are the first pastor I have met with a cheerful face
-and a plentiful board! Have you any income independent
-of your cure?" "Yes, sir," said the curate, "I have; my
-family would starve on the pittance I receive from the poor
-people that I instruct. If you will walk with me into the
-garden, I will show you the stock that yields me such excellent
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">- 8 -</a></span>
-interest." On going to the garden, he showed the
-bishop a long range of bee-hives. "There," said he, "is
-the bank from which I draw an annual dividend, and it is
-one that never stops payment." His harvest of honey enabled
-him to reduce materially his consumption of sugar,
-and also to send a considerable quantity to market; of
-the coarser portions he made a tolerable substitute for
-malt liquor, and the sale of his wax nearly paid his shoe-maker's
-bill! Ever since this memorable visit, when any
-of the clergy complained to the bishop of poverty, he
-would say to them "Keep bees! keep bees!" So say I.</p>
-
-<p>I Shall now proceed to call your attention to the several
-members which form the bee community, and to some
-points in their wonderful economy. Every family of bees,
-when fully constituted, comprises a queen, several thousands
-of labourers, and several hundreds of drones. It is
-usual for naturalists, in giving an account of these insects,
-to commence with the Queen; but I, though a very loyal
-subject, shall give precedence to the labouring population,
-as constituting by far the most numerous portion of the
-family, and as being the most continuously and actively employed.
-These are the bees on which Dr. Watts so beautifully
-fixed the attention of childhood, as "the little busy
-bees." They are emphatically called the working bees,
-and most properly, for they are true workers, enjoying
-nearly the whole of their time in fine weather in the collection
-and storing of provisions: much of it is also devoted
-to the construction of the waxen cells in which
-their stores are deposited and the young bees reared To
-each of these offices it has been generally considered that
-certain bees are duly appointed, and that thus the business
-of the hive is, by a regular division of labour, judiciously
-carried on. Shakspere seems to have had a glimpse at
-this regular mode of proceeding in the bee-hive, for he
-speaks of bees being creatures that teach the art of order
-to a peopled kingdom, of their having officers of sorts,
-some of them as building roofs of gold, while others make
-boot upon the summer's velvet buds. The whole of his
-description is very beautiful, and, so far as I have quoted
-from him, I believe correct; the rest is mere poetical
-fancy. By some it has been conceived that there is an
-original difference in the bees, according to the duties they
-are destined to fulfil; but it appears more probable that
-all are born with equal capabilities, and that whatever
-difference may be observable in adult bees arises from
-causes connected with their occupations. To these it is
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">- 9 -</a></span>
-that the poets and moralists have applied the terms, the
-busy bee, the industrious bee, the provident bee, the skilful
-bee; and most truly do they deserve every one of those
-titles.</p>
-
-<p>I hope the senior members of this assembly will bear
-with me while I address a few words to the younger portion
-of my auditors. I shall do so in the form of a letter
-which I once addressed to a young lady with a present of
-honey. I should premise, though, that she was a <i>very</i>
-young lady, lest you should conceive that I am about to
-read to you one of my old love-letters. It ran thus:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p>"My dear young friend,&mdash;I dare say you have heard it
-said that things are great or small by comparison; this
-true saying is highly applicable on the present occasion.
-To you the accompanying pot of honey may seem to be
-a small pittance: to the industrious little insects by whom
-it was harvested it would have seemed to be a large treasure.
-By you, I dare say, it could be very comfortably
-disposed of at <i>half-a-dozen meals:</i> it would serve to maintain
-a hundred bees for <i>twice as many months!</i> Think how
-many flowers a bee must have visited to collect it, the
-trouble she must have had in constructing combs to receive
-it, how many journeys she must have made to import
-it, the pains she must afterwards have taken to secure it
-from being injured by exposure to the air, as well as from
-the depredations of wasps, moths, and other plunderers.
-I do not call your attention to these things for the purpose
-of enhancing or magnifying my little present in your eyes,
-but because they form a few among the many wonders of
-creation, with which we are so familiar that we are apt to
-pass them by without being duly impressed by them.
-How few are there, for instance, who, when partaking of
-their daily food, ever think of the numerous heads and
-hands that have been occupied in producing it, their anxious
-thoughts and laborious toils&mdash;to use a homely expression,
-that consider how the bread comes into the far mouths!
