NormalizeHEADmain

30 files changed, 17 insertions, 2970 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3b43a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65399 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65399)
diff --git a/old/65399-0.txt b/old/65399-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index b8dbd07..0000000
--- a/old/65399-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1097 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Plank Frame Barn Construction, by John L.
-Shawver
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Plank Frame Barn Construction
-
-Author: John L. Shawver
-
-Release Date: May 21, 2021 [eBook #65399]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION ***
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes:
-
-  Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
-    in the original text.
-  Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
-  Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
-  Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
-
-
-
-
-       Plank Frame Barn Construction
-
-            BY JOHN L. SHAWVER
-
-    DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY, Publishers
-     232-238 William Street, New York
-                   1904
-
-             COPYRIGHTED 1904,
-        BY DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY.
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE.
-
-
-This matter was originally presented in the columns of _Carpentry and
-Building_, in response to continued requests for information concerning
-the plank frame system of construction, which for many years past has
-been growing in popularity in various sections of the country, more
-particularly the Central West. The author has given a great deal of
-attention to the subject, having been associated with the construction
-of plank frame barns for a long period, and he is, therefore, competent
-to discuss the matter from the standpoint of the practical builder.
-Barns of the character indicated have been extensively erected through
-various sections of the West, and it is with a view of presenting
-valuable data concerning the method of construction that this little
-work has been compiled. In the course of his articles the author
-points out the advantages of the form of construction referred to and
-describes wherein there is a saving of time, labor and material, an
-important consideration, especially in sections of the country where
-timber for building purposes is not in plentiful supply.
-
-
-
-
-Constructing a Plank Frame Barn.
-
-
-BY JOHN L. SHAWVER.
-
-The growing interest in the plank frame barn, as manifested by
-inquiries which have emanated from many quarters, calls for specific
-information which will enable every builder and farmer to avail himself
-of the many advantages offered by this system of construction. The
-system has been in use in Central Ohio for the past 20 years, and has
-been rapidly growing in favor wherever people have had an opportunity
-of investigating its merits. During these years the system, which was
-at first somewhat crude and undeveloped, has been gradually improved,
-until to-day, after many of the most severe tests, it is believed to
-have reached very near perfection as regards economy of material and
-labor, strength of frame, convenience of arrangement and durability of
-structure. The advantages offered by this method of construction are:
-
-        1. A saving in timber of from 40 to 60 per cent.—a
-    not small item in many localities where timber for
-    building purposes has become a scarce article.
-
-        2. An opportunity to employ for the building of
-    barns timber that could scarcely receive consideration
-    if solid timber mortise and tenon frames were to be
-    built.
-
-        3. A saving in the cost of sawing, cutting and
-    hauling of about one-half of the timber.
-
-        4. A saving in cost of framing, ranging from 50 to
-    90 per cent., according to the plan of the building and
-    the efficiency of the builders.
-
-        5. In cases where farmers’ wives are expected to
-    board and lodge the builders, a saving in labor and
-    vexation of two or three weeks’ unnecessary time for
-    framing old style barns.
-
-        6. A riddance of practically all of the interior
-    timbers, which are usually an interference with the use
-    of the horse forks and hay slings, as well as a source
-    of constant vexation at threshing time and all other
-    times when the barn is in use.
-
-        7. The full benefit of the self supporting arch
-    roof, a construction of combined triangles, long braces
-    and perpendicular timbers.
-
-        8. Durability, arising from the fact that there are
-    no mortises in which moisture may accumulate and cause
-    the tenons to decay.
-
-        9. The strongest possible support for the track of
-    the hay fork or sling.
-
-        10. Ease of addition to the main building should
-    any ever be required.
-
-Changes and variations in plans need cause no loss of timber, as is
-certain to be the case where a bill of materials has already been
-placed on the ground. If a piece of timber is too long the piece cut
-off is used at some point, though perhaps not over 18 inches in length
-and containing only 2 or more feet of stuff. Suppose we cut off 18
-inches of an 8 × 8 we have lost 8 feet of lumber, which is worthless
-for any purpose save for fire wood. If a given piece is too short it
-is spliced in a moment’s time and no loss of strength is sustained. In
-an old style framing if a piece was too short it required considerable
-labor to remedy the matter, and a loss of both timber and strength was
-sustained.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Interior Bent of Plain Gable Barn with Basement.]
-
-Herewith are illustrated two bents of a barn, Fig. 1, showing a plain
-gable barn with basement. Referring to it, 1 1 1 are posts of basement
-bent, consisting of five 2 × 8 planks, two of which are 8 feet long
-and three of which are 7 feet 2 inches. Upon these rest the joist
-bearers, marked 2 2 2, which consist of three planks 2 × 10, extending
-lengthwise of the barn. These basement bents are thoroughly braced by a
-method which will be illustrated hereafter. The braces 3 3 3 are made
-of two 2 × 4 inch stuff the required length, with a short piece of the
-same material forming a clamp brace somewhat similar in shape to a
-clothes pin. The sill of the superstructure, marked 4, consists of two
-2 × 8 inch plank, with 6-inch space between them. The posts 5 5 are
-made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space. The purlin
-posts, 6 6, are made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening space;
-7 7 are roof supports, consisting of a 2 × 8 inch plank. The collar
-beams 8 are two 2 × 12 inch plank with intervening 2-inch space; 9 9
-are sub-supports, made of a 2 × 6 inch plank; 10 10 are stays of two 2
-× 4 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space; 11 11 are the main ties
-of one 2 × 8 inch piece; 12, 13 and 14 are braces and ties of 2 × 6
-inch plank; 15 15 are purlin plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with
-intervening 2-inch space into which couplings and braces enter.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—Barn Bent, Showing Gambrel Roof Construction.]
-
-At 16 16 the main plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, are placed into
-a V-trough and inverted over the top of the post. The rafters 17 17 may
-be spliced on the purlin plates. The topmost intersections are bolted,
-as shown by means of the dots. The upper ends of the purlin posts are
-cut down 4 inches, on a line parallel with the roof supports, and again
-at right angles with the first cut, forming a saddle, into which are
-placed the purlin plates.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 3.—Outside View of End Bent of Superstructure and
-Basement Bents.—Scale, 3-32 Inch to the Foot.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 4.—Side View of Plank Frame Barn.—Scale, 3-32 Inch
-to the Foot.]
-
-In Fig. 2 is presented a view of an interior bent of a gambrel roof
-basement barn, which is constructed on the same general principles as
-shown in the previous figure. Hip roofs, gothic roofs, etc., are as
-readily provided for as either gable or gambrel roofs, so any man’s
-taste may be fully met in this respect.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 5.—Detail Showing Section of Frame.—Scale, ¼ Inch
-to the Foot.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 6.—Section of Purlin Plate.—Scale, ¼ Inch to the
-Foot.]
-
-An outside view of the end bent of the superstructure and an end view
-of all the basement bents are shown in Fig. 3 of the illustrations. The
-braces in the basement are permitted to extend up and between the sills
-of the superstructure, thus binding both basement and superstructure
-into one solid frame work. In the interior of the basement, where long
-braces will not interfere with the arrangement or convenience, they are
-to be preferred to short ones, but where short braces are necessary
-they are inserted in such a manner as to give greater strength than
-when mortised in as is usually done.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 7.—Detail at Peak of Barn.—Scale, ½ Inch to the
-Foot.]
-
-A side view of the frame, which is of such a character as to fully
-explain itself, is presented in Fig. 4. The plate is made of two 2 ×
-8 plank spiked together to form a trough and inverted over the tops
-of the posts. The manner of constructing the bents of the basement is
-indicated in Fig. 5. If the posts can stand on solid pillars of stone
-no sills are necessary, and the fillers extend down to the lower ends
-of the posts and up to the joist bearers. A side view of the purlin
-plates, which are made of two 2 × 8 or 2 × 10 plank with a 2-inch
-space between them, is shown in Fig. 6. The coupling or splicing block
-extends either way from the roof support _a_ to the dotted lines _b b_.
-At _c_ is represented a sectional view of the sub-support, to which
-the stays _d d_ are secured, and also the lower end of the braces _e
-e_. This arrangement gives sufficient strength to the purlin plates to
-sustain a slate or any other roof desired. Fig. 7 shows the manner in
-which the peak of the arch is constructed. The roof supports, which are
-usually of 2 × 8, are indicated by A A. The sub-supports, usually of 2
-× 6 plank, are indicated by B B, while the dotted lines represent the
-collar beams, C, constructed of 2 × 12 inch plank, there being one on
-either side and bound together by ½-inch carriage bolts 6½ inches in
-length, their position being indicated by the small crosses.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 8.—Detail Showing Construction of Posts in End Bent
-of Fig. 3.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 9—Sectional View of Plate.]
