diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-0.txt | 2515 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-0.zip | bin | 48379 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h.zip | bin | 7638568 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/64167-h.htm | 3126 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 91134 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/mapb.jpg | bin | 424063 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/maps.jpg | bin | 44506 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p10b.jpg | bin | 351968 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p10s.jpg | bin | 44483 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p12b.jpg | bin | 323197 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p12s.jpg | bin | 46448 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p14b.jpg | bin | 310471 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p14s.jpg | bin | 52800 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p16b.jpg | bin | 326006 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p16s.jpg | bin | 47319 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p20b.jpg | bin | 403522 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p20s.jpg | bin | 40308 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p24b.jpg | bin | 423384 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p24s.jpg | bin | 40394 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p26ab.jpg | bin | 527873 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p26as.jpg | bin | 48270 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p26bb.jpg | bin | 252273 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p26bs.jpg | bin | 49281 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p28ab.jpg | bin | 269290 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p28as.jpg | bin | 51204 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p28bb.jpg | bin | 207434 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p28bs.jpg | bin | 45827 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p28cb.jpg | bin | 374047 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p28cs.jpg | bin | 53734 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p38b.jpg | bin | 601337 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p38s.jpg | bin | 51211 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p40b.jpg | bin | 380146 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p40s.jpg | bin | 47478 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p41b.jpg | bin | 329645 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p41s.jpg | bin | 56246 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p44b.jpg | bin | 337759 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p44s.jpg | bin | 46397 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p6b.jpg | bin | 307957 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p6s.jpg | bin | 47270 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p8ab.jpg | bin | 301866 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p8as.jpg | bin | 45126 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p8bb.jpg | bin | 335143 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/64167-h/images/p8bs.jpg | bin | 49340 -> 0 bytes |
46 files changed, 17 insertions, 5641 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19c8e16 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #64167 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/64167) diff --git a/old/64167-0.txt b/old/64167-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7e380ee..0000000 --- a/old/64167-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2515 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury -and Stonehenge, by Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus, Illustrated by -Clarisse Miles - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury and Stonehenge - - -Author: Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus - - - -Release Date: December 29, 2020 [eBook #64167] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** - - -Transcribed from the 1908? edition, by David Price. - - [Picture: Map of the Amesbury area] - - - - - - A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL - GUIDE TO AMESBURY AND - STONEHENGE, COMPILED - BY LADY ANTROBUS - - - * * * * * - - DEDICATED TO MY MOTHER - GEORGINA ALICIA SARTORIS - - * * * * * - - _TENTH THOUSAND_ - - * * * * * - - ESTATE OFFICE: AMESBURY, WILTS - - - - -PREFACE. - - -IN compiling this little Guide Book, I have somewhat departed from the -ordinary lines, but I venture to hope that the traveller to Amesbury and -Stonehenge will not like it the worse on that account. I am much -indebted to the kindness of Mrs. GORDON and of Messrs. MURRAY, BARCLAY, -STORY MASKELYNE, and HEWITT, for allowing me to quote from their works, -also to the Editor of the _Ladies’ Realm_, for permission to use an -article by me which appeared in the February number of that magazine, -and, above all, to Miss CLARISSE MILES, for the charming photographs -which illustrate my book. - - FLORENCE CAROLINE MATHILDE ANTROBUS. - -_Amesbury Abbey_, - _Salisbury_, 1900. - - - - -GUIDE TO AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE. - - -Leaving Salisbury by what is called the “Upper Road” to Amesbury, one -travels across a tract of bleak and rather uninteresting downs. About -two miles from Salisbury (on the left) Old Sarum stands up conspicuously, -and is the only object of interest till one arrives at Amesbury, eight -miles distant from Salisbury. Amesbury calls itself a town, and boasts -of several shops and the telegraph. A railway station is in process of -construction. In Aubrey’s times Amesbury was celebrated for its tobacco -pipes, marked with a gauntlet, the name of the maker. Of these, several -specimens are to be found in the museum at Salisbury. - -Returning to Salisbury from Amesbury, and taking “the Bourne” route, -there is a beautiful drive winding along the banks of the Avon. I give a -short account of the most interesting places the traveller meets with on -his homeward journey. - - - - -OLD SARUM. - - -LIES two miles from Salisbury, and stands up, making a bold outline in -the surrounding open country. It is a hill, bare now, save for some -trees, encircled with entrenchments, with a central mound peering above -them. But centuries ago this spot was crowded with buildings—religious, -military, and domestic, and was one of the most important in our island. -Some say that the ancient British name was _Caer Sarflag_, the “City of -the Service Tree.” Its Roman name was _Sorbiodunun_, the Saxon -_Sarobyrig_. The face of the hill is smooth and very steep. The summit -is fenced by a mighty earthen rampart and ditch, protected by a lower -raised bank outside of it, the height from the top of the one to the -bottom of the other being 106 feet. The surface of the hill is an -elongated circular area of 27½ acres. In the centre of the area is a -second circular earthwork and ditch 100 feet high, and within these stood -the citadel. On the top of the earthwork surrounding the citadel was a -very strong wall 12 feet thick, of flint embedded in rubble, and coated -with square stones, of which some portion remain. To the great outer -earthwork there were two entrances—one (guarded by a hornwork still -remaining) on the western, another (the postern) on the eastern side. -The site of the citadel is now overgrown with briers and brushwood; the -rest of the area is partly in a state of nature, partly cultivated. -“Celt and Roman alike had seen the military value of the height from -which the eye sweeps nowadays over the grassy meadows of the Avon to the -arrowy spire of Salisbury; and, admirable as the position was in itself, -it had been strengthened at a vast cost of labour. The camp on the -summit of the knoll was girt in by a trench hewn so deeply in the chalk -that, from the inner side of it, the white face of the rampart rose 100 -feet high, while strong outworks protected the approaches to the fortress -from the west and from the east.” - -Though there may have been a British stronghold here, still, it is the -opinion of good antiquaries that there is now no British work to be seen; -that the Romans took possession of the hill and defended it by a simple -escarpment, without any ditch, but with outworks at the entrances; and -that the ditch now on the face of the scarp, as well as the central -citadel and its defences, were added by the Saxons, and perhaps by -Alfred, who, in his war with the Danes, certainly paid great attention to -strengthening the position. There are Roman roads to Silchester, -Winchester, Dorchester, Uphill, on the Bristol Channel, and others, it is -believed, to Bath and Marlborough. Cynric the Saxon won a victory over -the Britons in 552. In 960, Edgar held his Council here. In 1003, -Seweyn and the Danes are said to have stormed it. In the time of the -Confessor a monastery of nuns was established. It was not till 1072 that -it became the seat of a bishop. The kingdom of Wessex originally formed -one diocese, and the see being fixed 683, St. Hædde being bishop, the see -was removed to Winchester. In 705, the diocese was divided, a new see -for the district of E. Selwood being fixed at Sherborne, whose first -bishop was St. Ealdhelm. A further subdivision took place in 909, a new -see for Berks and Wilts being created at Ramsbury, which was reunited to -Sherborne by Bishop Herman 1045, who in 1072 transferred the see to Old -Sarum. In 1070 William the Conqueror, as the closing act of his -conquest, reviewed his victorious army on the plain below Old Sarum, -where now the modern city stands, rewarding its leaders with lands and -gifts. The Castellanship of Sarum he gave to his kinsman, Osmund, who -afterwards, taking Holy Orders, succeeded Herman in the see. In 1086 the -King assembled here, the year before his death, all the chief landowners -of the realm to swear that “whose men soever they were they would be -faithful to him against all other men,” by which “England was made ever -afterwards an undivided kingdom.” - -Bishop Osmund finished his new cathedral in 1092, “and established the -new ritual ‘ad usum Sarum.’” The foundations of the cathedral were -visible in the very dry summer of 1834. It was in the form of a cross -270 feet long by 70 feet wide, the transept of the same width and 150 -feet long. Its plan is remarkable for having a square instead of an -apsidal East end, and a Galilee or Atrium at the West end. Within a few -days of its consecration a thunderstorm seriously injured the roofs and -walls. Robert of Gloucester, alluding to the fifth year of the reign of -William II., sings:— - - “So gret lytnynge was the vyfte yer so that al to noghte - The rof of the Chyrch of Salesbury it bronte - Rygh even the vyfte day that he y hawled was.” - -Henry the First’s celebrated chancellor, Bishop Roger, improved both the -church and its fortifications. In the reign of Stephen the place began -to decline. The soldiers and priests, cooped up into so small a space, -could not agree. The situation was cold and windy, and water was scarce. -Bishop Richard Poore is said to have been directed in a vision to build -upon the maer (or boundary) field, called in some accounts Miry-Field or -the Merrifield, where a new church (the present cathedral) was begun. -The citizens migrated, the great travelling road was diverted to the new -site, and the days of Old Sarum were numbered. A charter granted to the -new town sealed its fate. Very little, however, is known about the real -history of the transference of the people from one place to the other. -There are some reasons for believing that a new town had been growing up -by degrees long before the cathedral was built at New Sarum. Being only -1600 feet in diameter, Old Sarum must have afforded small space for a -cathedral, bishop’s palace, a garrison, streets and houses. The -cathedral was taken down in 1331 (Edward III.), and its materials used in -building the new spire, Close Walls, &c. Leland (temp. Henry VIII.) -reports some portions of the building as visible in his time, but says: -“There is not one house neither within or without Old Saresbyri -inhabited. Much notable ruinus building of the castell yet ther -remaynith. The ditch that envirined the old town was a very deepe and -strong thynge.” The walls remained till 1608, and served as a quarry. -Fisherton old county jail (inter alia) was built out of them. The great -hollow enclosure of Old Sarum, girt by its frowning earthwork (not unlike -the crater of a volcano), is certainly a solemn and desolate place. -Pepys, passing by, and not knowing what it was, desired to examine it. -“I saw a great fortification,” he says, “and there light and to it and in -it, and find it so prodigious so as to frighten one to be in it all alone -at that time of night.” A subterranean passage was discovered in 1795. -The foundations of towers may be traced, and many Roman coins have been -met with. Old Salisbury has given a title to the families of d’Eureux or -Devereux, Longespee, Montacute, Nevill