diff options
45 files changed, 17 insertions, 3003 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f87683c --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64372 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64372) diff --git a/old/64372-0.txt b/old/64372-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5a35424..0000000 --- a/old/64372-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1416 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West, -by George Alfred Williams - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West - -Author: George Alfred Williams - -Illustrator: George Alfred Williams - -Release Date: January 23, 2021 [eBook #64372] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Juliet Sutherland, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE -WILD WEST *** - - -[Illustration] - - - - - THE BOY’S BOOK - OF - INDIANS - AND THE - WILD WEST - - WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED - BY - GEORGE ALFRED WILLIAMS - - [Illustration] - - NEW YORK - COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY, - FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY - PUBLISHERS - - - - -INDIANS OF THE FOREST - - -When the white man discovered America, he found a great, primeval -wilderness of fertile valleys, high mountains and deep forests. Tall -trees had grown for centuries and their towering tops, reaching up -to the blue sky, shut out the sunlight from the gloom of the forest -solitude. In the deep recesses of this wilderness the red man, or -Indian, lived in wild freedom. Skilled in woodcraft and the art of -savage warfare, he was lord and master of this vast domain, now called -the United States. - -Although divided into numerous tribes or families, each speaking a -different language, the Indians were, in traits of character and -general appearance, very much alike. In war they were courageous, but -at the same time intelligently cautious. Treacherous and deceitful -to their foes, they preferred to slay an enemy by a secret rather -than an open blow. Brave and successful a warrior as the Indian was, -he excelled even more when he became a hunter. To be victor over the -beast in the chase and hunt meant to the Indian plenty to eat and stout -clothing to wear, so he developed remarkable skill in using his chief -weapon, the bow and arrow. - -Before the white man came to America the Indians were clad almost -entirely in the skins of animals which they themselves cured and -dressed to perfection, fastening various pieces together with the -tendons and tough strips of skin very much as we sew to-day. These -garments, gayly ornamented with shells and colored stones, made very -useful and picturesque clothing. - -[Illustration: BROWN MOOSE A CELEBRATED MOHAWK CHIEF] - -The Indian boy was taught from early childhood to believe that his -highest attainment was to be a brave warrior and a great hunter, and -to look with scorn upon any other work. So upon the Indian women fell -the task of tilling the soil. For this reason farming never became a -real industry among them and they were amply satisfied to grow maize, -or Indian corn, from which they made many kinds of dishes and bread. -A very rich and fertile soil furthered their ambitions, for with but -little attention to farming they reaped abundant crops. - -[Illustration: TOMAHAWK] - -For houses the red men had wigwams. These they constructed by fixing -long poles in the ground, tying them together at the top, and covering -them with skins of animals joined together as they sewed their -clothing. They made an opening in the top to serve as a chimney. -Such crude structures could be quickly taken down and as readily put -up again, and admirably suited the needs of their owners, who loved -to wander from place to place. This peculiarity was probably due to -the fact that after living in one spot for a certain length of time -they would find their natural resources for food becoming exhausted, -and perhaps an enemy had hunted out the encampment for ravage. Then, -too, it was the Indian’s nature to rove in wild natural haunts and, -no doubt, a place long inhabited lost its charm for him. A few of -the tribes, however, did build permanent villages, with streets and -regularly spaced wigwams, around which they extended palisades of logs -for protection against attacks from their enemies. - -[Illustration] - -The greatest of all the Indian families, or tribes, was the Iroquois, -also called the Five Nations, originally found in what is now western -and central New York State. Of the many strange legends and stories -common among the Indians, one of the most beautiful is the story of -Hiawatha, which is the tale of the origin of the Iroquois. - -Tradition tells us that Owayneo, as Indians call their Creator, made -the five nations from five handfuls of seed. One day he assembled his -children together and said: “You have sprung from five different kinds -of seed and are therefore five individual nations, but you are brothers -and I am your father because I made you all.” The Mohawks, he made bold -and valiant and gave them corn for their principal food. The Oneidas, -he made patient and charitable and bade them eat freely of nuts and the -fruits of the trees. The Senecas he made industrious and active, and -for their chief food gave them the nourishing bean. To the Cayugas he -gave green nuts and instructed them to grind them, and also every kind -of fruit, for they were destined to be strong, friendly and generous. -Squashes, grapes and tobacco were his gift to the Onondagas, for they -were to be a nation wise, just and eloquent. To all in common Owayneo -gave the beasts, birds and fishes to eat and the life-giving water to -drink. “Now,” said he, “be just to all men, and kind to strangers that -come among you.” - -[Illustration: AN INDIAN VILLAGE] - - - - -ON THE TRAIL - - -Following the advice of Owayneo, the Indians received the white -explorers and settlers with great kindness and hospitality. But the -white men were cruel and crafty and took advantage of the friendly -red men because they wanted the Indian land and schemed by dishonest -methods to obtain possession of large tracts. Soon the Indian saw his -hunting grounds taken and his wigwam threatened with destruction. This -injustice roused his warlike and cruel nature, and relations between -the white man and the red man developed into a ceaseless warfare that -penetrated into every section of the great continent. The former peace -of the wilderness was then marred by one long succession of fierce -fights and terrible massacres. - -[Illustration: ON THE WAR-PATH] - -Indian warfare was always one of surprises, and ambuscades and fighting -in a land of forest and thicket made such a method possible. For -centuries the Indian youth had been taught this strange mode of attack. -Trained by tests of endurance and of skill, and by knowledge gained -from a hunter’s life of suffering, danger and fatigue, the Indian boy -grew to manhood. He longed for the time when he, too, might strike the -enemy and make a name for himself. The chiefs of the tribe instructed -him in the language of the sky and the earth, in the smallest detail of -woodcraft and in the keenest methods of finding a trail. - -[Illustration: WAR-CLUB AND HATCHET] - -The most ferocious and skilled warriors were the Mohawks. When, in -the early days of the Massachusetts colony, they made war on the New -England Indians, it is told how these Indians, upon discovering the -enemy, raised the cry from hill to hill, “A Mohawk! A Mohawk!” and fled -without making any resistance. On the trail their keen sight and sense -of hearing made them enemies much to be feared. No forest or thicket -was so dense that they could not find a way through. A broken twig or -a disturbed leaf, a bit of clothing or strand of hair was all they -needed to follow, with deadly surety, the most difficult of trails. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: THE WAR DANCE] - -So well could they imitate the calls of the birds and animals that -many a white hunter was lured to his death, and when they took a -captive they were most unmerciful and tortured their prisoners in many -cruel ways. Burning at a stake and running the gauntlet were among -the most popular methods. To accomplish the latter, they first made -their prisoner run between two rows of women and children who, armed -with sticks, stones and clubs, were expected to hit him. Then the -captive was tied to a stake and the braves and chiefs threw knives and -tomahawks, so that they came as close as possible to the victim without -inflicting wounds. After this ordeal fagots were piled around the stake -and set on fire. So in a most cruel fashion the Indians’ bloodthirsty -nature and their desire for vengeance were satisfied. - -With so many traits of savage instinct awakened, it is no wonder that -the white settlers, who were now penetrating every section of the -land, had a hard time of it. While working in the fields or doing -other peaceful tasks some one in the settlement had to be constantly -on the watch for an Indian attack. Riding through the wilderness to -visit a neighbor or to buy supplies at the nearest town was extremely -dangerous, for no one knew the hour or minute when the war-whoop would -sound and the tomahawk fall. - -[Illustration: AN INDIAN CLUB] - - - - -ATTACKS ON THE SETTLEMENTS - - -Every ship sailing from Europe brought new colonists, and as the -settlements grew and thrived on the sea coast civilization advanced -further and further into the great wilderness. The Indians became more -ferocious and warlike, and day and night the settlers were in constant -fear of attack. Men built strong palisades of logs around their homes -and at each corner of the enclosure they placed block-houses, which -were simply square buildings two stories high with loopholes, through -which the defenders could fire their guns and still be hidden. - -[Illustration: INDIANS TRYING TO SET FIRE TO A BLOCK-HOUSE] - -In the daytime the gates of these crude forts were thrown open, -and those who tilled the ground went out to their work while men -stationed on the outskirts of the fields guarded the settlement. But -with all these precautions there are many sad tales of Indian attacks -accompanied by bloodshed and cruel torture. - -For long periods the Indians would remain silent in the deep forests -and not show themselves at all. Then peace seemed to prevail in the -land, and naturally the settlement became careless and the guards grew -less vigilant. At just such times the crafty Indians made their most -successful raids. Silently and stealthily their scouts watched the men -at work in the fields and the children playing outside of the stockade. -Warriors came from all directions out of the forest depths and gathered -around their leader. Then, when all was in readiness, the terrible -war-whoop sounded and the dusky foes fairly leaped from behind every -bush, rock and tree. A wild scene of confusion ensued. Men rushed for -their arms while women and children crowded into the block-houses. The -strong doors were closed and barred and the fierce fight began. - -[Illustration] - -The Indians made every effort to get close enough to set fire to the -buildings, and it was the supreme danger against which the defenders -had to contend. Many times the settlers were thus forced to run out -into the midst of their foes to defend themselves by a hand-to-hand -encounter. If the Indians were successful in the attack a terrible -massacre followed, in which women and children were scalped and the men -bound and tortured. After the cruel scenes were over only a pile of -charred and smoking embers remained of the once prosperous settlement. -But usually, because of their superior arms, the white men were -victorious and the advance across the continent went ever onward toward -the Great West. Encountering many hardships and thrilling adventures, -these brave people made possible for us the happy, peaceful and -bountiful land in which we now live. - -[Illustration: OLD FLINT-LOCK GUN AND KNIFE USED BY EARLY SETTLERS] - -Young boys grew to a hardy manhood through trial and privation and gave -their lives to conquering the vast wilderness of the Far West. - -One incident of border life shows the bravery and fearlessness of the -backwoods boy. - -Two brothers, one aged eleven, the other thirteen, were stolen while -at play by two Mohawk warriors. The Indians struck a trail leading -into the deep forest and at nightfall were far enough away from -the settlement with their captives to rest without danger of being -overtaken. After a light supper they lay down to sleep, each holding -one of the boys in his arms. The oldest boy, too excited to feel -sleepy, only pretended to go to sleep, and managed with great care to -wriggle free from his sleeping captor’s arms. He crossed over to his -brother and gently released him from the embrace of the other sleeping -Indian and carefully carried him a short distance from the savages -before waking him. - -“Come,” he whispered, “we must go home now.” - -“They will follow us,” replied the younger brother. - -The older boy put his hand to his lips, not daring to utter a sound. -He then placed the only gun the Indians had with the muzzle close to -the ear of one of the sleeping Mohawks. “Now,” he whispered to his -brother, “I’ll take the tomahawk, and when I give the signal you pull -the trigger of the gun.” When all was ready the brave boy lifted the -hatchet and his brother pulled the trigger. The Indian shot by the -gun rolled over dead, but the other was not killed by the first blow. -Nothing daunted, the brave youth rained blow after blow on the skull of -the stunned Mohawk until the warrior lay quite still. The boys had lost -their way, but after several days they finally succeeded in getting -out of the forest. As they entered their home they heard their mother -moaning to herself, “My poor boys, they must be killed.” With a great -shout they ran to her and threw themselves into her arms. It is inborn -bravery such as this that conquered the great wilderness and opened up -the vast country that was called the Wild West. - -[Illustration: INDIAN KNIFE] - - - - -INDIANS OF THE PLAINS - - -Step by step the Indians were pushed out of the land that was theirs -by just right. The white man made treaties with them, but did not keep -them, and on every hand the strong force of advancing civilization -drove them toward the land of the setting sun. Any attempt at -resistance by the Indians was usually met by conquest and the most -relentless punishment. “There is not one white man who loves an -Indian,” said Sitting Bull, the warlike chief of the Ogollalas, “and -not a true Indian but hates a white man.” - -[Illustration: A CROW CHIEF OFFERING A CHALLENGE] - -In the year 1803 the government of France sold to the United States -the vast tract of land then known as the country of Louisiana. This -included the region in which now lie the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, -Missouri, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, -North Dakota, Wyoming, two parts of Idaho, and Colorado and the -territory of Oklahoma. - -At the time this vast tract of land was acquired by our government -almost nothing was known of it. Few white men had ever travelled the -trackless plains or scaled the frowning ranges of mountains that barred -the way across the continent, and in its great unknown land there lived -many tribes of Indians who had never looked upon the face of a white -man. The government sent explorers to find out about the strange, new -possessions, and, hard upon their trails, followed the advancing tide -of civilization. And every step of the