-But I have said enough, I trust, to set you a thinking, to
-call into exercise that best gift of God to man, his reasoning
-faculty, and feel confident that you will not be addressed
-in vain by your very sincere friend." (Applause.)</p>
-
-
-<p>I have told you that the working bees form the most
-numerous portion of the community; indeed for eight
-months of the year they and the queen constitute the
-whole; and in the height of the season every family numbers
-from twelve to twenty thousand, or more, but in
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">- 10 -</a></span>
-winter they become very much diminished, owing to the
-natural shortness of their lives, which only extend to from
-six to eight months. The bees that are so rapidly bred in
-spring, as to render swarming or additional room necessary,
-finish their career about the commencement of winter:
-on those alone that are bred in smaller numbers, in
-autumn, devolves the business of the hive till the following
-spring, in the course of which they also become defunct.
-Hence the very great disproportion observable in the number
-of all such families at different seasons of the year.</p>
-
-
-<p>I shall now advert to a few of the most interesting parts
-in the anatomy of the bee. In common with other insects,
-it has been divided into the head, the trunk, and the abdomen,
-or hinder part. The head is furnished with two
-eyes, two antennæ, or horns, as they are sometimes called,
-two feelers, and a proboscis, this latter comprising an intricate
-apparatus of which I shall speak presently. To the
-trunk are attached a double pair of gauze-like wings and
-six legs, the thighs of the hinder pair being each furnished
-with a small cavity fringed with hair, which serves as a
-basket for the conveyance of food for the young, &amp;c. The
-hinder part contains the bowels, the honey-bag, the venom-bag,
-&amp;c., and at its extremity a concealed sting, to which,
-as also to the proboscis, I have now to bespeak your attention,
-on account of their peculiar structure and uses. The
-proboscis has attached to it a very long tongue; it is also
-provided with several joints; by both these contrivances it
-is rendered capable of every variety of motion, and of probing
-to the very bottom of most flowers when searching for
-honey. And here we may pause to contemplate the very
-admirable contrivance by which this long implement, the
-tongue, which would otherwise have proved highly incommodious,
-is preserved from injury. The joints of which I
-have spoken enable it to fold itself up when at rest, and
-the desired protection is still further accomplished by
-means of a double sheath, in which the tongue, when unemployed,
-is always enclosed. There is much to excite
-our admiration in the manner in which the bees collect
-whatever they are in need of. Their first occupation in
-the earliest days of spring, as soon as breeding commences,
-is to collect the fertilising dust of flowers, known by the
-name of pollen or farina, and, as soon as they afford it, to
-procure honey from them; the latter chiefly for themselves,
-the former chiefly for their nurslings. I have often
-seen them, after rolling upon the anther-dust of the
-flowers, which their fine hairs enable them to retain upon
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">- 11 -</a></span>
-their bodies, return home thus enveloped, having the appearance
-of a different kind of bee. This coating of pollen
-they brash off with their downy legs, or their companions
-do it for them, and apply it to the general purposes of the
-hive. Their ordinary mode of proceeding is to collect it
-into little heaps or pellets, and to transport it upon their
-thighs to their companions in the hive. That which is not
-wanted for present use is kneaded down with a little
-honey and stored in the cells, in which state it is called
-bee-bread.</p>
-
-<p>The bees collect also another substance called propolis,
-of a resinous nature. This is collected from certain trees,
-to fasten the combs to the roof of the hives, to varnish and
-strengthen the cell-work, and to stop up the crannies of
-the hive. This substance is used as soon as collected,
-while it is soft, none of it being stored, for its collectors
-are well aware that in a short time it would become so
-hard as to lose its ductility.</p>
-
-<p>In the generality of seasons the bees obtain their principal
-stores of honey from the flowers of the fields, but they
-also, in some seasons, collect it much more abundantly
-from the leaves of several sorts of trees, on which it is deposited
-in the form of honey-dew, a very sweet substance
-which, having been sucked from the aforesaid leaves by an
-insect called the aphis or tree-louse, passes through its
-body nearly unchanged, covers those leaves which are beneath,
-and thus affords a delicious repast to bees, butterflies,
-and other insects. The bees collect this food by
-means of the long tongue which I have described to you,
-and which acts as a sort of brush, so that bees may be
-said rather to lap their food than to suck it. By the repeated
-action of this brush-like contrivance, they gradually
-conduct the sweet juices into their mouths, from whence
-they pass into their honey-bag, and when this is filled, they
-carry home the cargo, regurgitate it, and deposit it in
-those cells which, either by themselves or their companions,
-have been previously prepared to receive it. They are
-then quickly in the fields again in quest of a fresh supply.