Plantagenet, and the Cecil family, -who still enjoy it. The ground ceased to be Crown property in 1447, when -it was granted by James I. to the Lords Stourton; on forfeiture by them, -it was granted by James I. to the Cecils. They sold it to Governor Pitt, -and the Earl of Chatham sold it to the Earl of Caledon. It was -subsequently purchased by the Ecclesiastical Commission. Its dignity as -the resort of kings and seat of councils ceased with the growth of the -younger city; but it long retained one relic of its former greatness, the -right of returning two members to Parliament, which was duly exercised -until the passing of the Reform Bill, although for many a year only two -or three cottages had existed. The elections were held at the foot of -the hill on Election Acre, where a tent was pitched beneath the branches -of an elm-tree, which is still pointed out as occupying the site of the -last remaining house. - - [Picture: Saint Mary’s, Amesbury. (Photo Miss Weed Ward.)] - - - - -STRATFORD-SUB-CASTLE. - - -LIES close under the hill of Old Sarum, and derives its name from the -Roman “street” or road which here “forded” the river on its course to -Bradbury Rings and Dorchester. The manor house was the residence of -William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who was first returned to Parliament -(1735) as member for those vacant mounds on the hill above. Governor -Pitt purchased the manor in 1690 for 1500_l._, and Lord Grenville, who -had married the sister of Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford, afterwards sold it -for 65,000_l._ to Lord Caledon. In 1801 John Horne Tooke was returned by -Lord Camelford, and in his case the question of the disability of -clergymen to sit as Members of Parliament was tried and settled. The -doorhead of the quaint gabled parsonage bears the inscription, “Parva sed -lapsa domino 1675.” A charming lime avenue leads from the parsonage to -the church, which contains an hour glass stand for the pulpit. - - - - -THE CHURCH, AMESBURY. - - - DEDICATED TO THE MEMORIES OF ST. MARY AND ST. MELORUS. - -ONE of the finest in Wiltshire. A fourteenth century nave roof covers a -Norman nave, and a thirteenth century chapel possesses a beautiful -window, with two lights, and slender delicate column and sculptured leafy -cap. Archæologists dispute as to whether this is the abbey church (a -Benedictine order founded by Queen Elfrida to expiate the murder of her -step-son at Corfe) or merely the parish church. I consider that there -can be _no_ doubt that it is the abbey church, and in my next edition I -hope this fact will be proved from excavations to be made under the -superintendence of Mr. Detmar Blow, the architect for the structural -repairs that are, unfortunately, necessary, the four angles of the church -tower and the voussoirs of the arch having become separated, &c. Only -1400_l._ is needed, and subscriptions will be gratefully acknowledged by -the Manager of the Wilts and Dorset Bank, Amesbury, Wilts; or Lady -Antrobus, Amesbury Abbey. An unfortunate “restoration” was made in 1853, -which swept away the furnishings of the Early Romantic period. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - - [Picture: Amesbury Abbey, seat of the Duke of Queensbury. (From an Old - Engraving.)] - - - - -AMESBURY ABBEY. - - - SALISBURY. - -SINCE writing the above little note on Amesbury church, the necessary -repairs to the tower have been most sympathetically carried out by Mr. -Detmar Blow. No changes are to be noticed from the exterior—the test of -a good architect’s work applied to old buildings. The underpinning -disclosed the remains of a Saxon pillar embedded in the masonry of the -nave wall—may not this fact go to prove that the present building stands -on the site of Elfrida’s church? At the completion of Mr. Blow’s work, -which includes the underpinning of the tower, repairs to the nave, and -the rehanging of the bells, further repairs were found to be necessary. -The Rev. F. Windley (the new vicar) held a meeting, dismissing Mr. Blow -and appointing Mr. Warre as architect in his place, with most unfortunate -results. The roof of the exquisite little chapel has been removed and -altered to a higher pitch, inferior flint work used, and crude yellow -stones instead of the beautiful silvery-grey old coping. This act of -vandalism was done against the wishes of the Society for the Protection -of Ancient Buildings, and my own. No “restorations” (so called) should -ever be allowed for these buildings, only “repairs.” The pitch of the -old roof should not have been altered, even if originally higher, as, so -to speak, the whole thing had grown together; also nothing but old stones -for coping should have been used, and grey flints instead of black ones. -It is extraordinary to see the damage done to the rare and beautiful -buildings in this neighbourhood. Yellow stones, hideous in colour, put -in with still more hideous plaster, is the local idea of suitable -“restoration.” The vandal architect Butterfield buried (in 1853) under -the chancel the memorial tablets, at the same time breaking up the lovely -old font and burying its remains. This latter has been beautifully -mended by Mr. Kite, builder. The memorial tablets, some very beautiful, -have not yet been rehung, as they should be, in the body of the church. - - [Picture: Amesbury Abbey, 1900] - -I was requested to give a cross for the altar. I had a copy made of the -celebrated Celtic “Cross of Cong.” I also presented an altar-cloth of -old crimson Italian damask (from Florence). A dove, embroidered in -different tones of gold and silver thread, decorates the frontal. Mr. -Windley thought fit to cut and alter this altar-cloth, adding an -unsuitable top and fringe, and spoiling the effect of the chancel by -covering the pink alabaster with cheap, ugly, woven materials. The -effect of the delicate lines of the Celtic cross and the crimson damask -are by this treatment utterly ruined. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - -_February_ 9_th_, 1908. - - - - -AMESBURY ABBEY: ITS HISTORY, ANCIENT AND MODERN. - - -THE river Avon, on its course to the sea, passes through a beautiful, -thickly wooded valley in Wiltshire, in which lies Amesbury, or, to follow -the old spelling, Ambresbury, signifying the land of Ambrosius. This -fascinating place, and the wild country surrounding it, possess a charm -and beauty all their own, and those born and bred there ever pine for the -breezy downs, as the Swiss for their mountains or north-country people -for the moorland; and no one who has walked or ridden on some glorious -summer morning over the fine, close grass clothing these Wiltshire downs -can ever forget its delicious “springy” quality underfoot. A talented -modern artist once happily christened Amesbury “The Golden Valley;” he -saw it in the spring, at which season of the year the whole country-side -seems ablaze with brilliant yellow flowers. - - [Picture: The Palladian Bridge] - -Amesbury lies eight miles north of Salisbury, and we may consider that it -occupies a space in the midst of that vast tract of undulating country -that (somewhat erroneously to my mind) is given the name of “Salisbury -Plain.” I now propose to trace, as briefly as I can, some of the history -of this interesting and beautiful place. Its antiquity is so great as to -take us back to pre-historic times. In its near neighbourhood many -desperate battles were fought between Briton, Saxon, and Roman with -varying success. Lewis, in his ancient _History of Britain_, says: “In -the reign of Vortigern, 461 A.D., a Conference was appointed to take -place near the Abbey of Ambri, with Hengist the Saxon, and it was agreed -that both parties should come without armour. But Hengist, under colour -of peace, devised the subversion of all the nobility of Britain, and -chose out to come to this assembly his faithfullest and hardiest men, -commanding every one of them to hide under their garment a long knife, -with which, when he should give the watchword, every one should kill the -Briton next him. Both sides met upon the day appointed, and, treating -earnestly upon the matter, Hengist suddenly gave the watchword and caught -Vortigern by the collar, upon which the Saxons, with their long knives, -violently murdered the innocent and unarmed Britons. Thus were 460 earls -and noblemen of the Britons treacherously murdered. They were buried in -the convent at Amesbury. This massacre took place near Stonehenge, where -repeated battles were fought between Ambrosius and Hengist.” {10} - -There is a fanciful legend, told by an old writer called Geoffrey of -Monmouth, about Stonehenge. He says that Ambrosius, wishing to -commemorate those who had fallen in battle, thought fit to send for -Merlin the Wizard, to consult him on the proper monument to be erected to -the memory of the slain. On being interrogated Merlin replied, “Send for -the ‘Giants’ Dance,’ which is in Killarus (Kildare), a mountain in -Ireland; they are stones of a vast magnitude, and if they can be placed -here quite round this spot of ground they will stand _for ever_.” At -these words Aurelius laughed and said, “How was it possible to remove -such stones from so distant a country, and had not Britain as good -stones?” Merlin replied “that they were mystical stones and had a -medicinal virtue,” whereupon the Britons resolved to send for them and to -risk a battle. Upon landing in Ireland, the removal of the stones was -violently opposed by Gillomanius, a youth of wonderful valour. At the -head of a vast army, he exclaimed, “While I have life they shall not take -from us the least stone of the Giants’ Dance.” A battle ensued, which -was won by the Britons. They then proceeded to Killarus, where the sight -of the stones filled them with joy and admiration, and, while they were -all standing round, Merlin asked them to try and remove the stones. -Their efforts proving futile, he laughingly proceeded with his own -contrivances, and took down the stones with incredible facility. This -done, they set sail to Britain, and repaired to the burial-place with the -stones, Aurelius ordering Merlin to get them up in the same manner as -they had been in the mountain of Killarus, which he accordingly did. - -Queen Elfrida, who performed many penances and built monasteries in -atonement for the crime of the murder of her step-son, Edward the Martyr, -founded a Benedictine nunnery at Amesbury in 980. This nunnery -flourished for many years, until the ill-conduct of the nuns caused King -Henry II. to expel them (1177), and place them under stricter discipline -in other religious houses. He then gave the monastery of Ambresbury to -the Abbey of Fontevrault, in Normandy. This order was founded by Robert -d’Arbrissel about the end of the eleventh century. It is looked upon as -a singularity in the church, some finding it strange to see an abbess -exercising equal authority over men as well as women. Before his death -d’Arbrissel appointed Petronilla de Craou Chemille as head and chief of -his order, of which he drew up statutes, putting them under the order of -St. Benedict. Under the new rule, this monastery increased in splendour -and royal favour, King John conferring upon it important privileges. -Eleanor, only daughter of Geoffrey, Earl of Bretagne, was buried, -according to her own request, at Ambresbury in 1241. Mary, sixth -daughter of Edward I., together with thirteen young ladies of royal -birth, took the veil in 1283; and two years afterwards, anno 1287, -Eleanor, queen of Henry III., entered the order, and died and was buried -at Ambresbury in 1292. The monastery continued to prosper, and became -one of the richest in England. The following names of the prioresses -have been preserved:—Isabella of Lancaster, fourth daughter of Henry, -Earl of Lancaster; Joan de Gennes; Sibilla de Montacute; Katherine of -Arragon lodged within the convent walls on her first arrival in England -in 1501. - - [Picture: Chinese Summer House] - -At the time of the Reformation, the last prioress (but one), Florence -Bormewe, refused to surrender her monastery to the King’s emissaries. -They wrote: “Albeit we have used as many ways with her as our poor wits -could attain, yet in the end we could not by any persuasion bring her to -any conformity, but at all times she resteth and so remaineth in these -terms.” She answered, “If the King’s Highness command me to go from this -house I will gladly go, though I beg my bread, and as for pension I care -for none.” The death of this brave prioress saved her from further -humiliation. - -Joan Darell was abbess at the time of the Dissolution; she surrendered to -King Henry VIII. Dec. 4th, 1540. - -The old Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth gives Amesbury as the place of -Queen Guinevere’s penitential retirement. The modern poet, Tennyson, -takes the same view: - - “Queen Guinevere had fled the Court and sat - There in the holy house at Almesbury.” - -Antiquarians disagree as to whether the fine church now standing—with its -lancet windows, pointed arches, and massive turret—is the old abbey -church, or only that of the parish. In an obscure corner at the back of -the church is found a window of quite another description—very beautiful, -and more approaching to the “rose” style of architecture. Of the old -stained glass only a few broken fragments remain. On one piece is a -picture of a fair-haired, long-necked woman suppose to represent Queen -Guinevere. - -The churchyard (lying to the south of the old church), with its grey -tombstones and dark green yew-trees, has a solemn, calm and peaceful air. -Over a grave is found the following epitaph:— - - “Altho’ his body here doth lye - Till the last trump doth it raise, - His soul is now in heaven high - And sings Jehovah’s praise.” - -I now finish my description of Amesbury’s monastic period and turn to the -modern years. According to a good authority, Henry VIII. bestowed -Amesbury upon Edward, Earl of Hertford, afterwards Duke of Somerset and -Lord Protector in the succeeding reign. After his trial, death sentence, -and execution, the lands were confiscated by the Crown till the reign of -Queen Elizabeth, who probably restored them to the Protector’s son, -Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford. This gentleman was thrice married, his -last wife being a widow of fascinating beauty and charm. She had -previously been engaged to Sir George Rodney, who loved her madly, but, -being ambitious, she left him for Lord Hertford. The day before the -marriage, Sir George Rodney travelled to the inn at Amesbury and waited -for the home-coming of the bride and bridegroom. All the night he -occupied himself by composing a dying love song written with his own -blood. Upon the arrival in the village of his false love, he went to -greet her, and fell upon his sword and expired at her feet. I give the -following extract from the poem, which is somewhat long and tedious:— - - “Sir George Rodney before he killed himself— - What shall I do that am undone, - Where shall I fly myself to shunne? - Ah mee! myselfe must kill, - And yet I die against my will. - In starry letters I behold - My death in the Heavens enrolled. - There finde it wrytt in skyes above - That I (poore I) must die for love. - ’Twas not my love deserved to die, - O no! it was unworthy I. - I for her love should not have dyde, - But that I had no worth beside. - Ah mee! that love such woe procures, - For without her no love endures. - I for her vertues her doe serve, - Doth such a love a death deserve?” - -Lady Hertford presented a bell to the parish of Amesbury. An inscription -on it runs thus:— - - “Be stronge in faythe, prayes God well. - Frances, Countess Hertford’s bell.” - - [Picture: Kent House] - -After the Seymour period, the Amesbury estates passed through different -hands, belonging in 1720 to Henry, Lord Carleton; he having purchased -them from Charles, Lord Bruce, son of the Earl of Ailesbury. Lord -Carleton left them by will to his nephew, Charles, Duke of Queensberry, -in 1724, who married the charming Lady Catherine Hyde in 1720. This -couple spent much time at Amesbury, altering and improving it in various -ways, and entertaining their friends. - -The poet Gay was a devoted friend and admirer of the Duchess, who, -indeed, seems to have been an attractive woman of immense spirit and wit. -She offended George II. and his Queen by her defence of Gay’s play, the -_Beggars’ Opera_, and was forbidden the Court for some time; but she, -standing firmly by her friend, refused to retract or alter her -sentiments, and finally forced the Court to receive and forgive her. -Here is a copy of her message to the King:— - - “_Feb._ 27_th_, 1729. - - “That the Duchess of Queensberry is surprised and well pleased the - King has given her so agreeable a command as to stay from Court, - where she never came for diversion, but to bestow a civility upon the - King and Queen. She hopes, by such an unprecedented order as this, - that the King will see as few as he wishes at his Court, particularly - such as dare to think or speak truth. I dare not do otherwise, and - ought not nor could not have imagin’d that it would not have been the - very highest compliment that I could possibly pay the King, to - endeavour to support truth and innocence in this house. - - (Signed) “C. QUEENSBERRY.” - -The following is an extract from a letter from Gay to Swift:—“To the lady -I live with I owe my life and fortune; think of her with respect, value -and esteem her as I do. She hath so much goodness, virtue, and -generosity, that if you knew her you would have a pleasure in obeying her -as I do.” In another letter from Gay to Swift, the former presses his -coming to join the party at Amesbury, saying (speaking of the -Duchess):—“I think her so often in the right, you will have great -difficulties to persuade me she is in the wrong. The lady of the house -is not given to show civility to those she does not like. She speaks her -mind and loves truth, for the uncommonness of the thing. I fancy your -curiosity will prevail over your fear, and you will like to see such a -woman. But I say no more till I know whether her Grace will fill up the -rest of the paper.” P.S. by the Duchess: “Write I must, particularly -now, as I have an opportunity to indulge my predominant passion of -Contradiction. I do, in the first place, contradict most things Mr. Gay -says of me to deter you from coming here, which, if ever you do, I hereby -assure you that, unless I like my own way better, you shall have yours; -and in all disputes you shall convince me if you can. But, by what I see -of you, this is not a misfortune that will always happen, for I find you -a great mistaker. For example, you take prudence for imperiousness. -’Tis from this I first determined not to like one who is too giddy-headed -for me to be certain whether or no I shall ever be acquainted with him. -I have known people take great delight in building castles in the air; -but I should choose to build friendship on a more solid foundation. I -would fain know you, for I often hear more likeable things than ’tis -possible any one can deserve. Pray come that I may find out something -wrong, for I, and I believe most women, have an inconceivable pleasure to -find out any faults except their own.” P.S.—“Mr. Gay is very peevish -that I spell and write ill, but I don’t care, for neither the pen nor I -can do better!” - - [Picture: The Diamond] - -This Duchess also attracted the attention of Prior, who wrote the -well-known ballad:— - - - -THE FEMALE PHAETON. - - - I. - - Thus Kitty beautiful and young, - And wild as colt untam’d, - Bespoke the Fair from whence she sprung - With little rage inflam’d. - - II. - - Inflam’d with rage at sad restraint, - Which wise mamma ordained, - And sorely vex’d to play the saint - Whilst wit and beauty reigned. - - III. - - “Shall _I_ thumb holy books confin’d - With Abigails forsaken? - Kitty’s for other things design’d, - Or I am much mistaken. - - IV. - - “Must Lady Jenny frisk about - And visit with her cousins? - At ball must _she_ make all the rout - And bring home hearts by dozens? - - V. - - “What has _she_ better pray than I, - What hidden charms to boast, - That all mankind for her should die - While I am scarce a toast? - - VI. - - “Dearest mamma, for once let me - Unchain’d my fortune try: - I’ll have an Earl as well as she - Or know the reason why. - - VII. - - “I’ll soon with Jenny’s pride quit score, - Make all her lovers fall; - They’ll grieve I was not loos’d before, - _She_ I was loos’d at all.” - - VIII. - - Fondness prevailed, mamma gave way, - Kitty, at heart’s desire, - Obtained the chariot for a day - And set the world on fire. - -This lady’s luck and happiness appear to vanish in later life, both her -sons meeting tragic deaths; the eldest, Viscount Drumlanrig, shooting -himself, the second, Lord Charles Douglas, dying of consumption at -Amesbury, having just escaped the perils of the great earthquake at -Lisbon. - -The Duchess died July 19th, 1777, aged 77, and the Duke the following -year. - -The title of Duke of Queensberry descended to the Duke’s cousin, William, -Earl of March and Raglin. In 1778 he succeeded his cousin Charles as 4th -Duke of Queensberry, and in 1786 was created a British peer, taking the -title of Baron Douglas of Ambresbury. This eccentric nobleman never -married, and was commonly known by the nickname of “Old Q.” He died in -1810, the Amesbury estate passing to Archibald, Lord Douglas of Douglas, -whose executors sold it in 1824 to Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart., my -husband’s great-great-uncle. - -No record is to be found of the destruction of the Abbey, Lord Hertford -apparently building himself a house in Amesbury. In “Vitruvius -Britannicus” there is a picture of a fine mansion in the Palladian style, -built for Lord Carleton from designs by Inigo Jones, the architect being -Mr. Webb, nephew of Inigo Jones. - -The Queensberrys added wings to this house, and caused a beautiful bridge -to span the river Avon, which runs through the grounds. A pretty old -house stands in the park, near an old entrance: tradition tells us the -Duchess of Queensberry used this lodge as a dairy. It possesses two -octagon rooms (one over the other), and an underground passage is -supposed to connect it with the river. The park is small, but extremely -pretty; one enters it through splendid old gates supported by Palladian -pillars. - -Opposite the dwelling house is a high bank cut into a fantastic shape and -known as “The Diamond.” The cave in which the poet Gay loved to write is -hollowed in this bank. The wild-bird-frequented Avon {18} runs below, -and above it is crowned by a beautiful wood planted over what is called -“Vespasian’s Camp.” In this wood are found two avenues of beech-trees, -and walking through the old deer park and across the Downs, at a mile and -a half’s distance, glorious Stonehenge bursts upon one. - -Returning to Amesbury, and following the course of the river in the -opposite direction, one comes upon a little house built of flints, with -quaint pointed roof and tower, in which the floor of a small upper -chamber is found to be movable; outside, over a door, the stone moulding -bears this inscription: - - “Diana, her hovs—1600.” - -Diana certainly possessed a picturesque dwelling, but I can find no clue -to her identity. After the death of the last Duke of Queensberry, -Amesbury House remained uninhabited for sixty years, except during the -tenancy of Sir Elijah Impey, and when some French nuns occupied it for a -short period. - -My husband’s grandfather, on inheriting Amesbury from his uncle (the -first Sir Edmund Antrobus), wished to enlarge and restore the old house, -but finding it in too dilapidated a state, decided to pull it down, and -in 1838 began to build an entirely new house (closely resembling the old -one) of handsome cut stone, with a grand loggia, supported by beautiful -pillars and ornamented with carved stonework of fine design. This house -is supposed to stand on the site of the old Abbey, and many traces of -cells were discovered, underground, when digging foundations. To-day not -a single stone of the old Abbey remains above ground to remind us of its -former existence and splendour; it having once covered, tradition says, a -space of thirteen acres. - - * * * * * - -NOTE.