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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe, by
-A. E. Holt White
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe
-
-Author: A. E. Holt White
-
-Editor: Rashleigh Holt White
-
-Release Date: November 14, 2021 [eBook #66736]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Fiona Holmes and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
-             http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
-             Libraries.)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF
-TENERIFFE ***
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes
-
-Hyphenation has been standardised.
-
-Footnotes were moved to the ends of the text they pertain
-to and numbered in one continuous sequence.
-
-A Contents table has been created by the Transcriber and is
-placed in the public domain.
-
-    THE
-    BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
-    OF TENERIFFE.
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-    THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
-    OF TENERIFFE.
-
-    BY
-
-    A. E. HOLT WHITE.
-
-    EDITED BY
-
-    RASHLEIGH HOLT WHITE,
-    VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE SELBORNE SOCIETY.
-
-    ILLUSTRATED FROM THE AUTHOR’S DRAWINGS.
-
-
-    London:
-    L. REEVE & CO.,
-    PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS,
-    6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
-    TENERIFFE: HAMILTON & CO., SANTA CRUZ.
-
-    1894
-
-    [_All rights reserved._]
-
-
-
-
-                            πειρατα γαιης
-  Τῇ περ ῤηίστη· βιοτὴ πέλει ἆνθρώποισιν·
-  Οὐ νιφετὸς, οὕτ’ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτε ποτ’ ὄμβρος,
-  Ἁλλ’αἰεὶ Ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντας ἀήτας
-  ‘Ωκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψὐκειν ἀνθρώπους·
-
-  HOMER, Od. iv.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
- Omnia bene describere, quæ in hoc mundo a Deo facta, aut naturæ creatæ
- viribus elaborata fuerunt, opus est non unius hominis, nec unius ævi.
- Hinc Faunæ et Floræ utilissimæ; hinc monographi præstantissimi.
-
-  SCOPOLI, Ann. Hist. Nat.
-
-
-
-
-  TO
-
-  ELIZABETH MARY ODLING
-
-  IN MEMORY OF
-
-  MANY HAPPY DAYS SPENT WITH HER AND HER FATHER
-
-  THE LATE ALFRED SMEE, F.R.S.
-
-  THIS BOOK
-
-  Is dedicated by
-
-  HER AFFECTIONATE FRIEND
-
-  THE AUTHOR.
-
-
-
-
-  LONDON:
-  PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD.,
-  ST. JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS.
-
-  PREFACE.
-  INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
-  HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, Etc.
-  KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, Etc.
-  BUTTERFLIES.
-  LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE.
-  APPENDIX B.
-  APPENDIX C.
-  APPENDIX D.
-  ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
-  DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-When the author left England, in the autumn of 1892, for a winter’s
-sunshine in Teneriffe, it was by no means her intention to write on
-the Lepidoptera of that Island. Soon after her arrival, however,
-she was struck by two things; the want of any sort of interesting
-out-door occupation (other than somewhat desultory riding expeditions)
-experienced by her companions in exile, and the absence of any account
-of the Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands, which would enable collectors
-to name their specimens. It is her hope that the present publication
-may be, at least to some extent, the means of remedying these
-deficiences.
-
-To a detailed description of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, so far as
-they are at present known, an introductory chapter has been added, for
-the benefit of novices in the study and collection of butterflies and
-moths.
-
-Those, for whom fresh air and a certain amount of exercise are
-essential, can hardly find any more health-giving or light interesting
-occupation than the practical study of Entomology.
-
-This study lends an interest to excursions which might otherwise be
-tedious, and leads the collector into all sorts of beautiful and
-picturesque unexplored nooks and corners of the Island, which to the
-ordinary traveller are quite unknown. Many visitors hardly ever extend
-their wanderings farther than the Carretera (the one high road in
-Teneriffe), and have no idea of the many beauties to be seen, or of
-the interest that may be found in studying the Botany, as well as the
-Entomology, of this most charming of the “Summer isles of Eden lying in
-dark-purple spheres of sea.”
-
-All the species and varieties of Teneriffe butterflies, with the
-exception perhaps of three, are found between the months of November
-and May; so that anyone staying there for the winter and spring months
-may procure a tolerably perfect collection; more especially as the
-different species found in Teneriffe are but twenty-nine, so far as is
-at present known, all of which are now described. The author has been
-fortunate enough to add four of these to the number previously known to
-exist in the Island.
-
-The most complete collection of moths which came under notice is in
-the possession of Dr. Zorolo, of Villa Orotava, and this numbers about
-seventy species and varieties. Forty-one moths are described out of
-some fifty which were collected and studied by the author; and a list
-of twenty-one others, chiefly small and of little interest to the
-amateur collector, is appended.
-
-Almost all the facts and particulars relating to the life history
-of the Lepidoptera are the result of the personal experience of the
-author, who is also responsible for the drawings from which the
-illustrations have been reproduced.
-
-It is believed that the Lepidoptera of the other six Islands are
-largely similar to those of Teneriffe. (See Appendix A.)
-
-The author desires to offer her best thanks to Señor Don Ramon Gomez,
-of Puerto Orotava, for his kindness and courtesy in placing his large
-collection of Lepidoptera at her disposal for study and illustration.
-
-The Rev. O. A. Benthall has kindly given information upon specimens
-which he has netted and observed; and the author is also indebted to
-Dr. Zorolo, of Yilla Orotava, who has lent one or two rare specimens
-for illustration. Kind assistance in naming some specimens has been
-given by A. G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., and Mr. W. F. Kirby,
-F.L.S., F.E.S., of the British Museum; and Mr. Bethune Baker, F.E.S.,
-has been good enough to name some of the smaller moths.
-
-  A. E. H. W.
-
-_November 1893._
-
-
-
-
-INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.
-
-
-Many persons who know little or nothing about butterflies may be
-tempted to make a collection of them when they find themselves in a
-semi-tropical land, which yields in great profusion such beautiful
-creatures, whose brilliant colouring when grouped together has so
-pleasing an effect. To such, a slight sketch of the life of a butterfly
-may not be unacceptable.
-
-Butterflies and moths belong to the order Lepidoptera or Scale-winged
-insects. The different stages of growth of these insects are called
-the--
-
- =_Ovum._=    =_Larva._=       =_Pupa._=      =_Imago._=
-   Egg.     Caterpillar.     Chrysalis.     Butterfly.
-
-The body consists of three parts: the head, the thorax, and the
-abdomen. There are two pairs of wings, the upper and the lower; or,
-as they are generally called, the fore and the hind wings. These are
-covered with a downy substance, like feathered scales, which are most
-beautiful when seen under a microscope, and vary much in form. It is
-in these that the colouring-matter resides, which gives the beautiful
-colour to different species. Lepidoptera have six legs; in some,
-however, the fore-legs are so short and inconspicuous that the insect
-almost appears to have only four legs. The proboscis or trunk is a
-long flexible double tube through which the animal sucks the juices
-of the flowers; it is curled up under the thorax like a watch-spring,
-and expands at will. It varies much in length both in moths and
-butterflies. The antennæ are the horns or feelers of the insect, and
-are believed to contain the organs of smell. They vary much in size and
-thickness, and are most important as regards the classification of the
-different species of Lepidoptera. They are generally of considerable
-length in a butterfly, increasing in thickness at the end till a sort
-of long knob is formed.
-
-Moths are distinguished from butterflies by a few simple
-characteristics, which can be seen at a glance.
-
-First, with some few exceptions, of which the Humming Bird Hawk moth
-is one, moths are always found on the wing at dusk, or at night,
-whereas butterflies take their flight by day. Secondly, the moth either
-folds its wings close to its side or else spreads them out flat. The
-butterfly, when at rest, as a rule keeps its wings straight up, face
-to face, or else keeps up a fluttering motion, continually putting
-them in this position. Thirdly, the body of a butterfly is small at
-the waist, while that of the moth is larger, and of a more uniform
-size. The antennæ are the most distinctive feature, those of the moth
-being fine and long, and having no knob at the end. In some species
-they are short and finely feathered the whole length, terminating in a
-sharp point; this feature is generally distinctive of the male sex; the
-Rufescens moth being an example. The Skipper family have antennæ like
-the butterfly, but the body of a moth.
-
-The butterfly or moth lays its egg (not more than a pin’s head in size)
-on that particular plant or tree on which the caterpillar, that it will
-shortly become, feeds. These look of much the same form to the naked
-eye, but when magnified they are seen to be of many different shapes,
-some being conical, others round, angular and many sided, &c., &c.
-The colours also of the eggs are various, but most frequently they are
-yellow, green, or greenish white. A microscopic examination of these
-will prove both interesting and instructive.
-
-The caterpillars, as soon as they emerge from the eggs, the time of
-which varies with different species, at once commence to eat, and
-continue to do so voraciously till they turn to the pupa state. This
-being the case, they must be constantly supplied with fresh food
-when kept in captivity, once certainly, if not twice a day. There
-are, however, one or two varieties which cease to eat, and lie in a
-semi-dormant state for some time before taking the form of a chrysalis;
-the caterpillar of the Exoleta moth is an example of this. The greatest
-cleanliness, together with good ventilation, freshness of food, and
-regularity in feeding, are essential to keep all caterpillars in health.
-
-If we watch the creature feeding, we shall observe that it takes the
-leaf edgeways between its two fore-feet, ceaselessly moving its head
-up and down, and taking a large piece of leaf at each mouthful. Some
-moth-caterpillars are night-feeders, and so hide themselves under the
-thickest leaves on which they feed, or else bury themselves in the
-earth till night comes again.
-
-Cannibal caterpillars are to be found on the potato-plants; they are of
-rather a reddish brown colour, from an inch and a half to two inches
-in length. The author was not very fortunate in rearing them to the
-moth-stage; it is said that they should be fed on the young larvæ, and
-possibly the specimens had caterpillars to feed on that were too old.
-There is room for interesting experiments in Teneriffe on one, if not
-more, species.
-
-Many of the caterpillars are most beautifully coloured and marked.
-Those of the Hawk-moth are usually the most brilliant, but, at the same
-time, they are most delicate, and require the greatest attention as
-regards freshness of food, ventilation, and cleanliness.
-
-Some larvæ shed their skins twice only, others moult seven times; but
-the majority effect this change four or five times. This is rather a
-laborious process for them, and sometimes proves fatal. During the
-process they cease feeding, but commence again with renewed vigour
-after the change has taken place. The colourings and markings of the
-new coat often vary from those of the one cast off, and an experienced
-entomologist can tell the age of the caterpillar by the colour and
-texture of the skin in many varieties. When the creature has passed
-through the larva and arrived at the pupa state, it has at first a soft
-and tender skin, through which parts of the future butterfly can be
-clearly seen; this soon hardens, however, and forms a case impervious
-to rain or other atmospheric influences.
-
-Before taking the pupa form some caterpillars creep into holes and
-crevices of walls and old buildings, others bury themselves in the
-earth; some envelop themselves in a tissue of silk which they spin as a
-silkworm does, and this case is called a cocoon. Other species draw a
-leaf round their bodies, fastening it together with silk-like threads,
-and so making a complete shelter for itself. The Aurifera caterpillar
-is an example of this type, being commonly found in Teneriffe on the
-potato plant, from the leaf of which it constructs its house. Still
-further varieties suspend themselves to a bough or leaf head downwards.
-There are other varieties which suspend themselves from the centre of
-their bodies by silk-like threads, and use much ingenuity in so doing.
-
-Many caterpillars are smooth, others rough and hairy. The hairy
-specimens vary much, the hair of some being soft, long, and silky,
-others having short stubby spikes rather than hairs sparsely dispersed
-over the body. The hairy species (the Rufescens moth caterpillar being
-one) use their hairy coats as a slight cocoon, and the hairy coat also,
-it is said, serves as a protection from birds; at the same time the
-hairs cause great irritation to the human skin if the caterpillars are
-handled too freely. The acrid taste of some also protects them from
-feathered enemies. When the insect has remained in the pupa state for
-a sufficient length of time, which varies according to species from
-a couple of weeks to a few months, the process of throwing off its
-skin is quickly performed. Weather has much influence on the period
-during which the pupa lies dormant. The Teneriffe winter of 1892-93 was
-particularly warm, and all specimens emerged to the butterfly stage
-somewhat earlier than usual.
-
-A few days before the butterfly or moth appears, the pupa becomes less
-lively, and at last splits its skin down the middle of the back, and
-the insect squeezes first its head and front legs through the aperture.
-This aperture soon enlarges, the pupa skin being very dry and giving
-little resistance, and the creature emerges, its legs clinging to some
-substance so that the wings are in a suspended position. These are
-quite small at first and wet, but they expand very quickly, acquire
-their full size, and become firm and stiff as the animal flutters and
-crawls about. The insect then emits a quantity of reddish fluid, and
-in a short time it is able to fly away. The duration of the life of
-Lepidoptera varies much, most species living a few days or a few weeks,
-but some hibernate. The flight of Lepidoptera is a very distinctive
-feature of the different species, the larger, such as the Plexippus,
-Chrysippus and Pandora, seem to sail through the air, sometimes rising
-to a great height. The Cardui and Huntera have a much quicker and more
-jerky flight, and are troublesome to net. A great many of the large
-moths may be said to rush along, the Convolvuli being a very difficult
-one to capture, and often escaping when it seems quite within the net.