-Thus, throughout the spring, summer, and autumn, whenever
-the weather is favourable, and even in unfavourable
-weather, if they are much in want of food or other materials,
-to use the language of the poet, the bees are to be
-seen,</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"Gathering honey from every opening flower."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-
-<p>The quantity which they collect in this way is often surprising,
-considering how small a portion is imported on
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">- 12 -</a></span>
-each excursion. I have just stated that, with the exception
-of those seasons when honey-dews abound, the principal
-resources of the bees are the flowers of the fields,
-chiefly those of the white clover,&mdash;a plant which is found
-upon most pasture lands, but none are more luxuriantly
-clothed with it than the meadows of this county. Hence
-the excellent pasturage they afford for sheep as well as for
-bees; thus corroborating a very ancient opinion, that the
-finest honey is collected in districts which yield the finest
-wool and the finest wheat; these productions comprehending
-two of the five w's for which Herefordshire has been
-long so justly celebrated, viz., wheat, wool, wood, water, and
-women! How worthy the latter are of this pre-eminence I
-have abundant evidence around me!</p>
-
-<p>Having explained to you the mechanism and functions
-of the proboscis, I now proceed to describe those
-of the sting, which are no less worthy of admiration
-for the perfection with which that organ is formed,
-and by which it accomplishes its various purposes. It
-consists of a couple of darts, enclosed in a sheath; but
-the darts and sheath are so very minute that the separate
-parts are not distinguishable by the naked eye. That part
-called the sheath, though appearing to be a single tube, is
-divided into several portions, each of which is capable of
-being received by the one above it, like the pieces of a
-telescope, so that it can be lengthened or shortened at
-pleasure. The beauty and utility of this latter part of its
-organisation will be still more evident when I come to
-speak of the Queen. In some other insects this apparatus
-serves not only the purpose of a sting, but also that of a
-saw or a gimlet, to pierce a passage through wood or other
-materials. When the insect stings, the sheath is the first
-part that penetrates the skin, but it is instantly followed
-by the darts, not simultaneously, but first one and then
-the other, and with the rapidity of lightning; by which
-means, as each dart is provided with a barb, it can lay
-firmer hold, and penetrate deeper into the flesh. When
-at its full depth, a poisonous liquor, which is always ready
-prepared at its root in the venom bag, is forced down the
-sheath into the wound, causing that sharp pain, inflammation,
-and swelling which <i>usually</i> ensue. I say <i>usually</i>
-ensue, for in some peculiar habits, as I have known, in
-several instances, no apparent inconvenience is produced
-by a sting, not even so much as would be caused by the
-prick of a needle; owing to the exquisitely superior fineness
-of the former. I once had an opportunity of having
-this confirmed in a remarkable maimer by a respectable
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">- 13 -</a></span>
-Kentish farmer, who pat it to the test upon one of his
-female servants. She was boasting one day of her flesh
-being poison proof, and saying she did not mind the sting
-of a bee or a wasp&mdash;not she, for they never did her any
-damage, and that she should not mind letting any one inflict
-any number of stings upon her at a penny a piece I
-Her incredulous master accepted the challenge, and
-"Verily," said he, "I took six penny worth of stinging out
-of her, without causing her to flinch in the least, or apparently
-to suffer the very slightest uneasiness, or any subsequent
-inconvenience!" This, however, is an impunity
-which very few are endowed with, for in general the pain
-inflicted by a sting is very severe, not only at the moment,
-but, where timely remedies have not been applied, of considerable
-duration, ending often in much tumour and inflammation,
-and in some instances, where the stings have
-been numerous, fatal consequences have ensued. Whenever
-an attack is made by a bee, the person aimed at
-should walk quietly away to the nearest bush or other
-shelter. If he start or suffer himself to be ruffled, he is
-much more likely to be stung; and even if he were stung,
-in such a comparatively quiescent state, so much the
-smaller would be the injury received, a calm deportment
-enabling the bee to withdraw the sting by her own efforts,
-by clenching the barbs round its shafts, these forming the
-only obstacles to its withdrawal. If it be left behind in the
-wound, the best treatment is quickly to extract it with a
-pair of tweezers, and in any case to apply promptly a little
-spirit of hartshorn, or any other alkaline liquor that will
-penetrate the wound; the venom inserted, being evidently
-an acid, is neutralised by an alkali, and rendered comparatively
-harmless; but everything depends upon its prompt
-application. From what I have stated to be the most
-effectual remedy for the sting of a bee, it may be inferred
-that those who are stung with impunity are very good
-tempered, for if they had any sourness in their composition
-they would have no such exemption from suffering when
-stung! Considering, therefore, how very important good
-temper is to connubial felicity, may it not be prudent for persons
-prior to betrothment to submit each other to the test of
-the bee's sting, when perhaps the amount of good temper
-possessed might be ascertained by the extent of the suffering
-inflicted? Should such a test be found upon trial to be
-depended upon, what persevering efforts would it not infallibly
-induce in the cultivation of good temper, and to
-what an incalculable degree would it contribute to the
-promotion of social harmony! And how delightful it
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">- 14 -</a></span>
-would be to find that, in addition to their well known importance
-in other respects, we had made of the hivites a
-virtuous nation.</p>
-
-<p>I have now to introduce to your notice another highly-interesting
-and important member of the bee community&mdash;one
-that is generally considered to rank above all the rest,
-and hence the following couplet has been applied to her:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"First of the throng, and foremost of the whole<br /></span>
-<span class="i1">One stands confest the sovereign and the soul."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>She is usually designated by the name of queen; and
-as she suffers no rival near her throne, she may be regarded
-as an absolute queen. She varies considerably in her appearance
-from the working bees, still more so in her functions.
