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diff --git a/old/66736-0.txt b/old/66736-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8af8bf7..0000000 --- a/old/66736-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3027 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe, by -A. E. Holt White - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe - -Author: A. E. Holt White - -Editor: Rashleigh Holt White - -Release Date: November 14, 2021 [eBook #66736] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Fiona Holmes and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive/American - Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF -TENERIFFE *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -Hyphenation has been standardised. - -Footnotes were moved to the ends of the text they pertain -to and numbered in one continuous sequence. - -A Contents table has been created by the Transcriber and is -placed in the public domain. - - THE - BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - OF TENERIFFE. - - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - OF TENERIFFE. - - BY - - A. E. HOLT WHITE. - - EDITED BY - - RASHLEIGH HOLT WHITE, - VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE SELBORNE SOCIETY. - - ILLUSTRATED FROM THE AUTHOR’S DRAWINGS. - - - London: - L. REEVE & CO., - PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, - 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - TENERIFFE: HAMILTON & CO., SANTA CRUZ. - - 1894 - - [_All rights reserved._] - - - - - πειρατα γαιης - Τῇ περ ῤηίστη· βιοτὴ πέλει ἆνθρώποισιν· - Οὐ νιφετὸς, οὕτ’ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτε ποτ’ ὄμβρος, - Ἁλλ’αἰεὶ Ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντας ἀήτας - ‘Ωκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψὐκειν ἀνθρώπους· - - HOMER, Od. iv. - - * * * * * - - Omnia bene describere, quæ in hoc mundo a Deo facta, aut naturæ creatæ - viribus elaborata fuerunt, opus est non unius hominis, nec unius ævi. - Hinc Faunæ et Floræ utilissimæ; hinc monographi præstantissimi. - - SCOPOLI, Ann. Hist. Nat. - - - - - TO - - ELIZABETH MARY ODLING - - IN MEMORY OF - - MANY HAPPY DAYS SPENT WITH HER AND HER FATHER - - THE LATE ALFRED SMEE, F.R.S. - - THIS BOOK - - Is dedicated by - - HER AFFECTIONATE FRIEND - - THE AUTHOR. - - - - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD., - ST. JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - PREFACE. - INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. - HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, Etc. - KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, Etc. - BUTTERFLIES. - LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE. - APPENDIX B. - APPENDIX C. - APPENDIX D. - ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. - DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -When the author left England, in the autumn of 1892, for a winter’s -sunshine in Teneriffe, it was by no means her intention to write on -the Lepidoptera of that Island. Soon after her arrival, however, -she was struck by two things; the want of any sort of interesting -out-door occupation (other than somewhat desultory riding expeditions) -experienced by her companions in exile, and the absence of any account -of the Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands, which would enable collectors -to name their specimens. It is her hope that the present publication -may be, at least to some extent, the means of remedying these -deficiences. - -To a detailed description of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, so far as -they are at present known, an introductory chapter has been added, for -the benefit of novices in the study and collection of butterflies and -moths. - -Those, for whom fresh air and a certain amount of exercise are -essential, can hardly find any more health-giving or light interesting -occupation than the practical study of Entomology. - -This study lends an interest to excursions which might otherwise be -tedious, and leads the collector into all sorts of beautiful and -picturesque unexplored nooks and corners of the Island, which to the -ordinary traveller are quite unknown. Many visitors hardly ever extend -their wanderings farther than the Carretera (the one high road in -Teneriffe), and have no idea of the many beauties to be seen, or of -the interest that may be found in studying the Botany, as well as the -Entomology, of this most charming of the “Summer isles of Eden lying in -dark-purple spheres of sea.” - -All the species and varieties of Teneriffe butterflies, with the -exception perhaps of three, are found between the months of November -and May; so that anyone staying there for the winter and spring months -may procure a tolerably perfect collection; more especially as the -different species found in Teneriffe are but twenty-nine, so far as is -at present known, all of which are now described. The author has been -fortunate enough to add four of these to the number previously known to -exist in the Island. - -The most complete collection of moths which came under notice is in -the possession of Dr. Zorolo, of Villa Orotava, and this numbers about -seventy species and varieties. Forty-one moths are described out of -some fifty which were collected and studied by the author; and a list -of twenty-one others, chiefly small and of little interest to the -amateur collector, is appended. - -Almost all the facts and particulars relating to the life history -of the Lepidoptera are the result of the personal experience of the -author, who is also responsible for the drawings from which the -illustrations have been reproduced. - -It is believed that the Lepidoptera of the other six Islands are -largely similar to those of Teneriffe. (See Appendix A.) - -The author desires to offer her best thanks to Señor Don Ramon Gomez, -of Puerto Orotava, for his kindness and courtesy in placing his large -collection of Lepidoptera at her disposal for study and illustration. - -The Rev. O. A. Benthall has kindly given information upon specimens -which he has netted and observed; and the author is also indebted to -Dr. Zorolo, of Yilla Orotava, who has lent one or two rare specimens -for illustration. Kind assistance in naming some specimens has been -given by A. G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., and Mr. W. F. Kirby, -F.L.S., F.E.S., of the British Museum; and Mr. Bethune Baker, F.E.S., -has been good enough to name some of the smaller moths. - - A. E. H. W. - -_November 1893._ - - - - -INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. - - -Many persons who know little or nothing about butterflies may be -tempted to make a collection of them when they find themselves in a -semi-tropical land, which yields in great profusion such beautiful -creatures, whose brilliant colouring when grouped together has so -pleasing an effect. To such, a slight sketch of the life of a butterfly -may not be unacceptable. - -Butterflies and moths belong to the order Lepidoptera or Scale-winged -insects. The different stages of growth of these insects are called -the-- - - =_Ovum._= =_Larva._= =_Pupa._= =_Imago._= - Egg. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Butterfly. - -The body consists of three parts: the head, the thorax, and the -abdomen. There are two pairs of wings, the upper and the lower; or, -as they are generally called, the fore and the hind wings. These are -covered with a downy substance, like feathered scales, which are most -beautiful when seen under a microscope, and vary much in form. It is -in these that the colouring-matter resides, which gives the beautiful -colour to different species. Lepidoptera have six legs; in some, -however, the fore-legs are so short and inconspicuous that the insect -almost appears to have only four legs. The proboscis or trunk is a -long flexible double tube through which the animal sucks the juices -of the flowers; it is curled up under the thorax like a watch-spring, -and expands at will. It varies much in length both in moths and -butterflies. The antennæ are the horns or feelers of the insect, and -are believed to contain the organs of smell. They vary much in size and -thickness, and are most important as regards the classification of the -different species of Lepidoptera. They are generally of considerable -length in a butterfly, increasing in thickness at the end till a sort -of long knob is formed. - -Moths are distinguished from butterflies by a few simple -characteristics, which can be seen at a glance. - -First, with some few exceptions, of which the Humming Bird Hawk moth -is one, moths are always found on the wing at dusk, or at night, -whereas butterflies take their flight by day. Secondly, the moth either -folds its wings close to its side or else spreads them out flat. The -butterfly, when at rest, as a rule keeps its wings straight up, face -to face, or else keeps up a fluttering motion, continually putting -them in this position. Thirdly, the body of a butterfly is small at -the waist, while that of the moth is larger, and of a more uniform -size. The antennæ are the most distinctive feature, those of the moth -being fine and long, and having no knob at the end. In some species -they are short and finely feathered the whole length, terminating in a -sharp point; this feature is generally distinctive of the male sex; the -Rufescens moth being an example. The Skipper family have antennæ like -the butterfly, but the body of a moth. - -The butterfly or moth lays its egg (not more than a pin’s head in size) -on that particular plant or tree on which the caterpillar, that it will -shortly become, feeds. These look of much the same form to the naked -eye, but when magnified they are seen to be of many different shapes, -some being conical, others round, angular and many sided, &c., &c. -The colours also of the eggs are various, but most frequently they are -yellow, green, or greenish white. A microscopic examination of these -will prove both interesting and instructive. - -The caterpillars, as soon as they emerge from the eggs, the time of -which varies with different species, at once commence to eat, and -continue to do so voraciously till they turn to the pupa state. This -being the case, they must be constantly supplied with fresh food -when kept in captivity, once certainly, if not twice a day. There -are, however, one or two varieties which cease to eat, and lie in a -semi-dormant state for some time before taking the form of a chrysalis; -the caterpillar of the Exoleta moth is an example of this. The greatest -cleanliness, together with good ventilation, freshness of food, and -regularity in feeding, are essential to keep all caterpillars in health. - -If we watch the creature feeding, we shall observe that it takes the -leaf edgeways between its two fore-feet, ceaselessly moving its head -up and down, and taking a large piece of leaf at each mouthful. Some -moth-caterpillars are night-feeders, and so hide themselves under the -thickest leaves on which they feed, or else bury themselves in the -earth till night comes again. - -Cannibal caterpillars are to be found on the potato-plants; they are of -rather a reddish brown colour, from an inch and a half to two inches -in length. The author was not very fortunate in rearing them to the -moth-stage; it is said that they should be fed on the young larvæ, and -possibly the specimens had caterpillars to feed on that were too old. -There is room for interesting experiments in Teneriffe on one, if not -more, species. - -Many of the caterpillars are most beautifully coloured and marked. -Those of the Hawk-moth are usually the most brilliant, but, at the same -time, they are most delicate, and require the greatest attention as -regards freshness of food, ventilation, and cleanliness. - -Some larvæ shed their skins twice only, others moult seven times; but -the majority effect this change four or five times. This is rather a -laborious process for them, and sometimes proves fatal. During the -process they cease feeding, but commence again with renewed vigour -after the change has taken place. The colourings and markings of the -new coat often vary from those of the one cast off, and an experienced -entomologist can tell the age of the caterpillar by the colour and -texture of the skin in many varieties. When the creature has passed -through the larva and arrived at the pupa state, it has at first a soft -and tender skin, through which parts of the future butterfly can be -clearly seen; this soon hardens, however, and forms a case impervious -to rain or other atmospheric influences. - -Before taking the pupa form some caterpillars creep into holes and -crevices of walls and old buildings, others bury themselves in the -earth; some envelop themselves in a tissue of silk which they spin as a -silkworm does, and this case is called a cocoon. Other species draw a -leaf round their bodies, fastening it together with silk-like threads, -and so making a complete shelter for itself. The Aurifera caterpillar -is an example of this type, being commonly found in Teneriffe on the -potato plant, from the leaf of which it constructs its house. Still -further varieties suspend themselves to a bough or leaf head downwards. -There are other varieties which suspend themselves from the centre of -their bodies by silk-like threads, and use much ingenuity in so doing. - -Many caterpillars are smooth, others rough and hairy. The hairy -specimens vary much, the hair of some being soft, long, and silky, -others having short stubby spikes rather than hairs sparsely dispersed -over the body. The hairy species (the Rufescens moth caterpillar being -one) use their hairy coats as a slight cocoon, and the hairy coat also, -it is said, serves as a protection from birds; at the same time the -hairs cause great irritation to the human skin if the caterpillars are -handled too freely. The acrid taste of some also protects them from -feathered enemies. When the insect has remained in the pupa state for -a sufficient length of time, which varies according to species from -a couple of weeks to a few months, the process of throwing off its -skin is quickly performed. Weather has much influence on the period -during which the pupa lies dormant. The Teneriffe winter of 1892-93 was -particularly warm, and all specimens emerged to the butterfly