-
-Three posts of the end bent, shown in Fig. 3, are constructed of two
-2 × 8 plank, one 2 × 4 and one 3 × 6, all as indicated by the cross
-section in Fig. 8 of the engravings.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 10.—Side Elevation of Barn Having Two Driveways and
-Bay at Either End.]
-
-It will be noticed that all of this work is easily and quickly done
-and that there is not only a saving in the timber, but also in the
-labor. As an example of the time required to erect a frame, I would
-state that I was recently called to another county to assist in
-building a basement barn, 40 × 80 feet in size, 8-foot basement and
-16-foot superstructure, with plain gable roof. With three carpenters we
-commenced work on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week
-we raised the barn complete. In other words, it took four carpenters
-three days to frame a barn 40 × 80 × 24 feet.
-
-In Fig. 10 is shown a side view of a barn with two driveways and bay
-at either end. A A are duplicated on inside of posts, with bridge
-blocks at dotted lines; B´ is main plate; C is purlin plate of two 2 ×
-8 plank set at right angles with roof and also braced at right angles;
-D is roof supports, forming the arch of the barn, and E the collar
-beams. Fig. 11 shows interior bent of a “ground” barn with decks above
-driveway. Should stables be desired in one or both ends joist bearers
-may extend entire width of barn.
-
-There are doubtless many who would like some evidence of the strength,
-durability and popularity of this system of barn building, and I
-therefore submit a few facts in relation to these points.
-
-_First Test of Strength._—A small model made of linden strips 3-16
-inch thick and ½, ⅜ and ¼ in inch width, made on a scale of ½ to 12
-and representing a barn 40 × 60, with 8-foot basement and 20-foot
-superstructure, was found strong enough to support four men of average
-weight.
-
-_Second Test._—Several years ago a number of persons at a barn raising
-were discussing the frail appearance of the frame, and a test was made
-with chains and levers in an effort to crush the frame by drawing at
-opposite angles, but without the slightest effect.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 11.—Interior Bent of “Ground” Barn with Decks Above
-Driveway.]
-
-Another example is found in a barn which was put up with a minimum
-quantity of spikes, because the owner did not wish to take time to go
-to town for more. The barn has been standing 14 years, within which
-time a number of destructive wind storms have passed over it without
-damage, though much damage to fences, forests and buildings resulted in
-the vicinity.
-
-As evidence of the rapidity with which the framing may be done,
-I will refer to a basement barn, 40 × 80, 24 feet to the square,
-recently erected in Union County, Ohio. I began with three carpenters
-on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week the barn was
-raised complete. We were compelled to work under the disadvantages of
-considerable mud on the newly graded foundation site, necessity of
-carrying the timber some distance, and the short days in mid November.
-None of the hands had any previous experience in this work, so had to
-learn as they proceeded.
-
-A large dairy barn was built the last week of October, 1896, just out
-of New York City. It is 100 × 36, with 8-foot basement and 16-foot
-superstructure. We had four house carpenters and two laborers. Began
-work Monday morning, but were delayed by the non-arrival of the spikes
-till nearly noon. The basement bents were each 100 feet in length,
-and there were nine bents in the superstructure. Both basement and
-superstructure were raised on Friday of same week in six hours with the
-help of 30 men.
-
-Still another example may be given to show the difference between the
-plank frame and the mortise and tenon frame. With three helpers I
-framed a barn, 40 × 72, with 20-foot posts, while two carpenters, one
-of them a foreman, framed the sills for a corn crib, 5 × 40.
-
-The system has been introduced into 32 States and some fair sized
-barns have been built in this way. One in Kentucky, 56 × 100; one in
-Colorado, 60 × 70; one in Wisconsin, 40 × 120, with wing 40 × 60; one
-in Ontario, 56 × 96, and one in Virginia, 60 × 100. I have yet to learn
-of any who, having built strictly to specifications, are dissatisfied
-with the frame. On the contrary, we are frequently in receipt of
-letters from those who have thus built stating that they are delighted
-not only because they have saved both money and timber, but at the same
-time have obtained a thoroughly strong frame without the usual interior
-timbers, which are so much in the way in handling hay or grain.
-
-I shall be glad to have the friendly criticism of practical builders
-given in the columns of _Carpentry and Building_. Any suggestions which
-may lead to further improvements in the system will be appreciated
-very much, and due credit will be given to those who suggest them. It
-will be seen that the system is especially adapted to large grain and
-hay barns, to cover barnyards, which are becoming so popular in many
-sections of the country, to tool sheds, tobacco barns, amphitheaters,
-&c.
-
-While there is not so large a saving in the timber of the basement as
-in the superstructure, there is yet a fair saving of timber even here,
-and at the same time there is great saving of labor. The timbers are
-employed only where they can serve a useful purpose, and special effort
-is made to so place the timbers as to secure the maximum amount of
-strength with the smallest possible amount of timber.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-The following communications were brought out as the result of Mr.
-Shawver’s invitation to the readers of _Carpentry and Building_:
-
-
-Bracing a Basement Barn Built on the Plank Frame System.
-
-_From_ E. S. H., _Connecticut_.—I have been reading the articles of
-Mr. Shawver on barn framing with a great deal of interest, and I am
-desirous of obtaining full instructions in regard to bracing the
-interior of a basement barn: also a complete bill of materials for
-the frame of such a barn, 40 × 60 feet in area, basement 8 feet high
-and superstructure 20 feet high. The roof is of the gable pattern,
-one-third pitch. There is also a bay in each end and a double driveway.
-
-_Answer._—In referring to the above inquiry, Mr. Shawver submits the
-following information, accompanied by the illustrations presented
-herewith: The sketches here given will explain in detail the manner of
-inserting the braces and the way in which they are made. Of course,
-when long braces will not interfere with the desired use of the space
-they are preferred to short ones, but short ones properly inserted
-will give the same rigidity to the plank frame that braces of similar
-length will give to a mortise and tenon frame. The braces C C of Fig. 1
-are inserted in the bents as the latter are constructed, but the brace
-shown in Fig. 2 is not inserted until the barn is raised.
-
-In basement barns the joist bearer, A of Fig. 1, is made to extend
-lengthwise of the building, and the bents of the superstructure being
-placed crosswise we find the sill of a bent of a superstructure as
-represented at F F. But in ground barns the joist bearers extend
-crosswise of the barn, and the post B is permitted to extend up
-through the joist bearer about 7 inches. Two posts are then spiked to
-this projecting portion, one on either side, and thus again the brace
-shown in Fig. 2 may be inserted if thought necessary. If, however, the
-braces are properly inserted in the side walls of the frame the short
-braces may safely be omitted in ground barns.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Showing Method of Bracing.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—One Form of Brace Employed.]
-
-The following is a bill of materials for a plank frame basement
-barn, 36 × 60 feet, basement 8 feet, with wall on one side, 16-foot
-superstructure, with a 23-foot bay at each end and a 14-foot driveway
-in the middle. Roof one-third pitch, plain gable, decks over driveway
-if permissible. Interior posts of basement to stand on stone pillars.
-
-                        BILL OF MATERIALS.
-                       Basement: First Bent.
-                                            Ins. Ins. Ft.
-
-     2 sills                                 2 ×  8 × 60
-                     (or six 2 × 8 × 20)
-
-    12 posts                                 2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 door posts                            2 ×  6 ×  8
-     6 post fillers                          2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 nailers                               2 ×  6 × 12
-     1 nailer                                2 ×  6 × 14
-     3 joist bearers                         2 × 10 × 60
-                     (may use 14s and 24s.)
-
-    10 braces                               2 ×  6 × 10
-                    Bents 2, 3 and 4 similar.
-
-    12 posts                                2 ×  8 ×  8
-    18 post fillers                         2 ×  8 ×  8
-    20 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  6
-     3 joist bearers                        2 × 10 × 60
-                       Ends of Basement.
