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If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Plank Frame Barn Construction - -Author: John L. Shawver - -Release Date: May 21, 2021 [eBook #65399] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. - - - - - Plank Frame Barn Construction - - BY JOHN L. SHAWVER - - DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY, Publishers - 232-238 William Street, New York - 1904 - - COPYRIGHTED 1904, - BY DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -This matter was originally presented in the columns of _Carpentry and -Building_, in response to continued requests for information concerning -the plank frame system of construction, which for many years past has -been growing in popularity in various sections of the country, more -particularly the Central West. The author has given a great deal of -attention to the subject, having been associated with the construction -of plank frame barns for a long period, and he is, therefore, competent -to discuss the matter from the standpoint of the practical builder. -Barns of the character indicated have been extensively erected through -various sections of the West, and it is with a view of presenting -valuable data concerning the method of construction that this little -work has been compiled. In the course of his articles the author -points out the advantages of the form of construction referred to and -describes wherein there is a saving of time, labor and material, an -important consideration, especially in sections of the country where -timber for building purposes is not in plentiful supply. - - - - -Constructing a Plank Frame Barn. - - -BY JOHN L. SHAWVER. - -The growing interest in the plank frame barn, as manifested by -inquiries which have emanated from many quarters, calls for specific -information which will enable every builder and farmer to avail himself -of the many advantages offered by this system of construction. The -system has been in use in Central Ohio for the past 20 years, and has -been rapidly growing in favor wherever people have had an opportunity -of investigating its merits. During these years the system, which was -at first somewhat crude and undeveloped, has been gradually improved, -until to-day, after many of the most severe tests, it is believed to -have reached very near perfection as regards economy of material and -labor, strength of frame, convenience of arrangement and durability of -structure. The advantages offered by this method of construction are: - - 1. A saving in timber of from 40 to 60 per cent.—a - not small item in many localities where timber for - building purposes has become a scarce article. - - 2. An opportunity to employ for the building of - barns timber that could scarcely receive consideration - if solid timber mortise and tenon frames were to be - built. - - 3. A saving in the cost of sawing, cutting and - hauling of about one-half of the timber. - - 4. A saving in cost of framing, ranging from 50 to - 90 per cent., according to the plan of the building and - the efficiency of the builders. - - 5. In cases where farmers’ wives are expected to - board and lodge the builders, a saving in labor and - vexation of two or three weeks’ unnecessary time for - framing old style barns. - - 6. A riddance of practically all of the interior - timbers, which are usually an interference with the use - of the horse forks and hay slings, as well as a source - of constant vexation at threshing time and all other - times when the barn is in use. - - 7. The full benefit of the self supporting arch - roof, a construction of combined triangles, long braces - and perpendicular timbers. - - 8. Durability, arising from the fact that there are - no mortises in which moisture may accumulate and cause - the tenons to decay. - - 9. The strongest possible support for the track of - the hay fork or sling. - - 10. Ease of addition to the main building should - any ever be required. - -Changes and variations in plans need cause no loss of timber, as is -certain to be the case where a bill of materials has already been -placed on the ground. If a piece of timber is too long the piece cut -off is used at some point, though perhaps not over 18 inches in length -and containing only 2 or more feet of stuff. Suppose we cut off 18 -inches of an 8 × 8 we have lost 8 feet of lumber, which is worthless -for any purpose save for fire wood. If a given piece is too short it -is spliced in a moment’s time and no loss of strength is sustained. In -an old style framing if a piece was too short it required considerable -labor to remedy the matter, and a loss of both timber and strength was -sustained. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Interior Bent of Plain Gable Barn with Basement.] - -Herewith are illustrated two bents of a barn, Fig. 1, showing a plain -gable barn with basement. Referring to it, 1 1 1 are posts of basement -bent, consisting of five 2 × 8 planks, two of which are 8 feet long -and three of which are 7 feet 2 inches. Upon these rest the joist -bearers, marked 2 2 2, which consist of three planks 2 × 10, extending -lengthwise of the barn. These basement bents are thoroughly braced by a -method which will be illustrated hereafter. The braces 3 3 3 are made -of two 2 × 4 inch stuff the required length, with a short piece of the -same material forming a clamp brace somewhat similar in shape to a -clothes pin. The sill of the superstructure, marked 4, consists of two -2 × 8 inch plank, with 6-inch space between them. The posts 5 5 are -made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space. The purlin -posts, 6 6, are made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening space; -7 7 are roof supports, consisting of a 2 × 8 inch plank. The collar -beams 8 are two 2 × 12 inch plank with intervening 2-inch space; 9 9 -are sub-supports, made of a 2 × 6 inch plank; 10 10 are stays of two 2 -× 4 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space; 11 11 are the main ties -of one 2 × 8 inch piece; 12, 13 and 14 are braces and ties of 2 × 6 -inch plank; 15 15 are purlin plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with -intervening 2-inch space into which couplings and braces enter. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—Barn Bent, Showing Gambrel Roof Construction.] - -At 16 16 the main plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, are placed into -a V-trough and inverted over the top of the post. The rafters 17 17 may -be spliced on the purlin plates. The topmost intersections are bolted, -as shown by means of the dots. The upper ends of the purlin posts are -cut down 4 inches, on a line parallel with the roof supports, and again -at right angles with the first cut, forming a saddle, into which are -placed the purlin plates. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.—Outside View of End Bent of Superstructure and -Basement Bents.—Scale, 3-32 Inch to the Foot.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.—Side View of Plank Frame Barn.—Scale, 3-32 Inch -to the Foot.] - -In Fig. 2 is presented a view of an interior bent of a gambrel roof -basement barn, which is constructed on the same general principles as -shown in the previous figure. Hip roofs, gothic roofs, etc., are as -readily provided for as either gable or gambrel roofs, so any man’s -taste may be fully met in this respect. - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.—Detail Showing Section of Frame.—Scale, ¼ Inch -to the Foot.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.—Section of Purlin Plate.—Scale, ¼ Inch to the -Foot.] - -An outside view of the end bent of the superstructure and an end view -of all the basement bents are shown in Fig. 3 of the illustrations. The -braces in the basement are permitted to extend up and between the sills -of the superstructure, thus binding both basement and superstructure -into one solid frame work. In the interior of the basement, where long -braces will not interfere with the arrangement or convenience, they are -to be preferred to short ones, but where short braces are necessary -they are inserted in such a manner as to give greater strength than -when mortised in as is usually done. - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.—Detail at Peak of Barn.—Scale, ½ Inch to the -Foot.] - -A side view of the frame, which is of such a character as to fully -explain itself, is presented in Fig. 4. The plate is made of two 2 × -8 plank spiked together to form a trough and inverted over the tops -of the posts. The manner of constructing the bents of the basement is -indicated in Fig. 5. If the posts can stand on solid pillars of stone -no sills are necessary, and the fillers extend down to the lower ends -of the posts and up to the joist bearers. A side view of the purlin -plates, which are made of two 2 × 8 or 2 × 10 plank with a 2-inch -space between them, is shown in Fig. 6. The coupling or splicing block -extends either way from the roof support _a_ to the dotted lines _b b_. -At _c_ is represented a sectional view of the sub-support, to which -the stays _d d_ are secured, and also the lower end of the braces _e -e_. This arrangement gives sufficient strength to the purlin plates to -sustain a slate or any other roof desired. Fig. 7 shows the manner in -which the peak of the arch is constructed. The roof supports, which are -usually of 2 × 8, are indicated by A A. The sub-supports, usually of 2 -× 6 plank, are indicated by B B, while the dotted lines represent the -collar beams, C, constructed of 2 × 12 inch plank, there being one on -either side and bound together by ½-inch carriage bolts 6½ inches in -length, their position being indicated by the small crosses. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.—Detail Showing Construction of Posts in End Bent -of Fig. 3.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 9—Sectional View of Plate.] - -Three posts of the end bent, shown in Fig. 3, are constructed of two -2 × 8 plank, one 2 × 4 and one 3 × 6, all as indicated by the cross -section in Fig. 8 of the engravings. - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.