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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..26dfb7a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66736 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66736) diff --git a/old/66736-0.txt b/old/66736-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8af8bf7..0000000 --- a/old/66736-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3027 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe, by -A. E. Holt White - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe - -Author: A. E. Holt White - -Editor: Rashleigh Holt White - -Release Date: November 14, 2021 [eBook #66736] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Fiona Holmes and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at - http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive/American - Libraries.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF -TENERIFFE *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -Hyphenation has been standardised. - -Footnotes were moved to the ends of the text they pertain -to and numbered in one continuous sequence. - -A Contents table has been created by the Transcriber and is -placed in the public domain. - - THE - BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - OF TENERIFFE. - - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - OF TENERIFFE. - - BY - - A. E. HOLT WHITE. - - EDITED BY - - RASHLEIGH HOLT WHITE, - VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE SELBORNE SOCIETY. - - ILLUSTRATED FROM THE AUTHOR’S DRAWINGS. - - - London: - L. REEVE & CO., - PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS, - 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. - TENERIFFE: HAMILTON & CO., SANTA CRUZ. - - 1894 - - [_All rights reserved._] - - - - - πειρατα γαιης - Τῇ περ ῤηίστη· βιοτὴ πέλει ἆνθρώποισιν· - Οὐ νιφετὸς, οὕτ’ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτε ποτ’ ὄμβρος, - Ἁλλ’αἰεὶ Ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντας ἀήτας - ‘Ωκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψὐκειν ἀνθρώπους· - - HOMER, Od. iv. - - * * * * * - - Omnia bene describere, quæ in hoc mundo a Deo facta, aut naturæ creatæ - viribus elaborata fuerunt, opus est non unius hominis, nec unius ævi. - Hinc Faunæ et Floræ utilissimæ; hinc monographi præstantissimi. - - SCOPOLI, Ann. Hist. Nat. - - - - - TO - - ELIZABETH MARY ODLING - - IN MEMORY OF - - MANY HAPPY DAYS SPENT WITH HER AND HER FATHER - - THE LATE ALFRED SMEE, F.R.S. - - THIS BOOK - - Is dedicated by - - HER AFFECTIONATE FRIEND - - THE AUTHOR. - - - - - LONDON: - PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD., - ST. JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - PREFACE. - INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. - HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, Etc. - KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, Etc. - BUTTERFLIES. - LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE. - APPENDIX B. - APPENDIX C. - APPENDIX D. - ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. - DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -When the author left England, in the autumn of 1892, for a winter’s -sunshine in Teneriffe, it was by no means her intention to write on -the Lepidoptera of that Island. Soon after her arrival, however, -she was struck by two things; the want of any sort of interesting -out-door occupation (other than somewhat desultory riding expeditions) -experienced by her companions in exile, and the absence of any account -of the Lepidoptera of the Canary Islands, which would enable collectors -to name their specimens. It is her hope that the present publication -may be, at least to some extent, the means of remedying these -deficiences. - -To a detailed description of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, so far as -they are at present known, an introductory chapter has been added, for -the benefit of novices in the study and collection of butterflies and -moths. - -Those, for whom fresh air and a certain amount of exercise are -essential, can hardly find any more health-giving or light interesting -occupation than the practical study of Entomology. - -This study lends an interest to excursions which might otherwise be -tedious, and leads the collector into all sorts of beautiful and -picturesque unexplored nooks and corners of the Island, which to the -ordinary traveller are quite unknown. Many visitors hardly ever extend -their wanderings farther than the Carretera (the one high road in -Teneriffe), and have no idea of the many beauties to be seen, or of -the interest that may be found in studying the Botany, as well as the -Entomology, of this most charming of the “Summer isles of Eden lying in -dark-purple spheres of sea.” - -All the species and varieties of Teneriffe butterflies, with the -exception perhaps of three, are found between the months of November -and May; so that anyone staying there for the winter and spring months -may procure a tolerably perfect collection; more especially as the -different species found in Teneriffe are but twenty-nine, so far as is -at present known, all of which are now described. The author has been -fortunate enough to add four of these to the number previously known to -exist in the Island. - -The most complete collection of moths which came under notice is in -the possession of Dr. Zorolo, of Villa Orotava, and this numbers about -seventy species and varieties. Forty-one moths are described out of -some fifty which were collected and studied by the author; and a list -of twenty-one others, chiefly small and of little interest to the -amateur collector, is appended. - -Almost all the facts and particulars relating to the life history -of the Lepidoptera are the result of the personal experience of the -author, who is also responsible for the drawings from which the -illustrations have been reproduced. - -It is believed that the Lepidoptera of the other six Islands are -largely similar to those of Teneriffe. (See Appendix A.) - -The author desires to offer her best thanks to Señor Don Ramon Gomez, -of Puerto Orotava, for his kindness and courtesy in placing his large -collection of Lepidoptera at her disposal for study and illustration. - -The Rev. O. A. Benthall has kindly given information upon specimens -which he has netted and observed; and the author is also indebted to -Dr. Zorolo, of Yilla Orotava, who has lent one or two rare specimens -for illustration. Kind assistance in naming some specimens has been -given by A. G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., and Mr. W. F. Kirby, -F.L.S., F.E.S., of the British Museum; and Mr. Bethune Baker, F.E.S., -has been good enough to name some of the smaller moths. - - A. E. H. W. - -_November 1893._ - - - - -INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. - - -Many persons who know little or nothing about butterflies may be -tempted to make a collection of them when they find themselves in a -semi-tropical land, which yields in great profusion such beautiful -creatures, whose brilliant colouring when grouped together has so -pleasing an effect. To such, a slight sketch of the life of a butterfly -may not be unacceptable. - -Butterflies and moths belong to the order Lepidoptera or Scale-winged -insects. The different stages of growth of these insects are called -the-- - - =_Ovum._= =_Larva._= =_Pupa._= =_Imago._= - Egg. Caterpillar. Chrysalis. Butterfly. - -The body consists of three parts: the head, the thorax, and the -abdomen. There are two pairs of wings, the upper and the lower; or, -as they are generally called, the fore and the hind wings. These are -covered with a downy substance, like feathered scales, which are most -beautiful when seen under a microscope, and vary much in form. It is -in these that the colouring-matter resides, which gives the beautiful -colour to different species. Lepidoptera have six legs; in some, -however, the fore-legs are so short and inconspicuous that the insect -almost appears to have only four legs. The proboscis or trunk is a -long flexible double tube through which the animal sucks the juices -of the flowers; it is curled up under the thorax like a watch-spring, -and expands at will. It varies much in length both in moths and -butterflies. The antennæ are the horns or feelers of the insect, and -are believed to contain the organs of smell. They vary much in size and -thickness, and are most important as regards the classification of the -different species of Lepidoptera. They are generally of considerable -length in a butterfly, increasing in thickness at the end till a sort -of long knob is formed. - -Moths are distinguished from butterflies by a few simple -characteristics, which can be seen at a glance. - -First, with some few exceptions, of which the Humming Bird Hawk moth -is one, moths are always found on the wing at dusk, or at night, -whereas butterflies take their flight by day. Secondly, the moth either -folds its wings close to its side or else spreads them out flat. The -butterfly, when at rest, as a rule keeps its wings straight up, face -to face, or else keeps up a fluttering motion, continually putting -them in this position. Thirdly, the body of a butterfly is small at -the waist, while that of the moth is larger, and of a more uniform -size. The antennæ are the most distinctive feature, those of the moth -being fine and long, and having no knob at the end. In some species -they are short and finely feathered the whole length, terminating in a -sharp point; this feature is generally distinctive of the male sex; the -Rufescens moth being an example. The Skipper family have antennæ like -the butterfly, but the body of a moth. - -The butterfly or moth lays its egg (not more than a pin’s head in size) -on that particular plant or tree on which the caterpillar, that it will -shortly become, feeds. These look of much the same form to the naked -eye, but when magnified they are seen to be of many different shapes, -some being conical, others round, angular and many sided, &c., &c. -The colours also of the eggs are various, but most frequently they are -yellow, green, or greenish white. A microscopic examination of these -will prove both interesting and instructive. - -The caterpillars, as soon as they emerge from the eggs, the time of -which varies with different species, at once commence to eat, and -continue to do so voraciously till they turn to the pupa state. This -being the case, they must be constantly supplied with fresh food -when kept in captivity, once certainly, if not twice a day. There -are, however, one or two varieties which cease to eat, and lie in a -semi-dormant state for some time before taking the form of a chrysalis; -the caterpillar of the Exoleta moth is an example of this. The greatest -cleanliness, together with good ventilation, freshness of food, and -regularity in feeding, are essential to keep all caterpillars in health. - -If we watch the creature feeding, we shall observe that it takes the -leaf edgeways between its two fore-feet, ceaselessly moving its head -up and down, and taking a large piece of leaf at each mouthful. Some -moth-caterpillars are night-feeders, and so hide themselves under the -thickest leaves on which they feed, or else bury themselves in the -earth till night comes again. - -Cannibal caterpillars are to be found on the potato-plants; they are of -rather a reddish brown colour, from an inch and a half to two inches -in length. The author was not very fortunate in rearing them to the -moth-stage; it is said that they should be fed on the young larvæ, and -possibly the specimens had caterpillars to feed on that were too old. -There is room for interesting experiments in Teneriffe on one, if not -more, species. - -Many of the caterpillars are most beautifully coloured and marked. -Those of the Hawk-moth are usually the most brilliant, but, at the same -time, they are most delicate, and require the greatest attention as -regards freshness of food, ventilation, and cleanliness. - -Some larvæ shed their skins twice only, others moult seven times; but -the majority effect this change four or five times. This is rather a -laborious process for them, and sometimes proves fatal. During the -process they cease feeding, but commence again with renewed vigour -after the change has taken place. The colourings and markings of the -new coat often vary from those of the one cast off, and an experienced -entomologist can tell the age of the caterpillar by the colour and -texture of the skin in many varieties. When the creature has passed -through the larva and arrived at the pupa state, it has at first a soft -and tender skin, through which parts of the future butterfly can be -clearly seen; this soon hardens, however, and forms a case impervious -to rain or other atmospheric influences. - -Before taking the pupa form some caterpillars creep into holes and -crevices of walls and old buildings, others bury themselves in the -earth; some envelop themselves in a tissue of silk which they spin as a -silkworm does, and this case is called a cocoon. Other species draw a -leaf round their bodies, fastening it together with silk-like threads, -and so making a complete shelter for itself. The Aurifera caterpillar -is an example of this type, being commonly found in Teneriffe on the -potato plant, from the leaf of which it constructs its house. Still -further varieties suspend themselves to a bough or leaf head downwards. -There are other varieties which suspend themselves from the centre of -their bodies by silk-like threads, and use much ingenuity in so doing. - -Many caterpillars are smooth, others rough and hairy. The hairy -specimens vary much, the hair of some being soft, long, and silky, -others having short stubby spikes rather than hairs sparsely dispersed -over the body. The hairy species (the Rufescens moth caterpillar being -one) use their hairy coats as a slight cocoon, and the hairy coat also, -it is said, serves as a protection from birds; at the same time the -hairs cause great irritation to the human skin if the caterpillars are -handled too freely. The acrid taste of some also protects them from -feathered enemies. When the insect has remained in the pupa state for -a sufficient length of time, which varies according to species from -a couple of weeks to a few months, the process of throwing off its -skin is quickly performed. Weather has much influence on the period -during which the pupa lies dormant. The Teneriffe winter of 1892-93 was -particularly warm, and all specimens emerged to the butterfly stage -somewhat earlier than usual. - -A few days before the butterfly or moth appears, the pupa becomes less -lively, and at last splits its skin down the middle of the back, and -the insect squeezes first its head and front legs through the aperture. -This aperture soon enlarges, the pupa skin being very dry and giving -little resistance, and the creature emerges, its legs clinging to some -substance so that the wings are in a suspended position. These are -quite small at first and wet, but they expand very quickly, acquire -their full size, and become firm and stiff as the animal flutters and -crawls about. The insect then emits a quantity of reddish fluid, and -in a short time it is able to fly away. The duration of the life of -Lepidoptera varies much, most species living a few days or a few weeks, -but some hibernate. The flight of Lepidoptera is a very distinctive -feature of the different species, the larger, such as the Plexippus, -Chrysippus and Pandora, seem to sail through the air, sometimes rising -to a great height. The Cardui and Huntera have a much quicker and more -jerky flight, and are troublesome to net. A great many of the large -moths may be said to rush along, the Convolvuli being a very difficult -one to capture, and often escaping when it seems quite within the net. -Taking the flight of the majority of moths and butterflies, they seem -to be more active and stronger on the wing in Teneriffe than those of -the same species in England. - -The food of Lepidoptera consists of honey which they take from the -flowers, or else a moisture which exudes from trees or plants. Their -food is always of a liquid form, and is sucked up through the proboscis -or long tongue. The Convolvuli moth hovers at dusk over flowers, -inserting its very long tube into the extremity of trumpet-shaped -blossoms. - -When forming a collection of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, it seems a -pity that so many insects should be unnecessarily caught and destroyed, -and the author would earnestly beg all lovers and collectors of -the beautiful creatures to bear this in mind, as some of the rarer -varieties may otherwise stand a good chance of being exterminated. - -The “muchachos” (Spanish boys) are all too eager to supply any -collector with specimens for a few “quartos,” and bring many poor -mutilated insects in the hope of finding a purchaser. A refusal to buy -the much befingered and dilapidated creatures does not deter them from -further pursuit, as they only endeavour to catch a greater quantity in -the hope of at last getting a good specimen which will find a buyer. -If collectors would only net them themselves, and not encourage the -indiscriminate way in which the boys pursue them, it would greatly tend -to preserve the different species. - - - - -HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, ETC. - - -As some difficulty is experienced in Teneriffe by persons who arrive -there without already being provided with materials for collecting -Lepidoptera, the description of a few useful expedients resorted to may -be of service. A moderate knowledge of the Spanish language is a very -useful help towards obtaining any small necessaries, but the Spanish -shop-keepers are most obliging, and understand quickly by the help of a -very few words what is wanted. - -A butterfly-net is one of the first requisites, so some wire must be -bought at the tin-smiths, of whom there are several in Orotava. With -a little instruction he will make it into a ring about one foot in -diameter, with a socket of tin soldered on to it. Into this socket an -ordinary walking-stick can be fixed for a handle. The stick is useful -to walk with over the rough ground when not required for the net, and -the net can be easily carried with other necessaries one has to take on -an expedition. - -Mosquito-netting answers the purpose of green gauze for the net. Gauze -is the best, however, and can be purchased in England, but not in -Orotava. The mosquito-netting gets soft and pliable by use, but it -is best to scald it in hot water before making it into a net, so as -to insure a soft substance in which to catch the fragile creatures -without injuring their wings or plumage. The net should be made round -at the bottom, and be about a yard in length. Purchase a yard of -mosquito-netting; it is sold two yards in width, and the quantity which -is not used for the net serves to cover the breeding-cages, which are -about to be described. - -Another essential is a breeding-cage for caterpillars, and, as several -are required if many butterflies and moths are to be reared, the -following plan is a good one to adopt. Procure a small wooden box, -about 6 or 8 inches long, or even larger, and about 3 inches deep; -empty chocolate boxes are serviceable for the purpose. In each corner -fix upright, with a couple of tacks, a piece of cane about 8 or 10 -inches in length. Over this stretch a piece of mosquito-netting, -tacking it to the edge of the box all round, except at one side, where -it should be left loose, so as to be fastened down at will with two -or three stout pins. The loose side can then be raised to give the -caterpillars fresh food, and to remove dirt or refuse. Breeding-cages -that one can purchase at any naturalists’ outfitters are made very -handily of wood, zinc, and glass, and of course are very durable, but -those described above last well for a season, and have the merit of -being of no expense. - -To procure good moths and butterflies with bright and uninjured -plumage, it is best to rear them from the caterpillar stage of -development, but as all varieties are not easily found, the net is -usually the collector’s first resource. Raising caterpillars from -the egg is a very interesting process, but it is rather tedious, and -requires more knowledge and experience to meet with success than -finding the insects in the next stage of development, and keeping them -till they reach the perfect state. - -When starting for a day’s ramble butterfly-hunting, one of the great -charms seems to be the delightful uncertainty about the sport which may -fall to one’s lot, so it is as well to provide for all contingencies, -taking the net, poison-box, or bottle, a tin for caterpillars (which -should be perforated at the top), a nest of glass-topped pill-boxes for -specimens of any butterfly or moth one may wish to take home alive, and -envelopes for butterflies when killed in the net. The latter may be -made of note-paper, by cutting a long square of paper and folding it in -a triangular shape, and then turning up the edges of two sides, so as -to make a little bag. - -Butterflies travel well placed flat in these envelopes, and should -be set directly home is reached. A small cork collecting-box is -also useful, together with some insect-pins, in case one gets many -specimens, some of which can be pinned into the box preparatory to -setting them on the return home. - -Insect life is so prolific in Teneriffe, and one sees so many strange -and curious animals, that anyone really interested in Entomology is -certain to find specimens to bring home, such as the “Praying Mantis,” -found frequently on half dead thistles in “barrancos” and on shrubs, -the many varieties of large grasshopper, and the gorgeous coloured -dragon-flies flitting about and killing butterflies in a rather -wholesale manner. - -All these insects are of such interest, that it is as well to be -provided with various appliances for carrying them on the homeward -journey. - -As sunshine and brightness prevail in Teneriffe during the winter -months, it is not necessary to choose a “likely” day, as in England, -in order to have a good day’s sport, indeed there seem to be more -butterflies on the wing on the days that are not too brilliant. On the -very sunshiny days the butterflies are about in the greatest quantities -in the early morning, retiring at noon to more shady or sheltered -spots. A nice quiet sheltered little dell, covered with rough herbage -and cactus by the sides of the barrancos, is a very favourite spot. The -barrancos are dry river-beds, sometimes of great extent, with large -boulders and rocks thrown about in wild confusion; generally speaking -they are intersected by a path, up which one can ride or walk, leading -up the mountains to different villages and hamlets. - -Occasionally, during the winter months, a great quantity of water runs -down the barrancos, but the supply only lasts a short time, soon drying -up, and leaving a few small stagnant pools here and there, and these in -turn soon disappear. - -Walking over much ground is hard work, as the country is steep, and -rough with stones and rocks. I advocate strongly the use of mules, as -being the most pleasant mode of locomotion. They are so sure-footed and -easy in their quick walk, that one feels far less tired after a long -day’s excursion on mule-back up the mountains and barrancos, than by -any other mode of locomotion. The muleteer carries all necessaries, -together with luncheon, and one is able to stop and alight where fancy -dictates or butterflies abound. Mules can be hired at Villa Orotava, -the charge being one dollar, or five pesetas, for a short day; beyond -this a small gratuity to the muleteer makes him pleased and happy. - -There are many completely uncultivated spots up the mountains, -intersected by little bye-paths along which the mules can walk; these -are perfect “Eldorados” for moths and butterflies, and one must be -busy with net and poison-box, not forgetting the tin case in which to -place larvæ for the breeding-cage, and especially remembering to carry -home some of the plant upon which they feed. - -Some of these places are so rough and thick with bramble growth, and -vegetation of like nature, that walking is really hard work. The -lava-rocks are sharp, and the numerous grasses with hooks, such as -the “Amour Sec,” together with the thorns of the prickly pear, make a -formidable barrier for the pedestrian. There are, however, no poisonous -snakes to dread, no biting animals of any sort larger than flies, so -that the inconvenience of the thorns and pricks is all that need be -feared. - -On returning home from the expedition, all the various wants and -requirements of the specimens must be attended to. The caterpillars -have to be put into breeding-cages, which should have been already -prepared for them. Different kinds which feed on the same plant may -be put together. Care must, however, be taken not to put any cannibal -species, such as the Armigera, among the others; also moth and -butterfly larvæ should be kept separate. - -For moth larvæ it is essential to have some fine earth (previously -baked to destroy the ants, which are very troublesome) spread on -the bottom of the box, from 1 to 2 inches thick. The caterpillars -bury themselves in this when they have finished feeding, making for -themselves a slight mould of earth, welded together with silk-like -threads. Different species, however, vary in their mode of procedure, -some making very slight, and others more pronounced cocoons; while yet -others make quite an oval shell, choosing only the finest grains of -earth with which to construct their houses. - -It is said that some sort of dried leaf answers the purpose of earth, -and is less likely to injure the moth’s plumage, but the former mode -has been found to be perfectly successful. Place the plant on which the -animal is to feed in a moist pot of earth, or in a bottle of water, so -as to keep it fresh. If the latter mode is adopted, care must be taken -that the animal does not drop into the water; so it is best to choose -a wide-mouthed bottle, putting a bung with a hole in it as a stopper, -and inserting the plant through the hole into the water. The earth -should be kept slightly moist, and many people give caterpillars a -gentle spray of water occasionally to take the place of dew, which they -would have in their natural state. It is a good plan to let them have a -little of the early morning sun upon them, as it serves to keep them in -health, but they cannot bear the sun of mid-day. - -For butterfly larvæ the same procedure is required, except that only -a thin sprinkling of earth is wanted at the bottom of the box for the -purposes of cleanliness. - -When the larva of the butterfly is about to develop to its pupa state, -it readily crawls up the box and netting, suspending itself, from the -top head-downwards, and the netting serves as a good foot-hold for the -butterfly when it appears. If possible the chrysalides should remain as -they place themselves until the next stage of development is reached; -because, unless they are able to expand their wings while in this -position, deformity is likely to ensue. - -The majority of butterfly chrysalides are naked, and of an angular -form, some being remarkable for the brilliancy with which they are -spotted with gold and silver. - -The Vanessa family is an example of this, the Vulcania and Huntera -being especially brilliant. - -Caterpillars of the “Skipper” family make a web-like covering of silk -for the reception of the chrysalides, but there has been hitherto only -one species of this family found in Teneriffe. - -Many caterpillars of various kinds kept during the winter months were -very subject to the raids of the Ichneumon fly. This fly lays its egg -on the larva, and it is not easily perceived on the animal unless -looked for through a magnifying-glass. - -The caterpillar lives on, and seemingly thrives, but after it has -turned to its pupa state the fly develops, and a fine Ichneumon fly -appears in the breeding-cage instead of the expected butterfly. There -are large and small varieties of this fly, the former laying only one -or two eggs on the caterpillar, the latter a great many, and they -emerge from the chrysalis in corresponding numbers.[1] The only remedy -seems to be to inspect all larvæ through a magnifying-glass, and to -reject any infected specimens. Pieris Cheiranthi is particularly -liable to this fly. The red fungus found on the Tithymali moth -caterpillar is another disease, but is not very common. - -[1] This occurrence is mentioned by Gilbert White in his “Natural -History of Selborne,” v. “Observations on Insects and Vermes,” p. 519. -Ed. 1813. - -Caterpillars should be handled as little as possible while removing -them to their fresh food. As a rule, they crawl on to the fresh supply -at once, but in the case of very small specimens a camel-hair brush -should be used to lift them from one place to another. Many of them -emit a fluid when touched. The Tithymali spits out a quantity of green -fluid when disturbed. - -Butterflies generally seem to be found in the greatest numbers in the -barrancos early in the year. When, however, the fields get green and -vegetation increases, they desert the barrancos and take more to the -fields and country, with the exception of the Argynnis Lathonia, a -variety which more particularly frequents barrancos. - -The time of appearance of all species takes place from two to four -weeks later the higher they are up the mountains. The south part of the -island is not so fertile a place for Lepidoptera as the north; perhaps -this is owing to the more sparse vegetation on that side. - -Many species are found inland, while some are peculiar to the coast. -The heights and localites in which all the different kinds are found -have been indicated as far as possible in the description of the -various species. - - - - -KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, ETC. - - -Butterflies, when netted, can be easily killed by a prolonged sharp -pinch under the thorax before being taken from the net, and do not -need to be put into a poison-box. The pinch should be given between -the finger and thumb, the wings of the insect being kept in an upright -position. - -Moths must be put into a poison-bottle or box, and left there from -twelve to twenty-four hours. Some varieties die much quicker than -others. Various kinds of poison are used for the boxes and bottles, but -cyanide of potassium seems most generally approved of by entomologists. -To catch moths, many people use the sugaring process. A mixture, made -of beer, rum, and coarse sugar or treacle, boiled till it becomes -thick like treacle is placed at night on the trunks of trees or on -flowers, and a lamp is placed near the sugared plants. True votaries -of “sweetness and light,” the moths alight on the sticky mixture, and, -becoming stupefied with the beer and rum, as a rule fall to the ground, -where they can easily be caught or netted. - -Setting-boards are made of strips of wood about one foot or eighteen -inches in length, varying in width according to the size of the -specimen one wishes to pin out on it. These boards are covered with -sheet cork, having a groove down the middle to receive the body of the -insect. Some boards have a flat, others a slightly curved surface, and -these are covered with white paper. English entomologists generally use -curved boards, but foreign collectors prefer the flat setting-boards. -These latter seem somewhat preferable. - -The good appearance and value of a collection greatly depend on the -setting, and for this reason much care and patience is required. The -butterfly should be taken between the thumb and finger of the left -hand, and an insect-pin inserted in the middle of the thorax, bringing -the point slightly sloping backwards and out at the legs. Then having -selected a board suitable in size to the specimen, it should be -pinned exactly in the middle of the groove, the body being kept quite -straight. Two narrow strips of paper, not more than ⅛th of an inch in -width, are now required to fasten down the two wings on each side of -the groove. Let each strip be pinned in front of the two fore-wings, -holding the end of a strip in the left hand; then very gently place the -wings, first the fore and then the hind-wing, in position, bringing -them forward with a long pin (the point being placed on the wings as -near the body as possible) in the right hand. At the same time the -strip of paper which is being held in the left hand is gently lowered -and fastened with a pin immediately below the hind-wing. Great care -must be taken not to injure the plumage by touching it. A second strip -of paper is now necessary on each side to pin down the outer edges of -the wings; but the first two strips are the most important ones, as -they keep the wings in position, and the latter may be very easily -added. The antennæ should be straightened and placed under the first -two strips of paper, or placed in position by two pins. The paper is -fastened along the boards, fixing as many specimens as its length will -permit. - -Many persons use triangular pieces of card as braces for the butterfly, -fixing one or more on each wing, but the strips of paper seem somewhat -easier to arrange, and damage the plumage even less than the card, -though when either method is adopted the specimen ought not to be -damaged in the least. In making a perfect collection of butterflies -three specimens should be set up of every variety; the male, the -female, and one set with the underside uppermost. It is not usual to -set moths the reverse way. - -Butterflies must be left on the board to stiffen for ten days or a -fortnight; after that they can be removed to the store-box. Moths with -large bodies take longer in drying, and must be left for three or four -weeks. By touching the end of the body of a specimen gently with a -pin it can easily be seen whether it is firm and stiff enough to be -removed to the case. If butterflies and moths are not set soon after -death they become stiff, and would be useless; but there are several -modes of relaxing them, and it may be useful to give a description -of the process which is generally adopted. Procure a marmalade-pot or -earthenware jar, into which put three inches of sand; pour on the sand -enough water to wet it thoroughly, without allowing the water to appear -on the surface. It is as well to put a small quantity of carbolic acid -with it. The insects to be relaxed should be pinned on to a thick -piece of cork, the cork resting on the top of the sand. Close the -mouth of the jar with a piece of glass, or something which will make -it air-tight. A few hours is often enough to relax specimens, but if -left longer they must be carefully watched, as they very soon become -mouldy. To keep the insects free from mites, napthaline must be freely -used in the store-boxes and cases. Camphor is used by some persons, -but napthaline is a far more efficacious preventive of the ravages of -parasites. - -In packing specimens already set for England, store-boxes will hold a -great number if the specimens are judiciously placed one over the other -in a sloping manner, great care being taken that they do not touch each -other, as the slightest rubbing spoils the plumage. - -Don Ramon Gomez, chemist, of Puerto Orotava, Teneriffe, has all -necessaries for the collector, such as setting-boards, store-boxes, -pins, etc., etc., and is most obliging in packing specimens for England -and giving any advice. - -Many interesting objects for the naturalist and antiquarian may be seen -in his large collection, his Guanche remains being especially deserving -of notice. - - - - -Part I. - -BUTTERFLIES. - - -PIERIS CHEIRANTHI. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 2. - -This is a large creamy-white butterfly peculiar to the Canary Islands. -It is found in some numbers on and near the coast of Teneriffe -from April to September; the time of its appearance, however, -varies somewhat in different years. The larva is smooth, and has a -ground-colour of grey, finely dotted over with black spots. There -is a yellow stripe on the back and along each side. It feeds on the -nasturtium gregariously, and the pupa attaches itself, head downwards, -to a wall near the plant. - -The female butterfly, the underside of which is illustrated, has a long -uneven blotch of black on the surface of the fore-wings; the male has -none. The upper surface of both sexes is cream-white, with a black -apical patch on the fore-wings. The under-sides have the long black -blotch as seen on the surface of the female, and the ground-colour -of both is yellow, finely sprinkled with black dots. The measurement -across the wings varies from two and a half to three and a half inches. - -It is best to procure the larvæ to obtain good specimens, but -the Ichneumon fly is such an enemy to this species that great -disappointment will probably be experienced in the rearing if the -caterpillars are not well examined before being placed in the -breeding-cages. - - -PIERIS WOLLASTONI. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 1. - -This butterfly is allied to the Cheiranthi, but is a distinct variety, -only recently met with in this island. Mr. Butler, of the British -Museum, has named and fully described this insect, which has hitherto -only been found in Madeira, but is now for the first time enumerated -in the list of Teneriffe Lepidoptera. It is somewhat smaller than the -Cheiranthi, measuring not more than two and a half inches in expanse. -The reverses of the female (which is illustrated) and of the male are -of a grey tinge, in place of the rather bright yellow shade of the -Cheiranthi, sprinkled over with fine black dots. The apical patch is -also grey, and both sexes have long black spots on the fore-wings. The -upper surface is cream-white; the female has two distinctly marked long -black spots on the fore-wings; the male having none. The black apical -markings are similar in both sexes, and a small black spot is seen on -the inner margin of the hind-wing of both male and female. - -There are no observations to record on the caterpillar and pupa, as -the specimens of the fly (one of which is illustrated) were netted; -but very possibly larvæ may be found gregariously with the Cheiranthi -in like manner to the Callirrhoe and Atalanta, or the Plexippus and -Chrysippus. - -The specimens taken were netted about 500 feet above the sea. - - -PIERIS RAPÆ. - -The common English variety, Small Cabbage White. The fore-wings are -creamy white, with an irregular blackish mark at the tip. The male -generally has a black spot in the middle of the wing, the female having -two; and both sexes have two black spots on the underside, which is -of a yellowish colour, thickly dotted with small black atoms. All -the markings vary greatly, however. The larva is dull green, with a -yellowish stripe on its back and yellow dots on the side. It generally -feeds on the cabbage, but is found also on the nasturtium. It is very -common, and may be found everywhere from February to October. The -Ichneumon fly is a great enemy to this insect. - - -PIERIS DAPLIDICE. - -This butterfly resembles the rare English specimen Bath White. -It is very common in some years,[2] and found in most localities -from February to October. It seems mostly to frequent rough -poorly-cultivated fields. The wings are white, the fore-wings having -a large black spot in the middle, and being bordered with black -encircling distinct white spots. The markings of the under-side show -through on the hind-wings, and these have black markings on the edges -in the female. The underside has a ground colour of sage-green, freely -spotted with white. The markings show considerable variety, some being -marked much more heavily than others. It measures across the wings from -two to two and a half inches. The caterpillar, which is greyish green, -has yellow stripes on the back, and feeds generally on cabbage. The -butterflies are much pursued and destroyed by dragon-flies. - -[2] During the winter of 1892-1893 it was met with in great numbers. - -EUCHLOË CHARLONIA (Donzil). - -PLATE I.--FIG. 4. - -This butterfly was seen near Orotava, 500 feet above the sea-level, -during the first week in May by the author, who, however, was not -fortunate enough to secure a specimen. Several specimens of this -species, which is rare in the Canary Islands, have been netted in the -island of Fuerteventura, and two of them have been presented by Mr. E. -H. Hodges, of Rugby, to the British Museum, from which the illustration -has been drawn. It measures in expanse about an inch and a half. The -general colour is yellow, varying in intensity of shade in different -specimens, with black apical markings on the fore wings and a long -black patch on the centre of the upper margin. A full account of this -interesting insect is to be found in Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1842, p. 197, -f. 1, but hitherto it has not been recognized in Teneriffe as a species -belonging to the island. It is found in North and West Africa. - - -APORIA CRATÆGI. - -This specimen is the rare English Black-veined White butterfly. It has -undoubtedly been netted in Teneriffe, though it has not been personally -observed by the author. In flight its similarity to other white -specimens is so great that it may often be passed unnoticed. It is said -to be local and uncertain in appearance, being seen chiefly during the -summer months about the fields and gardens. The wings are entirely of a -white cream colour, and are alike on both sides, the veins being black, -and the fore-wings having some dusky spots on them. The caterpillar is -black, thickly sprinkled with whitish hairs, and with a reddish yellow -stripe running along each side. It feeds on various fruit trees, and is -believed to be very destructive. - - -RHODOCERA CLEOBULE. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 3. - -This finely-coloured and beautiful butterfly resembles the English -Brimstone, but is quite a distinct variety, being of squarer form and -having no decided point at the angle of the hind-wings. It is peculiar -to the Islands. The male is a most brilliant sulphur yellow, the -fore-wings being of a deeper shade than the hind ones. The hind-wings -have a deep orange spot about the centre. The female differs from the -male in being of a much paler shade of yellow, with quite a tinge of -green all over it; it also has a small orange spot on the fore-wings in -addition to that on the hind-wings. Both wings have red markings round -them on the outer edge, which form an almost interrupted fine line of -colour. The underside resembles the upper, but is paler. The antennæ -are short and thick, with a reddish tinge, which becomes deeper at the -knob. - -It is found from January to June in most localities on and at a little -distance from the coast; gardens and fields seem somewhat favoured, -but it is by no means common anywhere. There seem to be several broods -between the months mentioned above, but the larva and pupa have not -been observed. - - -COLIAS EDUSA. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 5 (female). - -This specimen is the English Clouded Yellow. The wings measure from two -to two and a half inches across, the female being somewhat larger than -the male. Both sexes have the same broad black margin on the fore and -hind-wings, but the male differs from the female in having no irregular -yellow spots marked on these black borders, which are seen in the -female. The hind-wings of the female are of a somewhat darker shade -of yellow, tinged with green, than those of the male, and both sexes -have a bright orange spot about the middle of the wing. Beneath, both -sexes are alike, the fore-wings being of a lighter orange with several -irregular black spots and a margin of greenish yellow. The hind-wings -are of a uniform green colour with a red ringed spot about the centre -of each, accompanied by a silver-like dot in the middle. It is found in -quantities in most localities, from the coast to the pine forests, from -February to November. The caterpillar is green, with a stripe of yellow -and white, having several orange dots on it. It is a miscellaneous -feeder, preferring, however, leguminous plants. - - -COLIAS v. HELICE. - -PLATE I.--FIG. 6. - -A pale yellowish-white variety of the former specimen. It is very -rare, and is found in May and during the summer months, though very -seldom met with in England.[3] It is slightly smaller than the Colias -Edusa, and has been found so small as to measure only an inch across -the wings. Don Ramon Gomez has one in his collection of this size. The -markings vary considerably, and the bright orange spot in the centre of -the hind-wing, as seen in the illustration, is replaced occasionally -by a pure white one. The male has hitherto not been found. - -[3] In the summer of 1892 many were taken. - - -LYCÆNA BÆTICA. - -A commonly found blue butterfly, measuring from one to one and a half -inches across the wings. It is rarely met with in England. The insect -has a slender tail at the lower angle of each hind-wing, surmounted by -two black dots. The margins of both wings have a slight black or dark -brown band. The under-sides of both wings are of a grey-brown colour -streaked and slightly spotted all over with faint white lines. On the -lower angle of each hind-wing the two black spots on the upper side -are replaced by two black ones dusted with silver, and surrounded by a -bright orange ring which is broader at the top than at the bottom. - -The antennæ are brown, slightly sprinkled with white. It is found on -the rough fields (especially where the Lupine grows), barrancos, and -hedge-rows, between March and August. Specimens netted early in the -year are not so large as those found during May, and in the summer -months. - - -LYCÆNA WEBSIANA. - -PLATE I.--FIGS. 7 AND 8. - -This is a smaller blue butterfly than that just described, measuring -about one inch across the wings. It is peculiar to the Islands, and -is known by some lovers of Entomology as the “Peak Blue.” It is not, -however, found on the Peak alone, but is netted in barrancos and -gardens at a much lower altitude; it frequents the pine forests in -large numbers, and has been also found on the south coast of the -Island of Teneriffe, at Guimar (see Appendix B), so it may be fairly -considered to be widely dispersed over the Island. It is undoubtedly -found in the greatest numbers in the elevated zone of the pine forests, -where, however, owing to the extremely slippery nature of the ground, -it is difficult to net. The male is of a beautiful metallic blue -colour; the female of a much browner blue. The upperside of the male, -and the underside of the female, are shown in the illustrations. - -The fore-wings of the underside in both sexes are alike, being of an -orange tawny colour, with a white uneven spot on the top margin of -each wing, and five or six somewhat indistinct brown spots at the outer -edge, interspersed with white. - -The hind-wings are of an ashy brown, with a longitudinal, irregular -silver white line down each, both wings being minutely dotted with -white. Five or six brown spots, dusted with silver, are seen at the -margin of the hind-wings. It usually appears in March, though it has -been seen at an earlier date. The larva and pupa have not hitherto been -found. - - -LYCÆNA LYSIMON. - -This is the smallest specimen of blue butterfly found in Teneriffe, -being not quite one inch in expanse. The female is rather a browner -blue than the male. The colouring on the upperside is of a most -beautiful uniform blue, all the wings having a margin of brown; and a -slight white fringe at the edges. The underside of all the wings is -grey, rather freely dotted over with darker spots, encircled by greyish -white. It is very commonly found on all grassy fields and lanes, and -quantities flutter quickly along the grass-grown streets of Orotava -from April to August. - -It is not an inhabitant of England, but is found in the south of -France, Spain, greater part of Africa, Western Asia, and the East -Indies. The caterpillar and chrysalis have not been observed. - - -LYCÆNA ASTRARCHE v. ÆSTIVA. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 6. - -A small dark copper, the expanse of wings being about one inch, or -rather more. It is not found in England. On the upperside on all the -wings there is a marginal band of bright copper, the fore-wings have a -black spot about the centre of each. A fringe of white edges all the -four wings. The under widely differs from the upper side in colouring -and markings. The ground colour is light grey, freely dotted over with -black spots encircled by white. All four wings have the same bright -marginal copper band as seen on the upper side. The antennæ are black -or dark brown, finely dotted with white. It is somewhat rarely found -in fields and barrancos on high ground, but may be met with in larger -quantities in the pine forests. The time of its appearance is from -April to September. When comparing the Teneriffe specimen of this -butterfly with those of other countries at South Kensington, it was -noticed that the marginal copper band was broader on the Teneriffe -specimen, and it may be possible that it should be reckoned as a new -variety. - - -POLYOMMATUS or CHRYSOPHANUS PHLÆAS. - -A copper butterfly, and a common English specimen, measuring from one -to one and a half inches across the wings. The fore-wings are of a -bright copper red, with large square black spots distinctly marked, -and an outer band of brown. The hind-wings are dark brown, having a -marginal copper band on the outer edge, which in some specimens is -surmounted by a few blue spots. The underside of the fore-wings is pale -copper, the hind-wings being grey, with minute black or dark brown -spots, and traces of a marginal band of copper. It is commonly found -from February to September in most places in Teneriffe, up to the -altitude of the pine forests. The larva feeds on a variety of Rumex -(dock or sorrel). Some specimens have been found much darker in colour -than those described above, the difference being so great as to suggest -the possibility of a distinct variety. - - -THECLA RUBI. - -This small butterfly is called in England the Green Hair Streak, It -is said to have been netted in the Island during the summer months, -and its appearance is believed to be well authenticated. The larva -is green, with a yellow line on the back, bordered with darker, and -followed by a line of pale triangular spots, and a yellow line on the -sides: it lives on brambles, &c. The fly expands about one inch; it is -of a uniform brown colour above, and a uniform green below, with a row -of white dots on the underside of the hind-wings. - - -DANAIS PLEXIPPUS, formerly ARCHIPPUS. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 1. - -The largest butterfly found in the Islands, measuring from four to four -and a half inches across the wings. - -The larva is very bright in colour, having transverse bands of blackish -violet, gold, and white alternately. It has four black horns or fleshy -spikes along its back, and when full grown measures about two inches in -length, and it is rather stout and smooth. The pupa, green when first -turned, and suspending itself by the tail only, has a bright gold band -half-way round its base, and a series of gold spots encircling its -head. Shortly before emerging to a butterfly, it turns to a dark brown. -The caterpillar never suspends itself to the plant on which it feeds, -but goes to some of the higher grasses near it, or it prefers still -better a mallow plant, from the leaves of which as many as sixteen -beautiful bright green and gold chrysalides have been seen hanging, -forming quite a picture under the illumination of the glorious sun of -Teneriffe. It lives and feeds gregariously on the “Arbol de Seda,” -[4] a plant bearing a very bright red and gold flower. Many specimens -were reared from quite small caterpillars in the breeding-cages. They -were easy to keep, but especial care must be taken in providing them -with fresh food, and great attention ought to be paid to ventilation, -or some disappointment may be experienced in the number that die during -the pupa state for no apparent reason. A little of the morning sun is -beneficial to them, as they are found, when in a natural state, in the -most sunny localities. - -[4] Asclepias cuvassavica. - -A brood seems to emerge about every three months in most years from -February to September. The butterfly frequents flower-gardens and -fields near the coast, not often being found more than seven or eight -hundred feet above the sea. It is of a rich orange tawny colour, rather -heavily veined with black or dark brown. All four wings have a broad -black border, with two lines of whitish yellow dots along the margin. -There is a large apical patch of blackish brown on each fore-wing, with -seven large yellow and white spots on the tip. There is not a great -difference between the upper and the under side, except that on the -latter the white marginal spots are larger, and there is more white on -the black-feathered body. - -The insect looks splendidly bright and flashing as it soars along with -a steady flight from tree to tree on the “Carretera,” and it must -be quickly netted, or it soon rises out of reach. These butterflies -are distasteful to birds, as also are the three following varieties -belonging to the same family. For this reason the family of Danais -is “mimicked” by butterflies of other species, the butterfly next -described (Danais Chrysippus) being, for instance, copied closely by -several African and Indian species of butterflies and even some moths. - -The Danais Plexippus is a very common butterfly in North America, and -has within the last few years become widely dispersed, some specimens -having been found in England in 1877 and subsequently. - - -DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 2. - -This butterfly is widely dispersed over Europe, Asia, and Africa, but -it is not found in England. It is of the same colour as the last -described specimen, but is not so large, measuring in expanse from two -and a half to three and a half inches. The tips of the fore-wings are -broadly marked with black, shading off to brown, crossed with a band of -white spots. Four of these spots are of a quadrilateral form, and much -larger than the rest. The outer margins of all four wings are bordered -with black, freely dotted with white. There are three black spots on -the centre of the hind-wings of the female; the male has four, the -fourth, which is largest, being placed under the principal vein. The -under is similar in markings and colouring to the upper side, but the -white spots are more pronounced, and the tawny yellow somewhat paler; -the apex of each fore-wing is moreover tipped with yellow, instead -of being black like the upperside. The larva is very similar to that -of the Plexippus. It is somewhat smaller, however, has six fleshy -horns instead of four, and the transverse gold and black stripes are -interspersed with white spots instead of stripes. It feeds gregariously -with the above variety on the “Arbol de Seda,” and appears at the same -time, in the same locality, and in equal numbers. When it changes to -the pupa state it resembles closely the bright green chrysalis of its -companion, only it is not quite so large. - - -DANAIS ALCIPPOIDES. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 3. - -This butterfly, a variety of the Chrysippus, is rare in Teneriffe. -It is found commonly in Africa and Western Asia, and is a transition -variety between the Chrysippus and Alcippus. It has whitish hind-wings, -rather silvery looking, with orange markings within the black border. -The hind-wings have less white upon them than those of the Alcippus. It -is similar in all respects and habits, mode of feeding, etc., to the -Chrysippus, and is found gregariously with it. When kept collectively, -about one in fifty of the chrysalides proves to be of this variety. The -caterpillars of the three varieties of Danais described are about four -weeks before turning to chrysalides, and remain in that state from two -to three weeks before emerging to the imago. - - -DANAIS DORIPPUS v. KLUGII. - -This is the fourth variety of the genus Danais, and is authentically -claimed as one of the Teneriffe butterflies, though by no means -commonly found. It varies from the Chrysippus in having no brown apical -patch on the fore-wings, and it also has no band of white spots across -them. It measures from two and a half to three and a half inches across -the wings. It is not an inhabitant of England, but is commonly found in -North Africa and Western Asia. - - -ARGYNNIS MAIA (Cram), or PANDORA. - -PLATE III.--FIGS. 1 AND 2. - -This butterfly is one of the most beautiful Fritillarys, and is also -one of the largest of Teneriffe butterflies, measuring in expanse from -three and a half to four inches. - -It mostly frequents woods and meadows, not often being met with below -an altitude of fifteen hundred feet above the sea. It is found in South -Europe, and is also met with in Africa. The time of its appearance -commences in May, and continues during the summer months. The larva is -purplish-brown with black markings; it feeds on heartsease. The upper -and under side differ greatly, as may be seen in the illustrations. The -prevailing colour of the upper surface is a beautiful bronze green, -tinged with yellow on the fore-wings. The bronze green colour is freely -marked all over by velvety black oblong spots, dashes, and lines, -the margin of each wing having a continuous scalloped line of black. -The body and hind-wings are very feathered and downy. The underside -of the fore-wings is a brilliant pink-red and black colour, with an -apical patch of green, having yellow markings. The hind-wings are green -with a long irregular stripe of silver down the centre of each, the -stripe being fringed on the outer edge by five silver dots. There is a -marginal silver band with a fine yellow line running along the outer -edge of the hind-wings. The body is green on the upper, and buff-yellow -on the under-side, the legs being of the latter colour. There is not -much difference between the male and female. - - -ARGYNNIS LATHONIA. - -PLATE III.--FIGS. 3 AND 4. - -This exquisite butterfly, which is about two inches in expanse, is -known in England, where it is accounted a great rarity, by the common -name Queen of Spain Fritillary, and it is not very commonly found in -Teneriffe. The caterpillar is a greyish brown with a white dorsal line, -spotted with black, and having two brownish lines on the sides. The -spines are reddish and the legs yellow. It feeds on the heartsease, -violet, etc. The upper surface is a tawny orange colour with many -distinct rounded black spots. On the under-side the hind-wings are -brownish yellow with very large oval silver spots interspersed with -smaller ones. The fore-wings have black spots of various sizes, and -five or six apical silver spots. The butterfly is found mostly on high -ground in barrancos; but also in fields and gardens from the months of -March to September, though in some years it appears earlier. It flits -quickly along the paths in the barrancos, settling at short distances, -very often just out of reach of the net, and this liveliness often -necessitates a long walk after a specimen. The antennæ are furnished -with a round thick nob at the end. There is no very marked difference -in the male and female. - - -PYRAMEIS ATALANTA. - -PLATE III.--FIG. 7. - -This richly-coloured butterfly, known in England as the Red Admiral, -is very rare in the Canary Islands. The ground-colour of the upper -surface of the fore-wings is a velvety black, shading off to brown at -the base. A bright red oblique band crosses the wings, and four large -oblong white spots, with four or five smaller ones, are grouped on the -apex. These again are bordered by several faint blue spots, quite at -the tip. The hind-wings are blackish brown, with a broad red margin, -in which are four black dots, and some blue spots are marked on the -lower angle of the wings. On the underside the fore-wings are black, -with several steely blue lines, the red band across the centre being -clearly defined. The apex of the wings is brownish yellow, marked with -white. The hind-wings are most beautifully variegated with steely blue, -black, and buff. The antennæ are long and slender, abruptly forming a -knot at the end, which is tipped with white. The larva is dusky green -in colour, with a yellow line running down its back and sides; it is -sparingly coloured with short stubby hairs, and is found gregariously -on the nettle-leaf. Gold spots are freely sprinkled over the brown -chrysalis. The caterpillar stage lasts five or six weeks, the butterfly -appearing in another three or four. The larva suspends itself by the -tail, often wrapping itself in a nettle-leaf, on which it feeds. If the -pupa is gathered from the nettles for breeding, it should be fastened -in the cage in the same position, head downwards. Disappointment is -often experienced in the number of butterflies that emerge from the -chrysalis state, so many being attacked by ants, &c. - -The caterpillars are found gregariously with the Callirhoe, which is -the commonest species of Pyrameis found in the Islands. Among many -reared, three only proved to be Atalanta butterflies. It is found in -Teneriffe from January to June. - - -PYRAMEIS CALLIRHOE, or VULCANIA. - -PLATE III.--FIG. 6. - -This is the most common butterfly of the Pyrameis genus found in the -Islands. It is similar in colouring to the last described, but it has a -much broader red oblique indented stripe on the fore-wings. The white -apical markings are not so many or large, and it has no blue spots on -the tips of the fore-wings. - -The habits and locality of the caterpillar and chrysalis are so like -those of the Atalanta, that description is not needed. - -In rearing many specimens, two butterflies proved to have bright yellow -on the hind-wings in place of the red band. Whether they are a distinct -variety or not, cannot at present be positively stated.[5] - -[5] See Appendix C. - - -PYRAMEIS CARDUI. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 5. - -This insect, which is the English Painted Lady, might at first sight -be taken for a faded Atalanta. The caterpillar lives generally solitary -on hollyhock, nettle, or mallow, curling itself up in a leaf It is of a -grey-brown colour, thickly sprinkled with hairs, a yellow line fringed -by reddish dots runs along each side. It is found in most localities -up to a considerable elevation, from February till well on into the -summer. The butterfly is of a tawny red colour, shading off to brown -at the base of the fore-wings, with dark markings and oblong black -spots. The apex of the wings is marked and edged in white, similar to -the Atalanta. The hind-wings are of the same tawny red colour, having -a line of five round black spots running along each lower margin. -The fore-wings are marked on the under-side as above, the colour, -however, being redder. The hind-wings are pale buff, olive brown, and -white, having four or five blue-black eyes near the lower margin, the -two centre eyes being smaller than the others, which are circled by -black and white. Its flight is very swift, and its erratic and rapid -gyrations from side to side make it a difficult specimen to net. - - -PYRAMEIS v. HUNTERA. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 4. - -This is a scarce variety in Teneriffe of the butterfly just described. -It is commonly found in America, and some few insects have been taken -in England. It is similar in colouring to the Cardui, but somewhat -brighter. The flight of the insect is steadier, and this, together -with the brightness in colour, distinguishes it from others of the -same family when seen flying in company. It is found in barrancos and -gardens, and has been netted in a locality about 600 feet above the sea -near Orotava, together with the last two butterflies described. All -three specimens were seen flitting in company, the Callirhoe and Cardui -predominating in number, with a few specimens of the Huntera dispersed -among them. The upper surface is brick-red, marked with black, the -fore-wings having a dark apical patch, with several white spots. The -hind-wings have five blue spots, encircled by black, near the lower -margin. Beneath, the fore-wings are of a most beautiful red colour, -interspersed with black, grey-brown, and white, and having two eyes on -the apex. The hind-wings are of a lovely grey-brown tinge, liberally -veined with white, having a whitish uneven band down the centre. This -band has two large eyes, with blue centres outside it. On the edge of -the wings three grey-blue lines are seen, making the tout ensemble a -most exquisite reverse, and the greatest contrast to the upper surface. -It is usually found from April to August. Though faded and small -specimens were found earlier, the beauty of the insect is not seen till -April. The caterpillar is brown, sparingly covered with hairs, and has -bright red spots down its sides. It is rather larger than the Cardui -larva. - - -PARARGE XIPHIOIDES. - -PLATE III.