-She is both larger and longer than the workers;
-their relative proportions are very fairly given in the plate
-upon the table; from which you will perceive that, though
-the queen's body is longer than that of a worker, her wings
-are about the same length, so that they Call considerably
-short of covering her body. Her movements are more
-slow and graceful than those of the workers. The under
-parts of her body are of a copper colour, so likewise are
-her thighs, but they are not furnished with baskets; for
-she has never occasion for any, being always waited upon
-by the workers. The sting of the working bee is quite
-strait; that of the queen is somewhat curved; and the
-tube which encloses it, besides its utility, as a sheath for
-the sting, affords a passage for the eggs which she lays;
-and, by its telescopic construction, she is able so to extend
-it as to deposit her eggs at the very bottom of the brood
-cells; and this object is still further facilitated by the tapering
-form of her hinder part. These eggs, at the height of
-the season, she deposits at the rate of 200 a-day, and thus
-becomes the fertile mother of many thousands annually,
-consisting of workers, drones, and a few scions of royalty.
-So fast indeed does her progeny increase at this season
-as to render fit necessary that their numbers should be diminished
-either by the issue of swarms, or by affording
-the family additional room. I have now a few words to
-offer on the remaining members of the family of bees,&mdash;those
-which have been denominated by Shakspere as "the
-lazy yawning drones." These are the gentlemen of the
-hive; and truly do they deserve that name, for they do no
-work, and never venture abroad but in fine weather, when
-they can enjoy the sunshine and philander with the royal
-ladies. They are nearly the same length as the queen,
-but more bulky, and very clumsily formed, and they are
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">- 15 -</a></span>
-not armed with a sting. Superficially regarded, it would
-seem as if they came into the world merely to consume
-the produce of others' industry. They must not be hastily
-condemned, however, for not being gifted with the organs
-necessary either to collect or to convey food; they ought
-not to be reproached on that score, and as we know some
-of their uses, we may fairly give them credit for others.</p>
-
-
-<p>Having in the former portion of my lecture referred
-to the very early period at which the attention of man
-was drawn to the honey-bee; to the profit which may
-be derived from a judicious culture of that valuable insect;
-to the various members of which a family of bees
-consists; to their very great powers of increase; and
-to the very curious and wonderful contrivances exhibited
-in their anatomical structure; I now proceed to detail to
-you one of the most curious and astonishing facts which
-their marvellous history affords, viz., the power they
-possess of supplying the place of a lost queen. When
-such a misfortune befals them, provided there be any eggs
-in the worker-cells, or even grubs that are not more than
-three days old, they immediately break down three
-worker-cells, destroy two of the eggs or grubs, as the case
-may be, surround the third with the walls of a cell peculiarly
-appropriate for raising queens, and by administering
-to the inmate a particular food called royal jelly, they are
-enabled to raise up a bee possessing every attribute of
-royalty, which, but for the peculiar diet and the large
-royal cradle with which it was supplied, would have turned
-out simply a working bee. A knowledge of this power in
-the bee has long been familiar to a few foreigners, though
-for a time discredited in this country. In consequence of
-this discovery, apiarians have been enabled to increase
-their stocks of bees by means of what has been called
-artificial swarming. Should there be no suitable egg or
-grub in the hive from which to replace a lost sovereign, so
-heavily is the calamity felt, that she is mourned over with
-so fervent and sincere a regret that it would seem as if a
-disaster had befallen them of so dire a nature as to threaten
-the dissolution of the community, and, for a time, no successor
-that could be presented to them would be acceptable.