-Taking the flight of the majority of moths and butterflies, they seem
-to be more active and stronger on the wing in Teneriffe than those of
-the same species in England.
-
-The food of Lepidoptera consists of honey which they take from the
-flowers, or else a moisture which exudes from trees or plants. Their
-food is always of a liquid form, and is sucked up through the proboscis
-or long tongue. The Convolvuli moth hovers at dusk over flowers,
-inserting its very long tube into the extremity of trumpet-shaped
-blossoms.
-
-When forming a collection of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, it seems a
-pity that so many insects should be unnecessarily caught and destroyed,
-and the author would earnestly beg all lovers and collectors of
-the beautiful creatures to bear this in mind, as some of the rarer
-varieties may otherwise stand a good chance of being exterminated.
-
-The “muchachos” (Spanish boys) are all too eager to supply any
-collector with specimens for a few “quartos,” and bring many poor
-mutilated insects in the hope of finding a purchaser. A refusal to buy
-the much befingered and dilapidated creatures does not deter them from
-further pursuit, as they only endeavour to catch a greater quantity in
-the hope of at last getting a good specimen which will find a buyer.
-If collectors would only net them themselves, and not encourage the
-indiscriminate way in which the boys pursue them, it would greatly tend
-to preserve the different species.
-
-
-
-
-HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, ETC.
-
-
-As some difficulty is experienced in Teneriffe by persons who arrive
-there without already being provided with materials for collecting
-Lepidoptera, the description of a few useful expedients resorted to may
-be of service. A moderate knowledge of the Spanish language is a very
-useful help towards obtaining any small necessaries, but the Spanish
-shop-keepers are most obliging, and understand quickly by the help of a
-very few words what is wanted.
-
-A butterfly-net is one of the first requisites, so some wire must be
-bought at the tin-smiths, of whom there are several in Orotava. With
-a little instruction he will make it into a ring about one foot in
-diameter, with a socket of tin soldered on to it. Into this socket an
-ordinary walking-stick can be fixed for a handle. The stick is useful
-to walk with over the rough ground when not required for the net, and
-the net can be easily carried with other necessaries one has to take on
-an expedition.
-
-Mosquito-netting answers the purpose of green gauze for the net. Gauze
-is the best, however, and can be purchased in England, but not in
-Orotava. The mosquito-netting gets soft and pliable by use, but it
-is best to scald it in hot water before making it into a net, so as
-to insure a soft substance in which to catch the fragile creatures
-without injuring their wings or plumage. The net should be made round
-at the bottom, and be about a yard in length. Purchase a yard of
-mosquito-netting; it is sold two yards in width, and the quantity which
-is not used for the net serves to cover the breeding-cages, which are
-about to be described.
-
-Another essential is a breeding-cage for caterpillars, and, as several
-are required if many butterflies and moths are to be reared, the
-following plan is a good one to adopt. Procure a small wooden box,
-about 6 or 8 inches long, or even larger, and about 3 inches deep;
-empty chocolate boxes are serviceable for the purpose. In each corner
-fix upright, with a couple of tacks, a piece of cane about 8 or 10
-inches in length. Over this stretch a piece of mosquito-netting,
-tacking it to the edge of the box all round, except at one side, where
-it should be left loose, so as to be fastened down at will with two
-or three stout pins. The loose side can then be raised to give the
-caterpillars fresh food, and to remove dirt or refuse. Breeding-cages
-that one can purchase at any naturalists’ outfitters are made very
-handily of wood, zinc, and glass, and of course are very durable, but
-those described above last well for a season, and have the merit of
-being of no expense.
-
-To procure good moths and butterflies with bright and uninjured
-plumage, it is best to rear them from the caterpillar stage of
-development, but as all varieties are not easily found, the net is
-usually the collector’s first resource. Raising caterpillars from
-the egg is a very interesting process, but it is rather tedious, and
-requires more knowledge and experience to meet with success than
-finding the insects in the next stage of development, and keeping them
-till they reach the perfect state.
-
-When starting for a day’s ramble butterfly-hunting, one of the great
-charms seems to be the delightful uncertainty about the sport which may
-fall to one’s lot, so it is as well to provide for all contingencies,
-taking the net, poison-box, or bottle, a tin for caterpillars (which
-should be perforated at the top), a nest of glass-topped pill-boxes for
-specimens of any butterfly or moth one may wish to take home alive, and
-envelopes for butterflies when killed in the net. The latter may be
-made of note-paper, by cutting a long square of paper and folding it in
-a triangular shape, and then turning up the edges of two sides, so as
-to make a little bag.
-
-Butterflies travel well placed flat in these envelopes, and should
-be set directly home is reached. A small cork collecting-box is
-also useful, together with some insect-pins, in case one gets many
-specimens, some of which can be pinned into the box preparatory to
-setting them on the return home.
-
-Insect life is so prolific in Teneriffe, and one sees so many strange
-and curious animals, that anyone really interested in Entomology is
-certain to find specimens to bring home, such as the “Praying Mantis,”
-found frequently on half dead thistles in “barrancos” and on shrubs,
-the many varieties of large grasshopper, and the gorgeous coloured
-dragon-flies flitting about and killing butterflies in a rather
-wholesale manner.
-
-All these insects are of such interest, that it is as well to be
-provided with various appliances for carrying them on the homeward
-journey.
-
-As sunshine and brightness prevail in Teneriffe during the winter
-months, it is not necessary to choose a “likely” day, as in England,
-in order to have a good day’s sport, indeed there seem to be more
-butterflies on the wing on the days that are not too brilliant. On the
-very sunshiny days the butterflies are about in the greatest quantities
-in the early morning, retiring at noon to more shady or sheltered
-spots. A nice quiet sheltered little dell, covered with rough herbage
-and cactus by the sides of the barrancos, is a very favourite spot. The
-barrancos are dry river-beds, sometimes of great extent, with large
-boulders and rocks thrown about in wild confusion; generally speaking
-they are intersected by a path, up which one can ride or walk, leading
-up the mountains to different villages and hamlets.
-
-Occasionally, during the winter months, a great quantity of water runs
-down the barrancos, but the supply only lasts a short time, soon drying
-up, and leaving a few small stagnant pools here and there, and these in
-turn soon disappear.
-
-Walking over much ground is hard work, as the country is steep, and
-rough with stones and rocks. I advocate strongly the use of mules, as
-being the most pleasant mode of locomotion. They are so sure-footed and
-easy in their quick walk, that one feels far less tired after a long
-day’s excursion on mule-back up the mountains and barrancos, than by
-any other mode of locomotion. The muleteer carries all necessaries,
-together with luncheon, and one is able to stop and alight where fancy
-dictates or butterflies abound. Mules can be hired at Villa Orotava,
-the charge being one dollar, or five pesetas, for a short day; beyond
-this a small gratuity to the muleteer makes him pleased and happy.
-
-There are many completely uncultivated spots up the mountains,
-intersected by little bye-paths along which the mules can walk; these
-are perfect “Eldorados” for moths and butterflies, and one must be
-busy with net and poison-box, not forgetting the tin case in which to
-place larvæ for the breeding-cage, and especially remembering to carry
-home some of the plant upon which they feed.
-
-Some of these places are so rough and thick with bramble growth, and
-vegetation of like nature, that walking is really hard work. The
-lava-rocks are sharp, and the numerous grasses with hooks, such as
-the “Amour Sec,” together with the thorns of the prickly pear, make a
-formidable barrier for the pedestrian. There are, however, no poisonous
-snakes to dread, no biting animals of any sort larger than flies, so
-that the inconvenience of the thorns and pricks is all that need be
-feared.
-
-On returning home from the expedition, all the various wants and
-requirements of the specimens must be attended to. The caterpillars
-have to be put into breeding-cages, which should have been already
-prepared for them. Different kinds which feed on the same plant may
-be put together. Care must, however, be taken not to put any cannibal
-species, such as the Armigera, among the others; also moth and
-butterfly larvæ should be kept separate.
-
-For moth larvæ it is essential to have some fine earth (previously
-baked to destroy the ants, which are very troublesome) spread on
-the bottom of the box, from 1 to 2 inches thick. The caterpillars
-bury themselves in this when they have finished feeding, making for
-themselves a slight mould of earth, welded together with silk-like
-threads. Different species, however, vary in their mode of procedure,
-some making very slight, and others more pronounced cocoons; while yet
-others make quite an oval shell, choosing only the finest grains of
-earth with which to construct their houses.
-
-It is said that some sort of dried leaf answers the purpose of earth,
-and is less likely to injure the moth’s plumage, but the former mode
-has been found to be perfectly successful. Place the plant on which the
-animal is to feed in a moist pot of earth, or in a bottle of water, so
-as to keep it fresh. If the latter mode is adopted, care must be taken
-that the animal does not drop into the water; so it is best to choose
-a wide-mouthed bottle, putting a bung with a hole in it as a stopper,
-and inserting the plant through the hole into the water. The earth
-should be kept slightly moist, and many people give caterpillars a
-gentle spray of water occasionally to take the place of dew, which they
-would have in their natural state. It is a good plan to let them have a
-little of the early morning sun upon them, as it serves to keep them in
-health, but they cannot bear the sun of mid-day.
-
-For butterfly larvæ the same procedure is required, except that only
-a thin sprinkling of earth is wanted at the bottom of the box for the
-purposes of cleanliness.
-
-When the larva of the butterfly is about to develop to its pupa state,
-it readily crawls up the box and netting, suspending itself, from the
-top head-downwards, and the netting serves as a good foot-hold for the
-butterfly when it appears. If possible the chrysalides should remain as
-they place themselves until the next stage of development is reached;
-because, unless they are able to expand their wings while in this
-position, deformity is likely to ensue.
-
-The majority of butterfly chrysalides are naked, and of an angular
-form, some being remarkable for the brilliancy with which they are
-spotted with gold and silver.
-
-The Vanessa family is an example of this, the Vulcania and Huntera
-being especially brilliant.
-
-Caterpillars of the “Skipper” family make a web-like covering of silk
-for the reception of the chrysalides, but there has been hitherto only
-one species of this family found in Teneriffe.
-
-Many caterpillars of various kinds kept during the winter months were
-very subject to the raids of the Ichneumon fly. This fly lays its egg
-on the larva, and it is not easily perceived on the animal unless
-looked for through a magnifying-glass.
-
-The caterpillar lives on, and seemingly thrives, but after it has
-turned to its pupa state the fly develops, and a fine Ichneumon fly
-appears in the breeding-cage instead of the expected butterfly. There
-are large and small varieties of this fly, the former laying only one
-or two eggs on the caterpillar, the latter a great many, and they
-emerge from the chrysalis in corresponding numbers.[1] The only remedy
-seems to be to inspect all larvæ through a magnifying-glass, and to
-reject any infected specimens. Pieris Cheiranthi is particularly
-liable to this fly. The red fungus found on the Tithymali moth
-caterpillar is another disease, but is not very common.
-
-[1] This occurrence is mentioned by Gilbert White in his “Natural
-History of Selborne,” v. “Observations on Insects and Vermes,”  p. 519.
-Ed. 1813.
-
-Caterpillars should be handled as little as possible while removing
-them to their fresh food. As a rule, they crawl on to the fresh supply
-at once, but in the case of very small specimens a camel-hair brush
-should be used to lift them from one place to another. Many of them
-emit a fluid when touched. The Tithymali spits out a quantity of green
-fluid when disturbed.
-
-Butterflies generally seem to be found in the greatest numbers in the
-barrancos early in the year. When, however, the fields get green and
-vegetation increases, they desert the barrancos and take more to the
-fields and country, with the exception of the Argynnis Lathonia, a
-variety which more particularly frequents barrancos.
-
-The time of appearance of all species takes place from two to four
-weeks later the higher they are up the mountains. The south part of the
-island is not so fertile a place for Lepidoptera as the north; perhaps
-this is owing to the more sparse vegetation on that side.
-
-Many species are found inland, while some are peculiar to the coast.
-The heights and localites in which all the different kinds are found
-have been indicated as far as possible in the description of the
-various species.
-
-
-
-
-KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, ETC.
-
-
-Butterflies, when netted, can be easily killed by a prolonged sharp
-pinch under the thorax before being taken from the net, and do not
-need to be put into a poison-box. The pinch should be given between
-the finger and thumb, the wings of the insect being kept in an upright
-position.
-
-Moths must be put into a poison-bottle or box, and left there from
-twelve to twenty-four hours. Some varieties die much quicker than
-others. Various kinds of poison are used for the boxes and bottles, but
-cyanide of potassium seems most generally approved of by entomologists.
-To catch moths, many people use the sugaring process. A mixture, made
-of beer, rum, and coarse sugar or treacle, boiled till it becomes
-thick like treacle is placed at night on the trunks of trees or on
-flowers, and a lamp is placed near the sugared plants. True votaries
-of “sweetness and light,” the moths alight on the sticky mixture, and,
-becoming stupefied with the beer and rum, as a rule fall to the ground,
-where they can easily be caught or netted.
-
-Setting-boards are made of strips of wood about one foot or eighteen
-inches in length, varying in width according to the size of the
-specimen one wishes to pin out on it. These boards are covered with
-sheet cork, having a groove down the middle to receive the body of the
-insect. Some boards have a flat, others a slightly curved surface, and
-these are covered with white paper. English entomologists generally use
-curved boards, but foreign collectors prefer the flat setting-boards.