-
-     8 sills                                2 ×  8 ×  9
-                      (or four 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-     4 nailers                              2 ×  6 × 18
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 9)
-
-     4 nailers                              2 ×  8 × 18
-    16 braces                               2 ×  6 × 10
-    56 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  6
-    28 brace blocks                         2 ×  4 × 16
-                  Superstructure: Two End Bents.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-    12 nailers                              2 ×  6 × 18
-     4 beams                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-    20 posts                                2 ×  8 × 16
-    10 post fillers                         2 ×  4 × 16
-     8 braces                               2 ×  6 × 18
-     8 purlin posts                         2 ×  8 ×  8
-     8 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  9
-     2 gable ties                           2 ×  6 × 18
-     6 stiffeners                           3 ×  6 × 16
-
-                       Two Interior Bents.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 ×  2
-     8 posts                                2 ×  8 × 16
-     8 purlin posts                         2 ×  8 × 24
-                      (or twelve 2 × 8 × 16)
-
-     4 roof supports                        2 ×  8 × 22
-     4 sub-supports                         2 ×  6 × 17
-     4 collar braces                        2 × 12 ×  5
-     8 stays                                2 ×  4 ×  3
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  5
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  4
-     4 braces                               2 ×  6 ×  8
-
-                       Two Floor Bents.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 36
-                      (or eight 2 × 8 × 18)
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 ×  2
-     8 posts                                2 ×  8 × 16
-     8 purlin posts                         2 ×  8 × 24
-     4 roof supports                        2 ×  8 × 22
-     4 sub-supports                         2 ×  6 × 17
-     4 collar braces                        2 × 12 ×  5
-     8 stays                                2 ×  4 ×  3
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  5
-     4 ties                                 2 ×  6 ×  4
-     4 braces                               2 ×  6 ×  9
-     8 joist bearers                        2 ×  8 ×  8
-
-                         Side Timbers.
-
-     4 sills                                2 ×  8 × 23
-     2 sills                                2 ×  8 × 14
-    24 nailers                              2 ×  6 × 12
-     4 nailers                              2 ×  8 × 14
-     8 plates                               2 ×  8 × 23
-     4 plates                               2 ×  8 × 14
-     8 purlins                              2 ×  8 × 23
-     4 purlins                              2 ×  8 × 14
-     8 couplings                            2 ×  8 ×  8
-     4 couplings                            2 ×  8 ×  4
-     4 braces                               2 ×  4 × 12
-    16 braces                               2 ×  4 ×  7
-     8 deck joist                           2 ×  8 × 14
-
-Floors, siding, roofing, doors, etc., will be the same as in other
-barns of same dimensions.
-
-                     ESTIMATED COST OF FRAMING.
-
-    Foreman, $2.50 per day, 3 days               $7.50
-    Two journeymen, $2 per day, 3 days            6.00
-    Two apprentices, $1.25 per day, 3 days        3.75
-                                                 —————
-       Total                                    $17.25
-    Raising and inserting braces, 1 day           5.75
-                                                 —————
-       Total                                    $23.00
-
-Cost of completing same as other barns of same dimensions and style of
-finish.
-
-
-A Plank Frame Applied to a Skating Rink.
-
-_From_ N. B., _Sussex, N. B._—We want to erect an auditorium, 50 × 200,
-with 16-foot posts and 12-foot sheds at each side for offices, waiting
-rooms, saloon, etc. We want galleries all around and a large band stand
-at one end, suspended from the roof. The building is to be used for
-a skating rink in winter and for public meetings during the summer.
-Will the plank frame system described in _Carpentry and Building_ be
-suitable for the frame?
-
-_Answer._—The above inquiry was submitted to Mr. Shawver, who
-contributed the recent articles on plank frame construction, and in
-reply he says:
-
-The plank frame is admirably adapted to such a building as that
-described, and can be quite cheaply constructed. In Fig. 1 of the
-sketches is shown one of the bents near the end on which the band stand
-is located, indicating the manner in which it is suspended from the
-roof by the rods A A, together with truss rod B. The galleries appear
-at either side, above which and beneath the eaves are the windows. If
-lighted by dormer windows, or if artificial light is employed, the shed
-roofs may be of the same pitch and a continuation of the roof of the
-main building, in which case the galleries may extend back beneath the
-roof of the sheds, and they need not extend out further than the purlin
-posts. The sketch, Fig. 2, shows an interior bent without the band
-stand. The end bents will be constructed in a manner similar to that
-shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of my article on plank frame barns. A 200-foot
-building should have 17 bents placed 12½ feet apart.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Bent Near the Band Stand.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—An Interior Bent.]
-
-
-Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn.
-
-[Illustration: Basement Plan.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.]
-
-_From_ S. H., _Minneapolis, Minn._—I would like to have the readers
-experienced in plank frame barn construction comment upon the plans
-of the basement barn which I send herewith and from which I intend
-to build next summer. I would like very much to know the weak points
-of the barn and the best way to remedy them. I think the drawings
-showing the plans and details are so clear as to practically explain
-themselves.
-
-[Illustration: Elevation of Front Framing of Barn.—Scale, ⅛ Inch to the
-Foot.
-
-_Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn.—Floor Plans.—Scale, 1-16
-Inch to the Foot._]
-
-[Illustration: Main Floor.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.]
-
-
-Criticism of Plank Frame Barn Construction.
-
-_From_ JOHN L. SHAWVER, _Bellefontaine, Ohio_.—In response to the wish
-of “S. H.,” Minneapolis, Minn., I offer a few suggestions in connection
-with his proposed plank frame basement barn. It is well, indeed, that
-he should insist on knowing what he is doing, for many have made
-blunders because they attempted to build plank frames without having
-first investigated the proper method of construction. Too many guess
-at it. As pioneers in this work, we started, 25 years ago, on small
-structures, and month by month studied and contrived until a system was
-evolved that is adapted to barn structures of any reasonable size.
-Each point has been carefully tested as we proceeded, and if not fully
-satisfactory was discarded for something better. We now have over 7000
-structures in some 44 States and provinces, some of them quite large,
-and have received many gratifying testimonials as to their strength,
-durability and cheapness.
-
-The floor plans submitted by “S. H.” are very good in design and
-arrangement, save that the hay chutes are made to appear directly over
-one of the main girders. Of course, this he would discover and rectify.
-Should it be difficult to obtain 8 × 8 stuff for posts and 8 × 10 for
-girders, the former may very easily be constructed of two 2 × 8’s and
-two 2 × 4’s, box pattern, thus saving something in materials and risk
-from dry rot. The girders might be made of two 4 × 10’s, or four 2 ×
-10’s, leaving an air space of 2 inches in the middle and saving the
-necessity of making mortises.
-
-The drawings indicate the use of two 2 × 12’s and one 2 × 8 for cross
-sills, the 2 × 8 being flat. In my opinion, the 2 × 8 is needless. The
-plates are all flatwise, while they must sustain much weight. We prefer
-purlin plates set on edge at right angles with the combined pressure
-of both sets of rafters. The main plates we make of three 2 × 6 inch,
-or 2 × 8 inch, according to the size of the structure when on edge to
-sustain the weight and two to sustain the outward pressure of the roof
-and the contents of the building. In this case, the purlins should
-incline 45 degrees.
-
-The drawings of the correspondent indicate that the nailers are cut to
-fit between the posts, in which case they must be mortised, gained or
-toe nailed. The first two require unnecessary work, while the latter
-is not strong enough. If the bents are constructed in three sections,
-they will be tedious to raise in position. If completed before
-raising, they will be weak at the purlin plate. The drawings indicate
-also that staging would be required in setting the upper frame, and
-that quite a large amount of the work is done as the frame is being
-raised. In our experience we never use any staging, and we do most of
-the work from the ground before beginning to set for the frame. Most
-men can work more rapidly on the ground, with all materials handy,
-than they can aloft, where materials must be drawn up with ropes. I
-believe “S. H.” can save enough on labor alone to pay his expenses
-to go to some point and see one of our plank frame constructions.
-Besides, he will find wherein he can greatly improve upon his method
-of construction. Those who are within convenient reach to do so can
-visit the barn of Dr. W. I. Chamberlain, near Cleveland, Ohio, which
-is easily accessible by railroad, while the doctor, who is one of the
-editors of the _Ohio Farmer_, takes great delight in showing his barn
-to visitors. This barn, which is 40 × 82 feet in size, required four
-carpenters two and a half days to frame and two hours and fifteen
-minutes to raise.
-
-We do not usually give name and address of our patrons, because it
-leads to much inconvenience to them. Should any of the readers write to
-Dr. Chamberlain, I would suggest that they inclose a stamped envelope,
-properly addressed, for reply.
-
-
-Criticism of Plank Frame Barn Construction.
-
-_From_ J. M. B., _Monroeton, Pa._—In the December issue of _Carpentry
-and Building_, page 327, the correspondent “S. H.” of Minneapolis
-wants to know the weak points of his barn frame, a sketch of which was
-presented in connection with his communication. I think one weak point
-is what he calls the plate in the gable, which is made of two 2 × 8
-inch pieces, equal to a 4 × 8 inch, with a span of at least 30 feet
-between purlin posts, which are only 2 × 6 inches. In my opinion, with
-the hay mow filled with hay, the gable will bulge or spring out, as the
-weight, 45 to 50 tons, will exert quite a pressure. As to the remedy I
-am not so clear. He might use a flat truss or a beam large enough to
-stand the pressure; one, say, 16 inches wide at the center and tapering
-to 8 inches at each end. I will say, in conclusion, that I have had no
-experience with plank frames.