stage -somewhat earlier than usual. - -A few days before the butterfly or moth appears, the pupa becomes less -lively, and at last splits its skin down the middle of the back, and -the insect squeezes first its head and front legs through the aperture. -This aperture soon enlarges, the pupa skin being very dry and giving -little resistance, and the creature emerges, its legs clinging to some -substance so that the wings are in a suspended position. These are -quite small at first and wet, but they expand very quickly, acquire -their full size, and become firm and stiff as the animal flutters and -crawls about. The insect then emits a quantity of reddish fluid, and -in a short time it is able to fly away. The duration of the life of -Lepidoptera varies much, most species living a few days or a few weeks, -but some hibernate. The flight of Lepidoptera is a very distinctive -feature of the different species, the larger, such as the Plexippus, -Chrysippus and Pandora, seem to sail through the air, sometimes rising -to a great height. The Cardui and Huntera have a much quicker and more -jerky flight, and are troublesome to net. A great many of the large -moths may be said to rush along, the Convolvuli being a very difficult -one to capture, and often escaping when it seems quite within the net. -Taking the flight of the majority of moths and butterflies, they seem -to be more active and stronger on the wing in Teneriffe than those of -the same species in England. - -The food of Lepidoptera consists of honey which they take from the -flowers, or else a moisture which exudes from trees or plants. Their -food is always of a liquid form, and is sucked up through the proboscis -or long tongue. The Convolvuli moth hovers at dusk over flowers, -inserting its very long tube into the extremity of trumpet-shaped -blossoms. - -When forming a collection of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, it seems a -pity that so many insects should be unnecessarily caught and destroyed, -and the author would earnestly beg all lovers and collectors of -the beautiful creatures to bear this in mind, as some of the rarer -varieties may otherwise stand a good chance of being exterminated. - -The “muchachos” (Spanish boys) are all too eager to supply any -collector with specimens for a few “quartos,” and bring many poor -mutilated insects in the hope of finding a purchaser. A refusal to buy -the much befingered and dilapidated creatures does not deter them from -further pursuit, as they only endeavour to catch a greater quantity in -the hope of at last getting a good specimen which will find a buyer. -If collectors would only net them themselves, and not encourage the -indiscriminate way in which the boys pursue them, it would greatly tend -to preserve the different species. - - - - -HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, ETC. - - -As some difficulty is experienced in Teneriffe by persons who arrive -there without already being provided with materials for collecting -Lepidoptera, the description of a few useful expedients resorted to may -be of service. A moderate knowledge of the Spanish language is a very -useful help towards obtaining any small necessaries, but the Spanish -shop-keepers are most obliging, and understand quickly by the help of a -very few words what is wanted. - -A butterfly-net is one of the first requisites, so some wire must be -bought at the tin-smiths, of whom there are several in Orotava. With -a little instruction he will make it into a ring about one foot in -diameter, with a socket of tin soldered on to it. Into this socket an -ordinary walking-stick can be fixed for a handle. The stick is useful -to walk with over the rough ground when not required for the net, and -the net can be easily carried with other necessaries one has to take on -an expedition. - -Mosquito-netting answers the purpose of green gauze for the net. Gauze -is the best, however, and can be purchased in England, but not in -Orotava. The mosquito-netting gets soft and pliable by use, but it -is best to scald it in hot water before making it into a net, so as -to insure a soft substance in which to catch the fragile creatures -without injuring their wings or plumage. The net should be made round -at the bottom, and be about a yard in length. Purchase a yard of -mosquito-netting; it is sold two yards in width, and the quantity which -is not used for the net serves to cover the breeding-cages, which are -about to be described. - -Another essential is a breeding-cage for caterpillars, and, as several -are required if many butterflies and moths are to be reared, the -following plan is a good one to adopt. Procure a small wooden box, -about 6 or 8 inches long, or even larger, and about 3 inches deep; -empty chocolate boxes are serviceable for the purpose. In each corner -fix upright, with a couple of tacks, a piece of cane about 8 or 10 -inches in length. Over this stretch a piece of mosquito-netting, -tacking it to the edge of the box all round, except at one side, where -it should be left loose, so as to be fastened down at will with two -or three stout pins. The loose side can then be raised to give the -caterpillars fresh food, and to remove dirt or refuse. Breeding-cages -that one can purchase at any naturalists’ outfitters are made very -handily of wood, zinc, and glass, and of course are very durable, but -those described above last well for a season, and have the merit of -being of no expense. - -To procure good moths and butterflies with bright and uninjured -plumage, it is best to rear them from the caterpillar stage of -development, but as all varieties are not easily found, the net is -usually the collector’s first resource. Raising caterpillars from -the egg is a very interesting process, but it is rather tedious, and -requires more knowledge and experience to meet with success than -finding the insects in the next stage of development, and keeping them -till they reach the perfect state. - -When starting for a day’s ramble butterfly-hunting, one of the great -charms seems to be the delightful uncertainty about the sport which may -fall to one’s lot, so it is as well to provide for all contingencies, -taking the net, poison-box, or bottle, a tin for caterpillars (which -should be perforated at the top), a nest of glass-topped pill-boxes for -specimens of any butterfly or moth one may wish to take home alive, and -envelopes for butterflies when killed in the net. The latter may be -made of note-paper, by cutting a long square of paper and folding it in -a triangular shape, and then turning up the edges of two sides, so as -to make a little bag. - -Butterflies travel well placed flat in these envelopes, and should -be set directly home is reached. A small cork collecting-box is -also useful, together with some insect-pins, in case one gets many -specimens, some of which can be pinned into the box preparatory to -setting them on the return home. - -Insect life is so prolific in Teneriffe, and one sees so many strange -and curious animals, that anyone really interested in Entomology is -certain to find specimens to bring home, such as the “Praying Mantis,” -found frequently on half dead thistles in “barrancos” and on shrubs, -the many varieties of large grasshopper, and the gorgeous coloured -dragon-flies flitting about and killing butterflies in a rather -wholesale manner. - -All these insects are of such interest, that it is as well to be -provided with various appliances for carrying them on the homeward -journey. - -As sunshine and brightness prevail in Teneriffe during the winter -months, it is not necessary to choose a “likely” day, as in England, -in order to have a good day’s sport, indeed there seem to be more -butterflies on the wing on the days that are not too brilliant. On the -very sunshiny days the butterflies are about in the greatest quantities -in the early morning, retiring at noon to more shady or sheltered -spots. A nice quiet sheltered little dell, covered with rough herbage -and cactus by the sides of the barrancos, is a very favourite spot. The -barrancos are dry river-beds, sometimes of great extent, with large -boulders and rocks thrown about in wild confusion; generally speaking -they are intersected by a path, up which one can ride or walk, leading -up the mountains to different villages and hamlets. - -Occasionally, during the winter months, a great quantity of water runs -down the barrancos, but the supply only lasts a short time, soon drying -up, and leaving a few small stagnant pools here and there, and these in -turn soon disappear. - -Walking over much ground is hard work, as the country is steep, and -rough with stones and rocks. I advocate strongly the use of mules, as -being the most pleasant mode of locomotion. They are so sure-footed and -easy in their quick walk, that one feels far less tired after a long -day’s excursion on mule-back up the mountains and barrancos, than by -any other mode of locomotion. The muleteer carries all necessaries, -together with luncheon, and one is able to stop and alight where fancy -dictates or butterflies abound. Mules can be hired at Villa Orotava, -the charge being one dollar, or five pesetas, for a short day; beyond -this a small gratuity to the muleteer makes him pleased and happy. - -There are many completely uncultivated spots up the mountains, -intersected by little bye-paths along which the mules can walk; these -are perfect “Eldorados” for moths and butterflies, and one must be -busy with net and poison-box, not forgetting the tin case in which to -place larvæ for the breeding-cage, and especially remembering to carry -home some of the plant upon which they feed. - -Some of these places are so rough and thick with bramble growth, and -vegetation of like nature, that walking is really hard work. The -lava-rocks are sharp, and the numerous grasses with hooks, such as -the “Amour Sec,” together with the thorns of the prickly pear, make a -formidable barrier for the pedestrian. There are, however, no poisonous -snakes to dread, no biting animals of any sort larger than flies, so -that the inconvenience of the thorns and pricks is all that need be -feared. - -On returning home from the expedition, all the various wants and -requirements of the specimens must be attended to. The caterpillars -have to be put into breeding-cages, which should have been already -prepared for them. Different kinds which feed on the same plant may -be put together. Care must, however, be taken not to put any cannibal -species, such as the Armigera, among the others; also moth and -butterfly larvæ should be kept separate. - -For moth larvæ it is essential to have some fine earth (previously -baked to destroy the ants, which are very troublesome) spread on -the bottom of the box, from 1 to 2 inches thick. The caterpillars -bury themselves in this when they have finished feeding, making for -themselves a slight mould of earth, welded together with silk-like -threads. Different species, however, vary in their mode of procedure, -some making very slight, and others more pronounced cocoons; while yet -others make quite an oval shell, choosing only the finest grains of -earth with which to construct their houses. - -It is said that some sort of dried leaf answers the purpose of earth, -and is less likely to injure the moth’s plumage, but the former mode -has been found to be perfectly successful. Place the plant on which the -animal is to feed in a moist pot of earth, or in a bottle of water, so -as to keep it fresh. If the latter mode is adopted, care must be taken -that the animal does not drop into the water; so it is best to choose -a wide-mouthed bottle, putting a bung with a hole in it as a stopper, -and inserting the plant through the hole into the water. The earth -should be kept slightly moist, and many people give caterpillars a -gentle spray of water occasionally to take the place of dew, which they -would have in their natural state. It is a good plan to let them have a -little of the early morning sun upon them, as it serves to keep them in -health, but they cannot bear the sun of mid-day. - -For butterfly larvæ the same procedure is required, except that only -a thin sprinkling of earth is wanted at the bottom of the box for the -purposes of cleanliness. - -When the larva of the butterfly is about to develop to its pupa state, -it readily crawls up the box and netting, suspending itself, from the -top head-downwards, and the netting serves as a good foot-hold for the -butterfly when it appears. If possible the chrysalides should remain as -they place themselves until the next stage of development is reached; -because, unless they are able to expand their wings while in this -position, deformity is likely to ensue. - -The majority of butterfly chrysalides are naked, and of an angular -form, some being remarkable for the brilliancy with which they are -spotted with gold and silver. - -The Vanessa family is an example of this, the Vulcania and Huntera -being especially brilliant. - -Caterpillars of the “Skipper” family make a web-like covering of silk -for the reception of the chrysalides, but there has been hitherto only -one species of this family found in Teneriffe. - -Many caterpillars of various kinds kept during the winter months were -very subject to the raids of the Ichneumon fly. This fly lays its egg -on the larva, and it is not easily perceived on the animal unless -looked for through a magnifying-glass. - -The caterpillar lives on, and seemingly thrives, but after it has -turned to its pupa state the fly develops, and a fine Ichneumon fly -appears in the breeding-cage instead of the expected butterfly. There -are large and small varieties of this fly, the former laying only one -or two eggs on the caterpillar, the latter a great many, and they -emerge from the chrysalis in corresponding numbers.