-Still this exhibition of grief is not of long continuance;
-for though within the first twenty-four or thirty
-hours they are so inconsolable as not only to reject, but
-even to sacrifice, any other queen that might be presented
-for their acceptance, yet, after the expiration of the period
-I have named, their sorrow becomes mitigated, so that, on
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">- 16 -</a></span>
-being presented with a stranger queen, she is no longer
-treated as a stranger, but even cordially received, and joyfully
-admitted to the honors of sovereignty. If the family
-have neither a queen presented to them, nor eggs, nor
-grabs of a suitable age, they either pine gradually away
-or join some other establishment, transferring their
-allegiance to the sovereign thereof, and rewarding their
-new associates for their hospitality by an importation of
-the stores of the deserted hive. Before I take leave of the
-all-important lady I have been describing, I will just refer
-to the time the eggs which she respectively lays require for
-their full development as perfect bees. The egg of the
-working bee is hatched in about four days, when it becomes
-a grub, in which state it is fed for about five days more,
-according to the temperature of the season; when it has
-increased so as to fill the cell, it is covered in by its nurses
-with a waxen lid. It now spins round itself a silken web,
-called a cocoon, in which it is occupied for about thirty-six
-hours. After this its various members become gradually
-developed, till, on the 21st day from the laying of the eggs
-it comes forth a winged insect. As respects the embryo
-queen, in her case every stage of the progression is shortened,
-and she is ready to emerge as a full-grown queen
-upon the sixteenth day. The progression of the drone is
-the slowest, four-and-twenty days being occupied before
-he arrives at maturity. In the respective periods of their
-adult existence, there is a still greater relative difference
-than in that of their embryo state. I have told you already
-that the length of life allotted to the working bee
-does not extend beyond six or eight months; that of the
-drone seldom exceeds four months, whilst the queen's life
-is usually extended to three or four years. It has been a
-question to what distance bees will fly when exploring the
-fields, and it has been ascertained that the usual extent of
-their flight from home is about a mile and a half; but if
-within that range they do not find what they seek for,
-they have been known to exceed more than double that
-distance.</p>
-
-<p>Having now presented you with a sketch of the history
-and physiology of the bee itself, I shall proceed to notice
-that miracle of insect architectural skill, a honey-comb,
-without which any lecture on its artificers would be very
-incomplete. A honey-comb is universally allowed to be
-one of the most striking achievements of insect industry,
-and a most admirable specimen of insect architecture.
-Every comb in a hive is composed of two ranges of cells
-backed against each other, and each cell is constructed
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">- 17 -</a></span>
-with the strictest mathematical correctness. According
-as they are designed for the cradles of working bees or of
-drones, they vary somewhat in dimensions, but in each
-size the strictest uniformity is preserved. For storing
-honey both sizes are constructed and used indiscriminately;
-but for whatever purposes intended, one or other
-of those two sizes is invariably adhered to, and they are
-so contrived as to make them contain the greatest possible
-quantity in the smallest possible space, and with the
-smallest possible quantity of materials. Specimens of
-drone as well as of worker-cells, full and empty, are upon
-the table. On observing the full ones, it will be perceived
-that every cell is sealed over, so as to prevent the external
-air from having access to the honey; and this may serve
-as a hint to those who wish to preserve their honey in as
-pure a state as possible, that it should from first to last be
-as little exposed as possible to the external air. The cells
-are all of them of an hexagonal shape, that having been
-found by some of the profoundest geometrical scholars to
-be the one which most perfectly accomplishes the results
-which I have specified. What an astonishing coincidence
-is this! Several celebrated mathematicians occupy themselves
-in solving an intricate problem, and, after the exercise
-of the highest ingenuity and the deepest thought,
-find their conclusions made manifest in the operations of
-the bee! Not only are the cells thus curiously constructed
-with the strictest regard, to the economy of space and materials,
-but so as to afford the utmost available degree of
-strength for though the cells are formed in doable rows,
-back to back, you will perceive, on examining the specimens
-before you, that no two cells are directly opposed to
-each other, but that every separate cell is fortified by having
-the walls of three others running across the bottom of
-it, and all three meeting in its centre! Such wonderful
-specimens of constructive skill in the bee, as well as in
-some other members of the insect race, might well have
-excited the astonishment of Solomon and have called
-forth the apostrophes of David, and have led him to exclaim,
-when contemplating them, "Marvellous are thy
-works, O God! in wisdom hast thou made them all!"</p>
-
-<p>I have given you a description of the curiously-constructed
-cells which constitute a honey-comb, and have
-told you what steps the bees take when they have to supply
-the loss of a queen. This gave me occasion to advert
-to one of the modes in which they prepare a royal cell.