-These latter seem somewhat preferable.
-
-The good appearance and value of a collection greatly depend on the
-setting, and for this reason much care and patience is required. The
-butterfly should be taken between the thumb and finger of the left
-hand, and an insect-pin inserted in the middle of the thorax, bringing
-the point slightly sloping backwards and out at the legs. Then having
-selected a board suitable in size to the specimen, it should be
-pinned exactly in the middle of the groove, the body being kept quite
-straight. Two narrow strips of paper, not more than ⅛th of an inch in
-width, are now required to fasten down the two wings on each side of
-the groove. Let each strip be pinned in front of the two fore-wings,
-holding the end of a strip in the left hand; then very gently place the
-wings, first the fore and then the hind-wing, in position, bringing
-them forward with a long pin (the point being placed on the wings as
-near the body as possible) in the right hand. At the same time the
-strip of paper which is being held in the left hand is gently lowered
-and fastened with a pin immediately below the hind-wing. Great care
-must be taken not to injure the plumage by touching it. A second strip
-of paper is now necessary on each side to pin down the outer edges of
-the wings; but the first two strips are the most important ones, as
-they keep the wings in position, and the latter may be very easily
-added. The antennæ should be straightened and placed under the first
-two strips of paper, or placed in position by two pins. The paper is
-fastened along the boards, fixing as many specimens as its length will
-permit.
-
-Many persons use triangular pieces of card as braces for the butterfly,
-fixing one or more on each wing, but the strips of paper seem somewhat
-easier to arrange, and damage the plumage even less than the card,
-though when either method is adopted the specimen ought not to be
-damaged in the least. In making a perfect collection of butterflies
-three specimens should be set up of every variety; the male, the
-female, and one set with the underside uppermost. It is not usual to
-set moths the reverse way.
-
-Butterflies must be left on the board to stiffen for ten days or a
-fortnight; after that they can be removed to the store-box. Moths with
-large bodies take longer in drying, and must be left for three or four
-weeks. By touching the end of the body of a specimen gently with a
-pin it can easily be seen whether it is firm and stiff enough to be
-removed to the case. If butterflies and moths are not set soon after
-death they become stiff, and would be useless; but there are several
-modes of relaxing them, and it may be useful to give a description
-of the process which is generally adopted. Procure a marmalade-pot or
-earthenware jar, into which put three inches of sand; pour on the sand
-enough water to wet it thoroughly, without allowing the water to appear
-on the surface. It is as well to put a small quantity of carbolic acid
-with it. The insects to be relaxed should be pinned on to a thick
-piece of cork, the cork resting on the top of the sand. Close the
-mouth of the jar with a piece of glass, or something which will make
-it air-tight. A few hours is often enough to relax specimens, but if
-left longer they must be carefully watched, as they very soon become
-mouldy. To keep the insects free from mites, napthaline must be freely
-used in the store-boxes and cases. Camphor is used by some persons,
-but napthaline is a far more efficacious preventive of the ravages of
-parasites.
-
-In packing specimens already set for England, store-boxes will hold a
-great number if the specimens are judiciously placed one over the other
-in a sloping manner, great care being taken that they do not touch each
-other, as the slightest rubbing spoils the plumage.
-
-Don Ramon Gomez, chemist, of Puerto Orotava, Teneriffe, has all
-necessaries for the collector, such as setting-boards, store-boxes,
-pins, etc., etc., and is most obliging in packing specimens for England
-and giving any advice.
-
-Many interesting objects for the naturalist and antiquarian may be seen
-in his large collection, his Guanche remains being especially deserving
-of notice.
-
-
-
-
-Part I.
-
-BUTTERFLIES.
-
-
-PIERIS CHEIRANTHI.
-
-PLATE I.--FIG. 2.
-
-This is a large creamy-white butterfly peculiar to the Canary Islands.
-It is found in some numbers on and near the coast of Teneriffe
-from April to September; the time of its appearance, however,
-varies somewhat in different years. The larva is smooth, and has a
-ground-colour of grey, finely dotted over with black spots. There
-is a yellow stripe on the back and along each side. It feeds on the
-nasturtium gregariously, and the pupa attaches itself, head downwards,
-to a wall near the plant.
-
-The female butterfly, the underside of which is illustrated, has a long
-uneven blotch of black on the surface of the fore-wings; the male has
-none. The upper surface of both sexes is cream-white, with a black
-apical patch on the fore-wings. The under-sides have the long black
-blotch as seen on the surface of the female, and the ground-colour
-of both is yellow, finely sprinkled with black dots. The measurement
-across the wings varies from two and a half to three and a half inches.
-
-It is best to procure the larvæ to obtain good specimens, but
-the Ichneumon fly is such an enemy to this species that great
-disappointment will probably be experienced in the rearing if the
-caterpillars are not well examined before being placed in the
-breeding-cages.
-
-
-PIERIS WOLLASTONI.
-
-PLATE I.--FIG. 1.
-
-This butterfly is allied to the Cheiranthi, but is a distinct variety,
-only recently met with in this island. Mr. Butler, of the British
-Museum, has named and fully described this insect, which has hitherto
-only been found in Madeira, but is now for the first time enumerated
-in the list of Teneriffe Lepidoptera. It is somewhat smaller than the
-Cheiranthi, measuring not more than two and a half inches in expanse.
-The reverses of the female (which is illustrated) and of the male are
-of a grey tinge, in place of the rather bright yellow shade of the
-Cheiranthi, sprinkled over with fine black dots. The apical patch is
-also grey, and both sexes have long black spots on the fore-wings. The
-upper surface is cream-white; the female has two distinctly marked long
-black spots on the fore-wings; the male having none. The black apical
-markings are similar in both sexes, and a small black spot is seen on
-the inner margin of the hind-wing of both male and female.
-
-There are no observations to record on the caterpillar and pupa, as
-the specimens of the fly (one of which is illustrated) were netted;
-but very possibly larvæ may be found gregariously with the Cheiranthi
-in like manner to the Callirrhoe and Atalanta, or the Plexippus and
-Chrysippus.
-
-The specimens taken were netted about 500 feet above the sea.
-
-
-PIERIS RAPÆ.
-
-The common English variety, Small Cabbage White. The fore-wings are
-creamy white, with an irregular blackish mark at the tip. The male
-generally has a black spot in the middle of the wing, the female having
-two; and both sexes have two black spots on the underside, which is
-of a yellowish colour, thickly dotted with small black atoms. All
-the markings vary greatly, however. The larva is dull green, with a
-yellowish stripe on its back and yellow dots on the side. It generally
-feeds on the cabbage, but is found also on the nasturtium. It is very
-common, and may be found everywhere from February to October. The
-Ichneumon fly is a great enemy to this insect.
-
-
-PIERIS DAPLIDICE.
-
-This butterfly resembles the rare English specimen Bath White.
-It is very common in some years,[2] and found in most localities
-from February to October. It seems mostly to frequent rough
-poorly-cultivated fields. The wings are white, the fore-wings having
-a large black spot in the middle, and being bordered with black
-encircling distinct white spots. The markings of the under-side show
-through on the hind-wings, and these have black markings on the edges
-in the female. The underside has a ground colour of sage-green, freely
-spotted with white. The markings show considerable variety, some being
-marked much more heavily than others. It measures across the wings from
-two to two and a half inches. The caterpillar, which is greyish green,
-has yellow stripes on the back, and feeds generally on cabbage. The
-butterflies are much pursued and destroyed by dragon-flies.
-
-[2] During the winter of 1892-1893 it was met with in great numbers.
-
-EUCHLOË CHARLONIA (Donzil).
-
-PLATE I.--FIG. 4.
-
-This butterfly was seen near Orotava, 500 feet above the sea-level,
-during the first week in May by the author, who, however, was not
-fortunate enough to secure a specimen. Several specimens of this
-species, which is rare in the Canary Islands, have been netted in the
-island of Fuerteventura, and two of them have been presented by Mr. E.
-H. Hodges, of Rugby, to the British Museum, from which the illustration
-has been drawn. It measures in expanse about an inch and a half. The
-general colour is yellow, varying in intensity of shade in different
-specimens, with black apical markings on the fore wings and a long
-black patch on the centre of the upper margin. A full account of this
-interesting insect is to be found in Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1842, p. 197,
-f. 1, but hitherto it has not been recognized in Teneriffe as a species
-belonging to the island. It is found in North and West Africa.
-
-
-APORIA CRATÆGI.
-
-This specimen is the rare English Black-veined White butterfly. It has
-undoubtedly been netted in Teneriffe, though it has not been personally
-observed by the author. In flight its similarity to other white
-specimens is so great that it may often be passed unnoticed. It is said
-to be local and uncertain in appearance, being seen chiefly during the
-summer months about the fields and gardens. The wings are entirely of a
-white cream colour, and are alike on both sides, the veins being black,
-and the fore-wings having some dusky spots on them. The caterpillar is
-black, thickly sprinkled with whitish hairs, and with a reddish yellow
-stripe running along each side. It feeds on various fruit trees, and is
-believed to be very destructive.
-
-
-RHODOCERA CLEOBULE.
-
-PLATE I.--FIG. 3.
-
-This finely-coloured and beautiful butterfly resembles the English
-Brimstone, but is quite a distinct variety, being of squarer form and
-having no decided point at the angle of the hind-wings. It is peculiar
-to the Islands. The male is a most brilliant sulphur yellow, the
-fore-wings being of a deeper shade than the hind ones. The hind-wings
-have a deep orange spot about the centre. The female differs from the
-male in being of a much paler shade of yellow, with quite a tinge of
-green all over it; it also has a small orange spot on the fore-wings in
-addition to that on the hind-wings. Both wings have red markings round
-them on the outer edge, which form an almost interrupted fine line of
-colour. The underside resembles the upper, but is paler. The antennæ
-are short and thick, with a reddish tinge, which becomes deeper at the
-knob.
-
-It is found from January to June in most localities on and at a little
-distance from the coast; gardens and fields seem somewhat favoured,
-but it is by no means common anywhere. There seem to be several broods
-between the months mentioned above, but the larva and pupa have not
-been observed.
-
-
-COLIAS EDUSA.
-
-PLATE I.--FIG. 5 (female).
-
-This specimen is the English Clouded Yellow. The wings measure from two
-to two and a half inches across, the female being somewhat larger than
-the male. Both sexes have the same broad black margin on the fore and
-hind-wings, but the male differs from the female in having no irregular
-yellow spots marked on these black borders, which are seen in the
-female. The hind-wings of the female are of a somewhat darker shade
-of yellow, tinged with green, than those of the male, and both sexes
-have a bright orange spot about the middle of the wing. Beneath, both
-sexes are alike, the fore-wings being of a lighter orange with several
-irregular black spots and a margin of greenish yellow. The hind-wings
-are of a uniform green colour with a red ringed spot about the centre
-of each, accompanied by a silver-like dot in the middle. It is found in
-quantities in most localities, from the coast to the pine forests, from
-February to November. The caterpillar is green, with a stripe of yellow
-and white, having several orange dots on it. It is a miscellaneous
-feeder, preferring, however, leguminous plants.
-
-
-COLIAS v. HELICE.
-
-PLATE I.--FIG. 6.
-
-A pale yellowish-white variety of the former specimen. It is very
-rare, and is found in May and during the summer months, though very
-seldom met with in England.[3] It is slightly smaller than the Colias
-Edusa, and has been found so small as to measure only an inch across
-the wings. Don Ramon Gomez has one in his collection of this size. The
-markings vary considerably, and the bright orange spot in the centre of
-the hind-wing, as seen in the illustration, is replaced occasionally
-by a pure white one. The male has hitherto not been found.
-
-[3] In the summer of 1892 many were taken.
-
-
-LYCÆNA BÆTICA.
-
-A commonly found blue butterfly, measuring from one to one and a half
-inches across the wings. It is rarely met with in England. The insect
-has a slender tail at the lower angle of each hind-wing, surmounted by
-two black dots. The margins of both wings have a slight black or dark
-brown band. The under-sides of both wings are of a grey-brown colour
-streaked and slightly spotted all over with faint white lines. On the
-lower angle of each hind-wing the two black spots on the upper side
-are replaced by two black ones dusted with silver, and surrounded by a
-bright orange ring which is broader at the top than at the bottom.
-
-The antennæ are brown, slightly sprinkled with white. It is found on
-the rough fields (especially where the Lupine grows), barrancos, and
-hedge-rows, between March and August. Specimens netted early in the
-year are not so large as those found during May, and in the summer
-months.
-
-
-LYCÆNA WEBSIANA.
-
-PLATE I.--FIGS. 7 AND 8.
-
-This is a smaller blue butterfly than that just described, measuring
-about one inch across the wings. It is peculiar to the Islands, and
-is known by some lovers of Entomology as the “Peak Blue.” It is not,
-however, found on the Peak alone, but is netted in barrancos and
-gardens at a much lower altitude; it frequents the pine forests in
-large numbers, and has been also found on the south coast of the
-Island of Teneriffe, at Guimar (see Appendix B), so it may be fairly
-considered to be widely dispersed over the Island. It is undoubtedly
-found in the greatest numbers in the elevated zone of the pine forests,
-where, however, owing to the extremely slippery nature of the ground,
-it is difficult to net. The male is of a beautiful metallic blue
-colour; the female of a much browner blue. The upperside of the male,
-and the underside of the female, are shown in the illustrations.
