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diff --git a/old/64372-0.txt b/old/64372-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5a35424..0000000 --- a/old/64372-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1416 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West, -by George Alfred Williams - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West - -Author: George Alfred Williams - -Illustrator: George Alfred Williams - -Release Date: January 23, 2021 [eBook #64372] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Juliet Sutherland, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE -WILD WEST *** - - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE BOY’S BOOK - OF - INDIANS - AND THE - WILD WEST - - WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED - BY - GEORGE ALFRED WILLIAMS - - [Illustration] - - NEW YORK - COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY, - FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY - PUBLISHERS - - - - -INDIANS OF THE FOREST - - -When the white man discovered America, he found a great, primeval -wilderness of fertile valleys, high mountains and deep forests. Tall -trees had grown for centuries and their towering tops, reaching up -to the blue sky, shut out the sunlight from the gloom of the forest -solitude. In the deep recesses of this wilderness the red man, or -Indian, lived in wild freedom. Skilled in woodcraft and the art of -savage warfare, he was lord and master of this vast domain, now called -the United States. - -Although divided into numerous tribes or families, each speaking a -different language, the Indians were, in traits of character and -general appearance, very much alike. In war they were courageous, but -at the same time intelligently cautious. Treacherous and deceitful -to their foes, they preferred to slay an enemy by a secret rather -than an open blow. Brave and successful a warrior as the Indian was, -he excelled even more when he became a hunter. To be victor over the -beast in the chase and hunt meant to the Indian plenty to eat and stout -clothing to wear, so he developed remarkable skill in using his chief -weapon, the bow and arrow. - -Before the white man came to America the Indians were clad almost -entirely in the skins of animals which they themselves cured and -dressed to perfection, fastening various pieces together with the -tendons and tough strips of skin very much as we sew to-day. These -garments, gayly ornamented with shells and colored stones, made very -useful and picturesque clothing. - -[Illustration: BROWN MOOSE A CELEBRATED MOHAWK CHIEF] - -The Indian boy was taught from early childhood to believe that his -highest attainment was to be a brave warrior and a great hunter, and -to look with scorn upon any other work. So upon the Indian women fell -the task of tilling the soil. For this reason farming never became a -real industry among them and they were amply satisfied to grow maize, -or Indian corn, from which they made many kinds of dishes and bread. -A very rich and fertile soil furthered their ambitions, for with but -little attention to farming they reaped abundant crops. - -[Illustration: TOMAHAWK] - -For houses the red men had wigwams. These they constructed by fixing -long poles in the ground, tying them together at the top, and covering -them with skins of animals joined together as they sewed their -clothing. They made an opening in the top to serve as a chimney. -Such crude structures could be quickly taken down and as readily put -up again, and admirably suited the needs of their owners, who loved -to wander from place to place. This peculiarity was probably due to -the fact that after living in one spot for a certain length of time -they would find their natural resources for food becoming exhausted, -and perhaps an enemy had hunted out the encampment for ravage. Then, -too, it was the Indian’s nature to rove in wild natural haunts and, -no doubt, a place long inhabited lost its charm for him. A few of -the tribes, however, did build permanent villages, with streets and -regularly spaced wigwams, around which they extended palisades of logs -for protection against attacks from their enemies. - -[Illustration] - -The greatest of all the Indian families, or tribes, was the Iroquois, -also called the Five Nations, originally found in what is now western -and central New York State. Of the many strange legends and stories -common among the Indians, one of the most beautiful is the story of -Hiawatha, which is the tale of the origin of the Iroquois. - -Tradition tells us that Owayneo, as Indians call their Creator, made -the five nations from five handfuls of seed. One day he assembled his -children together and said: “You have sprung from five different kinds -of seed and are therefore five individual nations, but you are brothers -and I am your father because I made you all.” The Mohawks, he made bold -and valiant and gave them corn for their principal food. The Oneidas, -he made patient and charitable and bade them eat freely of nuts and the -fruits of the trees. The Senecas he made industrious and active, and -for their chief food gave them the nourishing bean. To the Cayugas he -gave green nuts and instructed them to grind them, and also every kind -of fruit, for they were destined to be strong, friendly and generous. -Squashes, grapes and tobacco were his gift to the Onondagas, for they -were to be a nation wise, just and eloquent. To all in common Owayneo -gave the beasts, birds and fishes to eat and the life-giving water to -drink. “Now,” said he, “be just to all men, and kind to strangers that -come among you.” - -[Illustration: AN INDIAN VILLAGE] - - - - -ON THE TRAIL - - -Following the advice of Owayneo, the Indians received the white -explorers and settlers with great kindness and hospitality. But the -white men were cruel and crafty and took advantage of the friendly -red men because they wanted the Indian land and schemed by dishonest -methods to obtain possession of large tracts. Soon the Indian saw his -hunting grounds taken and his wigwam threatened with destruction. This -injustice roused his warlike and cruel nature, and relations between -the white man and the red man developed into a ceaseless warfare that -penetrated into every section of the great continent. The former peace -of the wilderness was then marred by one long succession of fierce -fights and terrible massacres. - -[Illustration: ON THE WAR-PATH] - -Indian warfare was always one of surprises, and ambuscades and fighting -in a land of forest and thicket made such a method possible. For -centuries the Indian youth had been taught this strange mode of attack. -Trained by tests of endurance and of skill, and by knowledge gained -from a hunter’s life of suffering, danger and fatigue, the Indian boy -grew to manhood. He longed for the time when he, too, might strike the -enemy and make a name for himself. The chiefs of the tribe instructed -him in the language of the sky and the earth, in the smallest detail of -woodcraft and in the keenest methods of finding a trail. - -[Illustration: WAR-CLUB AND HATCHET] - -The most ferocious and skilled warriors were the Mohawks. When, in -the early days of the Massachusetts colony, they made war on the New -England Indians, it is told how these Indians, upon discovering the -enemy, raised the cry from hill to hill, “A Mohawk! A Mohawk!” and fled -without making any resistance. On the trail their keen sight and sense -of hearing made them enemies much to be feared. No forest or thicket -was so dense that they could not find a way through. A broken twig or -a disturbed leaf, a bit of clothing or strand of hair was all they -needed to follow, with deadly surety, the most difficult of trails. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: THE WAR DANCE] - -So well could they imitate the calls of the birds and animals that -many a white hunter was lured to his death, and when they took a -captive they were most unmerciful and tortured their prisoners in many -cruel ways. Burning at a stake and running the gauntlet were among -the most popular methods. To accomplish the latter, they first made -their prisoner run between two rows of women and children who, armed -with sticks, stones and clubs, were expected to hit him. Then the -captive was tied to a stake and the braves and chiefs threw knives and -tomahawks, so that they came as close as possible to the victim without -inflicting wounds. After this ordeal fagots were piled around the stake -and set on fire. So in a most cruel fashion the Indians’ bloodthirsty -nature and their desire for vengeance were satisfied. - -With so many traits of savage instinct awakened, it is no wonder that -the white settlers, who were now penetrating every section of the -land, had a hard time of it. While working in the fields or doing -other peaceful tasks some one in the settlement had to be constantly -on the watch for an Indian attack. Riding through the wilderness to -visit a neighbor or to buy supplies at the nearest town was extremely -dangerous, for no one knew the hour or minute when the war-whoop would -sound and the tomahawk fall. - -[Illustration: AN INDIAN CLUB] - - - - -ATTACKS ON THE SETTLEMENTS - - -Every ship sailing from Europe brought new colonists, and as the -settlements grew and thrived on the sea coast civilization advanced -further and further into the great wilderness. The Indians became more -ferocious and warlike, and day and night the settlers were in constant -fear of attack. Men built strong palisades of logs around their homes -and at each corner of the enclosure they placed block-houses, which -were simply square buildings two stories high with loopholes, through -which the defenders could fire their guns and still be hidden. - -[Illustration: INDIANS TRYING TO SET FIRE TO A BLOCK-HOUSE] - -In the daytime the gates of these crude forts were thrown open, -and those who tilled the ground went out to their work while men -stationed on the outskirts of the fields guarded the settlement. But -with all these precautions there are many sad tales of Indian attacks -accompanied by bloodshed and cruel torture. - -For long periods the Indians would remain silent in the deep forests -and not show themselves at all. Then peace seemed to prevail in the -land, and naturally the settlement became careless and the guards grew -less vigilant. At just such times the crafty Indians made their most -successful raids. Silently and stealthily their scouts watched the men -at work in the fields and the children playing outside of the stockade. -Warriors came from all directions out of the forest depths and gathered -around their leader. Then, when all was in readiness, the terrible -war-whoop sounded and the dusky foes fairly leaped from behind every -bush, rock and tree. A wild scene of confusion ensued. Men rushed for -their arms while women and children crowded into the block-houses. The -strong doors were closed and barred and the fierce fight began. - -[Illustration] - -The Indians made every effort to get close enough to set fire to the -buildings, and it was the supreme danger against which the defenders -had to contend. Many times the settlers were thus forced to run out -into the midst of their foes to defend themselves by a hand-to-hand -encounter. If the Indians were successful in the attack a terrible -massacre followed, in which women and children were scalped and the men -bound and tortured. After the cruel scenes were over only a pile of -charred and smoking embers remained of the once prosperous settlement. -But usually, because of their superior arms, the white men were -victorious and the advance across the continent went ever onward toward -the Great West. Encountering many hardships and thrilling adventures, -these brave people made possible for us the happy, peaceful and -bountiful land in which we now live. - -[Illustration: OLD FLINT-LOCK GUN AND KNIFE USED BY EARLY SETTLERS] - -Young boys grew to a hardy manhood through trial and privation and gave -their lives to conquering the vast wilderness of the Far West. - -One incident of border life shows the bravery and fearlessness of the -backwoods boy. - -Two brothers, one aged eleven, the other thirteen, were stolen while -at play by two Mohawk warriors. The Indians struck a trail leading -into the deep forest and at nightfall were far enough away from -the settlement with their captives to rest without danger of being -overtaken. After a light supper they lay down to sleep, each holding -one of the boys in his arms. The oldest boy, too excited to feel -sleepy, only pretended to go to sleep, and managed with great care to -wriggle free from his sleeping captor’s arms. He crossed over to his -brother and gently released him from the embrace of the other sleeping -Indian and carefully carried him a short distance from the savages -before waking him. - -“Come,” he whispered, “we must go home now.” - -“They will follow us,” replied the younger brother. - -The older boy put his hand to his lips, not daring to utter a sound. -He then placed the only gun the Indians had with the muzzle close to -the ear of one of the sleeping Mohawks. “Now,” he whispered to his -brother, “I’ll take the tomahawk, and when I give the signal you pull -the trigger of the gun.” When all was ready the brave boy lifted the -hatchet and his brother pulled the trigger. The Indian shot by the -gun rolled over dead, but the other was not killed by the first blow. -Nothing daunted, the brave youth rained blow