--FIG. 5. - -This is not an English butterfly, though it is somewhat similar to the -Speckled Wood Argus (Parage Ægeria). It is very commonly found in the -Islands in most localities up to three or four thousand feet above the -sea. It measures in expanse from two and a half to three inches. Those -found early in the year are of a smaller and duller colour than those -netted later on. It is of a rich brown colour, the fore-wings being -freely marked with orange-yellow spots. The hind-wings are plentifully -feathered at the base, and have a long dash of yellow down them, with -three dark eyes near the margin, which is scalloped with faint white. -The under-side of the fore-wings is lighter in colour than the surface, -though similar in markings. The hind-wings are of a uniform olive-brown -shade, with a long uneven silvery stripe half-way down the centre. -There is no very decided knob on the end of the antennæ, which only -thicken slightly towards the end. - - -EPINEPHELE HISPULLA, or FORTUNATA (Alph.). - -This brown butterfly resembles the English Large Meadow Brown (E. -Janira), but is of a richer colour and larger size, measuring in -expanse about two and a half to three inches. The female, which differs -largely from the male in colour and markings, is of an ashy-brown -colour, the fore-wings being orange-tawny, leaving only an uneven -marginal band of grey-brown. There is an apical eye of black, with -a small white centre. The hind-wings are ashy-grey, with a marginal -orange-tawny band. The body and base of the lower wings are freely -feathered. The under-side is similar in colouring, only lighter; -the apical eyes are more strongly marked; the hind-wings are of an -orange-brown tint, the orange band being slightly defined on this side. -The male has no orange-tawny markings on the surface, only a slight -shade of yellow being seen on the fore-wings, shimmering through the -uniform brown colour of the insect. There is a small black eye, with a -white central dot on the apex of each fore-wing. On the under-side the -fore-wings of the male are orange-tawny, the black eye being larger and -more pronounced than on the surface. The hind-wings of the male are of -a uniform olive-brown colour. It is found in barrancos, meadows and -rough places, from the coast up to a moderately high altitude, from -April to September; the male appears first in the greatest numbers, -and towards June the female is also found in great quantities. The -caterpillar has not been observed. - - -HIPPARCHIA STATILINUS. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 7. - -This is a brown butterfly common in many parts of Southern and Central -Europe, though not found in England. It is a rare insect in Teneriffe, -and is only met with high up in the mountains, chiefly at Vilaflor, and -on the south part of the island, about July and August. It measures in -expanse from two to three inches, and is of a uniform brown colour, -having a few white markings, which vary much in different specimens, -on the fore-wings. Two large brown spots are seen at the outer margin -of each fore-wing, interspersed with small white spots. The hind-wings -are brown, shading to lighter colour at the base. The under-side is -prettily mottled, and streaked with grey-brown, the two dark spots seen -on the margin being well defined. The larva and chrysalis have not been -observed. - - -HESPERIA ACTÆON. - -PLATE II.--FIG. 8. - -This is a small Skipper, the only member of this family found in -Teneriffe. It resembles the English Lulworth Skipper, and frequents -damp places near the water-courses, though somewhat partial and scarce. -In a limited spot near Orotava it has been found in quantities; and at -Tacoronti, where butterflies abound, some have been taken. The whole -surface is of an orange-bronze colour with slight brown markings. -The antennæ are short and club-like; the head is large, and the body -thickish. It is found from April till June, but solitary specimens are -sometimes met with earlier in the year. - - - - -LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE. - - - NAME OF BUTTERFLY. REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC. - - * 1 Pieris Cheiranthi Only in Canary Islands. - * 2 Pieris Wollastoni Canary Islands and Madeira. - 3 Pieris Rapæ England (Common White). - 4 Pieris Daplidice England; rare (Bath White). - * 5 Euchloë Charlonia Not in England; N. and W. Africa. - 6 Aporia Cratægi England; rare (Black-veined White). - * 7 Rhodocera Cleobule Not in England; peculiar to the Islands. - * 8 Colias Edusa England (Clouded Yellow). - * 9 Colias v. Helice England; rare. - 10 Lycæna Bætica England; very rare (Tailed Blue). - *11 Lycæna Webbiana Only in Canary Islands. - 12 Lycæna Lysimon Not in England. - *13 Lycæna Astrarche v. Æstiva Not in England. - 14 Polyommatus or Chrysophanus Phlæas England (Common Copper). - 15 Thecla Rubi England (Green Hair Streak). - *16 Danais Plexippus (formerly Archippus) England; very rare. - *17 Danais Chrysippus Not in England. - *18 Danais Alcippoides Not in England. - 19 Danais Dorippus Not in England. - *20 Argynnis Maia (Cram), or Pandora In Canary Islands, N. Africa, and S. Europe. - *21 Argynnis Lathonia England; rare (Queen of Spain Fritillary). - *22 Pyrameis (formerly Vanessa) Atalanta England (Red Admiral). - *23 Pyrameis Callirhoe or Vulcania Not in England. - *24 Pyrameis Cardui England (Painted Lady). - *25 Pyrameis v. Huntera England; very rare; common in America. - *26 Pararge Xiphiodes Not in England. - 27 Epinephele Hispulla or Fortunata (Alph.) Not in England. - *28 Hipparchia Statilinus Not in England. - *29 Hesperia Actæon England; local (Lulworth Skipper). - - - * Marked thus are illustrated. - - - - - Part II. - - MOTHS. - - - ACHERONTIA ATROPOS. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 1. - - This is the largest moth found in the Canary Islands, - known as the Death’s Head, very rarely met with in - England. - - It measures from five to six inches in expanse. The - ground-colour of the fore-wings is brown, varied with - zig-zag lines of whitish yellow and light brown. There - is a white dot in the centre of each, and they are - dusted all over with minute white dots. The hind-wings - are orange, with two black marginal bands on - the lower edge. The head is dark brown or black, - marked with a pale-brown skull. The body is orange, - with a longitudinal band of bluish grey down the centre, - increasing in width towards the base. Six bands of - black, broadest near the head, cross the body. The - antennæ are rather short and thick, tipped with white. - The caterpillar measures about four inches in length, - and is of a most gorgeous green and yellow colour, - alternate transverse bands of these colours running - along the sides. It has eight small eyes in a line - below the transverse bands, and a horn on its tail. It - feeds on the potato, the pupa making a cell for itself - underground, and appearing in the largest numbers - between May and July; but as a fresh crop of potatoes - is planted every three months in the Canaries, the - caterpillars are found in small numbers all the year - round. - - When bred in captivity the pupa is delicate, quite - five out of ten dying in their cases. - - - SPHINX CONVOLVULI or BATATÆ. - - This moth is found in England, and all over Europe. - It is a large moth, measuring about five inches across - the wings. All four wings are of a variegated grey-brown - colour, the body having a longitudinal grey - stripe, increasing in width at the base, and five stripes - of pink and black across it alternately. The antennæ - are somewhat longer and more slender than those of - the Death’s Head moth. They are feathered, and grey - in colour, terminating in a sharp point. The insect is - provided with a very long proboscis, which one sees it - inserting into the centre of the flowers at dusk. During - the winter months it is met with commonly in some - years. The caterpillar, which measures four inches in - length, feeds on the sweet potato in the fields, and on - the petunia and phlox in gardens. It is of a brown-grey - colour, shading to green on the back, having - black longitudinal stripes along the back, and transverse - black and white stripes surmounted by white - spots at the sides. It is a night-feeder, hiding itself - under the leaves or in the ground at day-time, and - constructing the pupa-case underground. It is delicate - and difficult to rear in captivity, like the Atropos. - - - DEILEPHILA TITHYMALI. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 4. - - This beautiful moth is peculiar to the Canary Islands, - although allied species are found over the greater - part of Europe.[6] It expands from three to three and - a half inches. The fore-wings are silvery grey in - colour, having dark olive-grey markings, and a long - stripe of this colour, increasing in width towards the - body, from the apex to the base. The hind-wings are - a rich pink, having a marginal band of dark brown, and - a fine white line on the outer edge. The antennæ, - which are white, are thick and feathered. The head - and body, thickly feathered with white, are of an olive - brown colour. Two bands of black cross the top of - the abdomen, which tapers off to a point, with bands of - alternate white and olive brown slightly marked with - black. The caterpillar is easily found on the Euphorbia - where it feeds gregariously. It is a beautiful dark pink, - the horn being of this colour. The dark pink is interspersed - with dusky green and greyish black spots, and - the caterpillar, when at full size, attains a length of - about four inches. It is found from January till the - end of May, but in the greatest numbers in April, - whilst the Euphorbia is in its prime. The road-side - between Rambla and Icod is a particularly favoured - spot. About one or two inches of dried earth prepared - as already mentioned are required for the larva to - make its slight case in, though when in a natural state - it buries itself much deeper, and the pupa is difficult - to find. Some were fed and reared on a species of - milk-wort. They thrived, but eventually turned into - small moths of a paler colour than usual. The pupa - varies much in the time of turning to the moth stage, - according to the weather,--from six weeks, the usual - time, to three months. Some caterpillars obtained in - January did not become moths till the end of March; - others taken at full growth on March 15th effected - their last change to the moth during the last week in - April and first week in May. The pupa when it first - turns is of a beautiful shaded green colour with yellowish - markings, but it changes to a uniform brown in - a few days. The caterpillar is sometimes affected by - a disease which consists of a small red fungus growing - on the body, generally towards the tail. One small - brood was entirely lost from this disease, which seemed - to be contagious. As a rule, however, the larvæ are - easy to keep, and the chrysalides hatch well and strongly. - When numbers are kept, an old wine-case should be - substituted for the smaller breeding-cages already mentioned, - the mosquito-netting being used in the same - way. A little sun is beneficial to them every day in - the morning. When kept too long in the sun, however, - they cease to feed, although when in a natural - state sunny localities are most favoured. They are not - night-feeders only. - - [6] See Appendix D. - - CHŒROCAMPA CELERIO. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 2. - - (_Sharp Winged Hawk-Moth._) - - This beautiful moth is somewhat allied to the last described, - the colour being similar, but the body is longer - and more tapering. It is found in England, and in most - countries where the vine grows, on which it feeds. The - fore-wings are greyish brown with a silvery grey stripe - from the apex to the base; the outer lower margin is - bordered by a similar stripe. The hind-wings are of a - rosy pink colour, veined with, and having a marginal - band of brown. The body is feathered, and has a series - of five short silver streaks down each side. The antennæ - are greyish white, not so long as those of the Tithymali. - From three to four inches is the length of the beautiful - bright green caterpillar. This has two dark and two - light spots on its head, and a horn on its tail. A faint - yellow longitudinal line runs along each side. It is - rather liable to the attacks of the ichneumon fly, and - so it is as well to search for the eggs before putting it - aside for rearing. This year (1893) some were found in - April, this being unusually early, as it does not appear - generally till June, from which date until August it is - very commonly met with in the vineyards. The pupa - lies in a dormant state for four weeks, and then turns to - the moth freely and strongly. - - - MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM. - - (_Humming Bird Hawk-Moth._) - - This moth is common in England and most parts of - Europe. Its fore-wings are brown, with faint longitudinal - lines of a darker shade; the hind-wings are orange - tawny, fringed with light brown. It measures in expanse - about two inches. The head and body are brown, - the abdomen spotted with black and white, rather - liberally feathered. The antennæ are brown, being - thinnest at the base, and gradually thickening to the - extremity. It is seen in the daytime, as well as evening - hovering, with an ever-restless motion of the wing, over - flowers. The caterpillar is green, with a longitudinal - white stripe, and a faint yellow one under the spiracles. - The time of its appearance is from March to September, - but it is seen about in greatest numbers in June. - - - RHYPARIOIDES RUFESCENS. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 5. - - This pretty moth is peculiar to the Islands, measuring - rather more than two inches across the wings. It is - red in colour, the hind-wings being brighter than the - fore-wings. These latter are marked with longitudinal - dark stripes in the female, dark spots being substituted for - the stripes in the male. The head is dark red, shading off - to lighter red on the richly-feathered body. The antennæ - are red, being thicker and more feathered in the male than - the female. The caterpillars are brown, thickly covered - with long silky hairs, and are found mostly in barrancos, - feeding on the dock and sorrel singly. They are also - found in gardens, feeding somewhat indiscriminately on - cabbage or hollyhock. When kept in captivity they can - be reared on cabbage, and after attaining their full size - of about one and a half inches, they make a slight hairy - cocoon under a thin covering of earth. The caterpillar - stage lasts about twenty days. They are found in - January and hibernate in the pupa state till well on in - the summer, sometimes as late as October or November, - though some taken in January were brought to England - and turned to moths on the 24th of June following. - After being kept for a time the chrysalides become a - very dark brown, almost black, so that there is a temptation - to throw them away as dead, since they show - so little life; but on opening the hard, stick-like skin, - the creature is found to be quite fresh. - - - DASYCHIRA FORTUNATA. - - PLATE IV.--Fig. 11. - - In colour a dull grey moth. The fore-wings are ash-coloured, - variegated with whitish on the upper side. The - reniform spot is rust-coloured in the male and whitish - in the female. The transverse lines are black and - dentated, the submarginal line maculated. The hind-wings - are grey, with a slight lunule in the middle; the - underside uniform grey. The body is less stout than - the D. Fascelina (Linn.). The abdomen is long in the - male and longer in the female. The antennæ are pectinated - in the male, simple in the female. The legs are - thickly clothed with hair, the feet yellowish beneath. - Although the caterpillar has not been described, it presumably - has much the same characteristics as its allies, - and is probably greyish, with tufts of hair on its back; - it feeds on the Pinus Canariensis. - - This moth is allied to the English, and European - species Dasychira Fascelina (Dark Tussock), but is - probably peculiar to the Islands. It has been described - as being found in the Islands of Palma and Hiero by - Rogenhofer in the “Verhandlungen des Kaiserlich-Königlichen - Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in - Wien,” vol. 41 (for 1891), p. 566. The specimen - illustrated was drawn from one of two presented to the - South Kensington Museum by the Rev. O. E. Benthall, - who found the chrysalides on trunks of the Canary pine - near Guimar, Teneriffe, about 2,000 feet above the sea, - and as far as the author can ascertain it has not before - been recorded as occurring in Teneriffe. - - - DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 9. - - This beautiful little moth, expanding about one and - a half inches, is a very rare insect in Teneriffe at the - present time, though two or three years ago it was - found in great abundance near, and along, the coast - during the spring months.[7] It has yellowish white - fore-wings freely spotted with black, alternated with - oblong red spots, not so numerous. The hind-wings - are pearl-white, having a small blackish brown spot - towards the top, and a marginal indented border of - the same colour. The thorax and head are speckled - with black and yellow. The body is light pearl-grey. - The larva is dark grey with a broad white stripe on the - back and reddish streaks on the sides. This species is - abundant throughout Africa, the South of Asia and - Europe, but a very scarce insect in England. Don - Ramon Gomez kindly supplied the specimen illustrated. - - [7] A single specimen was taken by the Rev. O. E. Benthall - at Guimar in 1893. - - - PSEUDOPHIA TIRHACA (Cram); wrongly called - TYRRHÆA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 3. - - This is not an English species, but is met with in - Europe and North Africa. It is not very commonly found - in Teneriffe. The fore-wings are green, with a central - reddish-brown spot, the outer margin having an indented - band of the same colour. The body and hind-wings, - richly feathered, are a beautiful straw yellow, the latter - having a dark brown graduated band near the lower - margin. It expands about two inches and a half. The - larva is grey, with a pale grey stripe on the sides, and - black spots on the lower surface between the pro-legs. - - - CALOCAMPA EXOLETA. - - (_Sword-Grass Moth._) - - This moth is an English species. It measures in - expanse between two and three inches, and is of a - soft violet grey tinge, the fore-wings having a variety - of brown markings. The caterpillar feeds on the - Euphorbia, and has been found gregariously with the - Tithymali on that plant. It is met with, however, on - peas and potatoes, and can be reared on the leaves of - any of these plants. The larva is bright green, with - two lines of black and white spots down each side of the - back. These are bordered by a yellow stripe (sometimes, - however, absent), and it has a broken red line on each - side. The caterpillar attains a length of about three - inches. Some were kept in the same breeding cage with - the Tithymali, but their habits were entirely different. - When the Exoleta caterpillar ceased to feed, it did not - immediately attain the pupa state, but was restless and - lively, remaining as a caterpillar from six to eight weeks, - gradually shrinking and losing its colour, until it turned - to the pupa. It made a fragile shell of fine earth, oval - in form, and buried itself a short distance under the - surface. Full-sized caterpillars, taken on the 20th of - March, ceased feeding and turned to the pupa state - from the 1st to the 20th of May, emerging to the moth - on the 15th of June. In some specimens the process - of turning to the pupa took place on the journey to - England in a box, the caterpillars being covered lightly - with cotton-wool. - - - TRIPHÆNA PRONUBA. - - (_Common Yellow Underwing._) - - This is a common moth in England and Europe, but is - rather a scarce species in Teneriffe. It expands a little - more than two inches. The fore-wings are dark brown, - having a few irregular markings of a lighter shade. - The hind-wings are bright yellow, with a dark brown - marginal band on the lower edge. The body is a somewhat - lighter brown, and the antennæ are long and fine. - The caterpillar is brown, and it feeds on a variety of - low-growing plants in the barrancos, and may also be found - on the potato. It commences to appear in the early - spring. - - - PLUSIA AURIFERA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 6. - - This moth is closely allied to the Chrysitis, which is - found in England, differing, however, in the shape of - the gold markings.[8] The fore-wings have a bright - golden marginal band of varying width across them, - from the apex to the base. It is found in rough places, - and can be easily netted when hovering over clover-flowers - or similar low-growing herbage at dusk. The - hind-wings are grey-brown, shading off to a lighter tint - towards the body. The antennæ are long and fine. - The caterpillar feeds on the tobacco-plant, and is found - in barrancos, but it is most usually met with on potato-plants; - it envelops itself in a leaf, drawing it together - with silk-like threads, and so forming a case in which it - turns to the chrysalis. It is found very nearly all the - year round, but is met with in greatest numbers during - the spring months. - - [8] Alpheraky describes the Indian variety Chrysitina as a - Teneriffe moth. - - - PLUSIA TRIPARTITA (Hufn.) URTICÆ (Hübn). - - Known in England as the Spectacle Moth. It is met - with in the day-time as well as at dusk, like many - others of the genus Plusia. Its fore-wings are dark - grey, varied with greenish-white in the basal and marginal - areas; the sub-terminal line is marked below the - costa with black arrow-heads in front, and is bordered - with deep black behind. It is common in the greater - part of Europe and Northern Asia. The larva, which - is greenish brown, has two white lines on the back, and - slender white and green lines along each side above the - feet. It feeds on nettle. - - - PLUSIA CIRCUMFLEXA. - - Similar somewhat to the English Gamma, or silver Y - moth, but a distinct variety, and found largely in Europe. - The fore-wings are dark ashy-grey, with bronze - markings, and have a pale golden mark in the middle - resembling the letter r. The hind-wings are brown, of - a lighter shade towards the base. It measures in expanse - about two inches; the antennæ are long and fine. - The larva, which is green with a yellowish stripe at the - sides, feeds on the potato and other low-growing plants, - and is found during the early spring months, and well - on into the summer. - - - PLUSIA ERIOSOMA. - - This is the fourth species described here of the large - genus Plusia. It is a much brighter golden-brown - colour than the last described specimen, measuring about - one and a half inches across the wings. The fore-wings - are golden-brown, having two distinct gold spots about - the centre. The hind are of the same tint as the fore-wings, - darker at the margin, and shading off lighter - towards the base. It is found in India, but is not a - European species. - - - HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA. - - This is a very rare moth in England, but is found - over the greater part of the world. It expands about - one and a half inches. - - The fore-wings are a brownish yellow, with darker - indistinct markings. The hind-wings are lighter yellow - in colour, with a dark semi-lunar spot in the middle, - and have a dark marginal border. The antennæ are long - and fine. The caterpillar was found on the potato-plant - and proved to be one of the cannibal species. It fed - occasionally on the food provided, but seemed generally - to prefer its companions in captivity, feeding at night, - and so had to be separated from them. The larva is - reddish brown in colour, with a yellowish stripe on the - sides, and it is very commonly found in Teneriffe during - the early spring months. - - - HELIOTHIS DIPSACEA. - - This is a small moth, about one to one and a half inches - in expanse, and found throughout the greater part of - Europe, Northern and Western Asia, and North Africa. - It frequents high ground in the spring and summer, - living in rough places and in clover-fields. The fore-wings - are of light olive-brown shade, with dark markings - across them. The hind-wings are dark olive-brown, - fringed with yellow, and having two large yellow uneven - spots about the centre, with a similar one on the brown - margin. The body is stout, the antennæ long and fine. - The larva is green or rust-colour, with white lines on - the back and sides. - - - PRODENIA LITTORALIS. - - A moth, expanding about one inch and a half, found - in Africa, but not in England. It has brown-grey fore-wings, - with opalescent markings. The hind-wings are - of a shining opalescent white. The larva is brown, feeds - on the potato-plant, and appears during the early spring. - The moths are seen a month or six weeks later; those - bred in captivity appear simultaneously with those out - of doors. - - - PERIDROMA SAUCIA. - - Rather a fine moth, inhabiting Europe, though not - found in England. It expands about two inches or - more. The fore-wings are dark brown, sometimes - suffused with a reddish tinge at the upper margin. - The hind-wings are of a greyish pearl-white colour, - veined with brown, with a brown shade fringing the - margins. The larva is greyish-brown, and feeds on the - potato-plant, where it is found during the late winter - and early spring. The average time for turning from - the larva to the moth stage is from six to eight weeks. - - - TARACHE LUCIDA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 8. - - This is a small moth, not very commonly found in - Teneriffe. It is met with by day along the coast, and - up to an altitude of 2000 feet or more in rough rocky - places, in April and up to June or July. The prevailing - colour is a blue-grey. The fore-wings have a large - square patch of white on the upper margin, and a - smaller dot of the same colour towards the middle. The - hind-wings are fringed with white, and have two or - three patches of the same colour along their margins. - In the male, the white on both wings is increased - towards the base. It is not an English species, but is - found in Europe and along the Mediterranean. The - larva is a green or brownish grey, with three dark - double lines on the thoracic segments; tufted, and with - a white line on the back on segments 5 to 7, and with a - dark stripe on the back, and a whitish line on the sides - of the remaining segments. - - - STERRHA SACRARIA. - - A pretty little moth, about one inch in expanse, commonly - found in the Canary Islands. It is widely - dispersed over Europe and Asia, and is a rare inhabitant - of England. The fore-wings are sulphur-yellow, tinged - with bright red at the apex, and having a red line - running from the tip to the middle of the inner margin. - The hind-wings are pale yellowish white. It frequents - rough places among short herbage, and is found on - and near the coast in the early spring and during the - summer. The larva is green, with a paler line on the - back, and a yellowish line on the sides. Spiracles red. - It feeds on low-growing plants. - - - OMMOTOSTOLA SACCHARI. - - A pale buff moth, measuring in expanse about two - inches. The specimen described was netted at Guimar, - Teneriffe, in May. It is somewhat common. The fore-wings - and body are buff, the latter being rather richly - feathered. The hind-wings are cream-white; the - antennæ are rather thick, of a medium length. It is - not an inhabitant of Europe. The larva has not been - observed. - - - HYPENA OBSITALIS. - - Not an English moth, but an inhabitant of South - Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It measures in expanse - about one inch. The fore-wings are brown, varied with - pale yellow and black markings. The hind-wings are - grey, shading lighter at the base. It makes its appearance - in the spring, and is very commonly found in - dwelling-houses or surrounding out-houses in the evening. - The larva is green, with a white stripe on the sides. - - - HYPENA LIVIDALIS. - - A smaller moth than the last specimen described. - The fore-wings are olive-brown, violet-grey towards the - margins. The two colours are separated by an oblique - whitish line from the apex to the middle of the inner - margin. The hind-wings are grey, shading off lighter to - the base, and are veined with brown. It is not an - English species, but is very commonly found in Teneriffe, - on rough ground, among cactus, &c., in the early - spring, at no great distance from the coast. It inhabits - South Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. - - - OMPHACODES DIVINCTA. - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 7. - - A pretty little sea-green moth (geometra) found in - South Africa, but very rarely met with in Teneriffe. It - was netted in a rough place among cactus-plants in - April at dusk, about 500 feet above the sea level. It - measures about one inch in expanse; the fore-wings and - upper part of the body are of a beautiful bright sea-green - colour when first netted, but the insect quickly - fades. The hind-wings are paler green, and all four - wings are fringed with white. The antennæ are short - and slightly feathered. - - This moth had not figured in any collection of - Teneriffe moths as far as the author could ascertain. - No observations have been made on the larvæ and pupæ. - - - ASPILATES COLLINARIA. (Holt-White.) - - PLATE IV.