[1] The only remedy -seems to be to inspect all larvæ through a magnifying-glass, and to -reject any infected specimens. Pieris Cheiranthi is particularly -liable to this fly. The red fungus found on the Tithymali moth -caterpillar is another disease, but is not very common. - -[1] This occurrence is mentioned by Gilbert White in his “Natural -History of Selborne,” v. “Observations on Insects and Vermes,” p. 519. -Ed. 1813. - -Caterpillars should be handled as little as possible while removing -them to their fresh food. As a rule, they crawl on to the fresh supply -at once, but in the case of very small specimens a camel-hair brush -should be used to lift them from one place to another. Many of them -emit a fluid when touched. The Tithymali spits out a quantity of green -fluid when disturbed. - -Butterflies generally seem to be found in the greatest numbers in the -barrancos early in the year. When, however, the fields get green and -vegetation increases, they desert the barrancos and take more to the -fields and country, with the exception of the Argynnis Lathonia, a -variety which more particularly frequents barrancos. - -The time of appearance of all species takes place from two to four -weeks later the higher they are up the mountains. The south part of the -island is not so fertile a place for Lepidoptera as the north; perhaps -this is owing to the more sparse vegetation on that side. - -Many species are found inland, while some are peculiar to the coast. -The heights and localites in which all the different kinds are found -have been indicated as far as possible in the description of the -various species. - - - - -KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, ETC. - - -Butterflies, when netted, can be easily killed by a prolonged sharp -pinch under the thorax before being taken from the net, and do not -need to be put into a poison-box. The pinch should be given between -the finger and thumb, the wings of the insect being kept in an upright -position. - -Moths must be put into a poison-bottle or box, and left there from -twelve to twenty-four hours. Some varieties die much quicker than -others. Various kinds of poison are used for the boxes and bottles, but -cyanide of potassium seems most generally approved of by entomologists. -To catch moths, many people use the sugaring process. A mixture, made -of beer, rum, and coarse sugar or treacle, boiled till it becomes -thick like treacle is placed at night on the trunks of trees or on -flowers, and a lamp is placed near the sugared plants. True votaries -of “sweetness and light,” the moths alight on the sticky mixture, and, -becoming stupefied with the beer and rum, as a rule fall to the ground, -where they can easily be caught or netted. - -Setting-boards are made of strips of wood about one foot or eighteen -inches in length, varying in width according to the size of the -specimen one wishes to pin out on it. These boards are covered with -sheet cork, having a groove down the middle to receive the body of the -insect. Some boards have a flat, others a slightly curved surface, and -these are covered with white paper. English entomologists generally use -curved boards, but foreign collectors prefer the flat setting-boards. -These latter seem somewhat preferable. - -The good appearance and value of a collection greatly depend on the -setting, and for this reason much care and patience is required. The -butterfly should be taken between the thumb and finger of the left -hand, and an insect-pin inserted in the middle of the thorax, bringing -the point slightly sloping backwards and out at the legs. Then having -selected a board suitable in size to the specimen, it should be -pinned exactly in the middle of the groove, the body being kept quite -straight. Two narrow strips of paper, not more than ⅛th of an inch in -width, are now required to fasten down the two wings on each side of -the groove. Let each strip be pinned in front of the two fore-wings, -holding the end of a strip in the left hand; then very gently place the -wings, first the fore and then the hind-wing, in position, bringing -them forward with a long pin (the point being placed on the wings as -near the body as possible) in the right hand. At the same time the -strip of paper which is being held in the left hand is gently lowered -and fastened with a pin immediately below the hind-wing. Great care -must be taken not to injure the plumage by touching it. A second strip -of paper is now necessary on each side to pin down the outer edges of -the wings; but the first two strips are the most important ones, as -they keep the wings in position, and the latter may be very easily -added. The antennæ should be straightened and placed under the first -two strips of paper, or placed in position by two pins. The paper is -fastened along the boards, fixing as many specimens as its length will -permit. - -Many persons use triangular pieces of card as braces for the butterfly, -fixing one or more on each wing, but the strips of paper seem somewhat -easier to arrange, and damage the plumage even less than the card, -though when either method is adopted the specimen ought not to be -damaged in the least. In making a perfect collection of butterflies -three specimens should be set up of every variety; the male, the -female, and one set with the underside uppermost. It is not usual to -set moths the reverse way. - -Butterflies must be left on the board to stiffen for ten days or a -fortnight; after that they can be removed to the store-box. Moths with -large bodies take longer in drying, and must be left for three or four -weeks. By touching the end of the body of a specimen gently with a -pin it can easily be seen whether it is firm and stiff enough to be -removed to the case. If butterflies and moths are not set soon after -death they become stiff, and would be useless; but there are several -modes of relaxing them, and it may be useful to give a description -of the process which is generally adopted. Procure a marmalade-pot or -earthenware jar, into which put three inches of sand; pour on the sand -enough water to wet it thoroughly, without allowing the water to appear -on the surface. It is as well to put a small quantity of carbolic acid -with it. The insects to be relaxed should be pinned on to a thick -piece of cork, the cork resting on the top of the sand. Close the -mouth of the jar with a piece of glass, or something which will make -it air-tight. A few hours is often enough to relax specimens, but if -left longer they must be carefully watched, as they very soon become -mouldy. To keep the insects free from mites, napthaline must be freely -used in the store-boxes and cases. Camphor is used by some persons, -but napthaline is a far more efficacious preventive of the ravages of -parasites. - -In packing specimens already set for England, store-boxes will hold a -great number if the specimens are judiciously placed one over the other -in a sloping manner, great care being taken that they do not touch each -other, as the slightest rubbing spoils the plumage. - -Don Ramon Gomez, chemist, of Puerto Orotava, Teneriffe, has all -necessaries for the collector, such as setting-boards, store-boxes, -pins, etc., etc., and is most obliging in packing specimens for England -and giving any advice. - -Many interesting objects for the naturalist and antiquarian may be seen -in his large collection, his Guanche remains being especially deserving -of notice. - - - - -Part I. - -BUTTERFLIES. - - -PIERIS CHEIRANTHI. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 2. - -This is a large creamy-white butterfly peculiar to the Canary Islands. -It is found in some numbers on and near the coast of Teneriffe -from April to September; the time of its appearance, however, -varies somewhat in different years. The larva is smooth, and has a -ground-colour of grey, finely dotted over with black spots. There -is a yellow stripe on the back and along each side. It feeds on the -nasturtium gregariously, and the pupa attaches itself, head downwards, -to a wall near the plant. - -The female butterfly, the underside of which is illustrated, has a long -uneven blotch of black on the surface of the fore-wings; the male has -none. The upper surface of both sexes is cream-white, with a black -apical patch on the fore-wings. The under-sides have the long black -blotch as seen on the surface of the female, and the ground-colour -of both is yellow, finely sprinkled with black dots. The measurement -across the wings varies from two and a half to three and a half inches. - -It is best to procure the larvæ to obtain good specimens, but -the Ichneumon fly is such an enemy to this species that great -disappointment will probably be experienced in the rearing if the -caterpillars are not well examined before being placed in the -breeding-cages. - - -PIERIS WOLLASTONI. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 1. - -This butterfly is allied to the Cheiranthi, but is a distinct variety, -only recently met with in this island. Mr. Butler, of the British -Museum, has named and fully described this insect, which has hitherto -only been found in Madeira, but is now for the first time enumerated -in the list of Teneriffe Lepidoptera. It is somewhat smaller than the -Cheiranthi, measuring not more than two and a half inches in expanse. -The reverses of the female (which is illustrated) and of the male are -of a grey tinge, in place of the rather bright yellow shade of the -Cheiranthi, sprinkled over with fine black dots. The apical patch is -also grey, and both sexes have long black spots on the fore-wings. The -upper surface is cream-white; the female has two distinctly marked long -black spots on the fore-wings; the male having none. The black apical -markings are similar in both sexes, and a small black spot is seen on -the inner margin of the hind-wing of both male and female. - -There are no observations to record on the caterpillar and pupa, as -the specimens of the fly (one of which is illustrated) were netted; -but very possibly larvæ may be found gregariously with the Cheiranthi -in like manner to the Callirrhoe and Atalanta, or the Plexippus and -Chrysippus. - -The specimens taken were netted about 500 feet above the sea. - - -PIERIS RAPÆ. - -The common English variety, Small Cabbage White. The fore-wings are -creamy white, with an irregular blackish mark at the tip. The male -generally has a black spot in the middle of the wing, the female having -two; and both sexes have two black spots on the underside, which is -of a yellowish colour, thickly dotted with small black atoms. All -the markings vary greatly, however. The larva is dull green, with a -yellowish stripe on its back and yellow dots on the side. It generally -feeds on the cabbage, but is found also on the nasturtium. It is very -common, and may be found everywhere from February to October. The -Ichneumon fly is a great enemy to this insect. - - -PIERIS DAPLIDICE. - -This butterfly resembles the rare English specimen Bath White. -It is very common in some years,[2] and found in most localities -from February to October. It seems mostly to frequent rough -poorly-cultivated fields. The wings are white, the fore-wings having -a large black spot in the middle, and being bordered with black -encircling distinct white spots. The markings of the under-side show -through on the hind-wings, and these have black markings on the edges -in the female. The underside has a ground colour of sage-green, freely -spotted with white. The markings show considerable variety, some being -marked much more heavily than others. It measures across the wings from -two to two and a half inches. The caterpillar, which is greyish green, -has yellow stripes on the back, and feeds generally on cabbage. The -butterflies are much pursued and destroyed by dragon-flies. - -[2] During the winter of 1892-1893 it was met with in great numbers. - -EUCHLOË CHARLONIA (Donzil). - -PLATE I.--FIG. 4. - -This butterfly was seen near Orotava, 500 feet above the sea-level, -during the first week in May by the author, who, however, was not -fortunate enough to secure a specimen. Several specimens of this -species, which is rare in the Canary Islands, have been netted in the -island of Fuerteventura, and two of them have been presented by Mr. E. -H. Hodges, of Rugby, to the British Museum, from which the illustration -has been drawn. It measures in expanse about an inch and a half. The -general colour is yellow, varying in intensity of shade in different -specimens, with black apical markings on the fore wings and a long -black patch on the centre of the upper margin. A full account of this -interesting insect is to be found in Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1842, p. 197, -f. 1, but hitherto it has not been recognized in Teneriffe as a species -belonging to the island. It is found in North and West Africa. - - -APORIA CRATÆGI. - -This specimen is the rare English Black-veined White butterfly. It has -undoubtedly been netted in Teneriffe, though it has not been personally -observed by the author. In flight its similarity to other white -specimens is so great that it may often be passed unnoticed. It is said -to be local and uncertain in appearance, being seen chiefly during the -summer months about the fields and gardens. The wings are entirely of a -white cream colour, and are alike on both sides, the veins being black, -and the fore-wings having some dusky spots on them. The caterpillar is -black, thickly sprinkled with whitish hairs, and with a reddish yellow -stripe running along each side. It feeds on various fruit trees, and is -believed to be very destructive. - - -RHODOCERA CLEOBULE. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 3. - -This finely-coloured and beautiful butterfly resembles the English -Brimstone, but is quite a distinct variety, being of squarer form and -having no decided point at the angle of the hind-wings. It is peculiar -to the Islands. The male is a most brilliant sulphur yellow, the -fore-wings being of a deeper shade than the hind ones. The hind-wings -have a deep orange spot about the centre. The female differs from the -male in being of a much paler shade of yellow, with quite a tinge of -green all over it; it also has a small orange spot on the fore-wings in -addition to that on the hind-wings. Both wings have red markings round -them on the outer edge, which form an almost interrupted fine line of -colour. The underside resembles the upper, but is paler. The antennæ -are short and thick, with a reddish tinge, which becomes deeper at the -knob. - -It is found from January to June in most localities on and at a little -distance from the coast; gardens and fields seem somewhat favoured, -but it is by no means common anywhere. There seem to be several broods -between the months mentioned above, but the larva and pupa have not -been observed. - - -COLIAS EDUSA. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 5 (female). - -This specimen is the English Clouded Yellow. The wings measure from two -to two and a half inches across, the female being somewhat larger than -the male. Both sexes have the same broad black margin on the fore and -hind-wings, but the male differs from the female in having no irregular -yellow spots marked on these black borders, which are seen in the -female. The hind-wings of the female are of a somewhat darker shade -of yellow, tinged with green, than those of the male, and both sexes -have a bright orange spot about the middle of the wing. Beneath, both -sexes are alike, the fore-wings being of a lighter orange with several -irregular black spots and a margin of greenish yellow. The hind-wings -are of a uniform green colour with a red ringed spot about the centre -of each, accompanied by a silver-like dot in the middle. It is found in -quantities in most localities, from the coast to the pine forests, from -February to November. The caterpillar is green, with a stripe of yellow -and white, having several orange dots on it. It is a miscellaneous -feeder, preferring, however, leguminous plants. - - -COLIAS v. HELICE. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 6. - -A pale yellowish-white variety of the former specimen. It is very -rare, and is found in May and during the summer months, though very -seldom met with in England.[3] It is slightly smaller than the Colias -Edusa, and has been found so small as to measure only an inch across -the wings. Don Ramon Gomez has one in his collection of this size. The -markings vary considerably, and the bright orange spot in the centre of -the hind-wing, as seen in the illustration, is replaced occasionally -by a pure white one. The male has hitherto not been found. - -[3] In the summer of 1892 many were taken. - - -LYCÆNA BÆTICA. - -A commonly found blue butterfly, measuring from one to one and a half -inches across the wings. It is rarely met with in England. The insect -has a slender tail at the lower angle of each hind-wing, surmounted by -two black dots. The margins of both wings have a slight black or dark -brown band. The under-sides of both wings are of a grey-brown colour -streaked and slightly spotted all over with faint white lines. On the -lower angle of each hind-wing the two black spots on the upper side -are replaced by two black ones dusted with silver, and surrounded by a -bright orange ring which is broader at the top than at the bottom. - -The antennæ are brown, slightly sprinkled with white. It is found on -the rough fields (especially where the Lupine grows), barrancos, and -hedge-rows, between March and August. Specimens netted early in the -year are not so large as those found during May, and in the summer -months. - - -LYCÆNA WEBSIANA. - -PLATE I.--FIGS. 7 AND 8. - -This is a smaller blue butterfly than that just described, measuring -about one inch across the wings. It is peculiar to the Islands, and -is known by some lovers of Entomology as the “Peak Blue.” It is not, -however, found on the Peak alone, but is netted in barrancos and -gardens at a much lower altitude; it frequents the pine forests in -large numbers, and has been also found on the south coast of the -Island of Teneriffe, at Guimar (see Appendix B), so it may be fairly -considered to be widely dispersed over the Island. It is undoubtedly -found in the greatest numbers in the elevated zone of the pine forests, -where, however, owing to the extremely slippery nature of the ground, -it is difficult to net. The male is of a beautiful metallic blue -colour; the female of a much browner blue. The upperside of the male, -and the underside of the female, are shown in the illustrations. - -The fore-wings of the underside in both sexes are alike, being of an -orange tawny colour, with a white uneven spot on the top margin of -each wing, and five or six somewhat indistinct brown spots at the outer -edge, interspersed with white. - -The hind-wings are of an ashy brown, with a longitudinal, irregular -silver white line down each, both wings being minutely dotted with -white. Five or six brown spots, dusted with silver, are seen at the -margin of the hind-wings. It usually appears in March, though it has -been seen at an earlier date. The larva and pupa have not hitherto been -found. - - -LYCÆNA LYSIMON. - -This is the smallest specimen of blue butterfly found in Teneriffe, -being not quite one inch in expanse. The female is rather a browner -blue than the male. The colouring on the upperside is of a most -beautiful uniform blue, all the wings having a margin of brown; and a -slight white fringe at the edges. The underside of all the wings is -grey, rather freely dotted over with darker spots, encircled by greyish -white. It is very commonly found on all grassy fields and lanes, and -quantities flutter quickly along the grass-grown streets of Orotava -from April to August. - -It is not an inhabitant of England, but is found in the south of -France, Spain, greater part of Africa, Western Asia, and the East -Indies. The caterpillar and chrysalis have not been observed. - - -LYCÆNA ASTRARCHE v. ÆSTIVA. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 6. - -A small dark copper, the expanse of wings being about one inch, or -rather more. It is not found in England. On the upperside on all the -wings there is a marginal band of bright copper, the fore-wings have a -black spot about the centre of each. A fringe of white edges all the -four wings. The under widely differs from the upper side in colouring -and markings. The ground colour is light grey, freely dotted over with -black spots encircled by white. All four wings have the same bright -marginal copper band as seen on the upper side. The antennæ are black -or dark brown, finely dotted with white. It is somewhat rarely found -in fields and barrancos on high ground, but may be met with in larger -quantities in the pine forests. The time of its appearance is from -April to September. When comparing the Teneriffe specimen of this -butterfly with those of other countries at South Kensington, it was -noticed that the marginal copper band was broader on the Teneriffe -specimen, and it may be possible that it should be reckoned as a new -variety. - - -POLYOMMATUS or CHRYSOPHANUS PHLÆAS. - -A copper butterfly, and a common English specimen, measuring from one -to one and a half inches across the wings. The fore-wings are of a -bright copper red, with large square black spots distinctly marked, -and an outer band of brown. The hind-wings are dark brown, having a -marginal copper band on the outer edge, which in some specimens is -surmounted by a few blue spots. The underside of the fore-wings is pale -copper, the hind-wings being grey, with minute black or dark brown -spots, and traces of a marginal band of copper. It is commonly found -from February to September in most places in Teneriffe, up to the -altitude of the pine forests. The larva feeds on a variety of Rumex -(dock or sorrel). Some specimens have been found much darker in colour -than those described above, the difference being so great as to suggest -the possibility of a distinct variety. - - -THECLA RUBI. - -This small butterfly is called in England the Green Hair Streak, It -is said to have been netted in the Island during the summer months, -and its appearance is believed to be well authenticated. The larva -is green, with a yellow line on the back, bordered with darker, and -followed by a line of pale triangular spots, and a yellow line on the -sides: it lives on brambles, &c. The fly expands about one inch; it is -of a uniform brown colour above, and a uniform green below, with a row -of white dots on the underside of the hind-wings. - - -DANAIS PLEXIPPUS, formerly ARCHIPPUS. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 1. - -The largest butterfly found in the Islands, measuring from four to four -and a half inches across the wings. - -The larva is very bright in colour, having transverse bands of blackish -violet, gold, and white alternately. It has four black horns or fleshy -spikes along its back, and when full grown measures about two inches in -length, and it is rather stout and smooth. The pupa, green when first -turned, and suspending itself by the tail only, has a bright gold band -half-way round its base, and a series of gold spots encircling its -head. Shortly before emerging to a butterfly, it turns to a dark brown. -The caterpillar never suspends itself to the plant on which it feeds, -but goes to some of the higher grasses near it, or it prefers still -better a mallow plant, from the leaves of which as many as sixteen -beautiful bright green and gold chrysalides have been seen hanging, -forming quite a picture under the illumination of the glorious sun of -Teneriffe. It lives and feeds gregariously on the “Arbol de Seda,” -[4] a plant bearing a very bright red and gold flower. Many specimens -were reared from quite small caterpillars in the breeding-cages. They -were easy to keep, but especial care must be taken in providing them -with fresh food, and great attention ought to be paid to ventilation, -or some disappointment may be experienced in the number that die during -the pupa state for no apparent reason. A little of the morning sun is -beneficial to them, as they are found, when in a natural state, in the -most sunny localities. - -[4] Asclepias cuvassavica. - -A brood seems to emerge about every three months in most years from -February to September. The butterfly frequents flower-gardens and -fields near the coast, not often being found more than seven or eight -hundred feet above the sea. It is of a rich orange tawny colour, rather -heavily veined with black or dark brown. All four wings have a broad -black border, with two lines of whitish yellow dots along the margin. -There is a large apical patch of blackish brown on each fore-wing, with -seven large yellow and white spots on the tip. There is not a great -difference between the upper and the under side, except that on the -latter the white marginal spots are larger, and there is more white on -the black-feathered body. - -The insect looks splendidly bright and flashing as it soars along with -a steady flight from tree to tree on the “Carretera,” and it must -be quickly netted, or it soon rises out of reach. These butterflies -are distasteful to birds, as also are the three following varieties -belonging to the same family. For this reason the family of Danais -is “mimicked” by butterflies of other species, the butterfly next -described (Danais Chrysippus) being, for instance, copied closely by -several African and Indian species of butterflies and even some moths. - -The Danais Plexippus is a very common butterfly in North America, and -has within the last few years become widely dispersed, some specimens -having been found in England in 1877 and subsequently. - - -DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 2. - -This butterfly is widely dispersed over Europe, Asia, and Africa, but -it is not found in England. It is of the same colour as the last -described specimen, but is not so large, measuring in expanse from two -and a half to three and a half inches. The tips of the fore-wings are -broadly marked with black, shading off to brown, crossed with a band of -white spots. Four of these spots are of a quadrilateral form, and much -larger than the rest. The outer margins of all four wings are bordered -with black, freely dotted with white. There are three black spots on -the centre of the hind-wings of the female; the male has four, the -fourth, which is largest, being placed under the principal vein. The -under is similar in markings and colouring to the upper side, but the -white spots are more pronounced, and the tawny yellow somewhat paler; -the apex of each fore-wing is moreover tipped with yellow, instead -of being black like the upperside. The larva is very similar to that -of the Plexippus. It is somewhat smaller, however, has six fleshy -horns instead of four, and the transverse gold and black stripes are -interspersed with white spots instead of stripes. It feeds gregariously -with the above variety on the “Arbol de Seda,” and appears at the same -time, in the same locality, and in equal numbers. When it changes to -the pupa state it resembles closely the bright green chrysalis of its -companion, only it is not quite so large. - - -DANAIS ALCIPPOIDES. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 3. - -This butterfly, a variety of the Chrysippus, is rare in Teneriffe. -It is found commonly in Africa and Western Asia, and is a transition -variety between the Chrysippus and Alcippus. It has whitish hind-wings, -rather silvery looking, with orange markings within the black border. -The hind-wings have less white upon them than those of the Alcippus. It -is similar in all respects and habits, mode of feeding, etc., to the -Chrysippus, and is found gregariously with it. When kept collectively, -about one in fifty of the chrysalides proves to be of this variety. The -caterpillars of the three varieties of Danais described are about four -weeks before turning to chrysalides, and remain in that state from two -to three weeks before emerging to the imago. - - -DANAIS DORIPPUS v. KLUGII. - -This is the fourth variety of the genus Danais, and is authentically -claimed as one of the Teneriffe butterflies, though by no means -commonly found. It varies from the Chrysippus in having no brown apical -patch on the fore-wings, and it also has no band of white spots across -them. It measures from two and a half to three and a half inches across -the wings. It is not an inhabitant of England, but is commonly found in -North Africa and Western Asia. - - -ARGYNNIS MAIA (Cram), or PANDORA. - -PLATE III.