-In such an emergency the usual mode of proceeding is departed
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">- 18 -</a></span>
-from, the royal cradle being built round the egg or
-grab, and therefore having its site wherever that egg or
-grub may happen to be, not, therefore, upon the edge of
-a comb; whilst in the regular course of nature the royal
-cell is constructed, not where the egg has been laid, but
-where it is proposed that it shall be laid, and in that case
-always upon the edge of a comb, its dimensions increasing
-progressively, as the royal insect increases in size, and requires
-increased accommodation. This proceeding always
-commences a short time previous to the intended issue of
-a swarm. The wood-cut on the table will give a tolerable
-notion of the relative appearance of every description of
-cell, and in every state. At the top of the comb may be
-seen cells filled with honey and sealed over with <i>fattish</i>
-waxen lids (specimens of which are afforded by the plate
-of stored honey-comb); somewhat lower down are cells
-containing brood in an advanced state, sealed over with
-convex lids; lower still are represented open cells, containing
-grubs in every state of progression, the whole being
-encompassed by open cells, ready to be occupied either
-with honey or brood, as may be required. There is also a
-specimen of a full-sized royal cell upon the table, in the
-state which precedes a queen's emergence from it; and
-likewise a half-finished cell of the same description. In
-the formation of the common cells, you will be struck with
-the lightness of their structure, the wax expended upon
-them being employed with the strictest regard to economy,
-not a gram more being used than is barely necessary;
-whilst in fashioning the royal cradle, economy of materials
-would seem to be the last thing thought of. This has been
-so well expressed by an accomplished apiarian friend, the
-late Dr. Evans, of Shrewsbury, that I cannot forbear quoting
-his very words:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i0">"No more with wary thriftiness imprest,<br /></span>
-<span class="i1">They grace with lavish pomp their royal guest;<br /></span>
-<span class="i1">Nor heed the wasted wax nor rifted cell,<br /></span>
-<span class="i1">To bid with fretted round th' imperial palace swell."<br /></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>You will perceive that the walls of these regal edifices, instead
-of being like those of the other cells, as thin as
-paper, to compare great things with small, are as substantial
-as the walls of a palace, the very title conferred upon
-them by Dr. Evans.</p>
-
-<p>The source from which wax is produced, though it had
-been imperfectly glanced at by one or two old apiarians,
-was not determined satisfactorily till within the last sixty
-or seventy years, it having been almost universally imagined
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">- 19 -</a></span>
-that the substance which the bees import upon
-their thighs, viz., farina, formed its chief constituent;
-whereas it is now clearly ascertained that farina does not
-enter at all into the composition of wax, but that it is
-imported solely as food for embryo bees, and that wax is a
-secretion from between the scales, on the under parts of
-the bee's body, from which it is thrown off in thin layers.
-The little creatures, when wax is needed, distend their
-stomachs with honey and remain in a quiescent state for
-about twenty-four hours, within which time the honey becomes
-changed in its nature, and oozes out between the
-scales in thin flakes ready for use. These the little artists
-remove with their hind legs, carry them forward to their
-mouths, and then mincing them up with a frothy liquor
-till the mass becomes glutinous, reduce it to a state which
-admits of its being easily moulded into honey-combs or
-any other form.</p>
-
-<p>I have now endeavoured to fix your attention upon
-several of the wonderful proceedings of the bee&mdash;proceedings
-which are generally regarded as the result of instinct,
-though some of them would almost incline us to award to
-it the same attribute that has been applied to a creature
-of much greater magnitude, and to speak of the half-reasoning
-bee as well as of the half-reasoning elephant.
