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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West,
-by George Alfred Williams
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: The Boy's Book of Indians and the Wild West
-
-Author: George Alfred Williams
-
-Illustrator: George Alfred Williams
-
-Release Date: January 23, 2021 [eBook #64372]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Juliet Sutherland, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed
-             Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE
-WILD WEST ***
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-  THE BOY’S BOOK
-  OF
-  INDIANS
-  AND THE
-  WILD WEST
-
-  WRITTEN AND ILLUSTRATED
-  BY
-  GEORGE ALFRED WILLIAMS
-
-  [Illustration]
-
-  NEW YORK
-  COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY,
-  FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
-  PUBLISHERS
-
-
-
-
-INDIANS OF THE FOREST
-
-
-When the white man discovered America, he found a great, primeval
-wilderness of fertile valleys, high mountains and deep forests. Tall
-trees had grown for centuries and their towering tops, reaching up
-to the blue sky, shut out the sunlight from the gloom of the forest
-solitude. In the deep recesses of this wilderness the red man, or
-Indian, lived in wild freedom. Skilled in woodcraft and the art of
-savage warfare, he was lord and master of this vast domain, now called
-the United States.
-
-Although divided into numerous tribes or families, each speaking a
-different language, the Indians were, in traits of character and
-general appearance, very much alike. In war they were courageous, but
-at the same time intelligently cautious. Treacherous and deceitful
-to their foes, they preferred to slay an enemy by a secret rather
-than an open blow. Brave and successful a warrior as the Indian was,
-he excelled even more when he became a hunter. To be victor over the
-beast in the chase and hunt meant to the Indian plenty to eat and stout
-clothing to wear, so he developed remarkable skill in using his chief
-weapon, the bow and arrow.
-
-Before the white man came to America the Indians were clad almost
-entirely in the skins of animals which they themselves cured and
-dressed to perfection, fastening various pieces together with the
-tendons and tough strips of skin very much as we sew to-day. These
-garments, gayly ornamented with shells and colored stones, made very
-useful and picturesque clothing.
-
-[Illustration: BROWN MOOSE A CELEBRATED MOHAWK CHIEF]
-
-The Indian boy was taught from early childhood to believe that his
-highest attainment was to be a brave warrior and a great hunter, and
-to look with scorn upon any other work. So upon the Indian women fell
-the task of tilling the soil. For this reason farming never became a
-real industry among them and they were amply satisfied to grow maize,
-or Indian corn, from which they made many kinds of dishes and bread.
-A very rich and fertile soil furthered their ambitions, for with but
-little attention to farming they reaped abundant crops.
-
-[Illustration: TOMAHAWK]
-
-For houses the red men had wigwams. These they constructed by fixing
-long poles in the ground, tying them together at the top, and covering
-them with skins of animals joined together as they sewed their
-clothing. They made an opening in the top to serve as a chimney.
-Such crude structures could be quickly taken down and as readily put
-up again, and admirably suited the needs of their owners, who loved
-to wander from place to place. This peculiarity was probably due to
-the fact that after living in one spot for a certain length of time
-they would find their natural resources for food becoming exhausted,
-and perhaps an enemy had hunted out the encampment for ravage. Then,
-too, it was the Indian’s nature to rove in wild natural haunts and,
-no doubt, a place long inhabited lost its charm for him. A few of
-the tribes, however, did build permanent villages, with streets and
-regularly spaced wigwams, around which they extended palisades of logs
-for protection against attacks from their enemies.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The greatest of all the Indian families, or tribes, was the Iroquois,
-also called the Five Nations, originally found in what is now western
-and central New York State. Of the many strange legends and stories
-common among the Indians, one of the most beautiful is the story of
-Hiawatha, which is the tale of the origin of the Iroquois.
-
-Tradition tells us that Owayneo, as Indians call their Creator, made
-the five nations from five handfuls of seed. One day he assembled his
-children together and said: “You have sprung from five different kinds
-of seed and are therefore five individual nations, but you are brothers
-and I am your father because I made you all.” The Mohawks, he made bold
-and valiant and gave them corn for their principal food. The Oneidas,
-he made patient and charitable and bade them eat freely of nuts and the
-fruits of the trees. The Senecas he made industrious and active, and
-for their chief food gave them the nourishing bean. To the Cayugas he
-gave green nuts and instructed them to grind them, and also every kind
-of fruit, for they were destined to be strong, friendly and generous.
-Squashes, grapes and tobacco were his gift to the Onondagas, for they
-were to be a nation wise, just and eloquent. To all in common Owayneo
-gave the beasts, birds and fishes to eat and the life-giving water to
-drink. “Now,” said he, “be just to all men, and kind to strangers that
-come among you.”
-
-[Illustration: AN INDIAN VILLAGE]
-
-
-
-
-ON THE TRAIL
-
-
-Following the advice of Owayneo, the Indians received the white
-explorers and settlers with great kindness and hospitality. But the
-white men were cruel and crafty and took advantage of the friendly
-red men because they wanted the Indian land and schemed by dishonest
-methods to obtain possession of large tracts. Soon the Indian saw his
-hunting grounds taken and his wigwam threatened with destruction. This
-injustice roused his warlike and cruel nature, and relations between
-the white man and the red man developed into a ceaseless warfare that
-penetrated into every section of the great continent. The former peace
-of the wilderness was then marred by one long succession of fierce
-fights and terrible massacres.
-
-[Illustration: ON THE WAR-PATH]
-
-Indian warfare was always one of surprises, and ambuscades and fighting
-in a land of forest and thicket made such a method possible. For
-centuries the Indian youth had been taught this strange mode of attack.
-Trained by tests of endurance and of skill, and by knowledge gained
-from a hunter’s life of suffering, danger and fatigue, the Indian boy
-grew to manhood. He longed for the time when he, too, might strike the
-enemy and make a name for himself. The chiefs of the tribe instructed
-him in the language of the sky and the earth, in the smallest detail of
-woodcraft and in the keenest methods of finding a trail.