--FIGS. 1 AND 2. - -This butterfly is one of the most beautiful Fritillarys, and is also -one of the largest of Teneriffe butterflies, measuring in expanse from -three and a half to four inches. - -It mostly frequents woods and meadows, not often being met with below -an altitude of fifteen hundred feet above the sea. It is found in South -Europe, and is also met with in Africa. The time of its appearance -commences in May, and continues during the summer months. The larva is -purplish-brown with black markings; it feeds on heartsease. The upper -and under side differ greatly, as may be seen in the illustrations. The -prevailing colour of the upper surface is a beautiful bronze green, -tinged with yellow on the fore-wings. The bronze green colour is freely -marked all over by velvety black oblong spots, dashes, and lines, -the margin of each wing having a continuous scalloped line of black. -The body and hind-wings are very feathered and downy. The underside -of the fore-wings is a brilliant pink-red and black colour, with an -apical patch of green, having yellow markings. The hind-wings are green -with a long irregular stripe of silver down the centre of each, the -stripe being fringed on the outer edge by five silver dots. There is a -marginal silver band with a fine yellow line running along the outer -edge of the hind-wings. The body is green on the upper, and buff-yellow -on the under-side, the legs being of the latter colour. There is not -much difference between the male and female. - - -ARGYNNIS LATHONIA. - -PLATE III.--FIGS. 3 AND 4. - -This exquisite butterfly, which is about two inches in expanse, is -known in England, where it is accounted a great rarity, by the common -name Queen of Spain Fritillary, and it is not very commonly found in -Teneriffe. The caterpillar is a greyish brown with a white dorsal line, -spotted with black, and having two brownish lines on the sides. The -spines are reddish and the legs yellow. It feeds on the heartsease, -violet, etc. The upper surface is a tawny orange colour with many -distinct rounded black spots. On the under-side the hind-wings are -brownish yellow with very large oval silver spots interspersed with -smaller ones. The fore-wings have black spots of various sizes, and -five or six apical silver spots. The butterfly is found mostly on high -ground in barrancos; but also in fields and gardens from the months of -March to September, though in some years it appears earlier. It flits -quickly along the paths in the barrancos, settling at short distances, -very often just out of reach of the net, and this liveliness often -necessitates a long walk after a specimen. The antennæ are furnished -with a round thick nob at the end. There is no very marked difference -in the male and female. - - -PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. - -PLATE III.--FIG. 7. - -This richly-coloured butterfly, known in England as the Red Admiral, -is very rare in the Canary Islands. The ground-colour of the upper -surface of the fore-wings is a velvety black, shading off to brown at -the base. A bright red oblique band crosses the wings, and four large -oblong white spots, with four or five smaller ones, are grouped on the -apex. These again are bordered by several faint blue spots, quite at -the tip. The hind-wings are blackish brown, with a broad red margin, -in which are four black dots, and some blue spots are marked on the -lower angle of the wings. On the underside the fore-wings are black, -with several steely blue lines, the red band across the centre being -clearly defined. The apex of the wings is brownish yellow, marked with -white. The hind-wings are most beautifully variegated with steely blue, -black, and buff. The antennæ are long and slender, abruptly forming a -knot at the end, which is tipped with white. The larva is dusky green -in colour, with a yellow line running down its back and sides; it is -sparingly coloured with short stubby hairs, and is found gregariously -on the nettle-leaf. Gold spots are freely sprinkled over the brown -chrysalis. The caterpillar stage lasts five or six weeks, the butterfly -appearing in another three or four. The larva suspends itself by the -tail, often wrapping itself in a nettle-leaf, on which it feeds. If the -pupa is gathered from the nettles for breeding, it should be fastened -in the cage in the same position, head downwards. Disappointment is -often experienced in the number of butterflies that emerge from the -chrysalis state, so many being attacked by ants, &c. - -The caterpillars are found gregariously with the Callirhoe, which is -the commonest species of Pyrameis found in the Islands. Among many -reared, three only proved to be Atalanta butterflies. It is found in -Teneriffe from January to June. - - -PYRAMEIS CALLIRHOE, or VULCANIA. - -PLATE III.--FIG. 6. - -This is the most common butterfly of the Pyrameis genus found in the -Islands. It is similar in colouring to the last described, but it has a -much broader red oblique indented stripe on the fore-wings. The white -apical markings are not so many or large, and it has no blue spots on -the tips of the fore-wings. - -The habits and locality of the caterpillar and chrysalis are so like -those of the Atalanta, that description is not needed. - -In rearing many specimens, two butterflies proved to have bright yellow -on the hind-wings in place of the red band. Whether they are a distinct -variety or not, cannot at present be positively stated.[5] - -[5] See Appendix C. - - -PYRAMEIS CARDUI. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 5. - -This insect, which is the English Painted Lady, might at first sight -be taken for a faded Atalanta. The caterpillar lives generally solitary -on hollyhock, nettle, or mallow, curling itself up in a leaf It is of a -grey-brown colour, thickly sprinkled with hairs, a yellow line fringed -by reddish dots runs along each side. It is found in most localities -up to a considerable elevation, from February till well on into the -summer. The butterfly is of a tawny red colour, shading off to brown -at the base of the fore-wings, with dark markings and oblong black -spots. The apex of the wings is marked and edged in white, similar to -the Atalanta. The hind-wings are of the same tawny red colour, having -a line of five round black spots running along each lower margin. -The fore-wings are marked on the under-side as above, the colour, -however, being redder. The hind-wings are pale buff, olive brown, and -white, having four or five blue-black eyes near the lower margin, the -two centre eyes being smaller than the others, which are circled by -black and white. Its flight is very swift, and its erratic and rapid -gyrations from side to side make it a difficult specimen to net. - - -PYRAMEIS v. HUNTERA. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 4. - -This is a scarce variety in Teneriffe of the butterfly just described. -It is commonly found in America, and some few insects have been taken -in England. It is similar in colouring to the Cardui, but somewhat -brighter. The flight of the insect is steadier, and this, together -with the brightness in colour, distinguishes it from others of the -same family when seen flying in company. It is found in barrancos and -gardens, and has been netted in a locality about 600 feet above the sea -near Orotava, together with the last two butterflies described. All -three specimens were seen flitting in company, the Callirhoe and Cardui -predominating in number, with a few specimens of the Huntera dispersed -among them. The upper surface is brick-red, marked with black, the -fore-wings having a dark apical patch, with several white spots. The -hind-wings have five blue spots, encircled by black, near the lower -margin. Beneath, the fore-wings are of a most beautiful red colour, -interspersed with black, grey-brown, and white, and having two eyes on -the apex. The hind-wings are of a lovely grey-brown tinge, liberally -veined with white, having a whitish uneven band down the centre. This -band has two large eyes, with blue centres outside it. On the edge of -the wings three grey-blue lines are seen, making the tout ensemble a -most exquisite reverse, and the greatest contrast to the upper surface. -It is usually found from April to August. Though faded and small -specimens were found earlier, the beauty of the insect is not seen till -April. The caterpillar is brown, sparingly covered with hairs, and has -bright red spots down its sides. It is rather larger than the Cardui -larva. - - -PARARGE XIPHIOIDES. - -PLATE III.--FIG. 5. - -This is not an English butterfly, though it is somewhat similar to the -Speckled Wood Argus (Parage Ægeria). It is very commonly found in the -Islands in most localities up to three or four thousand feet above the -sea. It measures in expanse from two and a half to three inches. Those -found early in the year are of a smaller and duller colour than those -netted later on. It is of a rich brown colour, the fore-wings being -freely marked with orange-yellow spots. The hind-wings are plentifully -feathered at the base, and have a long dash of yellow down them, with -three dark eyes near the margin, which is scalloped with faint white. -The under-side of the fore-wings is lighter in colour than the surface, -though similar in markings. The hind-wings are of a uniform olive-brown -shade, with a long uneven silvery stripe half-way down the centre. -There is no very decided knob on the end of the antennæ, which only -thicken slightly towards the end. - - -EPINEPHELE HISPULLA, or FORTUNATA (Alph.). - -This brown butterfly resembles the English Large Meadow Brown (E. -Janira), but is of a richer colour and larger size, measuring in -expanse about two and a half to three inches. The female, which differs -largely from the male in colour and markings, is of an ashy-brown -colour, the fore-wings being orange-tawny, leaving only an uneven -marginal band of grey-brown. There is an apical eye of black, with -a small white centre. The hind-wings are ashy-grey, with a marginal -orange-tawny band. The body and base of the lower wings are freely -feathered. The under-side is similar in colouring, only lighter; -the apical eyes are more strongly marked; the hind-wings are of an -orange-brown tint, the orange band being slightly defined on this side. -The male has no orange-tawny markings on the surface, only a slight -shade of yellow being seen on the fore-wings, shimmering through the -uniform brown colour of the insect. There is a small black eye, with a -white central dot on the apex of each fore-wing. On the under-side the -fore-wings of the male are orange-tawny, the black eye being larger and -more pronounced than on the surface. The hind-wings of the male are of -a uniform olive-brown colour. It is found in barrancos, meadows and -rough places, from the coast up to a moderately high altitude, from -April to September; the male appears first in the greatest numbers, -and towards June the female is also found in great quantities. The -caterpillar has not been observed. - - -HIPPARCHIA STATILINUS. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 7. - -This is a brown butterfly common in many parts of Southern and Central -Europe, though not found in England. It is a rare insect in Teneriffe, -and is only met with high up in the mountains, chiefly at Vilaflor, and -on the south part of the island, about July and August. It measures in -expanse from two to three inches, and is of a uniform brown colour, -having a few white markings, which vary much in different specimens, -on the fore-wings. Two large brown spots are seen at the outer margin -of each fore-wing, interspersed with small white spots. The hind-wings -are brown, shading to lighter colour at the base. The under-side is -prettily mottled, and streaked with grey-brown, the two dark spots seen -on the margin being well defined. The larva and chrysalis have not been -observed. - - -HESPERIA ACTÆON. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 8. - -This is a small Skipper, the only member of this family found in -Teneriffe. It resembles the English Lulworth Skipper, and frequents -damp places near the water-courses, though somewhat partial and scarce. -In a limited spot near Orotava it has been found in quantities; and at -Tacoronti, where butterflies abound, some have been taken. The whole -surface is of an orange-bronze colour with slight brown markings. -The antennæ are short and club-like; the head is large, and the body -thickish. It is found from April till June, but solitary specimens are -sometimes met with earlier in the year. - - - - -LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE. - - - NAME OF BUTTERFLY. REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC. - - * 1 Pieris Cheiranthi Only in Canary Islands. - * 2 Pieris Wollastoni Canary Islands and Madeira. - 3 Pieris Rapæ England (Common White). - 4 Pieris Daplidice England; rare (Bath White). - * 5 Euchloë Charlonia Not in England; N. and W. Africa. - 6 Aporia Cratægi England; rare (Black-veined White). - * 7 Rhodocera Cleobule Not in England; peculiar to the Islands. - * 8 Colias Edusa England (Clouded Yellow). - * 9 Colias v. Helice England; rare. - 10 Lycæna Bætica England; very rare (Tailed Blue). - *11 Lycæna Webbiana Only in Canary Islands. - 12 Lycæna Lysimon Not in England. - *13 Lycæna Astrarche v. Æstiva Not in England. - 14 Polyommatus or Chrysophanus Phlæas England (Common Copper). - 15 Thecla Rubi England (Green Hair Streak). - *16 Danais Plexippus (formerly Archippus) England; very rare. - *17 Danais Chrysippus Not in England. - *18 Danais Alcippoides Not in England. - 19 Danais Dorippus Not in England. - *20 Argynnis Maia (Cram), or Pandora In Canary Islands, N. Africa, and S. Europe. - *21 Argynnis Lathonia England; rare (Queen of Spain Fritillary). - *22 Pyrameis (formerly Vanessa) Atalanta England (Red Admiral). - *23 Pyrameis Callirhoe or Vulcania Not in England. - *24 Pyrameis Cardui England (Painted Lady). - *25 Pyrameis v. Huntera England; very rare; common in America. - *26 Pararge Xiphiodes Not in England. - 27 Epinephele Hispulla or Fortunata (Alph.) Not in England. - *28 Hipparchia Statilinus Not in England. - *29 Hesperia Actæon England; local (Lulworth Skipper). - - - * Marked thus are illustrated. - - - - - Part II. - - MOTHS. - - - ACHERONTIA ATROPOS. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 1. - - This is the largest moth found in the Canary Islands, - known as the Death’s Head, very rarely met with in - England. - - It measures from five to six inches in expanse. The - ground-colour of the fore-wings is brown, varied with - zig-zag lines of whitish yellow and light brown. There - is a white dot in the centre of each, and they are - dusted all over with minute white dots. The hind-wings - are orange, with two black marginal bands on - the lower edge. The head is dark brown or black, - marked with a pale-brown skull. The body is orange, - with a longitudinal band of bluish grey down the centre, - increasing in width towards the base. Six bands of - black, broadest near the head, cross the body. The - antennæ are rather short and thick, tipped with white. - The caterpillar measures about four inches in length, - and is of a most gorgeous green and yellow colour, - alternate transverse bands of these colours running - along the sides. It has eight small eyes in a line - below the transverse bands, and a horn on its tail. It - feeds on the potato, the pupa making a cell for itself - underground, and appearing in the largest numbers - between May and July; but as a fresh crop of potatoes - is planted every three months in the Canaries, the - caterpillars are found in small numbers all the year - round. - - When bred in captivity the pupa is delicate, quite - five out of ten dying in their cases. - - - SPHINX CONVOLVULI or BATATÆ. - - This moth is found in England, and all over Europe. - It is a large moth, measuring about five inches across - the wings. All four wings are of a variegated grey-brown - colour, the body having a longitudinal grey - stripe, increasing in width at the base, and five stripes - of pink and black across it alternately. The antennæ - are somewhat longer and more slender than those of - the Death’s Head moth. They are feathered, and grey - in colour, terminating in a sharp point. The insect is - provided with a very long proboscis, which one sees it - inserting into the centre of the flowers at dusk. During - the winter months it is met with commonly in some - years. The caterpillar, which measures four inches in - length, feeds on the sweet potato in the fields, and on - the petunia and phlox in gardens. It is of a brown-grey - colour, shading to green on the back, having - black longitudinal stripes along the back, and transverse - black and white stripes surmounted by white - spots at the sides. It is a night-feeder, hiding itself - under the leaves or in the ground at day-time, and - constructing the pupa-case underground. It is delicate - and difficult to rear in captivity, like the Atropos. - - - DEILEPHILA TITHYMALI. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 4. - - This beautiful moth is peculiar to the Canary Islands, - although allied species are found over the greater - part of Europe.[6] It expands from three to three and - a half inches. The fore-wings are silvery grey in - colour, having dark olive-grey markings, and a long - stripe of this colour, increasing in width towards the - body, from the apex to the base. The hind-wings are - a rich pink, having a marginal band of dark brown, and - a fine white line on the outer edge. The antennæ, - which are white, are thick and feathered. The head - and body, thickly feathered with white, are of an olive - brown colour. Two bands of black cross the top of - the abdomen, which tapers off to a point, with bands of - alternate white and olive brown slightly marked with - black. The caterpillar is easily found on the Euphorbia - where it feeds gregariously. It is a beautiful dark pink, - the horn being of this colour. The dark pink is interspersed - with dusky green and greyish black spots, and - the caterpillar, when at full size, attains a length of - about four inches. It is found from January till the - end of May, but in the greatest numbers in April, - whilst the Euphorbia is in its prime. The road-side - between Rambla and Icod is a particularly favoured - spot. About one or two inches of dried earth prepared - as already mentioned are required for the larva to - make its slight case in, though when in a natural state - it buries itself much deeper, and the pupa is difficult - to find. Some were fed and reared on a species of - milk-wort. They thrived, but eventually turned into - small moths of a paler colour than usual. The pupa - varies much in the time of turning to the moth stage, - according to the weather,--from six weeks, the usual - time, to three months. Some caterpillars obtained in - January did not become moths till the end of March; - others taken at full growth on March 15th effected - their last change to the moth during the last week in - April and first week in May. The pupa when it first - turns is of a beautiful shaded green colour with yellowish - markings, but it changes to a uniform brown in - a few days. The caterpillar is sometimes affected by - a disease which consists of a small red fungus growing - on the body, generally towards the tail. One small - brood was entirely lost from this disease, which seemed - to be contagious. As a rule, however, the larvæ are - easy to keep, and the chrysalides hatch well and strongly. - When numbers are kept, an old wine-case should be - substituted for the smaller breeding-cages already mentioned, - the mosquito-netting being used in the same - way. A little sun is beneficial to them every day in - the morning. When kept too long in the sun, however, - they cease to feed, although when in a natural - state sunny localities are most favoured. They are not - night-feeders only. - - [6] See Appendix D. - - CHŒROCAMPA CELERIO. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 2. - - (_Sharp Winged Hawk-Moth._) - - This beautiful moth is somewhat allied to the last described, - the colour being similar, but the body is longer - and more tapering. It is found in England, and in most - countries where the vine grows, on which it feeds. The - fore-wings are greyish brown with a silvery grey stripe - from the apex to the base; the outer lower margin is - bordered by a similar stripe. The hind-wings are of a - rosy pink colour, veined with, and having a marginal - band of brown. The body is feathered, and has a series - of five short silver streaks down each side. The antennæ - are greyish white, not so long as those of the Tithymali. - From three to four inches is the length of the beautiful - bright green caterpillar. This has two dark and two - light spots on its head, and a horn on its tail. A faint - yellow longitudinal line runs along each side. It is - rather liable to the attacks of the ichneumon fly, and - so it is as well to search for the eggs before putting it - aside for rearing. This year (1893) some were found in - April, this being unusually early, as it does not appear - generally till June, from which date until August it is - very commonly met with in the vineyards. The pupa - lies in a dormant state for four weeks, and then turns to - the moth freely and strongly. - - - MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM. - - (_Humming Bird Hawk-Moth._) - - This moth is common in England and most parts of - Europe. Its fore-wings are brown, with faint longitudinal - lines of a darker shade; the hind-wings are orange - tawny, fringed with light brown. It measures in expanse - about two inches. The head and body are brown, - the abdomen spotted with black and white, rather - liberally feathered. The antennæ are brown, being - thinnest at the base, and gradually thickening to the - extremity. It is seen in the daytime, as well as evening - hovering, with an ever-restless motion of the wing, over - flowers. The caterpillar is green, with a longitudinal - white stripe, and a faint yellow one under the spiracles. - The time of its appearance is from March to September, - but it is seen about in greatest numbers in June. - - - RHYPARIOIDES RUFESCENS. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 5. - - This pretty moth is peculiar to the Islands, measuring - rather more than two inches across the wings. It is - red in colour, the hind-wings being brighter than the - fore-wings. These latter are marked with longitudinal - dark stripes in the female, dark spots being substituted for - the stripes in the male. The head is dark red, shading off - to lighter red on the richly-feathered body. The antennæ - are red, being thicker and more feathered in the male than - the female. The caterpillars are brown, thickly covered - with long silky hairs, and are found mostly in barrancos, - feeding on the dock and sorrel singly. They are also - found in gardens, feeding somewhat indiscriminately on - cabbage or hollyhock. When kept in captivity they can - be reared on cabbage, and after attaining their full size - of about one and a half inches, they make a slight hairy - cocoon under a thin covering of earth. The caterpillar - stage lasts about twenty days. They are found in - January and hibernate in the pupa state till well on in - the summer, sometimes as late as October or November, - though some taken in January were brought to England - and turned to moths on the 24th of June following. - After being kept for a time the chrysalides become a - very dark brown, almost black, so that there is a temptation - to throw them away as dead, since they show - so little life; but on opening the hard, stick-like skin, - the creature is found to be quite fresh. - - - DASYCHIRA FORTUNATA. - - PLATE IV.--Fig. 11. - - In colour a dull grey moth. The fore-wings are ash-coloured, - variegated with whitish on the upper side. The - reniform spot is rust-coloured in the male and whitish - in the female. The transverse lines are black and - dentated, the submarginal line maculated. The hind-wings - are grey, with a slight lunule in the middle; the - underside uniform grey. The body is less stout than - the D. Fascelina (Linn.). The abdomen is long in the - male and longer in the female. The antennæ are pectinated - in the male, simple in the female. The legs are - thickly clothed with hair, the feet yellowish beneath. - Although the caterpillar has not been described, it presumably - has much the same characteristics as its allies, - and is probably greyish, with tufts of hair on its back; - it feeds on the Pinus Canariensis. - - This moth is allied to the English, and European - species Dasychira Fascelina (Dark Tussock), but is - probably peculiar to the Islands. It has been described - as being found in the Islands of Palma and Hiero by - Rogenhofer in the “Verhandlungen des Kaiserlich-Königlichen - Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in - Wien,” vol. 41 (for 1891), p. 566. The specimen - illustrated was drawn from one of two presented to the - South Kensington Museum by the Rev. O. E. Benthall, - who found the chrysalides on trunks of the Canary pine - near Guimar, Teneriffe, about 2,000 feet above the sea, - and as far as the author can ascertain it has not before - been recorded as occurring in Teneriffe. - - - DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 9. - - This beautiful little moth, expanding about one and - a half inches, is a very rare insect in Teneriffe at the - present time, though two or three years ago it was - found in great abundance near, and along, the coast - during the spring months.[7] It has yellowish white - fore-wings freely spotted with black, alternated with - oblong red spots, not so numerous. The hind-wings - are pearl-white, having a small blackish brown spot - towards the top, and a marginal indented border of - the same colour. The thorax and head are speckled - with black and yellow. The body is light pearl-grey. - The larva is dark grey with a broad white stripe on the - back and reddish streaks on the sides. This species is - abundant throughout Africa, the South of Asia and - Europe, but a very scarce insect in England. Don - Ramon Gomez kindly supplied the specimen illustrated. - - [7] A single specimen was taken by the Rev. O. E. Benthall - at Guimar in 1893. - - - PSEUDOPHIA TIRHACA (Cram); wrongly called - TYRRHÆA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 3. - - This is not an English species, but is met with in - Europe and North Africa. It is not very commonly found - in Teneriffe. The fore-wings are green, with a central - reddish-brown spot, the outer margin having an indented - band of the same colour. The body and hind-wings, - richly feathered, are a beautiful straw yellow, the latter - having a dark brown graduated band near the lower - margin. It expands about two inches and a half. The - larva is grey, with a pale grey stripe on the sides, and - black spots on the lower surface between the pro-legs. - - - CALOCAMPA EXOLETA. - - (_Sword-Grass Moth._) - - This moth is an English species. It measures in - expanse between two and three inches, and is of a - soft violet grey tinge, the fore-wings having a variety - of brown markings. The caterpillar feeds on the - Euphorbia, and has been found gregariously with the - Tithymali on that plant. It is met with, however, on - peas and potatoes, and can be reared on the leaves of - any of these plants. The larva is bright green, with - two lines of black and white spots down each side of the - back. These are bordered by a yellow stripe (sometimes, - however, absent), and it has a broken red line on each - side. The caterpillar attains a length of about three - inches. Some were kept in the same breeding cage with - the Tithymali, but their habits were entirely different. - When the Exoleta caterpillar ceased to feed, it did not - immediately attain the pupa state, but was restless and - lively, remaining as a caterpillar from six to eight weeks, - gradually shrinking and losing its colour, until it turned - to the pupa. It made a fragile shell of fine earth, oval - in form, and buried itself a short distance under the - surface. Full-sized caterpillars, taken on the 20th of - March, ceased feeding and turned to the pupa state - from the 1st to the 20th of May, emerging to the moth - on the 15th of June. In some specimens the process - of turning to the pupa took place on the journey to - England in a box, the caterpillars being covered lightly - with cotton-wool. - - - TRIPHÆNA PRONUBA. - - (_Common Yellow Underwing._) - - This is a common moth in England and Europe, but is - rather a scarce species in Teneriffe. It expands a little - more than two inches. The fore-wings are dark brown, - having a few irregular markings of a lighter shade. - The hind-wings are bright yellow, with a dark brown - marginal band on the lower edge. The body is a somewhat - lighter brown, and the antennæ are long and fine. - The caterpillar is brown, and it feeds on a variety of - low-growing plants in the barrancos, and may also be found - on the potato. It commences to appear in the early - spring. - - - PLUSIA AURIFERA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 6. - - This moth is closely allied to the Chrysitis, which is - found in England, differing, however, in the shape of - the gold markings.