--FIG. 10 (Female). - - This moth is allied to the Aspilates Gilvaria, but is - probably an insect peculiar to the Canaries. It measures - in expanse about one inch. It is of a pale buff-colour, - the female being of a much intenser shade than - the male. The hind-wings in both sexes are much - lighter in colour than the fore-wings. The fore-wings - of the female have a slate-blue narrow band of colour, - extending from near the apex to the base of the - upper margin, forming a semicircle. Within the - semicircle, and near the upper margin, is a small - slate-blue dot. The hind-wings have also a band of - varying width and of the same colour extending across - them, and a slate-blue dot is seen near the top of the - upper margin above the slate band. The male has - similar markings, but they are much paler, and not - nearly so well defined. The antennæ of the male are - feathered, of medium length; those of the female are - longer and finer. At first sight this moth might be - deemed a variety of Sterrha Sacraria. The female was - taken at Guimar about 1000 feet above the sea. - Several male specimens were taken near Orotava, at a - somewhat higher altitude. This moth, being unknown - at South Kensington, has been named as above by the - author. - - - BRYOPHILA var. RAVULA (Hübn). - - A small moth, about one inch in expanse, with a - slender body. The fore-wings are dark brown, with - the base, tip, and inner margin whitish. The centre of - the wings is suffused with red, and two transverse lines - of darker colour cross them. The larva is blue with a - black line on the back and a zigzag yellowish-red stripe - on the sides, bordered below with black. It feeds on - lichens growing on walls. It is not a British species, - but is met with in Southern Europe. - - - BRYOPHILA ALGÆ (Fabr.). - - This is a small moth, with the same characteristics as - to size and form as the last described. The fore-wings - are green, varied with brown and blackish in the - position of the claviform stigma. It has dark transverse - lines, and the hind-wings are brownish grey. - The larva is bluish-grey, with a grey stripe on the back. - It feeds on lichen, and inhabits Central and Southern - Europe, and Western Asia, but is a great rarity in - England. - - - AGROTIS SPINIFERA (Hübn). - - This is a moth somewhat larger than the last-described, - with rather a stout body. It is fawn-colour, the abdomen - pale-brown, and the margin of the fore-wings - has several black spots. The hind-wings are whitish. - It inhabits South-Western Europe, but is not met with - in England. - - - SESAMIA NONAGRIOIDES (Lef.). - - The body of this moth is stout, the fore-wings are - nearly rectangular at the tips, without any distinct - pattern. The antennæ and tongue are short. The - fore-wings are greyish-yellow with a black discal spot, - and an outer row of black dots. The hind-wings are - white. It inhabits Spain, North Africa, and Madeira, - but is not a British species. The larva lives on the - stalks of maize, corn, and sugar-cane. - - - ACIDALIA CONSOLIDATA. - - One of the large genus of Acidalia, a small and - delicate moth. The wings are yellowish-white, finely - dusted with black. The fore-wings have five and the - hind-wings four brownish yellow transverse bands. It - expands about one inch. It is not a British species. - - - ZONOSOMA PUPILLARIA (Hübn). - - A small moth, with the tips of the fore-wings pointed. - The wings are greyish yellow, finely and indistinctly - speckled with purplish brown, with a small brown - central spot centred with white, a row of black dots - beyond the middle, and often a dull red, zigzag central - shade also. This is a very variable species, inhabiting - S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa, but is not an inhabitant - of England. The larva is very variable in - colour, being dull green, brown, or reddish. It feeds on - the cistus, arbutus, myrtle, etc. - - - TEPHRONIA SEPIARIA (Hufn). - - A small moth, with narrow fore-wings, expanding - about one inch. The fore-wings are ashy-grey, finely - dusted with a darker shade. The hind-wings are paler, - with two dark marginal bands. It is met with in - Central and Southern Europe, but is very rare in - Britain. The larva is brownish grey, with a paler - line and two rows of pale spots on the back. - - - EUPITHECIA PUMILATA (Hübn). - - The fore-wings are pointed, reddish grey in colour, - and bordered by a brownish-red band. The larva is - pale yellowish-green, with dark green or reddish-violet - lines on the back, and a paler line on its sides. It - feeds on the flowers of a great variety of plants, such - as clematis, broom, convolvulus. It is widely distributed - in Central and Southern Europe and W. Asia, - but is not an inhabitant of Britain. - - - - - LIST OF MOTHS FOUND IN TENERIFFE. - - - NAME OF MOTH. REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC. - - _Sphinges._ - - *1 Acherontia Atropos England (Death’s Head). - 2 Sphinx Convolvuli England (Convolvulus Hawk-moth). - *3 Deilephila Tithymali Peculiar to the Islands. - *4 Chœrocampa Celerio England (Sharp-winged Hawk-moth). - 5 Macroglossa Stellatarum England (Humming-bird Hawk-moth). - - _Bombyces._ - - *6 Deiopeia Pulchella European. England; rare. - *7 Rhyparioides Rufescens Peculiar to the Islands. - *8 Dasychira Fortunata Peculiar to the Islands. - - _Noctuæ._ - - 9 Bryophila Ravula Not in England. - 10 Bryophila Algae England; rare. - 11 Sesamia Nonagrioides Spain, N. Africa, Madeira. - 12 Triphæna Pronuba England (Common Yellow Under-wing). - 13 Agrotis Spinifera Not in England; S.W. Europe. - 14 Peridroma Saucia Not in England; European. - 15 Ommatostola Sacchari Not European. - 16 Prodenia Littoralis Not in England; S. Asia and Madagascar. - 17 Calocampa Exoleta England (Sword-grass moth). - 18 Heliothis Armigera England; rare (cannibal). - 19 Heliothis Dipsacea England. - 20 Heliaca Tenebrata England (Small Yellow Under-wing). - 21 Plusia Circumflexa Not in England; S. Europe. - 22 Plusia Eriosoma Not in England; India. - *23 Plusia Aurifera Peculiar to the Islands. - 24 Plusia Tripartita England (Spectacle Moth.) - *25 Tarache Lucida England, rare; S. Europe. - *26 Pseudophia Tirhaca Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa. - 27 Hypena Lividalis Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa. - 28 Hypena Obsitalis Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa. - - _Geometridæ._ - - *29 Aspilates Collinaria Probably peculiar to the Islands. - 30 Sterrha Sacraria England; S. Europe, Africa, and S. Asia. - *31 Omphacodes Divincta Not in England; South Africa. - 32 Acidalia Consolidata Not in England; Europe. - 33 Zonosoma Pupillaria S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa. - 34 Tephronia Sepiaria England (rare); European. - 35 Eupithecia Pumilata var. - Tempestivata European. - - _Micro-Lepidoptera._ - - 36 Botys Verbascalis England. - 37 Botys Polygonalis England. - 38 Botys Asinalis England. - 39 Asopia Farinalis (dark form) England. - 40 Centra Stregaria (Woll.) or - Coremia Cidaria (Staud) Probably peculiar to the Islands. - 41 Calymnia Eerruginea (Woll.) Probably peculiar to the Islands. - -* Marked thus are illustrated. - - -In addition to the specimens above described, a list of twenty-one more -names of Teneriffe moths is appended, which have been written upon by -S. Alpheraky in the memoirs of N. M. Romanoff, vol. v., 1889. Several -of the insects in this list were collected by the author, but as they -were mostly very small brown or grey moths, and of but little interest -to the ordinary collector, a description of them has been omitted. The -difficulty of identification without illustration also precludes their -insertion in a work of the present character. - - -ALPHERAKY. - - 1 Plusia Chrisitina | 12 Crambus Tersellus - 2 Cosmophila Erosa | 13 Cryptoblabes Gnidiella - 3 Acidalia Guancharia | 14 Ephatia Ficulella - 4 Scoparia Sudetica | 15 Ucetia Transversella - 5 Hellula Undalis | 16 Ephestia Callidella - 6 Aporodes Floralis | 17 Ephestia Elutella - 7 Botys Aurata | 18 Plodia Interpunctella - 8 Botys Meridionalis | 19 Setomorpha Bogotatella - 9 Botys Ferrugalis | 20 Litha Solanella - 10 Botys Dorcalis | 21 Pterophorus Monodactylus - 11 Duponchelia Fovealis - - -APPENDIX A. - - -Mr. Scott Wilson, writing to the author of his visit to the Isle of -Palma, states that the Queen of Spain Fritillary (Argynnis Lathonia) -is very common in the meadows near the town of El Paso, 2000 feet -above the sea level in May. In the same month he noticed the clouded -yellow (Colias Edusa) in large numbers in the clearings amongst the -pine-woods. A few specimens of the large Fritillary (Argynnis Maia) -were secured by him at El Paso early in May, where the Vulcania was -also found; of these latter specimens only two out of one hundred -proved to be of the British form Atalanta. The Bath-white (Pieris -Daplidice) was common near Argual. - -The Danais Chrysippus appeared rather uncommon, only a few specimens -being taken near the barranco Del Carmen, not far from the town of -Santa Cruz, and a few near Tijarafe. - -Specimens of the small blue (Lycaena Webbiana) were taken near Argual. - -In the middle of May the large white (Pieris Cheiranthi) was commonly -found on the large laurel-trees at La Galga. - -The author believes that the same species of Lepidoptera are generally -distributed over all the seven islands, but that in Fuerteventura and -Lanzarote, both of which are dry, sandy, and somewhat barren islands, -they are not found in such numbers or variety. It is probable that -different species of small African moths, some of which are enumerated -on pages 93-4, may be found in Lanzarote, which is the nearest island -to the coast of Africa, and which more closely resembles it in climate -and vegetation, in greater numbers than in Teneriffe. The Euphorbia, -which grows so plentifully in most of the islands, is uncommon in -Lanzarote; hence the D. Tithymali, abundant in Teneriffe, would -be scarce in this island. The lack of water in Fuerteventura, and -consequent sparse vegetation, is doubtless the cause of the scarcity of -Lepidoptera in that island, though the interesting occurrence of the -insect “Euchlöe Charlonia,” a North and West African butterfly (which -has only once been recorded as having been observed in Teneriffe), is -accounted for by the proximity of the island in question to the African -mainland. This species probably occurs in Lanzarote, for the same -reason; it will doubtless become dispersed over the remaining islands -in time. - - - - -APPENDIX B. - - -Under date July, 1893, the Rev. O. E. Benthall writes:-- - -“As to the ‘blue’(Webbiana), I found it in abundance at Guimar about -half a mile from the coast, where the barrancos shallow down before -running into the sea. - -“Most of the specimens were rather wasted, so I suppose the best time -for them would be a fortnight earlier than when we went there (April).” - - - - -APPENDIX C. - - -Several of the Teneriffe moths, although similar to English and -European species, assume rather a darker insular form. The Triphæna -Pronuba, Calocampa Exoleta and Asopia Farinalis are examples of this. -The Sterrha Sacraria is also met with marked with a much brighter -red than in ordinary specimens, and showing great diversity in shade -of colour, from red to almost yellow. Anyone wishing to acquire more -knowledge on this subject should refer to “Observations on some -remarkable Varieties of Sterrha Sacraria, with general notes on -Variation in Lepidoptera, by R. M. McLachlan, F.L.S.” Transactions of -the Entomological Society of London, Ser. 3, vol. ii, pp. 453-468, pl. -23. - -Those who are interested in the subject, and have sufficient time and -patience, would probably be well repaid for their trouble by the -result of experiments in selecting and breeding together insects of -the same species which exhibit any slight deviation in their markings -and colour. Thus in rearing a number of the Pyrameis Callirhoe -several specimens have been observed to emerge from the chrysalis -state with bright yellow instead of red markings on the margins of -the hind-wings. The white markings on the upper wings also varied -somewhat. The Pyrameis family would possibly lend itself freely to the -production of new varieties. The Danais Chrysippus is another species -of butterfly which presents itself for experiment. By selecting the -lighter hind-wing variety, Alcippoides, for breeding, perhaps the -Alcippus, which hitherto has not been found in Teneriffe, might be -produced. Among the smaller butterflies, the Chrysophanus Phlœas, and -the Astrarche var. Aestiva have both shown deviation in colour and -markings, but these are much smaller, and consequently more difficult -to rear. Moreover, they would not lend such an interest to the subject -as the larger specimens. - -In the moths, the Deilephila Tithymali caterpillars, if fed on a -species of milk-wort, evince a slight variety in colouring and size of -moths as compared with those fed on Euphorbia. They must, however, be -fed on the plant from the earliest stage, as they only thrive on the -food to which they have been accustomed from the first. Some of the -earliest specimens are occasionally found on the milk-wort, the eggs -having been deposited thereon. Those found in January are more likely -to thrive on this food than those met with later on, as the Euphorbia, -on which they generally feed, is not in its prime till the early spring. - -Great care, patience, and time are required for these most interesting -experiments, but the natural advantages of the climate of Teneriffe -would greatly facilitate any efforts made, as the variation in -temperature is so slight, and consequently the breeding process can be -carried on nearly all the year round. Experiments of this nature, which -might pleasantly be made by those with whom time might otherwise pass -slowly in Teneriffe, would probably prove of distinct value to students -of Biology. - - - - -APPENDIX D. - - -The “Deilephila Daucus,” allied to “Lineata,” a North American species, -is said to occur in Teneriffe, but the author has not seen a specimen. -If such a species is really found in the island, it is more probably D. -Livornica, which is common in South Europe and throughout Africa, and -is found in Madeira. Either of the above species may be distinguished -from D. Tithymali by the white lines on the wings, but D. Livornica has -only four longitudinal white stripes on the thorax, whereas D. Daucus -has six. D. Livornica is a rarity in England, but is found throughout -all the warmer parts of the Old World. - - - - -ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. - - -[_The specific names, including varieties, are printed in italics._] - - Acherontia, 64 - Acidalia, 90 - _Actæon_, 60 - _Æstiva_, 41 - _Ægeria_, 57 - Agrotis, 89 - _Alcippoides_, 48 - _Alcippus_, 48 - _Algæ_, 89 - Aporia, 34 - Aporodes, 95 - _Archippus_, 44 - Argynnis, 49 - _Armigera_, 81 - _Asinalis_, 94 - Asopia, 94 - Aspilates, 87 - _Astrarche_, 41 - _Atalanta_, 52 - _Atropos_, 64 - _Aurata_, 95 - _Aurifera_, 78 - - - _Bœtica_, 38 - _Batatæ_, 65 - _Bogotatella_, 95 - Botys, 94 - Bryophila, 88 - - - _Callidella_, 95 - _Callirhoe_, 54 - Calocampa, 76 - Calymnia, 94 - _Cardui_, 54 - _Celerio_, 69 - Centra, 94 - _Charlonia_, 33 - _Cheiranthi_, 29 - Chœrocampa, 69 - _Chrysippus_, 46 - _Chrysitis_, 78 - _Chrysitina_, 78 - Chrysophanus, 42 - _Circumflexa_, 79 - _Cleobule_, 35 - Colias, 36 - _Collinaria_, 87 - _Consolidata_, 90 - _Convolvuli_, 65 - Cosmophila, 95 - Crambus, 95 - _Cratægi_, 34 - Cryptoblabes, 95 - - - Danais, 44 - _Daplidice_, 32 - Dasychira, 73 - _Daucus_, 104 - Deilephila, 67 - Deiopeia, 74 - _Dipsacea_, 81 - _Divincta_, 86 - _Dorcalis_, 95 - _Dorippus_, 49 - Duponchelia, 95 - - - _Edusa_, 36 - _Elutella_, 95 - Ephatia, 95 - Ephestia, 95 - Epinephele, 58 - _Eriosoma_, 80 - _Erosa_, 95 - Euchlöe, 33 - Eupithecia, 92 - _Exoleta_, 76 - - - _Farinalis_, 94 - _Ferrugalis_, 95 - _Ferruginea_, 94 - _Ficulella_, 95 - _Floralis_, 95 - _Fortunata_, 58, 73 - _Fovealis_, 95 - Fritillary, 49 - - - _Gamma_, 79 - _Gilvaria_, 87 - _Gnidiella_, 95 - _Guancharia_, 95 - - - _Helice_, 37 - Heliaca, 94 - Heliothis, 81 - Hellula, 95 - Hesperia, 60 - Hipparchia, 60 - _Hispulla_, 58 - _Huntera_, 56 - Hypena, 85 - - - _Interpunctella_, 95 - - - _Janira_, 58 - - - _Klugii_, 49 - - - _Lathonia_, 51 - Litha, 95 - _Littoralis_, 82 - _Lividalis_, 86 - _Livornica_, 104 - _Lucida_, 83 - Lycaena, 38 - _Lysimon_, 40 - - - Macroglossa, 70 - _Maia_, 49 - _Meridionalis_, 95 - _Monodactylus_, 95 - - - _Nonagrioides_, 90 - - - _Obsitalis_, 85 - Ommatostola, 85 - Omphacodes, 86 - - - _Pandora_, 49 - Pararge, 57 - Peridroma, 83 - _Phlæas_, 42 - Pieris, 29 - _Plexippus_, 44 - Plodia, 95 - Plusia, 78 - _Polygonalis_, 94 - Polyommatus, 42 - Prodenia, 82 - _Pronuba_, 77 - Pseudophia, 75 - Pterophorus, 95 - _Pulchella_, 74 - _Pumilata_, 92 - _Pupillaria_, 91 - Pyrameis, 52 - - _Rapæ_, 31 - _Ravula_, 88 - Rhodocera, 35 - _Rubi_, 43 - _Rufescens_, 71 - Rhyparioides, 71 - - - _Sacchari_, 85 - _Sacraria_, 84 - _Saucia_, 83 - Scoparia, 95 - _Sepiaria_, 91 - Sesamia, 90 - Setomorpha, 95 - _Solanella_, 95 - Sphinx, 65 - _Spinifera_, 89 - _Statilinus_, 60 - Sterrha, 84 - _Stregaria_, 94 - _Sudetica_, 95 - - - Tarache, 83 - _Tempestivata_, 94 - _Tenebrata_, 94 - Tephronia, 91 - _Tersellus_, 95 - Thecla, 43 - _Tirhaca_, 75 - _Tirrhæa_, 75 - _Tithymali_, 67 - _Transversella_, 95 - _Tripartita_, 79 - Triphæna, 77 - - - Ucetia, 95 - - _Undalis_, 95 - _Urticæ_, 79 - - - Vanessa, 20 - _Verbascalis_, 94 - _Vulcania_, 54 - - - _Webbiana_, 39 - _Wollastoni_, 30 - - - _Xiphioides_, 57 - - - Zonosoma, 91 - - - - -DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. - - -PLATE I. - - FIG. - - 1. Pieris Wollastoni. - 2. Pieris Cheiranthi (under side). - 3. Rhodocera Cleobule. - 4. Euchloë Charlonia. - 5. Colias Edusa (female). - 6. Colias var. Helice. - 7. Lycæna Webbiana (upper side). - 8. Lycæna Webbiana (under side). - - -PLATE II. - - FIG. - - 1. Danais Plexippus. - 2. Danais Chrysippus. - 3. Danais Alcippoides. - 4. Pyrameis Huntera. - 5. Pyrameis Cardui. - 6. Lycæna Astrarche var. Aestiva. - 7. Hipparchia Statilinus. - 8. Hesperia Actæon. - - -PLATE III. - - FIG. - - 1. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (upper side). - 2. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (under side). - 3. Argynnis Lathonia (upper side). - 4. Argynnis Lathonia (under side). - 5. Pararge Xiphioides. - 6. Pyrameis Vulcania or Callirhoe. - 7. Pyrameis Atalanta. - - -PLATE IV. - - FIG. - - 1. Acherontia Atropos. - 2. Chœrocampa Celerio. - 3. Pseudophia Tirhaca. - 4. Deilephila Tithymali. - 5. Rhyparioides Rufeseens. - 6. Plusia Aurifera. - 7. Omphacodes Divincta. - 8. Tarache Lucida. - 9. Deiopeia Pulchella. - 10. Aspilates Collinaria. - 11. Dasychira Fortunata. - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 1. - - A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp. - - L. Reeve & C^o. London.] - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 2. - - A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp. - - L. Reeve & C^o. London.] - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 3. - - A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. L. Reeve & C^o. London. - - Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.] - - -[Illustration: - - PLATE 4. - - A. E. Holt-White, del, R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp. - - L. Reeve & C^o. London.] - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF -TENERIFFE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. 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E. Holt White</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Butterflies and Moths of Teneriffe</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: A. E. Holt White</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: Rashleigh Holt White</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 14, 2021 [eBook #66736]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Fiona Holmes and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF TENERIFFE ***</div> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Hyphenation has been standardised.</p> - -<p>Footnotes were moved to the ends of the text they pertain to and -numbered in one continuous sequence.</p> - - -<p>A Contents table has been created by the Transcriber and is placed -in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - - - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/icover.jpg" alt="" width="761" height="1000" /> -</div> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - - -<p class="p150"> THE - BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - OF TENERIFFE.</p> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="title-page"> -<h1> THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS<br /> - OF TENERIFFE.</h1> - -<p class="p80"> BY</p> -<p class="p90"> A. E. HOLT WHITE.</p> - -<p class="space-above2"></p> - -<p class="p80"> EDITED BY</p> - -<p class="p90"> RASHLEIGH HOLT WHITE,</p> -<p class="p70"> VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE SELBORNE SOCIETY.</p> - -<p class="space-above2"></p> - -<p class="p80"> ILLUSTRATED FROM THE AUTHOR’S DRAWINGS.</p> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - -<p class="gothic1 center"> London:</p> -<p class="p80"> L. REEVE & CO.,</p> -<p class="p70"> <span class="smcap">Publishers to the Home, Colonial and Indian Governments</span>,</p> -<p class="p70"> 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.</p> -<p class="p70"> <span class="smcap">Teneriffe</span>: HAMILTON & CO., SANTA CRUZ.</p> - -<p class="center"> 1894</p> - -<p class="center p70"> [<i>All rights reserved.</i>]</p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="indent12">πειρατα γαιης</div> - <div class="verse">Τῇ περ ῤηίστη· βιοτὴ πέλει ἆνθρώποισιν·</div> - <div class="verse">Οὐ νιφετὸς, οὕτ’ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὔτε ποτ’ ὄμβρος,</div> - <div class="verse">Ἁλλ’αἰεὶ Ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντας ἀήτας</div> - <div class="verse">‘Ωκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψὐκειν ἀνθρώπους·</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - - -<p class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Homer</span>, Od. iv.</p> - - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>Omnia bene describere, quæ in hoc mundo a Deo facta, aut naturæ creatæ -viribus elaborata fuerunt, opus est non unius hominis, nec unius ævi. Hinc -Faunæ et Floræ utilissimæ; hinc monographi præstantissimi.</p> - -<p class="tdr"><span class="smcap">Scopoli</span>, Ann. Hist. Nat.</p> -</div></div> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center p70">TO</p> -<p class="center p90">ELIZABETH MARY ODLING</p> -<p class="center p70">IN MEMORY OF</p> -<p class="center p80">MANY HAPPY DAYS SPENT WITH HER AND HER FATHER</p> -<p class="center p80">THE LATE ALFRED SMEE, F.R.S.</p> -<p class="center p70">THIS BOOK</p> -<p class="gothic1 center">Is dedicated by</p> -<p class="center p80">HER AFFECTIONATE FRIEND</p> -<p class="center p80">THE AUTHOR.</p> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - -<p class="center p70">LONDON:</p> -<p class="center p70">PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD.,</p> -<p class="center p70">ST. JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</h2> -<p> -<a href="#PREFACE">PREFACE.</a><br /> -<a href="#INTRODUCTORY_CHAPTER">INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.</a><br /> -<a href="#HINTS_AND_SUGGESTIONS_ON_NETS">HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, BREEDING-CAGES, <span class="smcap">Etc.</span></a><br /> -<a href="#KILLING_AND_SETTING_BUTTERFLIES_AND">KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, <span class="smcap">Etc.</span></a><br /> -<a href="#BUTTERFLIES">BUTTERFLIES.</a><br /> -<a href="#LIST_OF_BUTTERFLIES_FOUND_IN_TENERIFFE">LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE.</a><br /> -<a href="#APPENDIX_B">APPENDIX B.</a><br /> -<a href="#APPENDIX_C">APPENDIX C.</a><br /> -<a href="#APPENDIX_D">APPENDIX D.</a><br /> -<a href="#ALPHABETICAL_INDEX_OF_GENERA">ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES.</a><br /> -<a href="#DESCRIPTION_OF_PLATES">DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.</a><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix"></a>[Pg ix]</span></p> -<h3 class="nobreak" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</h3> -</div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p>When the author left England, in the autumn of 1892, -for a winter’s sunshine in Teneriffe, it was by no means -her intention to write on the Lepidoptera of that Island. -Soon after her arrival, however, she was struck by two -things; the want of any sort of interesting out-door -occupation (other than somewhat desultory riding expeditions) -experienced by her companions in exile, and -the absence of any account of the Lepidoptera of the -Canary Islands, which would enable collectors to name -their specimens. It is her hope that the present publication -may be, at least to some extent, the means of -remedying these deficiences.</p> - -<p>To a detailed description of the Lepidoptera of Teneriffe, -so far as they are at present known, an introductory -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_x"></a>[Pg x]</span>chapter has been added, for the benefit of novices in the -study and collection of butterflies and moths.</p> - -<p>Those, for whom fresh air and a certain amount of -exercise are essential, can hardly find any more health-giving -or light interesting occupation than the practical -study of Entomology.</p> - -<p>This study lends an interest to excursions which -might otherwise be tedious, and leads the collector into -all sorts of beautiful and picturesque unexplored nooks -and corners of the Island, which to the ordinary traveller -are quite unknown. Many visitors hardly ever extend -their wanderings farther than the Carretera (the one -high road in Teneriffe), and have no idea of the many -beauties to be seen, or of the interest that may be found -in studying the Botany, as well as the Entomology, of -this most charming of the “Summer isles of Eden lying -in dark-purple spheres of sea.”</p> - -<p>All the species and varieties of Teneriffe butterflies, -with the exception perhaps of three, are found between -the months of November and May; so that anyone -staying there for the winter and spring months may<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xi"></a>[Pg xi]</span> -procure a tolerably perfect collection; more especially -as the different species found in Teneriffe are but -twenty-nine, so far as is at present known, all of which -are now described. The author has been fortunate -enough to add four of these to the number previously -known to exist in the Island.</p> - -<p>The most complete collection of moths which came -under notice is in the possession of Dr. Zorolo, of Villa -Orotava, and this numbers about seventy species and -varieties. Forty-one moths are described out of some -fifty which were collected and studied by the author; -and a list of twenty-one others, chiefly small and of -little interest to the amateur collector, is appended.</p> - -<p>Almost all the facts and particulars relating to the life -history of the Lepidoptera are the result of the personal -experience of the author, who is also responsible for -the drawings from which the illustrations have been -reproduced.</p> - -<p>It is believed that the Lepidoptera of the other six -Islands are largely similar to those of Teneriffe. (see <a href="#APPENDIX_A" >Appendix A.</a>)</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xii"></a>[Pg xii]</span></p> - -<p>The author desires to offer her best thanks to Señor -Don Ramon Gomez, of Puerto Orotava, for his kindness -and courtesy in placing his large collection of Lepidoptera -at her disposal for study and illustration.</p> - -<p>The Rev. O. A. Benthall has kindly given information -upon specimens which he has netted and observed; -and the author is also indebted to Dr. Zorolo, of Yilla -Orotava, who has lent one or two rare specimens for -illustration. Kind assistance in naming some specimens -has been given by A. G. Butler, Ph.D., F.L.S., -F.Z.S., and Mr. W. F. Kirby, F.L.S., F.E.S., of the -British Museum; and Mr. Bethune Baker, F.E.S., has -been good enough to name some of the smaller moths.</p> - -<p class="tdr">A. E. H. W.</p> - - -<p><em>November 1893.</em></p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak center" id="INTRODUCTORY_CHAPTER">INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER.</h2> -</div> - - -<p>Many persons who know little or nothing about butterflies -may be tempted to make a collection of them when -they find themselves in a semi-tropical land, which yields -in great profusion such beautiful creatures, whose brilliant -colouring when grouped together has so pleasing an -effect. To such, a slight sketch of the life of a butterfly -may not be unacceptable.</p> - -<p>Butterflies and moths belong to the order Lepidoptera -or Scale-winged insects. The different stages of growth -of these insects are called the—</p> - -<table class="toa" summary="Butterflies"> - <tr> - <td><b><em>Ovum.</em></b></td> - <td><b><em>Larva.</em></b></td> - <td><b><em>Pupa.</em></b></td> - <td><b><em>Imago.</em></b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Egg.</td> - <td>Caterpillar.</td> - <td>Chrysalis.</td> - <td>Butterfly.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The body consists of three parts: the head, the thorax, -and the abdomen. There are two pairs of wings, the -upper and the lower; or, as they are generally called,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -the fore and the hind wings. These are covered with a -downy substance, like feathered scales, which are most -beautiful when seen under a microscope, and vary -much in form. It is in these that the colouring-matter -resides, which gives the beautiful colour to different -species. Lepidoptera have six legs; in some, however, -the fore-legs are so short and inconspicuous that the -insect almost appears to have only four legs. The proboscis -or trunk is a long flexible double tube through -which the animal sucks the juices of the flowers; it is -curled up under the thorax like a watch-spring, and expands -at will. It varies much in length both in moths -and butterflies. The antennæ are the horns or feelers -of the insect, and are believed to contain the organs of -smell. They vary much in size and thickness, and are -most important as regards the classification of the -different species of Lepidoptera. They are generally of -considerable length in a butterfly, increasing in thickness -at the end till a sort of long knob is formed.</p> - -<p>Moths are distinguished from butterflies by a few -simple characteristics, which can be seen at a glance.</p> - -<p>First, with some few exceptions, of which the Humming<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> -Bird Hawk moth is one, moths are always found on the -wing at dusk, or at night, whereas butterflies take their -flight by day. Secondly, the moth either folds its wings -close to its side or else spreads them out flat. The -butterfly, when at rest, as a rule keeps its wings straight -up, face to face, or else keeps up a fluttering motion, -continually putting them in this position. Thirdly, the -body of a butterfly is small at the waist, while that of the -moth is larger, and of a more uniform size. The antennæ -are the most distinctive feature, those of the moth being -fine and long, and having no knob at the end. In some -species they are short and finely feathered the whole -length, terminating in a sharp point; this feature is -generally distinctive of the male sex; the Rufescens -moth being an example. The Skipper family have antennæ -like the butterfly, but the body of a moth.</p> - -<p>The butterfly or moth lays its egg (not more than a -pin’s head in size) on that particular plant or tree on -which the caterpillar, that it will shortly become, feeds. -These look of much the same form to the naked eye, but -when magnified they are seen to be of many different -shapes, some being conical, others round, angular and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -many sided, &c., &c. The colours also of the eggs are -various, but most frequently they are yellow, green, or -greenish white. A microscopic examination of these -will prove both interesting and instructive.</p> - -<p>The caterpillars, as soon as they emerge from the -eggs, the time of which varies with different species, at -once commence to eat, and continue to do so voraciously -till they turn to the pupa state. This being the case, -they must be constantly supplied with fresh food when -kept in captivity, once certainly, if not twice a day. -There are, however, one or two varieties which cease to -eat, and lie in a semi-dormant state for some time before -taking the form of a chrysalis; the caterpillar of the -Exoleta moth is an example of this. The greatest -cleanliness, together with good ventilation, freshness of -food, and regularity in feeding, are essential to keep all -caterpillars in health.</p> - -<p>If we watch the creature feeding, we shall observe -that it takes the leaf edgeways between its two fore-feet, -ceaselessly moving its head up and down, and taking a -large piece of leaf at each mouthful. Some moth-caterpillars -are night-feeders, and so hide themselves under<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -the thickest leaves on which they feed, or else bury -themselves in the earth till night comes again.</p> - -<p>Cannibal caterpillars are to be found on the potato-plants; -they are of rather a reddish brown colour, -from an inch and a half to two inches in length. The -author was not very fortunate in rearing them to the -moth-stage; it is said that they should be fed on the -young larvæ, and possibly the specimens had caterpillars -to feed on that were too old. There is room -for interesting experiments in Teneriffe on one, if not -more, species.</p> - -<p>Many of the caterpillars are most beautifully coloured -and marked. Those of the Hawk-moth are usually the -most brilliant, but, at the same time, they are most -delicate, and require the greatest attention as regards -freshness of food, ventilation, and cleanliness.</p> - -<p>Some larvæ shed their skins twice only, others moult -seven times; but the majority effect this change four or -five times. This is rather a laborious process for them, -and sometimes proves fatal. During the process they -cease feeding, but commence again with renewed vigour -after the change has taken place. The colourings and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -markings of the new coat often vary from those of the -one cast off, and an experienced entomologist can tell -the age of the caterpillar by the colour and texture of -the skin in many varieties. When the creature has -passed through the larva and arrived at the pupa state, -it has at first a soft and tender skin, through which parts -of the future butterfly can be clearly seen; this soon -hardens, however, and forms a case impervious to rain -or other atmospheric influences.