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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Plank Frame Barn Construction, by John L.
-Shawver
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Plank Frame Barn Construction
-
-Author: John L. Shawver
-
-Release Date: May 21, 2021 [eBook #65399]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION ***
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:
-
-  Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
-    in the original text.
-  Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
-  Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
-  Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
-
-
-
-
-       Plank Frame Barn Construction
-
-            BY JOHN L. SHAWVER
-
-    DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY, Publishers
-     232-238 William Street, New York
-                   1904
-
-             COPYRIGHTED 1904,
-        BY DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-This matter was originally presented in the columns of _Carpentry and
-Building_, in response to continued requests for information concerning
-the plank frame system of construction, which for many years past has
-been growing in popularity in various sections of the country, more
-particularly the Central West. The author has given a great deal of
-attention to the subject, having been associated with the construction
-of plank frame barns for a long period, and he is, therefore, competent
-to discuss the matter from the standpoint of the practical builder.
-Barns of the character indicated have been extensively erected through
-various sections of the West, and it is with a view of presenting
-valuable data concerning the method of construction that this little
-work has been compiled. In the course of his articles the author
-points out the advantages of the form of construction referred to and
-describes wherein there is a saving of time, labor and material, an
-important consideration, especially in sections of the country where
-timber for building purposes is not in plentiful supply.
-
-
-
-
-Constructing a Plank Frame Barn.
-
-
-BY JOHN L. SHAWVER.
-
-The growing interest in the plank frame barn, as manifested by
-inquiries which have emanated from many quarters, calls for specific
-information which will enable every builder and farmer to avail himself
-of the many advantages offered by this system of construction. The
-system has been in use in Central Ohio for the past 20 years, and has
-been rapidly growing in favor wherever people have had an opportunity
-of investigating its merits. During these years the system, which was
-at first somewhat crude and undeveloped, has been gradually improved,
-until to-day, after many of the most severe tests, it is believed to
-have reached very near perfection as regards economy of material and
-labor, strength of frame, convenience of arrangement and durability of
-structure. The advantages offered by this method of construction are:
-
-        1. A saving in timber of from 40 to 60 per cent.—a
-    not small item in many localities where timber for
-    building purposes has become a scarce article.
-
-        2. An opportunity to employ for the building of
-    barns timber that could scarcely receive consideration
-    if solid timber mortise and tenon frames were to be
-    built.
-
-        3. A saving in the cost of sawing, cutting and
-    hauling of about one-half of the timber.
-
-        4. A saving in cost of framing, ranging from 50 to
-    90 per cent., according to the plan of the building and
-    the efficiency of the builders.
-
-        5. In cases where farmers’ wives are expected to
-    board and lodge the builders, a saving in labor and
-    vexation of two or three weeks’ unnecessary time for
-    framing old style barns.
-
-        6. A riddance of practically all of the interior
-    timbers, which are usually an interference with the use
-    of the horse forks and hay slings, as well as a source
-    of constant vexation at threshing time and all other
-    times when the barn is in use.
-
-        7. The full benefit of the self supporting arch
-    roof, a construction of combined triangles, long braces
-    and perpendicular timbers.
-
-        8. Durability, arising from the fact that there are
-    no mortises in which moisture may accumulate and cause
-    the tenons to decay.
-
-        9. The strongest possible support for the track of
-    the hay fork or sling.
-
-        10. Ease of addition to the main building should
-    any ever be required.
-
-Changes and variations in plans need cause no loss of timber, as is
-certain to be the case where a bill of materials has already been
-placed on the ground. If a piece of timber is too long the piece cut
-off is used at some point, though perhaps not over 18 inches in length
-and containing only 2 or more feet of stuff. Suppose we cut off 18
-inches of an 8 × 8 we have lost 8 feet of lumber, which is worthless
-for any purpose save for fire wood. If a given piece is too short it
-is spliced in a moment’s time and no loss of strength is sustained. In
-an old style framing if a piece was too short it required considerable
-labor to remedy the matter, and a loss of both timber and strength was
-sustained.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Interior Bent of Plain Gable Barn with Basement.]