-
-
-Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength?
-
-_From_ C. G., _Vergennes, Vt._—I send herewith a rough sketch of bent
-of barn which I intend to put up in the spring. It is 30 feet wide and
-has 26-foot posts. What I wish to know is this: Is the truss strong
-enough to carry the load that will be put upon it? I would like to have
-the “wood butchers” take hold of it and tear it apart and tell me what
-to put in its place.
-
-_From_ JOHN L. SHAWVER, _Bellefontaine, Ohio_.—Permit me to offer
-a substitute for the barn frame proposed by the correspondent “C.
-G.” of Vergennes, Vt., in the March issue of the paper. His timber
-trusses take up too much room, and at the same time the timbers are
-too expensive for this day and age. We place a little more timber in
-the joist bearer and prefer it in a different shape. He suggests 7 ×
-8 inches, and this would be 30 feet in length. We would use three 2
-× 10’s, and could use any lengths to make the 30 feet; consequently
-our timbers could be purchased at much less cost. Instead of the 7 ×
-8 inch truss timbers we would use two wire cables made of galvanized
-wire, seven strands, and doubled. While we would use a little heavier
-posts in the stables, the posts of the superstructure would contain
-only about one-half as much material, but this, too, we would prefer of
-different shape. In place of the 7 × 8 inch we would use two 2 × 8’s,
-and instead of the beam we would prefer the arch and the angling purlin
-posts, and thus have the interior entirely free from all timbers.
-
-[Illustration: Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength?]
-
-After 20 years’ experience in building barns without the cross beams
-it would require peculiar conditions to induce us to use them, for
-they are continuously in the way, both when storing away hay or grain
-and when getting these out again for the thresher or for the feeding
-of stock. The upper portion of the frame submitted by “C. G.” does
-not show any braces, and we are at a loss to know if there is to be
-none, or if these were omitted because it is not that portion of the
-structure that is under consideration. Let me say, however, that that
-is one of the most prevalent mistakes in the construction of a barn.
-There are too few braces, and the first baby tornado that happens to
-pass that way will “lay it out in fine shape.” While we use plenty of
-braces, they are usually only 2 × 6 inches, and so do not take timber
-very rapidly. The geometrical triangle is the strongest figure one can
-secure, and it is with that idea always in mind that we do our barn
-work.
-
-
-Bents for 12-Sided Plank Frame Barn.
-
-_From_ J. D., _Ubly, Mich._—I send herewith a rough sketch, Fig. 1,
-showing one of the bents of a 12-sided plank frame barn, and would like
-to have the architectural readers of the paper state whether or not it
-will be strong enough for the purpose, and, if not, wherein changes can
-be made to advantage.
-
-    _Note._—With a view to obtaining the opinion
-    of an expert who has had long experience in the
-    construction of plank frame barns, we submitted the
-    inquiry of our correspondent above to John L. Shawver,
-    who furnishes the following in reply:
-
-In the first place, the purlin posts in the sketch of the correspondent
-are so sloping that while they brace well they are not in position to
-sustain the most weight, and these with the roof supports are so long
-that they have to be spliced. While this is easily done in the case of
-posts, it is not so readily performed with supports, and, when so done,
-it will not present as attractive an appearance as would otherwise be
-the case.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Elevation of Bent Submitted by “J. D.”]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.—One Form of Plank Frame Suggested by Mr.
-Shawver.]
-
-In the second place, one of the weakest points about the barn is the
-shape. It is true it would be a novelty in most communities, but, like
-the round barns, is wasteful of material. It is out of the question
-to place joists, rafters, flooring, sheathing, roofing, &c., on barns
-of this shape without much waste of both materials and labor. Then,
-too, it is next to impossible to provide for satisfactory lighting or
-ventilation, both of which are essential features in every up to date
-barn.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 3.—The Preferable Style of Framing.]
-
-The frame construction indicated in Fig. 2 is stronger, and at the
-same time gives more open space in the interior, this being secured by
-running the purlin posts up to the first purlin plate, instead of to
-the second, and supporting the second plate on the truss brace. This
-saves in the lengths of the purlin posts, but requires the same length
-of supports and longer sub-supports.
-
-The form of construction indicated in Fig. 3 is, in my opinion,
-preferable to either of the others, if it is found that the vertical
-posts set in 10 feet will not in any way interfere with the purpose
-of the structure. In this case all the timbers are either shortened
-or placed in such shape that they may be spliced without in any
-way weakening the structure. Whichever form may be used by the
-correspondent, it is important in bents or arches of this size that
-the purlin posts should be placed on the inner edge with 2 × 6, which
-will add materially to the strength of the frame, and at the same time
-prevent any tendency to spring sideways either in the raising or from
-the pressure of the hay or grain within after the building is completed.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION ***
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the
-United States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
-  you are located before using this eBook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that:
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without
-widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/old/65399-0.zip b/old/65399-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 92512ca..0000000
--- a/old/65399-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h.zip b/old/65399-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index a907dfb..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/65399-h.htm b/old/65399-h/65399-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 41b8366..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/65399-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1873 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
-    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-  <head>
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-    <title>
-      Plank Frame Barn Construction, by John L. Shawver&mdash;A Project Gutenberg eBook
-    </title>
-    <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" />
-    <style type="text/css">
-
-body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; }
-
-h1,h2 { text-align: center; clear: both; }
-
-p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .49em; text-indent: 1.5em;}
-p.f120      { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; }
-p.f150      { font-size: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; }
-
-.space-above1 { margin-top: 1em; }
-.space-above2 { margin-top: 2em; }
-.space-below1 { margin-bottom: 1em; }
-.space-below2 { margin-bottom: 2em; }
-
-hr.tb   {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;}
-hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;}
-   @media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} }
-hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;}
-hr.r5  {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;}
-
-div.chapter {page-break-before: always;}
-h2.nobreak  {page-break-before: avoid;}
-
-table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }
-.tdl {text-align: left;}
-.tdr {text-align: right;}
-.tdc {text-align: center;}
-
-.pagenum {
-    position: absolute;
-    left: 92%;
-    font-size: smaller;
-    text-align: right;
-    font-style: normal;
-    font-weight: normal;
-    font-variant: normal;
-}
-
-.blockquot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; }
-
-.bt       {border-top: 2px solid;}
-.bbox     {border: 2px solid;}
-.center   {text-align: center;}
-.smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
-.over    {text-decoration: overline;}
-
-img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; }
-
-.figcenter {
-    margin: auto;
-    text-align: center;
-    page-break-inside: avoid;
-    max-width: 100%;
-}
-
-.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA;
-    color: black;
-     font-size:smaller;
-     padding:0.5em;
-     margin-bottom:5em;
-     font-family:sans-serif, serif; }
-
-    </style>
-  </head>
-<body>
-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Plank Frame Barn Construction, by John L. Shawver</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Plank Frame Barn Construction</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John L. Shawver</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 21, 2021 [eBook #65399]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION ***</div>
-<hr class="chap" />
-<h1>Plank Frame Barn Construction</h1>
-
-<p class="f150 space-above1 space-below2"><span class="smcap">By John L. Shawver</span></p>
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">David Williams Company</span>, Publishers<br />
-232-238 William Street, New York<br />1904</p>
-
-<p class="center space-above2"><span class="smcap">Copyrighted 1904,<br />
-By David Williams Company.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="blockquot">This matter was originally presented in the columns of
-<i>Carpentry and Building</i>, in response to continued requests for information
-concerning the plank frame system of construction, which for many
-years past has been growing in popularity in various sections of the
-country, more particularly the Central West. The author has given a
-great deal of attention to the subject, having been associated with
-the construction of plank frame barns for a long period, and he is,
-therefore, competent to discuss the matter from the standpoint of
-the practical builder. Barns of the character indicated have been
-extensively erected through various sections of the West, and it is
-with a view of presenting valuable data concerning the method of
-construction that this little work has been compiled. In the course
-of his articles the author points out the advantages of the form of
-construction referred to and describes wherein there is a saving of
-time, labor and material, an important consideration, especially in
-sections of the country where timber for building purposes is not in
-plentiful supply.</p>
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[Pg 5]</span></p>
-  <h2 class="nobreak">Constructing a Plank Frame Barn.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p class="f120 space-below2"><span class="smcap">By John L. Shawver.</span></p>
-
-<p>The growing interest in the plank frame barn, as manifested by
-inquiries which have emanated from many quarters, calls for specific
-information which will enable every builder and farmer to avail himself
-of the many advantages offered by this system of construction. The
-system has been in use in Central Ohio for the past 20 years, and has
-been rapidly growing in favor wherever people have had an opportunity
-of investigating its merits. During these years the system, which was
-at first somewhat crude and undeveloped, has been gradually improved,
-until to-day, after many of the most severe tests, it is believed to
-have reached very near perfection as regards economy of material and
-labor, strength of frame, convenience of arrangement and durability of
-structure. The advantages offered by this method of construction are:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-<p>1. A saving in timber of from 40 to 60 per cent.—a not small item in
-many localities where timber for building purposes has become a scarce
-article.</p>
-
-<p>2. An opportunity to employ for the building of barns timber that
-could scarcely receive consideration if solid timber mortise and tenon
-frames were to be built.</p>
-
-<p>3. A saving in the cost of sawing, cutting and hauling of about
-one-half of the timber.</p>
-
-<p>4. A saving in cost of framing, ranging from 50 to 90 per cent.,
-according to the plan of the building and the efficiency of the builders.