</p> - -<p>Before taking the pupa form some caterpillars creep -into holes and crevices of walls and old buildings, others -bury themselves in the earth; some envelop themselves -in a tissue of silk which they spin as a silkworm does, -and this case is called a cocoon. Other species draw a -leaf round their bodies, fastening it together with silk-like -threads, and so making a complete shelter for itself. -The Aurifera caterpillar is an example of this type, -being commonly found in Teneriffe on the potato plant, -from the leaf of which it constructs its house. Still -further varieties suspend themselves to a bough or leaf -head downwards. There are other varieties which -suspend themselves from the centre of their bodies<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[Pg 7]</span> -by silk-like threads, and use much ingenuity in so -doing.</p> - -<p>Many caterpillars are smooth, others rough and hairy. -The hairy specimens vary much, the hair of some being -soft, long, and silky, others having short stubby spikes -rather than hairs sparsely dispersed over the body. -The hairy species (the Rufescens moth caterpillar being -one) use their hairy coats as a slight cocoon, and the -hairy coat also, it is said, serves as a protection from -birds; at the same time the hairs cause great irritation -to the human skin if the caterpillars are handled too -freely. The acrid taste of some also protects them -from feathered enemies. When the insect has remained -in the pupa state for a sufficient length of time, which -varies according to species from a couple of weeks to a -few months, the process of throwing off its skin is -quickly performed. Weather has much influence on -the period during which the pupa lies dormant. The -Teneriffe winter of 1892-93 was particularly warm, and -all specimens emerged to the butterfly stage somewhat -earlier than usual.</p> - -<p>A few days before the butterfly or moth appears, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -pupa becomes less lively, and at last splits its skin down -the middle of the back, and the insect squeezes first its -head and front legs through the aperture. This aperture -soon enlarges, the pupa skin being very dry and -giving little resistance, and the creature emerges, its -legs clinging to some substance so that the wings are in -a suspended position. These are quite small at first -and wet, but they expand very quickly, acquire their -full size, and become firm and stiff as the animal flutters -and crawls about. The insect then emits a quantity of -reddish fluid, and in a short time it is able to fly away. -The duration of the life of Lepidoptera varies much, -most species living a few days or a few weeks, but some -hibernate. The flight of Lepidoptera is a very distinctive -feature of the different species, the larger, such as -the Plexippus, Chrysippus and Pandora, seem to sail -through the air, sometimes rising to a great height. -The Cardui and Huntera have a much quicker and more -jerky flight, and are troublesome to net. A great many -of the large moths may be said to rush along, the Convolvuli -being a very difficult one to capture, and often -escaping when it seems quite within the net. Taking<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -the flight of the majority of moths and butterflies, they -seem to be more active and stronger on the wing in -Teneriffe than those of the same species in England.</p> - -<p>The food of Lepidoptera consists of honey which they -take from the flowers, or else a moisture which exudes -from trees or plants. Their food is always of a liquid -form, and is sucked up through the proboscis or long -tongue. The Convolvuli moth hovers at dusk over -flowers, inserting its very long tube into the extremity -of trumpet-shaped blossoms.</p> - -<p>When forming a collection of the Lepidoptera of -Teneriffe, it seems a pity that so many insects should -be unnecessarily caught and destroyed, and the author -would earnestly beg all lovers and collectors of the -beautiful creatures to bear this in mind, as some of -the rarer varieties may otherwise stand a good chance -of being exterminated.</p> - -<p>The “muchachos” (Spanish boys) are all too eager to -supply any collector with specimens for a few “quartos,” -and bring many poor mutilated insects in the hope of -finding a purchaser. A refusal to buy the much befingered -and dilapidated creatures does not deter them<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -from further pursuit, as they only endeavour to catch a -greater quantity in the hope of at last getting a good -specimen which will find a buyer. If collectors would -only net them themselves, and not encourage the indiscriminate -way in which the boys pursue them, it would -greatly tend to preserve the different species.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak center" id="HINTS_AND_SUGGESTIONS_ON_NETS">HINTS AND SUGGESTIONS ON NETS, -BREEDING-CAGES, <span class="smcap">Etc.</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p>As some difficulty is experienced in Teneriffe by -persons who arrive there without already being provided -with materials for collecting Lepidoptera, the description -of a few useful expedients resorted to may be of service. -A moderate knowledge of the Spanish language is a very -useful help towards obtaining any small necessaries, but -the Spanish shop-keepers are most obliging, and understand -quickly by the help of a very few words what is -wanted.</p> - -<p>A butterfly-net is one of the first requisites, so some -wire must be bought at the tin-smiths, of whom there -are several in Orotava. With a little instruction he -will make it into a ring about one foot in diameter, -with a socket of tin soldered on to it. Into this socket -an ordinary walking-stick can be fixed for a handle. -The stick is useful to walk with over the rough ground<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -when not required for the net, and the net can be easily -carried with other necessaries one has to take on an -expedition.</p> - -<p>Mosquito-netting answers the purpose of green gauze -for the net. Gauze is the best, however, and can be -purchased in England, but not in Orotava. The -mosquito-netting gets soft and pliable by use, but it is -best to scald it in hot water before making it into a net, -so as to insure a soft substance in which to catch the -fragile creatures without injuring their wings or plumage. -The net should be made round at the bottom, and be -about a yard in length. Purchase a yard of mosquito-netting; -it is sold two yards in width, and the quantity -which is not used for the net serves to cover the -breeding-cages, which are about to be described.</p> - -<p>Another essential is a breeding-cage for caterpillars, -and, as several are required if many butterflies and -moths are to be reared, the following plan is a good one -to adopt. Procure a small wooden box, about 6 or -8 inches long, or even larger, and about 3 inches deep; -empty chocolate boxes are serviceable for the purpose. -In each corner fix upright, with a couple of tacks, a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -piece of cane about 8 or 10 inches in length. Over this -stretch a piece of mosquito-netting, tacking it to the -edge of the box all round, except at one side, where it -should be left loose, so as to be fastened down at will -with two or three stout pins. The loose side can then -be raised to give the caterpillars fresh food, and to -remove dirt or refuse. Breeding-cages that one can -purchase at any naturalists’ outfitters are made very -handily of wood, zinc, and glass, and of course are very -durable, but those described above last well for a season, -and have the merit of being of no expense.</p> - -<p>To procure good moths and butterflies with bright -and uninjured plumage, it is best to rear them from the -caterpillar stage of development, but as all varieties are -not easily found, the net is usually the collector’s first -resource. Raising caterpillars from the egg is a very -interesting process, but it is rather tedious, and requires -more knowledge and experience to meet with success -than finding the insects in the next stage of development, -and keeping them till they reach the perfect -state.</p> - -<p>When starting for a day’s ramble butterfly-hunting,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -one of the great charms seems to be the delightful uncertainty -about the sport which may fall to one’s lot, so -it is as well to provide for all contingencies, taking the -net, poison-box, or bottle, a tin for caterpillars (which -should be perforated at the top), a nest of glass-topped -pill-boxes for specimens of any butterfly or moth one -may wish to take home alive, and envelopes for butterflies -when killed in the net. The latter may be made of -note-paper, by cutting a long square of paper and folding -it in a triangular shape, and then turning up the edges -of two sides, so as to make a little bag.</p> - -<p>Butterflies travel well placed flat in these envelopes, -and should be set directly home is reached. A small -cork collecting-box is also useful, together with some -insect-pins, in case one gets many specimens, some of -which can be pinned into the box preparatory to setting -them on the return home.</p> - -<p>Insect life is so prolific in Teneriffe, and one sees so -many strange and curious animals, that anyone really -interested in Entomology is certain to find specimens to -bring home, such as the “Praying Mantis,” found -frequently on half dead thistles in “barrancos” and on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span> -shrubs, the many varieties of large grasshopper, and the -gorgeous coloured dragon-flies flitting about and killing -butterflies in a rather wholesale manner.</p> - -<p>All these insects are of such interest, that it is as -well to be provided with various appliances for carrying -them on the homeward journey.</p> - -<p>As sunshine and brightness prevail in Teneriffe during -the winter months, it is not necessary to choose a -“likely” day, as in England, in order to have a good -day’s sport, indeed there seem to be more butterflies -on the wing on the days that are not too brilliant. On -the very sunshiny days the butterflies are about in the -greatest quantities in the early morning, retiring at noon -to more shady or sheltered spots. A nice quiet -sheltered little dell, covered with rough herbage and -cactus by the sides of the barrancos, is a very favourite -spot. The barrancos are dry river-beds, sometimes of -great extent, with large boulders and rocks thrown -about in wild confusion; generally speaking they are -intersected by a path, up which one can ride or walk, -leading up the mountains to different villages and -hamlets.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p> - -<p>Occasionally, during the winter months, a great -quantity of water runs down the barrancos, but the -supply only lasts a short time, soon drying up, and -leaving a few small stagnant pools here and there, -and these in turn soon disappear.</p> - -<p>Walking over much ground is hard work, as the -country is steep, and rough with stones and rocks. -I advocate strongly the use of mules, as being the -most pleasant mode of locomotion. They are so sure-footed -and easy in their quick walk, that one feels far -less tired after a long day’s excursion on mule-back up -the mountains and barrancos, than by any other mode -of locomotion. The muleteer carries all necessaries, -together with luncheon, and one is able to stop and -alight where fancy dictates or butterflies abound. -Mules can be hired at Villa Orotava, the charge being -one dollar, or five pesetas, for a short day; beyond this -a small gratuity to the muleteer makes him pleased and -happy.</p> - -<p>There are many completely uncultivated spots up the -mountains, intersected by little bye-paths along which -the mules can walk; these are perfect “Eldorados” for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -moths and butterflies, and one must be busy with net -and poison-box, not forgetting the tin case in which to -place larvæ for the breeding-cage, and especially remembering -to carry home some of the plant upon which they -feed.</p> - -<p>Some of these places are so rough and thick with -bramble growth, and vegetation of like nature, that -walking is really hard work. The lava-rocks are sharp, -and the numerous grasses with hooks, such as the -“Amour Sec,” together with the thorns of the prickly -pear, make a formidable barrier for the pedestrian. -There are, however, no poisonous snakes to dread, no -biting animals of any sort larger than flies, so that the -inconvenience of the thorns and pricks is all that need -be feared.</p> - -<p>On returning home from the expedition, all the various -wants and requirements of the specimens must be -attended to. The caterpillars have to be put into -breeding-cages, which should have been already prepared -for them. Different kinds which feed on the -same plant may be put together. Care must, however, -be taken not to put any cannibal species, such as the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -Armigera, among the others; also moth and butterfly -larvæ should be kept separate.</p> - -<p>For moth larvæ it is essential to have some fine earth -(previously baked to destroy the ants, which are very -troublesome) spread on the bottom of the box, from 1 to -2 inches thick. The caterpillars bury themselves in this -when they have finished feeding, making for themselves -a slight mould of earth, welded together with silk-like -threads. Different species, however, vary in their mode -of procedure, some making very slight, and others more -pronounced cocoons; while yet others make quite an -oval shell, choosing only the finest grains of earth with -which to construct their houses.</p> - -<p>It is said that some sort of dried leaf answers the -purpose of earth, and is less likely to injure the moth’s -plumage, but the former mode has been found to be -perfectly successful. Place the plant on which the -animal is to feed in a moist pot of earth, or in a bottle of -water, so as to keep it fresh. If the latter mode is -adopted, care must be taken that the animal does not -drop into the water; so it is best to choose a wide-mouthed -bottle, putting a bung with a hole in it as a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -stopper, and inserting the plant through the hole into -the water. The earth should be kept slightly moist, and -many people give caterpillars a gentle spray of water -occasionally to take the place of dew, which they would -have in their natural state. It is a good plan to let them -have a little of the early morning sun upon them, as -it serves to keep them in health, but they cannot bear -the sun of mid-day.</p> - -<p>For butterfly larvæ the same procedure is required, -except that only a thin sprinkling of earth is wanted at -the bottom of the box for the purposes of cleanliness.</p> - -<p>When the larva of the butterfly is about to develop to -its pupa state, it readily crawls up the box and netting, -suspending itself, from the top head-downwards, and the -netting serves as a good foot-hold for the butterfly when -it appears. If possible the chrysalides should remain as -they place themselves until the next stage of development -is reached; because, unless they are able to expand their -wings while in this position, deformity is likely to ensue.</p> - -<p>The majority of butterfly chrysalides are naked, and -of an angular form, some being remarkable for the brilliancy -with which they are spotted with gold and silver.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> - -<p>The Vanessa family is an example of this, the Vulcania -and Huntera being especially brilliant.</p> - -<p>Caterpillars of the “Skipper” family make a web-like -covering of silk for the reception of the chrysalides, -but there has been hitherto only one species of this family -found in Teneriffe.</p> - -<p>Many caterpillars of various kinds kept during the -winter months were very subject to the raids of the -Ichneumon fly. This fly lays its egg on the larva, -and it is not easily perceived on the animal unless looked -for through a magnifying-glass.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar lives on, and seemingly thrives, but -after it has turned to its pupa state the fly develops, -and a fine Ichneumon fly appears in the breeding-cage -instead of the expected butterfly. There are large and -small varieties of this fly, the former laying only one or -two eggs on the caterpillar, the latter a great many, -and they emerge from the chrysalis in corresponding -numbers.<a name="fnanchor_1_1" id="fnanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The only remedy seems to be to inspect all -larvæ through a magnifying-glass, and to reject any<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -infected specimens. Pieris Cheiranthi is particularly -liable to this fly. The red fungus found on the Tithymali -moth caterpillar is another disease, but is not very -common.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_1_1" id="footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#fnanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>This occurrence is mentioned by Gilbert White in his “Natural -History of Selborne,” v. “Observations on Insects and Vermes,” p. 519. -Ed. 1813.</p></div> - -<p>Caterpillars should be handled as little as possible -while removing them to their fresh food. As a rule, -they crawl on to the fresh supply at once, but in the -case of very small specimens a camel-hair brush -should be used to lift them from one place to another. -Many of them emit a fluid when touched. The Tithymali -spits out a quantity of green fluid when disturbed.</p> - -<p>Butterflies generally seem to be found in the greatest -numbers in the barrancos early in the year. When, -however, the fields get green and vegetation increases, -they desert the barrancos and take more to the fields -and country, with the exception of the Argynnis -Lathonia, a variety which more particularly frequents -barrancos.</p> - -<p>The time of appearance of all species takes place -from two to four weeks later the higher they are up -the mountains. The south part of the island is not so -fertile a place for Lepidoptera as the north; perhaps<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -this is owing to the more sparse vegetation on that -side.</p> - -<p>Many species are found inland, while some are -peculiar to the coast. The heights and localites in -which all the different kinds are found have been -indicated as far as possible in the description of the -various species.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="KILLING_AND_SETTING_BUTTERFLIES_AND">KILLING AND SETTING BUTTERFLIES AND -MOTHS, RELAXING-SPECIMENS, <span class="smcap">Etc.</span></h2> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Butterflies</span>, when netted, can be easily killed by a prolonged -sharp pinch under the thorax before being taken -from the net, and do not need to be put into a poison-box. -The pinch should be given between the finger and -thumb, the wings of the insect being kept in an upright -position.</p> - -<p>Moths must be put into a poison-bottle or box, and -left there from twelve to twenty-four hours. Some -varieties die much quicker than others. Various kinds -of poison are used for the boxes and bottles, but cyanide -of potassium seems most generally approved of by -entomologists. To catch moths, many people use the -sugaring process. A mixture, made of beer, rum, and -coarse sugar or treacle, boiled till it becomes thick like<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -treacle is placed at night on the trunks of trees or on -flowers, and a lamp is placed near the sugared plants. -True votaries of “sweetness and light,” the moths alight -on the sticky mixture, and, becoming stupefied with the -beer and rum, as a rule fall to the ground, where they -can easily be caught or netted.</p> - -<p>Setting-boards are made of strips of wood about one -foot or eighteen inches in length, varying in width -according to the size of the specimen one wishes to pin -out on it. These boards are covered with sheet cork, -having a groove down the middle to receive the body of -the insect. Some boards have a flat, others a slightly -curved surface, and these are covered with white paper. -English entomologists generally use curved boards, but -foreign collectors prefer the flat setting-boards. These -latter seem somewhat preferable.</p> - -<p>The good appearance and value of a collection greatly -depend on the setting, and for this reason much care -and patience is required. The butterfly should be taken -between the thumb and finger of the left hand, and an -insect-pin inserted in the middle of the thorax, bringing -the point slightly sloping backwards and out at the legs.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -Then having selected a board suitable in size to the -specimen, it should be pinned exactly in the middle of -the groove, the body being kept quite straight. Two -narrow strips of paper, not more than ⅛th of an inch in -width, are now required to fasten down the two wings -on each side of the groove. Let each strip be pinned in -front of the two fore-wings, holding the end of a strip in -the left hand; then very gently place the wings, first -the fore and then the hind-wing, in position, bringing -them forward with a long pin (the point being placed on -the wings as near the body as possible) in the right -hand. At the same time the strip of paper which is -being held in the left hand is gently lowered and -fastened with a pin immediately below the hind-wing. -Great care must be taken not to injure the plumage by -touching it. A second strip of paper is now necessary -on each side to pin down the outer edges of the wings; -but the first two strips are the most important ones, as -they keep the wings in position, and the latter may be -very easily added. The antennæ should be straightened -and placed under the first two strips of paper, or placed -in position by two pins. The paper is fastened along<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -the boards, fixing as many specimens as its length will -permit.</p> - -<p>Many persons use triangular pieces of card as braces -for the butterfly, fixing one or more on each wing, but -the strips of paper seem somewhat easier to arrange, and -damage the plumage even less than the card, though -when either method is adopted the specimen ought not -to be damaged in the least. In making a perfect collection -of butterflies three specimens should be set up of -every variety; the male, the female, and one set with -the underside uppermost. It is not usual to set moths -the reverse way.</p> - -<p>Butterflies must be left on the board to stiffen for -ten days or a fortnight; after that they can be removed -to the store-box. Moths with large bodies take longer in -drying, and must be left for three or four weeks. By -touching the end of the body of a specimen gently with -a pin it can easily be seen whether it is firm and stiff -enough to be removed to the case. If butterflies and -moths are not set soon after death they become stiff, -and would be useless; but there are several modes of -relaxing them, and it may be useful to give a description<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -of the process which is generally adopted. Procure a -marmalade-pot or earthenware jar, into which put three -inches of sand; pour on the sand enough water to wet -it thoroughly, without allowing the water to appear on -the surface. It is as well to put a small quantity of -carbolic acid with it. The insects to be relaxed should -be pinned on to a thick piece of cork, the cork resting -on the top of the sand. Close the mouth of the jar -with a piece of glass, or something which will make it -air-tight. A few hours is often enough to relax specimens, -but if left longer they must be carefully watched, -as they very soon become mouldy. To keep the insects -free from mites, napthaline must be freely used in the -store-boxes and cases. Camphor is used by some -persons, but napthaline is a far more efficacious preventive -of the ravages of parasites.</p> - -<p>In packing specimens already set for England, store-boxes -will hold a great number if the specimens are -judiciously placed one over the other in a sloping -manner, great care being taken that they do not touch -each other, as the slightest rubbing spoils the plumage.</p> - -<p>Don Ramon Gomez, chemist, of Puerto Orotava,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -Teneriffe, has all necessaries for the collector, such as -setting-boards, store-boxes, pins, etc., etc., and is most -obliging in packing specimens for England and giving -any advice.</p> - -<p>Many interesting objects for the naturalist and antiquarian -may be seen in his large collection, his Guanche -remains being especially deserving of notice.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span></p> - -<p class="gothic1">Part <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.</p> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="BUTTERFLIES">BUTTERFLIES.</h2> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<h3>PIERIS CHEIRANTHI.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.—Fig. 2.</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> is a large creamy-white butterfly peculiar to the -Canary Islands. It is found in some numbers on and -near the coast of Teneriffe from April to September; -the time of its appearance, however, varies somewhat in -different years. The larva is smooth, and has a ground-colour -of grey, finely dotted over with black spots. -There is a yellow stripe on the back and along each side. -It feeds on the nasturtium gregariously, and the pupa -attaches itself, head downwards, to a wall near the plant.</p> - -<p>The female butterfly, the underside of which is illustrated, -has a long uneven blotch of black on the surface -of the fore-wings; the male has none. The upper sur<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span>face -of both sexes is cream-white, with a black apical -patch on the fore-wings. The under-sides have the long -black blotch as seen on the surface of the female, and -the ground-colour of both is yellow, finely sprinkled -with black dots. The measurement across the wings -varies from two and a half to three and a half inches.</p> - -<p>It is best to procure the larvæ to obtain good specimens, -but the Ichneumon fly is such an enemy to this -species that great disappointment will probably be -experienced in the rearing if the caterpillars are not well -examined before being placed in the breeding-cages.</p> - - -<h3>PIERIS WOLLASTONI.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.—Fig. 1.</span></p> - -<p>This butterfly is allied to the Cheiranthi, but is a -distinct variety, only recently met with in this island. -Mr. Butler, of the British Museum, has named and -fully described this insect, which has hitherto only been -found in Madeira, but is now for the first time enumerated -in the list of Teneriffe Lepidoptera. It is somewhat -smaller than the Cheiranthi, measuring not more<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span> -than two and a half inches in expanse. The reverses -of the female (which is illustrated) and of the male are -of a grey tinge, in place of the rather bright yellow -shade of the Cheiranthi, sprinkled over with fine black -dots. The apical patch is also grey, and both sexes -have long black spots on the fore-wings. The upper -surface is cream-white; the female has two distinctly -marked long black spots on the fore-wings; the male -having none. The black apical markings are similar in -both sexes, and a small black spot is seen on the inner -margin of the hind-wing of both male and female.</p> - -<p>There are no observations to record on the caterpillar -and pupa, as the specimens of the fly (one of which is -illustrated) were netted; but very possibly larvæ may be -found gregariously with the Cheiranthi in like manner -to the Callirrhoe and Atalanta, or the Plexippus and -Chrysippus.</p> - -<p>The specimens taken were netted about 500 feet -above the sea.</p> - - -<h3>PIERIS RAPÆ.</h3> - -<p>The common English variety, Small Cabbage White. -The fore-wings are creamy white, with an irregular<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> -blackish mark at the tip. The male generally has a -black spot in the middle of the wing, the female having -two; and both sexes have two black spots on the underside, -which is of a yellowish colour, thickly dotted with -small black atoms. All the markings vary greatly, however. -The larva is dull green, with a yellowish stripe -on its back and yellow dots on the side. It generally -feeds on the cabbage, but is found also on the nasturtium. -It is very common, and may be found everywhere -from February to October. The Ichneumon fly is -a great enemy to this insect.</p> - - -<h3>PIERIS DAPLIDICE.</h3> - -<p>This butterfly resembles the rare English specimen -Bath White. It is very common in some years,<a name="fnanchor_2_2" id="fnanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> and -found in most localities from February to October. It -seems mostly to frequent rough poorly-cultivated fields. -The wings are white, the fore-wings having a large -black spot in the middle, and being bordered with black -encircling distinct white spots. The markings of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span> -under-side show through on the hind-wings, and these -have black markings on the edges in the female. The -underside has a ground colour of sage-green, freely -spotted with white. The markings show considerable -variety, some being marked much more heavily than -others. It measures across the wings from two to two -and a half inches. The caterpillar, which is greyish -green, has yellow stripes on the back, and feeds generally -on cabbage. The butterflies are much pursued and -destroyed by dragon-flies.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_2_2" id="footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#fnanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> During the winter of 1892-1893 it was met with in great numbers. -</p></div> - - -<h3>EUCHLOË CHARLONIA (Donzil).</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.—Fig. 4.</span></p> - -<p>This butterfly was seen near Orotava, 500 feet above -the sea-level, during the first week in May by the author, -who, however, was not fortunate enough to secure a -specimen. Several specimens of this species, which is -rare in the Canary Islands, have been netted in the -island of Fuerteventura, and two of them have been presented -by Mr. E. H. Hodges, of Rugby, to the British -Museum, from which the illustration has been drawn.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span> -It measures in expanse about an inch and a half. The -general colour is yellow, varying in intensity of shade in -different specimens, with black apical markings on the -fore wings and a long black patch on the centre of the -upper margin. A full account of this interesting insect -is to be found in Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1842, p. 197, f. 1, -but hitherto it has not been recognized in Teneriffe as -a species belonging to the island. It is found in North -and West Africa.</p> - - -<h3>APORIA CRATÆGI.</h3> - -<p>This specimen is the rare English Black-veined -White butterfly. It has undoubtedly been netted in -Teneriffe, though it has not been personally observed -by the author. In flight its similarity to other white -specimens is so great that it may often be passed unnoticed. -It is said to be local and uncertain in appearance, -being seen chiefly during the summer months about -the fields and gardens. The wings are entirely of a -white cream colour, and are alike on both sides, the -veins being black, and the fore-wings having some -dusky spots on them. The caterpillar is black, thickly<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> -sprinkled with whitish hairs, and with a reddish yellow -stripe running along each side. It feeds on various -fruit trees, and is believed to be very destructive.