—Side Elevation of Barn Having Two Driveways and -Bay at Either End.] - -It will be noticed that all of this work is easily and quickly done -and that there is not only a saving in the timber, but also in the -labor. As an example of the time required to erect a frame, I would -state that I was recently called to another county to assist in -building a basement barn, 40 × 80 feet in size, 8-foot basement and -16-foot superstructure, with plain gable roof. With three carpenters we -commenced work on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week -we raised the barn complete. In other words, it took four carpenters -three days to frame a barn 40 × 80 × 24 feet. - -In Fig. 10 is shown a side view of a barn with two driveways and bay -at either end. A A are duplicated on inside of posts, with bridge -blocks at dotted lines; B´ is main plate; C is purlin plate of two 2 × -8 plank set at right angles with roof and also braced at right angles; -D is roof supports, forming the arch of the barn, and E the collar -beams. Fig. 11 shows interior bent of a “ground” barn with decks above -driveway. Should stables be desired in one or both ends joist bearers -may extend entire width of barn. - -There are doubtless many who would like some evidence of the strength, -durability and popularity of this system of barn building, and I -therefore submit a few facts in relation to these points. - -_First Test of Strength._—A small model made of linden strips 3-16 -inch thick and ½, ⅜ and ¼ in inch width, made on a scale of ½ to 12 -and representing a barn 40 × 60, with 8-foot basement and 20-foot -superstructure, was found strong enough to support four men of average -weight. - -_Second Test._—Several years ago a number of persons at a barn raising -were discussing the frail appearance of the frame, and a test was made -with chains and levers in an effort to crush the frame by drawing at -opposite angles, but without the slightest effect. - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.—Interior Bent of “Ground” Barn with Decks Above -Driveway.] - -Another example is found in a barn which was put up with a minimum -quantity of spikes, because the owner did not wish to take time to go -to town for more. The barn has been standing 14 years, within which -time a number of destructive wind storms have passed over it without -damage, though much damage to fences, forests and buildings resulted in -the vicinity. - -As evidence of the rapidity with which the framing may be done, -I will refer to a basement barn, 40 × 80, 24 feet to the square, -recently erected in Union County, Ohio. I began with three carpenters -on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week the barn was -raised complete. We were compelled to work under the disadvantages of -considerable mud on the newly graded foundation site, necessity of -carrying the timber some distance, and the short days in mid November. -None of the hands had any previous experience in this work, so had to -learn as they proceeded. - -A large dairy barn was built the last week of October, 1896, just out -of New York City. It is 100 × 36, with 8-foot basement and 16-foot -superstructure. We had four house carpenters and two laborers. Began -work Monday morning, but were delayed by the non-arrival of the spikes -till nearly noon. The basement bents were each 100 feet in length, -and there were nine bents in the superstructure. Both basement and -superstructure were raised on Friday of same week in six hours with the -help of 30 men. - -Still another example may be given to show the difference between the -plank frame and the mortise and tenon frame. With three helpers I -framed a barn, 40 × 72, with 20-foot posts, while two carpenters, one -of them a foreman, framed the sills for a corn crib, 5 × 40. - -The system has been introduced into 32 States and some fair sized -barns have been built in this way. One in Kentucky, 56 × 100; one in -Colorado, 60 × 70; one in Wisconsin, 40 × 120, with wing 40 × 60; one -in Ontario, 56 × 96, and one in Virginia, 60 × 100. I have yet to learn -of any who, having built strictly to specifications, are dissatisfied -with the frame. On the contrary, we are frequently in receipt of -letters from those who have thus built stating that they are delighted -not only because they have saved both money and timber, but at the same -time have obtained a thoroughly strong frame without the usual interior -timbers, which are so much in the way in handling hay or grain. - -I shall be glad to have the friendly criticism of practical builders -given in the columns of _Carpentry and Building_. Any suggestions which -may lead to further improvements in the system will be appreciated -very much, and due credit will be given to those who suggest them. It -will be seen that the system is especially adapted to large grain and -hay barns, to cover barnyards, which are becoming so popular in many -sections of the country, to tool sheds, tobacco barns, amphitheaters, -&c. - -While there is not so large a saving in the timber of the basement as -in the superstructure, there is yet a fair saving of timber even here, -and at the same time there is great saving of labor. The timbers are -employed only where they can serve a useful purpose, and special effort -is made to so place the timbers as to secure the maximum amount of -strength with the smallest possible amount of timber. - - * * * * * - -The following communications were brought out as the result of Mr. -Shawver’s invitation to the readers of _Carpentry and Building_: - - -Bracing a Basement Barn Built on the Plank Frame System. - -_From_ E. S. H., _Connecticut_.—I have been reading the articles of -Mr. Shawver on barn framing with a great deal of interest, and I am -desirous of obtaining full instructions in regard to bracing the -interior of a basement barn: also a complete bill of materials for -the frame of such a barn, 40 × 60 feet in area, basement 8 feet high -and superstructure 20 feet high. The roof is of the gable pattern, -one-third pitch. There is also a bay in each end and a double driveway. - -_Answer._—In referring to the above inquiry, Mr. Shawver submits the -following information, accompanied by the illustrations presented -herewith: The sketches here given will explain in detail the manner of -inserting the braces and the way in which they are made. Of course, -when long braces will not interfere with the desired use of the space -they are preferred to short ones, but short ones properly inserted -will give the same rigidity to the plank frame that braces of similar -length will give to a mortise and tenon frame. The braces C C of Fig. 1 -are inserted in the bents as the latter are constructed, but the brace -shown in Fig. 2 is not inserted until the barn is raised. - -In basement barns the joist bearer, A of Fig. 1, is made to extend -lengthwise of the building, and the bents of the superstructure being -placed crosswise we find the sill of a bent of a superstructure as -represented at F F. But in ground barns the joist bearers extend -crosswise of the barn, and the post B is permitted to extend up -through the joist bearer about 7 inches. Two posts are then spiked to -this projecting portion, one on either side, and thus again the brace -shown in Fig. 2 may be inserted if thought necessary. If, however, the -braces are properly inserted in the side walls of the frame the short -braces may safely be omitted in ground barns. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Showing Method of Bracing.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—One Form of Brace Employed.] - -The following is a bill of materials for a plank frame basement -barn, 36 × 60 feet, basement 8 feet, with wall on one side, 16-foot -superstructure, with a 23-foot bay at each end and a 14-foot driveway -in the middle. Roof one-third pitch, plain gable, decks over driveway -if permissible. Interior posts of basement to stand on stone pillars. - - BILL OF MATERIALS. - Basement: First Bent. - Ins. Ins. Ft. - - 2 sills 2 × 8 × 60 - (or six 2 × 8 × 20) - - 12 posts 2 × 8 × 8 - 4 door posts 2 × 6 × 8 - 6 post fillers 2 × 8 × 8 - 4 nailers 2 × 6 × 12 - 1 nailer 2 × 6 × 14 - 3 joist bearers 2 × 10 × 60 - (may use 14s and 24s.) - - 10 braces 2 × 6 × 10 - Bents 2, 3 and 4 similar. - - 12 posts 2 × 8 × 8 - 18 post fillers 2 × 8 × 8 - 20 braces 2 × 4 × 6 - 3 joist bearers 2 × 10 × 60 - Ends of Basement. - - 8 sills 2 × 8 × 9 - (or four 2 × 8 × 18) - - 4 nailers 2 × 6 × 18 - (or eight 2 × 8 × 9) - - 4 nailers 2 × 8 × 18 - 16 braces 2 × 6 × 10 - 56 braces 2 × 4 × 6 - 28 brace blocks 2 × 4 × 16 - Superstructure: Two End Bents. - - 4 sills 2 × 8 × 36 - (or eight 2 × 8 × 18) - - 12 nailers 2 × 6 × 18 - 4 beams 2 × 8 × 36 - (or eight 2 × 8 × 18) - - 20 posts 2 × 8 × 16 - 10 post fillers 2 × 4 × 16 - 8 braces 2 × 6 × 18 - 8 purlin posts 2 × 8 × 8 - 8 braces 2 × 4 × 9 - 2 gable ties 2 × 6 × 18 - 6 stiffeners 3 × 6 × 16 - - Two Interior Bents. - - 4 sills 2 × 8 × 36 - (or eight 2 × 8 × 18) - - 4 sills 2 × 8 × 2 - 8 posts 2 × 8 × 16 - 8 purlin posts 2 × 8 × 24 - (or twelve 2 × 8 × 16) - - 4 roof supports 2 × 8 × 22 - 4 sub-supports 2 × 6 × 17 - 4 collar braces 2 × 12 × 5 - 8 stays 2 × 4 × 3 - 4 ties 2 × 8 × 8 - 4 ties 2 × 6 × 5 - 4 ties 2 × 6 × 4 - 4 braces 2 × 6 × 8 - - Two Floor Bents. - - 4 sills 2 × 8 × 36 - (or eight 2 × 8 × 18) - - 4 sills 2 × 8 × 2 - 8 posts 2 × 8 × 16 - 8 purlin posts 2 × 8 × 24 - 4 roof supports 2 × 8 × 22 - 4 sub-supports 2 × 6 × 17 - 4 collar braces 2 × 12 × 5 - 8 stays 2 × 4 × 3 - 4 ties 2 × 8 × 8 - 4 ties 2 × 6 × 5 - 4 ties 2 × 6 × 4 - 4 braces 2 × 6 × 9 - 8 joist bearers 2 × 8 × 8 - - Side Timbers. - - 4 sills 2 × 8 × 23 - 2 sills 2 × 8 × 14 - 24 nailers 2 × 6 × 12 - 4 nailers 2 × 8 × 14 - 8 plates 2 × 8 × 23 - 4 plates 2 × 8 × 14 - 8 purlins 2 × 8 × 23 - 4 purlins 2 × 8 × 14 - 8 couplings 2 × 8 × 8 - 4 couplings 2 × 8 × 4 - 4 braces 2 × 4 × 12 - 16 braces 