settlers’ advance was bitterly -contested by the savages, who fought with desperate fierceness. -New factors entered into this warfare with the savage tribes. This -territory, unlike the forest lands, was flat and barren and stretched -thousands of miles across the middle of the United States from the -Missouri River to California, with here and there a huge range of -mountains running north and south, guarded on either side by long lines -of foot-hills. In rare instances there were stretches of forest, but -generally there was nothing but flat plains covered with a tall rough -grass, and many other parts were alkali plains so dry that they were -totally unfit for human habitation. - -[Illustration] - -In his battles with the red foe the white man had up to this time -been used to the cover of the thicket and the forest. Now with little -natural protection he was called upon to advance against some of the -most crafty and bloodthirsty of the Indians. - -[Illustration: A BLACKFOOT CHIEF] - -These Indians comprised several nations divided into tribes. They were -a wild, untamed race and, unlike the forest Indians, had horses which -they managed with great skill in battle and in the hunt. - -A Western Indian on foot was out of his element, but the moment he laid -his hand upon his horse his face became handsome and he sped gracefully -away--a different being. No imagination can ever truly picture the -beauty and wildness of the scenes in this romantic country. In the -chase and on the war-path these Indians were gorgeous pictures of -barbaric splendor and manly development. - -First of all the tribes ranked the Crows and Blackfeet and their -dress was extremely picturesque. They were skilled hunters and fierce -warriors. These two tribes were deadly enemies and almost continued -warfare was in progress between them. Often the chiefs of different -tribes were sworn enemies, and if they chanced to meet a fierce combat -ensued. - -Once a noted chief of the Blackfoot tribe met a famous chief of the -Crows on the banks of the Missouri River. They were on opposite sides -of the stream, at a point where the current was divided by a sand bar -or small island. Uttering his shrill war-cry, the Blackfoot waded into -the river on his horse and the Crow answered the challenge, rushing -down the steep embankment into the swiftly flowing water. At almost the -same instant the two horsemen emerged at the opposite ends of the small -island. Here they drew up their steeds and made the sign of peace. The -Blackfoot was the first to speak. “What has the Crow squaw to say?” he -said. At this insult the Crow replied, singing the praises of his race -and taunting the Blackfoot warrior with all the hatred typical of the -Indian for his enemy. - -“I am done,” he said at last. “What has the dog of the prairie to say?” -Infuriated beyond control, the Crow set an arrow to his bow and sent it -with deadly aim toward the naked bosom of his foe. Sudden and unlooked -for as was this attack the Blackfoot’s quick eye had seen the movement. -He jerked the rein of his horse and made him rear his forward legs into -the air. Then leaning over the neck of his horse he returned the shot, -which was a signal for a perfect rain of arrows, many of which found -their mark. The quivers of both Indians were soon empty, and then began -a fierce combat with the lance. The Crow quickly dismounted to avoid -a thrust from the angry Blackfoot’s ready spear, and just in time it -was, for with a yell of savage triumph the Blackfoot drove his lance -right through the body of his enemy’s pony. Then he quickly wheeled -his horse and bore down upon the unmounted Crow, who met him with a -thrust that killed his horse. Down went the Blackfoot entangled in his -own trappings. His predicament was desperate. He deftly took his knife -between his thumb and forefinger and threw it with deadly accuracy at -the advancing Crow. In a second it buried itself to the handle in his -breast. - -Mortally wounded, the Crow chief halted for a moment, then summoning -all his strength, he drew the knife from his breast and threw it at -the Blackfoot crying, “A scalp of the mighty Crows shall never dry in -the wigwams of the Blackfeet.” With this parting word he threw himself -into the swift moving river and was lost to view. Only the bloody water -marked the place. - - - - -BUFFALO HUNTING - - -The Indians of the Plains, bold and desperate horsemen, were great -hunters. Their chief game was the American bison or buffalo, which -roamed over the wide prairies in vast herds, seemingly placed there by -the Great Spirit for the special use of the red man, who lived upon -their flesh and clothed himself with their skins. - -Mounted on small, fleet ponies, the Indians could readily kill them in -great numbers. When pursuing the herd, the Indian used to ride close in -the rear while he selected just the animal he wanted. Then driving his -pony between it and the herd, he forced the buffalo off alone. In this -way he avoided being crushed or trampled to death by the madly rushing -beasts. - -[Illustration: CATCHING WILD HORSES] - -When directly opposite the buffalo, the Indian, with his bow ready -drawn, would shoot his deadly arrow. Often this was only a signal for -a fierce encounter with the wounded bull. For while the buffalo is a -timid animal and seldom makes an attack, he turns in fury when wounded. -With few exceptions, the Indian with the aid of his swift pony would -soon conquer the mighty beast. - -Another method the Indians employed in hunting buffalo, was to ride out -and in a body surround a herd. Dividing into two columns and riding -in opposite directions, they gradually circled around the animals at -about a mile distant. At a given signal they closed in on them, and the -unsuspecting herd, scenting the enemy, fled in the greatest confusion. -Where the buffalo aimed to cross the line, the riders went at full -speed, brandishing their weapons and yelling fiercely. By these means -they turned the herd off towards another point, where they again, met -by confusion and noise, wheeled back in an opposite direction. The -horsemen had by this time closed in at all points and soon had the -buffalo circling around in a confused mass. - -Then began the scene of slaughter, when hundreds of beasts were killed. -Sometimes, a bull, infuriated by wounds, would break from the seething -mass, and gore a hunter’s horse to death. The Indian would then be -obliged to leap to save himself, and in some cases had to jump from -back to back of the wild animals to avoid being crushed. - -[Illustration: A BUFFALO HUNTER] - -When enough animals were killed there followed a busy scene. The whole -Indian camp, men, women and children, set to work to cut up the meat. -It was carried back to camp, and what was not needed for food at once -was dried in the sun for use in the winter and when game was scarce. - -The most valuable possession of the Indian was, without doubt, his -horse. Large bands of wild horses roved in freedom over the Plains, -but they were very difficult to catch and called for all the wonderful -ingenuity of the red man. - -Starting on a hunt for them, the Indian, equipped with his lasso, -first mounted his swiftest horse and rode out upon the prairies. As -soon as he sighted a band he rode full speed until he was right among -them, then threw his lasso, deftly getting it over the neck of one of -the beasts. At this very instant he dismounted and, running as fast -as he could, let the lasso slip through his hands until the captive -horse dropped from want of breath. Now he quickly drew a hobble over -the horse’s front feet. This done, he loosened the lasso to give the -horse a chance to breathe and made a noose around the lower jaw, which -gave him more control over the frightened animal. When it regained -its breath the wild horse would rear and plunge in a frantic attempt -for freedom. The Indian, never letting go his firm hold on the lasso, -advanced towards the horse’s nose, and getting his hand over it could -hold down the animal and prevent it from falling or rolling on its -back. In this way he was able to put his other hand over the horse’s -eyes and breathe into its nostrils. After this, strange as it may seem, -the horse soon became perfectly docile, and the Indian had little to do -but to remove the hobbles from its feet and ride into camp. - -With the buffalo for a constant source of food and the wild horses for -their mounts the Indians of the Plains proved a powerful and enduring -obstacle to the invasion of the white man. Their highly developed skill -in scouting and prairie warfare enabled them to dispute every inch of -their land with great success. - -[Illustration] - - - - -INDIAN SCOUTS AND WARFARE ON THE PLAINS - - -The great American prairies were the final gathering place of the -Indians. What was left of the once powerful tribe, the Mohicans, and -the Delawares, of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees, all found refuge -here. At this period they dwelt in open hostility not only toward the -white man, but among themselves. Wonderful and powerful alike in the -chase and on the trail, their conquest was not an easy task. - -[Illustration: INDIANS SIGNALING] - -With the American Indian war was the one end and aim of living. -Tribesmen were brothers but rival tribesmen were natural enemies. So, -from the earliest times this rivalry between tribes kept them in almost -constant warfare, and the western tribes being the most primitive, -their fighting was very savage. - -The possession of the eagle’s feather denoted success on the war-path -and was a prize every Indian hoped to obtain. From early childhood the -Indian boy was instructed in the arts of war and the hunt. Before him -was ever the vision of the eagle’s feather, and this symbol inspired -him to noble deeds and great bravery. In his barbarous training -he learned to keep two virtues, endurance and courage, constantly -uppermost in his mind. - -Tradition tells of an Indian boy who was taken captive. The boy knew -that his trial would be severe, and summoned all his bravery to prove -the nobility of his tribal blood. - -His captors held a grand council and decided that his fate should -depend upon the amount of his courage and endurance. If he bore well -the torture they gave him he might be adopted into the tribe--a great -honor--otherwise they would kill him. First they held him barefoot -upon the coals of the camp-fire until large blisters came and these -they pierced with bone needles and filled with sharp stones. They then -formed a gauntlet and made the little fellow run between the long lines -of shouting savages. His agony was intense, but with all the courage -and fortitude of his tribe he had strength to reach the goal. A wild -shout of approval went up from the Indians. “Good,” cried a chief. “He -will be a great warrior.” - -But this was only the beginning of his trials. They now bound him to -the stakes and tortured him with fire and still the brave boy stood -without a complaint or a moan. Then, not yet satisfied, they held him -under the water of a cold stream until his life was almost gone, but -when they released him and he gained his breath he still was able to -stand up before them. “A warrior, a warrior,” they cried and then -adopted him into their tribe. This boy grew to be a noted chief of -great power, hailed far and wide for his brave deeds. - -[Illustration: AN INDIAN CREEPING THROUGH THE LONG GRASS] - -Trained in such a hard school, no point of advantage escaped the -Indians in war or on the trail. They made good use of the tall grass of -the prairies to shield them, and would glide behind it like serpents -toward their enemies, suddenly and unexpectedly jumping up among them -with shrill, wild war-whoops. - -Scouts on horses found a way up and down and in and out of the most -difficult mountain passes, and watchers were ever kept on the tall -cliffs that fringed the more open and fertile valleys. White explorers -and emigrants seeing smoke rise from the watch fires at first looked -for an attack in that direction. But while they centered their interest -on the thin rising cloud of smoke, scouts in full war dress would be -riding out on the opposite cliff and leisurely studying the enemy. For -hours the Indians would keep up this silent exchange of signals and -then at night under the cover of darkness make their unheralded attack. -Dusky forms would stealthily crawl on all fours up to the very edge of -the settlers’ camp, then the call of a night bird would sound out in -the stillness. This would mean little to the white sentries on guard, -unaccustomed as they were to the methods of their savage foe. - -Suddenly the beautiful quiet of night pervading the camp would be rent -with the wild piercing war-whoop. In an instant Indians would spring -from every conceivable spot and a scene of horrible confusion would -ensue, and the sun next morning, rising in all the splendor of the -glorious western hills, would reveal the sad tale of savage massacre. - -The white man coming in ever increasing numbers soon saw the wisdom -of acquiring the services of white plainsmen and scouts who had been -trained by hard experience and could meet the Indian on his own ground. -This plan proved a great success, for without them the conquest of the -Great West would have been an almost impossible task. - -[Illustration] - - - - -AN INDIAN ATTACK ON A WAGON TRAIN - - -The spring of 1846 was a busy season on the western frontier. Not only -were emigrants from every part of the country preparing for the journey -to California and Oregon, but a great number were making ready for -Santa Fé. These adventurous people fitted out their wagon trains at -St. Louis, and from there traveled up the Missouri River by boat to a -place called Independence. This was the usual starting place, although -occasionally trains went out from Fort Leavenworth. - -[Illustration: THE LEADER OF A WAGON TRAIN] - -These trains were usually made up of two or more large wagons, several -emigrants combining forces and, considering that hostile Indians were -always on the trail, this was a wise precaution. Some trains, however, -sent out by companies formed for the express purpose of carrying goods -to the Pacific Coast, consisted of as many as twenty-five wagons. - -These wagons each could carry as much as six thousand pounds of freight -and were drawn by several yoke of oxen in charge of one driver. Looking -like large, flat-bottomed scows, the wagons were covered with canvas -stretched over hoops bent round in shape. In this way the goods carried -were protected from dampness and rain. - -The trail to the Pacific Coast ran through what is now the State of -Kansas to the Big Blue River, then over the Big and the Little Sandy -River, coming into Nebraska close by the Big Sandy. Next, striking the -Little Blue, the trail followed it for some sixty miles until it came -to the Platte River near Fort Kearney. From here it wound in and out of -the rolling hills like a great serpent, and on across the prairies to -Fort Laramie, one of the most westerly frontier posts. - -The country lying between this fort and the Salt Lake Valley, on the -other side of the Rocky Mountains, was inhabited only by hostile -Indians, and it was here that many brave men lost their lives. - -Among the large number of people who pushed into the Wild West in -the early days of emigration, the resolute forester who had already -penetrated the wilds of the forest-covered States was the first to -venture. Toils and hazards of former undertakings were forgotten, as -these endless and unexplored regions were opened for settlement. - -The tints and hues of autumn were at their fullest when