-
-Herewith are illustrated two bents of a barn, Fig. 1, showing a plain
-gable barn with basement. Referring to it, 1 1 1 are posts of basement
-bent, consisting of five 2 × 8 planks, two of which are 8 feet long
-and three of which are 7 feet 2 inches. Upon these rest the joist
-bearers, marked 2 2 2, which consist of three planks 2 × 10, extending
-lengthwise of the barn. These basement bents are thoroughly braced by a
-method which will be illustrated hereafter. The braces 3 3 3 are made
-of two 2 × 4 inch stuff the required length, with a short piece of the
-same material forming a clamp brace somewhat similar in shape to a
-clothes pin. The sill of the superstructure, marked 4, consists of two
-2 × 8 inch plank, with 6-inch space between them. The posts 5 5 are
-made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space. The purlin
-posts, 6 6, are made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening space;
-7 7 are roof supports, consisting of a 2 × 8 inch plank. The collar
-beams 8 are two 2 × 12 inch plank with intervening 2-inch space; 9 9
-are sub-supports, made of a 2 × 6 inch plank; 10 10 are stays of two 2
-× 4 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space; 11 11 are the main ties
-of one 2 × 8 inch piece; 12, 13 and 14 are braces and ties of 2 × 6
-inch plank; 15 15 are purlin plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with
-intervening 2-inch space into which couplings and braces enter.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—Barn Bent, Showing Gambrel Roof Construction.]
-
-At 16 16 the main plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, are placed into
-a V-trough and inverted over the top of the post. The rafters 17 17 may
-be spliced on the purlin plates. The topmost intersections are bolted,
-as shown by means of the dots. The upper ends of the purlin posts are
-cut down 4 inches, on a line parallel with the roof supports, and again
-at right angles with the first cut, forming a saddle, into which are
-placed the purlin plates.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 3.—Outside View of End Bent of Superstructure and
-Basement Bents.—Scale, 3-32 Inch to the Foot.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 4.—Side View of Plank Frame Barn.—Scale, 3-32 Inch
-to the Foot.]
-
-In Fig. 2 is presented a view of an interior bent of a gambrel roof
-basement barn, which is constructed on the same general principles as
-shown in the previous figure. Hip roofs, gothic roofs, etc., are as
-readily provided for as either gable or gambrel roofs, so any man’s
-taste may be fully met in this respect.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 5.—Detail Showing Section of Frame.—Scale, ¼ Inch
-to the Foot.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 6.—Section of Purlin Plate.—Scale, ¼ Inch to the
-Foot.]
-
-An outside view of the end bent of the superstructure and an end view
-of all the basement bents are shown in Fig. 3 of the illustrations. The
-braces in the basement are permitted to extend up and between the sills
-of the superstructure, thus binding both basement and superstructure
-into one solid frame work. In the interior of the basement, where long
-braces will not interfere with the arrangement or convenience, they are
-to be preferred to short ones, but where short braces are necessary
-they are inserted in such a manner as to give greater strength than
-when mortised in as is usually done.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 7.—Detail at Peak of Barn.—Scale, ½ Inch to the
-Foot.]
-
-A side view of the frame, which is of such a character as to fully
-explain itself, is presented in Fig. 4. The plate is made of two 2 ×
-8 plank spiked together to form a trough and inverted over the tops
-of the posts. The manner of constructing the bents of the basement is
-indicated in Fig. 5. If the posts can stand on solid pillars of stone
-no sills are necessary, and the fillers extend down to the lower ends
-of the posts and up to the joist bearers. A side view of the purlin
-plates, which are made of two 2 × 8 or 2 × 10 plank with a 2-inch
-space between them, is shown in Fig. 6. The coupling or splicing block
-extends either way from the roof support _a_ to the dotted lines _b b_.
-At _c_ is represented a sectional view of the sub-support, to which
-the stays _d d_ are secured, and also the lower end of the braces _e
-e_. This arrangement gives sufficient strength to the purlin plates to
-sustain a slate or any other roof desired. Fig. 7 shows the manner in
-which the peak of the arch is constructed. The roof supports, which are
-usually of 2 × 8, are indicated by A A. The sub-supports, usually of 2
-× 6 plank, are indicated by B B, while the dotted lines represent the
-collar beams, C, constructed of 2 × 12 inch plank, there being one on
-either side and bound together by ½-inch carriage bolts 6½ inches in
-length, their position being indicated by the small crosses.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 8.—Detail Showing Construction of Posts in End Bent
-of Fig. 3.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 9—Sectional View of Plate.]
-
-Three posts of the end bent, shown in Fig. 3, are constructed of two
-2 × 8 plank, one 2 × 4 and one 3 × 6, all as indicated by the cross
-section in Fig. 8 of the engravings.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 10.—Side Elevation of Barn Having Two Driveways and
-Bay at Either End.]