[8] The fore-wings have a bright - golden marginal band of varying width across them, - from the apex to the base. It is found in rough places, - and can be easily netted when hovering over clover-flowers - or similar low-growing herbage at dusk. The - hind-wings are grey-brown, shading off to a lighter tint - towards the body. The antennæ are long and fine. - The caterpillar feeds on the tobacco-plant, and is found - in barrancos, but it is most usually met with on potato-plants; - it envelops itself in a leaf, drawing it together - with silk-like threads, and so forming a case in which it - turns to the chrysalis. It is found very nearly all the - year round, but is met with in greatest numbers during - the spring months. - - [8] Alpheraky describes the Indian variety Chrysitina as a - Teneriffe moth. - - - PLUSIA TRIPARTITA (Hufn.) URTICÆ (Hübn). - - Known in England as the Spectacle Moth. It is met - with in the day-time as well as at dusk, like many - others of the genus Plusia. Its fore-wings are dark - grey, varied with greenish-white in the basal and marginal - areas; the sub-terminal line is marked below the - costa with black arrow-heads in front, and is bordered - with deep black behind. It is common in the greater - part of Europe and Northern Asia. The larva, which - is greenish brown, has two white lines on the back, and - slender white and green lines along each side above the - feet. It feeds on nettle. - - - PLUSIA CIRCUMFLEXA. - - Similar somewhat to the English Gamma, or silver Y - moth, but a distinct variety, and found largely in Europe. - The fore-wings are dark ashy-grey, with bronze - markings, and have a pale golden mark in the middle - resembling the letter r. The hind-wings are brown, of - a lighter shade towards the base. It measures in expanse - about two inches; the antennæ are long and fine. - The larva, which is green with a yellowish stripe at the - sides, feeds on the potato and other low-growing plants, - and is found during the early spring months, and well - on into the summer. - - - PLUSIA ERIOSOMA. - - This is the fourth species described here of the large - genus Plusia. It is a much brighter golden-brown - colour than the last described specimen, measuring about - one and a half inches across the wings. The fore-wings - are golden-brown, having two distinct gold spots about - the centre. The hind are of the same tint as the fore-wings, - darker at the margin, and shading off lighter - towards the base. It is found in India, but is not a - European species. - - - HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA. - - This is a very rare moth in England, but is found - over the greater part of the world. It expands about - one and a half inches. - - The fore-wings are a brownish yellow, with darker - indistinct markings. The hind-wings are lighter yellow - in colour, with a dark semi-lunar spot in the middle, - and have a dark marginal border. The antennæ are long - and fine. The caterpillar was found on the potato-plant - and proved to be one of the cannibal species. It fed - occasionally on the food provided, but seemed generally - to prefer its companions in captivity, feeding at night, - and so had to be separated from them. The larva is - reddish brown in colour, with a yellowish stripe on the - sides, and it is very commonly found in Teneriffe during - the early spring months. - - - HELIOTHIS DIPSACEA. - - This is a small moth, about one to one and a half inches - in expanse, and found throughout the greater part of - Europe, Northern and Western Asia, and North Africa. - It frequents high ground in the spring and summer, - living in rough places and in clover-fields. The fore-wings - are of light olive-brown shade, with dark markings - across them. The hind-wings are dark olive-brown, - fringed with yellow, and having two large yellow uneven - spots about the centre, with a similar one on the brown - margin. The body is stout, the antennæ long and fine. - The larva is green or rust-colour, with white lines on - the back and sides. - - - PRODENIA LITTORALIS. - - A moth, expanding about one inch and a half, found - in Africa, but not in England. It has brown-grey fore-wings, - with opalescent markings. The hind-wings are - of a shining opalescent white. The larva is brown, feeds - on the potato-plant, and appears during the early spring. - The moths are seen a month or six weeks later; those - bred in captivity appear simultaneously with those out - of doors. - - - PERIDROMA SAUCIA. - - Rather a fine moth, inhabiting Europe, though not - found in England. It expands about two inches or - more. The fore-wings are dark brown, sometimes - suffused with a reddish tinge at the upper margin. - The hind-wings are of a greyish pearl-white colour, - veined with brown, with a brown shade fringing the - margins. The larva is greyish-brown, and feeds on the - potato-plant, where it is found during the late winter - and early spring. The average time for turning from - the larva to the moth stage is from six to eight weeks. - - - TARACHE LUCIDA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 8. - - This is a small moth, not very commonly found in - Teneriffe. It is met with by day along the coast, and - up to an altitude of 2000 feet or more in rough rocky - places, in April and up to June or July. The prevailing - colour is a blue-grey. The fore-wings have a large - square patch of white on the upper margin, and a - smaller dot of the same colour towards the middle. The - hind-wings are fringed with white, and have two or - three patches of the same colour along their margins. - In the male, the white on both wings is increased - towards the base. It is not an English species, but is - found in Europe and along the Mediterranean. The - larva is a green or brownish grey, with three dark - double lines on the thoracic segments; tufted, and with - a white line on the back on segments 5 to 7, and with a - dark stripe on the back, and a whitish line on the sides - of the remaining segments. - - - STERRHA SACRARIA. - - A pretty little moth, about one inch in expanse, commonly - found in the Canary Islands. It is widely - dispersed over Europe and Asia, and is a rare inhabitant - of England. The fore-wings are sulphur-yellow, tinged - with bright red at the apex, and having a red line - running from the tip to the middle of the inner margin. - The hind-wings are pale yellowish white. It frequents - rough places among short herbage, and is found on - and near the coast in the early spring and during the - summer. The larva is green, with a paler line on the - back, and a yellowish line on the sides. Spiracles red. - It feeds on low-growing plants. - - - OMMOTOSTOLA SACCHARI. - - A pale buff moth, measuring in expanse about two - inches. The specimen described was netted at Guimar, - Teneriffe, in May. It is somewhat common. The fore-wings - and body are buff, the latter being rather richly - feathered. The hind-wings are cream-white; the - antennæ are rather thick, of a medium length. It is - not an inhabitant of Europe. The larva has not been - observed. - - - HYPENA OBSITALIS. - - Not an English moth, but an inhabitant of South - Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It measures in expanse - about one inch. The fore-wings are brown, varied with - pale yellow and black markings. The hind-wings are - grey, shading lighter at the base. It makes its appearance - in the spring, and is very commonly found in - dwelling-houses or surrounding out-houses in the evening. - The larva is green, with a white stripe on the sides. - - - HYPENA LIVIDALIS. - - A smaller moth than the last specimen described. - The fore-wings are olive-brown, violet-grey towards the - margins. The two colours are separated by an oblique - whitish line from the apex to the middle of the inner - margin. The hind-wings are grey, shading off lighter to - the base, and are veined with brown. It is not an - English species, but is very commonly found in Teneriffe, - on rough ground, among cactus, &c., in the early - spring, at no great distance from the coast. It inhabits - South Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. - - - OMPHACODES DIVINCTA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 7. - - A pretty little sea-green moth (geometra) found in - South Africa, but very rarely met with in Teneriffe. It - was netted in a rough place among cactus-plants in - April at dusk, about 500 feet above the sea level. It - measures about one inch in expanse; the fore-wings and - upper part of the body are of a beautiful bright sea-green - colour when first netted, but the insect quickly - fades. The hind-wings are paler green, and all four - wings are fringed with white. The antennæ are short - and slightly feathered. - - This moth had not figured in any collection of - Teneriffe moths as far as the author could ascertain. - No observations have been made on the larvæ and pupæ. - - - ASPILATES COLLINARIA. (Holt-White.) - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 10 (Female). - - This moth is allied to the Aspilates Gilvaria, but is - probably an insect peculiar to the Canaries. It measures - in expanse about one inch. It is of a pale buff-colour, - the female being of a much intenser shade than - the male. The hind-wings in both sexes are much - lighter in colour than the fore-wings. The fore-wings - of the female have a slate-blue narrow band of colour, - extending from near the apex to the base of the - upper margin, forming a semicircle. Within the - semicircle, and near the upper margin, is a small - slate-blue dot. The hind-wings have also a band of - varying width and of the same colour extending across - them, and a slate-blue dot is seen near the top of the - upper margin above the slate band. The male has - similar markings, but they are much paler, and not - nearly so well defined. The antennæ of the male are - feathered, of medium length; those of the female are - longer and finer. At first sight this moth might be - deemed a variety of Sterrha Sacraria. The female was - taken at Guimar about 1000 feet above the sea. - Several male specimens were taken near Orotava, at a - somewhat higher altitude. This moth, being unknown - at South Kensington, has been named as above by the - author. - - - BRYOPHILA var. RAVULA (Hübn). - - A small moth, about one inch in expanse, with a - slender body. The fore-wings are dark brown, with - the base, tip, and inner margin whitish. The centre of - the wings is suffused with red, and two transverse lines - of darker colour cross them. The larva is blue with a - black line on the back and a zigzag yellowish-red stripe - on the sides, bordered below with black. It feeds on - lichens growing on walls. It is not a British species, - but is met with in Southern Europe. - - - BRYOPHILA ALGÆ (Fabr.). - - This is a small moth, with the same characteristics as - to size and form as the last described. The fore-wings - are green, varied with brown and blackish in the - position of the claviform stigma. It has dark transverse - lines, and the hind-wings are brownish grey. - The larva is bluish-grey, with a grey stripe on the back. - It feeds on lichen, and inhabits Central and Southern - Europe, and Western Asia, but is a great rarity in - England. - - - AGROTIS SPINIFERA (Hübn). - - This is a moth somewhat larger than the last-described, - with rather a stout body. It is fawn-colour, the abdomen - pale-brown, and the margin of the fore-wings - has several black spots. The hind-wings are whitish. - It inhabits South-Western Europe, but is not met with - in England. - - - SESAMIA NONAGRIOIDES (Lef.). - - The body of this moth is stout, the fore-wings are - nearly rectangular at the tips, without any distinct - pattern. The antennæ and tongue are short. The - fore-wings are greyish-yellow with a black discal spot, - and an outer row of black dots. The hind-wings are - white. It inhabits Spain, North Africa, and Madeira, - but is not a British species. The larva lives on the - stalks of maize, corn, and sugar-cane. - - - ACIDALIA CONSOLIDATA. - - One of the large genus of Acidalia, a small and - delicate moth. The wings are yellowish-white, finely - dusted with black. The fore-wings have five and the - hind-wings four brownish yellow transverse bands. It - expands about one inch. It is not a British species. - - - ZONOSOMA PUPILLARIA (Hübn). - - A small moth, with the tips of the fore-wings pointed. - The wings are greyish yellow, finely and indistinctly - speckled with purplish brown, with a small brown - central spot centred with white, a row of black dots - beyond the middle, and often a dull red, zigzag central - shade also. This is a very variable species, inhabiting - S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa, but is not an inhabitant - of England. The larva is very variable in - colour, being dull green, brown, or reddish. It feeds on - the cistus, arbutus, myrtle, etc. - - - TEPHRONIA SEPIARIA (Hufn). - - A small moth, with narrow fore-wings, expanding - about one inch. The fore-wings are ashy-grey, finely - dusted with a darker shade. The hind-wings are paler, - with two dark marginal bands. It is met with in - Central and Southern Europe, but is very rare in - Britain. The larva is brownish grey, with a paler - line and two rows of pale spots on the back. - - - EUPITHECIA PUMILATA (Hübn). - - The fore-wings are pointed, reddish grey in colour, - and bordered by a brownish-red band. The larva is - pale yellowish-green, with dark green or reddish-violet - lines on the back, and a paler line on its sides. It - feeds on the flowers of a great variety of plants, such - as clematis, broom, convolvulus. It is widely distributed - in Central and Southern Europe and W. Asia, - but is not an inhabitant of Britain. - - - - - LIST OF MOTHS FOUND IN TENERIFFE. - - - NAME OF MOTH. REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC. - - _Sphinges._ - - *1 Acherontia Atropos England (Death’s Head). - 2 Sphinx Convolvuli England (Convolvulus Hawk-moth). - *3 Deilephila Tithymali Peculiar to the Islands. - *4 Chœrocampa Celerio England (Sharp-winged Hawk-moth). - 5 Macroglossa Stellatarum England (Humming-bird Hawk-moth). - - _Bombyces._ - - *6 Deiopeia Pulchella