a train of -wagons issued from the border hills to pursue its way across the -rolling surface of the great prairie. Creaking “prairie-schooners,” -as the wagons were sometimes called, heavy with stoves and household -goods, and concealing the women and children, moved slowly along the -trail. Straggling sheep and cattle were herded in the rear, while in -front rode or walked the sturdy and fearless backwoodsmen. On every -side stretched the broad plain which reached like a great sea to the -far distant Rocky Mountains. The leader, a tall, strong man, who rode -ahead, had stopped and was looking with shaded eyes toward the west. -The setting sun cast a yellow glow over the heavens and earth and -seemed to suggest the very gold whose discovery in California was -attracting so many men to make this hazardous journey. The dress of -this leader was very picturesque. From his deer-skin belt hung his -hunting knife, with its buckhorn handle, and his hat of martens’ fur -gave to his strong face a look of great determination. The stock of -his rifle, that was loosely hung over his shoulder, was of beautiful -mahogany riveted and bound with precious metal. In addition to the -rifle, a carefully guarded powder horn and a keen, bright wood axe were -slung across his back. - -[Illustration: A PRAIRIE SCHOONER] - -As evening came, a camp was sought for the night. A cool spring that -burst forth from the side of a gently sloping hill, and proved to be -the source of a prairie stream, called a run, offered the desired water -and fresh grass for the cattle and horses, and was quickly chosen. - -It was a busy scene while the camp was made, and every member of the -train had his task. The great wagons were swung into a circle to afford -the best means of protection in case of attack. - -When the evening meal was over, lots were drawn to see who should stand -guard for the night. This decided, women and children went to bed and -the sheep and cattle were driven into the corral formed by the wagons. - -Night came on and the stars shone out with the special brilliancy of -the western sky. It was now the first watch of the night and the pale -light of a new moon played over the endless waves of the prairie, -tipping the ridges with gleams of light and leaving the hollows purple -in darkness. - -[Illustration] - -On a knoll some little distance from the camp crouched several dusky -forms. Low guttural tones came from the throats of the band of Indians, -who in fierce war paint and with fiery eyes looked more like demons -than men. - -Crouching low, with a snake-like motion three of the band crawled -away through the tall grass. It was some minutes before they returned -and reported what they had seen in the camp. Then, at a given signal, -several more warriors rode up upon their fleet ponies and dismounted. -A council was held, but when the scouts reported that the wagon train -was strongly fortified, the Indians decided to give up the attack that -night, and mounting, almost as one man, the wild riders rode like the -wind across the moonlit prairie and were soon lost in the dim distance. - -With the first break of day the emigrant train was in motion and once -more began its weary journey. All went well until, a few hours after -sunrise, the leader suddenly came to a halt. On a rise of ground some -distance ahead appeared a bright spot, which, upon closer observation, -proved to be a mounted Indian. The alarm was soon given, and the whole -train at once became the scene of hurried and exciting preparation. The -wagons were quickly wheeled into a circle and the women, children and -stock were cared for just as they had been the night before. There was -not a moment to lose. For at all points Indians now appeared mounted -and in full war dress. They were riding like mad, circling the group of -wagons at some distance. Finally a great piercing war-cry sounded and -the wild and furious riders closed in on the settlers. Coming within -range of the backwoodsmen’s rifles, the red foes threw themselves on -the off side of their horses, and so placed the animals between them -and the accurate aim of the long rifles of the train defenders. - -While this excitement was going on the emigrants did not see the dark -forms crawling through the long grass toward their fort. Suddenly a -terrible yell of savage success rent the air and an awful scene of -bloodshed and hand-to-hand encounter followed. In the confusion the -animals broke loose and stampeded, and away they went across the -plains, the Indian riders in wild pursuit to capture their booty. - -The enemy gone, it was a desolate scene that greeted the emigrant -leader. Many of his best men were dead, most of his cattle gone, and -scarcely enough horses left for half his wagons. But he was indeed -fortunate, since none of the women and children had been killed or -taken captive. - -In spite of such odds as these the Great West grew and settlements -multiplied. This was due to the courage and indomitable will of these -first comers, who in spite of almost insurmountable difficulties did -not lose heart or ambition. - - - - -THE PONY EXPRESS - - -Two thousand miles of waste land lay between the western frontier and -California and the long wagon trains sent out by the various companies -did very well for carrying freight. But as the settlements grew in -number there came a demand for a speedier method of communication by -which letters and money might be sent to the Pacific Coast and other -points. The long journey of the slowly moving wagons did not interfere -very much in matters of freight, but the settlers soon realized that -business arrangements and papers needed better and quicker means of -transportation. - -[Illustration: INDIANS LYING IN WAIT FOR THE “PONY EXPRESS”] - -The great freight transporters, therefore, conceived the idea of a -scheme for carrying letters at a much faster rate to San Francisco by -means of a single horseman riding a pony at full speed. Their idea was -that a man should mount a swift pony, capable of great endurance, and -ride straight out into the open desert, where, at the end of fifteen -miles, there would be a station with several men in it, who would have -ready another fresh pony. This horseman was to slow up at this shanty, -jump to the ground with his bag of letters, immediately jump on the -fresh pony and ride fast and furiously for another fifteen miles to the -next similar station. It happened that some of these stations were in -towns and settlements, but more often they were on the bleak prairies -or in the hills of the Rocky Mountains. This pony express followed -the same trail as that used by the wagon trains, but since the wagon -train stations were usually forty-five miles apart of course many more -stations had to be built. A man who rode one of these divisions rode -fifteen miles on one pony, fifteen miles on the second, and fifteen -miles on the third. Then he began his return trip of forty-five miles. - -Sometimes it would be easy riding over open country, then again it -might be up rocky gulches or through forests difficult to traverse. Men -of the hardest sort of physique and endurance were required, and the -ponies had to be sure-footed and swift. The wages paid for this work -were liberal, so the companies owning the route were able to procure -the best men on the frontier. - -[Illustration] - -Over the saddle hung mail pouches that weighed about twenty pounds. -This was really a very small part of the amount of mail to be sent, but -the ponies could not carry a heavier load, so to increase the number -of letters and lessen the weight, people later wrote on tissue paper. -Paper money was carried because gold and silver were too heavy and -bulky. One of the enterprising eastern newspapers printed a special -edition of their news on tissue paper for transportation only on this -famous pony express. - -It was an exciting time when the fast mail left St. Joseph, the -starting place. At the moment of leaving a frontiersman came hurriedly -out of the post-office, threw the mail bags over the saddle, leaped on -the pony and started off at full speed, leaving a curious crowd to gaze -wonderingly after his dusty trail. The average distance covered in a -day by this queer express was two hundred miles, a speed of about eight -miles an hour. - -It took great endurance for these men to be in the saddle for seventy -or more miles a day. But, endurance was not the only quality the rider -needed. Over the whole route there was constant danger of being held -up, either by Indians or by outlaws, who were eager to get the money -that was often carried. So the rider had to be a courageous and skilled -frontiersman who had keen knowledge of Indian warfare. - -Often reports would come to the stations that Indians were in the -vicinity. The express rider departing was advised to keep a sharp -eye on the trail. Behind a pile of rocks a bright spot might show -which, to the trained vision of the frontiersman, immediately meant -possible danger. The little speck of color was perhaps the feather -of an Indian’s head dress. There was no chance or time to turn, the -rider kept on at his furious pace until he was within shot. A puff -of smoke suddenly came from behind the rock and out would jump the -Indian warriors. But quick as a bullet speeds the express rider would -be quicker, and ducking behind his pony turned him instantly off the -trail and thus avoided being shot then and there. Now, however, came -a ride for life, for just ahead more Indians would appear and try to -block the way. Luckily few of the Indians had guns in these days and -the frontiersman, watching his chance, could usually kill one or two -Indians before they succeeded in shooting their arrows. This would act -as a sudden check to the red men, and fast and furious the express -rider would spur his pony on toward the station and escape. - -Once in a great while, however, because of the many hostile Indians -who laid in wait all along the trails to capture the riders, the pony -express had to be stopped for a time. - -The next step in western travel was the famous overland stage which ran -from St. Joseph to Sacramento, a distance of one thousand miles. This -was a most difficult enterprise. For the stage carried at times large -sums of money and was therefore frequently held up by highwaymen or -Indians. - -The coaches were strange, heavy vehicles with very large wheels, made -unusually strong, since they traveled the roughest roads imaginable. -Passengers could ride either inside or out, but no one ever thought of -going without being fully armed, for day or night the coach was likely -to be attacked. - -One of the most famous trips was made by Buffalo Bill from Fort Kearney -to Plum Creek. It was a difficult task to manage six horses and at the -same time keep a keen eye open for Indians. Owing to Buffalo Bill’s -skill the stage usually got through, but in the hands of other less -competent drivers the tale was often a sad one, with heavy loss of -money and good men killed or wounded. - -[Illustration: THE WAY MAIL SOMETIMES CAME IN] - - - - -THE GOVERNMENT’S FIGHT AGAINST THE INDIANS - - -Although the United States Government had maintained frontier forts, -it was forced finally to undertake important aggressive campaigns -against the Indians. The white settlements encroached more and more -on the Indian territory, and the red man seeing nothing ahead but the -destruction of his cherished hunting grounds by these intruders, aimed -to destroy every white man he saw, but inch by inch the savages were -crowded back from the land that was rightfully theirs into a cramped -and limited area. - -[Illustration: SITTING BULL] - -The Indian knew no law but that of simple justice, and in his dealings -he had always wanted to be honest. On every hand, however, he now met -cruelty, dishonesty and broken faith, and he learned to think of the -white man as a terrible crushing power fit only to be done away with, -and this finally became the keynote of his existence. - -In 1862 there was an outbreak of the powerful Sioux tribes due directly -to the failure of our government to keep its pledges to the Indians, -who were depending upon the promised money due them in payment for -their land. They were aroused to a sense of this injustice by an actual -want of the necessities of life, for robbed of his hunting and fishing -ground, the Indian knew no way to get a living. Some say that he should -have tilled the soil like the white man, but it must not be forgotten -that having lived for centuries in a savage state, he was not fitted to -meet the demands of civilization. - -The great Civil War was raging and draining the country of its fighting -men. Knowing only one way to right their wrongs, the Indians seized -this unique opportunity and on the morning of August 18th, 1862, a -party of one hundred and fifty Sioux, under Chief Little Crow, began a -massacre of the white settlers on both sides of the Minnesota River. - -For three weeks the Indians had their own way, meeting with no strong -resistance, most of the men then serving in the Union Army. Finally -the government assembled a force large enough to resist the savages -successfully and put down the uprising. But this was only temporary -peace, for the Indians were very persistent. One Indian war after -another was fought until the government forces became strong enough to -maintain obedience from the red man. - -One of the most disastrous of the battles in the West was that which -took place after General Sheridan ordered the Sioux and Northern -Cheyenne tribes to give up their hunting grounds, and to go upon a -reservation. This did not please the Indians. They stood firmly for -their rights and another Sioux war resulted. - -Three columns of troops under Generals Crook, Terry and Custer were -sent out in May, 1876. But after a fierce but indecisive fight between -Crook and the Sioux, the soldiers fell back to Tongue River. - -Sitting Bull was the Indian leader at this time, and his warriors were -stationed between the head waters of the Rosebud and the Big Horn -rivers. Into this section Custer and his gallant troops marched. - -[Illustration: A U.S. TROOPER ON THE TRAIL] - -With Sitting Bull was another noted chief, Crazy Horse, and both were -very hostile to the whites. Other discontented tribes drifted to their -camps and swelled the force to a very large number. They occupied -a position of great advantage near the head of the Yellowstone, -surrounded by the “bad lands,” a tract most difficult to travel because -there was but little water for the troops and horses. Besides the -Indians were well located at about an equal distance from the Indian -agencies, from which they were annually supplied by the government with -the best of arms and ammunition according to treaty agreements. - -Sitting Bull was a heavily built Indian with an extremely large and -handsome head, and unlike most Indians, his hair was brown. He had a -forceful mind, with a genius for war, and was extremely heroic. The -order requiring him to go on the reservation was in violation of a -treaty made between his tribe and the United States authorities, and -the attempt to force it was a national disgrace, proving how unfairly -we treated the Indian. Soon after the battles with General Crook, -Sitting Bull said to General Miles, who commanded the western troops, -“I want peace, but if the troops come out I will fight them. I want to -hunt buffalo and to trade. I don’t want rations and money. I want to -live like an Indian.” - -In accordance with government orders, General Custer set out on the -twenty-third of June with the Seventh Cavalry, to follow the Indian -trail up the Rosebud River. After three