—Some beautiful coloured tiles decorated with different intricate -patterns were dug up near the present house at Amesbury. We suppose them -to be from the cells of the old Abbey. Some have designs of the -_Fleur-de-lys_ on them. - - - - -PRICELESS STONEHENGE—SOME IMPRESSIONS. - - - (From _Ladies’ Realm_ Magazine.) - -THE Great Druidical Temple, or (as some hold) Phœnician Observatory, -composed of gigantic, beautifully-coloured, hewn stones, stands in the -middle of Salisbury Plain. These stones have been measured, counted, -defaced, praised, depreciated, commented upon, by numerous authorities on -countless occasions, but (to my knowledge) no account of their poetical -and picturesque aspects, at different seasons of the year, has been -attempted. I shall feel satisfied if I succeed in conveying feebly in -words what David Cox (the artist) did ably in colours, with his glowing -brush. I do not propose to enter into any statistics, as to the “Market -value of Stonehenge to the nation,” or to tell you the number of miles -that lie between it and the town of Salisbury, the goodness or -inferiority of the roads to it, the number of visiting tourists, &c.; I -only wish to place before you some impressions I have felt of its -grandeur and charm, through many seasons, in all sorts of weather, and -varying moods. - -There is always a constant surprise and delight to me in the manner in -which Stonehenge bursts upon one, approach it as one may, from various -points across the undulating Plain which surrounds it. Starting upon -one’s “Pilgrim’s Path” to visit it, from any side, at first there is -nothing to be seen but the crisp crackling grass underfoot, and the white -glittering roads; then, as one advances nearer, unexpectedly, dark, -mysterious forms seem to start up, which gradually shape themselves into -the incompleted circle we call “Stonehenge.” - -The late spring, and early summer, are enchanting periods; myriads of -starry white flowers, and gorgeous yellow and blue ones, wave together -with a glowing harmony of colour, as they are swayed by soft breezes, -whilst a “Hallelujah Chorus” of skylarks sing overhead, making the air -full of scent and sound. In this setting, the old stones seem all yellow -and grey in the brilliant sunshine. Picturesque shepherds, wrapped in -their great dark-blue cloaks, appear upon the horizon; tinkling sheep -bells are heard, reminding one of the Roman Campagna; evening falling, -brings a sense of peace and stillness, chimes from the old Church at -Amesbury float across the valley. The light comes and goes, and the -world seems far away. - - [Picture: Stonehenge and a Great Trilithon] - - * * * * * - -To my mind the magic of Stonehenge is never more powerfully felt than -during the wild, tempestuous autumnal gales, that usually sweep across -the Plain in October. Great clouds roll above, enfolding the circle in a -shadowy purple mantle, sometimes tipped with gold. Thoughts rise up -suddenly, of the many tragedies, feasts, sacrifices, mysterious rites -that must have been enacted here in far-off bygone days. One wonders if -beautiful golden-haired Guinevere passed this way, on her flight to -safety, at the Convent at “Ambresbury” (the Land of Ambrosius), or if sad -King Arthur tarried there on his lonely homeward journey? - -I prefer to picture to myself, Stonehenge, in happy, thoughtless Pagan -days, Druid priests and priestesses forming grand processions; crossing -the “rushing Avon” and winding up from the valley to Stonehenge, clothed -in pure white, and holding gleaming sickles in their hands, chanting -hymns on their way to perform the sacred rite of cutting the mistletoe. -Perhaps they sang and chanted through the short summer night, waiting for -the sun to rise (over the pointed outlying stone) on the day which marks -the solar half-year (June 21st), and which bathes the altar-stone in -golden light. Probably this was the signal for sacrifice, the death of -the victim, and the appeasing of wrathful gods. In mid-winter the stones -appear like black masses, in the midst of driving snows. The least -interesting time of year, in this enchanted place, is the bright, clear, -commonplace summer, when no mysteries abound (except by moonlight). The -old gods are sleeping, everything is orderly, agriculture and its -implements surround us, and Romance seems dead for the moment. Farewell. - - FLORENCE CAROLINE MATHILDE ANTROBUS. - -In approaching’ the momentous and deeply interesting subject of -Stonehenge, I considered it best and wisest to collect the thoughts and -opinions of several learned authors on this subject, and submit them to -the reader, who thus will have an opportunity of comparing for himself -the truth and merits of the different theories presented to him for -judgment. - -Various explanations of the name “Stonehenge” have been forthcoming; but -the true etymological significance seems to be: A.S. “Stàn,” used as an -adjective, and “henge,” from A.S. “hòn” _i.e._, stone hanging-places, -from the groups of stones resembling a gallows. This was long ago -suggested by Wace, the Anglo-Norman poet, who writes:— - - “Stanhengues ont nom en Englois - Pierres pendues en François.” - -As to the date of Stonehenge, opinions vary. It is supposed Hecatæus -(500 B.C.) mentioned it as the “Round Temple” (Translation of Extract -from Diodorus Siculus, about B.C. 8). - -Hecatæus, the Milesian, and others, have handed down to us the following -story:—“Over against Gaul, in the great ocean stream, is an island not -less in extent than Sicily, stretching towards the north. The -inhabitants are called Hyperboreans, because their abode is more remote -from us than that wind we call Boreas. It is said that the soil is very -rich and fruitful, and the climate so favourable that there are two -harvests in every year. Their fables say that Latona was born in this -island, and on that account they worship Apollo (Apollo would signify the -sun to the Latins) before all other divinities, and celebrate his praise -in daily hymns, conferring the highest honours upon their bards, as being -his priests. There is in this island a magnificent temple to this god, -circular in form, and adorned with many splendid offerings. And there is -also a city sacred to Apollo, inhabited principally by harpers, who in -his temple sing sacred verses to the god, accompanied by the harp, in -honour of his deeds. - -“The language of the Hyperboreans is peculiar, and they are singularly -well affected towards the Greeks, and have been so from the most remote -times, especially to those of Athens and Delos. It is even said that -some Greeks have travelled thither, and presented offerings at their -temple inscribed with Grecian characters. They also say that Abaris in -former times went thence to Greece, to renew their ancient friendship -with the Delians. It is related, moreover, that in this island the moon -appears but a short way from the earth, and to have little hills upon it. -Once in nineteen years (and this period is what we call the Great Year) -they say that their god visits the island; and from the Vernal Equinox to -the rising of the Pleiades, all the night through, expresses his -satisfaction at his own exploits by dances and by playing on the harp. - -“Both the City and the Temple are presided over by the Boreadœ, the -descendants of Boreas, and they hand down the power in regular succession -in their family.” - -The first author who is considered to make unmistakable mention of -Stonehenge is Henry of Huntingdon (twelfth century). In his Chronicle he -speaks of it as the second wonder of England, and calls it Stanenges. -Geoffrey of Monmouth (1138) wrote of it about the same time; he believed -it to have been erected by Aurelius Ambrosius, King of Britain, and -called it Hengist’s Stones. Giraldus Cambrensis, a contemporary of -Geoffrey, also makes mention of it. - -Among more modern authors, may be quoted Sir Philip Sidney’s lines:— - - “Near Wilton sweet, huge heaps of stones are found, - But so confused that neither any eye - Can count them first, nor reason try - What force them brought to so unlikely ground.” - -Then Wharton’s sonnet:— - - “Thou noblest monument of Albion’s isle! - Whether by Merlin’s aid from Scythia’s shore - To Amber’s fatal plain Pendragon bore, - Huge frame of giant hands, the mighty pile, - To entomb his Britain’s slain by Hengist’s guile; - Or Druid priests, sprinkled with human gore, - Taught ’mid thy massy maze their mystic lore; - Or Danish chiefs, enriched with savage spoil, - To victory’s idle vast, an unhewn shrine, - Reared the rude heap; or in thy hallowed round - Repose the kings of Brutus’ genuine line; - Or here those kings in solemn state were crowned - Studious to trace thy wondrous origin, - We muse on many an ancient tale renowned.” - -To descend to prose. Langtoft, in his Chronicle, says:—“A wander wit of -Wiltshire, rambling to Rome, to gaze at antiquities, and there screwing -himself into the company of antiquarians, they entreated him to -illustrate unto them that famous monument in his country called Stonage. -His answer was that he had never seen it. Whereupon they kicked him out -of doors, and bade him go home and see Stonage.” - -The immortal Pepys says the stones are “as prodigious as any tales I have -ever heard of them, and worth going this journey to see.” - -The archæologist, Mr. Edmund Story Maskelyne, fixes the date of -Stonehenge at 900 or 1000 B.C. I quote what he says from a lecture, read -1897, “On the Age and Purpose of Stonehenge”:— - - “It is of consequence that we should recognize that Stonehenge was - built about nine or ten hundred years B.C., and not 700 A.D., as many - writers would have us believe. For instance, Dr. W. M. Flinders - Petrie, in his book, ‘Stonehenge, 1880,’ states his opinion that it - was erected A.D. 700±200, that is, between A.D. 500 and 900. The - date of Stonehenge will be of great interest if there is found at - Avebury remains sufficiently perfect to determine astronomically the - date when that monument was erected. For it cannot be but - interesting to ascertain when the two cults—that of the sun, pure and - simple, as exemplified in the original Temple at Stonehenge; and the - cult of the sun in connexion with the serpent, as exhibited at - Avebury—respectively prevailed in this country.” - -Mr. Story Maskelyne’s reasons for his theory that Stonehenge was built by -the Phœnicians are as follows:— - - “I should like to add some reasons for my belief that Stonehenge was - built by the Phœnicians. In the first place, I cannot think of any - other people that could have either designed or executed such a - monument, which required both science for its conception and skill - for its erection. The Phœnicians, with their perfect familiarity - with masts, and cordage, and pulleys, could easily lift the imposts, - of which the largest—being about 11 ft. long, 4 or 6 wide, and 3 ft. - thick—would weigh less than ten tons; and the Phœnicians must have - known how the Egyptians raised masses of stone many times heavier. - - “The trilithon {24} standing clear seems to have had some fascination - for these people. They are found still standing in Tripoli in Libya, - as described in ‘The Hill of the Graces,’ a record of investigation - among the Trilithons and Megalithic sites of Tripoli by Mr. Cowper, - F.S.A., 1897, and specimens exist on the Continent of Europe, in - Normandy and in Brittany. One may be seen in the Island of Ushant, - and another in St. Nazaire on the probable route they adopted for the - passage of tin. - - [Picture: Great Circle and Leaning Stone, as it was—now upright] - - “Another peculiarity can be seen to this day by any one at Stonehenge - in the large trilithon impost, namely, that the under surfaces of the - imposts which rested on the uprights are smoothly cut and slightly - bevelled, so as to throw the principal weight of the mass of the - impost on its outside edge, thus excluding rain, &c., and this very - contrivance was employed by the Egyptians in the pyramids, and it is - certain that the Phœnicians had free intercourse with Egypt. - Finally, the Phœnicians had founded Cadiz, their Gadir in the - eleventh century B.C., more than two centuries before the date which, - from astronomical considerations, I assign for the building of - Stonehenge. We know that they sailed along the shores of Spain and - Gaul and to the Baltic, and though they preferred coasting as a rule, - the straight cut across from Cherbourg to Poole or Christchurch in - fine weather would not be a long voyage; and as they certainly did - trade with Britain, and it must have been hazardous for British - coracles to sail across the open sea, laden with tin, we may conclude - that Phœnician ships did cross the Channel. We know also that the - Phœnicians made, more or less, homes for themselves wherever they - landed; and it is probable that they did so at Poole or Christchurch, - also that they would build them a temple where they found it - convenient to stay.” - -Mr. Story Maskelyne considers the Greeks reformed the Temple later on. -“Within 500 years of the latest of the above-mentioned dates the -Phœnician or Tyrian Empire had ceased to exist, and her numerous colonies -had been absorbed by the nationalities surrounding them. About B.C. 400 -the Greeks supplanted the Phœnicians in their trade with Britain, and -probably for some time continued to use the same mart and sea route the -latter had used—we may assume from Cherbourg to Poole or Christchurch, -whence they bore away the tin in their coracles from Cornwall. Now -commenced a new era for Stonehenge. It must have been a noted Temple, -and I cannot doubt that Hecatæus did allude to it as cited by Strabo, -when he wrote, in the sixth century B.C., of the Round Temple to Apollo -in the land of the Hyperboreans. Now the festivals of the Greeks were -more connected with the months than with the year, and their calendar -months were alternate, full and hollow, where the thirty pillars were -doubtless used by them for the daily sacrifice in the months of thirty -days and the spaces between them, omitting the entrance, for the hollow -months, of twenty-nine days. Owing to the precession of the stars, -Stonehenge no longer answered some of the purposes for which it has been -founded. The Greeks had adopted with ardour the Metonic Cycle discovered -by them B.C. 430, and they reformed the old Sun Temple by the addition of -the inner horseshoe of blue stones which represented that Cycle, for they -were in number nineteen. As to how, or why, the blue stones came to be -imported, I imagine they are native to Brittany or Normandy, whence they -might easily have been brought as ballast in Greek ships, which took back -tin in their stead from Poole or Christchurch, and from the latter port -they might easily have been taken in rafts to Amesbury.” - - [Picture: The stone and flint implements discovered at Stonehenge during - the