after blow on the skull of -the stunned Mohawk until the warrior lay quite still. The boys had lost -their way, but after several days they finally succeeded in getting -out of the forest. As they entered their home they heard their mother -moaning to herself, “My poor boys, they must be killed.” With a great -shout they ran to her and threw themselves into her arms. It is inborn -bravery such as this that conquered the great wilderness and opened up -the vast country that was called the Wild West. - -[Illustration: INDIAN KNIFE] - - - - -INDIANS OF THE PLAINS - - -Step by step the Indians were pushed out of the land that was theirs -by just right. The white man made treaties with them, but did not keep -them, and on every hand the strong force of advancing civilization -drove them toward the land of the setting sun. Any attempt at -resistance by the Indians was usually met by conquest and the most -relentless punishment. “There is not one white man who loves an -Indian,” said Sitting Bull, the warlike chief of the Ogollalas, “and -not a true Indian but hates a white man.” - -[Illustration: A CROW CHIEF OFFERING A CHALLENGE] - -In the year 1803 the government of France sold to the United States -the vast tract of land then known as the country of Louisiana. This -included the region in which now lie the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, -Missouri, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, -North Dakota, Wyoming, two parts of Idaho, and Colorado and the -territory of Oklahoma. - -At the time this vast tract of land was acquired by our government -almost nothing was known of it. Few white men had ever travelled the -trackless plains or scaled the frowning ranges of mountains that barred -the way across the continent, and in its great unknown land there lived -many tribes of Indians who had never looked upon the face of a white -man. The government sent explorers to find out about the strange, new -possessions, and, hard upon their trails, followed the advancing tide -of civilization. And every step of the settlers’ advance was bitterly -contested by the savages, who fought with desperate fierceness. -New factors entered into this warfare with the savage tribes. This -territory, unlike the forest lands, was flat and barren and stretched -thousands of miles across the middle of the United States from the -Missouri River to California, with here and there a huge range of -mountains running north and south, guarded on either side by long lines -of foot-hills. In rare instances there were stretches of forest, but -generally there was nothing but flat plains covered with a tall rough -grass, and many other parts were alkali plains so dry that they were -totally unfit for human habitation. - -[Illustration] - -In his battles with the red foe the white man had up to this time -been used to the cover of the thicket and the forest. Now with little -natural protection he was called upon to advance against some of the -most crafty and bloodthirsty of the Indians. - -[Illustration: A BLACKFOOT CHIEF] - -These Indians comprised several nations divided into tribes. They were -a wild, untamed race and, unlike the forest Indians, had horses which -they managed with great skill in battle and in the hunt. - -A Western Indian on foot was out of his element, but the moment he laid -his hand upon his horse his face became handsome and he sped gracefully -away--a different being. No imagination can ever truly picture the -beauty and wildness of the scenes in this romantic country. In the -chase and on the war-path these Indians were gorgeous pictures of -barbaric splendor and manly development. - -First of all the tribes ranked the Crows and Blackfeet and their -dress was extremely picturesque. They were skilled hunters and fierce -warriors. These two tribes were deadly enemies and almost continued -warfare was in progress between them. Often the chiefs of different -tribes were sworn enemies, and if they chanced to meet a fierce combat -ensued. - -Once a noted chief of the Blackfoot tribe met a famous chief of the -Crows on the banks of the Missouri River. They were on opposite sides -of the stream, at a point where the current was divided by a sand bar -or small island. Uttering his shrill war-cry, the Blackfoot waded into -the river on his horse and the Crow answered the challenge, rushing -down the steep embankment into the swiftly flowing water. At almost the -same instant the two horsemen emerged at the opposite ends of the small -island. Here they drew up their steeds and made the sign of peace. The -Blackfoot was the first to speak. “What has the Crow squaw to say?” he -said. At this insult the Crow replied, singing the praises of his race -and taunting the Blackfoot warrior with all the hatred typical of the -Indian for his enemy. - -“I am done,” he said at last. “What has the dog of the prairie to say?” -Infuriated beyond control, the Crow set an arrow to his bow and sent it -with deadly aim toward the naked bosom of his foe. Sudden and unlooked -for as was this attack the Blackfoot’s quick eye had seen the movement. -He jerked the rein of his horse and made him rear his forward legs into -the air. Then leaning over the neck of his horse he returned the shot, -which was a signal for a perfect rain of arrows, many of which found -their mark. The quivers of both Indians were soon empty, and then began -a fierce combat with the lance. The Crow quickly dismounted to avoid -a thrust from the angry Blackfoot’s ready spear, and just in time it -was, for with a yell of savage triumph the Blackfoot drove his lance -right through the body of his enemy’s pony. Then he quickly wheeled -his horse and bore down upon the unmounted Crow, who met him with a -thrust that killed his horse. Down went the Blackfoot entangled in his -own trappings. His predicament was desperate. He deftly took his knife -between his thumb and forefinger and threw it with deadly accuracy at -the advancing Crow. In a second it buried itself to the handle in his -breast. - -Mortally wounded, the Crow chief halted for a moment, then summoning -all his strength, he drew the knife from his breast and threw it at -the Blackfoot crying, “A scalp of the mighty Crows shall never dry in -the wigwams of the Blackfeet.” With this parting word he threw himself -into the swift moving river and was lost to view. Only the bloody water -marked the place. - - - - -BUFFALO HUNTING - - -The Indians of the Plains, bold and desperate horsemen, were great -hunters. Their chief game was the American bison or buffalo, which -roamed over the wide prairies in vast herds, seemingly placed there by -the Great Spirit for the special use of the red man, who lived upon -their flesh and clothed himself with their skins. - -Mounted