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[Pg 6]</span></p>
-
-<p>5. In cases where farmers’ wives are expected to board and lodge
-the builders, a saving in labor and vexation of two or three weeks’
-unnecessary time for framing old style barns.</p>
-
-<p>6. A riddance of practically all of the interior timbers, which are
-usually an interference with the use of the horse forks and hay slings,
-as well as a source of constant vexation at threshing time and all
-other times when the barn is in use.</p>
-
-<p>7. The full benefit of the self supporting arch roof, a construction
-of combined triangles, long braces and perpendicular timbers.</p>
-
-<p>8. Durability, arising from the fact that there are no mortises in
-which moisture may accumulate and cause the tenons to decay.</p>
-
-<p>9. The strongest possible support for the track of the hay fork or
-sling.</p>
-
-<p>10. Ease of addition to the main building should any ever be
-required.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Changes and variations in plans need cause no loss of timber, as is
-certain to be the case where a bill of materials has already been
-placed on the ground. If a piece of timber is too long the piece cut
-off is used at some point, though perhaps not over 18 inches in length
-and containing only 2 or more feet of stuff. Suppose we cut off 18
-inches of an 8 × 8 we have lost 8 feet of lumber, which is worthless
-for any purpose save for fire wood. If a given piece is too short it
-is spliced in a moment’s time and no loss of strength is sustained. In
-an old style framing if a piece was too short it required considerable labor
-to remedy the matter, and a loss of both timber and strength was sustained.
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[Pg 7]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_1A" src="images/image007.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="483" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Interior Bent of Plain Gable Barn with Basement.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Herewith are illustrated two bents of a barn, <a href="#FIG_1A">Fig. 1</a>,
-showing a plain gable barn with basement. Referring to it, 1 1 1 are posts of
-basement bent, consisting of five 2 × 8 planks, two of which are 8 feet long
-and three of which are 7 feet 2 inches. Upon these rest the joist
-bearers, marked 2 2 2, which consist of three planks 2 × 10, extending
-lengthwise of the barn. These basement bents are thoroughly braced by a
-method which will be illustrated hereafter. The braces 3 3 3 are made
-of two 2 × 4 inch stuff the required length, with a short piece of the
-same material forming a clamp brace somewhat similar in shape to a
-clothes pin. The sill of the superstructure, marked 4, consists of two
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[Pg 8]</span>
-2 × 8 inch plank, with 6-inch space between them. The posts 5 5 are
-made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space. The purlin
-posts, 6 6, are made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening space;
-7 7 are roof supports, consisting of a 2 × 8 inch plank. The collar
-beams 8 are two 2 × 12 inch plank with intervening 2-inch space; 9 9
-are sub-supports, made of a 2 × 6 inch plank; 10 10 are stays of two 2
-× 4 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space; 11 11 are the main ties
-of one 2 × 8 inch piece; 12, 13 and 14 are braces and ties of 2 × 6
-inch plank; 15 15 are purlin plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with
-intervening 2-inch space into which couplings and braces enter.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_2A" src="images/image008.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="565" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—Barn Bent, Showing Gambrel Roof Construction.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[Pg 9]</span>
-At 16 16 the main plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, are placed into
-a V-trough and inverted over the top of the post. The rafters 17 17 may
-be spliced on the purlin plates. The topmost intersections are bolted,
-as shown by means of the dots. The upper ends of the purlin posts are
-cut down 4 inches, on a line parallel with the roof supports, and again
-at right angles with the first cut, forming a saddle, into which are
-placed the purlin plates.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_3A" src="images/image009.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="514" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 3.—Outside View of End Bent of Superstructure<br />
-            and Basement Bents.—Scale, 3-32 Inch to the Foot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[Pg 10]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_4" src="images/image010.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="276" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 4.—Side View of Plank Frame Barn.—Scale,
-              3-32 Inch to the Foot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[Pg 11]</span>
-In <a href="#FIG_2A">Fig. 2</a> is presented a view of an interior bent of a
-gambrel roof basement barn, which is constructed on the same general principles
-as shown in the previous figure. Hip roofs, gothic roofs, etc., are as
-readily provided for as either gable or gambrel roofs, so any man’s
-taste may be fully met in this respect.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_5" src="images/image011a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="418" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 5.—Detail Showing Section of Frame.—Scale,
-              ¼ Inch to the Foot.</p>
-
-    <img id="FIG_6" src="images/image011b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="269" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 6.—Section of Purlin Plate.—Scale,
-              ¼ Inch to the Foot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[Pg 12]</span>
-An outside view of the end bent of the superstructure and an end view
-of all the basement bents are shown in <a href="#FIG_3A">Fig. 3</a> of the
-illustrations. The braces in the basement are permitted to extend up and between
-the sills of the superstructure, thus binding both basement and superstructure
-into one solid frame work. In the interior of the basement, where long
-braces will not interfere with the arrangement or convenience, they are
-to be preferred to short ones, but where short braces are necessary
-they are inserted in such a manner as to give greater strength than
-when mortised in as is usually done.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_7" src="images/image012.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="309" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 7.—Detail at Peak of Barn.—Scale,
-             ½ Inch to the Foot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>A side view of the frame, which is of such a character as to fully
-explain itself, is presented in <a href="#FIG_4">Fig. 4</a>. The plate is made
-of two 2 × 8 plank spiked together to form a trough and inverted over the tops
-of the posts. The manner of constructing the bents of the basement is
-indicated in <a href="#FIG_5">Fig. 5</a>. If the posts can stand on solid pillars
-of stone no sills are necessary, and the fillers extend down to the lower ends
-of the posts and up to the joist bearers. A side view of the purlin
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[Pg 13]</span>
-plates, which are made of two 2 × 8 or 2 × 10 plank with a 2-inch
-space between them, is shown in <a href="#FIG_6">Fig. 6</a>. The coupling or
-splicing block extends either way from the roof support <i>a</i> to the
-dotted lines <i>b b</i>. At <i>c</i> is represented a sectional view
-of the sub-support, to which the stays <i>d d</i> are secured, and
-also the lower end of the braces <i>e e</i>. This arrangement gives
-sufficient strength to the purlin plates to sustain a slate or any
-other roof desired. <a href="#FIG_7">Fig. 7</a> shows the manner in which the
-peak of the arch is constructed. The roof supports, which are usually of 2 × 8,
-are indicated by A A. The sub-supports, usually of 2 × 6 plank, are
-indicated by B B, while the dotted lines represent the collar beams, C,
-constructed of 2 × 12 inch plank, there being one on either side and
-bound together by ½-inch carriage bolts 6½ inches in length, their
-position being indicated by the small crosses.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_8" src="images/image013a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="332" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 8.—Detail Showing Construction of
-              Posts in End Bent of <a href="#FIG_3A">Fig. 3</a>.</p>
-
-    <img id="FIG_9" src="images/image013b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="295" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 9—Sectional View of Plate.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Three posts of the end bent, shown in <a href="#FIG_3A">Fig. 3</a>, are constructed
-of two 2 × 8 plank, one 2 × 4 and one 3 × 6, all as indicated by the cross
-section in <a href="#FIG_8">Fig. 8</a> of the engravings.