-Indeed the enlightened Boyle, when contemplating the
-various wonders of nature, has declared his astonishment
-to have been more excited by the mite than by the elephant,
-and that his admiration dwelt not so much upon the
-clocks as upon the watches of creation. In support of
-what I have felt disposed to designate as a half-reasoning
-power, many very striking illustrations might be adduced,
-shall on this occasion confine myself to one, in addition
-to those I have already detailed to you; and I do so the
-rather as it occurred to an old friend of mine, who ended
-his days in this city. I allude to the Rev. Richd. Walond,
-one of the former Treasurers of our Cathedral, and Rector
-of Weston-under-Penyard. As he was inspecting one of
-his bee-boxes one day towards the end of October, he perceived
-that a centre comb loaded with honey had become
-separated from its attachments, and was leaning against
-another comb, so as to prevent the passage of the bees between
-them. This accident excited great activity in the
-colony, but its precise nature could not be ascertained at
-the time. At the end of a few days, the weather being
-cold, and the bees clustered closely together, Mr. Walond
-observed through the window of the box that they had
-constructed two horizontal bars between the combs alluded
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">- 20 -</a></span>
-to, and had removed so much of the honey and wax
-from the top of each as to allow a free passage to a bee.
-In about ten days the bees had effected an uninterrupted
-thoroughfare; the detached comb at its upper part had
-been secured by a strong barrier, and fastened to the window.
-This being accomplished, the horizontal pillars, first
-constructed, being of no further use, were demolished.
-Had such expedients been had recourse to by human
-beings, they would have been regarded as affording evidence
-of a continued chain of reasoning, for the most intelligent
-architect could not have more judiciously propped
-up a tottering fabric till it could be effectually secured.</p>
-
-
-<p>Let me now bespeak your attention to the practical
-management of bees, and I shall precede my observations,
-thereon by addressing a few words to you upon the subject
-of swarming, though in all probability it is a proceeding
-familiar to most of you. I have already stated that in the
-winter and the early spring the queen and the working
-bees constitute the whole family; but in April and May,
-in mild weather much earlier, so great a number of eggs
-is deposited, chiefly worker-eggs, but some portion also of
-drone-eggs, as, when hatched and brought to maturity, to
-encumber the hive so much by their numbers and the
-overpowering heat they produce, unless additional room
-be afforded them, as to cause the emigration of a large
-portion of the family. In this case, one division issues
-from the hive, accompanied by the old queen, leaving the
-other division in the parent hive. These latter transfer
-their allegiance to a new queen, one or more being always
-either ripe or in embryo, some days prior to the swarm's
-issuing. The same stock will occasionally throw off several
-swarms in the season, each successive swarm being always
-accompanied by the princess royal In general all the
-younger-princesses are kept imprisoned in their cells, till
-all further intention to swarm is given up, when those that
-are not required the queen regnant is allowed to destroy,
-which her jealousy is ever prompting her to do, whether
-they be required or not, and which nothing but the sedulous
-guard kept over them by the workers could prevent.
-If two or more of these royal ladies should happen to be
-at liberty at the same time, there is always a contest,
-which continues till fatal to all but one. A swarm consists
-of a queen, several thousands of working bees of all
-ages, generally also of a few hundreds of drones. When
-all things are prepared for their issuing forth, storing
-themselves, for instance, with honey sufficient for a few
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">- 21 -</a></span>
-days' consumption, and, according to the opinion of some
-apiarians (myself among the rest), having made choice of
-a future residence, there arises great commotion in the
-hive, and those bees that have, by previous concert, decided
-upon emigrating, sally forth through the entrance of
-the hive in a rapid and tumultuous manner, and with
-so loud a buzz as to be audible at some distance. After
-hovering rather diffusely for some minutes in the air, they
-gradually congregate and settle round their queen, usually
-upon a tree or bush, from which, as soon as they have become
-tolerably quiet, they are shaken into a hive held beneath
-them; the hive is then instantly inverted, and
-placed on a table covered with a cloth upon which two
-sticks have been laid to prop up the hive sufficiently to
-allow a free passage for the bees. The whole is then well
-sheltered from the sun by green boughs or some other protection.
-If the hive prove agreeable to the bees, they
-soon recover from the commotion, and as soon as they have
-become tolerably quiet, they should be carried to the place
-where they are intended to remain permanently, from
-whence they will soon begin to roam the fields in search of
-materials to furnish their new home. It is customary
-among the cottagers to make a noise when bees are
-swarming, generally by striking a frying-pan smartly with
-a large key. This they do from a notion that it will
-charm the bees down, but the experience of all intelligent
-apiarians has proved this to be a useless practice. While
-furnishing their hive with combs the great bulk of the
-bees suspend themselves from its roof, in a cluster, consisting
-of a succession of semicircular festoons, one within
-the other, and they keep up such a degree of warmth as
-to render their waxen materials soft enough to be easily
-moulded. To enable themselves to form this cluster, they
-cling to each other by their claws, the fore feet of one bee
-hanging upon the hind legs of the one above it. This
-clustering prevents their earliest proceedings from being
-witnessed in hives of the usual form. This, however, is a
-difficulty which ingenious apiarians have found means to
-overcome, by the use of a unicomb or mirror hive, one of
-which I shall be well pleased to show any lady or gentleman
-who may feel inclined to see the construction of it,
-and the facilities it affords for observation.</p>
-
-<p>I shall now put you in possession of what I conceive to
-be the simplest, cheapest, and most profitable mode of
-managing bees. There are two prominent systems in use
-directed to these objects, each based upon the importance
-of giving room to the bees, and diminishing thereby their
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">- 22 -</a></span>
-disposition to swarm. By one of these systems we are
-directed to place the hives or boxes side by side (the collateral
-system); the other system advocates the piling of
-the boxes one upon another (the storifying system), affording
-in both cases a free communication between the
-boxes whenever required. I have tried both systems myself,
-and have taken considerable pains to ascertain the
-success of others, who have also given both an ample trial.