European. England; rare. - *7 Rhyparioides Rufescens Peculiar to the Islands. - *8 Dasychira Fortunata Peculiar to the Islands. - - _Noctuæ._ - - 9 Bryophila Ravula Not in England. - 10 Bryophila Algae England; rare. - 11 Sesamia Nonagrioides Spain, N. Africa, Madeira. - 12 Triphæna Pronuba England (Common Yellow Under-wing). - 13 Agrotis Spinifera Not in England; S.W. Europe. - 14 Peridroma Saucia Not in England; European. - 15 Ommatostola Sacchari Not European. - 16 Prodenia Littoralis Not in England; S. Asia and Madagascar. - 17 Calocampa Exoleta England (Sword-grass moth). - 18 Heliothis Armigera England; rare (cannibal). - 19 Heliothis Dipsacea England. - 20 Heliaca Tenebrata England (Small Yellow Under-wing). - 21 Plusia Circumflexa Not in England; S. Europe. - 22 Plusia Eriosoma Not in England; India. - *23 Plusia Aurifera Peculiar to the Islands. - 24 Plusia Tripartita England (Spectacle Moth.) - *25 Tarache Lucida England, rare; S. Europe. - *26 Pseudophia Tirhaca Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa. - 27 Hypena Lividalis Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa. - 28 Hypena Obsitalis Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa. - - _Geometridæ._ - - *29 Aspilates Collinaria Probably peculiar to the Islands. - 30 Sterrha Sacraria England; S. Europe, Africa, and S. Asia. - *31 Omphacodes Divincta Not in England; South Africa. - 32 Acidalia Consolidata Not in England; Europe. - 33 Zonosoma Pupillaria S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa. - 34 Tephronia Sepiaria England (rare); European. - 35 Eupithecia Pumilata var. - Tempestivata European. - - _Micro-Lepidoptera._ - - 36 Botys Verbascalis England. - 37 Botys Polygonalis England. - 38 Botys Asinalis England. - 39 Asopia Farinalis (dark form) England. - 40 Centra Stregaria (Woll.) or - Coremia Cidaria (Staud) Probably peculiar to the Islands. - 41 Calymnia Eerruginea (Woll.) Probably peculiar to the Islands. - -* Marked thus are illustrated. - - -In addition to the specimens above described, a list of twenty-one more -names of Teneriffe moths is appended, which have been written upon by -S. Alpheraky in the memoirs of N. M. Romanoff, vol. v., 1889. Several -of the insects in this list were collected by the author, but as they -were mostly very small brown or grey moths, and of but little interest -to the ordinary collector, a description of them has been omitted. The -difficulty of identification without illustration also precludes their -insertion in a work of the present character. - - -ALPHERAKY. - - 1 Plusia Chrisitina | 12 Crambus Tersellus - 2 Cosmophila Erosa | 13 Cryptoblabes Gnidiella - 3 Acidalia Guancharia | 14 Ephatia Ficulella - 4 Scoparia Sudetica | 15 Ucetia Transversella - 5 Hellula Undalis | 16 Ephestia Callidella - 6 Aporodes Floralis | 17 Ephestia Elutella - 7 Botys Aurata | 18 Plodia Interpunctella - 8 Botys Meridionalis | 19 Setomorpha Bogotatella - 9 Botys Ferrugalis | 20 Litha Solanella - 10 Botys Dorcalis | 21 Pterophorus Monodactylus - 11 Duponchelia Fovealis - - -APPENDIX A. - - -Mr. Scott Wilson, writing to the author of his visit to the Isle of -Palma, states that the Queen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis Lathonia) -is very common in the meadows near the town of El Paso, 2000 feet -above the sea level in May. In the same month he noticed the clouded -yellow (Colias Edusa) in large numbers in the clearings amongst the -pine-woods. A few specimens of the large Fritillary (Argynnis Maia) -were secured by him at El Paso early in May, where the Vulcania was -also found; of these latter specimens only two out of one hundred -proved to be of the British form Atalanta. The Bath-white (Pieris -Daplidice) was common near Argual. - -The Danais Chrysippus appeared rather uncommon, only a few specimens -being taken near the barranco Del Carmen, not far from the town of -Santa Cruz, and a few near Tijarafe. - -Specimens of the small blue (Lycaena Webbiana) were taken near Argual. - -In the middle of May the large white (Pieris Cheiranthi) was commonly -found on the large laurel-trees at La Galga. - -The author believes that the same species of Lepidoptera are generally -distributed over all the seven islands, but that in Fuerteventura and -Lanzarote, both of which are dry, sandy, and somewhat barren islands, -they are not found in such numbers or variety. It is probable that -different species of small African moths, some of which are enumerated -on pages 93-4, may be found in Lanzarote, which is the nearest island -to the coast of Africa, and which more closely resembles it in climate -and vegetation, in greater numbers than in Teneriffe. The Euphorbia, -which grows so plentifully in most of the islands, is uncommon in -Lanzarote; hence the D. Tithymali, abundant in Teneriffe, would -be scarce in this island. The lack of water in Fuerteventura, and -consequent sparse vegetation, is doubtless the cause of the scarcity of -Lepidoptera in that island, though the interesting occurrence of the -insect “Euchlöe Charlonia,” a North and West African butterfly (which -has only once been recorded as having been observed in Teneriffe), is -accounted for by the proximity of the island in question to the African -mainland. This species probably occurs in Lanzarote, for the same -reason; it will doubtless become dispersed over the remaining islands -in time. - - - - -APPENDIX B. - - -Under date July, 1893, the Rev. O. E. Benthall writes:-- - -“As to the ‘blue’(Webbiana), I found it in abundance at Guimar about -half a mile from the coast, where the barrancos shallow down before -running into the sea. - -“Most of the specimens were rather wasted, so I suppose the best time -for them would be a fortnight earlier than when we went there (April).” - - - - -APPENDIX C. - - -Several of the Teneriffe moths, although similar to English and -European species, assume rather a darker insular form. The Triphæna -Pronuba, Calocampa Exoleta and Asopia Farinalis are examples of this. -The Sterrha Sacraria is also met with marked with a much brighter -red than in ordinary specimens, and showing great diversity in shade -of colour, from red to almost yellow. Anyone wishing to acquire more -knowledge on this subject should refer to “Observations on some -remarkable Varieties of Sterrha Sacraria, with general notes on -Variation in Lepidoptera, by R. M. McLachlan, F.L.S.” Transactions of -the Entomological Society of London, Ser. 3, vol. ii, pp. 453-468, pl. -23. - -Those who are interested in the subject, and have sufficient time and -patience, would probably be well repaid for their trouble by the -result of experiments in selecting and breeding together insects of -the same species which exhibit any slight deviation in their markings -and colour. Thus in rearing a number of the Pyrameis Callirhoe -several specimens have been observed to emerge from the chrysalis -state with bright yellow instead of red markings on the margins of -the hind-wings. The white markings on the upper wings also varied -somewhat. The Pyrameis family would possibly lend itself freely to the -production of new varieties. The Danais Chrysippus is another species -of butterfly which presents itself for experiment. By selecting the -lighter hind-wing variety, Alcippoides, for breeding, perhaps the -Alcippus, which hitherto has not been found in Teneriffe, might be -produced. Among the smaller butterflies, the Chrysophanus Phlœas, and -the Astrarche var. Aestiva have both shown deviation in colour and -markings, but these are much smaller, and consequently more difficult -to rear. Moreover, they would not lend such an interest to the subject -as the larger specimens. - -In the moths, the Deilephila Tithymali caterpillars, if fed on a -species of milk-wort, evince a slight variety in colouring and size of -moths as compared with those fed on Euphorbia. They must, however, be -fed on the plant from the earliest stage, as they only thrive on the -food to which they have been accustomed from the first. Some of the -earliest specimens are occasionally found on the milk-wort, the eggs -having been deposited thereon. Those found in January are more likely -to thrive on this food than those met with later on, as the Euphorbia, -on which they generally feed, is not in its prime till the early spring. - -Great care, patience, and time are required for these most interesting -experiments, but the natural advantages of the climate of Teneriffe -would greatly facilitate any efforts made, as the variation in -temperature is so slight, and consequently the breeding process can be -carried on nearly all the year round. Experiments of this nature, which -might pleasantly be made by those with whom time might otherwise pass -slowly in Teneriffe, would probably prove of distinct value to students -of Biology. - - - - -APPENDIX D. - - -The “Deilephila Daucus,” allied to “Lineata,” a North American species, -is said to occur in Teneriffe, but the author has not seen a specimen. -If such a species is really found in the island, it is more probably D. -Livornica, which is common in South Europe and throughout Africa, and -is found in Madeira. Either of the above species may be distinguished -from D. Tithymali by the white lines on the wings, but D. Livornica has -only four longitudinal white stripes on the thorax, whereas D. Daucus -has six. D. Livornica is a rarity in England, but is found throughout -all the warmer parts of the Old World. - - - - -ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. - - -[_The specific names, including varieties, are printed in italics._] - - Acherontia, 64 - Acidalia, 90 - _Actæon_, 60 - _Æstiva_, 41 - _Ægeria_, 57 - Agrotis, 89 - _Alcippoides_, 48 - _Alcippus_, 48 - _Algæ_, 89 - Aporia, 34 - Aporodes, 95 - _Archippus_, 44 - Argynnis, 49 - _Armigera_, 81 - _Asinalis_, 94 - Asopia, 94 - Aspilates, 87 - _Astrarche_, 41 - _Atalanta_, 52 - _Atropos_, 64 - _Aurata_, 95 - _Aurifera_, 78 - - - _Bœtica_, 38 - _Batatæ_, 65 - _Bogotatella_, 95 - Botys, 94 - Bryophila, 88 - - - _Callidella_, 95 - _Callirhoe_, 54 - Calocampa, 76 - Calymnia, 94 - _Cardui_, 54 - _Celerio_, 69 - Centra, 94 - _Charlonia_, 33 - _Cheiranthi_, 29 - Chœrocampa, 69 - _Chrysippus_, 46 - _Chrysitis_, 78 - _Chrysitina_, 78 - Chrysophanus, 42 - _Circumflexa_, 79 - _Cleobule_, 35 - Colias, 36 - _Collinaria_, 87 - _Consolidata_, 90 - _Convolvuli_, 65 - Cosmophila, 95 - Crambus, 95 - _Cratægi_, 34 - Cryptoblabes, 95 - - - Danais, 44 - _Daplidice_, 32 - Dasychira, 73 - _Daucus_, 104 - Deilephila, 67 - Deiopeia, 74 - _Dipsacea_, 81 - _Divincta_, 86 - _Dorcalis_, 95 - _Dorippus_, 49 - Duponchelia, 95 - - - _Edusa_, 36 - _Elutella_, 95 - Ephatia, 95 - Ephestia, 95 - Epinephele, 58 - _Eriosoma_, 80 - _Erosa_, 95 - Euchlöe, 33 - Eupithecia, 92 - _Exoleta_, 76 - - - _Farinalis_, 94 - _Ferrugalis_, 95 - _Ferruginea_, 94 - _Ficulella_, 95 - _Floralis_, 95 - _Fortunata_, 58, 73 - _Fovealis_, 95 - Fritillary, 49 - - - _Gamma_, 79 - _Gilvaria_, 87 - _Gnidiella_, 95 - _Guancharia_, 95 - - - _Helice_, 37 - Heliaca, 94 - Heliothis, 81 - Hellula, 95 - Hesperia, 60 - Hipparchia, 60 - _Hispulla_, 58 - _Huntera_, 56 - Hypena, 85 - - - _Interpunctella_, 95 - - - _Janira_, 58 - - - _Klugii_, 49 - - - _Lathonia_, 51 - Litha, 95 - _Littoralis_, 82 - _Lividalis_, 86 - _Livornica_, 104 - _Lucida_, 83 - Lycaena, 38 - _Lysimon_, 40 - - - Macroglossa, 70 - _Maia_, 49 - _Meridionalis_, 95 - _Monodactylus_, 95 - - - _Nonagrioides_, 90 - - - _Obsitalis_, 85 - Ommatostola, 85 - Omphacodes, 86 - - - _Pandora_, 49 - Pararge, 57 - Peridroma, 83 - _Phlæas_, 42 - Pieris, 29 - _Plexippus_, 44 - Plodia, 95 - Plusia, 78 - _Polygonalis_, 94 - Polyommatus, 42 - Prodenia, 82 - _Pronuba_, 77 - Pseudophia, 75 - Pterophorus, 95 - _Pulchella_, 74 - _Pumilata_, 92 - _Pupillaria_, 91 - Pyrameis, 52 - - _Rapæ_, 31 - _Ravula_, 88 - Rhodocera, 35 - _Rubi_, 43 - _Rufescens_, 71 - Rhyparioides, 71 - - - _Sacchari_, 85 - _Sacraria_, 84 - _Saucia_, 83 - Scoparia, 95 - _Sepiaria_, 91 - Sesamia, 90 - Setomorpha, 95 - _Solanella_, 95 - Sphinx, 65 - _Spinifera_, 89 - _Statilinus_, 60 - Sterrha, 84 - _Stregaria_, 94 - _Sudetica_, 95 - - - Tarache, 83 - _Tempestivata_, 94 - _Tenebrata_, 94 - Tephronia, 91 - _Tersellus_, 95 - Thecla, 43 - _Tirhaca_, 75 - _Tirrhæa_, 75 - _Tithymali_, 67 - _Transversella_, 95 - _Tripartita_, 79 - Triphæna, 77 - - - Ucetia, 95 - - _Undalis_, 95 - _Urticæ_, 79 - - - Vanessa, 20 - _Verbascalis_, 94 - _Vulcania_, 54 - - - _Webbiana_, 39 - _Wollastoni_, 30 - - - _Xiphioides_, 57 - - - Zonosoma, 91 - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. - - -PLATE I. - - FIG. - - 1. Pieris Wollastoni. - 2. Pieris Cheiranthi (under side). - 3. Rhodocera Cleobule. - 4. Euchloë Charlonia. - 5. Colias Edusa (female). - 6. Colias var. Helice. - 7. Lycæna Webbiana (upper side). - 8. Lycæna Webbiana (under side). - - -PLATE II. - - FIG. - - 1. Danais Plexippus. - 2. Danais Chrysippus. - 3. Danais Alcippoides. - 4. Pyrameis Huntera. - 5. Pyrameis Cardui. - 6. Lycæna Astrarche var. Aestiva. - 7. Hipparchia Statilinus. - 8. Hesperia Actæon. - - -PLATE III. - - FIG. - - 1. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (upper side). - 2. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (under side). - 3. Argynnis Lathonia (upper side). - 4. Argynnis Lathonia (under side). - 5. Pararge Xiphioides. - 6. Pyrameis Vulcania or Callirhoe. - 7. Pyrameis Atalanta. - - -PLATE IV. - - FIG. - - 1. Acherontia Atropos. - 2. Chœrocampa Celerio. - 3. Pseudophia Tirhaca. - 4. Deilephila Tithymali. - 5. Rhyparioides Rufeseens. - 6. Plusia Aurifera. - 7. Omphacodes Divincta. - 8. Tarache Lucida. - 9. Deiopeia Pulchella. - 10. Aspilates Collinaria. - 11. Dasychira Fortunata. - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 1. - - A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp. - - L. Reeve & C^o. London.] - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 2. - - A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp. - - L. Reeve & C^o. London.] - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 3. - - A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. L. Reeve & C^o. London. - - Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.] - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 4. - - A. E. Holt-White, del, R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp. - - L. Reeve & C^o. 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