-
-[Illustration: WAR-CLUB AND HATCHET]
-
-The most ferocious and skilled warriors were the Mohawks. When, in
-the early days of the Massachusetts colony, they made war on the New
-England Indians, it is told how these Indians, upon discovering the
-enemy, raised the cry from hill to hill, “A Mohawk! A Mohawk!” and fled
-without making any resistance. On the trail their keen sight and sense
-of hearing made them enemies much to be feared. No forest or thicket
-was so dense that they could not find a way through. A broken twig or
-a disturbed leaf, a bit of clothing or strand of hair was all they
-needed to follow, with deadly surety, the most difficult of trails.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-[Illustration: THE WAR DANCE]
-
-So well could they imitate the calls of the birds and animals that
-many a white hunter was lured to his death, and when they took a
-captive they were most unmerciful and tortured their prisoners in many
-cruel ways. Burning at a stake and running the gauntlet were among
-the most popular methods. To accomplish the latter, they first made
-their prisoner run between two rows of women and children who, armed
-with sticks, stones and clubs, were expected to hit him. Then the
-captive was tied to a stake and the braves and chiefs threw knives and
-tomahawks, so that they came as close as possible to the victim without
-inflicting wounds. After this ordeal fagots were piled around the stake
-and set on fire. So in a most cruel fashion the Indians’ bloodthirsty
-nature and their desire for vengeance were satisfied.
-
-With so many traits of savage instinct awakened, it is no wonder that
-the white settlers, who were now penetrating every section of the
-land, had a hard time of it. While working in the fields or doing
-other peaceful tasks some one in the settlement had to be constantly
-on the watch for an Indian attack. Riding through the wilderness to
-visit a neighbor or to buy supplies at the nearest town was extremely
-dangerous, for no one knew the hour or minute when the war-whoop would
-sound and the tomahawk fall.
-
-[Illustration: AN INDIAN CLUB]
-
-
-
-
-ATTACKS ON THE SETTLEMENTS
-
-
-Every ship sailing from Europe brought new colonists, and as the
-settlements grew and thrived on the sea coast civilization advanced
-further and further into the great wilderness. The Indians became more
-ferocious and warlike, and day and night the settlers were in constant
-fear of attack. Men built strong palisades of logs around their homes
-and at each corner of the enclosure they placed block-houses, which
-were simply square buildings two stories high with loopholes, through
-which the defenders could fire their guns and still be hidden.
-
-[Illustration: INDIANS TRYING TO SET FIRE TO A BLOCK-HOUSE]
-
-In the daytime the gates of these crude forts were thrown open,
-and those who tilled the ground went out to their work while men
-stationed on the outskirts of the fields guarded the settlement. But
-with all these precautions there are many sad tales of Indian attacks
-accompanied by bloodshed and cruel torture.
-
-For long periods the Indians would remain silent in the deep forests
-and not show themselves at all. Then peace seemed to prevail in the
-land, and naturally the settlement became careless and the guards grew
-less vigilant. At just such times the crafty Indians made their most
-successful raids. Silently and stealthily their scouts watched the men
-at work in the fields and the children playing outside of the stockade.
-Warriors came from all directions out of the forest depths and gathered
-around their leader. Then, when all was in readiness, the terrible
-war-whoop sounded and the dusky foes fairly leaped from behind every
-bush, rock and tree. A wild scene of confusion ensued. Men rushed for
-their arms while women and children crowded into the block-houses. The
-strong doors were closed and barred and the fierce fight began.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The Indians made every effort to get close enough to set fire to the
-buildings, and it was the supreme danger against which the defenders
-had to contend. Many times the settlers were thus forced to run out
-into the midst of their foes to defend themselves by a hand-to-hand
-encounter. If the Indians were successful in the attack a terrible
-massacre followed, in which women and children were scalped and the men
-bound and tortured. After the cruel scenes were over only a pile of
-charred and smoking embers remained of the once prosperous settlement.
-But usually, because of their superior arms, the white men were
-victorious and the advance across the continent went ever onward toward
-the Great West. Encountering many hardships and thrilling adventures,
-these brave people made possible for us the happy, peaceful and
-bountiful land in which we now live.
-
-[Illustration: OLD FLINT-LOCK GUN AND KNIFE USED BY EARLY SETTLERS]
-
-Young boys grew to a hardy manhood through trial and privation and gave
-their lives to conquering the vast wilderness of the Far West.
-
-One incident of border life shows the bravery and fearlessness of the
-backwoods boy.
-
-Two brothers, one aged eleven, the other thirteen, were stolen while
-at play by two Mohawk warriors. The Indians struck a trail leading
-into the deep forest and at nightfall were far enough away from
-the settlement with their captives to rest without danger of being
-overtaken. After a light supper they lay down to sleep, each holding
-one of the boys in his arms. The oldest boy, too excited to feel
-sleepy, only pretended to go to sleep, and managed with great care to
-wriggle free from his sleeping captor’s arms. He crossed over to his
-brother and gently released him from the embrace of the other sleeping
-Indian and carefully carried him a short distance from the savages
-before waking him.
-
-“Come,” he whispered, “we must go home now.”
-
-“They will follow us,” replied the younger brother.
-
-The older boy put his hand to his lips, not daring to utter a sound.
-He then placed the only gun the Indians had with the muzzle close to
-the ear of one of the sleeping Mohawks. “Now,” he whispered to his
-brother, “I’ll take the tomahawk, and when I give the signal you pull
-the trigger of the gun.” When all was ready the brave boy lifted the
-hatchet and his brother pulled the trigger. The Indian shot by the
-gun rolled over dead, but the other was not killed by the first blow.