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[Pg 14]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_10" src="images/image014.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="318" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 10.—Side Elevation of Barn Having Two Driveways
-                and Bay at Either End.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[Pg 15]</span>
-It will be noticed that all of this work is easily and quickly done
-and that there is not only a saving in the timber, but also in the
-labor. As an example of the time required to erect a frame, I would
-state that I was recently called to another county to assist in
-building a basement barn, 40 × 80 feet in size, 8-foot basement and
-16-foot superstructure, with plain gable roof. With three carpenters we
-commenced work on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week
-we raised the barn complete. In other words, it took four carpenters
-three days to frame a barn 40 × 80 × 24 feet.</p>
-
-<p>In <a href="#FIG_10">Fig. 10</a> is shown a side view of a barn with two
-driveways and bay at either end. A A are duplicated on inside of posts, with
-bridge blocks at dotted lines; B´ is main plate; C is purlin plate of two
-2 × 8 plank set at right angles with roof and also braced at right angles;
-D is roof supports, forming the arch of the barn, and E the collar
-beams. <a href="#FIG_11">Fig. 11</a> shows interior bent of a “ground” barn
-with decks above driveway. Should stables be desired in one or both ends joist
-bearers may extend entire width of barn.</p>
-
-<p>There are doubtless many who would like some evidence of the strength,
-durability and popularity of this system of barn building, and I
-therefore submit a few facts in relation to these points.</p>
-
-<p><i>First Test of Strength.</i>—A small model made of linden strips
-3-16 inch thick and ½, ⅜ and ¼ in inch width, made on a scale of ½ to
-12 and representing a barn 40 × 60, with 8-foot basement and 20-foot
-superstructure, was found strong enough to support four men of average weight.
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[Pg 16]</span></p>
-
-<p><i>Second Test.</i>—Several years ago a number of persons at a barn
-raising were discussing the frail appearance of the frame, and a test
-was made with chains and levers in an effort to crush the frame by
-drawing at opposite angles, but without the slightest effect.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_11" src="images/image016.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="475" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 11.—Interior Bent of “Ground” Barn
-            with Decks Above Driveway.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>Another example is found in a barn which was put up with a minimum
-quantity of spikes, because the owner did not wish to take time to go
-to town for more. The barn has been standing 14 years, within which
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[Pg 17]</span>
-time a number of destructive wind storms have passed over it without
-damage, though much damage to fences, forests and buildings resulted
-in the vicinity.</p>
-
-<p>As evidence of the rapidity with which the framing may be done,
-I will refer to a basement barn, 40 × 80, 24 feet to the square,
-recently erected in Union County, Ohio. I began with three carpenters
-on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week the barn was
-raised complete. We were compelled to work under the disadvantages of
-considerable mud on the newly graded foundation site, necessity of
-carrying the timber some distance, and the short days in mid November.
-None of the hands had any previous experience in this work, so had to
-learn as they proceeded.</p>
-
-<p>A large dairy barn was built the last week of October, 1896, just out
-of New York City. It is 100 × 36, with 8-foot basement and 16-foot
-superstructure. We had four house carpenters and two laborers. Began
-work Monday morning, but were delayed by the non-arrival of the spikes
-till nearly noon. The basement bents were each 100 feet in length,
-and there were nine bents in the superstructure. Both basement and
-superstructure were raised on Friday of same week in six hours with the
-help of 30 men.</p>
-
-<p>Still another example may be given to show the difference between the
-plank frame and the mortise and tenon frame. With three helpers I
-framed a barn, 40 × 72, with 20-foot posts, while two carpenters, one
-of them a foreman, framed the sills for a corn crib, 5 × 40.</p>
-
-<p>The system has been introduced into 32 States and some fair sized
-barns have been built in this way. One in Kentucky, 56 × 100; one in
-Colorado, 60 × 70; one in Wisconsin, 40 × 120, with wing 40 × 60; one
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[Pg 18]</span>
-in Ontario, 56 × 96, and one in Virginia, 60 × 100. I have yet to learn
-of any who, having built strictly to specifications, are dissatisfied
-with the frame. On the contrary, we are frequently in receipt of
-letters from those who have thus built stating that they are delighted
-not only because they have saved both money and timber, but at the same
-time have obtained a thoroughly strong frame without the usual interior
-timbers, which are so much in the way in handling hay or grain.</p>
-
-<p>I shall be glad to have the friendly criticism of practical builders
-given in the columns of <i>Carpentry and Building</i>. Any suggestions
-which may lead to further improvements in the system will be
-appreciated very much, and due credit will be given to those who
-suggest them. It will be seen that the system is especially adapted to
-large grain and hay barns, to cover barnyards, which are becoming so
-popular in many sections of the country, to tool sheds, tobacco barns,
-amphitheaters, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>While there is not so large a saving in the timber of the basement as
-in the superstructure, there is yet a fair saving of timber even here,
-and at the same time there is great saving of labor. The timbers are
-employed only where they can serve a useful purpose, and special effort
-is made to so place the timbers as to secure the maximum amount of
-strength with the smallest possible amount of timber.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>The following communications were brought out as the result of Mr.
-Shawver’s invitation to the readers of <i>Carpentry and Building</i>:
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[Pg 19]</span></p>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">Bracing a Basement Barn Built<br />
-                      on the Plank Frame System.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>From</i> E. S. H., <i>Connecticut</i>.—I have been reading the
-articles of Mr. Shawver on barn framing with a great deal of interest,
-and I am desirous of obtaining full instructions in regard to bracing
-the interior of a basement barn: also a complete bill of materials for
-the frame of such a barn, 40 × 60 feet in area, basement 8 feet high
-and superstructure 20 feet high. The roof is of the gable pattern,
-one-third pitch. There is also a bay in each end and a double driveway.</p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i>—In referring to the above inquiry, Mr. Shawver submits
-the following information, accompanied by the illustrations presented
-herewith: The sketches here given will explain in detail the manner of
-inserting the braces and the way in which they are made. Of course,
-when long braces will not interfere with the desired use of the space
-they are preferred to short ones, but short ones properly inserted
-will give the same rigidity to the plank frame that braces of similar
-length will give to a mortise and tenon frame. The braces C C of <a href="#FIG_1B">Fig. 1</a>
-are inserted in the bents as the latter are constructed, but the brace
-shown in <a href="#FIG_2B">Fig. 2</a> is not inserted until the barn is raised.</p>
-
-<p>In basement barns the joist bearer, A of <a href="#FIG_1B">Fig. 1</a>, is made
-to extend lengthwise of the building, and the bents of the superstructure being
-placed crosswise we find the sill of a bent of a superstructure as
-represented at F F. But in ground barns the joist bearers extend
-crosswise of the barn, and the post B is permitted to extend up through
-the joist bearer about 7 inches. Two posts are then spiked to this
-projecting portion, one on either side, and thus again the brace shown
-in <a href="#FIG_2B">Fig. 2</a> may be inserted if thought necessary. If,
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[Pg 20]</span>
-however, the braces  are properly inserted in the side walls of the frame
-the short braces may safely be omitted in ground barns.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_1B" src="images/image020a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="532" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Showing Method of Bracing.</p>
-
-    <img id="FIG_2B" src="images/image020b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="115" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—One Form of Brace Employed.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The following is a bill of materials for a plank frame basement
-barn, 36 × 60 feet, basement 8 feet, with wall on one side, 16-foot
-superstructure, with a 23-foot bay at each end and a 14-foot driveway
-in the middle. Roof one-third pitch, plain gable, decks over driveway
-if permissible. Interior posts of basement to stand on stone pillars.