-
-It will be noticed that all of this work is easily and quickly done
-and that there is not only a saving in the timber, but also in the
-labor. As an example of the time required to erect a frame, I would
-state that I was recently called to another county to assist in
-building a basement barn, 40 × 80 feet in size, 8-foot basement and
-16-foot superstructure, with plain gable roof. With three carpenters we
-commenced work on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week
-we raised the barn complete. In other words, it took four carpenters
-three days to frame a barn 40 × 80 × 24 feet.
-
-In Fig. 10 is shown a side view of a barn with two driveways and bay
-at either end. A A are duplicated on inside of posts, with bridge
-blocks at dotted lines; B´ is main plate; C is purlin plate of two 2 ×
-8 plank set at right angles with roof and also braced at right angles;
-D is roof supports, forming the arch of the barn, and E the collar
-beams. Fig. 11 shows interior bent of a “ground” barn with decks above
-driveway. Should stables be desired in one or both ends joist bearers
-may extend entire width of barn.
-
-There are doubtless many who would like some evidence of the strength,
-durability and popularity of this system of barn building, and I
-therefore submit a few facts in relation to these points.
-
-_First Test of Strength._—A small model made of linden strips 3-16
-inch thick and ½, ⅜ and ¼ in inch width, made on a scale of ½ to 12
-and representing a barn 40 × 60, with 8-foot basement and 20-foot
-superstructure, was found strong enough to support four men of average
-weight.
-
-_Second Test._—Several years ago a number of persons at a barn raising
-were discussing the frail appearance of the frame, and a test was made
-with chains and levers in an effort to crush the frame by drawing at
-opposite angles, but without the slightest effect.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 11.—Interior Bent of “Ground” Barn with Decks Above
-Driveway.]
-
-Another example is found in a barn which was put up with a minimum
-quantity of spikes, because the owner did not wish to take time to go
-to town for more. The barn has been standing 14 years, within which
-time a number of destructive wind storms have passed over it without
-damage, though much damage to fences, forests and buildings resulted in
-the vicinity.
-
-As evidence of the rapidity with which the framing may be done,
-I will refer to a basement barn, 40 × 80, 24 feet to the square,
-recently erected in Union County, Ohio. I began with three carpenters
-on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week the barn was
-raised complete. We were compelled to work under the disadvantages of
-considerable mud on the newly graded foundation site, necessity of
-carrying the timber some distance, and the short days in mid November.
-None of the hands had any previous experience in this work, so had to
-learn as they proceeded.
-
-A large dairy barn was built the last week of October, 1896, just out
-of New York City. It is 100 × 36, with 8-foot basement and 16-foot
-superstructure. We had four house carpenters and two laborers. Began
-work Monday morning, but were delayed by the non-arrival of the spikes
-till nearly noon. The basement bents were each 100 feet in length,
-and there were nine bents in the superstructure. Both basement and
-superstructure were raised on Friday of same week in six hours with the
-help of 30 men.
-
-Still another example may be given to show the difference between the
-plank frame and the mortise and tenon frame. With three helpers I
-framed a barn, 40 × 72, with 20-foot posts, while two carpenters, one
-of them a foreman, framed the sills for a corn crib, 5 × 40.
-
-The system has been introduced into 32 States and some fair sized
-barns have been built in this way. One in Kentucky, 56 × 100; one in
-Colorado, 60 × 70; one in Wisconsin, 40 × 120, with wing 40 × 60; one
-in Ontario, 56 × 96, and one in Virginia, 60 × 100. I have yet to learn
-of any who, having built strictly to specifications, are dissatisfied
-with the frame. On the contrary, we are frequently in receipt of
-letters from those who have thus built stating that they are delighted
-not only because they have saved both money and timber, but at the same
-time have obtained a thoroughly strong frame without the usual interior
-timbers, which are so much in the way in handling hay or grain.
-
-I shall be glad to have the friendly criticism of practical builders
-given in the columns of _Carpentry and Building_. Any suggestions which
-may lead to further improvements in the system will be appreciated
-very much, and due credit will be given to those who suggest them. It
-will be seen that the system is especially adapted to large grain and
-hay barns, to cover barnyards, which are becoming so popular in many
-sections of the country, to tool sheds, tobacco barns, amphitheaters,
-&c.