-Nothing daunted, the brave youth rained blow after blow on the skull of
-the stunned Mohawk until the warrior lay quite still. The boys had lost
-their way, but after several days they finally succeeded in getting
-out of the forest. As they entered their home they heard their mother
-moaning to herself, “My poor boys, they must be killed.” With a great
-shout they ran to her and threw themselves into her arms. It is inborn
-bravery such as this that conquered the great wilderness and opened up
-the vast country that was called the Wild West.
-
-[Illustration: INDIAN KNIFE]
-
-
-
-
-INDIANS OF THE PLAINS
-
-
-Step by step the Indians were pushed out of the land that was theirs
-by just right. The white man made treaties with them, but did not keep
-them, and on every hand the strong force of advancing civilization
-drove them toward the land of the setting sun. Any attempt at
-resistance by the Indians was usually met by conquest and the most
-relentless punishment. “There is not one white man who loves an
-Indian,” said Sitting Bull, the warlike chief of the Ogollalas, “and
-not a true Indian but hates a white man.”
-
-[Illustration: A CROW CHIEF OFFERING A CHALLENGE]
-
-In the year 1803 the government of France sold to the United States
-the vast tract of land then known as the country of Louisiana. This
-included the region in which now lie the states of Louisiana, Arkansas,
-Missouri, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota,
-North Dakota, Wyoming, two parts of Idaho, and Colorado and the
-territory of Oklahoma.
-
-At the time this vast tract of land was acquired by our government
-almost nothing was known of it. Few white men had ever travelled the
-trackless plains or scaled the frowning ranges of mountains that barred
-the way across the continent, and in its great unknown land there lived
-many tribes of Indians who had never looked upon the face of a white
-man. The government sent explorers to find out about the strange, new
-possessions, and, hard upon their trails, followed the advancing tide
-of civilization. And every step of the settlers’ advance was bitterly
-contested by the savages, who fought with desperate fierceness.
-New factors entered into this warfare with the savage tribes. This
-territory, unlike the forest lands, was flat and barren and stretched
-thousands of miles across the middle of the United States from the
-Missouri River to California, with here and there a huge range of
-mountains running north and south, guarded on either side by long lines
-of foot-hills. In rare instances there were stretches of forest, but
-generally there was nothing but flat plains covered with a tall rough
-grass, and many other parts were alkali plains so dry that they were
-totally unfit for human habitation.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-In his battles with the red foe the white man had up to this time
-been used to the cover of the thicket and the forest. Now with little
-natural protection he was called upon to advance against some of the
-most crafty and bloodthirsty of the Indians.
-
-[Illustration: A BLACKFOOT CHIEF]
-
-These Indians comprised several nations divided into tribes. They were
-a wild, untamed race and, unlike the forest Indians, had horses which
-they managed with great skill in battle and in the hunt.
-
-A Western Indian on foot was out of his element, but the moment he laid
-his hand upon his horse his face became handsome and he sped gracefully
-away--a different being. No imagination can ever truly picture the
-beauty and wildness of the scenes in this romantic country. In the
-chase and on the war-path these Indians were gorgeous pictures of
-barbaric splendor and manly development.
-
-First of all the tribes ranked the Crows and Blackfeet and their
-dress was extremely picturesque. They were skilled hunters and fierce
-warriors. These two tribes were deadly enemies and almost continued
-warfare was in progress between them. Often the chiefs of different
-tribes were sworn enemies, and if they chanced to meet a fierce combat
-ensued.
-
-Once a noted chief of the Blackfoot tribe met a famous chief of the
-Crows on the banks of the Missouri River. They were on opposite sides
-of the stream, at a point where the current was divided by a sand bar
-or small island. Uttering his shrill war-cry, the Blackfoot waded into
-the river on his horse and the Crow answered the challenge, rushing
-down the steep embankment into the swiftly flowing water. At almost the
-same instant the two horsemen emerged at the opposite ends of the small
-island. Here they drew up their steeds and made the sign of peace. The
-Blackfoot was the first to speak. “What has the Crow squaw to say?” he
-said. At this insult the Crow replied, singing the praises of his race
-and taunting the Blackfoot warrior with all the hatred typical of the
-Indian for his enemy.
-
-“I am done,” he said at last. “What has the dog of the prairie to say?”
-Infuriated beyond control, the Crow set an arrow to his bow and sent it
-with deadly aim toward the naked bosom of his foe. Sudden and unlooked
-for as was this attack the Blackfoot’s quick eye had seen the movement.
-He jerked the rein of his horse and made him rear his forward legs into
-the air. Then leaning over the neck of his horse he returned the shot,
-which was a signal for a perfect rain of arrows, many of which found
-their mark. The quivers of both Indians were soon empty, and then began
-a fierce combat with the lance. The Crow quickly dismounted to avoid
-a thrust from the angry Blackfoot’s ready spear, and just in time it
-was, for with a yell of savage triumph the Blackfoot drove his lance
-right through the body of his enemy’s pony. Then he quickly wheeled
-his horse and bore down upon the unmounted Crow, who met him with a
-thrust that killed his horse. Down went the Blackfoot entangled in his
-own trappings. His predicament was desperate. He deftly took his knife
-between his thumb and forefinger and threw it with deadly accuracy at
-the advancing Crow. In a second it buried itself to the handle in his
-breast.
-
-Mortally wounded, the Crow chief halted for a moment, then summoning
-all his strength, he drew the knife from his breast and threw it at
-the Blackfoot crying, “A scalp of the mighty Crows shall never dry in
-the wigwams of the Blackfeet.” With this parting word he threw himself
-into the swift moving river and was lost to view. Only the bloody water
-marked the place.
-
-
-
-
-BUFFALO HUNTING
-
-
-The Indians of the Plains, bold and desperate horsemen, were great
-hunters. Their chief game was the American bison or buffalo, which
-roamed over the wide prairies in vast herds, seemingly placed there by
-the Great Spirit for the special use of the red man, who lived upon
-their flesh and clothed himself with their skins.