</p> - - -<h3>RHODOCERA CLEOBULE.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.—Fig. 3.</span></p> - -<p>This finely-coloured and beautiful butterfly resembles -the English Brimstone, but is quite a distinct variety, -being of squarer form and having no decided point at the -angle of the hind-wings. It is peculiar to the Islands. -The male is a most brilliant sulphur yellow, the fore-wings -being of a deeper shade than the hind ones. The -hind-wings have a deep orange spot about the centre. -The female differs from the male in being of a much -paler shade of yellow, with quite a tinge of green all over -it; it also has a small orange spot on the fore-wings in -addition to that on the hind-wings. Both wings have -red markings round them on the outer edge, which form -an almost interrupted fine line of colour. The underside -resembles the upper, but is paler. The antennæ -are short and thick, with a reddish tinge, which becomes -deeper at the knob.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span></p> - -<p>It is found from January to June in most localities -on and at a little distance from the coast; gardens and -fields seem somewhat favoured, but it is by no means -common anywhere. There seem to be several broods -between the months mentioned above, but the larva and -pupa have not been observed.</p> - - -<h3>COLIAS EDUSA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.—Fig. 5</span> (female).</p> - -<p>This specimen is the English Clouded Yellow. The -wings measure from two to two and a half inches -across, the female being somewhat larger than the -male. Both sexes have the same broad black margin -on the fore and hind-wings, but the male differs from -the female in having no irregular yellow spots marked -on these black borders, which are seen in the female. -The hind-wings of the female are of a somewhat darker -shade of yellow, tinged with green, than those of the -male, and both sexes have a bright orange spot about -the middle of the wing. Beneath, both sexes are alike, -the fore-wings being of a lighter orange with several<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -irregular black spots and a margin of greenish yellow. -The hind-wings are of a uniform green colour with a -red ringed spot about the centre of each, accompanied -by a silver-like dot in the middle. It is found in -quantities in most localities, from the coast to the pine -forests, from February to November. The caterpillar -is green, with a stripe of yellow and white, having several -orange dots on it. It is a miscellaneous feeder, preferring, -however, leguminous plants.</p> - - -<h3>COLIAS v. HELICE.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.—Fig. 6.</span></p> - -<p>A pale yellowish-white variety of the former specimen. -It is very rare, and is found in May and during -the summer months, though very seldom met with in -England.<a name="fnanchor_3_3" id="fnanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> It is slightly smaller than the Colias Edusa, -and has been found so small as to measure only an inch -across the wings. Don Ramon Gomez has one in his -collection of this size. The markings vary considerably, -and the bright orange spot in the centre of the hind-wing,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -as seen in the illustration, is replaced occasionally by a -pure white one. The male has hitherto not been found.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_3_3" id="footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#fnanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>In the summer of 1892 many were taken. -</p></div> - - -<h3>LYCÆNA BÆTICA.</h3> - -<p>A commonly found blue butterfly, measuring from one -to one and a half inches across the wings. It is rarely -met with in England. The insect has a slender tail at the -lower angle of each hind-wing, surmounted by two black -dots. The margins of both wings have a slight black -or dark brown band. The under-sides of both wings -are of a grey-brown colour streaked and slightly spotted -all over with faint white lines. On the lower angle of -each hind-wing the two black spots on the upper side -are replaced by two black ones dusted with silver, and -surrounded by a bright orange ring which is broader -at the top than at the bottom.</p> - -<p>The antennæ are brown, slightly sprinkled with -white. It is found on the rough fields (especially where -the Lupine grows), barrancos, and hedge-rows, between -March and August. Specimens netted early in the year -are not so large as those found during May, and in the -summer months.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span></p> - - -<h3>LYCÆNA WEBSIANA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.—Figs. 7 and 8.</span></p> - -<p>This is a smaller blue butterfly than that just described, -measuring about one inch across the wings. It is peculiar -to the Islands, and is known by some lovers of Entomology -as the “Peak Blue.” It is not, however, found -on the Peak alone, but is netted in barrancos and gardens -at a much lower altitude; it frequents the pine forests in -large numbers, and has been also found on the south coast -of the Island of Teneriffe, at Guimar (see <a href="#APPENDIX_B" >Appendix B</a>), -so it may be fairly considered to be widely dispersed -over the Island. It is undoubtedly found in the greatest -numbers in the elevated zone of the pine forests, where, -however, owing to the extremely slippery nature of the -ground, it is difficult to net. The male is of a beautiful -metallic blue colour; the female of a much browner blue. -The upperside of the male, and the underside of the -female, are shown in the illustrations.</p> - -<p>The fore-wings of the underside in both sexes are -alike, being of an orange tawny colour, with a white<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -uneven spot on the top margin of each wing, and five or -six somewhat indistinct brown spots at the outer edge, -interspersed with white.</p> - -<p>The hind-wings are of an ashy brown, with a longitudinal, -irregular silver white line down each, both wings -being minutely dotted with white. Five or six brown -spots, dusted with silver, are seen at the margin of the -hind-wings. It usually appears in March, though it has -been seen at an earlier date. The larva and pupa have -not hitherto been found.</p> - - -<h3>LYCÆNA LYSIMON.</h3> - -<p>This is the smallest specimen of blue butterfly found in -Teneriffe, being not quite one inch in expanse. The -female is rather a browner blue than the male. The -colouring on the upperside is of a most beautiful -uniform blue, all the wings having a margin of brown; -and a slight white fringe at the edges. The underside of -all the wings is grey, rather freely dotted over with -darker spots, encircled by greyish white. It is very -commonly found on all grassy fields and lanes, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -quantities flutter quickly along the grass-grown streets -of Orotava from April to August.</p> - -<p>It is not an inhabitant of England, but is found in the -south of France, Spain, greater part of Africa, Western -Asia, and the East Indies. The caterpillar and chrysalis -have not been observed.</p> - - -<h3>LYCÆNA ASTRARCHE v. ÆSTIVA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 6.</span></p> - -<p>A small dark copper, the expanse of wings being about -one inch, or rather more. It is not found in England. -On the upperside on all the wings there is a marginal -band of bright copper, the fore-wings have a black spot -about the centre of each. A fringe of white edges all -the four wings. The under widely differs from the -upper side in colouring and markings. The ground -colour is light grey, freely dotted over with black spots -encircled by white. All four wings have the same -bright marginal copper band as seen on the upper side. -The antennæ are black or dark brown, finely dotted with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -white. It is somewhat rarely found in fields and -barrancos on high ground, but may be met with in -larger quantities in the pine forests. The time of its -appearance is from April to September. When comparing -the Teneriffe specimen of this butterfly with -those of other countries at South Kensington, it was -noticed that the marginal copper band was broader on -the Teneriffe specimen, and it may be possible that it -should be reckoned as a new variety.</p> - - -<h3>POLYOMMATUS or CHRYSOPHANUS PHLÆAS.</h3> - -<p>A copper butterfly, and a common English specimen, -measuring from one to one and a half inches across -the wings. The fore-wings are of a bright copper -red, with large square black spots distinctly marked, -and an outer band of brown. The hind-wings are -dark brown, having a marginal copper band on the -outer edge, which in some specimens is surmounted by -a few blue spots. The underside of the fore-wings is -pale copper, the hind-wings being grey, with minute -black or dark brown spots, and traces of a marginal<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -band of copper. It is commonly found from February -to September in most places in Teneriffe, up to the -altitude of the pine forests. The larva feeds on a -variety of Rumex (dock or sorrel). Some specimens -have been found much darker in colour than those -described above, the difference being so great as to -suggest the possibility of a distinct variety.</p> - - -<h3>THECLA RUBI.</h3> - -<p>This small butterfly is called in England the Green -Hair Streak, It is said to have been netted in the -Island during the summer months, and its appearance is -believed to be well authenticated. The larva is green, -with a yellow line on the back, bordered with darker, -and followed by a line of pale triangular spots, and a -yellow line on the sides: it lives on brambles, &c. -The fly expands about one inch; it is of a uniform -brown colour above, and a uniform green below, with -a row of white dots on the underside of the hind-wings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span></p> - - -<h3>DANAIS PLEXIPPUS, formerly ARCHIPPUS.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 1.</span></p> - -<p>The largest butterfly found in the Islands, measuring -from four to four and a half inches across the wings.</p> - -<p>The larva is very bright in colour, having transverse -bands of blackish violet, gold, and white alternately. -It has four black horns or fleshy spikes along its back, -and when full grown measures about two inches in -length, and it is rather stout and smooth. The pupa, -green when first turned, and suspending itself by the -tail only, has a bright gold band half-way round its -base, and a series of gold spots encircling its head. -Shortly before emerging to a butterfly, it turns to a -dark brown. The caterpillar never suspends itself to -the plant on which it feeds, but goes to some of the -higher grasses near it, or it prefers still better a mallow -plant, from the leaves of which as many as sixteen -beautiful bright green and gold chrysalides have been -seen hanging, forming quite a picture under the illumination -of the glorious sun of Teneriffe. It lives and feeds<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> -gregariously on the “Arbol de Seda,” <a name="fnanchor_4_4" id="fnanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> a plant bearing a -very bright red and gold flower. Many specimens were -reared from quite small caterpillars in the breeding-cages. -They were easy to keep, but especial care must -be taken in providing them with fresh food, and great -attention ought to be paid to ventilation, or some disappointment -may be experienced in the number that die -during the pupa state for no apparent reason. A little of -the morning sun is beneficial to them, as they are found, -when in a natural state, in the most sunny localities.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_4_4" id="footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#fnanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Asclepias cuvassavica. </p></div> - - -<p>A brood seems to emerge about every three months -in most years from February to September. The -butterfly frequents flower-gardens and fields near the -coast, not often being found more than seven or eight -hundred feet above the sea. It is of a rich orange -tawny colour, rather heavily veined with black or dark -brown. All four wings have a broad black border, -with two lines of whitish yellow dots along the margin. -There is a large apical patch of blackish brown on each -fore-wing, with seven large yellow and white spots on -the tip. There is not a great difference between the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> -upper and the under side, except that on the latter the -white marginal spots are larger, and there is more white -on the black-feathered body.</p> - -<p>The insect looks splendidly bright and flashing as it -soars along with a steady flight from tree to tree on -the “Carretera,” and it must be quickly netted, or it -soon rises out of reach. These butterflies are distasteful -to birds, as also are the three following varieties belonging -to the same family. For this reason the family of -Danais is “mimicked” by butterflies of other species, -the butterfly next described (Danais Chrysippus) being, -for instance, copied closely by several African and -Indian species of butterflies and even some moths.</p> - -<p>The Danais Plexippus is a very common butterfly in -North America, and has within the last few years become -widely dispersed, some specimens having been found in -England in 1877 and subsequently.</p> - - -<h3>DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 2.</span></p> - -<p>This butterfly is widely dispersed over Europe, Asia, -and Africa, but it is not found in England. It is of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> -the same colour as the last described specimen, but is -not so large, measuring in expanse from two and a half -to three and a half inches. The tips of the fore-wings -are broadly marked with black, shading off to brown, -crossed with a band of white spots. Four of these -spots are of a quadrilateral form, and much larger than -the rest. The outer margins of all four wings are -bordered with black, freely dotted with white. There -are three black spots on the centre of the hind-wings of -the female; the male has four, the fourth, which is -largest, being placed under the principal vein. The -under is similar in markings and colouring to the upper -side, but the white spots are more pronounced, and the -tawny yellow somewhat paler; the apex of each fore-wing -is moreover tipped with yellow, instead of being -black like the upperside. The larva is very similar to -that of the Plexippus. It is somewhat smaller, however, -has six fleshy horns instead of four, and the transverse -gold and black stripes are interspersed with white spots -instead of stripes. It feeds gregariously with the above -variety on the “Arbol de Seda,” and appears at the -same time, in the same locality, and in equal numbers.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> -When it changes to the pupa state it resembles closely -the bright green chrysalis of its companion, only it is -not quite so large.</p> - - -<h3>DANAIS ALCIPPOIDES.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 3.</span></p> - -<p>This butterfly, a variety of the Chrysippus, is rare in -Teneriffe. It is found commonly in Africa and Western -Asia, and is a transition variety between the Chrysippus -and Alcippus. It has whitish hind-wings, rather silvery -looking, with orange markings within the black border. -The hind-wings have less white upon them than those -of the Alcippus. It is similar in all respects and -habits, mode of feeding, etc., to the Chrysippus, and -is found gregariously with it. When kept collectively, -about one in fifty of the chrysalides proves -to be of this variety. The caterpillars of the three -varieties of Danais described are about four weeks -before turning to chrysalides, and remain in that -state from two to three weeks before emerging to -the imago.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span></p> - - -<h3>DANAIS DORIPPUS v. KLUGII.</h3> - -<p>This is the fourth variety of the genus Danais, and is -authentically claimed as one of the Teneriffe butterflies, -though by no means commonly found. It varies from -the Chrysippus in having no brown apical patch on the -fore-wings, and it also has no band of white spots across -them. It measures from two and a half to three and a -half inches across the wings. It is not an inhabitant of -England, but is commonly found in North Africa and -Western Asia.</p> - - -<h3>ARGYNNIS MAIA (Cram), or PANDORA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="3">III</abbr>.—Figs. 1 and 2.</span></p> - -<p>This butterfly is one of the most beautiful Fritillarys, -and is also one of the largest of Teneriffe butterflies, -measuring in expanse from three and a half to four -inches.</p> - -<p>It mostly frequents woods and meadows, not often -being met with below an altitude of fifteen hundred feet -above the sea. It is found in South Europe, and is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> -also met with in Africa. The time of its appearance -commences in May, and continues during the summer -months. The larva is purplish-brown with black -markings; it feeds on heartsease. The upper and under -side differ greatly, as may be seen in the illustrations. -The prevailing colour of the upper surface is a beautiful -bronze green, tinged with yellow on the fore-wings. The -bronze green colour is freely marked all over by velvety -black oblong spots, dashes, and lines, the margin of each -wing having a continuous scalloped line of black. The -body and hind-wings are very feathered and downy. The -underside of the fore-wings is a brilliant pink-red and -black colour, with an apical patch of green, having -yellow markings. The hind-wings are green with a long -irregular stripe of silver down the centre of each, the -stripe being fringed on the outer edge by five silver -dots. There is a marginal silver band with a fine yellow -line running along the outer edge of the hind-wings. -The body is green on the upper, and buff-yellow on -the under-side, the legs being of the latter colour. -There is not much difference between the male and -female.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> - - -<h3>ARGYNNIS LATHONIA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="3">III</abbr>.—Figs. 3 and 4.</span></p> - -<p>This exquisite butterfly, which is about two inches in -expanse, is known in England, where it is accounted a -great rarity, by the common name Queen of Spain -Fritillary, and it is not very commonly found in Teneriffe. -The caterpillar is a greyish brown with a white dorsal -line, spotted with black, and having two brownish lines -on the sides. The spines are reddish and the legs -yellow. It feeds on the heartsease, violet, etc. The upper -surface is a tawny orange colour with many distinct -rounded black spots. On the under-side the hind-wings -are brownish yellow with very large oval silver spots -interspersed with smaller ones. The fore-wings have -black spots of various sizes, and five or six apical silver -spots. The butterfly is found mostly on high ground in -barrancos; but also in fields and gardens from the -months of March to September, though in some years -it appears earlier. It flits quickly along the paths in -the barrancos, settling at short distances, very often<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span> -just out of reach of the net, and this liveliness often -necessitates a long walk after a specimen. The antennæ -are furnished with a round thick nob at the end. There -is no very marked difference in the male and female.</p> - - -<h3>PYRAMEIS ATALANTA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="3">III</abbr>.—Fig. 7.</span></p> - -<p>This richly-coloured butterfly, known in England as -the Red Admiral, is very rare in the Canary Islands. -The ground-colour of the upper surface of the fore-wings -is a velvety black, shading off to brown at the -base. A bright red oblique band crosses the wings, -and four large oblong white spots, with four or five -smaller ones, are grouped on the apex. These again -are bordered by several faint blue spots, quite at the tip. -The hind-wings are blackish brown, with a broad red -margin, in which are four black dots, and some blue -spots are marked on the lower angle of the wings. On -the underside the fore-wings are black, with several -steely blue lines, the red band across the centre being -clearly defined. The apex of the wings is brownish<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> -yellow, marked with white. The hind-wings are most -beautifully variegated with steely blue, black, and buff. -The antennæ are long and slender, abruptly forming a -knot at the end, which is tipped with white. The larva -is dusky green in colour, with a yellow line running -down its back and sides; it is sparingly coloured with -short stubby hairs, and is found gregariously on the nettle-leaf. -Gold spots are freely sprinkled over the brown -chrysalis. The caterpillar stage lasts five or six weeks, -the butterfly appearing in another three or four. The -larva suspends itself by the tail, often wrapping itself in -a nettle-leaf, on which it feeds. If the pupa is gathered -from the nettles for breeding, it should be fastened in -the cage in the same position, head downwards. Disappointment -is often experienced in the number of -butterflies that emerge from the chrysalis state, so -many being attacked by ants, &c.</p> - -<p>The caterpillars are found gregariously with the -Callirhoe, which is the commonest species of Pyrameis -found in the Islands. Among many reared, three only -proved to be Atalanta butterflies. It is found in Teneriffe -from January to June.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p> - - -<h3>PYRAMEIS CALLIRHOE, or VULCANIA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="3">III</abbr>.—Fig. 6.</span></p> - -<p>This is the most common butterfly of the Pyrameis -genus found in the Islands. It is similar in colouring -to the last described, but it has a much broader red -oblique indented stripe on the fore-wings. The white -apical markings are not so many or large, and it has no -blue spots on the tips of the fore-wings.</p> - -<p>The habits and locality of the caterpillar and chrysalis -are so like those of the Atalanta, that description is not -needed.</p> - -<p>In rearing many specimens, two butterflies proved -to have bright yellow on the hind-wings in place of the -red band. Whether they are a distinct variety or not, -cannot at present be positively stated.<a name="fnanchor_5_5" id="fnanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_5_5" id="footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#fnanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>See <a href="#APPENDIX_C" >Appendix C.</a> -</p></div> - -<h3>PYRAMEIS CARDUI.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 5.</span></p> - -<p>This insect, which is the English Painted Lady,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span> -might at first sight be taken for a faded Atalanta. -The caterpillar lives generally solitary on hollyhock, -nettle, or mallow, curling itself up in a leaf It is of a -grey-brown colour, thickly sprinkled with hairs, a yellow -line fringed by reddish dots runs along each side. It is -found in most localities up to a considerable elevation, -from February till well on into the summer. The -butterfly is of a tawny red colour, shading off to brown -at the base of the fore-wings, with dark markings -and oblong black spots. The apex of the wings is -marked and edged in white, similar to the Atalanta. -The hind-wings are of the same tawny red colour, -having a line of five round black spots running along -each lower margin. The fore-wings are marked on the -under-side as above, the colour, however, being redder. -The hind-wings are pale buff, olive brown, and white, -having four or five blue-black eyes near the lower -margin, the two centre eyes being smaller than the -others, which are circled by black and white. Its flight -is very swift, and its erratic and rapid gyrations from -side to side make it a difficult specimen to net.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span></p> - - -<h3>PYRAMEIS v. HUNTERA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 4.</span></p> - -<p>This is a scarce variety in Teneriffe of the butterfly just -described. It is commonly found in America, and some -few insects have been taken in England. It is similar -in colouring to the Cardui, but somewhat brighter. The -flight of the insect is steadier, and this, together with the -brightness in colour, distinguishes it from others of the -same family when seen flying in company. It is found -in barrancos and gardens, and has been netted in a -locality about 600 feet above the sea near Orotava, -together with the last two butterflies described. All -three specimens were seen flitting in company, the -Callirhoe and Cardui predominating in number, with a -few specimens of the Huntera dispersed among them. -The upper surface is brick-red, marked with black, the -fore-wings having a dark apical patch, with several white -spots. The hind-wings have five blue spots, encircled -by black, near the lower margin. Beneath, the fore<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span>-wings -are of a most beautiful red colour, interspersed -with black, grey-brown, and white, and having two eyes -on the apex. The hind-wings are of a lovely grey-brown -tinge, liberally veined with white, having a -whitish uneven band down the centre. This band has -two large eyes, with blue centres outside it. On the -edge of the wings three grey-blue lines are seen, making -the tout ensemble a most exquisite reverse, and the -greatest contrast to the upper surface. It is usually -found from April to August. Though faded and small -specimens were found earlier, the beauty of the insect is -not seen till April. The caterpillar is brown, sparingly -covered with hairs, and has bright red spots down its -sides. It is rather larger than the Cardui larva.</p> - - -<h3>PARARGE XIPHIOIDES.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="3">III</abbr>.—Fig. 5.</span></p> - -<p>This is not an English butterfly, though it is somewhat -similar to the Speckled Wood Argus (Parage Ægeria). -It is very commonly found in the Islands in most localities -up to three or four thousand feet above the sea.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> -It measures in expanse from two and a half to three -inches. Those found early in the year are of a smaller -and duller colour than those netted later on. It is of a -rich brown colour, the fore-wings being freely marked -with orange-yellow spots. The hind-wings are plentifully -feathered at the base, and have a long dash of -yellow down them, with three dark eyes near the margin, -which is scalloped with faint white. The under-side of -the fore-wings is lighter in colour than the surface, -though similar in markings. The hind-wings are of a -uniform olive-brown shade, with a long uneven silvery -stripe half-way down the centre. There is no very -decided knob on the end of the antennæ, which only -thicken slightly towards the end.</p> - - -<h3>EPINEPHELE HISPULLA, or FORTUNATA (Alph.).</h3> - -<p>This brown butterfly resembles the English Large -Meadow Brown (E. Janira), but is of a richer colour -and larger size, measuring in expanse about two and a -half to three inches. The female, which differs largely -from the male in colour and markings, is of an ashy-brown -colour, the fore-wings being orange-tawny,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -leaving only an uneven marginal band of grey-brown. -There is an apical eye of black, with a small white -centre. The hind-wings are ashy-grey, with a marginal -orange-tawny band. The body and base of the lower -wings are freely feathered. The under-side is similar in -colouring, only lighter; the apical eyes are more strongly -marked; the hind-wings are of an orange-brown tint, -the orange band being slightly defined on this side. -The male has no orange-tawny markings on the surface, -only a slight shade of yellow being seen on the fore-wings, -shimmering through the uniform brown colour of the -insect. There is a small black eye, with a white central -dot on the apex of each fore-wing. On the under-side the -fore-wings of the male are orange-tawny, the black eye -being larger and more pronounced than on the surface. -The hind-wings of the male are of a uniform olive-brown -colour. It is found in barrancos, meadows and rough -places, from the coast up to a moderately high altitude, -from April to September; the male appears first in the -greatest numbers, and towards June the female is also -found in great quantities. The caterpillar has not been -observed.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> - - -<h3>HIPPARCHIA STATILINUS.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 7.</span></p> - -<p>This is a brown butterfly common in many parts of -Southern and Central Europe, though not found in -England. It is a rare insect in Teneriffe, and is only -met with high up in the mountains, chiefly at Vilaflor, -and on the south part of the island, about July and -August. It measures in expanse from two to three -inches, and is of a uniform brown colour, having a few -white markings, which vary much in different specimens, -on the fore-wings. Two large brown spots are seen at -the outer margin of each fore-wing, interspersed with -small white spots. The hind-wings are brown, shading -to lighter colour at the base. The under-side is prettily -mottled, and streaked with grey-brown, the two dark -spots seen on the margin being well defined. The larva -and chrysalis have not been observed.</p> - - -<h3>HESPERIA ACTÆON.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.—Fig. 8.</span></p> - -<p>This is a small Skipper, the only member of this family<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -found in Teneriffe. It resembles the English Lulworth -Skipper, and frequents damp places near the water-courses, -though somewhat partial and scarce. In a -limited spot near Orotava it has been found in quantities; -and at Tacoronti, where butterflies abound, some -have been taken. The whole surface is of an orange-bronze -colour with slight brown markings. The antennæ -are short and club-like; the head is large, and the body -thickish. It is found from April till June, but solitary -specimens are sometimes met with earlier in the year.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p> - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_BUTTERFLIES_FOUND_IN_TENERIFFE">LIST OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN TENERIFFE.</h3> -</div> -<table class="butterflies" summary="Butterflies"> -<tr> -<td class="name">NAME OF BUTTERFLY.</td> -<td class="local">REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 1 Pieris Cheiranthi</td> -<td class="local">Only in Canary Islands.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name">* 2 Pieris Wollastoni</td> -<td class="local">Canary Islands and Madeira.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 3 Pieris Rapæ</td> -<td class="local">England (Common White).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name"> 4 Pieris Daplidice</td> -<td class="local">England; rare (Bath White).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 5 Euchloë Charlonia</td> -<td class="local">Not in England; N. and W. Africa.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name"> 6 Aporia Cratægi</td> -<td class="local">England; rare (Black-veined White).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 7 Rhodocera Cleobule</td> -<td class="local">Not in England; peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 8 Colias Edusa</td> -<td class="local">England (Clouded Yellow).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name">* 9 Colias v. Helice</td> -<td class="local">England; rare.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 10 Lycæna Bætica</td> -<td class="local">England; very rare (Tailed Blue).