-
-While there is not so large a saving in the timber of the basement as
-in the superstructure, there is yet a fair saving of timber even here,
-and at the same time there is great saving of labor. The timbers are
-employed only where they can serve a useful purpose, and special effort
-is made to so place the timbers as to secure the maximum amount of
-strength with the smallest possible amount of timber.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-The following communications were brought out as the result of Mr.
-Shawver’s invitation to the readers of _Carpentry and Building_:
-
-
-Bracing a Basement Barn Built on the Plank Frame System.
-
-_From_ E. S. H., _Connecticut_.—I have been reading the articles of
-Mr. Shawver on barn framing with a great deal of interest, and I am
-desirous of obtaining full instructions in regard to bracing the
-interior of a basement barn: also a complete bill of materials for
-the frame of such a barn, 40 × 60 feet in area, basement 8 feet high
-and superstructure 20 feet high. The roof is of the gable pattern,
-one-third pitch. There is also a bay in each end and a double driveway.
-
-_Answer._—In referring to the above inquiry, Mr. Shawver submits the
-following information, accompanied by the illustrations presented
-herewith: The sketches here given will explain in detail the manner of
-inserting the braces and the way in which they are made. Of course,
-when long braces will not interfere with the desired use of the space
-they are preferred to short ones, but short ones properly inserted
-will give the same rigidity to the plank frame that braces of similar
-length will give to a mortise and tenon frame. The braces C C of Fig. 1
-are inserted in the bents as the latter are constructed, but the brace
-shown in Fig. 2 is not inserted until the barn is raised.
-
-In basement barns the joist bearer, A of Fig. 1, is made to extend
-lengthwise of the building, and the bents of the superstructure being
-placed crosswise we find the sill of a bent of a superstructure as
-represented at F F. But in ground barns the joist bearers extend
-crosswise of the barn, and the post B is permitted to extend up
-through the joist bearer about 7 inches. Two posts are then spiked to
-this projecting portion, one on either side, and thus again the brace
-shown in Fig. 2 may be inserted if thought necessary. If, however, the
-braces are properly inserted in the side walls of the frame the short
-braces may safely be omitted in ground barns.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Showing Method of Bracing.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—One Form of Brace Employed.]
-
-The following is a bill of materials for a plank frame basement
-barn, 36 × 60 feet, basement 8 feet, with wall on one side, 16-foot
-superstructure, with a 23-foot bay at each end and a 14-foot driveway
-in the middle. Roof one-third pitch, plain gable, decks over driveway
-if permissible. Interior posts of basement to stand on stone pillars.
-
-                        BILL OF MATERIALS.
-                       Basement: First Bent.
-                                            Ins. Ins. Ft.
-
-     2 sills                                 2 ×  8 × 60
-                     (or six 2 × 8 × 20)
-
-    12 posts                                 2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 door posts                            2 ×  6 ×  8
-     6 post fillers                          2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 nailers                               2 ×  6 × 12
-     1 nailer                                2 ×  6 × 14
-     3 joist bearers                         2 × 10 × 60
-                     (may use 14s and 24s.)
-
-    10 braces                               2 ×  6 × 10
-                    Bents 2, 3 and 4 similar.
-
-    12 posts                                2 ×  8 ×  8
-    18 post fillers                         2 ×  8 ×  8
-    20 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  6
-     3 joist bearers                        2 × 10 × 60
-                       Ends of Basement.