excavations in 1902] - - [Picture: Hele Stone] - - - - -THE DATE OF STONEHENGE. - - -IN printing this second edition of my little guide-book, I think it will -be found interesting and necessary to leave all the former evidence and -opinions that I collected as to the date of Stonehenge. Since the -excavations in 1901, I think we may consider the age of Stonehenge to be -between three and four thousand years. Mr. W. Gowland judges from the -implements or tools found, Sir Norman Lockyer and Dr. Penrose from -astronomical observations, based on the fact that the avenue (“Viâ -Sacra”) to Stonehenge from the east of the ancients was in a line with -the Altar Stone, so that the sun, rising on the day of the solar -half-year (June 21st) and creeping over the horizon, shed his beams on -the Altar Stone, thus marking the solar half-year. Of course, the east -of the ancients is not our east, but the difference between the position -of the sun _now_ and then to the avenue gives, according to these -gentlemen’s calculations, a date of 3700 years old to Stonehenge. - - - - -THE FINDS AT STONEHENGE, 1901. - - -THE implements found during the excavations made for the underpinning of -the “Leaning Stone” are thus classified by Mr. W. Gowland:— - -(1) Haches roughly chipped, longer and shorter. (2) Axe-hammers. (3) -Hammer-stones with blunt edge. The above are of flint. (4) Regular -hammer-stones of compact sarsen. (5) Mauls of the same rock, weighing -from 37 to 64 lbs. each. There were also found chippings from the -monoliths, and, near the surface, coins and animal bones. - -Only one trace of copper or bronze occurred other than coins and -superficial finds, a mere strain on a block of sarsen. So we may -consider Stonehenge to belong to the late Neolithic, or early Bronze -Period. These objects have been lent by Sir Edmund Antrobus to the -museum at Devizes for a period of six months. - - * * * * * - -In the January, 1902, number of _Man_, Mr. W. Gowland’s interesting paper -will be found, describing the excavations, methods of trimming and -erecting the stones practised by the ancients. - -As to the kinds of stone actually employed in the building of Stonehenge, -the whole of the outer circle and the four stones lying beyond that -circle are undoubtedly “Sarsen” (which are the boulder stones left by the -ice-sheet of the glacial period on the Wiltshire downs). There are, in -the inner circle, four stones which have been called “horn-stone.” The -remainder are “diabase,” commonly called “bluestones,” and similar are -found in Wales, and in parts of Cumberland and Cornwall, the so-called -Altar Stone being a kind of grey sandstone, not sarsen. The large -outlying stone, known traditionally as the “Friar’s Heel,” from a legend -that when the devil was busy erecting Stonehenge he made the observation -that no one would ever know how it was done. This was overheard by a -friar lurking near by, and he incautiously replied in the Wiltshire -dialect, “That’s more than thee can tell,” and fled for his life; the -devil, catching up an odd stone, flung it after the friar, and hit him on -the heel. This stone is also named the “Pointer,” because from the -middle of the Altar Stone the sun is seen at the summer solstice (21st of -June) to rise immediately above it. The Hele Stone is the true name, -“Hele” meaning “to hide,” from Heol or Haul of Geol or Jul, all names for -the sun, which this stone seems to hide. From the Friar’s Heel it is -about 66 yards to a low circular earthen boundary, enclosing the area -within which Stonehenge stands. Just within the entrance to this earthen -ring lies a large prostrate stone called the “Slaughter Stone,” supposed -by some to have been used for the slaughter of victims about to be -offered in sacrifice at the altar. The Slaughter Stone (at the end -nearest to the Friar’s Heel) bears evidence of tool-marks, there being -six small round cavities made in it by blows from a flint tool. On the -margin of the earthen ring, one 55 yards on the left, the other 95 yards -on the right of the entrance, are two small, unhewn stones. - - [Picture: Ground plan as presumed to have been originally. A. Small - Trilithon of Syenite. That it stood here is only conjecture. It now - lies as marked A below] - - [Picture: A. Trilithon fell 1797. B. Upright with capstone fell, Dec. - 31st, 1900] - - [Picture: Great Trilithons (as it was)] - -Stonehenge stands about 440 feet above the sea-level. The outer circle -measures 308 feet in circumference, and is supposed to have been formed -originally of thirty upright stones, seventeen of which are still -standing, and the remains of nine others are to be found fallen to the -ground. These stones formerly stood 14 feet above the surface of the -ground, but now are of different heights. Their breadth and thickness -also vary: the former averaging 7 feet, the latter 3½. The stones were -fixed in the ground at intervals of 3½ feet, connected at the top by a -continuous line of thirty imposts forming a corona or ring of stone at a -height of 16 feet above the ground, and were all squared and rough hewn, -and cleverly joined together. The uprights were cut with knobs or -tenons, which fitted into mortice holes hewn in the undersides of the -horizontal stones. About 9 feet within this peristyle was the “inner -circle,” composed of diabase obelisks; within this, again, was the “great -ellipse,” formed of five, or, as some think, seven trilithons of stones, -each group consisting of two blocks placed upright and one crosswise. -These structures rose progressively in height from N.E. to S.W., and the -loftiest and largest attained an elevation of 25 feet. Lastly, within -the trilithons was the “inner ellipse,” consisting of nineteen obelisks -of diabase. Within the inner ellipse we find the Altar Stone. At the -present moment, there remains of the outer circle or peristyle sixteen -uprights and six imposts; of the inner circle, seven only stand upright -of the great ellipse—there are still two perfect trilithons and two -single uprights. The Duke of Buckingham, in his researches in 1620, is -said to have caused the fall of a trilithon. He was at Wilton in the -reign of James I., and he “did cause the middle of Stonehenge to be -digged, and under this digging was the cause of the falling down or -recumbency of the great stone there, twenty-one foote long.” “In the -process of digging they found a great many horns of stags and oxen, -charcoal batter-dishes (?), heads of arrows, some pieces of armour eaten -out with rust, bones rotten, but whether of stagge’s or men they could -not tell.” - -In 1797, on a rapid thaw succeeding a severe frost, another trilithon -fell; of the inner ellipse, there are six blocks in their places; and in -the centre remains the so-called Altar Stone. - -In Sir R. C. Hoare’s “History of Wiltshire,” he mentions that Inigo Jones -observed a stone, which is now gone, in the inmost part of the cell, -appearing not much above the surface of the earth and lying towards the -east, four feet broad and sixteen long, which was his supposed Altar -Stone. Also “Philip, Earl of Pembroke (Lord Chamberlayne to King Charles -I.), did say ‘that an altar stone was found in the middle of the area -here, and that it was carried away to St. James’s.’” - -The entrance to Stonehenge faced the N.E., and the road to it, “Viâ -Sacra,” or avenue, can be traced by banks of earth. - -It is the opinion of competent authorities that many of the stones should -be underpinned in the manner of the “Leaning Stone,” as any violent -storms, such as periodically sweep across the Plain, might bring them -down. The fall of two of the stones from the outer circle (supposed by -the superstitious to foretell the Queen’s death) on December 31st, 1900, -the last day of the old century, and 103 years after the last stones -fell, was caused by a gale from the west. - -There are the two opinions as to the right course to pursue regarding -Stonehenge—some people considering it would be well to leave it to fall -down, so that eventually it would appear like a jumbled heap of ninepins, -others (myself among the number) that the necessary steps for its -Preservation, _not_ Restoration, should be taken. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - -_April_, 1902. - - - - -PARTICULARS OF THE STONES. - - 58 stones of the Sarsen circle: 30 piers, 28 lintels. - 26 ,, ,, Bluestone circle (2): this includes 1 impost. - 15 ,, ,, Sarsen trilithons: 10 piers, 5 imposts. - 19 „ Inner bluestones. - 1 Sun stone. - 1 Altar stone. - 1 Slaughter stone. - 1 Stones of the Earth Circle. - 123 Total - -. - -The question arises whether there were formerly other stones belonging to -the earth circle. From probing the ground, there is reason to believe -that a stone on this bank may once have marked the direction of the axis. - - - - -SARSEN CIRCLE. - - -17 piers _in situ_, 8 prostrate or fragments, 5 missing. - -6 lintels _in situ_, 2 fragments, 20 missing. - - - - -BLUESTONE CIRCLE. - - -12 stones or stumps _in situ_, 10 prostrate, 4 missing. - - - - -SARSEN TRILITHONS. - - -5 piers _in situ_, 3 prostrate, 5 missing. - -From this list of missing blue stones we may safely deduct two; two -pieces of rock are known to be beneath the turf, and there may be others. -The most satisfactory derivation of Sarsens or Sassens is from the -Anglo-Saxon word for a rock or stone—_ses_, plural _sesen_ or _sesons_. -The Inner Circle of blue stones and Inner Horse-shoe are composed of the -“Blue Stones,” igneous rocks. - - - - -DERIVATION OF AMESBURY. - - -“On Salisbury Plain stand the ruins of the weird Circle of Revolution, -Cor y Coeth in Welsh, the Circle of Dominion, the holy anointed stones of -Ambresbiri (_ambree_, anointed; _biri_, Hebrew for holy ones), at once a -sanctuary and a sundial (3000 years ago the only clock in Britain), -regulated by the sun and moon for days and years. But the beautiful old -British names since the sixth century have been blotted out by the -terrible title _Stonehenge_ or stone gallows—Stanhengen in Anglo-Saxon. -A permanent gallows of stone was used by the Saxons for the execution of -criminals, and wishing to aim a death-blow at British power, no surer way -was found by the invaders than by hanging British leaders upon the -consecrated stones of their revered temple. The road from the village of -Amesbury to the Circle is still called Gallow’s Hill.” - - _From Mrs. Gordon’s Pamphlet_. - - - - -DERIVATION OF DRUID. - - -An Arabic (and Persian) word meaning Holy Men come from the valley of the -Euphrates. Mrs. Gordon considers Merlin (the Bismarck of his age) as the -builder of Stonehenge; also that Aurelius Ambrosius, by his own wish, was -buried within the Circle of Stonehenge. - - - - -DERIVATION OF BARROWS. - - -Barrow, a Hebrew word for grave Mounds. Literally, the “thrown-up pit of -lamentation.” - - - - -DERIVATION OF WILTSHIRE. - - -Wiltshire, in the Saxon Chronicles Wiltunseir, in Doomesday Wiltescire, -derives its name from the town of Wilton, from the Wit-saetas (_saetan_ = -settlers or inhabitants), the West Saxon tribe who made it their home. - - - - -MENTION OF AMESBURY IN MALORY’S “MORTE D’ARTHUR.” - - -“And thus upon a night there came a vision unto Sir Launcelot, and -charged him, in remission of all his sins, to haste him towards -Almesbury. ‘And by that time thou come, there thou shalt find Queen -Guenever dead; and therefore take thy fellows with thee, and also purvey -thee a horse bier, and bring you the corpse of her, and bury it by her -lord and husband.’ Then Sir Launcelot took his seven fellows with him, -and on foot they went from Glastonbury, which is little more than thirty -miles. And when Sir Launcelot was come to Almesbury, within the nunnery, -Queen Guenever died but half an hour before.” - -Timbs, in his “Abbeys and Castles in England,” says: “At Amesbury, says -Bishop Tanner, quoting from Geoffrey of Monmouth, there is said to have -been an ancient British monastery for 300 monks, founded, as some say, by -the famous Prince Ambrosius who lived at the time of the Saxon invasion, -and who was therein buried, destroyed by that cruel pagan, Gurmendus, who -overran all this country in the sixth century.” This alludes to a -monastery prior to the one founded by Elfrida, with which I begin my -account of Amesbury Abbey. - - - - -THE AVENUE OR VI SACRA - - -is orientated to the midsummer sunrise, and points 50° east of north -point. It leads uninterruptedly to the circular space formed by the -earth circle in which Stonehenge stands, the enclosing bank being -discontinued in this direction. It is noteworthy that the sun stone, as -well as the slaughter stone, are not placed in the centre of the avenue -or approach, but lie towards the eastern side of it. The avenue is made -by two parallel lines confining ditches, the earth having been thrown -inwards so as to slightly raise the roadway. These ditches, though -shallow, are distinct. The avenue thus formed descends the gradual -incline of the Down, until at about one thousand five hundred feet from -the sun stone the ditches become indistinguishable. Here the descent is -more rapid and leads to a gentle valley in the Down, where the avenue -divided into two branches. It is now impossible to trace this point of -division with any certainty. - - - - -THE CURSUS AVENUE. - - -This is now completely obliterated. - - - - -THE LONG AVENUE. - - -The branch which turned to the right, forming the eastern slope of the -valley, went over its crest and continued in a straight line in the -direction of some high land to the north of Vespasian’s Camp. The plough -at work year after year has completely effaced all traces of this avenue, -and we have to rely on Dr. Stukeley’s account written 150 years ago. - - - - -THE PARALLEL BANK. - - -At 1200 feet from the sun stone “the approach” is intersected at an angle -approximating roughly to a right angle by parallel banks about two feet -in height and forty feet apart; the roadway thus formed continues about -600 feet to left and right; to the east it is continued by a causeway -across the valley already spoken of, and it is used by carts passing that -way, required in the cultivation of fields to the west of the avenue. - - - - -THE CURSUS. - - - _Discovered by Dr. Stukeley_, 1723. - -This great enclosure lies to the north of Stonehenge, and veers 6° from -due east and west. Like the avenue it is formed by banks thrown up from -an outer ditch. It is 9000 feet in length, with a width of 350 feet at -its centre, but towards its extremities it narrows. To the west, the -southern boundary is irregular. The northern ditch, on the contrary, -makes a fairly straight line. Its eastern end is headed by a long mound -now difficult to trace. Near its western extremity, and within the -enclosure, are two small tumuli irregularly placed. The greater part of -this earthwork being on the uncultivated Down is fairly well defined, -especially to the west; to the east it has been obliterated by the -plough. - - - - -THE LESSER CURSUS. - - -To the north-west of the Great Cursus and over 7000 feet distant from -Stonehenge, is an earthwork apparently the beginning of a second cursus. -It is ill defined, and at 1200 feet from its enclosed end the ditches -cease. It appears to be an abandoned scheme for an enclosure similar to -the Cursus. - -From “Stonehenge,” Mr. Edgar Barclay. At page 66 he says:—“The Cursus is -irregular in shape, nevertheless there remains a very strong probability -that it is an adjunct of Stonehenge, and was designed with it, and is not -an independent earthwork as Sir R. Colt Hoare maintains.” - -From Mr. J. F. Hewitt’s “Ruling Races of Pre-historic Times”:—“A -hippodrome can still be traced about half a mile north of the Temple, -with which it is connected by an avenue about forty cubits wide. This is -divided into two branches, about 1700 feet from the Temple, the eastern -hand going eastward to Radfin, a ford on the Avon, and the western -curving round to the ancient chariot-course. It was here the seasonal -games took place, said by Macrobius to have been celebrated by the -Druids, when sacrifices were offered to the gods. This ancient _campus -martius_, running east and west, is about 10,000 feet or 6000 Druidical -cubits long, and 350 feet or 200 Druidical cubits wide, and on the east -side is a long bank, extending nearly its whole length, which must have -served as a place for spectators; while on the west side is a curve to -allow for the turning of the competing chariots. There can be no doubt -whatever that this racecourse represents the ancient site of the national -games; instituted by the Sons of the Horse, which are said in Greek -tradition to have been founded by Akastus, king of Iolcus, after he had -driven out Jason and Medea the sorceress.” - - - - -EARTHWORKS ON SALISBURY PLAIN. - - -Tumuli, or Barrows, are the most simple kind of sepulchral monument; they -consist of a mound of earth or stones raised over the dead. - -Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus classifies them in his “History of -Wiltshire”:— - -1. The Long Barrow. Differing considerably in their construction. - -2. The Bowl Barrow. The most ordinary shape. - -3. The Bell Barrow. This, from the elegance of its form, seems a -refinement on the Bowl Barrow. They abound near Stonehenge. - -4. Druid Barrow (1st class). I consider these tumuli were appropriated -to the female tribes. The outward vallum with the ditch within is -beautifully moulded, and in most instances found to contain small cups, -small lance heads, amber, jet, and glass beads. - -5. Druid Barrow (2nd class). In external form these resemble the -preceding, but their circumference is not so large. The tumulus within -rises to a point from the edge of the vallum. - -6. Pond Barrow. They differ totally from all others, and resemble an -excavation made for a pond. I can form no conjecture as to their use. - -7. Twin Barrow. They are not very common, and, by being enclosed in a -circle, seem to denote the interment of relations. - -8. Cone Barrow. The only one I have seen is at Everley. The tumulus -rises immediately from the ditch, and the apex is higher and more -pointed. - -9. Broad Barrow. Resembles the Bowl Barrow, but is higher and flatter -at the top. - -Mr. Edgar Barclay, in “Stonehenge,” says:—“The presence of barrows (near -Stonehenge) would enable marriages to be celebrated on the spot. A feast -at the family tomb was an opportunity for a young woman about to marry to -be formally introduced to the domestic worship of the family she was -about to enter. That feasts did occur at Stonehenge Barrows we have -proofs. We find also that Irish Fairs in honour of the Sun God were held -in proximity to extensive burial-places. The arrangement of the avenues, -the placing of the cursus, the placing of the sun stone and slaughter -stone, the break in the lintel circle, &c.: these characteristics point -out to us the probable procedures at times of festival. The midsummer -festival solemnized the holy espousals of the Sun God with the land.” - -In “The Ruling Races of Pre-historic Times,” Mr. Hewitt says:—“The deer -worshippers were the mixed race formed from the union of the sons of the -mother-tree, the mother-bear and wolf, the lordly boar and the prolific -sow, the mother-cow, the mother-mountain, and father firestone, the -people who looked on the Sun God of the equinoxes and solstices as the -god who made their crops to grow and who ripened their barley, the seed -of life (_zi_), the Zeus of the Greeks, which gave its name to the Deus -of the Latins and the Theos of the Greeks, the Manx god Ji. This father -sun god was the god on the grey white horse, the clouds, the white horse -in Zend mythology of Tishtrya, the star of the summer solstice which -succeeded the golden horned bull of the bull race, as the adversary and -conqueror of the black horse, and the black bull or dragon, the cloud -which will not give up its rain, which was in Northern mythology the -winter frost giant. It was this white horse—the sun god of the -limestone, flint, and chalk country—which was the god of Stonehenge, the -temple whose ruins still remain to set before us, with absolute certainty -of the correctness of the deduction in its main details, the complete -ritual of this primæval worship.” - -_Note_.—The white sun horse is still worshipped and fed daily at Kobe, in -Japan. - -The worshippers of the sun god who built this temple are proved to have -belonged to the Bronze age by the number of round barrow tombs within -twelve miles of it; and Stukeley (A.D. 1723) counted one hundred and -twenty-eight as visible from a hill close by. - - - - -VESPASIAN’S CAMP. - - -A name given by Dr. Stukeley to the (probably) British earthworks, -locally known as “the Ramparts,” which crown a hill in the demesne of -Amesbury Abbey. Its ancient lines of defence, enclosing thirty-nine -acres and boldly scarped towards the west, environ the summit in the form -of a scalene triangle. This hill is densely wooded, containing two -beautiful avenues of beech-trees, and as it descends to the Avon, is cut -into a fanciful shape, supposed to resemble a diamond. I have described -this in “Amesbury Abbey.” - - - - -WEST AMESBURY HOUSE. - - -A pretty old house on the road-side, belonging to Sir Edmund Antrobus, -built of stone and flint. The interior has been much altered and spoilt. -Traces of a monastic building exist in the beams supporting the roof, and -in a church doorway at the top of the staircase. These date from the -fifteenth century. Aubrey informs us that this house and property, along -with Stonehenge, once formed the dowry of the wife of Lord Ferrers of -Chartley. The village of West Amesbury possesses some picturesque -thatched cottages, and on an outside wall of one is a rude sketch of -fighting cocks and their backers. - - - - -WILSFORD HOUSE. - - -A house on the banks of the Avon, built by the late Mr. Loder, of -Salisbury, two miles from Amesbury. It is of the modern “villa” -description. In 1898 Mr. Young purchased it from Sir E. Loder, and -re-sold it to Mr. Edward Tennant in 1900. None of the places described -along the Avon Valley are open to the public, but they can be seen from -the high road. - - [Picture: Lake House] - - - - -LAKE HOUSE, - - -situated on the banks of the Avon, is in the parish of Wilsford, and -about three miles south of Amesbury. The exact date of its foundation is -uncertain. Its main features are Elizabethan, but an old letter in the -possession of the family clearly suggests an earlier date. “As to ye -date of ye house,” says the correspondent, “I do not remember anything in -that beautifully written deed to which you refer that would bear on it. -Great weight would belong to any opinion expressed by ye late J. H. -Parker, and you told me that you thought it might be as early as Edward -VI. or earlier, and probably Parker judged only by what he saw, and ye -architectural features that remain have in them nothing distinctive in -comparison with those what have vanished.” Lake House is one of the most -beautiful in this neighbourhood, and is built of the usual stone and -flint; it possesses yew hedges and delightful old-fashioned gardens -sloping to the river. It was purchased in 1591 by George Duke, and it -remained in the Duke family till 1897, when (just in time to save the old -house from utter ruin) it was bought by Mr. J. N. Lovibond, and most -beautifully restored by the architect, Mr. Detmar Blow, according to the -views of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. There are -barrows in the park at Lake, and many curious objects, such as amber -necklaces, &c., were discovered in them about fifty years ago during -excavations made by the late Mr. Duke. Some of the things then found are -in the British Museum. A cottage industry is now carried on in the -village of Lake: a sort of rough tweed in pretty colours being made in -hand looms by the women. This tweed is called “Stonehenge” cloth, and is -not expensive. - - - - -GREAT DURNFORD CHURCH. - - -Leaving Amesbury, and following the eastern banks of the Avon, we come to -Great Durnford. Its name is derived from the British word “dur,” -signifying water. The church is most picturesque, and is built of stone -and flint, with very rich Norman north and south doorways and chancel -arch. The font is Norman, with an interesting arcade. The pulpit is of -oak and dated 1619, and has a very old velvet cover with 1657 worked on -it. Built into the wall of the church is a stone coffin containing a -skeleton, supposed to be that of the founder. Traces of two doors -leading to the rood loft can still be seen, and in one window are the -remains of some very old glass. Inside the south door are several -curious crosses, supposed to be dedication crosses. In the chancel is a -leper’s window. The altar rails are of oak, and date back to the -sixteenth century. The pattern on the walls is the same as that found -some years ago under the plaster and whitewash. There is a curious brass -to the memory of Edward Young, his wife, and fourteen children, dated -1670. In the chancel, chained to an ancient desk, is a copy of Jewel’s -“Apologie of the Church of England,” ordered by Convocation after the -Reformation, 1571. - - - - -GREAT DURNFORD HOUSE - - -was once a seat of the Hungerfords. Evelyn notes in his Diary, July, -1654:—“We dined at a ferme of my Uncle Hungerford’s called Darneforde -magna, situate in a valley under the plaine, most sweetly watered, -abounding in troutes, catched by speares in the night when they come -attracted by a light set in ye sterne of a boate.” - -It is in the French château style on a small scale, and has lovely -old-fashioned gardens, quite unspoiled, with some rare trees growing in -them. At the end of the last garden flows the Avon, and picturesque -Durnford Church stands close by. In 1869 Mr. Pinckney bought the house -and some of the estate from the Earl of Malmesbury. - - - - -OGBURY CAMP. - - -On the eastern side of the Avon is a very ancient earthen work called -Ogbury Camp. Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus describes it:—“On this hill we -recognize the very early and simple handiwork of the Britons, unaltered -by their successors and conquerors, the Romans and Saxons. Here we see a -large tract of sixty-two acres enclosed within a single rampart, and -without any fosse to strengthen it against the attacks of an enemy, and -we perceive within the area the evident marks of enclosures, and only one -entrance to the east. On the northern side the ramparts followed the -windings of the hill, and are interrupted by the plantations of Lord -Malmesbury’s demesne. The area contains sixty-two acres and a quarter. -The circuit of the outer ditch is one mile, one furlong and fifty-five -yards, and the depth of the vallum is thirty-three feet. On the -south-east and west sides the ramparts are very much mutilated. I cannot -consider Ogbury as a camp or work of defence against an invading enemy, -but rather as an asylum or place of refuge, whither the Britons, in times -of danger, retired with their families and herds of cattle. On digging -within this area we could not find any marks of ancient residence, but on -some high ground adjoining the extraordinary verdure of the turf induced -us to dig into the soil, where we immediately found numerous bones of -animals with fragments of the rudest British pottery.” - - [Picture: Heale House] - - - - -HEALE HOUSE, MIDDLE WOODFORD. - - -_The Residence of the Honourable Louis Greville_; _bought by him from Sir - E. Loder_, 1894. - -This house, beautifully built of small red bricks, has stone-coped -windows in the Dutch style of architecture introduced into this country -by William III., and is quite unlike the usual stone and flint -“chequered” houses of the neighbourhood. You enter the grounds through -old wrought-iron gates and down an avenue of elm-trees. The river Avon -flows through the garden. This property formerly belonged to the -Errington and Hyde families. Inside the house little remains of the old -decorations but some carved woodwork. A cupboard in a bedroom is shown -as the hiding-place of Charles II. after the battle of Worcester. He is -said to have visited Stonehenge from Heale, and there met friends who -were to conduct him to the coast of Sussex prior to his escape from -England. He is supposed to have proved to his own satisfaction the -fallacy of the notion of the impossibility of counting the stones -composing Stonehenge. - -“In 1721 Robert Hyde bequeathed Heale to his sister, Mrs. Levinz, widow -of the Bishop of Sodor and Man, and she, by will, devised the estates to -her son-in-law, Michael Frampton of Oxford, and he, in his turn, left -them to his nephews, Thomas Bull, rector of Porton, and Edward and Simon -Polhill and their heirs in succession, in default thereof to William -Bowles; in seventeen years after the death of the testator, Canon Bowles -was in full possession of the property.” Several members of the Bowles -family lie buried in Salisbury Cathedral. Heale Hill is remarkable for a -circle on the summit and traces of a British village on the south slope. - - [Picture: Little Durnford] - - - - -LITTLE DURNFORD HOUSE. - - -Built of stone and flint, successively the property of the families of -Pregers, Wodhull, and Tropnell, afterwards Yonge or Young. In 1795 it -was sold to Edward Hinxman, whose descendants sold it in 1897 to Mr. -Devenish (the present owner). The Avon, flowing through the grounds, has -been artificially widened in one place, forming a miniature lake in front -of the house. - - - - -ENVOI. - - -With much regret I find myself at the end of my little book, which, I -hope, will help to describe a beautiful and interesting country. It has -been compiled from various learned sources, and only a small portion of -it can claim to be original. I shall consider myself fortunate if the -traveller finds _any_ pleasure in reading what has given me great -pleasure to write. - - FLORENCE CAROLINE MATHILDE ANTROBUS. - -_June_, 1900. - - - - -APPENDIX. -THE RECENT WORK AT STONEHENGE. {43} - - -AT a meeting held last March at Stonehenge, and attended by -representatives of the Society of Antiquaries, of the Society for the -Protection of Ancient Monuments, and the Wiltshire Archæological Society, -various plans and measures were discussed and suggested for the better -preservation of Stonehenge. The whole state of the surrounding -neighbourhood being changed from its former quietude by the introduction -of new elements, such as the military camps at Bulford, &c., the making -of the new branch line of the South-Western Railway (from Grateley to -Amesbury), it became necessary to meet the altered circumstances by the -exercise of greater precautions for the care of the beautiful old Sun -Temple standing in the midst of the grass-clothed downs—a thing of wonder -and mystery to behold. The advice given to Sir Edmund Antrobus by the -representatives of these societies was as follows, published in the -_Times_ of April 3:— - - _Resolutions_. - -(1) That this Committee approves of the suggested protection of -Stonehenge by a wire fence not less than 4 ft. high, following on two -sides the existing roads and crossing on the west from the 331-foot level -on the north road to the 332-foot level on the south road shown on the -O.S. map (1-2, 500), Wilts sheet liv. 14. - -(2) That the Committee recommends, without prejudice to any legal -question, that the local authorities be requested to agree to divert the -existing track-way or ridge-way from Netheravon now passing through the -earth circle so as to pass from the 302-foot levels in the O.S. map -immediately west of Stonehenge. - -(3) That stones 6 and 7 with their lintel, and stone 56 (according to -the numbering on Mr. Petrie’s plan) be first examined, with a view of -maintaining them in a position of safety. - -(4) That, in the opinion of this Committee, stone 22 should be replaced, -stone 21 be made safe, and the lintel of 21 and 22 be replaced in the -most safe and conservative manner. The Committee also recommends the -re-erection of stones 57 and 58, and their lintel 158. - -(5) That the instructions to custodians already in force be approved -with a few suggested alterations. - -(6) That this Committee feels that it is impossible to overstate the -value of the assistance which the County Council of Amesbury can give to -the efforts made to preserve this unique monument. - -(7) That these resolutions be sent to Sir Edmund Antrobus with the -earnest thanks of the Committee, for the part he is proposing to take in -the preservation of Stonehenge, also that it be left to him to -communicate with the Press. - - * * * * * - -The fence was erected by Whitsuntide, and is 1700 yards in circumference, -and composed of lightest barbed wire of a neutral tint, and absolutely -invisible at a distance, so that the traveller gets the whole effect of -Stonehenge in its full grandeur instead of, as in former days, the view -of the stones mingled with two or three flys, a cart, an old waggonette, -and photographer’s van, &c., to say nothing of picnic luncheons, spread -out within the sacred circle. This fence encloses as large an area as -possible, being well outside the vallum, except on the west side, where a -right of way interferes with the true circle. The next work -undertaken—the most difficult and important of the whole—was the raising -of the “leaning stone”—the largest monolith in England except Cleopatra’s -needle—to an upright position. This stone formed one of the uprights of -the trilithon, the fall of which was said to have been caused by the -digging and researches of the Duke of Buckingham in 1620. The horizontal -and the other upright (the latter broken in two pieces) now lie prostrate -across the altar stone. - - [Picture: The work at Stonehenge. Raising the Leaning Stone] - -The great stone leaned considerably towards the N.E. and appeared to rest -upon (actually touching at one point) a beautiful little pillar stone of -syenite, the danger being that in some storm, especially after a heavy -fall of snow and sudden thaw, the great stone would break in three pieces -(having three veins) in falling, and also crush the smaller stone beneath -it. - -That a forward movement was continually taking place is shown by -observations taken by Mr. Flinders Petrie some years ago. It then leaned -at an angle of 66, which has been increased to one of 60.5 degrees -lately. The work of the raising of the stone was begun on August 18th -and finished September 25th, and was under the direct supervision of Mr. -Gowland, Mr. Detmar Blow, architect, and his assistant Mr. Stallybrass, -and Mr. Carruthers, engineer. The first thing done was to make a fitting -to the stone of a strong timber cradle, so as to protect it from injury -by the immense iron chains and ropes placed round it, these being -attached to winches worked by men, so that the stone was actually “wound -up,” so to speak, into an upright position. Hydraulic jacks were also -used. The whole thing was most carefully and slowly done, and devotedly -watched over by the workers. A rectangular excavation was made in front -of the stone, a square excavation at the back. A frame of wood with -numbers at equal distances apart was placed over the ground, which was -excavated in sections, and the earth was most carefully sifted in layers -through four grades of sieves in such a manner that the position of every -object found could be recorded. The excavations round the base of the -stone are now filled with concrete, and the large struts which uphold it -will remain in their positions for six months, until the concrete be -thoroughly set. - -The objects found were one Roman coin and one George III. penny at a -shallow depth, and many chippings of both the blue and sarsen stones. -Numerous flint axe-heads and large stone hammers were also found at a -depth of from two feet to four feet six inches underground; all tending -to prove the great antiquity of Stonehenge—at least Neolithic. But all -this will be discussed scientifically later on. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - - * * * * * - - 1904. A. No. 335. - - - -In the High Court of Justice. -CHANCERY DIVISION. -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL. - - - _Writ issued the_ 1_st day of March_ 1904. - -BETWEEN HIS MAJESTY’S ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK -TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, -SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE -and the said FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW -FLINDERS PETRIE . . . _Plaintiffs_ - -AND - -SIR EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . _Defendant_. - - -STATEMENT OF CLAIM. - - -Delivered the 17th day of March 1904 by HORNE & BIRKETT of 4 Lincoln’s -Inn Fields in the County of London Solicitors for the Plaintiffs. - -1. On Stonehenge Down in the Parish of Amesbury in the County of Wilts -there are a group of stones and surrounding earthworks which are together -known as Stonehenge. Stonehenge which is of very great antiquity -originally formed an ancient building and place of assembly for public -worship the burial of the dead deliberation on public affairs or other -public purposes and since it has ceased to be so used has remained a -national monument and place of resort of great public interest. - -2. Until the acts of the Defendant hereinafter complained of there was -and there now ought to be free access for the public to Stonehenge by -means of roads running up to and through the same the sites of which -roads are shown on the plan hereunto annexed and are thereon coloured -green. - -3. The said roads were at the time of the said acts and are public -highways for all His Majesty’s liege subjects to go and return on foot -and with horses and carriages at all times of the year at their free will -and pleasure. - -4. Stonehenge is subject to a trust created by a grant or declaration of -trust which if in writing has been lost or by a Statute which has been -lost for the free user by the public of Stonehenge as a place of resort -and for the free access of the public thereto by means of the said roads -and the site of Stonehenge has since the creation of such trust been held -by the owners thereof for the time being subject to the said trust. - -5. The Defendant has lately erected and maintains and threatens and -intends to maintain upon Stonehenge Down aforesaid fences along the lines -shown upon the said plan and thereon coloured red. The said fences -obstruct the said roads or some of them at the points marked respectively -A. B. C. D. and E. on the said plan and are obnoxious to and interfere -with the rights and privileges of His Majesty’s liege subjects referred -to in paragraphs 3 and 4 hereof. - -6. The Defendant has been requested to remove the said fences but he has -refused and still refuses to do so and threatens and intends to maintain -the same and the obstructions hereinbefore complained of. - -The Plaintiffs therefore claim— - -1. An order that the Defendant remove the said fences where they -respectively obstruct the said roads or any of them. - -2. An injunction to restrain the Defendant his servants workmen and -agents from erecting upon the said lands or any part thereof any fence or -other