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[Pg 21]</span></p>
-
-<p class="f150 space-above2"><b>BILL OF MATERIALS.</b></p>
-
-<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Bill of Materials" cellpadding="2" >
-  <tbody><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc"><big>Basement: First Bent.</big></td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><b>Ins.</b>&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><b>Ins.</b>&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr"><b>Ft.</b></td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">60</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or six 2 × 8 × 20)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-      <td class="tdl">posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">door posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdl">post fillers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">nailers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">1</td>
-      <td class="tdl">nailer</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">14</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">3</td>
-      <td class="tdl">joist bearers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">10</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">60</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(may use 14s and 24s.)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">10</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">10</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Bents 2, 3 and 4 similar.</big></td>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-      <td class="tdl">posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">18</td>
-      <td class="tdl">post fillers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">20</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">3</td>
-      <td class="tdl">joist bearers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">10</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">60</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Ends of Basement.</big></td>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">9</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or four 2 × 8 × 18)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">nailers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">18</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 9)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">nailers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">18</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">16</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">10</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">56</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">28</td>
-      <td class="tdl">brace blocks</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">16</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Superstructure: Two End Bents.</big></td>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">36</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-      <td class="tdl">nailers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">18</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">beams</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">36</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">20</td>
-      <td class="tdl">posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">16</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">10</td>
-      <td class="tdl">post fillers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">16</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">18</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">purlin posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">9</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdl">gable ties</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">18</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdl">stiffeners</td>
-      <td class="tdr">3</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">16
-              <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[Pg 22]</span></td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Two Interior Bents.</big></td>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">36</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">16</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">purlin posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">24</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or twelve 2 × 8 × 16)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">roof supports</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">22</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sub-supports</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">17</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">collar braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">5</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">stays</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">3</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">ties</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">ties</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">5</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">ties</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Two Floor Bents.</big></td>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">36</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td>
-      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">16</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">purlin posts</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">24</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">roof supports</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">22</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sub-supports</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">17</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">collar braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">5</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">stays</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">3</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">ties</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">ties</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">5</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">ties</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">9</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">joist bearers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Side Timbers.</big></td>
-      <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">23</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdl">sills</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">14</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">24</td>
-      <td class="tdl">nailers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">nailers</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">14</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">plates</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">23</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">plates</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">14</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">purlins</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">23</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">purlins</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">14
-           <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[Pg 23]</span></td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">couplings</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">couplings</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">12</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">16</td>
-      <td class="tdl">braces</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">4</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">7</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdl">deck joist</td>
-      <td class="tdr">2</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">8</td>
-      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;×&nbsp;</td>
-      <td class="tdr">14</td>
-   </tr>
- </tbody>
-</table>
-
-<p class="space-above1 space-below1">Floors, siding, roofing, doors, etc.,
-will be the same as in other barns of same dimensions.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<p class="f150 space-above1"><b>ESTIMATED COST OF FRAMING.</b></p>
-
-<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of Framing" cellpadding="2" >
-  <tbody><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Foreman, $2.50 per day, 3 days</td>
-      <td class="tdr">$7.50</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Two journeymen, $2 per day, 3 days</td>
-      <td class="tdr">6.00</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Two apprentices, $1.25 per day, 3 days</td>
-      <td class="tdr">3.75</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&emsp;Total</td>
-      <td class="tdr over">$17.25</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">Raising and inserting braces, 1 day</td>
-      <td class="tdr">5.75</td>
-   </tr><tr>
-      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&emsp;Total</td>
-      <td class="tdr over">$23.00</td>
-   </tr>
- </tbody>
-</table>
-
-<p class="center">Cost of completing same as other barns of same dimensions
-and style of finish.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">A Plank Frame Applied to<br /> a Skating Rink.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>From</i> N. B., <i>Sussex, N. B.</i>—We want to erect an
-auditorium, 50 × 200, with 16-foot posts and 12-foot sheds at each
-side for offices, waiting rooms, saloon, etc. We want galleries all
-around and a large band stand at one end, suspended from the roof. The
-building is to be used for a skating rink in winter and for public
-meetings during the summer. Will the plank frame system described in
-<i>Carpentry and Building</i> be suitable for the frame?</p>
-
-<p><i>Answer.</i>—The above inquiry was submitted to Mr. Shawver, who
-contributed the recent articles on plank frame construction, and in
-reply he says:
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[Pg 24]</span></p>
-
-<p>The plank frame is admirably adapted to such a building as that
-described, and can be quite cheaply constructed. In <a href="#FIG_1C">Fig. 1</a>
-of the sketches is shown one of the bents near the end on which the band stand
-is located, indicating the manner in which it is suspended from the
-roof by the rods A A, together with truss rod B. The galleries appear
-at either side, above which and beneath the eaves are the windows. If
-lighted by dormer windows, or if artificial light is employed, the shed
-roofs may be of the same pitch and a continuation of the roof of the
-main building, in which case the galleries may extend back beneath the
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[Pg 25]</span>
-roof of the sheds, and they need not extend out further than the purlin
-posts. The sketch, <a href="#FIG_2C">Fig. 2</a>, shows an interior bent without
-the band stand. The end bents will be constructed in a manner similar to that
-shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of my article on plank frame barns. A 200-foot
-building should have 17 bents placed 12½ feet apart.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_1C" src="images/image024a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="245" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Bent Near the Band Stand.</p>
-
-    <img id="FIG_2C" src="images/image024b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="243" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—An Interior Bent.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">Construction of Plank Frame<br /> Basement Barn.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/image025.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="502" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Basement Plan.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>From</i> S. H., <i>Minneapolis, Minn.</i>—I would like to have
-the readers experienced in plank frame barn construction comment upon
-the plans of the basement barn which I send herewith and from which
-I intend to build next summer. I would like very much to know the
-weak points of the barn and the best way to remedy them. I think the
-drawings showing the plans and details are so clear as to practically
-explain themselves.
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[Pg 26]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/image026.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="304" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Elevation of Front Framing of Barn.—Scale,
-             ⅛ Inch to the Foot.</p>
-    <p class="center"><i>Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn.—Floor
-             Plans.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.</i></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[Pg 27]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/image027.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="469" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Main Floor.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">Criticism of Plank Frame<br /> Barn Construction.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>From</i> <span class="smcap">John L. Shawver</span>, <i>Bellefontaine,
-Ohio</i>.—In response to the wish of “S. H.,” Minneapolis, Minn., I offer
-a few suggestions in connection with his proposed plank frame basement
-barn. It is well, indeed, that he should insist on knowing what he is
-doing, for many have made blunders because they attempted to build
-plank frames without having first investigated the proper method of
-construction. Too many guess at it. As pioneers in this work, we
-started, 25 years ago, on small structures, and month by month studied
-and contrived until a system was evolved that is adapted to barn
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[Pg 28]</span>
-structures of any reasonable size. Each point has been carefully
-tested as we proceeded, and if not fully satisfactory was discarded
-for something better. We now have over 7000 structures in some 44
-States and provinces, some of them quite large, and have received many
-gratifying testimonials as to their strength, durability and cheapness.</p>
-
-<p>The floor plans submitted by “S. H.” are very good in design and
-arrangement, save that the hay chutes are made to appear directly over
-one of the main girders. Of course, this he would discover and rectify.
-Should it be difficult to obtain 8 × 8 stuff for posts and 8 × 10 for
-girders, the former may very easily be constructed of two 2 × 8’s and
-two 2 × 4’s, box pattern, thus saving something in materials and risk
-from dry rot. The girders might be made of two 4 × 10’s, or four 2 ×
-10’s, leaving an air space of 2 inches in the middle and saving the
-necessity of making mortises.</p>
-
-<p>The drawings indicate the use of two 2 × 12’s and one 2 × 8 for cross
-sills, the 2 × 8 being flat. In my opinion, the 2 × 8 is needless. The
-plates are all flatwise, while they must sustain much weight. We prefer
-purlin plates set on edge at right angles with the combined pressure
-of both sets of rafters. The main plates we make of three 2 × 6 inch,
-or 2 × 8 inch, according to the size of the structure when on edge to
-sustain the weight and two to sustain the outward pressure of the roof
-and the contents of the building. In this case, the purlins should
-incline 45 degrees.</p>
-
-<p>The drawings of the correspondent indicate that the nailers are cut to
-fit between the posts, in which case they must be mortised, gained or
-toe nailed. The first two require unnecessary work, while the latter is
-not strong enough. If the bents are constructed in three sections, they
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[Pg 29]</span>
-will be tedious to raise in position. If completed before raising,
-they will be weak at the purlin plate. The drawings indicate also that
-staging would be required in setting the upper frame, and that quite a
-large amount of the work is done as the frame is being raised. In our
-experience we never use any staging, and we do most of the work from
-the ground before beginning to set for the frame. Most men can work
-more rapidly on the ground, with all materials handy, than they can
-aloft, where materials must be drawn up with ropes. I believe “S. H.”
-can save enough on labor alone to pay his expenses to go to some point
-and see one of our plank frame constructions. Besides, he will find
-wherein he can greatly improve upon his method of construction. Those
-who are within convenient reach to do so can visit the barn of Dr. W.
-I. Chamberlain, near Cleveland, Ohio, which is easily accessible by
-railroad, while the doctor, who is one of the editors of the <i>Ohio
-Farmer</i>, takes great delight in showing his barn to visitors. This
-barn, which is 40 × 82 feet in size, required four carpenters two and a
-half days to frame and two hours and fifteen minutes to raise.</p>
-
-<p>We do not usually give name and address of our patrons, because it
-leads to much inconvenience to them. Should any of the readers write to
-Dr. Chamberlain, I would suggest that they inclose a stamped envelope,
-properly addressed, for reply.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">Criticism of Plank Frame<br /> Barn Construction.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>From</i> J. M. B., <i>Monroeton, Pa.</i>—In the December issue of
-<i>Carpentry and Building</i>, page 327, the correspondent “S. H.” of
-Minneapolis wants to know the weak points of his barn frame, a sketch
-of which was presented in connection with his communication. I think
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[Pg 30]</span>
-one weak point is what he calls the plate in the gable, which is made
-of two 2 × 8 inch pieces, equal to a 4 × 8 inch, with a span of at
-least 30 feet between purlin posts, which are only 2 × 6 inches. In
-my opinion, with the hay mow filled with hay, the gable will bulge or
-spring out, as the weight, 45 to 50 tons, will exert quite a pressure.