-
-     8 sills                                2 ×  8 ×  9
-                      (or four 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-     4 nailers                              2 ×  6 × 18
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 9)
-
-     4 nailers                              2 ×  8 × 18
-    16 braces                               2 ×  6 × 10
-    56 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  6
-    28 brace blocks                         2 ×  4 × 16
-                  Superstructure: Two End Bents.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-    12 nailers                              2 ×  6 × 18
-     4 beams                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-    20 posts                                2 ×  8 × 16
-    10 post fillers                         2 ×  4 × 16
-     8 braces                               2 ×  6 × 18
-     8 purlin posts                         2 ×  8 ×  8
-     8 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  9
-     2 gable ties                           2 ×  6 × 18
-     6 stiffeners                           3 ×  6 × 16
-
-                       Two Interior Bents.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 ×  2
-     8 posts                                2 ×  8 × 16
-     8 purlin posts                         2 ×  8 × 24
-                      (or twelve 2 × 8 × 16)
-
-     4 roof supports                        2 ×  8 × 22
-     4 sub-supports                         2 ×  6 × 17
-     4 collar braces                        2 × 12 ×  5
-     8 stays                                2 ×  4 ×  3
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  5
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  4
-     4 braces                               2 ×  6 ×  8
-
-                       Two Floor Bents.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 ×  2
-     8 posts                                2 ×  8 × 16
-     8 purlin posts                         2 ×  8 × 24
-     4 roof supports                        2 ×  8 × 22
-     4 sub-supports                         2 ×  6 × 17
-     4 collar braces                        2 × 12 ×  5
-     8 stays                                2 ×  4 ×  3
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  5
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  4
-     4 braces                               2 ×  6 ×  9
-     8 joist bearers                        2 ×  8 ×  8
-
-                         Side Timbers.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 23
-     2 sills                                2 ×  8 × 14
-    24 nailers                              2 ×  6 × 12
-     4 nailers                              2 ×  8 × 14
-     8 plates                               2 ×  8 × 23
-     4 plates                               2 ×  8 × 14
-     8 purlins                              2 ×  8 × 23
-     4 purlins                              2 ×  8 × 14
-     8 couplings                            2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 couplings                            2 ×  8 ×  4
-     4 braces                               2 ×  4 × 12
-    16 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  7
-     8 deck joist                           2 ×  8 × 14
-
-Floors, siding, roofing, doors, etc., will be the same as in other
-barns of same dimensions.
-
-                     ESTIMATED COST OF FRAMING.
-
-    Foreman, $2.50 per day, 3 days               $7.50
-    Two journeymen, $2 per day, 3 days            6.00
-    Two apprentices, $1.25 per day, 3 days        3.75
-                                                 —————
-       Total                                    $17.25
-    Raising and inserting braces, 1 day           5.75
-                                                 —————
-       Total                                    $23.00
-
-Cost of completing same as other barns of same dimensions and style of
-finish.
-
-
-A Plank Frame Applied to a Skating Rink.
-
-_From_ N. B., _Sussex, N. B._—We want to erect an auditorium, 50 × 200,
-with 16-foot posts and 12-foot sheds at each side for offices, waiting
-rooms, saloon, etc. We want galleries all around and a large band stand
-at one end, suspended from the roof. The building is to be used for
-a skating rink in winter and for public meetings during the summer.
-Will the plank frame system described in _Carpentry and Building_ be
-suitable for the frame?
-
-_Answer._—The above inquiry was submitted to Mr. Shawver, who
-contributed the recent articles on plank frame construction, and in
-reply he says:
-
-The plank frame is admirably adapted to such a building as that
-described, and can be quite cheaply constructed. In Fig. 1 of the
-sketches is shown one of the bents near the end on which the band stand
-is located, indicating the manner in which it is suspended from the
-roof by the rods A A, together with truss rod B. The galleries appear
-at either side, above which and beneath the eaves are the windows. If
-lighted by dormer windows, or if artificial light is employed, the shed
-roofs may be of the same pitch and a continuation of the roof of the
-main building, in which case the galleries may extend back beneath the
-roof of the sheds, and they need not extend out further than the purlin
-posts. The sketch, Fig. 2, shows an interior bent without the band
-stand. The end bents will be constructed in a manner similar to that
-shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of my article on plank frame barns. A 200-foot
-building should have 17 bents placed 12½ feet apart.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Bent Near the Band Stand.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—An Interior Bent.]
-
-
-Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn.
-
-[Illustration: Basement Plan.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.]
-
-_From_ S. H., _Minneapolis, Minn._—I would like to have the readers
-experienced in plank frame barn construction comment upon the plans
-of the basement barn which I send herewith and from which I intend
-to build next summer. I would like very much to know the weak points
-of the barn and the best way to remedy them. I think the drawings
-showing the plans and details are so clear as to practically explain
-themselves.
-
-[Illustration: Elevation of Front Framing of Barn.—Scale, ⅛ Inch to the
-Foot.
-
-_Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn.—Floor Plans.—Scale, 1-16
-Inch to the Foot._]
-
-[Illustration: Main Floor.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.]
-
-
-Criticism of Plank Frame Barn Construction.
-
-_From_ JOHN L. SHAWVER, _Bellefontaine, Ohio_.—In response to the wish
-of “S. H.,” Minneapolis, Minn., I offer a few suggestions in connection
-with his proposed plank frame basement barn. It is well, indeed, that
-he should insist on knowing what he is doing, for many have made
-blunders because they attempted to build plank frames without having
-first investigated the proper method of construction. Too many guess
-at it. As pioneers in this work, we started, 25 years ago, on small
-structures, and month by month studied and contrived until a system was
-evolved that is adapted to barn structures of any reasonable size.