2 × 4 × 7 - 8 deck joist 2 × 8 × 14 - -Floors, siding, roofing, doors, etc., will be the same as in other -barns of same dimensions. - - ESTIMATED COST OF FRAMING. - - Foreman, $2.50 per day, 3 days $7.50 - Two journeymen, $2 per day, 3 days 6.00 - Two apprentices, $1.25 per day, 3 days 3.75 - ————— - Total $17.25 - Raising and inserting braces, 1 day 5.75 - ————— - Total $23.00 - -Cost of completing same as other barns of same dimensions and style of -finish. - - -A Plank Frame Applied to a Skating Rink. - -_From_ N. B., _Sussex, N. B._—We want to erect an auditorium, 50 × 200, -with 16-foot posts and 12-foot sheds at each side for offices, waiting -rooms, saloon, etc. We want galleries all around and a large band stand -at one end, suspended from the roof. The building is to be used for -a skating rink in winter and for public meetings during the summer. -Will the plank frame system described in _Carpentry and Building_ be -suitable for the frame? - -_Answer._—The above inquiry was submitted to Mr. Shawver, who -contributed the recent articles on plank frame construction, and in -reply he says: - -The plank frame is admirably adapted to such a building as that -described, and can be quite cheaply constructed. In Fig. 1 of the -sketches is shown one of the bents near the end on which the band stand -is located, indicating the manner in which it is suspended from the -roof by the rods A A, together with truss rod B. The galleries appear -at either side, above which and beneath the eaves are the windows. If -lighted by dormer windows, or if artificial light is employed, the shed -roofs may be of the same pitch and a continuation of the roof of the -main building, in which case the galleries may extend back beneath the -roof of the sheds, and they need not extend out further than the purlin -posts. The sketch, Fig. 2, shows an interior bent without the band -stand. The end bents will be constructed in a manner similar to that -shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of my article on plank frame barns. A 200-foot -building should have 17 bents placed 12½ feet apart. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Bent Near the Band Stand.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—An Interior Bent.] - - -Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn. - -[Illustration: Basement Plan.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.] - -_From_ S. H., _Minneapolis, Minn._—I would like to have the readers -experienced in plank frame barn construction comment upon the plans -of the basement barn which I send herewith and from which I intend -to build next summer. I would like very much to know the weak points -of the barn and the best way to remedy them. I think the drawings -showing the plans and details are so clear as to practically explain -themselves. - -[Illustration: Elevation of Front Framing of Barn.—Scale, ⅛ Inch to the -Foot. - -_Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn.—Floor Plans.—Scale, 1-16 -Inch to the Foot._] - -[Illustration: Main Floor.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.] - - -Criticism of Plank Frame Barn Construction. - -_From_ JOHN L. SHAWVER, _Bellefontaine, Ohio_.—In response to the wish -of “S. H.,” Minneapolis, Minn., I offer a few suggestions in connection -with his proposed plank frame basement barn. It is well, indeed, that -he should insist on knowing what he is doing, for many have made -blunders because they attempted to build plank frames without having -first investigated the proper method of construction. Too many guess -at it. As pioneers in this work, we started, 25 years ago, on small -structures, and month by month studied and contrived until a system was -evolved that is adapted to barn structures of any reasonable size. -Each point has been carefully tested as we proceeded, and if not fully -satisfactory was discarded for something better. We now have over 7000 -structures in some 44 States and provinces, some of them quite large, -and have received many gratifying testimonials as to their strength, -durability and cheapness. - -The floor plans submitted by “S. H.” are very good in design and -arrangement, save that the hay chutes are made to appear directly over -one of the main girders. Of course, this he would discover and rectify. -Should it be difficult to obtain 8 × 8 stuff for posts and 8 × 10 for -girders, the former may very easily be constructed of two 2 × 8’s and -two 2 × 4’s, box pattern, thus saving something in materials and risk -from dry rot. The girders might be made of two 4 × 10’s, or four 2 × -10’s, leaving an air space of 2 inches in the middle and saving the -necessity of making mortises. - -The drawings indicate the use of two 2 × 12’s and one 2 × 8 for cross -sills, the 2 × 8 being flat. In my opinion, the 2 × 8 is needless. The -plates are all flatwise, while they must sustain much weight. We prefer -purlin plates set on edge at right angles with the combined pressure -of both sets of rafters. The main plates we make of three 2 × 6 inch, -or 2 × 8 inch, according to the size of the structure when on edge to -sustain the weight and two to sustain the outward pressure of the roof -and the contents of the building. In this case, the purlins should -incline 45 degrees. - -The drawings of the correspondent indicate that the nailers are cut to -fit between the posts, in which case they must be mortised, gained or -toe nailed. The first two require unnecessary work, while the latter -is not strong enough. If the bents are constructed in three sections, -they will be tedious to raise in position. If completed before -raising, they will be weak at the purlin plate. The drawings indicate -also that staging would be required in setting the upper frame, and -that quite a large amount of the work is done as the frame is being -raised. In our experience we never use any staging, and we do most of -the work from the ground before beginning to set for the frame. Most -men can work more rapidly on the ground, with all materials handy, -than they can aloft, where materials must be drawn up with ropes. I -believe “S. H.” can save enough on labor alone to pay his expenses -to go to some point and see one of our plank frame constructions. -Besides, he will find wherein he can greatly improve upon his method -of construction. Those who are within convenient reach to do so can -visit the barn of Dr. W. I. Chamberlain, near Cleveland, Ohio, which -is easily accessible by railroad, while the doctor, who is one of the -editors of the _Ohio Farmer_, takes great delight in showing his barn -to visitors. This barn, which is 40 × 82 feet in size, required four -carpenters two and a half days to frame and two hours and fifteen -minutes to raise. - -We do not usually give name and address of our patrons, because it -leads to much inconvenience to them. Should any of the readers write to -Dr. Chamberlain, I would suggest that they inclose a stamped envelope, -properly addressed, for reply. - - -Criticism of Plank Frame Barn Construction. - -_From_ J. M. B., _Monroeton, Pa._—In the December issue of _Carpentry -and Building_, page 327, the correspondent “S. H.” of Minneapolis -wants to know the weak points of his barn frame, a sketch of which was -presented in connection with his communication. I think one weak point -is what he calls the plate in the gable, which is made of two 2 × 8 -inch pieces, equal to a 4 × 8 inch, with a span of at least 30 feet -between purlin posts, which are only 2 × 6 inches. In my opinion, with -the hay mow filled with hay, the gable will bulge or spring out, as the -weight, 45 to 50 tons, will exert quite a pressure. As to the remedy I -am not so clear. He might use a flat truss or a beam large enough to -stand the pressure; one, say, 16 inches wide at the center and tapering -to 8 inches at each end. I will say, in conclusion, that I have had no -experience with plank frames. - - -Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength? - -_From_ C. G., _Vergennes, Vt._—I send herewith a rough sketch of bent -of barn which I intend to put up in the spring. It is 30 feet wide and -has 26-foot posts. What I wish to know is this: Is the truss strong -enough to carry the load that will be put upon it? I would like to have -the “wood butchers” take hold of it and tear it apart and tell me what -to put in its place. - -_From_ JOHN L. SHAWVER, _Bellefontaine, Ohio_.—Permit me to offer -a substitute for the barn frame proposed by the correspondent “C. -G.” of Vergennes, Vt., in the March issue of the paper. His timber -trusses take up too much room, and at the same time the timbers are -too expensive for this day and age. We place a little more timber in -the joist bearer and prefer it in a different shape. He suggests 7 × -8 inches, and this would be 30 feet in length. We would use three 2 -× 10’s, and could use any lengths to make the 30 feet; consequently -our timbers could be purchased at much less cost. Instead of the 7 × -8 inch truss timbers we would use two wire cables made of galvanized -wire, seven strands, and doubled. While we would use a little heavier -posts in the stables, the posts of the superstructure would contain -only about one-half as much material, but this, too, we would prefer of -different shape. In place of the 7 × 8 inch we would use two 2 × 8’s, -and instead of the beam we would prefer the arch and the angling purlin -posts, and thus have the interior entirely free from all timbers. - -[Illustration: Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength?] - -After 20 years’ experience in building barns without the cross beams -it would require peculiar conditions to induce us to use them, for -they are continuously in the way, both when storing away hay or grain -and when getting these out again for the thresher or for the feeding -of stock. The upper portion of the frame submitted by “C. G.” does -not show any braces, and we are at a loss to know if there is to be -none, or if these were omitted because it is not that portion of the -structure that is under consideration. Let me say, however, that that -is one of the most prevalent mistakes in the construction of a barn. -There are too few braces, and the first baby tornado that happens to -pass that way will “lay it out in fine shape.” While we use plenty of -braces, they are usually only 2 × 6 inches, and so do not take timber -very rapidly. The geometrical triangle is the strongest figure one can -secure, and it is with that idea always in mind that we do our barn -work. - - -Bents for 12-Sided Plank Frame Barn. - -_From_ J. D., _Ubly, Mich._—I send herewith a rough sketch, Fig. 1, -showing one of the bents of a 12-sided plank frame barn, and would like -to have the architectural readers of the paper state whether or not it -will be strong enough for the purpose, and, if not, wherein changes can -be made to advantage. - - _Note._—With a view to obtaining the opinion - of an expert who has had long experience in the - construction of plank frame barns, we submitted the - inquiry of our correspondent above to John L. Shawver, - who furnishes the following in reply: - -In the first place, the purlin posts in the sketch of the correspondent -are so sloping that while they brace well they are not in position to -sustain the most weight, and these with the roof supports are so long -that they have to be spliced. While this is easily done in the case of -posts, it is not so readily performed with supports, and, when so done, -it will not present as attractive an appearance as would otherwise be -the case. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.—Elevation of Bent Submitted by “J. D.”] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.—One Form of Plank Frame Suggested by Mr. -Shawver.] - -In the second place, one of the weakest points about the barn is the -shape. It is true it would be a novelty in most communities, but, like -the round barns, is wasteful of material. It is out of the question -to place joists, rafters, flooring, sheathing, roofing, &c., on barns -of this shape without much waste of both materials and labor. Then, -too, it is next to impossible to provide for satisfactory lighting or -ventilation, both of which are essential features in every up to date -barn. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.—The Preferable Style of Framing.] - -The frame construction indicated in Fig. 2 is stronger, and at the -same time gives more open space in the interior, this being secured by -running the purlin posts up to the first purlin plate, instead of to -the second, and supporting the second plate on the truss brace. This -saves in the lengths of the purlin posts, but requires the same length -of supports and longer sub-supports. - -The form of construction indicated in Fig. 3 is, in my opinion, -preferable to either of the others, if it is found that the vertical -posts set in 10 feet will not in any way interfere with the purpose -of the structure. In this case all the timbers are either shortened -or placed in such shape that they may be spliced without in any -way weakening the structure. Whichever form may be used by the -correspondent, it is important in bents or arches of this size that -the purlin posts should be placed on the inner edge with 2 × 6, which -will add materially to the strength of the frame, and at the same time -prevent any tendency to spring sideways either in the raising or from -the pressure of the hay or grain within after the building is completed. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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Shawver—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -h1,h2 { text-align: center; clear: both; } - -p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .49em; text-indent: 1.5em;} -p.f120 { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f150 { font-size: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } - -.space-above1 { margin-top: 1em; } -.space-above2 { margin-top: 2em; } -.space-below1 { margin-bottom: 1em; } -.space-below2 { margin-bottom: 2em; } - -hr.tb {width: 45%; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} - @media print { hr.chap {display: none; visibility: hidden;} } -hr.full {width: 95%; margin-left: 2.5%; margin-right: 2.5%;} -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%;} - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - -table { margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; } -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} - -.blockquot { margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; } - -.bt {border-top: 2px solid;} -.bbox {border: 2px solid;} -.center {text-align: center;} -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.over {text-decoration: overline;} - -img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Plank Frame Barn Construction, by John L. Shawver</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Plank Frame Barn Construction</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John L. Shawver</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 21, 2021 [eBook #65399]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION ***</div> -<hr class="chap" /> -<h1>Plank Frame Barn Construction</h1> - -<p class="f150 space-above1 space-below2"><span class="smcap">By John L. Shawver</span></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">David Williams Company</span>, Publishers<br /> -232-238 William Street, New York<br />1904</p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><span class="smcap">Copyrighted 1904,<br /> -By David Williams Company.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="blockquot">This matter was originally presented in the columns of -<i>Carpentry and Building</i>, in response to continued requests for information -concerning the plank frame system of construction, which for many -years past has been growing in popularity in various sections of the -country, more particularly the Central West. The author has given a -great deal of attention to the subject, having been associated with -the construction of plank frame barns for a long period, and he is, -therefore, competent to discuss the matter from the standpoint of -the practical builder. Barns of the character indicated have been -extensively erected through various sections of the West, and it is -with a view of presenting valuable data concerning the method of -construction that this little work has been compiled. In the course -of his articles the author points out the advantages of the form of -construction referred to and describes wherein there is a saving of -time, labor and material, an important consideration, especially in -sections of the country where timber for building purposes is not in -plentiful supply.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[Pg 5]</span></p> - <h2 class="nobreak">Constructing a Plank Frame Barn.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-below2"><span class="smcap">By John L. Shawver.</span></p> - -<p>The growing interest in the plank frame barn, as manifested by -inquiries which have emanated from many quarters, calls for specific -information which will enable every builder and farmer to avail himself -of the many advantages offered by this system of construction. The -system has been in use in Central Ohio for the past 20 years, and has -been rapidly growing in favor wherever people have had an opportunity -of investigating its merits. During these years the system, which was -at first somewhat crude and undeveloped, has been gradually improved, -until to-day, after many of the most severe tests, it is believed to -have reached very near perfection as regards economy of material and -labor, strength of frame, convenience of arrangement and durability of -structure. The advantages offered by this method of construction are:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>1. A saving in timber of from 40 to 60 per cent.—a not small item in -many localities where timber for building purposes has become a scarce -article.</p> - -<p>2. An opportunity to employ for the building of barns timber that -could scarcely receive consideration if solid timber mortise and tenon -frames were to be built.</p> - -<p>3. A saving in the cost of sawing, cutting and hauling of about -one-half of the timber.</p> - -<p>4. A saving in cost of framing, ranging from 50 to 90 per cent., -according to the plan of the building and the efficiency of the builders. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[Pg 6]</span></p> - -<p>5. In cases where farmers’ wives are expected to board and lodge -the builders, a saving in labor and vexation of two or three weeks’ -unnecessary time for framing old style barns.</p> - -<p>6. A riddance of practically all of the interior timbers, which are -usually an interference with the use of the horse forks and hay slings, -as well as a source of constant vexation at threshing time and all -other times when the barn is in use.</p> - -<p>7. The full benefit of the self supporting arch roof, a construction -of combined triangles, long braces and perpendicular timbers.</p> - -<p>8. Durability, arising from the fact that there are no mortises in -which moisture may accumulate and cause the tenons to decay.</p> - -<p>9. The strongest possible support for the track of the hay fork or -sling.</p> - -<p>10. Ease of addition to the main building should any ever be -required.</p> -</div> - -<p>Changes and variations in plans need cause no loss of timber, as is -certain to be the case where a bill of materials has already been -placed on the ground. If a piece of timber is too long the piece cut -off is used at some point, though perhaps not over 18 inches in length -and containing only 2 or more feet of stuff. Suppose we cut off 18 -inches of an 8 × 8 we have lost 8 feet of lumber, which is worthless -for any purpose save for fire wood. If a given piece is too short it -is spliced in a moment’s time and no loss of strength is sustained. In -an old style framing if a piece was too short it required considerable labor -to remedy the matter, and a loss of both timber and strength was sustained. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[Pg 7]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_1A" src="images/image007.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="483" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Interior Bent of Plain Gable Barn with Basement.</p> -</div> - -<p>Herewith are illustrated two bents of a barn, <a href="#FIG_1A">Fig. 1</a>, -showing a plain gable barn with basement. Referring to it, 1 1 1 are posts of -basement bent, consisting of five 2 × 8 planks, two of which are 8 feet long -and three of which are 7 feet 2 inches. Upon these rest the joist -bearers, marked 2 2 2, which consist of three planks 2 × 10, extending -lengthwise of the barn. These basement bents are thoroughly braced by a -method which will be illustrated hereafter. The braces 3 3 3 are made -of two 2 × 4 inch stuff the required length, with a short piece of the -same material forming a clamp brace somewhat similar in shape to a -clothes pin. The sill of the superstructure, marked 4, consists of two -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[Pg 8]</span> -2 × 8 inch plank, with 6-inch space between them. The posts 5 5 are -made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space. The purlin -posts, 6 6, are made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with intervening space; -7 7 are roof supports, consisting of a 2 × 8 inch plank. The collar -beams 8 are two 2 × 12 inch plank with intervening 2-inch space; 9 9 -are sub-supports, made of a 2 × 6 inch plank; 10 10 are stays of two 2 -× 4 inch plank, with intervening 2-inch space; 11 11 are the main ties -of one 2 × 8 inch piece; 12, 13 and 14 are braces and ties of 2 × 6 -inch plank; 15 15 are purlin plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, with -intervening 2-inch space into which couplings and braces enter.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_2A" src="images/image008.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="565" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—Barn Bent, Showing Gambrel Roof Construction.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[Pg 9]</span> -At 16 16 the main plates, made of two 2 × 8 inch plank, are placed into -a V-trough and inverted over the top of the post. The rafters 17 17 may -be spliced on the purlin plates. The topmost intersections are bolted, -as shown by means of the dots. The upper ends of the purlin posts are -cut down 4 inches, on a line parallel with the roof supports, and again -at right angles with the first cut, forming a saddle, into which are -placed the purlin plates.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_3A" src="images/image009.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="514" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 3.—Outside View of End Bent of Superstructure<br /> - and Basement Bents.—Scale, 3-32 Inch to the Foot.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[Pg 10]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_4" src="images/image010.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="276" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 4.—Side View of Plank Frame Barn.—Scale, - 3-32 Inch to the Foot.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[Pg 11]</span> -In <a href="#FIG_2A">Fig. 2</a> is presented a view of an interior bent of a -gambrel roof basement barn, which is constructed on the same general principles -as shown in the previous figure. Hip roofs, gothic roofs, etc., are as -readily provided for as either gable or gambrel roofs, so any man’s -taste may be fully met in this respect.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_5" src="images/image011a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="418" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 5.—Detail Showing Section of Frame.—Scale, - ¼ Inch to the Foot.</p> - - <img id="FIG_6" src="images/image011b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="269" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 6.—Section of Purlin Plate.—Scale, - ¼ Inch to the Foot.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[Pg 12]</span> -An outside view of the end bent of the superstructure and an end view -of all the basement bents are shown in <a href="#FIG_3A">Fig. 3</a> of the -illustrations. The braces in the basement are permitted to extend up and between -the sills of the superstructure, thus binding both basement and superstructure -into one solid frame work. In the interior of the basement, where long -braces will not interfere with the arrangement or convenience, they are -to be preferred to short ones, but where short braces are necessary -they are inserted in such a manner as to give greater strength than -when mortised in as is usually done.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_7" src="images/image012.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="309" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 7.—Detail at Peak of Barn.—Scale, - ½ Inch to the Foot.</p> -</div> - -<p>A side view of the frame, which is of such a character as to fully -explain itself, is presented in <a href="#FIG_4">Fig. 4</a>. The plate is made -of two 2 × 8 plank spiked together to form a trough and inverted over the tops -of the posts. The manner of constructing the bents of the basement is -indicated in <a href="#FIG_5">Fig. 5</a>. If the posts can stand on solid pillars -of stone no sills are necessary, and the fillers extend down to the lower ends -of the posts and up to the joist bearers. A side view of the purlin -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[Pg 13]</span> -plates, which are made of two 2 × 8 or 2 × 10 plank with a 2-inch -space between them, is shown in <a href="#FIG_6">Fig. 6</a>. The coupling or -splicing block extends either way from the roof support <i>a</i> to the -dotted lines <i>b b</i>. At <i>c</i> is represented a sectional view -of the sub-support, to which the stays <i>d d</i> are secured, and -also the lower end of the braces <i>e e</i>. This arrangement gives -sufficient strength to the purlin plates to sustain a slate or any -other roof desired. <a href="#FIG_7">Fig. 7</a> shows the manner in which the -peak of the arch is constructed. The roof supports, which are usually of 2 × 8, -are indicated by A A. The sub-supports, usually of 2 × 6 plank, are -indicated by B B, while the dotted lines represent the collar beams, C, -constructed of 2 × 12 inch plank, there being one on either side and -bound together by ½-inch carriage bolts 6½ inches in length, their -position being indicated by the small crosses.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_8" src="images/image013a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="332" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 8.—Detail Showing Construction of - Posts in End Bent of <a href="#FIG_3A">Fig. 3</a>.</p> - - <img id="FIG_9" src="images/image013b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="295" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 9—Sectional View of Plate.</p> -</div> - -<p>Three posts of the end bent, shown in <a href="#FIG_3A">Fig. 3</a>, are constructed -of two 2 × 8 plank, one 2 × 4 and one 3 × 6, all as indicated by the cross -section in <a href="#FIG_8">Fig. 8</a> of the engravings. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[Pg 14]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_10" src="images/image014.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="318" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 10.—Side Elevation of Barn Having Two Driveways - and Bay at Either End.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[Pg 15]</span> -It will be noticed that all of this work is easily and quickly done -and that there is not only a saving in the timber, but also in the -labor. As an example of the time required to erect a frame, I would -state that I was recently called to another county to assist in -building a basement barn, 40 × 80 feet in size, 8-foot basement and -16-foot superstructure, with plain gable roof. With three carpenters we -commenced work on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week -we raised the barn complete. In other words, it took four carpenters -three days to frame a barn 40 × 80 × 24 feet.</p> - -<p>In <a href="#FIG_10">Fig. 10</a> is shown a side view of a barn with two -driveways and bay at either end. A A are duplicated on inside of posts, with -bridge blocks at dotted lines; B´ is main plate; C is purlin plate of two -2 × 8 plank set at right angles with roof and also braced at right angles; -D is roof supports, forming the arch of the barn, and E the collar -beams. <a href="#FIG_11">Fig. 11</a> shows interior bent of a “ground” barn -with decks above driveway. Should stables be desired in one or both ends joist -bearers may extend entire width of barn.</p> - -<p>There are doubtless many who would like some evidence of the strength, -durability and popularity of this system of barn building, and I -therefore submit a few facts in relation to these points.</p> - -<p><i>First Test of Strength.</i>—A small model made of linden strips -3-16 inch thick and ½, ⅜ and ¼ in inch width, made on a scale of ½ to -12 and representing a barn 40 × 60, with 8-foot basement and 20-foot -superstructure, was found strong enough to support four men of average weight. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[Pg 16]</span></p> - -<p><i>Second Test.</i>—Several years ago a number of persons at a barn -raising were discussing the frail appearance of the frame, and a test -was made with chains and levers in an effort to crush the frame by -drawing at opposite angles, but without the slightest effect.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_11" src="images/image016.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="475" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 11.