-
-Mounted on small, fleet ponies, the Indians could readily kill them in
-great numbers. When pursuing the herd, the Indian used to ride close in
-the rear while he selected just the animal he wanted. Then driving his
-pony between it and the herd, he forced the buffalo off alone. In this
-way he avoided being crushed or trampled to death by the madly rushing
-beasts.
-
-[Illustration: CATCHING WILD HORSES]
-
-When directly opposite the buffalo, the Indian, with his bow ready
-drawn, would shoot his deadly arrow. Often this was only a signal for
-a fierce encounter with the wounded bull. For while the buffalo is a
-timid animal and seldom makes an attack, he turns in fury when wounded.
-With few exceptions, the Indian with the aid of his swift pony would
-soon conquer the mighty beast.
-
-Another method the Indians employed in hunting buffalo, was to ride out
-and in a body surround a herd. Dividing into two columns and riding
-in opposite directions, they gradually circled around the animals at
-about a mile distant. At a given signal they closed in on them, and the
-unsuspecting herd, scenting the enemy, fled in the greatest confusion.
-Where the buffalo aimed to cross the line, the riders went at full
-speed, brandishing their weapons and yelling fiercely. By these means
-they turned the herd off towards another point, where they again, met
-by confusion and noise, wheeled back in an opposite direction. The
-horsemen had by this time closed in at all points and soon had the
-buffalo circling around in a confused mass.
-
-Then began the scene of slaughter, when hundreds of beasts were killed.
-Sometimes, a bull, infuriated by wounds, would break from the seething
-mass, and gore a hunter’s horse to death. The Indian would then be
-obliged to leap to save himself, and in some cases had to jump from
-back to back of the wild animals to avoid being crushed.
-
-[Illustration: A BUFFALO HUNTER]
-
-When enough animals were killed there followed a busy scene. The whole
-Indian camp, men, women and children, set to work to cut up the meat.
-It was carried back to camp, and what was not needed for food at once
-was dried in the sun for use in the winter and when game was scarce.
-
-The most valuable possession of the Indian was, without doubt, his
-horse. Large bands of wild horses roved in freedom over the Plains,
-but they were very difficult to catch and called for all the wonderful
-ingenuity of the red man.
-
-Starting on a hunt for them, the Indian, equipped with his lasso,
-first mounted his swiftest horse and rode out upon the prairies. As
-soon as he sighted a band he rode full speed until he was right among
-them, then threw his lasso, deftly getting it over the neck of one of
-the beasts. At this very instant he dismounted and, running as fast
-as he could, let the lasso slip through his hands until the captive
-horse dropped from want of breath. Now he quickly drew a hobble over
-the horse’s front feet. This done, he loosened the lasso to give the
-horse a chance to breathe and made a noose around the lower jaw, which
-gave him more control over the frightened animal. When it regained
-its breath the wild horse would rear and plunge in a frantic attempt
-for freedom. The Indian, never letting go his firm hold on the lasso,
-advanced towards the horse’s nose, and getting his hand over it could
-hold down the animal and prevent it from falling or rolling on its
-back. In this way he was able to put his other hand over the horse’s
-eyes and breathe into its nostrils. After this, strange as it may seem,
-the horse soon became perfectly docile, and the Indian had little to do
-but to remove the hobbles from its feet and ride into camp.
-
-With the buffalo for a constant source of food and the wild horses for
-their mounts the Indians of the Plains proved a powerful and enduring
-obstacle to the invasion of the white man. Their highly developed skill
-in scouting and prairie warfare enabled them to dispute every inch of
-their land with great success.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-INDIAN SCOUTS AND WARFARE ON THE PLAINS
-
-
-The great American prairies were the final gathering place of the
-Indians. What was left of the once powerful tribe, the Mohicans, and
-the Delawares, of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Cherokees, all found refuge
-here. At this period they dwelt in open hostility not only toward the
-white man, but among themselves. Wonderful and powerful alike in the
-chase and on the trail, their conquest was not an easy task.
-
-[Illustration: INDIANS SIGNALING]
-
-With the American Indian war was the one end and aim of living.
-Tribesmen were brothers but rival tribesmen were natural enemies. So,
-from the earliest times this rivalry between tribes kept them in almost
-constant warfare, and the western tribes being the most primitive,
-their fighting was very savage.
-
-The possession of the eagle’s feather denoted success on the war-path
-and was a prize every Indian hoped to obtain. From early childhood the
-Indian boy was instructed in the arts of war and the hunt. Before him
-was ever the vision of the eagle’s feather, and this symbol inspired
-him to noble deeds and great bravery. In his barbarous training
-he learned to keep two virtues, endurance and courage, constantly
-uppermost in his mind.
-
-Tradition tells of an Indian boy who was taken captive. The boy knew
-that his trial would be severe, and summoned all his bravery to prove
-the nobility of his tribal blood.
-
-His captors held a grand council and decided that his fate should
-depend upon the amount of his courage and endurance. If he bore well
-the torture they gave him he might be adopted into the tribe--a great
-honor--otherwise they would kill him. First they held him barefoot
-upon the coals of the camp-fire until large blisters came and these
-they pierced with bone needles and filled with sharp stones. They then
-formed a gauntlet and made the little fellow run between the long lines
-of shouting savages. His agony was intense, but with all the courage
-and fortitude of his tribe he had strength to reach the goal. A wild
-shout of approval went up from the Indians. “Good,” cried a chief. “He
-will be a great warrior.”
-
-But this was only the beginning of his trials. They now bound him to
-the stakes and tortured him with fire and still the brave boy stood
-without a complaint or a moan. Then, not yet satisfied, they held him
-under the water of a cold stream until his life was almost gone, but
-when they released him and he gained his breath he still was able to
-stand up before them. “A warrior, a warrior,” they cried and then
-adopted him into their tribe. This boy grew to be a noted chief of
-great power, hailed far and wide for his brave deeds.