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name">*11 Lycæna Webbiana</td> -<td class="local">Only in Canary Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 12 Lycæna Lysimon</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name">*13 Lycæna Astrarche v. Æstiva</td> -<td class="local">Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 14 Polyommatus or Chrysophanus Phlæas</td> -<td class="local">England (Common Copper).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name"> 15 Thecla Rubi</td> -<td class="local">England (Green Hair Streak).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*16 Danais Plexippus (formerly Archippus)</td> -<td class="local">England; very rare.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="name">*17 Danais Chrysippus</td> -<td class="local">Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*18 Danais Alcippoides</td> -<td class="local">Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 19 Danais Dorippus</td> -<td class="local">Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*20 Argynnis Maia (Cram), or Pandora</td> -<td class="local">In Canary Islands, N. Africa, and S. Europe.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*21 Argynnis Lathonia</td> -<td class="local"> England; rare (Queen of Spain Fritillary).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*22 Pyrameis (formerly Vanessa) Atalanta</td> -<td class="local">England (Red Admiral).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*23 Pyrameis Callirhoe or Vulcania</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*24 Pyrameis Cardui</td> -<td class="local"> England (Painted Lady).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*25 Pyrameis v. Huntera</td> -<td class="local">England; very rare; common in America.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*26 Pararge Xiphiodes</td> -<td class="local">Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 27 Epinephele Hispulla or Fortunata (Alph.)</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*28 Hipparchia Statilinus</td> -<td class="local">Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">*29 Hesperia Actæon</td> -<td class="local"> England; local (Lulworth Skipper).</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="center">* Marked thus are illustrated.</p> - -<hr class="chap1 x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="space-above2"></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span></p> -<p class="gothic center">Part <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.</p> - -<h2>MOTHS.</h2> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<h3>ACHERONTIA ATROPOS.</h3> -</div> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 1.</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">This</span> is the largest moth found in the Canary Islands, -known as the Death’s Head, very rarely met with in -England.</p> - -<p>It measures from five to six inches in expanse. The -ground-colour of the fore-wings is brown, varied with -zig-zag lines of whitish yellow and light brown. There -is a white dot in the centre of each, and they are -dusted all over with minute white dots. The hind-wings -are orange, with two black marginal bands on -the lower edge. The head is dark brown or black, -marked with a pale-brown skull. The body is orange, -with a longitudinal band of bluish grey down the centre,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span> -increasing in width towards the base. Six bands of -black, broadest near the head, cross the body. The -antennæ are rather short and thick, tipped with white. -The caterpillar measures about four inches in length, -and is of a most gorgeous green and yellow colour, -alternate transverse bands of these colours running -along the sides. It has eight small eyes in a line -below the transverse bands, and a horn on its tail. It -feeds on the potato, the pupa making a cell for itself -underground, and appearing in the largest numbers -between May and July; but as a fresh crop of potatoes -is planted every three months in the Canaries, the -caterpillars are found in small numbers all the year -round.</p> - -<p>When bred in captivity the pupa is delicate, quite -five out of ten dying in their cases.</p> - - -<h3>SPHINX CONVOLVULI or BATATÆ.</h3> - -<p>This moth is found in England, and all over Europe. -It is a large moth, measuring about five inches across -the wings. All four wings are of a variegated grey<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span>-brown -colour, the body having a longitudinal grey -stripe, increasing in width at the base, and five stripes -of pink and black across it alternately. The antennæ -are somewhat longer and more slender than those of -the Death’s Head moth. They are feathered, and grey -in colour, terminating in a sharp point. The insect is -provided with a very long proboscis, which one sees it -inserting into the centre of the flowers at dusk. During -the winter months it is met with commonly in some -years. The caterpillar, which measures four inches in -length, feeds on the sweet potato in the fields, and on -the petunia and phlox in gardens. It is of a brown-grey -colour, shading to green on the back, having -black longitudinal stripes along the back, and transverse -black and white stripes surmounted by white -spots at the sides. It is a night-feeder, hiding itself -under the leaves or in the ground at day-time, and -constructing the pupa-case underground. It is delicate -and difficult to rear in captivity, like the Atropos.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span></p> - -<h3>DEILEPHILA TITHYMALI.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 4.</span></p> - -<p>This beautiful moth is peculiar to the Canary Islands, -although allied species are found over the greater -part of Europe.<a name="fnanchor_6_6" id="fnanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> It expands from three to three and -a half inches. The fore-wings are silvery grey in -colour, having dark olive-grey markings, and a long -stripe of this colour, increasing in width towards the -body, from the apex to the base. The hind-wings are -a rich pink, having a marginal band of dark brown, and -a fine white line on the outer edge. The antennæ, -which are white, are thick and feathered. The head -and body, thickly feathered with white, are of an olive -brown colour. Two bands of black cross the top of -the abdomen, which tapers off to a point, with bands of -alternate white and olive brown slightly marked with -black. The caterpillar is easily found on the Euphorbia -where it feeds gregariously. It is a beautiful dark pink, -the horn being of this colour. The dark pink is interspersed -with dusky green and greyish black spots, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span> -the caterpillar, when at full size, attains a length of -about four inches. It is found from January till the -end of May, but in the greatest numbers in April, -whilst the Euphorbia is in its prime. The road-side -between Rambla and Icod is a particularly favoured -spot. About one or two inches of dried earth prepared -as already mentioned are required for the larva to -make its slight case in, though when in a natural state -it buries itself much deeper, and the pupa is difficult -to find. Some were fed and reared on a species of -milk-wort. They thrived, but eventually turned into -small moths of a paler colour than usual. The pupa -varies much in the time of turning to the moth stage, -according to the weather,—from six weeks, the usual -time, to three months. Some caterpillars obtained in -January did not become moths till the end of March; -others taken at full growth on March 15th effected -their last change to the moth during the last week in -April and first week in May. The pupa when it first -turns is of a beautiful shaded green colour with yellowish -markings, but it changes to a uniform brown in -a few days. The caterpillar is sometimes affected by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span> -a disease which consists of a small red fungus growing -on the body, generally towards the tail. One small -brood was entirely lost from this disease, which seemed -to be contagious. As a rule, however, the larvæ are -easy to keep, and the chrysalides hatch well and strongly. -When numbers are kept, an old wine-case should be -substituted for the smaller breeding-cages already mentioned, -the mosquito-netting being used in the same -way. A little sun is beneficial to them every day in -the morning. When kept too long in the sun, however, -they cease to feed, although when in a natural -state sunny localities are most favoured. They are not -night-feeders only.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_6_6" id="footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#fnanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>See <a href="#APPENDIX_D" >Appendix D.</a> -</p></div> - - -<h3>CHŒROCAMPA CELERIO.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 2.</span></p> - -<p class="center">(<em>Sharp Winged Hawk-Moth.</em>)</p> - -<p>This beautiful moth is somewhat allied to the last described, -the colour being similar, but the body is longer -and more tapering. It is found in England, and in most -countries where the vine grows, on which it feeds. The -fore-wings are greyish brown with a silvery grey stripe<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span> -from the apex to the base; the outer lower margin is -bordered by a similar stripe. The hind-wings are of a -rosy pink colour, veined with, and having a marginal -band of brown. The body is feathered, and has a series -of five short silver streaks down each side. The antennæ -are greyish white, not so long as those of the Tithymali. -From three to four inches is the length of the beautiful -bright green caterpillar. This has two dark and two -light spots on its head, and a horn on its tail. A faint -yellow longitudinal line runs along each side. It is -rather liable to the attacks of the ichneumon fly, and -so it is as well to search for the eggs before putting it -aside for rearing. This year (1893) some were found in -April, this being unusually early, as it does not appear -generally till June, from which date until August it is -very commonly met with in the vineyards. The pupa -lies in a dormant state for four weeks, and then turns to -the moth freely and strongly.</p> - -<h3>MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM.</h3> - -<p class="center">(<em>Humming Bird Hawk-Moth.</em>)</p> - -<p>This moth is common in England and most parts of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span> -Europe. Its fore-wings are brown, with faint longitudinal -lines of a darker shade; the hind-wings are orange -tawny, fringed with light brown. It measures in expanse -about two inches. The head and body are brown, -the abdomen spotted with black and white, rather -liberally feathered. The antennæ are brown, being -thinnest at the base, and gradually thickening to the -extremity. It is seen in the daytime, as well as evening -hovering, with an ever-restless motion of the wing, over -flowers. The caterpillar is green, with a longitudinal -white stripe, and a faint yellow one under the spiracles. -The time of its appearance is from March to September, -but it is seen about in greatest numbers in June.</p> - - -<h3>RHYPARIOIDES RUFESCENS.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 5.</span></p> - -<p>This pretty moth is peculiar to the Islands, measuring -rather more than two inches across the wings. It is -red in colour, the hind-wings being brighter than the -fore-wings. These latter are marked with longitudinal -dark stripes in the female, dark spots being substituted for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span> -the stripes in the male. The head is dark red, shading off -to lighter red on the richly-feathered body. The antennæ -are red, being thicker and more feathered in the male than -the female. The caterpillars are brown, thickly covered -with long silky hairs, and are found mostly in barrancos, -feeding on the dock and sorrel singly. They are also -found in gardens, feeding somewhat indiscriminately on -cabbage or hollyhock. When kept in captivity they can -be reared on cabbage, and after attaining their full size -of about one and a half inches, they make a slight hairy -cocoon under a thin covering of earth. The caterpillar -stage lasts about twenty days. They are found in -January and hibernate in the pupa state till well on in -the summer, sometimes as late as October or November, -though some taken in January were brought to England -and turned to moths on the 24th of June following. -After being kept for a time the chrysalides become a -very dark brown, almost black, so that there is a temptation -to throw them away as dead, since they show -so little life; but on opening the hard, stick-like skin, -the creature is found to be quite fresh.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span></p> - -<h3>DASYCHIRA FORTUNATA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.</span>—Fig. 11.</p> - -<p>In colour a dull grey moth. The fore-wings are ash-coloured, -variegated with whitish on the upper side. The -reniform spot is rust-coloured in the male and whitish -in the female. The transverse lines are black and -dentated, the submarginal line maculated. The hind-wings -are grey, with a slight lunule in the middle; the -underside uniform grey. The body is less stout than -the D. Fascelina (Linn.). The abdomen is long in the -male and longer in the female. The antennæ are pectinated -in the male, simple in the female. The legs are -thickly clothed with hair, the feet yellowish beneath. -Although the caterpillar has not been described, it presumably -has much the same characteristics as its allies, -and is probably greyish, with tufts of hair on its back; -it feeds on the Pinus Canariensis.</p> - -<p>This moth is allied to the English, and European -species Dasychira Fascelina (Dark Tussock), but is -probably peculiar to the Islands. It has been described -as being found in the Islands of Palma and Hiero by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span> -Rogenhofer in the “Verhandlungen des Kaiserlich-Königlichen -Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in -Wien,” vol. 41 (for 1891), p. 566. The specimen -illustrated was drawn from one of two presented to the -South Kensington Museum by the Rev. O. E. Benthall, -who found the chrysalides on trunks of the Canary pine -near Guimar, Teneriffe, about 2,000 feet above the sea, -and as far as the author can ascertain it has not before -been recorded as occurring in Teneriffe.</p> - - -<h3>DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 9.</span></p> - -<p>This beautiful little moth, expanding about one and -a half inches, is a very rare insect in Teneriffe at the -present time, though two or three years ago it was -found in great abundance near, and along, the coast -during the spring months.<a name="fnanchor_7_7" id="fnanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> It has yellowish white -fore-wings freely spotted with black, alternated with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span> -oblong red spots, not so numerous. The hind-wings -are pearl-white, having a small blackish brown spot -towards the top, and a marginal indented border of -the same colour. The thorax and head are speckled -with black and yellow. The body is light pearl-grey. -The larva is dark grey with a broad white stripe on the -back and reddish streaks on the sides. This species is -abundant throughout Africa, the South of Asia and -Europe, but a very scarce insect in England. Don -Ramon Gomez kindly supplied the specimen illustrated.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_7_7" id="footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#fnanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>A single specimen was taken by the Rev. O. E. Benthall at Guimar in -1893. -</p></div> - - -<h3>PSEUDOPHIA TIRHACA (Cram); wrongly called -TYRRHÆA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 3.</span></p> - -<p>This is not an English species, but is met with in -Europe and North Africa. It is not very commonly found -in Teneriffe. The fore-wings are green, with a central -reddish-brown spot, the outer margin having an indented -band of the same colour. The body and hind-wings, -richly feathered, are a beautiful straw yellow, the latter -having a dark brown graduated band near the lower<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span> -margin. It expands about two inches and a half. The -larva is grey, with a pale grey stripe on the sides, and -black spots on the lower surface between the pro-legs.</p> - - -<h3>CALOCAMPA EXOLETA.</h3> - -<p class="center">(<em>Sword-Grass Moth.</em>)</p> - -<p>This moth is an English species. It measures in -expanse between two and three inches, and is of a -soft violet grey tinge, the fore-wings having a variety -of brown markings. The caterpillar feeds on the -Euphorbia, and has been found gregariously with the -Tithymali on that plant. It is met with, however, on -peas and potatoes, and can be reared on the leaves of -any of these plants. The larva is bright green, with -two lines of black and white spots down each side of the -back. These are bordered by a yellow stripe (sometimes, -however, absent), and it has a broken red line on each -side. The caterpillar attains a length of about three -inches. Some were kept in the same breeding cage with -the Tithymali, but their habits were entirely different. -When the Exoleta caterpillar ceased to feed, it did not -immediately attain the pupa state, but was restless and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span> -lively, remaining as a caterpillar from six to eight weeks, -gradually shrinking and losing its colour, until it turned -to the pupa. It made a fragile shell of fine earth, oval -in form, and buried itself a short distance under the -surface. Full-sized caterpillars, taken on the 20th of -March, ceased feeding and turned to the pupa state -from the 1st to the 20th of May, emerging to the moth -on the 15th of June. In some specimens the process -of turning to the pupa took place on the journey to -England in a box, the caterpillars being covered lightly -with cotton-wool.</p> - - -<h3>TRIPHÆNA PRONUBA.</h3> - -<p class="center">(<em>Common Yellow Underwing.</em>)</p> - -<p>This is a common moth in England and Europe, but is -rather a scarce species in Teneriffe. It expands a little -more than two inches. The fore-wings are dark brown, -having a few irregular markings of a lighter shade. -The hind-wings are bright yellow, with a dark brown -marginal band on the lower edge. The body is a somewhat -lighter brown, and the antennæ are long and fine.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span> -The caterpillar is brown, and it feeds on a variety of low-growing -plants in the barrancos, and may also be found -on the potato. It commences to appear in the early -spring.</p> - - -<h3>PLUSIA AURIFERA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 6.</span></p> - -<p>This moth is closely allied to the Chrysitis, which is -found in England, differing, however, in the shape of -the gold markings.<a name="fnanchor_8_8" id="fnanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> The fore-wings have a bright -golden marginal band of varying width across them, -from the apex to the base. It is found in rough places, -and can be easily netted when hovering over clover-flowers -or similar low-growing herbage at dusk. The -hind-wings are grey-brown, shading off to a lighter tint -towards the body. The antennæ are long and fine. -The caterpillar feeds on the tobacco-plant, and is found -in barrancos, but it is most usually met with on potato-plants; -it envelops itself in a leaf, drawing it together<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span> -with silk-like threads, and so forming a case in which it -turns to the chrysalis. It is found very nearly all the -year round, but is met with in greatest numbers during -the spring months.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="footnote_8_8" id="footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#fnanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>Alpheraky describes the Indian variety Chrysitina as a Teneriffe -moth. -</p></div> - - -<h3>PLUSIA TRIPARTITA (Hufn.) URTICÆ (Hübn).</h3> - -<p>Known in England as the Spectacle Moth. It is met -with in the day-time as well as at dusk, like many -others of the genus Plusia. Its fore-wings are dark -grey, varied with greenish-white in the basal and marginal -areas; the sub-terminal line is marked below the -costa with black arrow-heads in front, and is bordered -with deep black behind. It is common in the greater -part of Europe and Northern Asia. The larva, which -is greenish brown, has two white lines on the back, and -slender white and green lines along each side above the -feet. It feeds on nettle.</p> - -<h3>PLUSIA CIRCUMFLEXA.</h3> - -<p>Similar somewhat to the English Gamma, or silver Y -moth, but a distinct variety, and found largely in Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span> -The fore-wings are dark ashy-grey, with bronze -markings, and have a pale golden mark in the middle -resembling the letter r. The hind-wings are brown, of -a lighter shade towards the base. It measures in expanse -about two inches; the antennæ are long and fine. -The larva, which is green with a yellowish stripe at the -sides, feeds on the potato and other low-growing plants, -and is found during the early spring months, and well -on into the summer.</p> - - -<h3>PLUSIA ERIOSOMA.</h3> - -<p>This is the fourth species described here of the large -genus Plusia. It is a much brighter golden-brown -colour than the last described specimen, measuring about -one and a half inches across the wings. The fore-wings -are golden-brown, having two distinct gold spots about -the centre. The hind are of the same tint as the fore-wings, -darker at the margin, and shading off lighter -towards the base. It is found in India, but is not a -European species.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p> - - -<h3>HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA.</h3> - -<p>This is a very rare moth in England, but is found -over the greater part of the world. It expands about -one and a half inches. - -The fore-wings are a brownish yellow, with darker -indistinct markings. The hind-wings are lighter yellow -in colour, with a dark semi-lunar spot in the middle, -and have a dark marginal border. The antennæ are long -and fine. The caterpillar was found on the potato-plant -and proved to be one of the cannibal species. It fed -occasionally on the food provided, but seemed generally -to prefer its companions in captivity, feeding at night, -and so had to be separated from them. The larva is -reddish brown in colour, with a yellowish stripe on the -sides, and it is very commonly found in Teneriffe during -the early spring months.</p> - - -<h3>HELIOTHIS DIPSACEA.</h3> - -<p>This is a small moth, about one to one and a half inches -in expanse, and found throughout the greater part of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span> -Europe, Northern and Western Asia, and North Africa. -It frequents high ground in the spring and summer, -living in rough places and in clover-fields. The fore-wings -are of light olive-brown shade, with dark markings -across them. The hind-wings are dark olive-brown, -fringed with yellow, and having two large yellow uneven -spots about the centre, with a similar one on the brown -margin. The body is stout, the antennæ long and fine. -The larva is green or rust-colour, with white lines on -the back and sides.</p> - - -<h3>PRODENIA LITTORALIS.</h3> - -<p>A moth, expanding about one inch and a half, found -in Africa, but not in England. It has brown-grey fore-wings, -with opalescent markings. The hind-wings are -of a shining opalescent white. The larva is brown, feeds -on the potato-plant, and appears during the early spring. -The moths are seen a month or six weeks later; those -bred in captivity appear simultaneously with those out -of doors.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p> - - -<h3>PERIDROMA SAUCIA.</h3> - -<p>Rather a fine moth, inhabiting Europe, though not -found in England. It expands about two inches or -more. The fore-wings are dark brown, sometimes -suffused with a reddish tinge at the upper margin. -The hind-wings are of a greyish pearl-white colour, -veined with brown, with a brown shade fringing the -margins. The larva is greyish-brown, and feeds on the -potato-plant, where it is found during the late winter -and early spring. The average time for turning from -the larva to the moth stage is from six to eight weeks.</p> - - -<h3>TARACHE LUCIDA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 8.</span></p> - -<p>This is a small moth, not very commonly found in -Teneriffe. It is met with by day along the coast, and -up to an altitude of 2000 feet or more in rough rocky -places, in April and up to June or July. The prevailing -colour is a blue-grey. The fore-wings have a large<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span> -square patch of white on the upper margin, and a -smaller dot of the same colour towards the middle. The -hind-wings are fringed with white, and have two or -three patches of the same colour along their margins. -In the male, the white on both wings is increased -towards the base. It is not an English species, but is -found in Europe and along the Mediterranean. The -larva is a green or brownish grey, with three dark -double lines on the thoracic segments; tufted, and with -a white line on the back on segments 5 to 7, and with a -dark stripe on the back, and a whitish line on the sides -of the remaining segments.</p> - - -<h3>STERRHA SACRARIA.</h3> - -<p>A pretty little moth, about one inch in expanse, commonly -found in the Canary Islands. It is widely -dispersed over Europe and Asia, and is a rare inhabitant -of England. The fore-wings are sulphur-yellow, tinged -with bright red at the apex, and having a red line -running from the tip to the middle of the inner margin. -The hind-wings are pale yellowish white. It frequents<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span> -rough places among short herbage, and is found on -and near the coast in the early spring and during the -summer. The larva is green, with a paler line on the -back, and a yellowish line on the sides. Spiracles red. -It feeds on low-growing plants.</p> - - -<h3>OMMOTOSTOLA SACCHARI.</h3> - -<p>A pale buff moth, measuring in expanse about two -inches. The specimen described was netted at Guimar, -Teneriffe, in May. It is somewhat common. The fore-wings -and body are buff, the latter being rather richly -feathered. The hind-wings are cream-white; the -antennæ are rather thick, of a medium length. It is -not an inhabitant of Europe. The larva has not been -observed.</p> - - -<h3>HYPENA OBSITALIS.</h3> - -<p>Not an English moth, but an inhabitant of South -Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It measures in expanse -about one inch. The fore-wings are brown, varied with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span> -pale yellow and black markings. The hind-wings are -grey, shading lighter at the base. It makes its appearance -in the spring, and is very commonly found in -dwelling-houses or surrounding out-houses in the evening. -The larva is green, with a white stripe on the sides.</p> - - -<h3>HYPENA LIVIDALIS.</h3> - -<p>A smaller moth than the last specimen described. -The fore-wings are olive-brown, violet-grey towards the -margins. The two colours are separated by an oblique -whitish line from the apex to the middle of the inner -margin. The hind-wings are grey, shading off lighter to -the base, and are veined with brown. It is not an -English species, but is very commonly found in Teneriffe, -on rough ground, among cactus, &c., in the early -spring, at no great distance from the coast. It inhabits -South Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia.</p> - - -<h3>OMPHACODES DIVINCTA.</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 7.</span></p> - -<p>A pretty little sea-green moth (geometra) found in -South Africa, but very rarely met with in Teneriffe. It<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span> -was netted in a rough place among cactus-plants in -April at dusk, about 500 feet above the sea level. It -measures about one inch in expanse; the fore-wings and -upper part of the body are of a beautiful bright sea-green -colour when first netted, but the insect quickly -fades. The hind-wings are paler green, and all four -wings are fringed with white. The antennæ are short -and slightly feathered.</p> - -<p>This moth had not figured in any collection of -Teneriffe moths as far as the author could ascertain. -No observations have been made on the larvæ and pupæ.</p> - - -<h3>ASPILATES COLLINARIA. (Holt-White.)</h3> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Plate <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.—Fig. 10</span> (Female).</p> - -<p>This moth is allied to the Aspilates Gilvaria, but is -probably an insect peculiar to the Canaries. It measures -in expanse about one inch. It is of a pale buff-colour, -the female being of a much intenser shade than -the male. The hind-wings in both sexes are much -lighter in colour than the fore-wings. The fore-wings<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span> -of the female have a slate-blue narrow band of colour, -extending from near the apex to the base of the -upper margin, forming a semicircle. Within the -semicircle, and near the upper margin, is a small -slate-blue dot. The hind-wings have also a band of -varying width and of the same colour extending across -them, and a slate-blue dot is seen near the top of the upper -margin above the slate band. The male has -similar markings, but they are much paler, and not -nearly so well defined. The antennæ of the male are -feathered, of medium length; those of the female are -longer and finer. At first sight this moth might be -deemed a variety of Sterrha Sacraria. The female was -taken at Guimar about 1000 feet above the sea. -Several male specimens were taken near Orotava, at a -somewhat higher altitude. This moth, being unknown -at South Kensington, has been named as above by the -author.</p> - - -<h3>BRYOPHILA var. RAVULA (Hübn).</h3> - -<p>A small moth, about one inch in expanse, with a -slender body. The fore-wings are dark brown, with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span> -the base, tip, and inner margin whitish. The centre of -the wings is suffused with red, and two transverse lines -of darker colour cross them. The larva is blue with a -black line on the back and a zigzag yellowish-red stripe -on the sides, bordered below with black. It feeds on -lichens growing on walls. It is not a British species, -but is met with in Southern Europe.</p> - - -<h3>BRYOPHILA ALGÆ (Fabr.).</h3> - -<p>This is a small moth, with the same characteristics as -to size and form as the last described. The fore-wings -are green, varied with brown and blackish in the -position of the claviform stigma. It has dark transverse -lines, and the hind-wings are brownish grey. -The larva is bluish-grey, with a grey stripe on the back. -It feeds on lichen, and inhabits Central and Southern -Europe, and Western Asia, but is a great rarity in -England.</p> - - -<h3>AGROTIS SPINIFERA (Hübn).</h3> - -<p>This is a moth somewhat larger than the last-described, -with rather a stout body. It is fawn-colour, the ab<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span>domen -pale-brown, and the margin of the fore-wings -has several black spots. The hind-wings are whitish. -It inhabits South-Western Europe, but is not met with -in England.</p> - - -<h3>SESAMIA NONAGRIOIDES (Lef.).</h3> - -<p>The body of this moth is stout, the fore-wings are -nearly rectangular at the tips, without any distinct -pattern. The antennæ and tongue are short. The -fore-wings are greyish-yellow with a black discal spot, -and an outer row of black dots. The hind-wings are -white. It inhabits Spain, North Africa, and Madeira, -but is not a British species. The larva lives on the -stalks of maize, corn, and sugar-cane.</p> - - -<h3>ACIDALIA CONSOLIDATA.</h3> - -<p>One of the large genus of Acidalia, a small and -delicate moth. The wings are yellowish-white, finely -dusted with black. The fore-wings have five and the -hind-wings four brownish yellow transverse bands. It -expands about one inch. It is not a British species.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span></p> - - -<h3>ZONOSOMA PUPILLARIA (Hübn).