—Interior Bent of “Ground” Barn - with Decks Above Driveway.</p> -</div> - -<p>Another example is found in a barn which was put up with a minimum -quantity of spikes, because the owner did not wish to take time to go -to town for more. The barn has been standing 14 years, within which -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[Pg 17]</span> -time a number of destructive wind storms have passed over it without -damage, though much damage to fences, forests and buildings resulted -in the vicinity.</p> - -<p>As evidence of the rapidity with which the framing may be done, -I will refer to a basement barn, 40 × 80, 24 feet to the square, -recently erected in Union County, Ohio. I began with three carpenters -on Wednesday morning, and on Saturday of the same week the barn was -raised complete. We were compelled to work under the disadvantages of -considerable mud on the newly graded foundation site, necessity of -carrying the timber some distance, and the short days in mid November. -None of the hands had any previous experience in this work, so had to -learn as they proceeded.</p> - -<p>A large dairy barn was built the last week of October, 1896, just out -of New York City. It is 100 × 36, with 8-foot basement and 16-foot -superstructure. We had four house carpenters and two laborers. Began -work Monday morning, but were delayed by the non-arrival of the spikes -till nearly noon. The basement bents were each 100 feet in length, -and there were nine bents in the superstructure. Both basement and -superstructure were raised on Friday of same week in six hours with the -help of 30 men.</p> - -<p>Still another example may be given to show the difference between the -plank frame and the mortise and tenon frame. With three helpers I -framed a barn, 40 × 72, with 20-foot posts, while two carpenters, one -of them a foreman, framed the sills for a corn crib, 5 × 40.</p> - -<p>The system has been introduced into 32 States and some fair sized -barns have been built in this way. One in Kentucky, 56 × 100; one in -Colorado, 60 × 70; one in Wisconsin, 40 × 120, with wing 40 × 60; one -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[Pg 18]</span> -in Ontario, 56 × 96, and one in Virginia, 60 × 100. I have yet to learn -of any who, having built strictly to specifications, are dissatisfied -with the frame. On the contrary, we are frequently in receipt of -letters from those who have thus built stating that they are delighted -not only because they have saved both money and timber, but at the same -time have obtained a thoroughly strong frame without the usual interior -timbers, which are so much in the way in handling hay or grain.</p> - -<p>I shall be glad to have the friendly criticism of practical builders -given in the columns of <i>Carpentry and Building</i>. Any suggestions -which may lead to further improvements in the system will be -appreciated very much, and due credit will be given to those who -suggest them. It will be seen that the system is especially adapted to -large grain and hay barns, to cover barnyards, which are becoming so -popular in many sections of the country, to tool sheds, tobacco barns, -amphitheaters, &c.</p> - -<p>While there is not so large a saving in the timber of the basement as -in the superstructure, there is yet a fair saving of timber even here, -and at the same time there is great saving of labor. The timbers are -employed only where they can serve a useful purpose, and special effort -is made to so place the timbers as to secure the maximum amount of -strength with the smallest possible amount of timber.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The following communications were brought out as the result of Mr. -Shawver’s invitation to the readers of <i>Carpentry and Building</i>: -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[Pg 19]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">Bracing a Basement Barn Built<br /> - on the Plank Frame System.</h2> -</div> - -<p><i>From</i> E. S. H., <i>Connecticut</i>.—I have been reading the -articles of Mr. Shawver on barn framing with a great deal of interest, -and I am desirous of obtaining full instructions in regard to bracing -the interior of a basement barn: also a complete bill of materials for -the frame of such a barn, 40 × 60 feet in area, basement 8 feet high -and superstructure 20 feet high. The roof is of the gable pattern, -one-third pitch. There is also a bay in each end and a double driveway.</p> - -<p><i>Answer.</i>—In referring to the above inquiry, Mr. Shawver submits -the following information, accompanied by the illustrations presented -herewith: The sketches here given will explain in detail the manner of -inserting the braces and the way in which they are made. Of course, -when long braces will not interfere with the desired use of the space -they are preferred to short ones, but short ones properly inserted -will give the same rigidity to the plank frame that braces of similar -length will give to a mortise and tenon frame. The braces C C of <a href="#FIG_1B">Fig. 1</a> -are inserted in the bents as the latter are constructed, but the brace -shown in <a href="#FIG_2B">Fig. 2</a> is not inserted until the barn is raised.</p> - -<p>In basement barns the joist bearer, A of <a href="#FIG_1B">Fig. 1</a>, is made -to extend lengthwise of the building, and the bents of the superstructure being -placed crosswise we find the sill of a bent of a superstructure as -represented at F F. But in ground barns the joist bearers extend -crosswise of the barn, and the post B is permitted to extend up through -the joist bearer about 7 inches. Two posts are then spiked to this -projecting portion, one on either side, and thus again the brace shown -in <a href="#FIG_2B">Fig. 2</a> may be inserted if thought necessary. If, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[Pg 20]</span> -however, the braces are properly inserted in the side walls of the frame -the short braces may safely be omitted in ground barns.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_1B" src="images/image020a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="532" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Showing Method of Bracing.</p> - - <img id="FIG_2B" src="images/image020b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="115" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—One Form of Brace Employed.</p> -</div> - -<p>The following is a bill of materials for a plank frame basement -barn, 36 × 60 feet, basement 8 feet, with wall on one side, 16-foot -superstructure, with a 23-foot bay at each end and a 14-foot driveway -in the middle. Roof one-third pitch, plain gable, decks over driveway -if permissible. Interior posts of basement to stand on stone pillars. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[Pg 21]</span></p> - -<p class="f150 space-above2"><b>BILL OF MATERIALS.</b></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Bill of Materials" cellpadding="2" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc"><big>Basement: First Bent.</big></td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><b>Ins.</b> </td> - <td class="tdr" colspan="2"><b>Ins.</b> </td> - <td class="tdr"><b>Ft.</b></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or six 2 × 8 × 20)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdl">posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">door posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdl">post fillers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">nailers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">1</td> - <td class="tdl">nailer</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdl">joist bearers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(may use 14s and 24s.)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Bents 2, 3 and 4 similar.</big></td> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdl">posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - <td class="tdl">post fillers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdl">joist bearers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">60</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Ends of Basement.</big></td> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or four 2 × 8 × 18)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">nailers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 9)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">nailers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">56</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">28</td> - <td class="tdl">brace blocks</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Superstructure: Two End Bents.</big></td> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdl">nailers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">beams</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">20</td> - <td class="tdl">posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">10</td> - <td class="tdl">post fillers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">purlin posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">gable ties</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">18</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdl">stiffeners</td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">16 - <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[Pg 22]</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Two Interior Bents.</big></td> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">purlin posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or twelve 2 × 8 × 16)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">roof supports</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sub-supports</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">collar braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">stays</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">ties</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">ties</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">ties</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Two Floor Bents.