-
-[Illustration: AN INDIAN CREEPING THROUGH THE LONG GRASS]
-
-Trained in such a hard school, no point of advantage escaped the
-Indians in war or on the trail. They made good use of the tall grass of
-the prairies to shield them, and would glide behind it like serpents
-toward their enemies, suddenly and unexpectedly jumping up among them
-with shrill, wild war-whoops.
-
-Scouts on horses found a way up and down and in and out of the most
-difficult mountain passes, and watchers were ever kept on the tall
-cliffs that fringed the more open and fertile valleys. White explorers
-and emigrants seeing smoke rise from the watch fires at first looked
-for an attack in that direction. But while they centered their interest
-on the thin rising cloud of smoke, scouts in full war dress would be
-riding out on the opposite cliff and leisurely studying the enemy. For
-hours the Indians would keep up this silent exchange of signals and
-then at night under the cover of darkness make their unheralded attack.
-Dusky forms would stealthily crawl on all fours up to the very edge of
-the settlers’ camp, then the call of a night bird would sound out in
-the stillness. This would mean little to the white sentries on guard,
-unaccustomed as they were to the methods of their savage foe.
-
-Suddenly the beautiful quiet of night pervading the camp would be rent
-with the wild piercing war-whoop. In an instant Indians would spring
-from every conceivable spot and a scene of horrible confusion would
-ensue, and the sun next morning, rising in all the splendor of the
-glorious western hills, would reveal the sad tale of savage massacre.
-
-The white man coming in ever increasing numbers soon saw the wisdom
-of acquiring the services of white plainsmen and scouts who had been
-trained by hard experience and could meet the Indian on his own ground.
-This plan proved a great success, for without them the conquest of the
-Great West would have been an almost impossible task.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-AN INDIAN ATTACK ON A WAGON TRAIN
-
-
-The spring of 1846 was a busy season on the western frontier. Not only
-were emigrants from every part of the country preparing for the journey
-to California and Oregon, but a great number were making ready for
-Santa Fé. These adventurous people fitted out their wagon trains at
-St. Louis, and from there traveled up the Missouri River by boat to a
-place called Independence. This was the usual starting place, although
-occasionally trains went out from Fort Leavenworth.
-
-[Illustration: THE LEADER OF A WAGON TRAIN]
-
-These trains were usually made up of two or more large wagons, several
-emigrants combining forces and, considering that hostile Indians were
-always on the trail, this was a wise precaution. Some trains, however,
-sent out by companies formed for the express purpose of carrying goods
-to the Pacific Coast, consisted of as many as twenty-five wagons.
-
-These wagons each could carry as much as six thousand pounds of freight
-and were drawn by several yoke of oxen in charge of one driver. Looking
-like large, flat-bottomed scows, the wagons were covered with canvas
-stretched over hoops bent round in shape. In this way the goods carried
-were protected from dampness and rain.
-
-The trail to the Pacific Coast ran through what is now the State of
-Kansas to the Big Blue River, then over the Big and the Little Sandy
-River, coming into Nebraska close by the Big Sandy. Next, striking the
-Little Blue, the trail followed it for some sixty miles until it came
-to the Platte River near Fort Kearney. From here it wound in and out of
-the rolling hills like a great serpent, and on across the prairies to
-Fort Laramie, one of the most westerly frontier posts.
-
-The country lying between this fort and the Salt Lake Valley, on the
-other side of the Rocky Mountains, was inhabited only by hostile
-Indians, and it was here that many brave men lost their lives.
-
-Among the large number of people who pushed into the Wild West in
-the early days of emigration, the resolute forester who had already
-penetrated the wilds of the forest-covered States was the first to
-venture. Toils and hazards of former undertakings were forgotten, as
-these endless and unexplored regions were opened for settlement.
-
-The tints and hues of autumn were at their fullest when a train of
-wagons issued from the border hills to pursue its way across the
-rolling surface of the great prairie. Creaking “prairie-schooners,”
-as the wagons were sometimes called, heavy with stoves and household
-goods, and concealing the women and children, moved slowly along the
-trail. Straggling sheep and cattle were herded in the rear, while in
-front rode or walked the sturdy and fearless backwoodsmen. On every
-side stretched the broad plain which reached like a great sea to the
-far distant Rocky Mountains. The leader, a tall, strong man, who rode
-ahead, had stopped and was looking with shaded eyes toward the west.
-The setting sun cast a yellow glow over the heavens and earth and
-seemed to suggest the very gold whose discovery in California was
-attracting so many men to make this hazardous journey. The dress of
-this leader was very picturesque. From his deer-skin belt hung his
-hunting knife, with its buckhorn handle, and his hat of martens’ fur
-gave to his strong face a look of great determination. The stock of
-his rifle, that was loosely hung over his shoulder, was of beautiful
-mahogany riveted and bound with precious metal. In addition to the
-rifle, a carefully guarded powder horn and a keen, bright wood axe were
-slung across his back.
-
-[Illustration: A PRAIRIE SCHOONER]
-
-As evening came, a camp was sought for the night. A cool spring that
-burst forth from the side of a gently sloping hill, and proved to be
-the source of a prairie stream, called a run, offered the desired water
-and fresh grass for the cattle and horses, and was quickly chosen.
-
-It was a busy scene while the camp was made, and every member of the
-train had his task. The great wagons were swung into a circle to afford
-the best means of protection in case of attack.
-
-When the evening meal was over, lots were drawn to see who should stand
-guard for the night. This decided, women and children went to bed and
-the sheep and cattle were driven into the corral formed by the wagons.