on small, fleet ponies, the Indians could readily kill them in -great numbers. When pursuing the herd, the Indian used to ride close in -the rear while he selected just the animal he wanted. Then driving his -pony between it and the herd, he forced the buffalo off alone. In this -way he avoided being crushed or trampled to death by the madly rushing -beasts. - -[Illustration: CATCHING WILD HORSES] - -When directly opposite the buffalo, the Indian, with his bow ready -drawn, would shoot his deadly arrow. Often this was only a signal for -a fierce encounter with the wounded bull. For while the buffalo is a -timid animal and seldom makes an attack, he turns in fury when wounded. -With few exceptions, the Indian with the aid of his swift pony would -soon conquer the mighty beast. - -Another method the Indians employed in hunting buffalo, was to ride out -and in a body surround a herd. Dividing into two columns and riding -in opposite directions, they gradually circled around the animals at -about a mile distant. At a given signal they closed in on them, and the -unsuspecting herd, scenting the enemy, fled in the greatest confusion. -Where the buffalo aimed to cross the line, the riders went at full -speed, brandishing their weapons and yelling fiercely. By these means -they turned the herd off towards another point, where they again, met -by confusion and noise, wheeled back in an opposite direction. The -horsemen had by this time closed in at all points and soon had the -buffalo circling around in a confused mass. - -Then began the scene of slaughter, when hundreds of beasts were killed. -Sometimes, a bull, infuriated by wounds, would break from the seething -mass, and gore a hunter’s horse to death. The Indian would then be -obliged to leap to save himself, and in some cases had to jump from -back to back of the wild animals to avoid being crushed. - -[Illustration: A BUFFALO HUNTER] - -When enough animals were killed there followed a busy scene. The whole -Indian camp, men, women and children, set to work to cut up the meat. -It was carried back to camp, and what was not needed for food at once -was dried in the sun for use in the winter and when game was scarce. - -The most valuable possession of the Indian was, without doubt, his -horse. Large bands of wild horses roved in freedom over the Plains, -but they were very difficult to catch and called for all the wonderful -ingenuity of the red man. - -Starting on a hunt for them, the Indian, equipped with his lasso, -first mounted his swiftest horse and rode out upon the prairies. As -soon as he sighted a band he rode full speed until he was right among -them, then threw his lasso, deftly getting it over the neck of one of -the beasts. At this very instant he dismounted and, running as fast -as he could, let the lasso slip through his hands until the captive -horse dropped from want of breath. Now he quickly drew a hobble over -the horse’s front feet. This done, he loosened the lasso to give the -horse a chance to breathe and made a noose around the lower jaw, which -gave him more control over the frightened animal. When it regained -its breath the wild horse would rear and plunge in a frantic attempt -for freedom. The Indian, never letting go his firm hold on the lasso, -advanced towards the horse’s nose, and getting his hand over it could -hold down the animal and prevent it from falling or rolling on its -back. In this way he was able to put his other hand over the horse’s -eyes and breathe into its nostrils. After this, strange as it may seem, -the horse soon became perfectly docile, and the Indian had little to do -but to remove the hobbles from its feet and ride into camp. - -With the buffalo for a constant source of food and the wild horses for -their mounts the Indians of the Plains proved a powerful and enduring -obstacle to the invasion of the white man. Their highly developed skill -in scouting and prairie warfare enabled them to dispute every inch of -their land with great success. - -[Illustration] - - - - -INDIAN SCOUTS AND WARFARE ON THE PLAINS - - -The great American prairies were the final gathering place of the -Indians. What was left of the once powerful tribe, the Mohicans, and -the Delawares, of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees, all found refuge -here. At this period they dwelt in open hostility not only toward the -white man, but among themselves. Wonderful and powerful alike in the -chase and on the trail, their conquest was not an easy task. - -[Illustration: INDIANS SIGNALING] - -With the American Indian war was the one end and aim of living. -Tribesmen were brothers but rival tribesmen were natural enemies. So, -from the earliest times this rivalry between tribes kept them in almost -constant warfare, and the western tribes being the most primitive, -their fighting was very savage. - -The possession of the eagle’s feather denoted success on the war-path -and was a prize every Indian hoped to obtain. From early childhood the -Indian boy was instructed in the arts of war and the hunt. Before him -was ever the vision of the eagle’s feather, and this symbol inspired -him to noble deeds and great bravery. In his barbarous training -he learned to keep two virtues, endurance and courage, constantly -uppermost in his mind. - -Tradition tells of an Indian boy who was taken captive. The boy knew -that his trial would be severe, and summoned all his bravery to prove -the nobility of his tribal blood. - -His captors held a grand council and decided that his fate should -depend upon the amount of his courage and endurance. If he bore well -the torture they gave him he might be adopted into the tribe--a great -honor--otherwise they would kill him. First they held him barefoot -upon the coals of the camp-fire until large blisters came and these -they pierced with bone needles and filled with sharp stones. They then -formed a gauntlet and made the little fellow run between the long lines -of shouting savages. His agony was intense, but with all the courage -and fortitude of his tribe he had strength to reach the goal. A wild -shout of approval went up from the Indians. “Good,” cried a chief. “He -will be a great warrior.” - -But this was only the beginning of his trials. They now bound him to -the stakes and tortured him with fire and still the brave boy stood -without a complaint or a moan. Then, not yet satisfied, they held him -under the water of a cold stream until his life was almost gone, but -when they released him and he gained his breath he still was able to -stand up before them. “A warrior, a warrior,” they cried and then -adopted him into their tribe. This boy grew to be a noted chief of -great power, hailed far and wide for his brave deeds. - -[Illustration: AN INDIAN CREEPING THROUGH