-
-The fore-wings of the underside in both sexes are alike, being of an
-orange tawny colour, with a white uneven spot on the top margin of
-each wing, and five or six somewhat indistinct brown spots at the outer
-edge, interspersed with white.
-
-The hind-wings are of an ashy brown, with a longitudinal, irregular
-silver white line down each, both wings being minutely dotted with
-white. Five or six brown spots, dusted with silver, are seen at the
-margin of the hind-wings. It usually appears in March, though it has
-been seen at an earlier date. The larva and pupa have not hitherto been
-found.
-
-
-LYCÆNA LYSIMON.
-
-This is the smallest specimen of blue butterfly found in Teneriffe,
-being not quite one inch in expanse. The female is rather a browner
-blue than the male. The colouring on the upperside is of a most
-beautiful uniform blue, all the wings having a margin of brown; and a
-slight white fringe at the edges. The underside of all the wings is
-grey, rather freely dotted over with darker spots, encircled by greyish
-white. It is very commonly found on all grassy fields and lanes, and
-quantities flutter quickly along the grass-grown streets of Orotava
-from April to August.
-
-It is not an inhabitant of England, but is found in the south of
-France, Spain, greater part of Africa, Western Asia, and the East
-Indies. The caterpillar and chrysalis have not been observed.
-
-
-LYCÆNA ASTRARCHE v. ÆSTIVA.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 6.
-
-A small dark copper, the expanse of wings being about one inch, or
-rather more. It is not found in England. On the upperside on all the
-wings there is a marginal band of bright copper, the fore-wings have a
-black spot about the centre of each. A fringe of white edges all the
-four wings. The under widely differs from the upper side in colouring
-and markings. The ground colour is light grey, freely dotted over with
-black spots encircled by white. All four wings have the same bright
-marginal copper band as seen on the upper side. The antennæ are black
-or dark brown, finely dotted with white. It is somewhat rarely found
-in fields and barrancos on high ground, but may be met with in larger
-quantities in the pine forests. The time of its appearance is from
-April to September. When comparing the Teneriffe specimen of this
-butterfly with those of other countries at South Kensington, it was
-noticed that the marginal copper band was broader on the Teneriffe
-specimen, and it may be possible that it should be reckoned as a new
-variety.
-
-
-POLYOMMATUS or CHRYSOPHANUS PHLÆAS.
-
-A copper butterfly, and a common English specimen, measuring from one
-to one and a half inches across the wings. The fore-wings are of a
-bright copper red, with large square black spots distinctly marked,
-and an outer band of brown. The hind-wings are dark brown, having a
-marginal copper band on the outer edge, which in some specimens is
-surmounted by a few blue spots. The underside of the fore-wings is pale
-copper, the hind-wings being grey, with minute black or dark brown
-spots, and traces of a marginal band of copper. It is commonly found
-from February to September in most places in Teneriffe, up to the
-altitude of the pine forests. The larva feeds on a variety of Rumex
-(dock or sorrel). Some specimens have been found much darker in colour
-than those described above, the difference being so great as to suggest
-the possibility of a distinct variety.
-
-
-THECLA RUBI.
-
-This small butterfly is called in England the Green Hair Streak, It
-is said to have been netted in the Island during the summer months,
-and its appearance is believed to be well authenticated. The larva
-is green, with a yellow line on the back, bordered with darker, and
-followed by a line of pale triangular spots, and a yellow line on the
-sides: it lives on brambles, &c. The fly expands about one inch; it is
-of a uniform brown colour above, and a uniform green below, with a row
-of white dots on the underside of the hind-wings.
-
-
-DANAIS PLEXIPPUS, formerly ARCHIPPUS.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 1.
-
-The largest butterfly found in the Islands, measuring from four to four
-and a half inches across the wings.
-
-The larva is very bright in colour, having transverse bands of blackish
-violet, gold, and white alternately. It has four black horns or fleshy
-spikes along its back, and when full grown measures about two inches in
-length, and it is rather stout and smooth. The pupa, green when first
-turned, and suspending itself by the tail only, has a bright gold band
-half-way round its base, and a series of gold spots encircling its
-head. Shortly before emerging to a butterfly, it turns to a dark brown.
-The caterpillar never suspends itself to the plant on which it feeds,
-but goes to some of the higher grasses near it, or it prefers still
-better a mallow plant, from the leaves of which as many as sixteen
-beautiful bright green and gold chrysalides have been seen hanging,
-forming quite a picture under the illumination of the glorious sun of
-Teneriffe. It lives and feeds gregariously on the “Arbol de Seda,”
-[4] a plant bearing a very bright red and gold flower. Many specimens
-were reared from quite small caterpillars in the breeding-cages. They
-were easy to keep, but especial care must be taken in providing them
-with fresh food, and great attention ought to be paid to ventilation,
-or some disappointment may be experienced in the number that die during
-the pupa state for no apparent reason. A little of the morning sun is
-beneficial to them, as they are found, when in a natural state, in the
-most sunny localities.
-
-[4] Asclepias cuvassavica.
-
-A brood seems to emerge about every three months in most years from
-February to September. The butterfly frequents flower-gardens and
-fields near the coast, not often being found more than seven or eight
-hundred feet above the sea. It is of a rich orange tawny colour, rather
-heavily veined with black or dark brown. All four wings have a broad
-black border, with two lines of whitish yellow dots along the margin.
-There is a large apical patch of blackish brown on each fore-wing, with
-seven large yellow and white spots on the tip. There is not a great
-difference between the upper and the under side, except that on the
-latter the white marginal spots are larger, and there is more white on
-the black-feathered body.
-
-The insect looks splendidly bright and flashing as it soars along with
-a steady flight from tree to tree on the “Carretera,” and it must
-be quickly netted, or it soon rises out of reach. These butterflies
-are distasteful to birds, as also are the three following varieties
-belonging to the same family. For this reason the family of Danais
-is “mimicked” by butterflies of other species, the butterfly next
-described (Danais Chrysippus) being, for instance, copied closely by
-several African and Indian species of butterflies and even some moths.
-
-The Danais Plexippus is a very common butterfly in North America, and
-has within the last few years become widely dispersed, some specimens
-having been found in England in 1877 and subsequently.
-
-
-DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 2.
-
-This butterfly is widely dispersed over Europe, Asia, and Africa, but
-it is not found in England. It is of the same colour as the last
-described specimen, but is not so large, measuring in expanse from two
-and a half to three and a half inches. The tips of the fore-wings are
-broadly marked with black, shading off to brown, crossed with a band of
-white spots. Four of these spots are of a quadrilateral form, and much
-larger than the rest. The outer margins of all four wings are bordered
-with black, freely dotted with white. There are three black spots on
-the centre of the hind-wings of the female; the male has four, the
-fourth, which is largest, being placed under the principal vein. The
-under is similar in markings and colouring to the upper side, but the
-white spots are more pronounced, and the tawny yellow somewhat paler;
-the apex of each fore-wing is moreover tipped with yellow, instead
-of being black like the upperside. The larva is very similar to that
-of the Plexippus. It is somewhat smaller, however, has six fleshy
-horns instead of four, and the transverse gold and black stripes are
-interspersed with white spots instead of stripes. It feeds gregariously
-with the above variety on the “Arbol de Seda,” and appears at the same
-time, in the same locality, and in equal numbers. When it changes to
-the pupa state it resembles closely the bright green chrysalis of its
-companion, only it is not quite so large.
-
-
-DANAIS ALCIPPOIDES.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 3.
-
-This butterfly, a variety of the Chrysippus, is rare in Teneriffe.
-It is found commonly in Africa and Western Asia, and is a transition
-variety between the Chrysippus and Alcippus. It has whitish hind-wings,
-rather silvery looking, with orange markings within the black border.
-The hind-wings have less white upon them than those of the Alcippus. It
-is similar in all respects and habits, mode of feeding, etc., to the
-Chrysippus, and is found gregariously with it. When kept collectively,
-about one in fifty of the chrysalides proves to be of this variety. The
-caterpillars of the three varieties of Danais described are about four
-weeks before turning to chrysalides, and remain in that state from two
-to three weeks before emerging to the imago.
-
-
-DANAIS DORIPPUS v. KLUGII.
-
-This is the fourth variety of the genus Danais, and is authentically
-claimed as one of the Teneriffe butterflies, though by no means
-commonly found. It varies from the Chrysippus in having no brown apical
-patch on the fore-wings, and it also has no band of white spots across
-them. It measures from two and a half to three and a half inches across
-the wings. It is not an inhabitant of England, but is commonly found in
-North Africa and Western Asia.
-
-
-ARGYNNIS MAIA (Cram), or PANDORA.
-
-PLATE III.--FIGS. 1 AND 2.
-
-This butterfly is one of the most beautiful Fritillarys, and is also
-one of the largest of Teneriffe butterflies, measuring in expanse from
-three and a half to four inches.
-
-It mostly frequents woods and meadows, not often being met with below
-an altitude of fifteen hundred feet above the sea. It is found in South
-Europe, and is also met with in Africa. The time of its appearance
-commences in May, and continues during the summer months. The larva is
-purplish-brown with black markings; it feeds on heartsease. The upper
-and under side differ greatly, as may be seen in the illustrations. The
-prevailing colour of the upper surface is a beautiful bronze green,
-tinged with yellow on the fore-wings. The bronze green colour is freely
-marked all over by velvety black oblong spots, dashes, and lines,
-the margin of each wing having a continuous scalloped line of black.
-The body and hind-wings are very feathered and downy. The underside
-of the fore-wings is a brilliant pink-red and black colour, with an
-apical patch of green, having yellow markings. The hind-wings are green
-with a long irregular stripe of silver down the centre of each, the
-stripe being fringed on the outer edge by five silver dots. There is a
-marginal silver band with a fine yellow line running along the outer
-edge of the hind-wings. The body is green on the upper, and buff-yellow
-on the under-side, the legs being of the latter colour. There is not
-much difference between the male and female.
-
-
-ARGYNNIS LATHONIA.
-
-PLATE III.--FIGS. 3 AND 4.
-
-This exquisite butterfly, which is about two inches in expanse, is
-known in England, where it is accounted a great rarity, by the common
-name Queen of Spain Fritillary, and it is not very commonly found in
-Teneriffe. The caterpillar is a greyish brown with a white dorsal line,
-spotted with black, and having two brownish lines on the sides. The
-spines are reddish and the legs yellow. It feeds on the heartsease,
-violet, etc. The upper surface is a tawny orange colour with many
-distinct rounded black spots. On the under-side the hind-wings are
-brownish yellow with very large oval silver spots interspersed with
-smaller ones. The fore-wings have black spots of various sizes, and
-five or six apical silver spots. The butterfly is found mostly on high
-ground in barrancos; but also in fields and gardens from the months of
-March to September, though in some years it appears earlier. It flits
-quickly along the paths in the barrancos, settling at short distances,
-very often just out of reach of the net, and this liveliness often
-necessitates a long walk after a specimen. The antennæ are furnished
-with a round thick nob at the end. There is no very marked difference
-in the male and female.
-
-
-PYRAMEIS ATALANTA.
-
-PLATE III.--FIG. 7.
-
-This richly-coloured butterfly, known in England as the Red Admiral,
-is very rare in the Canary Islands. The ground-colour of the upper
-surface of the fore-wings is a velvety black, shading off to brown at
-the base. A bright red oblique band crosses the wings, and four large
-oblong white spots, with four or five smaller ones, are grouped on the
-apex. These again are bordered by several faint blue spots, quite at
-the tip. The hind-wings are blackish brown, with a broad red margin,
-in which are four black dots, and some blue spots are marked on the
-lower angle of the wings. On the underside the fore-wings are black,
-with several steely blue lines, the red band across the centre being
-clearly defined. The apex of the wings is brownish yellow, marked with
-white. The hind-wings are most beautifully variegated with steely blue,
-black, and buff. The antennæ are long and slender, abruptly forming a
-knot at the end, which is tipped with white. The larva is dusky green
-in colour, with a yellow line running down its back and sides; it is
-sparingly coloured with short stubby hairs, and is found gregariously
-on the nettle-leaf. Gold spots are freely sprinkled over the brown
-chrysalis. The caterpillar stage lasts five or six weeks, the butterfly
-appearing in another three or four. The larva suspends itself by the
-tail, often wrapping itself in a nettle-leaf, on which it feeds. If the
-pupa is gathered from the nettles for breeding, it should be fastened
-in the cage in the same position, head downwards. Disappointment is
-often experienced in the number of butterflies that emerge from the
-chrysalis state, so many being attacked by ants, &c.
-
-The caterpillars are found gregariously with the Callirhoe, which is
-the commonest species of Pyrameis found in the Islands. Among many
-reared, three only proved to be Atalanta butterflies. It is found in
-Teneriffe from January to June.
-
-
-PYRAMEIS CALLIRHOE, or VULCANIA.
-
-PLATE III.--FIG. 6.
-
-This is the most common butterfly of the Pyrameis genus found in the
-Islands. It is similar in colouring to the last described, but it has a
-much broader red oblique indented stripe on the fore-wings. The white
-apical markings are not so many or large, and it has no blue spots on
-the tips of the fore-wings.
-
-The habits and locality of the caterpillar and chrysalis are so like
-those of the Atalanta, that description is not needed.