-
-Night came on and the stars shone out with the special brilliancy of
-the western sky. It was now the first watch of the night and the pale
-light of a new moon played over the endless waves of the prairie,
-tipping the ridges with gleams of light and leaving the hollows purple
-in darkness.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-On a knoll some little distance from the camp crouched several dusky
-forms. Low guttural tones came from the throats of the band of Indians,
-who in fierce war paint and with fiery eyes looked more like demons
-than men.
-
-Crouching low, with a snake-like motion three of the band crawled
-away through the tall grass. It was some minutes before they returned
-and reported what they had seen in the camp. Then, at a given signal,
-several more warriors rode up upon their fleet ponies and dismounted.
-A council was held, but when the scouts reported that the wagon train
-was strongly fortified, the Indians decided to give up the attack that
-night, and mounting, almost as one man, the wild riders rode like the
-wind across the moonlit prairie and were soon lost in the dim distance.
-
-With the first break of day the emigrant train was in motion and once
-more began its weary journey. All went well until, a few hours after
-sunrise, the leader suddenly came to a halt. On a rise of ground some
-distance ahead appeared a bright spot, which, upon closer observation,
-proved to be a mounted Indian. The alarm was soon given, and the whole
-train at once became the scene of hurried and exciting preparation. The
-wagons were quickly wheeled into a circle and the women, children and
-stock were cared for just as they had been the night before. There was
-not a moment to lose. For at all points Indians now appeared mounted
-and in full war dress. They were riding like mad, circling the group of
-wagons at some distance. Finally a great piercing war-cry sounded and
-the wild and furious riders closed in on the settlers. Coming within
-range of the backwoodsmen’s rifles, the red foes threw themselves on
-the off side of their horses, and so placed the animals between them
-and the accurate aim of the long rifles of the train defenders.
-
-While this excitement was going on the emigrants did not see the dark
-forms crawling through the long grass toward their fort. Suddenly a
-terrible yell of savage success rent the air and an awful scene of
-bloodshed and hand-to-hand encounter followed. In the confusion the
-animals broke loose and stampeded, and away they went across the
-plains, the Indian riders in wild pursuit to capture their booty.
-
-The enemy gone, it was a desolate scene that greeted the emigrant
-leader. Many of his best men were dead, most of his cattle gone, and
-scarcely enough horses left for half his wagons. But he was indeed
-fortunate, since none of the women and children had been killed or
-taken captive.
-
-In spite of such odds as these the Great West grew and settlements
-multiplied. This was due to the courage and indomitable will of these
-first comers, who in spite of almost insurmountable difficulties did
-not lose heart or ambition.
-
-
-
-
-THE PONY EXPRESS
-
-
-Two thousand miles of waste land lay between the western frontier and
-California and the long wagon trains sent out by the various companies
-did very well for carrying freight. But as the settlements grew in
-number there came a demand for a speedier method of communication by
-which letters and money might be sent to the Pacific Coast and other
-points. The long journey of the slowly moving wagons did not interfere
-very much in matters of freight, but the settlers soon realized that
-business arrangements and papers needed better and quicker means of
-transportation.
-
-[Illustration: INDIANS LYING IN WAIT FOR THE “PONY EXPRESS”]
-
-The great freight transporters, therefore, conceived the idea of a
-scheme for carrying letters at a much faster rate to San Francisco by
-means of a single horseman riding a pony at full speed. Their idea was
-that a man should mount a swift pony, capable of great endurance, and
-ride straight out into the open desert, where, at the end of fifteen
-miles, there would be a station with several men in it, who would have
-ready another fresh pony. This horseman was to slow up at this shanty,
-jump to the ground with his bag of letters, immediately jump on the
-fresh pony and ride fast and furiously for another fifteen miles to the
-next similar station. It happened that some of these stations were in
-towns and settlements, but more often they were on the bleak prairies
-or in the hills of the Rocky Mountains. This pony express followed
-the same trail as that used by the wagon trains, but since the wagon
-train stations were usually forty-five miles apart of course many more
-stations had to be built. A man who rode one of these divisions rode
-fifteen miles on one pony, fifteen miles on the second, and fifteen
-miles on the third. Then he began his return trip of forty-five miles.
-
-Sometimes it would be easy riding over open country, then again it
-might be up rocky gulches or through forests difficult to traverse. Men
-of the hardest sort of physique and endurance were required, and the
-ponies had to be sure-footed and swift. The wages paid for this work
-were liberal, so the companies owning the route were able to procure
-the best men on the frontier.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Over the saddle hung mail pouches that weighed about twenty pounds.
-This was really a very small part of the amount of mail to be sent, but
-the ponies could not carry a heavier load, so to increase the number
-of letters and lessen the weight, people later wrote on tissue paper.
-Paper money was carried because gold and silver were too heavy and
-bulky. One of the enterprising eastern newspapers printed a special
-edition of their news on tissue paper for transportation only on this
-famous pony express.
-
-It was an exciting time when the fast mail left St. Joseph, the
-starting place. At the moment of leaving a frontiersman came hurriedly
-out of the post-office, threw the mail bags over the saddle, leaped on
-the pony and started off at full speed, leaving a curious crowd to gaze
-wonderingly after his dusty trail. The average distance covered in a
-day by this queer express was two hundred miles, a speed of about eight
-miles an hour.
-
-It took great endurance for these men to be in the saddle for seventy
-or more miles a day. But, endurance was not the only quality the rider
-needed. Over the whole route there was constant danger of being held
-up, either by Indians or by outlaws, who were eager to get the money
-that was often carried. So the rider had to be a courageous and skilled
-frontiersman who had keen knowledge of Indian warfare.