days they found themselves in -the valley of the Little Big Horn River, close to the hostile tribes. -The command was divided into three detachments--one led by Custer, -one by Major Reno, and a third by Captain Benteen. In attacking the -Indian village it was planned that Reno was to take the upper section, -Custer the lower. - -[Illustration] - -Major Reno’s attack was not strongly made and he was easily driven -back, as was also Captain Benteen, so that these two detachments failed -to support Custer. So it happened that with only five companies this -brave general was compelled to encounter the entire Indian force. “Do -not let an Indian escape,” were his orders, and he threw himself upon -them, believing that with the help of the other commands he could -inflict a severe punishment upon the red foe. - -And now comes a sad story. It seemed as though the Great Spirit was -for once with his own people. Custer surprised the Indians at the -river front, but they quickly rallied and drove the troops back up the -hill. Hundreds of Indians poured into the river on ponies and on foot -and attacked the small force in front of them. They made a circuit -around the hill and slowly but surely closed in on the valiant troops. -A final stand was made at the lower end of the hill in a bloody fight -that lasted from two o’clock until sunset. Not one man of the five -companies, not even the brave general, was left alive. - -From this time on the government persistently fought the red man, -finally conquering his spirit and gaining complete possession of his -lands. - - - - -THE COWBOYS - - -It did not take long for men to learn that the great western country -was a valuable grazing land. The section of the West which includes -New Mexico, part of Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the -western part of Texas, Nebraska, Kansas and Dakota, became a great -cattle range. There were neither fences nor boundaries on this gigantic -unbroken pasture, and here there grew up and flourished a great cattle -raising industry. - -A traveller seeing this land for the first time would wonder how such -a parched and desolate country could give maintenance to cattle at -all. Lying as it does in the arid belt, it is a region of but light -rainfall; the grass is short and scanty; there are no trees except -along the beds of streams, and in many places there are alkali deserts -where nothing grows but sage-brush and cactus. In other parts the land -stretches out into level plains that seem almost endless, or into -beautiful rolling prairies. The muddy rivers, running through in broad -shallow beds, after a rain become swollen torrents, while in droughts -even the larger streams dwindle into mere sluggish trickles of water, -and the smaller ones dry up entirely, except for occasional pools. -Perhaps this land might have lain idle for years had not the hardy -plainsman been keen to observe that great herds of buffalo lived and -thrived on the short brown grass peculiar to the region. - -[Illustration: A PLAINSMAN AND CATTLE RANGER OF EARLY DAYS] - -As the cattle raising industry progressed in Texas there naturally grew -up a race of strong, fearless men called cowboys, because of their -occupation dealing with cattle. No prouder soul than the cowboy ever -lived. He was proud of his prowess as a horseman and had little use for -any one not skilled in the saddle. Loving and dependent companions, his -horse and he were inseparable. - -The cowboys of the old Wild West were wonderful riders and born -fighters, two necessary virtues these, for almost constantly many -disputes had to be settled on the ranches with rival cattle men or with -Indians. - -The lasso or rope is the one essential feature of every cowboy’s -equipment. Loosely coiled, it hangs from the horn, or is tied to one -side of the saddle, and is used for many emergencies. In helping -to pull a cow out of a bog hole, or a wagon up a steep hill it is -invaluable. Every cowboy aspires to be a good roper so that he can -handle the lasso with ease, swiftness and precision. A first-class -roper can demand his own price, for he is eagerly sought after by the -cattle men. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: A COWBOY] - -When it comes to riding a horse, the cowboy is unsurpassed and there -is nothing that is possible at all that he cannot do in the saddle. -The “broncho busters” or horse breakers, perform really marvelous -feats, riding with ease the most vicious wild horses unused to the -hand of man. Such a rider cannot be jarred out of the saddle by the -most desperate and sudden plunges of the bucking horse. Their method -of breaking a horse is very rough. They simply saddle and bridle a -beast by main force, and ride him until he is completely exhausted and -submissive. At this point the horse is considered broken and his owner -may later train him to stop or wheel instantly at a touch of the reins, -or to start at top speed at a sudden signal. - -But while the cowboy’s horse may do all these things for him, it would -be impossible for any but an expert rider, even to approach such -vicious horses. A man who is merely an ordinary rider would probably -lose his life. - -The cowboy’s life was full of continual excitement and hard work when -out on the cattle range. While he was riding alone on the Plains, a -band of Indians would often suddenly appear and, forming in a circle, -ride madly around him. There was then nothing to do but stand them off -until help came, or if forced, put up as good a fight single handed -as possible while ammunition lasted. If the cowboy was an experienced -frontiersman and did not lose his nerve, he could successfully cope -with a small band of Indians, because he could match a gun against the -Indians’ arrows. - -All these romantic and adventurous times finally gave way to the -ever advancing civilization. The extensive tracts, then natural and -free, were gradually cut up into small ranches enclosed by barbed -wire fences. The cowboy too had to bear the marks of civilization and -acknowledge the reign of law, but he still rides to-day as skillfully -and easily as ever, sitting erect and jaunty, reins held high and loose -in his hands, his whole body free yet firm in the saddle with the seat -of the perfect horseman. His broad brimmed hat still sweeps up and -back in the same careless freedom of those lawless days, and his belt -is still adorned with the deadly guardians of his safety, his spurs -jingling as he rides. His pony is the same as those of many years ago -and trots steadily forward with the easy movement characteristic only -of the western horse. - -The cowboy as he rides on, erect and strong, true to the life of -freedom he loves, waves his hat in adieu and the sun sets behind the -blue hills of what was once the Great Wild West. - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: - - - Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE -WILD WEST *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/64372-0.zip b/old/64372-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b13bb1d..0000000 --- a/old/64372-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h.zip b/old/64372-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c5221c4..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/64372-h.htm b/old/64372-h/64372-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index c0dd273..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/64372-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1587 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=us-ascii" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West, by George Alfred Williams—A Project Gutenberg eBook - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - - h1,h2 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -p { - margin-top: .51em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .49em; -} - -div.titlepage {text-align: center; page-break-before: always; page-break-after: always;} -div.titlepage p {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;} - -.ph1 {text-align: center; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; -} - - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%;} - -p.drop-cap { - text-indent: -0.2em; -} -p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: -0.5em; -} -p.drop-cap:first-letter, p.drop-cap2:first-letter -{ - float: left; - margin: 0.15em 0.1em 0em 0em; - font-size: 250%; - line-height:0.55em; - text-indent: 0em; -} -@media handheld -{ - p.drop-cap, p.drop-cap2 { - text-indent: 0em; - } - p.drop-cap:first-letter, p.drop-cap2:first-letter - { - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; - } -} - - -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} -h2.nobreak {page-break-before: avoid;} - - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; -} - -.xxlarge {font-size: 175%;} -.xlarge {font-size: 150%;} -.large {font-size: 125%;} - - - -.center {text-align: center;} - - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.figleft { - float: left; - clear: left; - margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -.figright { - float: right; - clear: right; - margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; - padding: 0; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; - padding: 1em 1em 1em 1em; - margin-bottom: 5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - - - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West, by George Alfred Williams</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: George Alfred Williams</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Illustrator: George Alfred Williams</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: January 23, 2021 [eBook #64372]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Juliet Sutherland, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE WILD WEST ***</div> - - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover2.jpg" width="75%" alt="" /></div> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus002.jpg" alt="" /></div> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - - -<div class="titlepage"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span> - -<h1>THE BOY’S BOOK<br /> -<small>OF</small><br /> -<span class="xxlarge">INDIANS</span><br /> -AND THE<br /> -<span class="xlarge">WILD WEST</span></h1> - -<p>WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED<br /> -BY<br /> -<span class="large">GEORGE ALFRED WILLIAMS</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus003.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p>NEW YORK<br /> -<small>COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY,</small><br /> -FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY<br /> -PUBLISHERS</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INDIANS OF THE FOREST</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus004a.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>BROWN MOOSE<br /> -A CELEBRATED<br /> -MOHAWK CHIEF</b></p></div> - -<p class="drop-cap">WHEN the white man discovered America, he found a great, primeval wilderness of fertile valleys, high -mountains and deep forests. Tall trees had grown for centuries and their towering tops, reaching up to -the blue sky, shut out the sunlight from the gloom of the forest solitude. In the deep recesses of this wilderness -the red man, or Indian, lived in wild freedom. Skilled in woodcraft and the art of savage -warfare, he was lord and master of this vast domain, now called the United States.</p> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus004b.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>TOMAHAWK</b></p></div> - -<p>Although divided into numerous tribes or families, each speaking a different language, -the Indians were, in traits of character and general appearance, very much alike. In war they -were courageous, but at the same time intelligently cautious. Treacherous and deceitful to -their foes, they preferred to slay an enemy by a secret rather than an open blow. Brave and -successful a warrior as the Indian was, he excelled even more when he became a hunter. To -be victor over the beast in the chase and hunt meant to the Indian plenty to eat and stout -clothing to wear, so he developed remarkable skill in using his chief weapon, the bow and arrow.</p> - - - -<p>Before the white man came to America the Indians were clad almost entirely in the skins -of animals which they themselves cured and dressed to perfection, fastening various pieces -together with the tendons and tough strips of skin very much as we sew to-day. These -garments, gayly ornamented with shells and colored stones, made very useful and picturesque -clothing.</p> - -<p>The Indian boy was taught from early childhood to believe that his highest -attainment was to be a brave warrior and a great hunter, and to look with scorn -upon any other work. So upon the Indian women fell the task of tilling the soil. -For this reason farming never became a real industry among them and they were -amply satisfied to grow maize, or Indian corn, from which they made many -kinds of dishes and bread. A very rich and fertile soil furthered their ambitions, -for with but little attention to farming they reaped abundant crops.</p> - -<p> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus005.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> -<p> </p> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus007.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>AN INDIAN VILLAGE</b></p></div> - -<p>For houses the red men had wigwams. These they constructed by fixing long poles in the ground, tying them -together at the top, and covering them with skins of animals joined together as they sewed their clothing. They made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -an opening in the top to serve as a chimney. Such crude structures could be quickly taken down and as readily put up -again, and admirably suited the needs of their owners, who loved to wander from place to place. This peculiarity -was probably due to the fact that after living in one spot for a certain length of time they would find their natural -resources for food becoming exhausted, and perhaps an enemy had hunted out the encampment for ravage. Then, too, -it was the Indian’s nature to rove in wild natural haunts and, no doubt, a place long inhabited lost its charm for him. -A few of the tribes, however, did build permanent villages, with streets and regularly spaced wigwams, around which -they extended palisades of logs for protection against attacks from their enemies.</p> - -<p>The greatest of all the Indian families, or tribes, was the Iroquois, also called the Five Nations, originally -found in what is now western and central New York State. Of the many strange legends and stories common among -the Indians, one of the most beautiful is the story of Hiawatha, which is the tale of the origin of the Iroquois.</p> - -<p>Tradition tells us that Owayneo, as Indians call their Creator, made the five nations from five handfuls of -seed. One day he assembled his children together and said: “You have sprung from five different kinds of seed and -are therefore five individual nations, but you are brothers and I am your father because I made you all.” The -Mohawks, he made bold and valiant and gave them corn for their -principal food. The Oneidas, he made patient and charitable and -bade them eat freely of nuts and the fruits of the trees. The Senecas -he made industrious and active, and for their chief food gave them -the nourishing bean. To the Cayugas he gave green nuts and -instructed them to grind them, and also every kind of fruit, for -they were destined to be strong, friendly and generous. Squashes, -grapes and tobacco were his gift to the Onondagas, for they were -to be a nation wise, just and eloquent. To all in common Owayneo -gave the beasts, birds and fishes to eat and the life-giving water to -drink. “Now,” said he, “be just to all men, and kind to strangers -that come among you.”