-As to the remedy I am not so clear. He might use a flat truss or a beam
-large enough to stand the pressure; one, say, 16 inches wide at the
-center and tapering to 8 inches at each end. I will say, in conclusion,
-that I have had no experience with plank frames.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">Is the Barn Frame of<br /> Sufficient Strength?</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>From</i> C. G., <i>Vergennes, Vt.</i>—I send herewith a rough
-sketch of bent of barn which I intend to put up in the spring. It is 30
-feet wide and has 26-foot posts. What I wish to know is this: Is the
-truss strong enough to carry the load that will be put upon it? I would
-like to have the “wood butchers” take hold of it and tear it apart and
-tell me what to put in its place.</p>
-
-<p><i>From</i> <span class="smcap">John L. Shawver</span>, <i>Bellefontaine,
-Ohio</i>.—Permit me to offer a substitute for the barn frame proposed
-by the correspondent “C. G.” of Vergennes, Vt., in the March issue of
-the paper. His timber trusses take up too much room, and at the same
-time the timbers are too expensive for this day and age. We place a
-little more timber in the joist bearer and prefer it in a different
-shape. He suggests 7 × 8 inches, and this would be 30 feet in length.
-We would use three 2 × 10’s, and could use any lengths to make the 30
-feet; consequently our timbers could be purchased at much less cost.
-Instead of the 7 × 8 inch truss timbers we would use two wire cables
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[Pg 31]</span>
-made of galvanized wire, seven strands, and doubled. While we would use
-a little heavier posts in the stables, the posts of the superstructure
-would contain only about one-half as much material, but this, too, we
-would prefer of different shape. In place of the 7 × 8 inch we would
-use two 2 × 8’s, and instead of the beam we would prefer the arch and
-the angling purlin posts, and thus have the interior entirely free from
-all timbers.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/image031.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="615" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength?</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>After 20 years’ experience in building barns without the cross beams it
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[Pg 32]</span>
-would require peculiar conditions to induce us to use them, for they
-are continuously in the way, both when storing away hay or grain and
-when getting these out again for the thresher or for the feeding
-of stock. The upper portion of the frame submitted by “C. G.” does
-not show any braces, and we are at a loss to know if there is to be
-none, or if these were omitted because it is not that portion of the
-structure that is under consideration. Let me say, however, that that
-is one of the most prevalent mistakes in the construction of a barn.
-There are too few braces, and the first baby tornado that happens to
-pass that way will “lay it out in fine shape.” While we use plenty of
-braces, they are usually only 2 × 6 inches, and so do not take timber
-very rapidly. The geometrical triangle is the strongest figure one can
-secure, and it is with that idea always in mind that we do our barn work.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="chapter">
-  <h2 class="nobreak">Bents for 12-Sided Plank Frame Barn.</h2>
-</div>
-
-<p><i>From</i> J. D., <i>Ubly, Mich.</i>—I send herewith a rough sketch,
-<a href="#FIG_1D">Fig. 1</a>, showing one of the bents of a 12-sided plank frame
-barn, and would like to have the architectural readers of the paper state whether
-or not it will be strong enough for the purpose, and, if not, wherein
-changes can be made to advantage.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquot"> <i>Note.</i>—With a view to obtaining the opinion
-of an expert who has had long experience in the construction of plank
-frame barns, we submitted the inquiry of our correspondent above to
-John L. Shawver, who furnishes the following in reply:</p>
-
-<p>In the first place, the purlin posts in the sketch of the
-correspondent are so sloping that while they brace well they are not in
-position to sustain the most weight, and these with the roof supports
-are so long that they have to be spliced. While this is easily done in
-the case of posts, it is not so readily performed with supports, and,
-when so done, it will not present as attractive an appearance as would
-otherwise be the case.
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[Pg 33]</span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_1D" src="images/image033a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="334" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Elevation of Bent Submitted by “J. D.”</p>
-
-    <img id="FIG_2D" src="images/image033b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="369" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—One Form of Plank Frame Suggested by Mr. Shawver.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[Pg 34]</span>
-In the second place, one of the weakest points about the barn is the
-shape. It is true it would be a novelty in most communities, but, like
-the round barns, is wasteful of material. It is out of the question
-to place joists, rafters, flooring, sheathing, roofing, &amp;c., on barns
-of this shape without much waste of both materials and labor. Then,
-too, it is next to impossible to provide for satisfactory lighting or
-ventilation, both of which are essential features in every up to date barn.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-    <img id="FIG_3B" src="images/image034.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" />
-    <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 3.—The Preferable Style of Framing.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The frame construction indicated in <a href="#FIG_2D">Fig. 2</a> is stronger,
-<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[Pg 35]</span>
-and at the same  time gives more open space in the interior, this being secured
-by running the purlin posts up to the first purlin plate, instead of to
-the second, and supporting the second plate on the truss brace. This
-saves in the lengths of the purlin posts, but requires the same length
-of supports and longer sub-supports.</p>
-
-<p class="space-below2">The form of construction indicated in <a href="#FIG_3B">Fig. 3</a>
-is, in my opinion, preferable to either of the others, if it is found
-that the vertical posts set in 10 feet will not in any way interfere
-with the purpose of the structure. In this case all the timbers are
-either shortened or placed in such shape that they may be spliced
-without in any way weakening the structure. Whichever form may be used
-by the correspondent, it is important in bents or arches of this size
-that the purlin posts should be placed on the inner edge with 2 × 6,
-which will add materially to the strength of the frame, and at the same
-time prevent any tendency to spring sideways either in the raising or from
-the pressure of the hay or grain within after the building is completed.</p>
-
-<hr class="full" />
-<div class="transnote bbox">
-<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
-<hr class="r5" />
-<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
-                  paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p>
-<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p>
-</div>
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION ***</div>
-<div style='text-align:left'>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Updated editions will replace the previous one&#8212;the old editions will
-be renamed.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG&#8482;
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
-the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
-of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
-copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
-easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
-of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
-Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may
-do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
-by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
-license, especially commercial redistribution.
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br />
-<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br />
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-To protect the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221;), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
-or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.B. &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (&#8220;the
-Foundation&#8221; or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg&#8482; mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg&#8482; work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country other than the United States.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work (any work
-on which the phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; appears, or with which the
-phrase &#8220;Project Gutenberg&#8221; is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-</div>
-
-<blockquote>
-  <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-    at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
-    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
-  </div>
-</blockquote>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase &#8220;Project
-Gutenberg&#8221; associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg&#8482; License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg&#8482;.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; License.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg&#8482; work in a format
-other than &#8220;Plain Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg&#8482; website
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original &#8220;Plain
-Vanilla ASCII&#8221; or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg&#8482; License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg&#8482; works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-provided that:
-</div>
-
-<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'>
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-        the use of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works calculated using the method
-        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, but he has
-        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-        Section 4, &#8220;Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-        Literary Archive Foundation.&#8221;
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-        works.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-        receipt of the work.
-    </div>
-
-    <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'>
-        &bull; You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-        distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482; works.
-    </div>
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
-the Project Gutenberg&#8482; trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
-forth in Section 3 below.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain &#8220;Defects,&#8221; such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the &#8220;Right
-of Replacement or Refund&#8221; described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you &#8216;AS-IS&#8217;, WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg&#8482; work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg&#8482;
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg&#8482;&#8217;s
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg&#8482; collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg&#8482; and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation&#8217;s EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state&#8217;s laws.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation&#8217;s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
-Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
-to date contact information can be found at the Foundation&#8217;s website
-and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
-public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
-visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'>
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg&#8482; electronic works
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg&#8482; concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Project Gutenberg&#8482; eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
-facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This website includes information about Project Gutenberg&#8482;,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-</div>
-
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 11eb961..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image007.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image007.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bb5a677..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image007.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image008.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image008.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 430a300..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image008.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image009.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image009.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 829d7f9..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image009.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image010.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image010.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a19f575..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image010.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image011a.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image011a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f2d7c65..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image011a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image011b.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image011b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 7db237d..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image011b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image012.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image012.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b52a0e6..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image012.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image013a.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image013a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 92fa929..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image013a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image013b.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image013b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4dfa4e1..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image013b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image014.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image014.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index efa7f2a..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image014.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image016.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image016.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c45204..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image016.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image020a.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image020a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c0815ec..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image020a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image020b.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image020b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 76a1557..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image020b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image024a.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image024a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2eaf996..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image024a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image024b.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image024b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 95ee97b..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image024b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image025.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image025.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ec977fc..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image025.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image026.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image026.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0187c1d..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image026.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image027.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image027.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index db0fb3f..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image027.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image031.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image031.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bf432d..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image031.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image033a.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image033a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 461c0a6..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image033a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image033b.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image033b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6228af8..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image033b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/65399-h/images/image034.jpg b/old/65399-h/images/image034.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c6cd0ab..0000000
--- a/old/65399-h/images/image034.jpg
+++ /dev/null