THE LONG GRASS] - -Trained in such a hard school, no point of advantage escaped the -Indians in war or on the trail. They made good use of the tall grass of -the prairies to shield them, and would glide behind it like serpents -toward their enemies, suddenly and unexpectedly jumping up among them -with shrill, wild war-whoops. - -Scouts on horses found a way up and down and in and out of the most -difficult mountain passes, and watchers were ever kept on the tall -cliffs that fringed the more open and fertile valleys. White explorers -and emigrants seeing smoke rise from the watch fires at first looked -for an attack in that direction. But while they centered their interest -on the thin rising cloud of smoke, scouts in full war dress would be -riding out on the opposite cliff and leisurely studying the enemy. For -hours the Indians would keep up this silent exchange of signals and -then at night under the cover of darkness make their unheralded attack. -Dusky forms would stealthily crawl on all fours up to the very edge of -the settlers’ camp, then the call of a night bird would sound out in -the stillness. This would mean little to the white sentries on guard, -unaccustomed as they were to the methods of their savage foe. - -Suddenly the beautiful quiet of night pervading the camp would be rent -with the wild piercing war-whoop. In an instant Indians would spring -from every conceivable spot and a scene of horrible confusion would -ensue, and the sun next morning, rising in all the splendor of the -glorious western hills, would reveal the sad tale of savage massacre. - -The white man coming in ever increasing numbers soon saw the wisdom -of acquiring the services of white plainsmen and scouts who had been -trained by hard experience and could meet the Indian on his own ground. -This plan proved a great success, for without them the conquest of the -Great West would have been an almost impossible task. - -[Illustration] - - - - -AN INDIAN ATTACK ON A WAGON TRAIN - - -The spring of 1846 was a busy season on the western frontier. Not only -were emigrants from every part of the country preparing for the journey -to California and Oregon, but a great number were making ready for -Santa Fé. These adventurous people fitted out their wagon trains at -St. Louis, and from there traveled up the Missouri River by boat to a -place called Independence. This was the usual starting place, although -occasionally trains went out from Fort Leavenworth. - -[Illustration: THE LEADER OF A WAGON TRAIN] - -These trains were usually made up of two or more large wagons, several -emigrants combining forces and, considering that hostile Indians were -always on the trail, this was a wise precaution. Some trains, however, -sent out by companies formed for the express purpose of carrying goods -to the Pacific Coast, consisted of as many as twenty-five wagons. - -These wagons each could carry as much as six thousand pounds of freight -and were drawn by several yoke of oxen in charge of one driver. Looking -like large, flat-bottomed scows, the wagons were covered with canvas -stretched over hoops bent round in shape. In this way the goods carried -were protected from dampness and rain. - -The trail to the Pacific Coast ran through what is now the State of -Kansas to the Big Blue River, then over the Big and the Little Sandy -River, coming into Nebraska close by the Big Sandy. Next, striking the -Little Blue, the trail followed it for some sixty miles until it came -to the Platte River near Fort Kearney. From here it wound in and out of -the rolling hills like a great serpent, and on across the prairies to -Fort Laramie, one of the most westerly frontier posts. - -The country lying between this fort and the Salt Lake Valley, on the -other side of the Rocky Mountains, was inhabited only by hostile -Indians, and it was here that many brave men lost their lives. - -Among the large number of people who pushed into the Wild West in -the early days of emigration, the resolute forester who had already -penetrated the wilds of the forest-covered States was the first to -venture. Toils and hazards of former undertakings were forgotten, as -these endless and unexplored regions were opened for settlement. - -The tints and hues of autumn were at their fullest when a train of -wagons issued from the border hills to pursue its way across the -rolling surface of the great prairie. Creaking “prairie-schooners,” -as the wagons were sometimes called, heavy with stoves and household -goods, and concealing the women and children, moved slowly along the -trail. Straggling sheep and cattle were herded in the rear, while in -front rode or walked the sturdy and fearless backwoodsmen. On every -side stretched the broad plain which reached like a great sea to the -far distant Rocky Mountains. The leader, a tall, strong man, who rode -ahead, had stopped and was looking with shaded eyes toward the west. -The setting sun cast a yellow glow over the heavens and earth and -seemed to suggest the very gold whose discovery in California was -attracting so many men to make this hazardous journey. The dress of -this leader was very picturesque. From his deer-skin belt hung his -hunting knife, with its buckhorn handle, and his hat of martens’ fur -gave to his strong face a look of great determination. The stock of -his rifle, that was loosely hung over his shoulder, was of beautiful -mahogany riveted and bound with precious metal. In addition to the -rifle, a carefully guarded powder horn and a keen, bright wood axe were -slung across his back. - -[Illustration: A PRAIRIE SCHOONER] - -As evening came, a camp was sought for the night. A cool spring that -burst forth from the side of a gently sloping hill, and proved to be -the source of a prairie stream, called a run, offered the desired water -and fresh grass for the cattle and horses, and was quickly chosen. - -It was a busy scene while the camp was made, and every member of the -train had his task. The great wagons were swung into a circle to afford -the best means of protection in case of attack. - -When the evening meal was over, lots were drawn to see who should stand -guard for the night. This decided, women and children went to bed and -the sheep and cattle were driven into the corral formed by the wagons. - -Night came on and the stars shone out with the special brilliancy of -the western sky. It was now the first watch of the night and the pale -light of a new moon played over the endless waves of the prairie, -tipping the ridges with gleams of light and leaving the hollows purple -in darkness. - -[Illustration] - -On a knoll some little distance from the camp crouched several dusky -forms. Low guttural tones came from the throats of the band of Indians, -who in fierce war paint and