-
-In rearing many specimens, two butterflies proved to have bright yellow
-on the hind-wings in place of the red band. Whether they are a distinct
-variety or not, cannot at present be positively stated.[5]
-
-[5] See Appendix C.
-
-
-PYRAMEIS CARDUI.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 5.
-
-This insect, which is the English Painted Lady, might at first sight
-be taken for a faded Atalanta. The caterpillar lives generally solitary
-on hollyhock, nettle, or mallow, curling itself up in a leaf It is of a
-grey-brown colour, thickly sprinkled with hairs, a yellow line fringed
-by reddish dots runs along each side. It is found in most localities
-up to a considerable elevation, from February till well on into the
-summer. The butterfly is of a tawny red colour, shading off to brown
-at the base of the fore-wings, with dark markings and oblong black
-spots. The apex of the wings is marked and edged in white, similar to
-the Atalanta. The hind-wings are of the same tawny red colour, having
-a line of five round black spots running along each lower margin.
-The fore-wings are marked on the under-side as above, the colour,
-however, being redder. The hind-wings are pale buff, olive brown, and
-white, having four or five blue-black eyes near the lower margin, the
-two centre eyes being smaller than the others, which are circled by
-black and white. Its flight is very swift, and its erratic and rapid
-gyrations from side to side make it a difficult specimen to net.
-
-
-PYRAMEIS v. HUNTERA.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 4.
-
-This is a scarce variety in Teneriffe of the butterfly just described.
-It is commonly found in America, and some few insects have been taken
-in England. It is similar in colouring to the Cardui, but somewhat
-brighter. The flight of the insect is steadier, and this, together
-with the brightness in colour, distinguishes it from others of the
-same family when seen flying in company. It is found in barrancos and
-gardens, and has been netted in a locality about 600 feet above the sea
-near Orotava, together with the last two butterflies described. All
-three specimens were seen flitting in company, the Callirhoe and Cardui
-predominating in number, with a few specimens of the Huntera dispersed
-among them. The upper surface is brick-red, marked with black, the
-fore-wings having a dark apical patch, with several white spots. The
-hind-wings have five blue spots, encircled by black, near the lower
-margin. Beneath, the fore-wings are of a most beautiful red colour,
-interspersed with black, grey-brown, and white, and having two eyes on
-the apex. The hind-wings are of a lovely grey-brown tinge, liberally
-veined with white, having a whitish uneven band down the centre. This
-band has two large eyes, with blue centres outside it. On the edge of
-the wings three grey-blue lines are seen, making the tout ensemble a
-most exquisite reverse, and the greatest contrast to the upper surface.
-It is usually found from April to August. Though faded and small
-specimens were found earlier, the beauty of the insect is not seen till
-April. The caterpillar is brown, sparingly covered with hairs, and has
-bright red spots down its sides. It is rather larger than the Cardui
-larva.
-
-
-PARARGE XIPHIOIDES.
-
-PLATE III.--FIG. 5.
-
-This is not an English butterfly, though it is somewhat similar to the
-Speckled Wood Argus (Parage Ægeria). It is very commonly found in the
-Islands in most localities up to three or four thousand feet above the
-sea. It measures in expanse from two and a half to three inches. Those
-found early in the year are of a smaller and duller colour than those
-netted later on. It is of a rich brown colour, the fore-wings being
-freely marked with orange-yellow spots. The hind-wings are plentifully
-feathered at the base, and have a long dash of yellow down them, with
-three dark eyes near the margin, which is scalloped with faint white.
-The under-side of the fore-wings is lighter in colour than the surface,
-though similar in markings. The hind-wings are of a uniform olive-brown
-shade, with a long uneven silvery stripe half-way down the centre.
-There is no very decided knob on the end of the antennæ, which only
-thicken slightly towards the end.
-
-
-EPINEPHELE HISPULLA, or FORTUNATA (Alph.).
-
-This brown butterfly resembles the English Large Meadow Brown (E.
-Janira), but is of a richer colour and larger size, measuring in
-expanse about two and a half to three inches. The female, which differs
-largely from the male in colour and markings, is of an ashy-brown
-colour, the fore-wings being orange-tawny, leaving only an uneven
-marginal band of grey-brown. There is an apical eye of black, with
-a small white centre. The hind-wings are ashy-grey, with a marginal
-orange-tawny band. The body and base of the lower wings are freely
-feathered. The under-side is similar in colouring, only lighter;
-the apical eyes are more strongly marked; the hind-wings are of an
-orange-brown tint, the orange band being slightly defined on this side.
-The male has no orange-tawny markings on the surface, only a slight
-shade of yellow being seen on the fore-wings, shimmering through the
-uniform brown colour of the insect. There is a small black eye, with a
-white central dot on the apex of each fore-wing. On the under-side the
-fore-wings of the male are orange-tawny, the black eye being larger and
-more pronounced than on the surface. The hind-wings of the male are of
-a uniform olive-brown colour. It is found in barrancos, meadows and
-rough places, from the coast up to a moderately high altitude, from
-April to September; the male appears first in the greatest numbers,
-and towards June the female is also found in great quantities. The
-caterpillar has not been observed.
-
-
-HIPPARCHIA STATILINUS.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 7.
-
-This is a brown butterfly common in many parts of Southern and Central
-Europe, though not found in England. It is a rare insect in Teneriffe,
-and is only met with high up in the mountains, chiefly at Vilaflor, and
-on the south part of the island, about July and August. It measures in
-expanse from two to three inches, and is of a uniform brown colour,
-having a few white markings, which vary much in different specimens,
-on the fore-wings. Two large brown spots are seen at the outer margin
-of each fore-wing, interspersed with small white spots. The hind-wings
-are brown, shading to lighter colour at the base. The under-side is
-prettily mottled, and streaked with grey-brown, the two dark spots seen
-on the margin being well defined. The larva and chrysalis have not been
-observed.
-
-
-HESPERIA ACTÆON.
-
-PLATE II.--FIG. 8.
-
-This is a small Skipper, the only member of this family found in
-Teneriffe. It resembles the English Lulworth Skipper, and frequents
-damp places near the water-courses, though somewhat partial and scarce.
-In a limited spot near Orotava it has been found in quantities; and at
-Tacoronti, where butterflies abound, some have been taken. The whole
-surface is of an orange-bronze colour with slight brown markings.
-The antennæ are short and club-like; the head is large, and the body
-thickish. It is found from April till June, but solitary specimens are
-sometimes met with earlier in the year.
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE.
-
-
-       NAME OF BUTTERFLY.                        REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC.
-
- * 1 Pieris Cheiranthi                         Only in Canary Islands.
- * 2 Pieris  Wollastoni                        Canary Islands and Madeira.
-   3 Pieris  Rapæ                              England (Common White).
-   4 Pieris  Daplidice                         England; rare (Bath White).
- * 5 Euchloë Charlonia                         Not in England; N. and W. Africa.
-   6 Aporia Cratægi                            England; rare (Black-veined White).
- * 7 Rhodocera Cleobule                        Not in England; peculiar to the Islands.
- * 8 Colias Edusa                              England (Clouded Yellow).
- * 9 Colias  v. Helice                         England; rare.
-  10 Lycæna Bætica                             England; very rare (Tailed Blue).
- *11 Lycæna  Webbiana                          Only in Canary Islands.
-  12 Lycæna  Lysimon                           Not in England.
- *13 Lycæna  Astrarche v. Æstiva               Not in England.
-  14 Polyommatus or Chrysophanus Phlæas        England (Common Copper).
-  15 Thecla Rubi                               England (Green Hair Streak).
- *16 Danais Plexippus (formerly Archippus)     England; very rare.
- *17 Danais     Chrysippus                     Not in England.
- *18 Danais     Alcippoides                    Not in England.
-  19 Danais     Dorippus                       Not in England.
- *20 Argynnis Maia (Cram), or Pandora          In Canary Islands, N. Africa, and S. Europe.
- *21 Argynnis Lathonia                         England; rare (Queen of Spain Fritillary).
- *22 Pyrameis (formerly Vanessa) Atalanta      England (Red Admiral).
- *23 Pyrameis Callirhoe or Vulcania            Not in England.
- *24 Pyrameis Cardui                           England (Painted Lady).
- *25 Pyrameis   v. Huntera                     England; very rare; common in America.
- *26 Pararge Xiphiodes                         Not in England.
-  27 Epinephele Hispulla or Fortunata (Alph.)  Not in England.
- *28 Hipparchia Statilinus                     Not in England.
- *29 Hesperia Actæon                           England; local (Lulworth Skipper).
-
-
-  * Marked thus are illustrated.
-
-
-
-
-  Part II.
-
-  MOTHS.
-
-
-  ACHERONTIA ATROPOS.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 1.
-
-  This is the largest moth found in the Canary Islands,
-  known as the Death’s Head, very rarely met with in
-  England.
-
-  It measures from five to six inches in expanse. The
-  ground-colour of the fore-wings is brown, varied with
-  zig-zag lines of whitish yellow and light brown. There
-  is a white dot in the centre of each, and they are
-  dusted all over with minute white dots. The hind-wings
-  are orange, with two black marginal bands on
-  the lower edge. The head is dark brown or black,
-  marked with a pale-brown skull. The body is orange,
-  with a longitudinal band of bluish grey down the centre,
-  increasing in width towards the base. Six bands of
-  black, broadest near the head, cross the body. The
-  antennæ are rather short and thick, tipped with white.
-  The caterpillar measures about four inches in length,
-  and is of a most gorgeous green and yellow colour,
-  alternate transverse bands of these colours running
-  along the sides. It has eight small eyes in a line
-  below the transverse bands, and a horn on its tail. It
-  feeds on the potato, the pupa making a cell for itself
-  underground, and appearing in the largest numbers
-  between May and July; but as a fresh crop of potatoes
-  is planted every three months in the Canaries, the
-  caterpillars are found in small numbers all the year
-  round.
-
-  When bred in captivity the pupa is delicate, quite
-  five out of ten dying in their cases.
-
-
-  SPHINX CONVOLVULI or BATATÆ.
-
-  This moth is found in England, and all over Europe.
-  It is a large moth, measuring about five inches across
-  the wings. All four wings are of a variegated grey-brown
-  colour, the body having a longitudinal grey
-  stripe, increasing in width at the base, and five stripes
-  of pink and black across it alternately. The antennæ
-  are somewhat longer and more slender than those of
-  the Death’s Head moth. They are feathered, and grey
-  in colour, terminating in a sharp point. The insect is
-  provided with a very long proboscis, which one sees it
-  inserting into the centre of the flowers at dusk. During
-  the winter months it is met with commonly in some
-  years. The caterpillar, which measures four inches in
-  length, feeds on the sweet potato in the fields, and on
-  the petunia and phlox in gardens. It is of a brown-grey
-  colour, shading to green on the back, having
-  black longitudinal stripes along the back, and transverse
-  black and white stripes surmounted by white
-  spots at the sides. It is a night-feeder, hiding itself
-  under the leaves or in the ground at day-time, and
-  constructing the pupa-case underground. It is delicate
-  and difficult to rear in captivity, like the Atropos.
-
-
-  DEILEPHILA TITHYMALI.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 4.
-
-  This beautiful moth is peculiar to the Canary Islands,
-  although allied species are found over the greater
-  part of Europe.[6] It expands from three to three and
-  a half inches. The fore-wings are silvery grey in
-  colour, having dark olive-grey markings, and a long
-  stripe of this colour, increasing in width towards the
-  body, from the apex to the base. The hind-wings are
-  a rich pink, having a marginal band of dark brown, and
-  a fine white line on the outer edge. The antennæ,
-  which are white, are thick and feathered. The head
-  and body, thickly feathered with white, are of an olive
-  brown colour. Two bands of black cross the top of
-  the abdomen, which tapers off to a point, with bands of
-  alternate white and olive brown slightly marked with
-  black. The caterpillar is easily found on the Euphorbia
-  where it feeds gregariously. It is a beautiful dark pink,
-  the horn being of this colour. The dark pink is interspersed
-  with dusky green and greyish black spots, and
-  the caterpillar, when at full size, attains a length of
-  about four inches. It is found from January till the
-  end of May, but in the greatest numbers in April,
-  whilst the Euphorbia is in its prime. The road-side
-  between Rambla and Icod is a particularly favoured
-  spot. About one or two inches of dried earth prepared
-  as already mentioned are required for the larva to
-  make its slight case in, though when in a natural state
-  it buries itself much deeper, and the pupa is difficult
-  to find. Some were fed and reared on a species of
-  milk-wort. They thrived, but eventually turned into
-  small moths of a paler colour than usual. The pupa
-  varies much in the time of turning to the moth stage,
-  according to the weather,--from six weeks, the usual
-  time, to three months. Some caterpillars obtained in
-  January did not become moths till the end of March;
-  others taken at full growth on March 15th effected
-  their last change to the moth during the last week in
-  April and first week in May. The pupa when it first
-  turns is of a beautiful shaded green colour with yellowish
-  markings, but it changes to a uniform brown in
-  a few days. The caterpillar is sometimes affected by
-  a disease which consists of a small red fungus growing
-  on the body, generally towards the tail. One small
-  brood was entirely lost from this disease, which seemed
-  to be contagious. As a rule, however, the larvæ are
-  easy to keep, and the chrysalides hatch well and strongly.