</big></td> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">36</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc">(or eight 2 × 8 × 18)</td> - <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">purlin posts</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">roof supports</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">22</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sub-supports</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">17</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">collar braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">stays</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">3</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">ties</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">ties</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">5</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">ties</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">9</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">joist bearers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="2"> </td> - <td class="tdc bt"><br /><big>Side Timbers.</big></td> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">23</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdl">sills</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">24</td> - <td class="tdl">nailers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">6</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">nailers</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">plates</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">23</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">plates</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">purlins</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">23</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">purlins</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">14 - <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[Pg 23]</span></td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">couplings</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">couplings</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">12</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">16</td> - <td class="tdl">braces</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">4</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">7</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdl">deck joist</td> - <td class="tdr">2</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">8</td> - <td class="tdc"> × </td> - <td class="tdr">14</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="space-above1 space-below1">Floors, siding, roofing, doors, etc., -will be the same as in other barns of same dimensions.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="f150 space-above1"><b>ESTIMATED COST OF FRAMING.</b></p> - -<table border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Cost of Framing" cellpadding="2" > - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdl">Foreman, $2.50 per day, 3 days</td> - <td class="tdr">$7.50</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Two journeymen, $2 per day, 3 days</td> - <td class="tdr">6.00</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Two apprentices, $1.25 per day, 3 days</td> - <td class="tdr">3.75</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">  Total</td> - <td class="tdr over">$17.25</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">Raising and inserting braces, 1 day</td> - <td class="tdr">5.75</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">  Total</td> - <td class="tdr over">$23.00</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="center">Cost of completing same as other barns of same dimensions -and style of finish.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">A Plank Frame Applied to<br /> a Skating Rink.</h2> -</div> - -<p><i>From</i> N. B., <i>Sussex, N. B.</i>—We want to erect an -auditorium, 50 × 200, with 16-foot posts and 12-foot sheds at each -side for offices, waiting rooms, saloon, etc. We want galleries all -around and a large band stand at one end, suspended from the roof. The -building is to be used for a skating rink in winter and for public -meetings during the summer. Will the plank frame system described in -<i>Carpentry and Building</i> be suitable for the frame?</p> - -<p><i>Answer.</i>—The above inquiry was submitted to Mr. Shawver, who -contributed the recent articles on plank frame construction, and in -reply he says: -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[Pg 24]</span></p> - -<p>The plank frame is admirably adapted to such a building as that -described, and can be quite cheaply constructed. In <a href="#FIG_1C">Fig. 1</a> -of the sketches is shown one of the bents near the end on which the band stand -is located, indicating the manner in which it is suspended from the -roof by the rods A A, together with truss rod B. The galleries appear -at either side, above which and beneath the eaves are the windows. If -lighted by dormer windows, or if artificial light is employed, the shed -roofs may be of the same pitch and a continuation of the roof of the -main building, in which case the galleries may extend back beneath the -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[Pg 25]</span> -roof of the sheds, and they need not extend out further than the purlin -posts. The sketch, <a href="#FIG_2C">Fig. 2</a>, shows an interior bent without -the band stand. The end bents will be constructed in a manner similar to that -shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of my article on plank frame barns. A 200-foot -building should have 17 bents placed 12½ feet apart.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_1C" src="images/image024a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="245" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Bent Near the Band Stand.</p> - - <img id="FIG_2C" src="images/image024b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="243" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—An Interior Bent.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">Construction of Plank Frame<br /> Basement Barn.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image025.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="502" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Basement Plan.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>From</i> S. H., <i>Minneapolis, Minn.</i>—I would like to have -the readers experienced in plank frame barn construction comment upon -the plans of the basement barn which I send herewith and from which -I intend to build next summer. I would like very much to know the -weak points of the barn and the best way to remedy them. I think the -drawings showing the plans and details are so clear as to practically -explain themselves. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[Pg 26]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image026.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="304" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Elevation of Front Framing of Barn.—Scale, - ⅛ Inch to the Foot.</p> - <p class="center"><i>Construction of Plank Frame Basement Barn.—Floor - Plans.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.</i></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[Pg 27]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image027.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="469" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Main Floor.—Scale, 1-16 Inch to the Foot.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">Criticism of Plank Frame<br /> Barn Construction.</h2> -</div> - -<p><i>From</i> <span class="smcap">John L. Shawver</span>, <i>Bellefontaine, -Ohio</i>.—In response to the wish of “S. H.,” Minneapolis, Minn., I offer -a few suggestions in connection with his proposed plank frame basement -barn. It is well, indeed, that he should insist on knowing what he is -doing, for many have made blunders because they attempted to build -plank frames without having first investigated the proper method of -construction. Too many guess at it. As pioneers in this work, we -started, 25 years ago, on small structures, and month by month studied -and contrived until a system was evolved that is adapted to barn -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[Pg 28]</span> -structures of any reasonable size. Each point has been carefully -tested as we proceeded, and if not fully satisfactory was discarded -for something better. We now have over 7000 structures in some 44 -States and provinces, some of them quite large, and have received many -gratifying testimonials as to their strength, durability and cheapness.</p> - -<p>The floor plans submitted by “S. H.” are very good in design and -arrangement, save that the hay chutes are made to appear directly over -one of the main girders. Of course, this he would discover and rectify. -Should it be difficult to obtain 8 × 8 stuff for posts and 8 × 10 for -girders, the former may very easily be constructed of two 2 × 8’s and -two 2 × 4’s, box pattern, thus saving something in materials and risk -from dry rot. The girders might be made of two 4 × 10’s, or four 2 × -10’s, leaving an air space of 2 inches in the middle and saving the -necessity of making mortises.</p> - -<p>The drawings indicate the use of two 2 × 12’s and one 2 × 8 for cross -sills, the 2 × 8 being flat. In my opinion, the 2 × 8 is needless. The -plates are all flatwise, while they must sustain much weight. We prefer -purlin plates set on edge at right angles with the combined pressure -of both sets of rafters. The main plates we make of three 2 × 6 inch, -or 2 × 8 inch, according to the size of the structure when on edge to -sustain the weight and two to sustain the outward pressure of the roof -and the contents of the building. In this case, the purlins should -incline 45 degrees.