with fiery eyes looked more like demons -than men. - -Crouching low, with a snake-like motion three of the band crawled -away through the tall grass. It was some minutes before they returned -and reported what they had seen in the camp. Then, at a given signal, -several more warriors rode up upon their fleet ponies and dismounted. -A council was held, but when the scouts reported that the wagon train -was strongly fortified, the Indians decided to give up the attack that -night, and mounting, almost as one man, the wild riders rode like the -wind across the moonlit prairie and were soon lost in the dim distance. - -With the first break of day the emigrant train was in motion and once -more began its weary journey. All went well until, a few hours after -sunrise, the leader suddenly came to a halt. On a rise of ground some -distance ahead appeared a bright spot, which, upon closer observation, -proved to be a mounted Indian. The alarm was soon given, and the whole -train at once became the scene of hurried and exciting preparation. The -wagons were quickly wheeled into a circle and the women, children and -stock were cared for just as they had been the night before. There was -not a moment to lose. For at all points Indians now appeared mounted -and in full war dress. They were riding like mad, circling the group of -wagons at some distance. Finally a great piercing war-cry sounded and -the wild and furious riders closed in on the settlers. Coming within -range of the backwoodsmen’s rifles, the red foes threw themselves on -the off side of their horses, and so placed the animals between them -and the accurate aim of the long rifles of the train defenders. - -While this excitement was going on the emigrants did not see the dark -forms crawling through the long grass toward their fort. Suddenly a -terrible yell of savage success rent the air and an awful scene of -bloodshed and hand-to-hand encounter followed. In the confusion the -animals broke loose and stampeded, and away they went across the -plains, the Indian riders in wild pursuit to capture their booty. - -The enemy gone, it was a desolate scene that greeted the emigrant -leader. Many of his best men were dead, most of his cattle gone, and -scarcely enough horses left for half his wagons. But he was indeed -fortunate, since none of the women and children had been killed or -taken captive. - -In spite of such odds as these the Great West grew and settlements -multiplied. This was due to the courage and indomitable will of these -first comers, who in spite of almost insurmountable difficulties did -not lose heart or ambition. - - - - -THE PONY EXPRESS - - -Two thousand miles of waste land lay between the western frontier and -California and the long wagon trains sent out by the various companies -did very well for carrying freight. But as the settlements grew in -number there came a demand for a speedier method of communication by -which letters and money might be sent to the Pacific Coast and other -points. The long journey of the slowly moving wagons did not interfere -very much in matters of freight, but the settlers soon realized that -business arrangements and papers needed better and quicker means of -transportation. - -[Illustration: INDIANS LYING IN WAIT FOR THE “PONY EXPRESS”] - -The great freight transporters, therefore, conceived the idea of a -scheme for carrying letters at a much faster rate to San Francisco by -means of a single horseman riding a pony at full speed. Their idea was -that a man should mount a swift pony, capable of great endurance, and -ride straight out into the open desert, where, at the end of fifteen -miles, there would be a station with several men in it, who would have -ready another fresh pony. This horseman was to slow up at this shanty, -jump to the ground with his bag of letters, immediately jump on the -fresh pony and ride fast and furiously for another fifteen miles to the -next similar station. It happened that some of these stations were in -towns and settlements, but more often they were on the bleak prairies -or in the hills of the Rocky Mountains. This pony express followed -the same trail as that used by the wagon trains, but since the wagon -train stations were usually forty-five miles apart of course many more -stations had to be built. A man who rode one of these divisions rode -fifteen miles on one pony, fifteen miles on the second, and fifteen -miles on the third. Then he began his return trip of forty-five miles. - -Sometimes it would be easy riding over open country, then again it -might be up rocky gulches or through forests difficult to traverse. Men -of the hardest sort of physique and endurance were required, and the -ponies had to be sure-footed and swift. The wages paid for this work -were liberal, so the companies owning the route were able to procure -the best men on the frontier. - -[Illustration] - -Over the saddle hung mail pouches that weighed about twenty pounds. -This was really a very small part of the amount of mail to be sent, but -the ponies could not carry a heavier load, so to increase the number -of letters and lessen the weight, people later wrote on tissue paper. -Paper money was carried because gold and silver were too heavy and -bulky. One of the enterprising eastern newspapers printed a special -edition of their news on tissue paper for transportation only on this -famous pony express. - -It was an exciting time when the fast mail left St. Joseph, the -starting place. At the moment of leaving a frontiersman came hurriedly -out of the post-office, threw the mail bags over the saddle, leaped on -the pony and started off at full speed, leaving a curious crowd to gaze -wonderingly after his dusty trail. The average distance covered in a -day by this queer express was two hundred miles, a speed of about eight -miles an hour. - -It took great endurance for these men to be in the saddle for seventy -or more miles a day. But, endurance was not the only quality the rider -needed. Over the whole route there was constant danger of being held -up, either by Indians or by outlaws, who were eager to get the money -that was often carried. So the rider had to be a courageous and skilled -frontiersman who had keen knowledge of Indian warfare. - -Often reports would come to the stations that Indians were in the -vicinity. The express rider departing was advised to keep a sharp -eye on the trail. Behind a pile of rocks a bright spot might show -which, to the trained vision of the frontiersman, immediately meant -possible danger. The little speck of color was perhaps the feather -of an Indian’s head dress. There was no chance or time to turn, the -rider kept on at his furious pace until he was within shot. A puff -of smoke suddenly came from behind the rock and out