-
-Often reports would come to the stations that Indians were in the
-vicinity. The express rider departing was advised to keep a sharp
-eye on the trail. Behind a pile of rocks a bright spot might show
-which, to the trained vision of the frontiersman, immediately meant
-possible danger. The little speck of color was perhaps the feather
-of an Indian’s head dress. There was no chance or time to turn, the
-rider kept on at his furious pace until he was within shot. A puff
-of smoke suddenly came from behind the rock and out would jump the
-Indian warriors. But quick as a bullet speeds the express rider would
-be quicker, and ducking behind his pony turned him instantly off the
-trail and thus avoided being shot then and there. Now, however, came
-a ride for life, for just ahead more Indians would appear and try to
-block the way. Luckily few of the Indians had guns in these days and
-the frontiersman, watching his chance, could usually kill one or two
-Indians before they succeeded in shooting their arrows. This would act
-as a sudden check to the red men, and fast and furious the express
-rider would spur his pony on toward the station and escape.
-
-Once in a great while, however, because of the many hostile Indians
-who laid in wait all along the trails to capture the riders, the pony
-express had to be stopped for a time.
-
-The next step in western travel was the famous overland stage which ran
-from St. Joseph to Sacramento, a distance of one thousand miles. This
-was a most difficult enterprise. For the stage carried at times large
-sums of money and was therefore frequently held up by highwaymen or
-Indians.
-
-The coaches were strange, heavy vehicles with very large wheels, made
-unusually strong, since they traveled the roughest roads imaginable.
-Passengers could ride either inside or out, but no one ever thought of
-going without being fully armed, for day or night the coach was likely
-to be attacked.
-
-One of the most famous trips was made by Buffalo Bill from Fort Kearney
-to Plum Creek. It was a difficult task to manage six horses and at the
-same time keep a keen eye open for Indians. Owing to Buffalo Bill’s
-skill the stage usually got through, but in the hands of other less
-competent drivers the tale was often a sad one, with heavy loss of
-money and good men killed or wounded.
-
-[Illustration: THE WAY MAIL SOMETIMES CAME IN]
-
-
-
-
-THE GOVERNMENT’S FIGHT AGAINST THE INDIANS
-
-
-Although the United States Government had maintained frontier forts,
-it was forced finally to undertake important aggressive campaigns
-against the Indians. The white settlements encroached more and more
-on the Indian territory, and the red man seeing nothing ahead but the
-destruction of his cherished hunting grounds by these intruders, aimed
-to destroy every white man he saw, but inch by inch the savages were
-crowded back from the land that was rightfully theirs into a cramped
-and limited area.
-
-[Illustration: SITTING BULL]
-
-The Indian knew no law but that of simple justice, and in his dealings
-he had always wanted to be honest. On every hand, however, he now met
-cruelty, dishonesty and broken faith, and he learned to think of the
-white man as a terrible crushing power fit only to be done away with,
-and this finally became the keynote of his existence.
-
-In 1862 there was an outbreak of the powerful Sioux tribes due directly
-to the failure of our government to keep its pledges to the Indians,
-who were depending upon the promised money due them in payment for
-their land. They were aroused to a sense of this injustice by an actual
-want of the necessities of life, for robbed of his hunting and fishing
-ground, the Indian knew no way to get a living. Some say that he should
-have tilled the soil like the white man, but it must not be forgotten
-that having lived for centuries in a savage state, he was not fitted to
-meet the demands of civilization.
-
-The great Civil War was raging and draining the country of its fighting
-men. Knowing only one way to right their wrongs, the Indians seized
-this unique opportunity and on the morning of August 18th, 1862, a
-party of one hundred and fifty Sioux, under Chief Little Crow, began a
-massacre of the white settlers on both sides of the Minnesota River.
-
-For three weeks the Indians had their own way, meeting with no strong
-resistance, most of the men then serving in the Union Army. Finally
-the government assembled a force large enough to resist the savages
-successfully and put down the uprising. But this was only temporary
-peace, for the Indians were very persistent. One Indian war after
-another was fought until the government forces became strong enough to
-maintain obedience from the red man.
-
-One of the most disastrous of the battles in the West was that which
-took place after General Sheridan ordered the Sioux and Northern
-Cheyenne tribes to give up their hunting grounds, and to go upon a
-reservation. This did not please the Indians. They stood firmly for
-their rights and another Sioux war resulted.
-
-Three columns of troops under Generals Crook, Terry and Custer were
-sent out in May, 1876. But after a fierce but indecisive fight between
-Crook and the Sioux, the soldiers fell back to Tongue River.
-
-Sitting Bull was the Indian leader at this time, and his warriors were
-stationed between the head waters of the Rosebud and the Big Horn
-rivers. Into this section Custer and his gallant troops marched.
-
-[Illustration: A U.S. TROOPER ON THE TRAIL]
-
-With Sitting Bull was another noted chief, Crazy Horse, and both were
-very hostile to the whites. Other discontented tribes drifted to their
-camps and swelled the force to a very large number. They occupied
-a position of great advantage near the head of the Yellowstone,
-surrounded by the “bad lands,” a tract most difficult to travel because
-there was but little water for the troops and horses. Besides the
-Indians were well located at about an equal distance from the Indian
-agencies, from which they were annually supplied by the government with
-the best of arms and ammunition according to treaty agreements.
-
-Sitting Bull was a heavily built Indian with an extremely large and
-handsome head, and unlike most Indians, his hair was brown. He had a
-forceful mind, with a genius for war, and was extremely heroic. The
-order requiring him to go on the reservation was in violation of a
-treaty made between his tribe and the United States authorities, and
-the attempt to force it was a national disgrace, proving how unfairly
-we treated the Indian. Soon after the battles with General Crook,
-Sitting Bull said to General Miles, who commanded the western troops,
-“I want peace, but if the troops come out I will fight them. I want to
-hunt buffalo and to trade. I don’t want rations and money. I want to
-live like an Indian.”
-
-In accordance with government orders, General Custer set out on the
-twenty-third of June with the Seventh Cavalry, to follow the Indian
-trail up the Rosebud River. After three days they found themselves in
-the valley of the Little Big Horn River, close to the hostile tribes.