-Each point has been carefully tested as we proceeded, and if not fully
-satisfactory was discarded for something better. We now have over 7000
-structures in some 44 States and provinces, some of them quite large,
-and have received many gratifying testimonials as to their strength,
-durability and cheapness.
-
-The floor plans submitted by “S. H.” are very good in design and
-arrangement, save that the hay chutes are made to appear directly over
-one of the main girders. Of course, this he would discover and rectify.
-Should it be difficult to obtain 8 × 8 stuff for posts and 8 × 10 for
-girders, the former may very easily be constructed of two 2 × 8’s and
-two 2 × 4’s, box pattern, thus saving something in materials and risk
-from dry rot. The girders might be made of two 4 × 10’s, or four 2 ×
-10’s, leaving an air space of 2 inches in the middle and saving the
-necessity of making mortises.
-
-The drawings indicate the use of two 2 × 12’s and one 2 × 8 for cross
-sills, the 2 × 8 being flat. In my opinion, the 2 × 8 is needless. The
-plates are all flatwise, while they must sustain much weight. We prefer
-purlin plates set on edge at right angles with the combined pressure
-of both sets of rafters. The main plates we make of three 2 × 6 inch,
-or 2 × 8 inch, according to the size of the structure when on edge to
-sustain the weight and two to sustain the outward pressure of the roof
-and the contents of the building. In this case, the purlins should
-incline 45 degrees.
-
-The drawings of the correspondent indicate that the nailers are cut to
-fit between the posts, in which case they must be mortised, gained or
-toe nailed. The first two require unnecessary work, while the latter
-is not strong enough. If the bents are constructed in three sections,
-they will be tedious to raise in position. If completed before
-raising, they will be weak at the purlin plate. The drawings indicate
-also that staging would be required in setting the upper frame, and
-that quite a large amount of the work is done as the frame is being
-raised. In our experience we never use any staging, and we do most of
-the work from the ground before beginning to set for the frame. Most
-men can work more rapidly on the ground, with all materials handy,
-than they can aloft, where materials must be drawn up with ropes. I
-believe “S. H.” can save enough on labor alone to pay his expenses
-to go to some point and see one of our plank frame constructions.
-Besides, he will find wherein he can greatly improve upon his method
-of construction. Those who are within convenient reach to do so can
-visit the barn of Dr. W. I. Chamberlain, near Cleveland, Ohio, which
-is easily accessible by railroad, while the doctor, who is one of the
-editors of the _Ohio Farmer_, takes great delight in showing his barn
-to visitors. This barn, which is 40 × 82 feet in size, required four
-carpenters two and a half days to frame and two hours and fifteen
-minutes to raise.
-
-We do not usually give name and address of our patrons, because it
-leads to much inconvenience to them. Should any of the readers write to
-Dr. Chamberlain, I would suggest that they inclose a stamped envelope,
-properly addressed, for reply.
-
-
-Criticism of Plank Frame Barn Construction.
-
-_From_ J. M. B., _Monroeton, Pa._—In the December issue of _Carpentry
-and Building_, page 327, the correspondent “S. H.” of Minneapolis
-wants to know the weak points of his barn frame, a sketch of which was
-presented in connection with his communication. I think one weak point
-is what he calls the plate in the gable, which is made of two 2 × 8
-inch pieces, equal to a 4 × 8 inch, with a span of at least 30 feet
-between purlin posts, which are only 2 × 6 inches. In my opinion, with
-the hay mow filled with hay, the gable will bulge or spring out, as the
-weight, 45 to 50 tons, will exert quite a pressure. As to the remedy I
-am not so clear. He might use a flat truss or a beam large enough to
-stand the pressure; one, say, 16 inches wide at the center and tapering
-to 8 inches at each end. I will say, in conclusion, that I have had no
-experience with plank frames.
-
-
-Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength?
-
-_From_ C. G., _Vergennes, Vt._—I send herewith a rough sketch of bent
-of barn which I intend to put up in the spring. It is 30 feet wide and
-has 26-foot posts. What I wish to know is this: Is the truss strong
-enough to carry the load that will be put upon it? I would like to have
-the “wood butchers” take hold of it and tear it apart and tell me what
-to put in its place.