</p> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ON THE TRAIL</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus008a.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>ON THE WAR-PATH</b></p></div> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus008b.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>WAR-CLUB AND HATCHET</b></p></div> - -<p class="drop-cap">FOLLOWING the advice of Owayneo, the Indians received the white explorers and settlers with great -kindness and hospitality. But the white men were cruel and crafty and took advantage of the friendly -red men because they wanted the Indian land and schemed by dishonest methods -to obtain possession of large tracts. Soon the Indian saw his hunting grounds -taken and his wigwam threatened with destruction. This injustice roused his -warlike and cruel nature, and relations between the white man and the red man -developed into a ceaseless warfare that penetrated into every section of the great -continent. The former peace of the wilderness was then marred by one long -succession of fierce fights and terrible massacres.</p> - -<p>Indian warfare was always one of surprises, and ambuscades and fighting in a -land of forest and thicket made such a method possible. For centuries the Indian -youth had been taught this strange mode of attack. Trained -by tests of endurance and of skill, and by knowledge gained -from a hunter’s life of suffering, danger and fatigue, the -Indian boy grew to manhood. He longed for the time when -he, too, might strike the enemy and make a name for himself. -The chiefs of the tribe instructed him in the language of the -sky and the earth, in the smallest detail of woodcraft and in -the keenest methods of finding a trail.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus009.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p> -<p> </p> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus011a.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>THE WAR DANCE</b></p></div> - -<p>The most ferocious and skilled warriors were the -Mohawks. When, in the early days of the Massachusetts -colony, they made war on the New England Indians, it is -told how these Indians, upon discovering the enemy, raised -the cry from hill to hill, “A Mohawk! A Mohawk!” and -fled without making any resistance. On the trail their keen sight and sense of hearing made them enemies much -to be feared. No forest or thicket was so dense that they could not find a way through. A broken twig or a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -disturbed leaf, a bit of clothing or strand of hair was all they needed to follow, with deadly surety, the most -difficult of trails.</p> - -<p>So well could they imitate the calls of the birds and animals that many a white hunter -was lured to his death, and when they took a captive they were most unmerciful and -tortured their prisoners in many cruel ways. Burning at a stake and running the gauntlet -were among the most popular methods. To accomplish the latter, they first made their -prisoner run between two rows of women and children who, armed with sticks, stones -and clubs, were expected to hit him. Then the captive was tied to a stake and the braves -and chiefs threw knives and tomahawks, so that they came as close as possible to the victim -without inflicting wounds. After this ordeal fagots were piled around the stake and set on -fire. So in a most cruel fashion the Indians’ bloodthirsty nature and their desire for -vengeance were satisfied.</p> - -<p>With so many traits of savage instinct awakened, it is no wonder that the white -settlers, who were now penetrating every section of the land, had a hard time of it. While -working in the fields or doing other peaceful tasks some one in the settlement had to be -constantly on the watch for an Indian attack. Riding through the wilderness to visit a -neighbor or to buy supplies at the nearest town was extremely dangerous, for no one knew -the hour or minute when the war-whoop would sound and the tomahawk fall.</p> - -<p> </p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus011b.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>AN INDIAN CLUB</b></p></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">ATTACKS ON THE SETTLEMENTS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus012.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>INDIANS TRYING TO SET<br /> FIRE TO A BLOCK-HOUSE</b></p></div> - -<p class="drop-cap">EVERY ship sailing from Europe brought new colonists, and as the settlements grew and thrived on the sea coast -civilization advanced further and further into the great wilderness. The Indians became more ferocious and -warlike, and day and night the settlers were in constant fear of attack. Men built strong palisades of logs around -their homes and at each corner of the enclosure they placed block-houses, -which were simply square buildings two stories high with loopholes, -through which the defenders could fire their guns and still be hidden.</p> - -<p>In the daytime the gates of these crude forts were thrown open, -and those who tilled the ground went out to their work while men -stationed on the outskirts of the fields guarded the settlement. But with -all these precautions there are many sad tales of Indian attacks accompanied -by bloodshed and cruel torture.</p> - -<p>For long periods the Indians would remain silent in the deep -forests and not show themselves at all. Then peace seemed to prevail in -the land, and naturally the settlement became careless and the guards grew -less vigilant. At just such times the crafty Indians made their most -successful raids. Silently and stealthily their scouts watched the men at -work in the fields and the children playing outside of the stockade. -Warriors came from all directions out of the forest depths and -gathered around their leader. Then, when all was in readiness, the -terrible war-whoop sounded and the dusky foes fairly leaped -from behind every bush, rock and tree. A wild scene of confusion -ensued. Men rushed for their arms while women and children crowded -into the block-houses. The strong doors were closed and barred and the fierce fight began.</p> - - - -<p>The Indians made every effort to get close enough to set fire to the buildings, and it was the supreme danger -against which the defenders had to contend. Many times the settlers were thus forced to run out into the midst -of their foes to defend themselves by a hand-to-hand encounter. If the Indians were successful in the attack a -terrible massacre followed, in which women and children were scalped and the men bound and tortured. After the -cruel scenes were over only a pile of charred and smoking embers remained of the once prosperous settlement. But -usually, because of their superior arms, the white men were victorious and the advance across the -continent went ever onward toward the Great West. Encountering many hardships and thrilling -adventures, these brave people made possible for us the happy, peaceful and bountiful land in which -we now live.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus013.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> </p> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus015a.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>OLD FLINT-LOCK GUN<br /> -AND KNIFE USED BY<br /> -EARLY SETTLERS</b></p></div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>Young boys grew to a hardy manhood through trial and privation and gave their lives to -conquering the vast wilderness of the Far West.</p> - -<p>One incident of border life shows the bravery and fearlessness of the backwoods boy.</p> - -<p>Two brothers, one aged eleven, the other thirteen, were stolen while at play by two Mohawk -warriors. The Indians struck a trail leading into the deep forest and at nightfall were far enough -away from the settlement with their captives to rest without danger of being overtaken. After a light -supper they lay down to sleep, each holding one of the boys in his arms. The oldest boy, too excited -to feel sleepy, only pretended to go to sleep, and managed with great care to wriggle free from his sleeping -captor’s arms. He crossed over to his brother and gently released him from the embrace of the -other sleeping Indian and carefully carried him a short distance from the savages before waking him.</p> - -<p>“Come,” he whispered, “we must go home now.”</p> - -<p>“They will follow us,” replied the younger brother.</p> - -<p>The older boy put his hand to his lips, not daring to utter a sound. He then placed the -only gun the Indians had with the muzzle close to the ear of one of the sleeping Mohawks. “Now,” -he whispered to his brother, “I’ll take the tomahawk, and when I give the signal you pull the trigger -of the gun.” When all was ready the brave boy lifted the hatchet and his brother pulled the trigger. -The Indian shot by the gun rolled over dead, but the other was not killed by the first blow. Nothing -daunted, the brave youth rained blow after blow on the skull of the stunned Mohawk until the -warrior lay quite still. The boys had lost their way, but after several days they finally succeeded in -getting out of the forest. As they entered their home they heard their mother moaning to herself, -“My poor boys, they must be killed.” With a great shout they ran to her -and threw themselves into her arms. It is inborn bravery such as this that conquered -the great wilderness and opened up the vast country that was called the Wild West.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/illus015b.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>INDIAN KNIFE</b></p></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INDIANS OF THE PLAINS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus016.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>A CROW CHIEF<br /> OFFERING A CHALLENGE</b></p></div> - -<p class="drop-cap">STEP by step the Indians were pushed out of the land that was theirs by just right. The white man made treaties -with them, but did not keep them, and on every hand the strong force of advancing civilization drove them toward -the land of the setting sun. Any attempt at resistance by the Indians was usually met by conquest and the most -relentless punishment. “There is not one white man who loves an Indian,” said -Sitting Bull, the warlike chief of the Ogollalas, “and not a true Indian but hates -a white man.”</p> - -<p>In the year 1803 the government of France sold to the United States the -vast tract of land then known as the country of Louisiana. This included the -region in which now lie the states of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, -Minnesota, Montana, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Wyoming, -two parts of Idaho, and Colorado and the territory of Oklahoma.</p> - -<p>At the time this vast tract of land was acquired by our government -almost nothing was known of it. Few white men had ever travelled the trackless -plains or scaled the frowning ranges of mountains that barred the way -across the continent, and in its great unknown land there lived many tribes of -Indians who had never looked upon the face of a white man. The government -sent explorers to find out about the strange, new possessions, and, hard upon -their trails, followed the advancing tide of civilization. And every step of the -settlers’ advance was bitterly contested by the savages, who fought with desperate -fierceness. New factors entered into this warfare with the savage tribes. -This territory, unlike the forest lands, was flat and barren and stretched thousands -of miles across the middle of the United States from the Missouri River -to California, with here and there a huge range of mountains running north -and south, guarded on either side by long lines of foot-hills. In rare instances there were stretches of forest, but -generally there was nothing but flat plains covered with a tall rough grass, and many other parts were alkali plains -so dry that they were totally unfit for human habitation.</p> - -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span></p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/illus017.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> </p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>In his battles with the red foe the white man had up to this time been used to the cover of the thicket and -the forest. Now with little natural protection he was called upon to advance against some of the most crafty and -bloodthirsty of the Indians.</p> - -<p>These Indians comprised several nations divided into tribes. They were a wild, -untamed race and, unlike the forest Indians, had horses which they managed with great -skill in battle and in the hunt.</p> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus019.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>A BLACKFOOT CHIEF</b></p></div> - -<p>A Western Indian on foot was out of his element, but the moment he laid his hand -upon his horse his face became handsome and he sped gracefully away—a different being. -No imagination can ever truly picture the beauty and wildness of the scenes in this romantic -country. In the chase and on the war-path these Indians were gorgeous pictures of -barbaric splendor and manly development.</p> - -<p>First of all the tribes ranked the Crows and Blackfeet and their dress was extremely -picturesque. They were skilled hunters and fierce warriors. These two tribes were deadly -enemies and almost continued warfare was in progress between them. Often the chiefs -of different tribes were sworn enemies, and if they chanced to meet a fierce combat ensued.</p> - -<p>Once a noted chief of the Blackfoot tribe met a famous chief of the Crows on the -banks of the Missouri River. They were on opposite sides of the stream, at a point where -the current was divided by a sand bar or small island. Uttering his shrill war-cry, the -Blackfoot waded into the river on his horse and the Crow answered the challenge, rushing -down the steep embankment into the swiftly flowing water. At almost the same instant the two horsemen emerged -at the opposite ends of the small island. Here they drew up their steeds and made the sign of peace. The Blackfoot -was the first to speak. “What has the Crow squaw to say?” he said. At this insult the Crow replied, singing -the praises of his race and taunting the Blackfoot warrior with all the hatred typical of the Indian for his enemy.</p> - -<p>“I am done,” he said at last. “What has the dog of the prairie to say?” Infuriated beyond control, the -Crow set an arrow to his bow and sent it with deadly aim toward the naked bosom of his foe. Sudden and unlooked -for as was this attack the Blackfoot’s quick eye had seen the movement. He jerked the rein of his horse and made -him rear his forward legs into the air. Then leaning over the neck of his horse he returned the shot, which was a -signal for a perfect rain of arrows, many of which found their mark. The quivers of both Indians were soon empty, -and then began a fierce combat with the lance. The Crow quickly dismounted to avoid a thrust from the angry<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -Blackfoot’s ready spear, and just in time it was, for with a yell of savage triumph the Blackfoot drove his lance right -through the body of his enemy’s pony. Then he quickly wheeled his horse and bore down upon the unmounted -Crow, who met him with a thrust that killed his horse. Down went the Blackfoot entangled in his own trappings. -His predicament was desperate. He deftly took his knife between his thumb and forefinger and threw it with -deadly accuracy at the advancing Crow. In a second it buried itself to the handle in his breast.