-The result has been to give me a decided opinion in favour
-of storifying, and indeed many of my acquaintances, who
-had originally been induced to adopt the collateral plan,
-have wholly abandoned it for that of storifying. Whichever
-of these modes he had recourse to, it has been found
-that the bees have a regular habit of constructing their
-combs at uniform distances from each other; but they
-have also another habit, when they are untutored, viz.,
-that of building them irregularly, insomuch that their position
-is frequently curvilinear, and sometimes they are
-even placed at right angles with each other. This proceeding
-forms a great impediment to the manipulation of wax
-and honey. It is an impediment, however, which the mere
-cottager pays little regard to, and blunders through it.
-But to the scientific apiarian it is indispensably necessary
-to avoid these various incurvations. To accomplish this
-desirable object, every box or bee-hive should be furnished
-with movable wooden bars, upon each of which, or at any
-rate upon every other bar, pieces of worker-comb should
-be fixed, to serve as a guide to the bees, prior to their introduction
-to a swarm. This, you will perceive, has been
-attended to in the hive and boxes before you. And it will
-be found that the bees, if they have their guide-combs
-correctly and securely fixed, will invariably accept them as
-the foundations of their future structures; by which
-means several important objects will be accomplished. In
-the first place, the facility of taking the stored honey will
-be very much increased. In the next place, if the bees
-are not wealthy enough to spare a whole box full of honey,
-you can without difficulty take from them what they <i>can</i>
-spare. And thirdly, if in your apiary there should be
-any families <i>very</i> unequal in wealth, provided the boxes
-and bars are reciprocally adapted to each other, one or
-more bars can be removed from a weak hive and exchanged
-for the same number of loaded bars from a strong one,
-thus giving needful support to one or more families without
-injury to any. In the performance of these operations,
-the use of a little tobacco smoke is required to paralyse
-the bees so far as to prevent them from being intrusive.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">- 23 -</a></span>
-But I will now endeavour to illustrate what I have stated
-to you, by having recourse to the boxes upon the table.
-I will suppose a swarm to have been introduced to one of
-them, and that the box and bees have been placed where
-they are to remain permanently. If your object be to collect
-pure honey, and to prevent swarming, as soon as you
-have ascertained that the box is about three-parts full of
-combs, another box should be placed either under or over
-the first, and a communication opened between them; if
-the season promise well, the family may be supered, if not
-nadired. In some remarkable seasons even a third box
-may be required; but this will rarely happen during the
-first year of a family's establishment. Indeed, during the
-first year honey should generally be rather sparingly taken.
-In future years, with good seasons, from thirty to forty
-pounds may be taken from each family; in highly favourable
-seasons, in a good locality, much more.</p>
-
-<p>I have now brought this lecture to a close. My chief
-difficulty in the composition of it has arisen from the
-exuberance of my materials, which it was not easy to compress
-into the form of a lecture. You will, of course, infer,
-therefore, that much has been left untold, for which I
-must beg to refer you to those works which have been
-written professedly on the subject.</p>
-
-<p>So I here take leave of my brief history of the honey-bee&mdash;that
-wonderful, that useful insect, which, though not
-possessed of the advantages with which man is gifted,
-having neither religion nor reason for its guide, affords
-nevertheless an example to man of the most perfect order,
-the most unremitting industry, the greatest harmony, and
-the most undeviating attention to the welfare of all. (Applause.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="caption4 pmt4 pmb4 bdt">HEREFORD: PRINTED AT THE TIMES OFFICE, WIDEMARSH-STREET.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HINTS ON THE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT OF THE HONEY BEE ***</div>
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