-
-_From_ JOHN L. SHAWVER, _Bellefontaine, Ohio_.—Permit me to offer
-a substitute for the barn frame proposed by the correspondent “C.
-G.” of Vergennes, Vt., in the March issue of the paper. His timber
-trusses take up too much room, and at the same time the timbers are
-too expensive for this day and age. We place a little more timber in
-the joist bearer and prefer it in a different shape. He suggests 7 ×
-8 inches, and this would be 30 feet in length. We would use three 2
-× 10’s, and could use any lengths to make the 30 feet; consequently
-our timbers could be purchased at much less cost. Instead of the 7 ×
-8 inch truss timbers we would use two wire cables made of galvanized
-wire, seven strands, and doubled. While we would use a little heavier
-posts in the stables, the posts of the superstructure would contain
-only about one-half as much material, but this, too, we would prefer of
-different shape. In place of the 7 × 8 inch we would use two 2 × 8’s,
-and instead of the beam we would prefer the arch and the angling purlin
-posts, and thus have the interior entirely free from all timbers.
-
-[Illustration: Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength?]
-
-After 20 years’ experience in building barns without the cross beams
-it would require peculiar conditions to induce us to use them, for
-they are continuously in the way, both when storing away hay or grain
-and when getting these out again for the thresher or for the feeding
-of stock. The upper portion of the frame submitted by “C. G.” does
-not show any braces, and we are at a loss to know if there is to be
-none, or if these were omitted because it is not that portion of the
-structure that is under consideration. Let me say, however, that that
-is one of the most prevalent mistakes in the construction of a barn.
-There are too few braces, and the first baby tornado that happens to
-pass that way will “lay it out in fine shape.” While we use plenty of
-braces, they are usually only 2 × 6 inches, and so do not take timber
-very rapidly. The geometrical triangle is the strongest figure one can
-secure, and it is with that idea always in mind that we do our barn
-work.
-
-
-Bents for 12-Sided Plank Frame Barn.
-
-_From_ J. D., _Ubly, Mich._—I send herewith a rough sketch, Fig. 1,
-showing one of the bents of a 12-sided plank frame barn, and would like
-to have the architectural readers of the paper state whether or not it
-will be strong enough for the purpose, and, if not, wherein changes can
-be made to advantage.
-
-    _Note._—With a view to obtaining the opinion
-    of an expert who has had long experience in the
-    construction of plank frame barns, we submitted the
-    inquiry of our correspondent above to John L. Shawver,
-    who furnishes the following in reply:
-
-In the first place, the purlin posts in the sketch of the correspondent
-are so sloping that while they brace well they are not in position to
-sustain the most weight, and these with the roof supports are so long
-that they have to be spliced. While this is easily done in the case of
-posts, it is not so readily performed with supports, and, when so done,
-it will not present as attractive an appearance as would otherwise be
-the case.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Elevation of Bent Submitted by “J. D.”]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—One Form of Plank Frame Suggested by Mr.
-Shawver.]
-
-In the second place, one of the weakest points about the barn is the
-shape. It is true it would be a novelty in most communities, but, like
-the round barns, is wasteful of material. It is out of the question
-to place joists, rafters, flooring, sheathing, roofing, &c., on barns
-of this shape without much waste of both materials and labor. Then,
-too, it is next to impossible to provide for satisfactory lighting or
-ventilation, both of which are essential features in every up to date
-barn.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 3.—The Preferable Style of Framing.]
-
-The frame construction indicated in Fig. 2 is stronger, and at the
-same time gives more open space in the interior, this being secured by
-running the purlin posts up to the first purlin plate, instead of to
-the second, and supporting the second plate on the truss brace. This
-saves in the lengths of the purlin posts, but requires the same length
-of supports and longer sub-supports.
-
-The form of construction indicated in Fig. 3 is, in my opinion,
-preferable to either of the others, if it is found that the vertical
-posts set in 10 feet will not in any way interfere with the purpose
-of the structure. In this case all the timbers are either shortened
-or placed in such shape that they may be spliced without in any
-way weakening the structure. Whichever form may be used by the
-correspondent, it is important in bents or arches of this size that
-the purlin posts should be placed on the inner edge with 2 × 6, which
-will add materially to the strength of the frame, and at the same time
-prevent any tendency to spring sideways either in the raising or from
-the pressure of the hay or grain within after the building is completed.
-
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