</p> - -<p>Mortally wounded, the Crow chief halted for a moment, then summoning all his strength, he drew the knife -from his breast and threw it at the Blackfoot crying, “A scalp of the mighty Crows shall never dry in the wigwams -of the Blackfeet.” With this parting word he threw himself into the swift moving river and was lost to view. Only -the bloody water marked the place.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">BUFFALO HUNTING</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="drop-cap">THE Indians of the Plains, bold and desperate horsemen, were great hunters. Their chief game was the -American bison or buffalo, which roamed over the wide prairies in vast herds, seemingly placed there by the -Great Spirit for the special use of the red man, who lived upon their flesh and clothed himself with their skins.</p> - -<p>Mounted on small, fleet ponies, the Indians could readily kill them in great numbers. When pursuing the -herd, the Indian used to ride close in the rear while he selected just the animal he wanted. Then driving his pony -between it and the herd, he forced the buffalo off alone. In this way he avoided being crushed or trampled to death -by the madly rushing beasts.</p> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus021.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>CATCHING WILD HORSES</b></p></div> - -<p>When directly opposite the buffalo, the Indian, with -his bow ready drawn, would shoot his deadly arrow. Often -this was only a signal for a fierce encounter with the -wounded bull. For while the buffalo is a timid animal and -seldom makes an attack, he turns in fury when wounded. -With few exceptions, the Indian with the aid of his swift -pony would soon conquer the mighty beast.</p> - -<p>Another method the Indians employed in hunting -buffalo, was to ride out and in a body surround a herd. -Dividing into two columns and riding in opposite directions, -they gradually circled around the animals at about a mile -distant. At a given signal they closed in on them, and the -unsuspecting herd, scenting the enemy, fled in the greatest -confusion. Where the buffalo aimed to cross the line, the -riders went at full speed, brandishing their weapons and -yelling fiercely. By these means they turned the herd off -towards another point, where they again, met by confusion and noise, wheeled back in an opposite direction. -The horsemen had by this time closed in at all points and soon had the buffalo circling around in a confused mass.</p> - -<p>Then began the scene of slaughter, when hundreds of beasts were killed. Sometimes, a bull, infuriated by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -wounds, would break from the seething mass, and gore a hunter’s horse to death. The Indian would -then be obliged to leap to save himself, and in some cases had to jump from back to back of the wild -animals to avoid being crushed.</p> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus022.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>A BUFFALO HUNTER</b></p></div> - - - -<p>When enough animals were killed there followed a busy scene. The whole Indian -camp, men, women and children, set to work to cut up the meat. It was carried back to -camp, and what was not needed for food at once was dried in the sun for use in the winter -and when game was scarce.</p> - -<p>The most valuable possession of the Indian was, without doubt, his horse. Large -bands of wild horses roved in freedom over the Plains, but they were very difficult to catch -and called for all the wonderful ingenuity of the red man.</p> - -<p>Starting on a hunt for them, the Indian, equipped with his lasso, first mounted his -swiftest horse and rode out upon the prairies. As soon as he sighted a band he rode full -speed until he was right among them, then threw his lasso, deftly getting it over the neck of -one of the beasts. At this very instant he dismounted and, running as fast as he could, let -the lasso slip through his hands until the captive horse dropped from want of breath. Now -he quickly drew a hobble over the horse’s front feet. This done, he loosened the lasso to -give the horse a chance to breathe and made a noose around the lower jaw, which gave him more control over the -frightened animal. When it regained its breath the wild horse would rear and plunge in a frantic attempt for -freedom. The Indian, never letting go his firm hold on the lasso, advanced towards the horse’s nose, and getting -his hand over it could hold down the animal and prevent it from falling or rolling on its back. In this way he was -able to put his other hand over the horse’s eyes and breathe into its nostrils. After this, strange as it may seem, the -horse soon became perfectly docile, and the Indian had little to do but to remove the hobbles from its feet and ride -into camp.</p> - -<p>With the buffalo for a constant source of food and the wild horses for their mounts the Indians of the Plains -proved a powerful and enduring obstacle to the invasion of the white man. Their highly developed skill in scouting -and prairie warfare enabled them to dispute every inch of their land with great success.</p> - -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus023.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> </p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">INDIAN SCOUTS AND WARFARE ON THE PLAINS</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="drop-cap">THE great American prairies were the final gathering place of the Indians. What was left of the once powerful -tribe, the Mohicans, and the Delawares, of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees, all found refuge here. At -this period they dwelt in open hostility not only toward the white man, but among themselves. Wonderful and -powerful alike in the chase and on the trail, their conquest was not an -easy task.</p> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus025.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>INDIANS SIGNALING</b></p></div> - - -<p>With the American Indian war was the one end and aim of living. -Tribesmen were brothers but rival tribesmen were natural enemies. So, -from the earliest times this rivalry between tribes kept them in almost -constant warfare, and the western tribes being the most primitive, their -fighting was very savage.</p> - -<p>The possession of the eagle’s feather denoted success on the war-path -and was a prize every Indian hoped to obtain. From early childhood -the Indian boy was instructed in the arts of war and the hunt. Before -him was ever the vision of the eagle’s feather, and this symbol inspired -him to noble deeds and great bravery. In his barbarous training he -learned to keep two virtues, endurance and courage, constantly uppermost -in his mind.</p> - -<p>Tradition tells of an Indian boy who was taken captive. The boy -knew that his trial would be severe, and summoned all his bravery to -prove the nobility of his tribal blood.</p> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus026.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>AN INDIAN CREEPING<br /> THROUGH THE LONG GRASS</b></p></div> - -<p>His captors held a grand council and decided that his fate should depend upon the amount of his courage -and endurance. If he bore well the torture they gave him he might be adopted into the tribe—a great honor—otherwise -they would kill him. First they held him barefoot upon the coals of the camp-fire until large blisters came -and these they pierced with bone needles and filled with sharp stones. They then formed a gauntlet and made the -little fellow run between the long lines of shouting savages. His agony was intense, but with all the courage and -fortitude of his tribe he had strength to reach the goal. A wild shout of approval went up from the Indians. -“Good,” cried a chief. “He will be a great warrior.”</p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span>But this was only the beginning of his trials. They now bound him to the stakes and tortured him with fire -and still the brave boy stood without a complaint or a moan. Then, not yet satisfied, they held him under the water -of a cold stream until his life was almost gone, but when they released him and he gained his breath he still was able -to stand up before them. “A warrior, a warrior,” they cried and then adopted him into their tribe. This boy -grew to be a noted chief of great power, hailed far and wide for his brave deeds.</p> - - - - -<p>Trained in such a hard school, no point of advantage escaped the Indians -in war or on the trail. They made good use of the tall grass of the prairies to -shield them, and would glide behind it like serpents toward their enemies, suddenly -and unexpectedly jumping up among them with shrill, wild war-whoops.</p> - -<p>Scouts on horses found a way up and down and in and out of the most -difficult mountain passes, and watchers were ever kept on the tall cliffs that -fringed the more open and fertile valleys. White explorers and emigrants seeing -smoke rise from the watch fires at first looked for an attack in that direction. -But while they centered their interest on the thin rising cloud of smoke, scouts -in full war dress would be riding out on the opposite cliff and leisurely studying -the enemy. For hours the Indians would keep up this silent exchange of signals -and then at night under the cover of darkness make their unheralded attack. -Dusky forms would stealthily crawl on all fours up to the very edge of the -settlers’ camp, then the call of a night bird would sound out in the stillness. -This would mean little to the white sentries on guard, unaccustomed as they -were to the methods of their savage foe.</p> - -<p>Suddenly the beautiful quiet of night pervading the camp would be rent -with the wild piercing war-whoop. In an instant Indians would spring from -every conceivable spot and a scene of horrible confusion would ensue, and the sun next morning, rising in all the -splendor of the glorious western hills, would reveal the sad tale of savage massacre.</p> - -<p>The white man coming in ever increasing numbers soon saw the wisdom of acquiring the services of white -plainsmen and scouts who had been trained by hard experience and could meet the Indian on his own ground. -This plan proved a great success, for without them the conquest of the Great West would have been an almost -impossible task.</p> - -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus027.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> </p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">AN INDIAN ATTACK ON A WAGON TRAIN</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="drop-cap">THE spring of 1846 was a busy season on the western frontier. Not only were emigrants from every part of the -country preparing for the journey to California and Oregon, but a great number were making ready for Santa Fé. -These adventurous people fitted out their wagon trains at St. Louis, and from there traveled up the Missouri River -by boat to a place called Independence. This was the usual starting -place, although occasionally trains went out from Fort Leavenworth.</p> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus029.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>THE LEADER OF<br /> A WAGON TRAIN</b></p></div> - - -<p>These trains were usually made up of two or more large wagons, -several emigrants combining forces and, considering that hostile Indians -were always on the trail, this was a wise precaution. Some trains, however, -sent out by companies formed for the express purpose of carrying -goods to the Pacific Coast, consisted of as many as twenty-five wagons.</p> - -<p>These wagons each could carry as much as six thousand pounds of -freight and were drawn by several yoke of oxen in charge of one driver. -Looking like large, flat-bottomed scows, the wagons were covered with -canvas stretched over hoops bent round in shape. In this way the goods -carried were protected from dampness and rain.</p> - -<p>The trail to the Pacific Coast ran through what is now the State of -Kansas to the Big Blue River, then over the Big and the Little Sandy -River, coming into Nebraska close by the Big Sandy. Next, striking the -Little Blue, the trail followed it for some sixty miles until it came to the -Platte River near Fort Kearney. From here it wound in and out of the -rolling hills like a great serpent, and on across the prairies to Fort -Laramie, one of the most westerly frontier posts.</p> - -<p>The country lying between this fort and the Salt Lake Valley, on -the other side of the Rocky Mountains, was inhabited only by hostile Indians, and it was here that many brave men -lost their lives.</p> - -<p>Among the large number of people who pushed into the Wild West in the early days of emigration, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -resolute forester who had already penetrated the wilds of the forest-covered States was the first to venture. Toils -and hazards of former undertakings were forgotten, as these endless and unexplored regions were opened for -settlement.</p> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus030.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>A PRAIRIE SCHOONER</b></p></div> - -<p>The tints and hues of autumn were at their fullest when a train of wagons issued from the border hills to -pursue its way across the rolling surface of the great prairie. Creaking “prairie-schooners,” as the wagons were -sometimes called, heavy with stoves and household goods, and concealing the women and children, moved slowly -along the trail. Straggling sheep and cattle were herded in the rear, while in front rode or walked the sturdy -and fearless backwoodsmen. On every side stretched the broad plain which reached like a great sea to the far -distant Rocky Mountains. The leader, a tall, strong man, who rode ahead, had stopped and was looking with -shaded eyes toward the west. The setting sun cast a yellow glow over the heavens and earth and seemed to -suggest the very gold whose discovery in California was attracting -so many men to make this hazardous journey. The dress of this -leader was very picturesque. From his deer-skin belt hung his -hunting knife, with its buckhorn handle, and his hat of martens’ -fur gave to his strong face a look of great determination. The -stock of his rifle, that was loosely hung over his shoulder, was of -beautiful mahogany riveted and bound with precious metal. In -addition to the rifle, a carefully guarded powder horn and a keen, -bright wood axe were slung across his back.</p> - -<p>As evening came, a camp was sought for the night. A cool spring that burst forth from the side of a gently -sloping hill, and proved to be the source of a prairie stream, called a run, offered the desired water and fresh grass -for the cattle and horses, and was quickly chosen.</p> - -<p>It was a busy scene while the camp was made, and every member of the train had his task. The great -wagons were swung into a circle to afford the best means of protection in case of attack.</p> - -<p>When the evening meal was over, lots were drawn to see who should stand guard for the night. This decided, -women and children went to bed and the sheep and cattle were driven into the corral formed by the wagons.</p> - -<p>Night came on and the stars shone out with the special brilliancy of the western sky. It was now the first -watch of the night and the pale light of a new moon played over the endless waves of the prairie, tipping the ridges -with gleams of light and leaving the hollows purple in darkness.