</p> - -<p>The drawings of the correspondent indicate that the nailers are cut to -fit between the posts, in which case they must be mortised, gained or -toe nailed. The first two require unnecessary work, while the latter is -not strong enough. If the bents are constructed in three sections, they -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[Pg 29]</span> -will be tedious to raise in position. If completed before raising, -they will be weak at the purlin plate. The drawings indicate also that -staging would be required in setting the upper frame, and that quite a -large amount of the work is done as the frame is being raised. In our -experience we never use any staging, and we do most of the work from -the ground before beginning to set for the frame. Most men can work -more rapidly on the ground, with all materials handy, than they can -aloft, where materials must be drawn up with ropes. I believe “S. H.” -can save enough on labor alone to pay his expenses to go to some point -and see one of our plank frame constructions. Besides, he will find -wherein he can greatly improve upon his method of construction. Those -who are within convenient reach to do so can visit the barn of Dr. W. -I. Chamberlain, near Cleveland, Ohio, which is easily accessible by -railroad, while the doctor, who is one of the editors of the <i>Ohio -Farmer</i>, takes great delight in showing his barn to visitors. This -barn, which is 40 × 82 feet in size, required four carpenters two and a -half days to frame and two hours and fifteen minutes to raise.</p> - -<p>We do not usually give name and address of our patrons, because it -leads to much inconvenience to them. Should any of the readers write to -Dr. Chamberlain, I would suggest that they inclose a stamped envelope, -properly addressed, for reply.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">Criticism of Plank Frame<br /> Barn Construction.</h2> -</div> - -<p><i>From</i> J. M. B., <i>Monroeton, Pa.</i>—In the December issue of -<i>Carpentry and Building</i>, page 327, the correspondent “S. H.” of -Minneapolis wants to know the weak points of his barn frame, a sketch -of which was presented in connection with his communication. I think -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[Pg 30]</span> -one weak point is what he calls the plate in the gable, which is made -of two 2 × 8 inch pieces, equal to a 4 × 8 inch, with a span of at -least 30 feet between purlin posts, which are only 2 × 6 inches. In -my opinion, with the hay mow filled with hay, the gable will bulge or -spring out, as the weight, 45 to 50 tons, will exert quite a pressure. -As to the remedy I am not so clear. He might use a flat truss or a beam -large enough to stand the pressure; one, say, 16 inches wide at the -center and tapering to 8 inches at each end. I will say, in conclusion, -that I have had no experience with plank frames.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">Is the Barn Frame of<br /> Sufficient Strength?</h2> -</div> - -<p><i>From</i> C. G., <i>Vergennes, Vt.</i>—I send herewith a rough -sketch of bent of barn which I intend to put up in the spring. It is 30 -feet wide and has 26-foot posts. What I wish to know is this: Is the -truss strong enough to carry the load that will be put upon it? I would -like to have the “wood butchers” take hold of it and tear it apart and -tell me what to put in its place.</p> - -<p><i>From</i> <span class="smcap">John L. Shawver</span>, <i>Bellefontaine, -Ohio</i>.—Permit me to offer a substitute for the barn frame proposed -by the correspondent “C. G.” of Vergennes, Vt., in the March issue of -the paper. His timber trusses take up too much room, and at the same -time the timbers are too expensive for this day and age. We place a -little more timber in the joist bearer and prefer it in a different -shape. He suggests 7 × 8 inches, and this would be 30 feet in length. -We would use three 2 × 10’s, and could use any lengths to make the 30 -feet; consequently our timbers could be purchased at much less cost. -Instead of the 7 × 8 inch truss timbers we would use two wire cables -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[Pg 31]</span> -made of galvanized wire, seven strands, and doubled. While we would use -a little heavier posts in the stables, the posts of the superstructure -would contain only about one-half as much material, but this, too, we -would prefer of different shape. In place of the 7 × 8 inch we would -use two 2 × 8’s, and instead of the beam we would prefer the arch and -the angling purlin posts, and thus have the interior entirely free from -all timbers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/image031.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="615" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Is the Barn Frame of Sufficient Strength?</p> -</div> - -<p>After 20 years’ experience in building barns without the cross beams it -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[Pg 32]</span> -would require peculiar conditions to induce us to use them, for they -are continuously in the way, both when storing away hay or grain and -when getting these out again for the thresher or for the feeding -of stock. The upper portion of the frame submitted by “C. G.” does -not show any braces, and we are at a loss to know if there is to be -none, or if these were omitted because it is not that portion of the -structure that is under consideration. Let me say, however, that that -is one of the most prevalent mistakes in the construction of a barn. -There are too few braces, and the first baby tornado that happens to -pass that way will “lay it out in fine shape.” While we use plenty of -braces, they are usually only 2 × 6 inches, and so do not take timber -very rapidly. The geometrical triangle is the strongest figure one can -secure, and it is with that idea always in mind that we do our barn work.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> - <h2 class="nobreak">Bents for 12-Sided Plank Frame Barn.</h2> -</div> - -<p><i>From</i> J. D., <i>Ubly, Mich.</i>—I send herewith a rough sketch, -<a href="#FIG_1D">Fig. 1</a>, showing one of the bents of a 12-sided plank frame -barn, and would like to have the architectural readers of the paper state whether -or not it will be strong enough for the purpose, and, if not, wherein -changes can be made to advantage.</p> - -<p class="blockquot"> <i>Note.</i>—With a view to obtaining the opinion -of an expert who has had long experience in the construction of plank -frame barns, we submitted the inquiry of our correspondent above to -John L. Shawver, who furnishes the following in reply:</p> - -<p>In the first place, the purlin posts in the sketch of the -correspondent are so sloping that while they brace well they are not in -position to sustain the most weight, and these with the roof supports -are so long that they have to be spliced. While this is easily done in -the case of posts, it is not so readily performed with supports, and, -when so done, it will not present as attractive an appearance as would -otherwise be the case. -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[Pg 33]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_1D" src="images/image033a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="334" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 1.—Elevation of Bent Submitted by “J. D.”</p> - - <img id="FIG_2D" src="images/image033b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="369" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 2.—One Form of Plank Frame Suggested by Mr. Shawver.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[Pg 34]</span> -In the second place, one of the weakest points about the barn is the -shape. It is true it would be a novelty in most communities, but, like -the round barns, is wasteful of material. It is out of the question -to place joists, rafters, flooring, sheathing, roofing, &c., on barns -of this shape without much waste of both materials and labor. Then, -too, it is next to impossible to provide for satisfactory lighting or -ventilation, both of which are essential features in every up to date barn.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img id="FIG_3B" src="images/image034.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" /> - <p class="f120 space-below1">Fig. 3.—The Preferable Style of Framing.</p> -</div> - -<p>The frame construction indicated in <a href="#FIG_2D">Fig. 2</a> is stronger, -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[Pg 35]</span> -and at the same time gives more open space in the interior, this being secured -by running the purlin posts up to the first purlin plate, instead of to -the second, and supporting the second plate on the truss brace. This -saves in the lengths of the purlin posts, but requires the same length -of supports and longer sub-supports.</p> - -<p class="space-below2">The form of construction indicated in <a href="#FIG_3B">Fig. 3</a> -is, in my opinion, preferable to either of the others, if it is found -that the vertical posts set in 10 feet will not in any way interfere -with the purpose of the structure. In this case all the timbers are -either shortened or placed in such shape that they may be spliced -without in any way weakening the structure. Whichever form may be used -by the correspondent, it is important in bents or arches of this size -that the purlin posts should be placed on the inner edge with 2 × 6, -which will add materially to the strength of the frame, and at the same -time prevent any tendency to spring sideways either in the raising or from -the pressure of the hay or grain within after the building is completed.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="transnote bbox"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up - paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> -<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PLANK FRAME BARN CONSTRUCTION ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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