-  When numbers are kept, an old wine-case should be
-  substituted for the smaller breeding-cages already mentioned,
-  the mosquito-netting being used in the same
-  way. A little sun is beneficial to them every day in
-  the morning. When kept too long in the sun, however,
-  they cease to feed, although when in a natural
-  state sunny localities are most favoured. They are not
-  night-feeders only.
-
-  [6] See Appendix D.
-
-  CHŒROCAMPA CELERIO.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 2.
-
-  (_Sharp Winged Hawk-Moth._)
-
-  This beautiful moth is somewhat allied to the last described,
-  the colour being similar, but the body is longer
-  and more tapering. It is found in England, and in most
-  countries where the vine grows, on which it feeds. The
-  fore-wings are greyish brown with a silvery grey stripe
-  from the apex to the base; the outer lower margin is
-  bordered by a similar stripe. The hind-wings are of a
-  rosy pink colour, veined with, and having a marginal
-  band of brown. The body is feathered, and has a series
-  of five short silver streaks down each side. The antennæ
-  are greyish white, not so long as those of the Tithymali.
-  From three to four inches is the length of the beautiful
-  bright green caterpillar. This has two dark and two
-  light spots on its head, and a horn on its tail. A faint
-  yellow longitudinal line runs along each side. It is
-  rather liable to the attacks of the ichneumon fly, and
-  so it is as well to search for the eggs before putting it
-  aside for rearing. This year (1893) some were found in
-  April, this being unusually early, as it does not appear
-  generally till June, from which date until August it is
-  very commonly met with in the vineyards. The pupa
-  lies in a dormant state for four weeks, and then turns to
-  the moth freely and strongly.
-
-
-  MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.
-
-  (_Humming Bird Hawk-Moth._)
-
-  This moth is common in England and most parts of
-  Europe. Its fore-wings are brown, with faint longitudinal
-  lines of a darker shade; the hind-wings are orange
-  tawny, fringed with light brown. It measures in expanse
-  about two inches. The head and body are brown,
-  the abdomen spotted with black and white, rather
-  liberally feathered. The antennæ are brown, being
-  thinnest at the base, and gradually thickening to the
-  extremity. It is seen in the daytime, as well as evening
-  hovering, with an ever-restless motion of the wing, over
-  flowers. The caterpillar is green, with a longitudinal
-  white stripe, and a faint yellow one under the spiracles.
-  The time of its appearance is from March to September,
-  but it is seen about in greatest numbers in June.
-
-
-  RHYPARIOIDES RUFESCENS.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 5.
-
-  This pretty moth is peculiar to the Islands, measuring
-  rather more than two inches across the wings. It is
-  red in colour, the hind-wings being brighter than the
-  fore-wings. These latter are marked with longitudinal
-  dark stripes in the female, dark spots being substituted for
-  the stripes in the male. The head is dark red, shading off
-  to lighter red on the richly-feathered body. The antennæ
-  are red, being thicker and more feathered in the male than
-  the female. The caterpillars are brown, thickly covered
-  with long silky hairs, and are found mostly in barrancos,
-  feeding on the dock and sorrel singly. They are also
-  found in gardens, feeding somewhat indiscriminately on
-  cabbage or hollyhock. When kept in captivity they can
-  be reared on cabbage, and after attaining their full size
-  of about one and a half inches, they make a slight hairy
-  cocoon under a thin covering of earth. The caterpillar
-  stage lasts about twenty days. They are found in
-  January and hibernate in the pupa state till well on in
-  the summer, sometimes as late as October or November,
-  though some taken in January were brought to England
-  and turned to moths on the 24th of June following.
-  After being kept for a time the chrysalides become a
-  very dark brown, almost black, so that there is a temptation
-  to throw them away as dead, since they show
-  so little life; but on opening the hard, stick-like skin,
-  the creature is found to be quite fresh.
-
-
-  DASYCHIRA FORTUNATA.
-
-  PLATE IV.--Fig. 11.
-
-  In colour a dull grey moth. The fore-wings are ash-coloured,
-  variegated with whitish on the upper side. The
-  reniform spot is rust-coloured in the male and whitish
-  in the female. The transverse lines are black and
-  dentated, the submarginal line maculated. The hind-wings
-  are grey, with a slight lunule in the middle; the
-  underside uniform grey. The body is less stout than
-  the D. Fascelina (Linn.). The abdomen is long in the
-  male and longer in the female. The antennæ are pectinated
-  in the male, simple in the female. The legs are
-  thickly clothed with hair, the feet yellowish beneath.
-  Although the caterpillar has not been described, it presumably
-  has much the same characteristics as its allies,
-  and is probably greyish, with tufts of hair on its back;
-  it feeds on the Pinus Canariensis.
-
-  This moth is allied to the English, and European
-  species Dasychira Fascelina (Dark Tussock), but is
-  probably peculiar to the Islands. It has been described
-  as being found in the Islands of Palma and Hiero by
-  Rogenhofer in the “Verhandlungen des Kaiserlich-Königlichen
-  Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in
-  Wien,”  vol. 41 (for 1891), p. 566. The specimen
-  illustrated was drawn from one of two presented to the
-  South Kensington Museum by the Rev. O. E. Benthall,
-  who found the chrysalides on trunks of the Canary pine
-  near Guimar, Teneriffe, about 2,000 feet above the sea,
-  and as far as the author can ascertain it has not before
-  been recorded as occurring in Teneriffe.
-
-
-  DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 9.
-
-  This beautiful little moth, expanding about one and
-  a half inches, is a very rare insect in Teneriffe at the
-  present time, though two or three years ago it was
-  found in great abundance near, and along, the coast
-  during the spring months.[7] It has yellowish white
-  fore-wings freely spotted with black, alternated with
-  oblong red spots, not so numerous. The hind-wings
-  are pearl-white, having a small blackish brown spot
-  towards the top, and a marginal indented border of
-  the same colour. The thorax and head are speckled
-  with black and yellow. The body is light pearl-grey.
-  The larva is dark grey with a broad white stripe on the
-  back and reddish streaks on the sides. This species is
-  abundant throughout Africa, the South of Asia and
-  Europe, but a very scarce insect in England. Don
-  Ramon Gomez kindly supplied the specimen illustrated.
-
-  [7] A single specimen was taken by the Rev. O. E. Benthall
-  at Guimar in 1893.
-
-
-  PSEUDOPHIA TIRHACA (Cram); wrongly called
-  TYRRHÆA.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 3.
-
-  This is not an English species, but is met with in
-  Europe and North Africa. It is not very commonly found
-  in Teneriffe. The fore-wings are green, with a central
-  reddish-brown spot, the outer margin having an indented
-  band of the same colour. The body and hind-wings,
-  richly feathered, are a beautiful straw yellow, the latter
-  having a dark brown graduated band near the lower
-  margin. It expands about two inches and a half. The
-  larva is grey, with a pale grey stripe on the sides, and
-  black spots on the lower surface between the pro-legs.
-
-
-  CALOCAMPA EXOLETA.
-
-  (_Sword-Grass Moth._)
-
-  This moth is an English species. It measures in
-  expanse between two and three inches, and is of a
-  soft violet grey tinge, the fore-wings having a variety
-  of brown markings. The caterpillar feeds on the
-  Euphorbia, and has been found gregariously with the
-  Tithymali on that plant. It is met with, however, on
-  peas and potatoes, and can be reared on the leaves of
-  any of these plants. The larva is bright green, with
-  two lines of black and white spots down each side of the
-  back. These are bordered by a yellow stripe (sometimes,
-  however, absent), and it has a broken red line on each
-  side. The caterpillar attains a length of about three
-  inches. Some were kept in the same breeding cage with
-  the Tithymali, but their habits were entirely different.
-  When the Exoleta caterpillar ceased to feed, it did not
-  immediately attain the pupa state, but was restless and
-  lively, remaining as a caterpillar from six to eight weeks,
-  gradually shrinking and losing its colour, until it turned
-  to the pupa. It made a fragile shell of fine earth, oval
-  in form, and buried itself a short distance under the
-  surface. Full-sized caterpillars, taken on the 20th of
-  March, ceased feeding and turned to the pupa state
-  from the 1st to the 20th of May, emerging to the moth
-  on the 15th of June. In some specimens the process
-  of turning to the pupa took place on the journey to
-  England in a box, the caterpillars being covered lightly
-  with cotton-wool.
-
-
-  TRIPHÆNA PRONUBA.
-
-  (_Common Yellow Underwing._)
-
-  This is a common moth in England and Europe, but is
-  rather a scarce species in Teneriffe. It expands a little
-  more than two inches. The fore-wings are dark brown,
-  having a few irregular markings of a lighter shade.
-  The hind-wings are bright yellow, with a dark brown
-  marginal band on the lower edge. The body is a somewhat
-  lighter brown, and the antennæ are long and fine.
-  The caterpillar is brown, and it feeds on a variety of
-  low-growing plants in the barrancos, and may also be found
-  on the potato. It commences to appear in the early
-  spring.
-
-
-  PLUSIA AURIFERA.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 6.
-
-  This moth is closely allied to the Chrysitis, which is
-  found in England, differing, however, in the shape of
-  the gold markings.[8] The fore-wings have a bright
-  golden marginal band of varying width across them,
-  from the apex to the base. It is found in rough places,
-  and can be easily netted when hovering over clover-flowers
-  or similar low-growing herbage at dusk. The
-  hind-wings are grey-brown, shading off to a lighter tint
-  towards the body. The antennæ are long and fine.
-  The caterpillar feeds on the tobacco-plant, and is found
-  in barrancos, but it is most usually met with on potato-plants;
-  it envelops itself in a leaf, drawing it together
-  with silk-like threads, and so forming a case in which it
-  turns to the chrysalis. It is found very nearly all the
-  year round, but is met with in greatest numbers during
-  the spring months.
-
-  [8] Alpheraky describes the Indian variety Chrysitina as a
-  Teneriffe moth.
-
-
-  PLUSIA TRIPARTITA (Hufn.) URTICÆ (Hübn).
-
-  Known in England as the Spectacle Moth. It is met
-  with in the day-time as well as at dusk, like many
-  others of the genus Plusia. Its fore-wings are dark
-  grey, varied with greenish-white in the basal and marginal
-  areas; the sub-terminal line is marked below the
-  costa with black arrow-heads in front, and is bordered
-  with deep black behind. It is common in the greater
-  part of Europe and Northern Asia. The larva, which
-  is greenish brown, has two white lines on the back, and
-  slender white and green lines along each side above the
-  feet. It feeds on nettle.
-
-
-  PLUSIA CIRCUMFLEXA.
-
-  Similar somewhat to the English Gamma, or silver Y
-  moth, but a distinct variety, and found largely in Europe.
-  The fore-wings are dark ashy-grey, with bronze
-  markings, and have a pale golden mark in the middle
-  resembling the letter r. The hind-wings are brown, of
-  a lighter shade towards the base. It measures in expanse
-  about two inches; the antennæ are long and fine.
-  The larva, which is green with a yellowish stripe at the
-  sides, feeds on the potato and other low-growing plants,
-  and is found during the early spring months, and well
-  on into the summer.
-
-
-  PLUSIA ERIOSOMA.
-
-  This is the fourth species described here of the large
-  genus Plusia. It is a much brighter golden-brown
-  colour than the last described specimen, measuring about
-  one and a half inches across the wings. The fore-wings
-  are golden-brown, having two distinct gold spots about
-  the centre. The hind are of the same tint as the fore-wings,
-  darker at the margin, and shading off lighter
-  towards the base. It is found in India, but is not a
-  European species.
-
-
-  HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA.
-
-  This is a very rare moth in England, but is found
-  over the greater part of the world. It expands about
-  one and a half inches.
-
-  The fore-wings are a brownish yellow, with darker
-  indistinct markings. The hind-wings are lighter yellow
-  in colour, with a dark semi-lunar spot in the middle,
-  and have a dark marginal border. The antennæ are long
-  and fine. The caterpillar was found on the potato-plant
-  and proved to be one of the cannibal species. It fed
-  occasionally on the food provided, but seemed generally
-  to prefer its companions in captivity, feeding at night,
-  and so had to be separated from them. The larva is
-  reddish brown in colour, with a yellowish stripe on the
-  sides, and it is very commonly found in Teneriffe during
-  the early spring months.
-
-
-  HELIOTHIS DIPSACEA.
-
-  This is a small moth, about one to one and a half inches
-  in expanse, and found throughout the greater part of
-  Europe, Northern and Western Asia, and North Africa.
-  It frequents high ground in the spring and summer,
-  living in rough places and in clover-fields. The fore-wings
-  are of light olive-brown shade, with dark markings
-  across them. The hind-wings are dark olive-brown,
-  fringed with yellow, and having two large yellow uneven
-  spots about the centre, with a similar one on the brown
-  margin. The body is stout, the antennæ long and fine.
-  The larva is green or rust-colour, with white lines on
-  the back and sides.
-
-
-  PRODENIA LITTORALIS.
-
-  A moth, expanding about one inch and a half, found
-  in Africa, but not in England. It has brown-grey fore-wings,
-  with opalescent markings. The hind-wings are
-  of a shining opalescent white. The larva is brown, feeds
-  on the potato-plant, and appears during the early spring.
-  The moths are seen a month or six weeks later; those
-  bred in captivity appear simultaneously with those out
-  of doors.
-
-
-  PERIDROMA SAUCIA.