</p> - -<p> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus031.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span> </p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span>On a knoll some little distance from the camp crouched several dusky forms. Low guttural tones came from -the throats of the band of Indians, who in fierce war paint and with fiery eyes looked more like demons than men.</p> - -<p>Crouching low, with a snake-like motion three of the band crawled away through the tall grass. It was some -minutes before they returned and reported what they had seen in the camp. Then, at a given signal, several more -warriors rode up upon their fleet ponies and dismounted. A council was held, but when the scouts reported that -the wagon train was strongly fortified, the Indians decided to give up the attack that night, and mounting, almost as -one man, the wild riders rode like the wind across the moonlit prairie and were soon lost in the dim distance.</p> - -<p>With the first break of day the emigrant train was in motion and once more began its weary journey. All -went well until, a few hours after sunrise, the leader suddenly came to a halt. On a rise of ground some distance ahead -appeared a bright spot, which, upon closer observation, proved to be a mounted Indian. The alarm was soon given, -and the whole train at once became the scene of hurried and exciting preparation. The wagons were quickly -wheeled into a circle and the women, children and stock were cared for just as they had been the night before. -There was not a moment to lose. For at all points Indians now appeared mounted and in full war dress. They -were riding like mad, circling the group of wagons at some distance. Finally a great piercing war-cry sounded and -the wild and furious riders closed in on the settlers. Coming within range of the backwoodsmen’s rifles, the red -foes threw themselves on the off side of their horses, and so placed the animals between them and the accurate aim -of the long rifles of the train defenders.</p> - -<p>While this excitement was going on the emigrants did not see the dark forms crawling through the long grass -toward their fort. Suddenly a terrible yell of savage success rent the air and an awful scene of bloodshed and hand-to-hand -encounter followed. In the confusion the animals broke loose and stampeded, and away they went across -the plains, the Indian riders in wild pursuit to capture their booty.</p> - -<p>The enemy gone, it was a desolate scene that greeted the emigrant leader. Many of his best men were dead, -most of his cattle gone, and scarcely enough horses left for half his wagons. But he was indeed fortunate, since -none of the women and children had been killed or taken captive.</p> - -<p>In spite of such odds as these the Great West grew and settlements multiplied. This was due to the courage -and indomitable will of these first comers, who in spite of almost insurmountable difficulties did not lose heart or -ambition.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE PONY EXPRESS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus034.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>INDIANS LYING IN WAIT<br /> FOR THE “PONY EXPRESS”</b></p></div> - -<p class="drop-cap">TWO thousand miles of waste land lay between the western frontier and California and the long wagon trains -sent out by the various companies did very well for carrying freight. But as the settlements grew in number -there came a demand for a speedier method of communication by which letters and money might be sent to the -Pacific Coast and other points. The long journey of the slowly moving wagons -did not interfere very much in matters of freight, but the settlers soon realized -that business arrangements and papers needed better and quicker means of -transportation.</p> - - - -<p>The great freight transporters, therefore, conceived the idea of a scheme -for carrying letters at a much faster rate to San Francisco by means of a single -horseman riding a pony at full speed. Their idea was that a man should mount -a swift pony, capable of great endurance, and ride straight out into the open -desert, where, at the end of fifteen miles, there would be a station with several -men in it, who would have ready another fresh pony. This horseman was to -slow up at this shanty, jump to the ground with his bag of letters, immediately -jump on the fresh pony and ride fast and furiously for another fifteen miles to -the next similar station. It happened that some of these stations were in towns -and settlements, but more often they were on the bleak prairies or in the hills of -the Rocky Mountains. This pony express followed the same trail as that used -by the wagon trains, but since the wagon train stations were usually forty-five -miles apart of course many more stations had to be built. A man who rode -one of these divisions rode fifteen miles on one pony, fifteen miles on the -second, and fifteen miles on the third. Then he began his return trip of -forty-five miles.</p> - -<p>Sometimes it would be easy riding over open country, then again it might be up rocky gulches or through -forests difficult to traverse. Men of the hardest sort of physique and endurance were required, and the ponies -had to be sure-footed and swift. The wages paid for this work were liberal, so the companies owning the route -were able to procure the best men on the frontier.</p> - -<p>Over the saddle hung mail pouches that weighed about twenty pounds. This was really a very small part of -the amount of mail to be sent, but the ponies could not carry a heavier load, so to increase the number of letters -and lessen the weight, people later wrote on tissue paper. Paper money was carried because gold and silver were -too heavy and bulky. One of the enterprising eastern newspapers printed a special edition of their news on tissue -paper for transportation only on this famous pony express.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span> </p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus035.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span>It was an exciting time when the fast mail left St. Joseph, the starting place. At the moment of leaving a -frontiersman came hurriedly out of the post-office, threw the mail bags over the saddle, leaped on the pony and -started off at full speed, leaving a curious crowd to gaze wonderingly after his dusty trail. The average distance -covered in a day by this queer express was two hundred miles, a speed of about eight miles an hour.</p> - -<p>It took great endurance for these men to be in the saddle for seventy or more miles a day. But, endurance -was not the only quality the rider needed. Over the whole route there was constant danger of being held up, either -by Indians or by outlaws, who were eager to get the money that was often carried. So the rider had to be a -courageous and skilled frontiersman who had keen knowledge of Indian warfare.</p> - -<p>Often reports would come to the stations that Indians were in the vicinity. The express rider departing was -advised to keep a sharp eye on the trail. Behind a pile of rocks a bright spot might show which, to the trained -vision of the frontiersman, immediately meant possible danger. The little speck of color was perhaps the feather -of an Indian’s head dress. There was no chance or time to turn, the rider kept on at his furious pace until he -was within shot. A puff of smoke suddenly came from behind the rock and out would jump the Indian warriors. -But quick as a bullet speeds the express rider would be quicker, and ducking behind his pony turned him instantly -off the trail and thus avoided being shot then and there. Now, however, came a ride for life, for just ahead more -Indians would appear and try to block the way. Luckily few of the Indians had guns in these days and the -frontiersman, watching his chance, could usually kill one or two Indians before they succeeded in shooting their -arrows. This would act as a sudden check to the red men, and fast and furious the express rider would spur -his pony on toward the station and escape.</p> - -<p>Once in a great while, however, because of the many hostile Indians who laid in wait all along the trails to -capture the riders, the pony express had to be stopped for a time.</p> - -<p>The next step in western travel was the famous overland stage which ran from St. Joseph to Sacramento, a -distance of one thousand miles. This was a most difficult enterprise. For the stage carried at times large sums of -money and was therefore frequently held up by highwaymen or Indians.</p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span>The coaches were strange, heavy vehicles with very large wheels, made unusually strong, since they traveled -the roughest roads imaginable. Passengers could ride either inside or out, but no one ever thought of going -without being fully armed, for day or night the coach was likely to be attacked.</p> - -<p>One of the most famous trips was made by Buffalo Bill from Fort Kearney to Plum Creek. It was a -difficult task to manage six horses and at the same time keep a keen eye open for Indians. Owing to Buffalo -Bill’s skill the stage usually got through, but in the hands of other less competent drivers the tale was often a -sad one, with heavy loss of money and good men killed or wounded.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus038.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>THE WAY MAIL SOMETIMES CAME IN</b></p></div> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE GOVERNMENT’S FIGHT AGAINST THE INDIANS</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="drop-cap2">ALTHOUGH the United States Government had maintained frontier forts, it was forced finally to undertake -important aggressive campaigns against the Indians. The white settlements encroached more and more on -the Indian territory, and the red man seeing nothing ahead but the destruction of his cherished hunting grounds by -these intruders, aimed to destroy every white man he saw, but inch by inch the savages were crowded back from the -land that was rightfully theirs into a cramped and limited area.</p> - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus039.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>SITTING BULL</b></p></div> - - -<p>The Indian knew no law but that of simple justice, and in his dealings he had always -wanted to be honest. On every hand, however, he now met cruelty, dishonesty and broken -faith, and he learned to think of the white man as a terrible crushing power fit only to be -done away with, and this finally became the keynote of his existence.</p> - -<p>In 1862 there was an outbreak of the powerful Sioux tribes due directly to the failure -of our government to keep its pledges to the Indians, who were depending upon the promised -money due them in payment for their land. They were aroused to a sense of this injustice -by an actual want of the necessities of life, for robbed of his hunting and fishing ground, the -Indian knew no way to get a living. Some say that he should have tilled the soil like the -white man, but it must not be forgotten that having lived for centuries in a savage state, he -was not fitted to meet the demands of civilization.</p> - -<p>The great Civil War was raging and draining the country of its fighting men. -Knowing only one way to right their wrongs, the Indians seized this unique opportunity and -on the morning of August 18th, 1862, a party of one hundred and fifty Sioux, under Chief Little Crow, began a -massacre of the white settlers on both sides of the Minnesota River.</p> - -<p>For three weeks the Indians had their own way, meeting with no strong resistance, most of the men then serving -in the Union Army. Finally the government assembled a force large enough to resist the savages successfully and -put down the uprising. But this was only temporary peace, for the Indians were very persistent. One Indian war -after another was fought until the government forces became strong enough to maintain obedience from -the red man.</p> - -<p>One of the most disastrous of the battles in the West was that which took place after General Sheridan ordered<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span> -the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne tribes to give up their hunting grounds, and to go upon a reservation. This did -not please the Indians. They stood firmly for their rights and another Sioux war resulted.</p> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus040.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>A U.S. TROOPER ON THE TRAIL</b></p></div> - -<p>Three columns of troops under Generals Crook, Terry and Custer were sent out in May, 1876. But after a -fierce but indecisive fight between Crook and the Sioux, the soldiers fell back to Tongue River.</p> - -<p>Sitting Bull was the Indian leader at this time, and his warriors were stationed between the head waters of the -Rosebud and the Big Horn rivers. Into this section Custer and -his gallant troops marched.</p> - -<p>With Sitting Bull was another noted chief, Crazy Horse, and -both were very hostile to the whites. Other discontented tribes -drifted to their camps and swelled the force to a very large number. -They occupied a position of great advantage near the head -of the Yellowstone, surrounded by the “bad lands,” a tract most -difficult to travel because there was but little water for the troops -and horses. Besides the Indians were well located at about an -equal distance from the Indian agencies, from which they were -annually supplied by the government with the best of arms and -ammunition according to treaty agreements.</p> - -<p>Sitting Bull was a heavily built Indian with an extremely -large and handsome head, and unlike most Indians, his hair was -brown. He had a forceful mind, with a genius for war, and was -extremely heroic. The order requiring him to go on the reservation -was in violation of a treaty made between his tribe and the United -States authorities, and the attempt to force it was a national -disgrace, proving how unfairly we treated the Indian. Soon after the battles with General Crook, Sitting Bull said -to General Miles, who commanded the western troops, “I want peace, but if the troops come out I will fight them. -I want to hunt buffalo and to trade. I don’t want rations and money. I want to live like an Indian.”</p> - -<p>In accordance with government orders, General Custer set out on the twenty-third of June with the Seventh -Cavalry, to follow the Indian trail up the Rosebud River. After three days they found themselves in the valley of -the Little Big Horn River, close to the hostile tribes. The command was divided into three detachments—one led -by Custer, one by Major Reno, and a third by Captain Benteen. In attacking the Indian village it was planned that -Reno was to take the upper section, Custer the lower.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> </p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus041.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> </p> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span>Major Reno’s attack was not strongly made and he was easily driven back, as was also Captain Benteen, so -that these two detachments failed to support Custer. So it happened that with only five companies this brave general -was compelled to encounter the entire Indian force. “Do not let an Indian escape,” were his orders, and he threw -himself upon them, believing that with the help of the other commands he could inflict a severe punishment upon -the red foe.