-The command was divided into three detachments--one led by Custer,
-one by Major Reno, and a third by Captain Benteen. In attacking the
-Indian village it was planned that Reno was to take the upper section,
-Custer the lower.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Major Reno’s attack was not strongly made and he was easily driven
-back, as was also Captain Benteen, so that these two detachments failed
-to support Custer. So it happened that with only five companies this
-brave general was compelled to encounter the entire Indian force. “Do
-not let an Indian escape,” were his orders, and he threw himself upon
-them, believing that with the help of the other commands he could
-inflict a severe punishment upon the red foe.
-
-And now comes a sad story. It seemed as though the Great Spirit was
-for once with his own people. Custer surprised the Indians at the
-river front, but they quickly rallied and drove the troops back up the
-hill. Hundreds of Indians poured into the river on ponies and on foot
-and attacked the small force in front of them. They made a circuit
-around the hill and slowly but surely closed in on the valiant troops.
-A final stand was made at the lower end of the hill in a bloody fight
-that lasted from two o’clock until sunset. Not one man of the five
-companies, not even the brave general, was left alive.
-
-From this time on the government persistently fought the red man,
-finally conquering his spirit and gaining complete possession of his
-lands.
-
-
-
-
-THE COWBOYS
-
-
-It did not take long for men to learn that the great western country
-was a valuable grazing land. The section of the West which includes
-New Mexico, part of Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the
-western part of Texas, Nebraska, Kansas and Dakota, became a great
-cattle range. There were neither fences nor boundaries on this gigantic
-unbroken pasture, and here there grew up and flourished a great cattle
-raising industry.
-
-A traveller seeing this land for the first time would wonder how such
-a parched and desolate country could give maintenance to cattle at
-all. Lying as it does in the arid belt, it is a region of but light
-rainfall; the grass is short and scanty; there are no trees except
-along the beds of streams, and in many places there are alkali deserts
-where nothing grows but sage-brush and cactus. In other parts the land
-stretches out into level plains that seem almost endless, or into
-beautiful rolling prairies. The muddy rivers, running through in broad
-shallow beds, after a rain become swollen torrents, while in droughts
-even the larger streams dwindle into mere sluggish trickles of water,
-and the smaller ones dry up entirely, except for occasional pools.
-Perhaps this land might have lain idle for years had not the hardy
-plainsman been keen to observe that great herds of buffalo lived and
-thrived on the short brown grass peculiar to the region.
-
-[Illustration: A PLAINSMAN AND CATTLE RANGER OF EARLY DAYS]
-
-As the cattle raising industry progressed in Texas there naturally grew
-up a race of strong, fearless men called cowboys, because of their
-occupation dealing with cattle. No prouder soul than the cowboy ever
-lived. He was proud of his prowess as a horseman and had little use for
-any one not skilled in the saddle. Loving and dependent companions, his
-horse and he were inseparable.
-
-The cowboys of the old Wild West were wonderful riders and born
-fighters, two necessary virtues these, for almost constantly many
-disputes had to be settled on the ranches with rival cattle men or with
-Indians.
-
-The lasso or rope is the one essential feature of every cowboy’s
-equipment. Loosely coiled, it hangs from the horn, or is tied to one
-side of the saddle, and is used for many emergencies. In helping
-to pull a cow out of a bog hole, or a wagon up a steep hill it is
-invaluable. Every cowboy aspires to be a good roper so that he can
-handle the lasso with ease, swiftness and precision. A first-class
-roper can demand his own price, for he is eagerly sought after by the
-cattle men.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-[Illustration: A COWBOY]
-
-When it comes to riding a horse, the cowboy is unsurpassed and there
-is nothing that is possible at all that he cannot do in the saddle.
-The “broncho busters” or horse breakers, perform really marvelous
-feats, riding with ease the most vicious wild horses unused to the
-hand of man. Such a rider cannot be jarred out of the saddle by the
-most desperate and sudden plunges of the bucking horse. Their method
-of breaking a horse is very rough. They simply saddle and bridle a
-beast by main force, and ride him until he is completely exhausted and
-submissive. At this point the horse is considered broken and his owner
-may later train him to stop or wheel instantly at a touch of the reins,
-or to start at top speed at a sudden signal.
-
-But while the cowboy’s horse may do all these things for him, it would
-be impossible for any but an expert rider, even to approach such
-vicious horses. A man who is merely an ordinary rider would probably
-lose his life.
-
-The cowboy’s life was full of continual excitement and hard work when
-out on the cattle range. While he was riding alone on the Plains, a
-band of Indians would often suddenly appear and, forming in a circle,
-ride madly around him. There was then nothing to do but stand them off
-until help came, or if forced, put up as good a fight single handed
-as possible while ammunition lasted. If the cowboy was an experienced
-frontiersman and did not lose his nerve, he could successfully cope
-with a small band of Indians, because he could match a gun against the
-Indians’ arrows.
-
-All these romantic and adventurous times finally gave way to the
-ever advancing civilization. The extensive tracts, then natural and
-free, were gradually cut up into small ranches enclosed by barbed
-wire fences. The cowboy too had to bear the marks of civilization and
-acknowledge the reign of law, but he still rides to-day as skillfully
-and easily as ever, sitting erect and jaunty, reins held high and loose
-in his hands, his whole body free yet firm in the saddle with the seat
-of the perfect horseman. His broad brimmed hat still sweeps up and
-back in the same careless freedom of those lawless days, and his belt
-is still adorned with the deadly guardians of his safety, his spurs
-jingling as he rides. His pony is the same as those of many years ago
-and trots steadily forward with the easy movement characteristic only
-of the western horse.
-
-The cowboy as he rides on, erect and strong, true to the life of
-freedom he loves, waves his hat in adieu and the sun sets behind the
-blue hills of what was once the Great Wild West.
-
-
-
-
-TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
-
-
-  Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
-
-  Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOY'S BOOK OF INDIANS AND THE
-WILD WEST ***
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