-
-  Rather a fine moth, inhabiting Europe, though not
-  found in England. It expands about two inches or
-  more. The fore-wings are dark brown, sometimes
-  suffused with a reddish tinge at the upper margin.
-  The hind-wings are of a greyish pearl-white colour,
-  veined with brown, with a brown shade fringing the
-  margins. The larva is greyish-brown, and feeds on the
-  potato-plant, where it is found during the late winter
-  and early spring. The average time for turning from
-  the larva to the moth stage is from six to eight weeks.
-
-
-  TARACHE LUCIDA.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 8.
-
-  This is a small moth, not very commonly found in
-  Teneriffe. It is met with by day along the coast, and
-  up to an altitude of 2000 feet or more in rough rocky
-  places, in April and up to June or July. The prevailing
-  colour is a blue-grey. The fore-wings have a large
-  square patch of white on the upper margin, and a
-  smaller dot of the same colour towards the middle. The
-  hind-wings are fringed with white, and have two or
-  three patches of the same colour along their margins.
-  In the male, the white on both wings is increased
-  towards the base. It is not an English species, but is
-  found in Europe and along the Mediterranean. The
-  larva is a green or brownish grey, with three dark
-  double lines on the thoracic segments; tufted, and with
-  a white line on the back on segments 5 to 7, and with a
-  dark stripe on the back, and a whitish line on the sides
-  of the remaining segments.
-
-
-  STERRHA SACRARIA.
-
-  A pretty little moth, about one inch in expanse, commonly
-  found in the Canary Islands. It is widely
-  dispersed over Europe and Asia, and is a rare inhabitant
-  of England. The fore-wings are sulphur-yellow, tinged
-  with bright red at the apex, and having a red line
-  running from the tip to the middle of the inner margin.
-  The hind-wings are pale yellowish white. It frequents
-  rough places among short herbage, and is found on
-  and near the coast in the early spring and during the
-  summer. The larva is green, with a paler line on the
-  back, and a yellowish line on the sides. Spiracles red.
-  It feeds on low-growing plants.
-
-
-  OMMOTOSTOLA SACCHARI.
-
-  A pale buff moth, measuring in expanse about two
-  inches. The specimen described was netted at Guimar,
-  Teneriffe, in May. It is somewhat common. The fore-wings
-  and body are buff, the latter being rather richly
-  feathered. The hind-wings are cream-white; the
-  antennæ are rather thick, of a medium length. It is
-  not an inhabitant of Europe. The larva has not been
-  observed.
-
-
-  HYPENA OBSITALIS.
-
-  Not an English moth, but an inhabitant of South
-  Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It measures in expanse
-  about one inch. The fore-wings are brown, varied with
-  pale yellow and black markings. The hind-wings are
-  grey, shading lighter at the base. It makes its appearance
-  in the spring, and is very commonly found in
-  dwelling-houses or surrounding out-houses in the evening.
-  The larva is green, with a white stripe on the sides.
-
-
-  HYPENA LIVIDALIS.
-
-  A smaller moth than the last specimen described.
-  The fore-wings are olive-brown, violet-grey towards the
-  margins. The two colours are separated by an oblique
-  whitish line from the apex to the middle of the inner
-  margin. The hind-wings are grey, shading off lighter to
-  the base, and are veined with brown. It is not an
-  English species, but is very commonly found in Teneriffe,
-  on rough ground, among cactus, &c., in the early
-  spring, at no great distance from the coast. It inhabits
-  South Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia.
-
-
-  OMPHACODES DIVINCTA.
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 7.
-
-  A pretty little sea-green moth (geometra) found in
-  South Africa, but very rarely met with in Teneriffe. It
-  was netted in a rough place among cactus-plants in
-  April at dusk, about 500 feet above the sea level. It
-  measures about one inch in expanse; the fore-wings and
-  upper part of the body are of a beautiful bright sea-green
-  colour when first netted, but the insect quickly
-  fades. The hind-wings are paler green, and all four
-  wings are fringed with white. The antennæ are short
-  and slightly feathered.
-
-  This moth had not figured in any collection of
-  Teneriffe moths as far as the author could ascertain.
-  No observations have been made on the larvæ and pupæ.
-
-
-  ASPILATES COLLINARIA. (Holt-White.)
-
-  PLATE IV.--FIG. 10 (Female).
-
-  This moth is allied to the Aspilates Gilvaria, but is
-  probably an insect peculiar to the Canaries. It measures
-  in expanse about one inch. It is of a pale buff-colour,
-  the female being of a much intenser shade than
-  the male. The hind-wings in both sexes are much
-  lighter in colour than the fore-wings. The fore-wings
-  of the female have a slate-blue narrow band of colour,
-  extending from near the apex to the base of the
-  upper margin, forming a semicircle. Within the
-  semicircle, and near the upper margin, is a small
-  slate-blue dot. The hind-wings have also a band of
-  varying width and of the same colour extending across
-  them, and a slate-blue dot is seen near the top of the
-  upper margin above the slate band. The male has
-  similar markings, but they are much paler, and not
-  nearly so well defined. The antennæ of the male are
-  feathered, of medium length; those of the female are
-  longer and finer. At first sight this moth might be
-  deemed a variety of Sterrha Sacraria. The female was
-  taken at Guimar about 1000 feet above the sea.
-  Several male specimens were taken near Orotava, at a
-  somewhat higher altitude. This moth, being unknown
-  at South Kensington, has been named as above by the
-  author.
-
-
-  BRYOPHILA var. RAVULA (Hübn).
-
-  A small moth, about one inch in expanse, with a
-  slender body. The fore-wings are dark brown, with
-  the base, tip, and inner margin whitish. The centre of
-  the wings is suffused with red, and two transverse lines
-  of darker colour cross them. The larva is blue with a
-  black line on the back and a zigzag yellowish-red stripe
-  on the sides, bordered below with black. It feeds on
-  lichens growing on walls. It is not a British species,
-  but is met with in Southern Europe.
-
-
-  BRYOPHILA ALGÆ (Fabr.).
-
-  This is a small moth, with the same characteristics as
-  to size and form as the last described. The fore-wings
-  are green, varied with brown and blackish in the
-  position of the claviform stigma. It has dark transverse
-  lines, and the hind-wings are brownish grey.
-  The larva is bluish-grey, with a grey stripe on the back.
-  It feeds on lichen, and inhabits Central and Southern
-  Europe, and Western Asia, but is a great rarity in
-  England.
-
-
-  AGROTIS SPINIFERA (Hübn).
-
-  This is a moth somewhat larger than the last-described,
-  with rather a stout body. It is fawn-colour, the abdomen
-  pale-brown, and the margin of the fore-wings
-  has several black spots. The hind-wings are whitish.
-  It inhabits South-Western Europe, but is not met with
-  in England.
-
-
-  SESAMIA NONAGRIOIDES (Lef.).
-
-  The body of this moth is stout, the fore-wings are
-  nearly rectangular at the tips, without any distinct
-  pattern. The antennæ and tongue are short. The
-  fore-wings are greyish-yellow with a black discal spot,
-  and an outer row of black dots. The hind-wings are
-  white. It inhabits Spain, North Africa, and Madeira,
-  but is not a British species. The larva lives on the
-  stalks of maize, corn, and sugar-cane.
-
-
-  ACIDALIA CONSOLIDATA.
-
-  One of the large genus of Acidalia, a small and
-  delicate moth. The wings are yellowish-white, finely
-  dusted with black. The fore-wings have five and the
-  hind-wings four brownish yellow transverse bands. It
-  expands about one inch. It is not a British species.
-
-
-  ZONOSOMA PUPILLARIA (Hübn).
-
-  A small moth, with the tips of the fore-wings pointed.
-  The wings are greyish yellow, finely and indistinctly
-  speckled with purplish brown, with a small brown
-  central spot centred with white, a row of black dots
-  beyond the middle, and often a dull red, zigzag central
-  shade also. This is a very variable species, inhabiting
-  S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa, but is not an inhabitant
-  of England. The larva is very variable in
-  colour, being dull green, brown, or reddish. It feeds on
-  the cistus, arbutus, myrtle, etc.
-
-
-  TEPHRONIA SEPIARIA (Hufn).
-
-  A small moth, with narrow fore-wings, expanding
-  about one inch. The fore-wings are ashy-grey, finely
-  dusted with a darker shade. The hind-wings are paler,
-  with two dark marginal bands. It is met with in
-  Central and Southern Europe, but is very rare in
-  Britain. The larva is brownish grey, with a paler
-  line and two rows of pale spots on the back.
-
-
-  EUPITHECIA PUMILATA (Hübn).
-
-  The fore-wings are pointed, reddish grey in colour,
-  and bordered by a brownish-red band. The larva is
-  pale yellowish-green, with dark green or reddish-violet
-  lines on the back, and a paler line on its sides. It
-  feeds on the flowers of a great variety of plants, such
-  as clematis, broom, convolvulus. It is widely distributed
-  in Central and Southern Europe and W. Asia,
-  but is not an inhabitant of Britain.
-
-
-
-
-  LIST OF MOTHS FOUND IN TENERIFFE.
-
-
-         NAME OF MOTH.                REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC.
-
-          _Sphinges._
-
-  *1 Acherontia Atropos           England (Death’s Head).
-   2 Sphinx Convolvuli            England (Convolvulus Hawk-moth).
-  *3 Deilephila Tithymali         Peculiar to the Islands.
-  *4 Chœrocampa Celerio           England  (Sharp-winged Hawk-moth).
-   5 Macroglossa Stellatarum      England (Humming-bird Hawk-moth).
-
-          _Bombyces._
-
-  *6 Deiopeia Pulchella           European. England; rare.
-  *7 Rhyparioides Rufescens       Peculiar to the Islands.
-  *8 Dasychira Fortunata          Peculiar to the Islands.
-
-           _Noctuæ._
-
-   9 Bryophila Ravula             Not in England.
-  10 Bryophila Algae              England; rare.
-  11 Sesamia Nonagrioides         Spain, N. Africa, Madeira.
-  12 Triphæna Pronuba             England (Common Yellow Under-wing).
-  13 Agrotis Spinifera            Not in England; S.W. Europe.
-  14 Peridroma Saucia             Not in England; European.
-  15 Ommatostola Sacchari         Not European.
-  16 Prodenia Littoralis          Not in England; S. Asia and Madagascar.
-  17 Calocampa Exoleta            England (Sword-grass moth).
-  18 Heliothis Armigera           England; rare (cannibal).
-  19 Heliothis  Dipsacea          England.
-  20 Heliaca Tenebrata            England (Small Yellow Under-wing).
-  21 Plusia Circumflexa           Not in England; S. Europe.
-  22 Plusia  Eriosoma             Not in England; India.
- *23 Plusia  Aurifera             Peculiar to the Islands.
-  24 Plusia  Tripartita           England (Spectacle Moth.)
- *25 Tarache Lucida               England, rare; S. Europe.
- *26 Pseudophia Tirhaca           Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa.
-  27 Hypena Lividalis             Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa.
-  28 Hypena  Obsitalis            Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa.
-
-         _Geometridæ._
-
- *29 Aspilates Collinaria         Probably peculiar to the Islands.
-  30 Sterrha Sacraria             England; S. Europe, Africa, and S. Asia.
- *31 Omphacodes Divincta          Not in England; South Africa.
-  32 Acidalia Consolidata         Not in England; Europe.
-  33 Zonosoma Pupillaria          S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa.
-  34 Tephronia Sepiaria           England (rare); European.
-  35 Eupithecia Pumilata var.
-       Tempestivata               European.
-
-      _Micro-Lepidoptera._
-
-  36 Botys Verbascalis            England.
-  37 Botys  Polygonalis           England.
-  38 Botys  Asinalis              England.
-  39 Asopia Farinalis (dark form) England.
-  40 Centra Stregaria (Woll.) or
-       Coremia Cidaria (Staud)    Probably peculiar to the Islands.
-  41 Calymnia Eerruginea (Woll.)  Probably peculiar to the Islands.
-
-* Marked thus are illustrated.
-
-
-In addition to the specimens above described, a list of twenty-one more
-names of Teneriffe moths is appended, which have been written upon by
-S. Alpheraky in the memoirs of N. M. Romanoff, vol. v., 1889. Several
-of the insects in this list were collected by the author, but as they
-were mostly very small brown or grey moths, and of but little interest
-to the ordinary collector, a description of them has been omitted. The
-difficulty of identification without illustration also precludes their
-insertion in a work of the present character.
-
-
-ALPHERAKY.
-
-   1 Plusia Chrisitina             | 12 Crambus Tersellus
-   2 Cosmophila Erosa              | 13 Cryptoblabes Gnidiella
-   3 Acidalia Guancharia           | 14 Ephatia Ficulella
-   4 Scoparia Sudetica             | 15 Ucetia Transversella
-   5 Hellula Undalis               | 16 Ephestia Callidella
-   6 Aporodes Floralis             | 17 Ephestia Elutella
-   7 Botys Aurata                  | 18 Plodia Interpunctella
-   8 Botys Meridionalis            | 19 Setomorpha Bogotatella
-   9 Botys Ferrugalis              | 20 Litha Solanella
-  10 Botys Dorcalis                | 21 Pterophorus Monodactylus
-  11 Duponchelia Fovealis
-
-
-APPENDIX A.