</h3> - -<p>A small moth, with the tips of the fore-wings pointed. -The wings are greyish yellow, finely and indistinctly -speckled with purplish brown, with a small brown -central spot centred with white, a row of black dots -beyond the middle, and often a dull red, zigzag central -shade also. This is a very variable species, inhabiting -S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa, but is not an inhabitant -of England. The larva is very variable in -colour, being dull green, brown, or reddish. It feeds on -the cistus, arbutus, myrtle, etc.</p> - - -<h3>TEPHRONIA SEPIARIA (Hufn).</h3> - -<p>A small moth, with narrow fore-wings, expanding -about one inch. The fore-wings are ashy-grey, finely -dusted with a darker shade. The hind-wings are paler, -with two dark marginal bands. It is met with in -Central and Southern Europe, but is very rare in -Britain. The larva is brownish grey, with a paler -line and two rows of pale spots on the back.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span></p> - - -<h3>EUPITHECIA PUMILATA (Hübn).</h3> - -<p>The fore-wings are pointed, reddish grey in colour, -and bordered by a brownish-red band. The larva is -pale yellowish-green, with dark green or reddish-violet -lines on the back, and a paler line on its sides. It -feeds on the flowers of a great variety of plants, such -as clematis, broom, convolvulus. It is widely distributed -in Central and Southern Europe and W. Asia, -but is not an inhabitant of Britain.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span></p> - - - - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="LIST_OF_MOTHS_FOUND_IN_TENERIFFE.">LIST OF MOTHS FOUND IN TENERIFFE.</h3> - -<table class="moths" summary="Moths"> -<tr> -<td class="name2">NAME OF MOTH.</td> -<td class="local1">REMARKS ON LOCALITIES, ETC.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name1"><em>Sphinges.</em></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 1 Acherontia Atropos</td> -<td class="local">England (Death’s Head).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 2 Sphinx Convolvuli</td> -<td class="local">England (Convolvulus Hawk-moth).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 3 Deilephila Tithymali</td> -<td class="local">Peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 4 Chœrocampa Celerio</td> -<td class="local"> England (Sharp-winged Hawk-moth).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 5 Macroglossa Stellatarum</td> -<td class="local">England (Humming-bird Hawk-moth).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td><p class="space-above1"></p></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name1"><em>Bombyces.</em></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 6 Deiopeia Pulchella</td> -<td class="local">European. England; rare.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 7 Rhyparioides Rufescens</td> -<td class="local"> Peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 8 Dasychira Fortunata</td> -<td class="local">Peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td><p class="space-above1"></p></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name1"><em>Noctuæ.</em></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 9 Bryophila Ravula</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 10 Bryophila Algae</td> -<td class="local"> England; rare.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 11 Sesamia Nonagrioides</td> -<td class="local">Spain, N. Africa, Madeira.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 12 Triphæna Pronuba</td> -<td class="local"> England (Common Yellow Under-wing).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 13 Agrotis Spinifera</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England; S.W. Europe.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 14 Peridroma Saucia</td> -<td class="local">Not in England; European.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 15 Ommatostola Sacchari</td> -<td class="local">Not European.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 16 Prodenia Littoralis</td> -<td class="local">Not in England; S. Asia and Madagascar.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 17 Calocampa Exoleta</td> -<td class="local">England (Sword-grass moth).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 18 Heliothis Armigera</td> -<td class="local">England; rare (cannibal).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 19 Heliothis Dipsacea</td> -<td class="local">England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 20 Heliaca Tenebrata</td> -<td class="local">England (Small Yellow Under-wing).</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 21 Plusia Circumflexa</td> -<td class="local">Not in England; S. Europe.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 22 Plusia Eriosoma</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England; India.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 23 Plusia Aurifera</td> -<td class="local">Peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 24 Plusia Tripartita</td> -<td class="local">England (Spectacle Moth.)</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 25 Tarache Lucida</td> -<td class="local"> England, rare; S. Europe.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 26 Pseudophia Tirhaca</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 27 Hypena Lividalis</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 28 Hypena Obsitalis</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England; S. Europe, N. Africa.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td><p class="space-above1"></p></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name1"><em>Geometridæ.</em></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 29 Aspilates Collinaria</td> -<td class="local"> Probably peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 30 Sterrha Sacraria</td> -<td class="local"> England; S. Europe, Africa, and S. Asia.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">* 31 Omphacodes Divincta</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England; South Africa.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 32 Acidalia Consolidata</td> -<td class="local"> Not in England; Europe.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 33 Zonosoma Pupillaria</td> -<td class="local"> S. Europe, W. Asia, and N. Africa.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 34 Tephronia Sepiaria</td> -<td class="local"> England (rare); European.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 35 Eupithecia Pumilata var. Tempestivata</td> -<td class="local"> European.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td><p class="space-above1"></p></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name1"><em>Micro-Lepidoptera.</em></td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 36 Botys Verbascalis</td> -<td class="local"> England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 37 Botys Polygonalis</td> -<td class="local">England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 38 Botys Asinalis</td> -<td class="local">England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 39 Asopia Farinalis (dark form)</td> -<td class="local">England.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 40 Centra Stregaria (Woll.) or Coremia Cidaria (Staud)</td> -<td class="local">Probably peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 41 Calymnia Eerruginea (Woll.)</td> -<td class="local">Probably peculiar to the Islands.</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="center">* Marked thus are illustrated.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span></p> - - -<p>In addition to the specimens above described, a list of -twenty-one more names of Teneriffe moths is appended, -which have been written upon by S. Alpheraky in the -memoirs of N. M. Romanoff, vol. v., 1889. Several of -the insects in this list were collected by the author, but -as they were mostly very small brown or grey moths, -and of but little interest to the ordinary collector, a -description of them has been omitted. The difficulty -of identification without illustration also precludes their -insertion in a work of the present character.</p> - - -<p class="center p90">ALPHERAKY.</p> -<table class="toa" summary="Alpheraky"> -<tr> -<td class="name"> 1 Plusia Chrisitina</td> -<td class="local">| 12 Crambus Tersellus</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 2 Cosmophila Erosa</td> -<td class="local">| 13 Cryptoblabes Gnidiella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 3 Acidalia Guancharia</td> -<td class="local">| 14 Ephatia Ficulella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 4 Scoparia Sudetica</td> -<td class="local">| 15 Ucetia Transversella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 5 Hellula Undalis</td> -<td class="local">| 16 Ephestia Callidella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 6 Aporodes Floralis</td> -<td class="local">| 17 Ephestia Elutella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 7 Botys Aurata</td> -<td class="local">| 18 Plodia Interpunctella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 8 Botys Meridionalis</td> -<td class="local">| 19 Setomorpha Bogotatella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name"> 9 Botys Ferrugalis</td> -<td class="local">| 20 Litha Solanella</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">10 Botys Dorcalis</td> -<td class="local">| 21 Pterophorus Monodactylus</td> -</tr><tr> -<td class="name">11 Duponchelia Fovealis</td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span></p> - - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_A">APPENDIX A.</h3> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Scott Wilson</span>, writing to the author of his visit to -the Isle of Palma, states that the Queen of Spain Fritillary -(Argynnis Lathonia) is very common in the meadows -near the town of El Paso, 2000 feet above the sea level -in May. In the same month he noticed the clouded -yellow (Colias Edusa) in large numbers in the clearings -amongst the pine-woods. A few specimens of the large -Fritillary (Argynnis Maia) were secured by him at El -Paso early in May, where the Vulcania was also found; -of these latter specimens only two out of one hundred -proved to be of the British form Atalanta. The Bath-white -(Pieris Daplidice) was common near Argual.</p> - -<p>The Danais Chrysippus appeared rather uncommon, -only a few specimens being taken near the barranco Del -Carmen, not far from the town of Santa Cruz, and a -few near Tijarafe.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span></p> - -<p>Specimens of the small blue (Lycaena Webbiana) -were taken near Argual.</p> - -<p>In the middle of May the large white (Pieris Cheiranthi) -was commonly found on the large laurel-trees -at La Galga.</p> - -<p>The author believes that the same species of Lepidoptera -are generally distributed over all the seven -islands, but that in Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, -both of which are dry, sandy, and somewhat barren -islands, they are not found in such numbers or variety. -It is probable that different species of small African -moths, some of which are enumerated on pages 93-4, -may be found in Lanzarote, which is the nearest -island to the coast of Africa, and which more closely -resembles it in climate and vegetation, in greater -numbers than in Teneriffe. The Euphorbia, which -grows so plentifully in most of the islands, is uncommon -in Lanzarote; hence the D. Tithymali, -abundant in Teneriffe, would be scarce in this island. -The lack of water in Fuerteventura, and consequent -sparse vegetation, is doubtless the cause of the scarcity -of Lepidoptera in that island, though the interesting<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span> -occurrence of the insect “Euchlöe Charlonia,” a North -and West African butterfly (which has only once been -recorded as having been observed in Teneriffe), is -accounted for by the proximity of the island in -question to the African mainland. This species -probably occurs in Lanzarote, for the same reason; -it will doubtless become dispersed over the remaining -islands in time.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></p> - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_B">APPENDIX B.</h3> -</div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Under</span> date July, 1893, the Rev. O. E. Benthall -writes:—</p> - -<p>“As to the ‘blue’(Webbiana), I found it in -abundance at Guimar about half a mile from the coast, -where the barrancos shallow down before running into -the sea.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p> - -<p>“Most of the specimens were rather wasted, so I -suppose the best time for them would be a fortnight -earlier than when we went there (April).”</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h3 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_C">APPENDIX C.</h3> -</div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">Several</span> of the Teneriffe moths, although similar to -English and European species, assume rather a darker -insular form. The Triphæna Pronuba, Calocampa -Exoleta and Asopia Farinalis are examples of this. The -Sterrha Sacraria is also met with marked with a -much brighter red than in ordinary specimens, and -showing great diversity in shade of colour, from red -to almost yellow. Anyone wishing to acquire more -knowledge on this subject should refer to “Observations -on some remarkable Varieties of Sterrha Sacraria, -with general notes on Variation in Lepidoptera, by -R. M. McLachlan, F.L.S.” Transactions of the Entomological -Society of London, Ser. 3, vol. ii, pp. 453-468, -pl. 23.</p> - -<p>Those who are interested in the subject, and have -sufficient time and patience, would probably be well<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span> -repaid for their trouble by the result of experiments -in selecting and breeding together insects of the same -species which exhibit any slight deviation in their -markings and colour. Thus in rearing a number of -the Pyrameis Callirhoe several specimens have been -observed to emerge from the chrysalis state with bright -yellow instead of red markings on the margins of -the hind-wings. The white markings on the upper -wings also varied somewhat. The Pyrameis family -would possibly lend itself freely to the production of -new varieties. The Danais Chrysippus is another species -of butterfly which presents itself for experiment. By -selecting the lighter hind-wing variety, Alcippoides, for -breeding, perhaps the Alcippus, which hitherto has -not been found in Teneriffe, might be produced. -Among the smaller butterflies, the Chrysophanus -Phlœas, and the Astrarche var. Aestiva have both -shown deviation in colour and markings, but these -are much smaller, and consequently more difficult to -rear. Moreover, they would not lend such an interest -to the subject as the larger specimens.</p> - -<p>In the moths, the Deilephila Tithymali caterpillars,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span> -if fed on a species of milk-wort, evince a slight variety -in colouring and size of moths as compared with -those fed on Euphorbia. They must, however, be fed -on the plant from the earliest stage, as they only thrive -on the food to which they have been accustomed from -the first. Some of the earliest specimens are occasionally -found on the milk-wort, the eggs having been -deposited thereon. Those found in January are more -likely to thrive on this food than those met with later -on, as the Euphorbia, on which they generally feed, is -not in its prime till the early spring.</p> - -<p>Great care, patience, and time are required for -these most interesting experiments, but the natural -advantages of the climate of Teneriffe would greatly -facilitate any efforts made, as the variation in temperature -is so slight, and consequently the breeding process -can be carried on nearly all the year round. Experiments -of this nature, which might pleasantly be made by -those with whom time might otherwise pass slowly -in Teneriffe, would probably prove of distinct value -to students of Biology.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p> - -<h3 class="nobreak" id="APPENDIX_D">APPENDIX D.</h3> -</div> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> “Deilephila Daucus,” allied to “Lineata,” a -North American species, is said to occur in Teneriffe, -but the author has not seen a specimen. If such a -species is really found in the island, it is more probably -D. Livornica, which is common in South Europe and -throughout Africa, and is found in Madeira. Either -of the above species may be distinguished from D. -Tithymali by the white lines on the wings, but D. -Livornica has only four longitudinal white stripes on -the thorax, whereas D. Daucus has six. D. Livornica -is a rarity in England, but is found throughout all -the warmer parts of the Old World.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></p> - - - -<h3><a id="ALPHABETICAL_INDEX_OF_GENERA"></a>ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF GENERA -AND SPECIES.</h3> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="center">[<em>The specific names, including varieties, are printed in italics.</em>]</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="ifrst"> Acherontia, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="indx">Acidalia, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Actæon</em>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Æstiva</em>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Ægeria</em>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Agrotis, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Alcippoides</em>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Alcippus</em>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Algæ</em>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Aporia, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Aporodes, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Archippus</em>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Argynnis, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Armigera</em>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Asinalis</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Asopia, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Aspilates, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Astrarche</em>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Atalanta</em>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Atropos</em>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Aurata</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Aurifera</em>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - -<li class="ifrst"> <em>Bœtica</em>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Batatæ</em>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Bogotatella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Botys, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Bryophila, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Callidella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Callirhoe</em>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="indx">Calocampa, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> -<li class="indx">Calymnia, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Cardui</em>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Celerio</em>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="indx">Centra, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Charlonia</em>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Cheiranthi</em>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> -<li class="indx">Chœrocampa, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Chrysippus</em>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Chrysitis</em>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="indx"><i>Chrysitina</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="indx">Chrysophanus, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Circumflexa</em>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Cleobule</em>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> -<li class="indx">Colias, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Collinaria</em>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Consolidata</em>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Convolvuli</em>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span></li> -<li class="indx">Cosmophila, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Crambus, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Cratægi</em>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> -<li class="indx">Cryptoblabes, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Danais, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Daplidice</em>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> -<li class="indx">Dasychira, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Daucus</em>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="indx">Deilephila, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="indx">Deiopeia, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Dipsacea</em>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Divincta</em>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Dorcalis</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Dorippus</em>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> -<li class="indx">Duponchelia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Edusa</em>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Elutella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Ephatia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Ephestia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Epinephele, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Eriosoma</em>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Erosa</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Euchlöe, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Eupithecia, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Exoleta</em>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"> <em>Farinalis</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Ferrugalis</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Ferruginea</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Ficulella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Floralis</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Fortunata</em>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Fovealis</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Fritillary, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"> <em>Gamma</em>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Gilvaria</em>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Gnidiella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Guancharia</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Helice</em>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li class="indx">Heliaca, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx">Heliothis, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> -<li class="indx">Hellula, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Hesperia, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> -<li class="indx">Hipparchia, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Hispulla</em>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Huntera</em>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Hypena, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Interpunctella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Janira</em>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Klugii</em>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Lathonia</em>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> -<li class="indx">Litha, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Littoralis</em>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Lividalis</em>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Livornica</em>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Lucida</em>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -<li class="indx">Lycaena, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Lysimon</em>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"> Macroglossa, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Maia</em>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Meridionalis</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Monodactylus</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"> <em>Nonagrioides</em>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"> <em>Obsitalis</em>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="indx">Ommatostola, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Omphacodes, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Pandora</em>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> -<li class="indx">Pararge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> -<li class="indx">Peridroma, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Phlæas</em>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -<li class="indx">Pieris, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Plexippus</em>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> -<li class="indx">Plodia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Plusia, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Polygonalis</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Polyommatus, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -<li class="indx">Prodenia, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Pronuba</em>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> -<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></li> -<li class="indx">Pseudophia, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> -<li class="indx">Pterophorus, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Pulchella</em>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Pumilata</em>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Pupillaria</em>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Pyrameis, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"> <em>Rapæ</em>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Ravula</em>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Rhodocera, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Rubi</em>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Rufescens</em>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> -<li class="indx">Rhyparioides, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Sacchari</em>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Sacraria</em>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Saucia</em>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -<li class="indx">Scoparia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Sepiaria</em>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Sesamia, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> -<li class="indx">Setomorpha, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Solanella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Sphinx, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Spinifera</em>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Statilinus</em>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Sterrha, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Stregaria</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Sudetica</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Tarache, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Tempestivata</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Tenebrata</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx">Tephronia, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Tersellus</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx">Thecla, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Tirhaca</em>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Tirrhæa</em>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Tithymali</em>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Transversella</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Tripartita</em>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> -<li class="indx"> Triphæna, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Ucetia, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Undalis</em>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Urticæ</em>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Vanessa, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Verbascalis</em>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> -<li class="indx"> <em>Vulcania</em>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Webbiana</em>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> -<li class="indx"><em>Wollastoni</em>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst"><em>Xiphioides</em>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - -<li class="ifrst">Zonosoma, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="DESCRIPTION_OF_PLATES">DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.</h2> -</div> - - -<p><a href="#Page_111">PLATE <abbr title="1">I</abbr>.</a></p> - -<p class="p1"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span></p> - -<ul> -<li> 1. Pieris Wollastoni.</li> -<li> 2. Pieris Cheiranthi (under side).</li> -<li> 3. Rhodocera Cleobule.</li> -<li> 4. Euchloë Charlonia.</li> -<li> 5. Colias Edusa (female).</li> -<li> 6. Colias var. Helice.</li> -<li> 7. Lycæna Webbiana (upper side).</li> -<li> 8. Lycæna Webbiana (under side).</li> -</ul> - - -<p><a href="#Page_112">PLATE <abbr title="2">II</abbr>.</a></p> - -<p class="p1"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span></p> - -<ul> -<li> 1. Danais Plexippus.</li> -<li> 2. Danais Chrysippus.</li> -<li> 3. Danais Alcippoides.</li> -<li> 4. Pyrameis Huntera.</li> -<li> 5. Pyrameis Cardui.</li> -<li> 6. Lycæna Astrarche var. Aestiva.</li> -<li> 7. Hipparchia Statilinus.</li> -<li> 8. Hesperia Actæon.</li> -</ul> - - -<p><a href="#Page_113">PLATE <abbr title="3">III</abbr>.</a></p> - -<p class="p1"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span></p> - -<ul> -<li> 1. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (upper side).</li> -<li> 2. Argynnis Maia or Pandora (under side).</li> -<li> 3. Argynnis Lathonia (upper side).</li> -<li> 4. Argynnis Lathonia (under side).</li> -<li> 5. Pararge Xiphioides.</li> -<li> 6. Pyrameis Vulcania or Callirhoe.</li> -<li> 7. Pyrameis Atalanta.</li> -</ul> - - -<p><a href="#Page_114">PLATE <abbr title="4">IV</abbr>.</a></p> - -<p class="p1"><span class="smcap">Fig.</span></p> - -<ul> -<li> 1. Acherontia Atropos.</li> -<li> 2. Chœrocampa Celerio.</li> -<li> 3. Pseudophia Tirhaca.</li> -<li> 4. Deilephila Tithymali.</li> -<li> 5. Rhyparioides Rufeseens.</li> -<li> 6. Plusia Aurifera.</li> -<li> 7. Omphacodes Divincta.</li> -<li> 8. Tarache Lucida.</li> -<li> 9. Deiopeia Pulchella.</li> -<li> 10. Aspilates Collinaria.</li> -<li> 11. Dasychira Fortunata.</li> -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span></p> - -<p class="space-above1"></p> -<div class="figcenter"> -<a id="image_i121"><img src="images/i121.jpg" alt="" width="398" height="550" /></a> -<p class="caption center p90">PLATE 1.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">L. Reeve & C<sup>o</sup>. London.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p> -<p class="space-above1"></p> -<div class="figcenter"> -<a id="image_i123"><img src="images/i123.jpg" alt="" width="418" height="550" /></a> -<p class="caption center p90">PLATE 2.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">L. Reeve & C<sup>o</sup>. London.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p> -<p class="space-above1"></p> -<div class="figcenter"> -<a id="image_i127"><img src="images/i127.jpg" alt="" width="417" height="550" /></a> -<p class="caption center p90">PLATE 3.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">A. E. Holt-White, del. R. Morgan lith. L. Reeve & C<sup>o</sup>. London.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span></p> -<p class="space-above1"></p> -<div class="figcenter"> -<a id="image_i129"><img src="images/i129.jpg" alt="" width="405" height="550" /></a> -<p class="caption center p90">PLATE 4.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">A. E. Holt-White, del, R. Morgan lith. Vincent Brooks, Day & Son Imp.</p> -<p class="caption center p90">L. Reeve & C<sup>o</sup>. 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