</p> - -<p>And now comes a sad story. It seemed as though the Great Spirit was for once with his own people. Custer -surprised the Indians at the river front, but they quickly rallied and drove the troops back up the hill. Hundreds of -Indians poured into the river on ponies and on foot and attacked the small force in front of them. They made a -circuit around the hill and slowly but surely closed in on the valiant troops. A final stand was made at the lower -end of the hill in a bloody fight that lasted from two o’clock until sunset. Not one man of the five companies, not -even the brave general, was left alive.</p> - -<p>From this time on the government persistently fought the red man, finally conquering his spirit and gaining -complete possession of his lands.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">THE COWBOYS</h2> -</div> - -<div class="figright"><img src="images/illus044.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>A PLAINSMAN AND<br /> CATTLE RANGER<br /> -OF EARLY DAYS</b></p></div> - -<p class="drop-cap">IT did not take long for men to learn that the great western country was a valuable grazing land. The section of the -West which includes New Mexico, part of Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the western part of Texas, -Nebraska, Kansas and Dakota, became a great cattle range. There were neither fences nor boundaries on this gigantic -unbroken pasture, and here there grew up and flourished a great cattle raising industry.</p> - -<p>A traveller seeing this land for the first time would wonder how such a parched -and desolate country could give maintenance to cattle at all. Lying as it does in the arid -belt, it is a region of but light rainfall; the grass is short and scanty; there are no trees -except along the beds of streams, and in many places there are alkali deserts where -nothing grows but sage-brush and cactus. In other parts the land stretches out into level -plains that seem almost endless, or into beautiful rolling prairies. The muddy rivers, -running through in broad shallow beds, after a rain become swollen torrents, while in -droughts even the larger streams dwindle into mere sluggish trickles of water, and the -smaller ones dry up entirely, except for occasional pools. Perhaps this land might have -lain idle for years had not the hardy plainsman been keen to observe that great herds of -buffalo lived and thrived on the short brown grass peculiar to the region.</p> - -<p>As the cattle raising industry progressed in Texas there naturally grew up a race -of strong, fearless men called cowboys, because of their occupation dealing with cattle. No -prouder soul than the cowboy ever lived. He was proud of his prowess as a horseman and -had little use for any one not skilled in the saddle. Loving and dependent companions, his horse and he were inseparable.</p> - -<p>The cowboys of the old Wild West were wonderful riders and born fighters, two necessary virtues these, for -almost constantly many disputes had to be settled on the ranches with rival cattle men or with Indians.</p> - -<p>The lasso or rope is the one essential feature of every cowboy’s equipment. Loosely coiled, it hangs from -the horn, or is tied to one side of the saddle, and is used for many emergencies. In helping to pull a cow out of a -bog hole, or a wagon up a steep hill it is invaluable. Every cowboy aspires to be a good roper so that he can handle -the lasso with ease, swiftness and precision. A first-class roper can demand his own price, for he is eagerly sought -after by the cattle men.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> </p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/illus045.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> </p> - - -<div class="figleft"><img src="images/illus047.jpg" alt="" /><p class="center"><b>A COWBOY</b></p></div> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span>When it comes to riding a horse, the cowboy is unsurpassed and there is nothing that is possible at all that -he cannot do in the saddle. The “broncho busters” or horse breakers, perform really marvelous feats, riding with -ease the most vicious wild horses unused to the hand of man. Such a rider cannot be jarred out of the saddle by the -most desperate and sudden plunges of the bucking horse. Their method of breaking a horse is very rough. They -simply saddle and bridle a beast by main force, and ride him until he is completely exhausted and submissive. At -this point the horse is considered broken and his owner may later train him to stop or wheel instantly at a touch of -the reins, or to start at top speed at a sudden signal.</p> - -<p>But while the cowboy’s horse may do all these things for him, it would be impossible -for any but an expert rider, even to approach such vicious horses. A man who is merely -an ordinary rider would probably lose his life.</p> - -<p>The cowboy’s life was full of continual excitement and hard work when out on the -cattle range. While he was riding alone on the Plains, a band of Indians would often suddenly -appear and, forming in a circle, ride madly around him. There was then nothing to do but -stand them off until help came, or if forced, put up as good a fight single handed as possible -while ammunition lasted. If the cowboy was an experienced frontiersman and did not -lose his nerve, he could successfully cope with a small band of Indians, because he could -match a gun against the Indians’ arrows.</p> - -<p>All these romantic and adventurous times finally gave way to the ever advancing -civilization. The extensive tracts, then natural and free, were gradually cut up into small -ranches enclosed by barbed wire fences. The cowboy too had to bear the marks of civilization -and acknowledge the reign of law, but he still rides to-day as skillfully and easily as -ever, sitting erect and jaunty, reins held high and loose in his hands, his whole body free -yet firm in the saddle with the seat of the perfect horseman. His broad brimmed hat -still sweeps up and back in the same careless freedom of those lawless days, and his belt is -still adorned with the deadly guardians of his safety, his spurs jingling as he rides. His -pony is the same as those of many years ago and trots steadily forward with the easy -movement characteristic only of the western horse.</p> - -<p>The cowboy as he rides on, erect and strong, true to the life of freedom he loves, waves his hat in adieu -and the sun sets behind the blue hills of what was once the Great Wild West.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="transnote"> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1">TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:</p> -</div> - - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.</p> - -<p>Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE WILD WEST ***</div> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s web site -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4806f02..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/cover2.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/cover2.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 91ddb6d..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/cover2.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus002.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus002.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 09068df..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus002.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus003.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus003.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e9193d8..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus003.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus004a.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus004a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index fe12004..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus004a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus004b.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus004b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6a8c184..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus004b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus005.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus005.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 06c6cd6..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus005.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus007.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus007.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e2e8520..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus007.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus008a.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus008a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0b24ef3..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus008a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus008b.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus008b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 265d928..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus008b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus009.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus009.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 726829c..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus009.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus011a.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus011a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1ebf322..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus011a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus011b.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus011b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cd71b75..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus011b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus012.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus012.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9643440..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus012.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus013.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus013.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1cdbafd..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus013.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus015a.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus015a.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f768e96..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus015a.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus015b.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus015b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9ef0bba..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus015b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus016.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus016.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d17f0a0..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus016.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus017.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus017.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 51a625f..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus017.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus019.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus019.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 99bd4b7..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus019.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus021.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus021.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4f61f12..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus021.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus022.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus022.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1c67e20..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus022.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus023.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus023.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 97875e3..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus023.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus025.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus025.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0b27852..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus025.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus026.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus026.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ed87279..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus026.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus027.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus027.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index e787cb2..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus027.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus029.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus029.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8205b76..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus029.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus030.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus030.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index dbb385a..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus030.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus031.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus031.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 023f577..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus031.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus034.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus034.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ebbb02d..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus034.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus035.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus035.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 42e4935..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus035.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus038.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus038.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3f39e2e..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus038.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus039.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus039.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 35d3398..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus039.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus040.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus040.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ed1ead0..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus040.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus041.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus041.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3775f27..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus041.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus044.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus044.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index de23e12..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus044.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus045.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus045.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 60be556..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus045.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64372-h/images/illus047.jpg b/old/64372-h/images/illus047.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b58c6b4..0000000 --- a/old/64372-h/images/illus047.jpg +++ /dev/null |