-
-
-Mr. Scott Wilson, writing to the author of his visit to the Isle of
-Palma, states that the Queen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis Lathonia)
-is very common in the meadows near the town of El Paso, 2000 feet
-above the sea level in May. In the same month he noticed the clouded
-yellow (Colias Edusa) in large numbers in the clearings amongst the
-pine-woods. A few specimens of the large Fritillary (Argynnis Maia)
-were secured by him at El Paso early in May, where the Vulcania was
-also found; of these latter specimens only two out of one hundred
-proved to be of the British form Atalanta. The Bath-white (Pieris
-Daplidice) was common near Argual.
-
-The Danais Chrysippus appeared rather uncommon, only a few specimens
-being taken near the barranco Del Carmen, not far from the town of
-Santa Cruz, and a few near Tijarafe.
-
-Specimens of the small blue (Lycaena Webbiana) were taken near Argual.
-
-In the middle of May the large white (Pieris Cheiranthi) was commonly
-found on the large laurel-trees at La Galga.
-
-The author believes that the same species of Lepidoptera are generally
-distributed over all the seven islands, but that in Fuerteventura and
-Lanzarote, both of which are dry, sandy, and somewhat barren islands,
-they are not found in such numbers or variety. It is probable that
-different species of small African moths, some of which are enumerated
-on pages 93-4, may be found in Lanzarote, which is the nearest island
-to the coast of Africa, and which more closely resembles it in climate
-and vegetation, in greater numbers than in Teneriffe. The Euphorbia,
-which grows so plentifully in most of the islands, is uncommon in
-Lanzarote; hence the D. Tithymali, abundant in Teneriffe, would
-be scarce in this island. The lack of water in Fuerteventura, and
-consequent sparse vegetation, is doubtless the cause of the scarcity of
-Lepidoptera in that island, though the interesting occurrence of the
-insect “Euchlöe Charlonia,” a North and West African butterfly (which
-has only once been recorded as having been observed in Teneriffe), is
-accounted for by the proximity of the island in question to the African
-mainland. This species probably occurs in Lanzarote, for the same
-reason; it will doubtless become dispersed over the remaining islands
-in time.
-
-
-
-
-APPENDIX B.
-
-
-Under date July, 1893, the Rev. O. E. Benthall writes:--
-
-“As to the ‘blue’(Webbiana), I found it in abundance at Guimar about
-half a mile from the coast, where the barrancos shallow down before
-running into the sea.
-
-“Most of the specimens were rather wasted, so I suppose the best time
-for them would be a fortnight earlier than when we went there (April).”
-
-
-
-
-APPENDIX C.
-
-
-Several of the Teneriffe moths, although similar to English and
-European species, assume rather a darker insular form. The Triphæna
-Pronuba, Calocampa Exoleta and Asopia Farinalis are examples of this.
-The Sterrha Sacraria is also met with marked with a much brighter
-red than in ordinary specimens, and showing great diversity in shade
-of colour, from red to almost yellow. Anyone wishing to acquire more
-knowledge on this subject should refer to “Observations on some
-remarkable Varieties of Sterrha Sacraria, with general notes on
-Variation in Lepidoptera, by R. M. McLachlan, F.L.S.” Transactions of
-the Entomological Society of London, Ser. 3, vol. ii, pp. 453-468, pl.
-23.
-
-Those who are interested in the subject, and have sufficient time and
-patience, would probably be well repaid for their trouble by the
-result of experiments in selecting and breeding together insects of
-the same species which exhibit any slight deviation in their markings
-and colour. Thus in rearing a number of the Pyrameis Callirhoe
-several specimens have been observed to emerge from the chrysalis
-state with bright yellow instead of red markings on the margins of
-the hind-wings. The white markings on the upper wings also varied
-somewhat. The Pyrameis family would possibly lend itself freely to the
-production of new varieties. The Danais Chrysippus is another species
-of butterfly which presents itself for experiment. By selecting the
-lighter hind-wing variety, Alcippoides, for breeding, perhaps the
-Alcippus, which hitherto has not been found in Teneriffe, might be
-produced. Among the smaller butterflies, the Chrysophanus Phlœas, and
-the Astrarche var. Aestiva have both shown deviation in colour and
-markings, but these are much smaller, and consequently more difficult
-to rear. Moreover, they would not lend such an interest to the subject
-as the larger specimens.
-
-In the moths, the Deilephila Tithymali caterpillars, if fed on a
-species of milk-wort, evince a slight variety in colouring and size of
-moths as compared with those fed on Euphorbia. They must, however, be
-fed on the plant from the earliest stage, as they only thrive on the
-food to which they have been accustomed from the first. Some of the
-earliest specimens are occasionally found on the milk-wort, the eggs
-having been deposited thereon. Those found in January are more likely
-to thrive on this food than those met with later on, as the Euphorbia,
-on which they generally feed, is not in its prime till the early spring.
-
-Great care, patience, and time are required for these most interesting
-experiments, but the natural advantages of the climate of Teneriffe
-would greatly facilitate any efforts made, as the variation in
-temperature is so slight, and consequently the breeding process can be
-carried on nearly all the year round. Experiments of this nature, which
-might pleasantly be made by those with whom time might otherwise pass
-slowly in Teneriffe, would probably prove of distinct value to students
-of Biology.
-
-
-
-
-APPENDIX D.
-
-
-The “Deilephila Daucus,” allied to “Lineata,” a North American species,
-is said to occur in Teneriffe, but the author has not seen a specimen.
-If such a species is really found in the island, it is more probably D.
-Livornica, which is common in South Europe and throughout Africa, and
-is found in Madeira. Either of the above species may be distinguished
-from D. Tithymali by the white lines on the wings, but D. Livornica has
-only four longitudinal white stripes on the thorax, whereas D. Daucus
-has six. D. Livornica is a rarity in England, but is found throughout
-all the warmer parts of the Old World.
-
-
-
-
-ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
-
-
-[_The specific names, including varieties, are printed in italics._]
-
-    Acherontia, 64
-    Acidalia, 90
-    _Actæon_, 60
-    _Æstiva_, 41
-    _Ægeria_, 57
-    Agrotis, 89
-    _Alcippoides_, 48
-    _Alcippus_, 48
-    _Algæ_, 89
-    Aporia, 34
-    Aporodes, 95
-    _Archippus_, 44
-    Argynnis, 49
-    _Armigera_, 81
-    _Asinalis_, 94
-    Asopia, 94
-    Aspilates, 87
-    _Astrarche_, 41
-    _Atalanta_, 52
-    _Atropos_, 64
-    _Aurata_, 95
-    _Aurifera_, 78
-
-
-    _Bœtica_, 38
-    _Batatæ_, 65
-    _Bogotatella_, 95
-    Botys, 94
-    Bryophila, 88
-
-
-    _Callidella_, 95
-    _Callirhoe_, 54
-    Calocampa, 76
-    Calymnia, 94
-    _Cardui_, 54
-    _Celerio_, 69
-    Centra, 94
-    _Charlonia_, 33
-    _Cheiranthi_, 29
-    Chœrocampa, 69
-    _Chrysippus_, 46
-    _Chrysitis_, 78
-    _Chrysitina_, 78
-    Chrysophanus, 42
-    _Circumflexa_, 79
-    _Cleobule_, 35
-    Colias, 36
-    _Collinaria_, 87
-    _Consolidata_, 90
-    _Convolvuli_, 65
-    Cosmophila, 95
-    Crambus, 95
-    _Cratægi_, 34
-    Cryptoblabes, 95
-
-
-    Danais, 44
-    _Daplidice_, 32
-    Dasychira, 73
-    _Daucus_, 104
-    Deilephila, 67
-    Deiopeia, 74
-    _Dipsacea_, 81
-    _Divincta_, 86
-    _Dorcalis_, 95
-    _Dorippus_, 49
-    Duponchelia, 95
-
-
-    _Edusa_, 36
-    _Elutella_, 95
-    Ephatia, 95
-    Ephestia, 95
-    Epinephele, 58
-    _Eriosoma_, 80
-    _Erosa_, 95
-    Euchlöe, 33
-    Eupithecia, 92
-    _Exoleta_, 76
-
-
-    _Farinalis_, 94
-    _Ferrugalis_, 95
-    _Ferruginea_, 94
-    _Ficulella_, 95
-    _Floralis_, 95
-    _Fortunata_, 58, 73
-    _Fovealis_, 95
-    Fritillary, 49
-
-
-    _Gamma_, 79
-    _Gilvaria_, 87
-    _Gnidiella_, 95
-    _Guancharia_, 95
-
-
-    _Helice_, 37
-    Heliaca, 94
-    Heliothis, 81
-    Hellula, 95
-    Hesperia, 60
-    Hipparchia, 60
-    _Hispulla_, 58
-    _Huntera_, 56
-    Hypena, 85
-
-
-    _Interpunctella_, 95
-
-
-    _Janira_, 58
-
-
-    _Klugii_, 49
-
-
-    _Lathonia_, 51
-    Litha, 95
-    _Littoralis_, 82
-    _Lividalis_, 86
-    _Livornica_, 104
-    _Lucida_, 83
-    Lycaena, 38
-    _Lysimon_, 40
-
-
-    Macroglossa, 70
-    _Maia_, 49
-    _Meridionalis_, 95
-    _Monodactylus_, 95
-
-
-    _Nonagrioides_, 90
-
-
-    _Obsitalis_, 85
-    Ommatostola, 85
-    Omphacodes, 86
-
-
-    _Pandora_, 49
-    Pararge, 57
-    Peridroma, 83
-    _Phlæas_, 42
-    Pieris, 29
-    _Plexippus_, 44
-    Plodia, 95
-    Plusia, 78
-    _Polygonalis_, 94
-    Polyommatus, 42
-    Prodenia, 82
-    _Pronuba_, 77
-    Pseudophia, 75
-    Pterophorus, 95
-    _Pulchella_, 74
-    _Pumilata_, 92
-    _Pupillaria_, 91
-    Pyrameis, 52
-
-    _Rapæ_, 31
-    _Ravula_, 88
-    Rhodocera, 35
-    _Rubi_, 43
-    _Rufescens_, 71
-    Rhyparioides, 71
-
-
-    _Sacchari_, 85
-    _Sacraria_, 84
-    _Saucia_, 83
-    Scoparia, 95
-    _Sepiaria_, 91
-    Sesamia, 90
-    Setomorpha, 95
-    _Solanella_, 95
-    Sphinx, 65
-    _Spinifera_, 89
-    _Statilinus_, 60
-    Sterrha, 84
-    _Stregaria_, 94
-    _Sudetica_, 95
-
-
-    Tarache, 83
-    _Tempestivata_, 94
-    _Tenebrata_, 94
-    Tephronia, 91
-    _Tersellus_, 95
-    Thecla, 43
-    _Tirhaca_, 75
-    _Tirrhæa_, 75
-    _Tithymali_, 67
-    _Transversella_, 95
-    _Tripartita_, 79
-    Triphæna, 77
-
-
-    Ucetia, 95
-
-    _Undalis_, 95
-    _Urticæ_, 79
-
-
-    Vanessa, 20
-    _Verbascalis_, 94
-    _Vulcania_, 54
-
-
-    _Webbiana_, 39
-    _Wollastoni_, 30
-
-
-    _Xiphioides_, 57
-
-
-    Zonosoma, 91
-
-
-
-
-DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
-
-
-PLATE I.
-
-  FIG.
-
-      1. Pieris Wollastoni.
-      2. Pieris  Cheiranthi (under side).
-      3. Rhodocera Cleobule.
-      4. Euchloë Charlonia.
-      5. Colias Edusa (female).
-      6. Colias  var. Helice.
-      7. Lycæna Webbiana (upper side).
-      8. Lycæna Webbiana (under side).
-
-
-PLATE II.
-
-  FIG.
-
-      1. Danais Plexippus.
-      2. Danais Chrysippus.
-      3. Danais Alcippoides.
-      4. Pyrameis Huntera.
-      5. Pyrameis Cardui.
-      6. Lycæna Astrarche var. Aestiva.
-      7. Hipparchia Statilinus.
-      8. Hesperia Actæon.
-
-
-PLATE III.
-
-  FIG.
-
-      1. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (upper side).
-      2. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (under side).
-      3. Argynnis Lathonia (upper side).
-      4. Argynnis Lathonia   (under side).
-      5. Pararge Xiphioides.
-      6. Pyrameis Vulcania or Callirhoe.
-      7. Pyrameis  Atalanta.
-
-
-PLATE IV.
-
-  FIG.
-
-       1. Acherontia Atropos.
-       2. Chœrocampa Celerio.
-       3. Pseudophia Tirhaca.
-       4. Deilephila Tithymali.
-       5. Rhyparioides Rufeseens.
-       6. Plusia Aurifera.
-       7. Omphacodes Divincta.
-       8. Tarache Lucida.
-       9. Deiopeia Pulchella.
-      10. Aspilates Collinaria.
-      11. Dasychira Fortunata.
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  PLATE 1.
-
-  A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith.  Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.
-
-  L. Reeve & C^o. London.]
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
- PLATE 2.
-
-  A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith.  Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.
-
-  L. Reeve & C^o. London.]
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  PLATE 3.
-
-  A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith.  L. Reeve & C^o. London.
-
-  Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.]
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  PLATE 4.
-
-  A. E. Holt-White, del, R. Morgan lith.  Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.
-
-  L. Reeve & C^o. London.]
-
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