would jump the -Indian warriors. But quick as a bullet speeds the express rider would -be quicker, and ducking behind his pony turned him instantly off the -trail and thus avoided being shot then and there. Now, however, came -a ride for life, for just ahead more Indians would appear and try to -block the way. Luckily few of the Indians had guns in these days and -the frontiersman, watching his chance, could usually kill one or two -Indians before they succeeded in shooting their arrows. This would act -as a sudden check to the red men, and fast and furious the express -rider would spur his pony on toward the station and escape. - -Once in a great while, however, because of the many hostile Indians -who laid in wait all along the trails to capture the riders, the pony -express had to be stopped for a time. - -The next step in western travel was the famous overland stage which ran -from St. Joseph to Sacramento, a distance of one thousand miles. This -was a most difficult enterprise. For the stage carried at times large -sums of money and was therefore frequently held up by highwaymen or -Indians. - -The coaches were strange, heavy vehicles with very large wheels, made -unusually strong, since they traveled the roughest roads imaginable. -Passengers could ride either inside or out, but no one ever thought of -going without being fully armed, for day or night the coach was likely -to be attacked. - -One of the most famous trips was made by Buffalo Bill from Fort Kearney -to Plum Creek. It was a difficult task to manage six horses and at the -same time keep a keen eye open for Indians. Owing to Buffalo Bill’s -skill the stage usually got through, but in the hands of other less -competent drivers the tale was often a sad one, with heavy loss of -money and good men killed or wounded. - -[Illustration: THE WAY MAIL SOMETIMES CAME IN] - - - - -THE GOVERNMENT’S FIGHT AGAINST THE INDIANS - - -Although the United States Government had maintained frontier forts, -it was forced finally to undertake important aggressive campaigns -against the Indians. The white settlements encroached more and more -on the Indian territory, and the red man seeing nothing ahead but the -destruction of his cherished hunting grounds by these intruders, aimed -to destroy every white man he saw, but inch by inch the savages were -crowded back from the land that was rightfully theirs into a cramped -and limited area. - -[Illustration: SITTING BULL] - -The Indian knew no law but that of simple justice, and in his dealings -he had always wanted to be honest. On every hand, however, he now met -cruelty, dishonesty and broken faith, and he learned to think of the -white man as a terrible crushing power fit only to be done away with, -and this finally became the keynote of his existence. - -In 1862 there was an outbreak of the powerful Sioux tribes due directly -to the failure of our government to keep its pledges to the Indians, -who were depending upon the promised money due them in payment for -their land. They were aroused to a sense of this injustice by an actual -want of the necessities of life, for robbed of his hunting and fishing -ground, the Indian knew no way to get a living. Some say that he should -have tilled the soil like the white man, but it must not be forgotten -that having lived for centuries in a savage state, he was not fitted to -meet the demands of civilization. - -The great Civil War was raging and draining the country of its fighting -men. Knowing only one way to right their wrongs, the Indians seized -this unique opportunity and on the morning of August 18th, 1862, a -party of one hundred and fifty Sioux, under Chief Little Crow, began a -massacre of the white settlers on both sides of the Minnesota River. - -For three weeks the Indians had their own way, meeting with no strong -resistance, most of the men then serving in the Union Army. Finally -the government assembled a force large enough to resist the savages -successfully and put down the uprising. But this was only temporary -peace, for the Indians were very persistent. One Indian war after -another was fought until the government forces became strong enough to -maintain obedience from the red man. - -One of the most disastrous of the battles in the West was that which -took place after General Sheridan ordered the Sioux and Northern -Cheyenne tribes to give up their hunting grounds, and to go upon a -reservation. This did not please the Indians. They stood firmly for -their rights and another Sioux war resulted. - -Three columns of troops under Generals Crook, Terry and Custer were -sent out in May, 1876. But after a fierce but indecisive fight between -Crook and the Sioux, the soldiers fell back to Tongue River. - -Sitting Bull was the Indian leader at this time, and his warriors were -stationed between the head waters of the Rosebud and the Big Horn -rivers. Into this section Custer and his gallant troops marched. - -[Illustration: A U.S. TROOPER ON THE TRAIL] - -With Sitting Bull was another noted chief, Crazy Horse, and both were -very hostile to the whites. Other discontented tribes drifted to their -camps and swelled the force to a very large number. They occupied -a position of great advantage near the head of the Yellowstone, -surrounded by the “bad lands,” a tract most difficult to travel because -there was but little water for the troops and horses. Besides the -Indians were well located at about an equal distance from the Indian -agencies, from which they were annually supplied by the government with -the best of arms and ammunition according to treaty agreements. - -Sitting Bull was a heavily built Indian with an extremely large and -handsome head, and unlike most Indians, his hair was brown. He had a -forceful mind, with a genius for war, and was extremely heroic. The -order requiring him to go on the reservation was in violation of a -treaty made between his tribe and the United States authorities, and -the attempt to force it was a national disgrace, proving how unfairly -we treated the Indian. Soon after the battles with General Crook, -Sitting Bull said to General Miles, who commanded the western troops, -“I want peace, but if the troops come out I will fight them. I want to -hunt buffalo and to trade. I don’t want rations and money. I want to -live like an Indian.” - -In accordance with government orders, General Custer set out on the -twenty-third of June with the Seventh Cavalry, to follow the Indian -trail up the Rosebud River. After three days they found themselves in -the valley of the Little Big Horn River, close to the hostile tribes. -The command was divided into three detachments--one led by Custer, -one by Major Reno, and a third by Captain Benteen. In attacking the -Indian village it was planned that Reno was to take the upper section, -Custer the lower. - -[Illustration] - -Major Reno’s attack was not strongly made and he was easily driven -back, as was also Captain Benteen, so that these two detachments failed -to support Custer. So it happened that with only five companies this -brave general was compelled to encounter the entire Indian force. “Do -not let an Indian escape,” were his orders, and he threw himself upon -them, believing that with the help of the other commands he could -inflict a severe punishment upon the red foe. - -And now comes a sad story. It seemed as though the Great Spirit was -for once with his own people. Custer surprised the Indians at the -river front, but they quickly rallied and drove the troops back up the -hill. Hundreds of Indians poured into the river on ponies and on foot -and attacked the small force in front of them. They made a circuit -around the hill and slowly but surely closed in on the valiant troops. -A final stand was made at the lower end of the hill in a bloody fight -that lasted from two o’clock until sunset. Not one man of the five -companies, not even the brave general, was left alive. - -From this time on the government persistently fought the red man, -finally conquering his spirit and gaining complete possession of his -lands. - - - - -THE COWBOYS - - -It did not take long for men to learn that the great western country -was a valuable grazing land. The section of the West which includes -New Mexico, part of Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the -western part of Texas, Nebraska, Kansas and Dakota, became a great -cattle range. There were neither fences nor boundaries on this gigantic -unbroken pasture, and here there grew up and flourished a great cattle -raising industry. - -A traveller seeing this land for the first time would wonder how such -a parched and desolate country could give maintenance to cattle at -all. Lying as it does in the arid belt, it is a region of but light -rainfall; the grass is short and scanty; there are no trees except -along the beds of streams, and in many places there are alkali deserts -where nothing grows but sage-brush and cactus. In other parts the land -stretches out into level plains that seem almost endless, or into -beautiful rolling prairies. The muddy rivers, running through in broad -shallow beds, after a rain become swollen torrents, while in droughts -even the larger streams dwindle into mere sluggish trickles of water, -and the smaller ones dry up entirely, except for occasional pools. -Perhaps this land might have lain idle for years had not the hardy -plainsman been keen to observe that great herds of buffalo lived and -thrived on the short brown grass peculiar to the region. - -[Illustration: A PLAINSMAN AND CATTLE RANGER OF EARLY DAYS] - -As the cattle raising industry progressed in Texas there naturally grew -up a race of strong, fearless men called cowboys, because of their -occupation dealing with cattle. No prouder soul than the cowboy ever -lived. He was proud of his prowess as a horseman and had little use for -any one not skilled in the saddle. Loving and dependent companions, his -horse and he were inseparable. - -The cowboys of the old Wild West were wonderful riders and born -fighters, two necessary virtues these, for almost constantly many -disputes had to be settled on the ranches with rival cattle men or with -Indians. - -The lasso or rope is the one essential feature of every cowboy’s -equipment. Loosely coiled, it hangs from the horn, or is tied to one -side of the saddle, and is used for many emergencies. In helping -to pull a cow out of a bog hole, or a wagon up a steep hill it is -invaluable. Every cowboy aspires to be a good roper so that he can -handle the lasso with ease, swiftness and precision. A first-class -roper can demand his own price, for he is eagerly sought after by the -cattle men. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: A COWBOY] - -When it comes to riding a horse, the cowboy is unsurpassed and there -is nothing that is possible at all that he cannot do in the saddle. -The “broncho busters” or horse breakers, perform really marvelous -feats, riding with ease the most vicious wild horses unused to the -hand of man. Such a rider cannot be jarred out of the saddle by the -most desperate and sudden plunges of the bucking horse. Their method -of breaking a horse is very rough. They simply saddle and bridle a -beast by main force, and ride him until he is completely exhausted and -submissive. At this point the horse is considered broken and his owner -may later train him to stop or wheel instantly at a touch of the reins, -or to start at top speed at a sudden signal. - -But while the cowboy’s horse may do all these things for him, it would -be impossible for any but an expert rider, even to approach such -vicious horses. A man who is merely an ordinary rider would probably -lose his life. - -The cowboy’s life was full of continual excitement and hard work when -out on the cattle range. While he was riding alone on the Plains, a -band of Indians would often suddenly appear and, forming in a circle, -ride madly around him. There was then nothing to do but stand them off -until help came, or if forced, put up as good a fight single handed -as possible while ammunition lasted. If the cowboy was an experienced -frontiersman and did not lose his nerve, he could successfully cope -with a small band of Indians, because he could match a gun against the -Indians’ arrows. - -All these romantic and adventurous times finally gave way to the -ever advancing civilization. The extensive tracts, then natural and -free, were gradually cut up into small ranches enclosed by barbed -wire fences. The cowboy too had to bear the marks of civilization and -acknowledge the reign of law, but he still rides to-day as skillfully -and easily as ever, sitting erect and jaunty, reins held high and loose -in his hands, his whole body free yet firm in the saddle with the seat -of the perfect horseman. His broad brimmed hat still sweeps up and -back in the same careless freedom of those lawless days, and his belt -is still adorned with the deadly guardians of his safety, his spurs -jingling as he rides. His pony is the same as those of many years ago -and trots steadily forward with the easy movement characteristic only -of the western horse. - -The cowboy as he rides on, erect and strong, true to the life of -freedom he loves, waves his hat in adieu and the sun sets behind the -blue hills of what was once the Great Wild West. - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: - - - Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE -WILD WEST *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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