erection so as to obstruct and from in any way obstructing the said -roads or any of them. - -3. Costs. - - C. GURDON. - -R. B. FINLAY. - - * * * * * - - 1904. A. No. 335. - - - -In the High Court of Justice. -CHANCERY DIVISION, -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL. - - -BETWEEN HIS MAJESTY’S ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK -TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, -SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE -and the said FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW -FLINDERS PETRIE . . . _Plaintiffs_ - -AND - -SIR EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . _Defendant_. - - -DEFENCE. - - -1. As to paragraph 1 of the Statement of Claim it is not admitted that -Stonehenge was made or ever used for such purposes as in the said -paragraph mentioned or any of them or for any public purpose. Stonehenge -is and has been from time immemorial and in fact at all times private -property and not national or public property and resort thereto by the -public has always been by permission of the owner of the land and not as -of right. - -2. As to paragraph 2 the principal part of Stonehenge lies in an angle -between and near to two public roads leading from Amesbury to Shrewton -and to Winterbourne Stoke respectively. A public way or track leading -from Netheravon to Lake crosses these two roads and also crosses part of -Stonehenge but except the right to use this way or track (which is -outside the fence erected by the Defendant and has not been in any way -obstructed by him) there never has been any access for the public to -Stonehenge otherwise than by permission of the owner of the land on which -it is situate. The alleged road running up to and through Stonehenge the -sites of which are purported to be shown on the plan annexed to the -Statement of Claim and are thereon coloured green (except the way or -track from Netheravon to Lake aforesaid) do not exist either in law or in -fact and never have existed. - -3. Paragraph 3 of the Statement of Claim is denied except as to the way -or track from Netheravon to Lake aforesaid. - -4. Paragraph 4 is altogether denied. Stonehenge is not and never was -subject to any trust for user or access by the public or to any public -trust. - -5. As to paragraphs 5 and 6 the Defendant has for the better -preservation of Stonehenge erected and maintains a fence round the land -lying within the triangle formed by the said two public roads and the way -or track from Netheravon to Lake not obstructing or interfering with any -public right of way. Save as aforesaid paragraphs 5 and 6 of the -Statement of Claim are denied. - - F. VAUGHAN HAWKINS. - -Delivered the 27th day of April 1904 by FARRER & Co. of 66 Lincoln’s Inn -Fields in the County of Middlesex Solicitors for the Defendant. - - * * * * * - -This case commenced in the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, on -Tuesday, March 28th, and continued on the 29th and 30th. Again on the -4th, 5th, 6th, and 11th and 12th of April. Mr. Justice Farwell delivered -his considered judgment on the 19th, concluding as follows:— - -“I hold, therefore, that the access to the circle was incident only to -the permission to visit and inspect the stones, and was, therefore, -permissive only, and, further that the tracks to the circle are not -thoroughfares, but lead only to the circle, where the public have no -right without permission, and, therefore, are not public ways. The -action accordingly fails, and ought never to have been brought. It is -plain that the vicinity of the camp and the consequent increase of -visitors compelled the defendant to protect the stones if they were to be -preserved; and he has done nothing more than is necessary for such -protection. I desire to give the relators credit for wishing only to -preserve this unique relic of a former age for the benefit of the public, -but I fail to appreciate their method of attaining this. The first claim -to dispossess the defendant of his property is simply extravagant, so -much so that, although not technically abandoned, no serious argument was -addressed to me in support of it. The rest of the claim—for rights of -way over the network of tracks shown on the plaintiffs’ plan—if -successful would defeat the relators’ object. If these ways were left -unfenced and heavy traffic passed through the circle, there would be -great risk of injury, and even without such traffic there is great risk -from the increased numbers of passers-by. As Sir Norman Lockyer (whose -interesting application of the Orientation theory to Stonehenge has -recently appeared) says in one of his articles:—‘The real destructive -agent has been man himself—savages could not have played more havoc with -the monument than the English who have visited it at different times for -different purposes.’ I feel no confidence that the majority of tourists -have improved, nay, rather,—‘Aetas parentum, pejor avis, tulit Nos -nequiores.’ It is only fair to the defendant to say that he is not -acting capriciously but on expert advice for the preservation of the -stones. If, on the other hand, the roads are all fenced off, the general -appearance would be ruined, and no human being would be in any way the -better. It is not immaterial to remark that this is not the action of -the District or the County Council to preserve rights of way, but is -brought on the relation of strangers on the score of the public interest -in Stonehenge. The action is dismissed with costs.” - -Mr. Warmington:—“My Lord, there is only one matter with regard to costs I -think, and that is the question of the Commission. {52} My Lord, those -were reserved, and they will be costs in the action.” - -Mr. Justice Farwell:—“Yes. I may say this—it sometimes saves trouble, -and it is not unusual, I have done it before, and I think I may say it -now—that this is a case in which the taxing master should allow three -counsel.” - -Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship pleases. I was instructed to apply; -but according to the practice it is done after taxation.” - -Mr. Justice Farwell:—“I know it is. But I have done it before. You see -the matter is now fresh in my recollection, and a summons to vary might -come before other Judges.” - -Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship pleases.” - - - - -HOTELS AT SALISBURY. - - -THE WHITE HART (_near the Cathedral_). - - -Carriages and horses for Stonehenge, Wilton, and the New Forest may be -had. - -PRICES FOR STONEHENGE, &C.—The complete drive _viâ_ Amesbury to -Stonehenge and back by Lake House and the Valley. - - _£_ _s._ _d._ -One horse carriage, for 2 persons 0 13 0 -,, ,, ,, ,, 3 ,, 0 18 0 -Two ,, ,, 2 ,, 1 1 0 -„ „ „ „ 3 „ 1 5 0 -„ „ „ „ 4 „ 1 10 0 - -These prices include the driver and waiting, baiting, &c. - -TARIFF OF PRICES: Per day. - _s._ _d._ -Sitting-rooms from 5 0 -Bedrooms from 2 6 - Per head. -Plain breakfast 2 0 -Breakfast with chop or steak 2 6 -,, fish, ham and eggs 3 0 -LUNCHEONS: -Bread and cheese 0 9 -Sandwich 1 0 -Light soups 1 0 -Cold meat 2 6 -DINNERS: -Soup and chop, vegetables, and cheese 3 6 -With either soup or fish and entrée 4 0 -Ditto with sweets 4 6 -TEAS: -Plain 1 6 -With eggs 2 0 -Single cup of tea 0 6 - Servants’ board, 5_s._ per day. - -Gentlemen’s coffee-room, ladies’ drawing-room, smoking and billiard-room. - -Visitors are requested, if possible, to write to the Manager for -accommodation. - -Table d’Hôte, Breakfasts, 3_s._; Luncheons, 2_s._ 6_d._; Dinners, 5_s._ -These meals run for two hours, and are served at separate tables. - - - -CATHEDRAL HOTEL. - - Per day. -Bedrooms from 2 6 -Sitting-rooms 3 6 -BREAKFASTS OR TEAS: Per head. -Plain 1 3 -With eggs 1 6 -With meat or fish 2 6 -DINNERS: From 3_s._ - per head. -Cold baths 0 6 -Hot 1 0 - Servants’ board, 5_s._ per day. - -Carriages with experienced drivers for Stonehenge and other places of -interest. - - - -RED LION HOTEL, SALISBURY. -(_Headquarters of the Cyclists’ Touring Club_.) - -APARTMENTS: s. d. -Bedrooms per day 2 6 -Double bedroom 4 0 -Baths in bathroom 1 0 -Baths in bedroom 0 6 -BREAKFAST: Per head. -Plain 1 3 -With eggs 1 9 -With fish, steak, ham and eggs 2 6 -LUNCHEONS: -Soup 1 0 -Sandwiches 0 6 -Cold joint, cheese and salad 2 0 -Ditto, sweets 2 6 -Chop and vegetables 2 0 -DINNERS: -Joint and vegetable 2 6 -Ditto, with sweets 3 0 -Ditto, soup or fish, joint, and sweets 3 6 -TEAS: -Cup of tea or coffee 0 6 -Teas with eggs, &c. same as breakfast. - Servants’ board per day, 5s. Bedroom, 1_s._ 6_d._ - -Excellent Chemists: Messrs. Read & Orchard, Market Place, Salisbury. - -Sly, Watch-maker, Market Place. - -Good Booksellers: Brown, Canal, & Simmonds, High Street. - -Messrs. Pinckney, Bankers, Market Place. - - - -AMESBURY. - -“Queensberry House”—Boarding House, Tea and Luncheon F. Tucker. -Room -“Ivy Dene”—Private Hotel A. Fleming. -“The Phœnix”—Temperance House E. Cockle. -Drapery and Millinery F. Tucker. -Drapery and Fancy Bazaar B. Hale. - -THE GEORGE INN. - - -Good flys, one and two horses, can be procured here, also bedrooms and -sitting-rooms, luncheons, and dinners, and teas. - - * * * * * - - * * * * * - - PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LTD., LONDON AND BECCLES. - - - - -FOOTNOTES. - - -{10} Aurelius Ambrosius succeeded to the kingdom of Britain on the death -of Vortigern in the year 465; he was of Roman extraction, though educated -in Britain. - -{18} The Avon is the beloved haunt of thousands of wild duck, many -herons, kingfishers, &c. - -{24} Trilithon, a monument (or part of a monument) consisting of three -large stones. - -{43} “Nature,” vol. 64, p. 602. - -{52} This refers to the Committee of the County Council appointed to -hear the complaint against the enclosure of Stonehenge, and it met early -in 1902. - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** - - -******* This file should be named 64167-0.txt or 64167-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/4/1/6/64167 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/64167-0.zip b/old/64167-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5f54ec9..0000000 --- a/old/64167-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h.zip b/old/64167-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 27a6c64..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/64167-h.htm b/old/64167-h/64167-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 630e25f..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/64167-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3126 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html - PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII" /> -<title>A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury and Stonehenge, by Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus</title> - <style type="text/css"> -/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ -<!-- - P { margin-top: .75em; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - P.gutsumm { margin-left: 5%;} - P.poetry {margin-left: 3%; } - .GutSmall { font-size: 0.7em; } - H1, H2 { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - } - H3, H4, H5 { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - } - BODY{margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - table { border-collapse: collapse; } -table {margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;} - td { vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid black;} - td p { margin: 0.2em; } - .blkquot {margin-left: 4em; margin-right: 4em;} /* block indent */ - - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - - .pagenum {position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: small; - text-align: right; - font-weight: normal; - color: gray; - } - img { border: none; } - img.dc { float: left; width: 50px; height: 50px; } - p.gutindent { margin-left: 2em; } - p.gutlist { margin-top: 0.1em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -1em} - div.gapspace { height: 0.8em; } - div.gapline { height: 0.8em; width: 100%; border-top: 1px solid;} - div.gapmediumline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; - border-top: 1px solid; } - div.gapmediumdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 40%; margin-left:30%; - border-top: 1px solid; border-bottom: 1px solid;} - div.gapshortdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; - margin-left: 40%; border-top: 1px solid; - border-bottom: 1px solid; } - div.gapdoubleline { height: 0.3em; width: 50%; - margin-left: 25%; border-top: 1px solid; - border-bottom: 1px solid;} - div.gapshortline { height: 0.3em; width: 20%; margin-left:40%; - border-top: 1px solid; } - .citation {vertical-align: super; - font-size: .5em; - text-decoration: none;} - span.red { color: red; } - body {background-color: #ffffc0; } - img.floatleft { float: left; - margin-right: 1em; - margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; } - img.floatright { float: right; - margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; } - img.clearcenter {display: block; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em; - margin-bottom: 0.5em} - --> - /* XML end ]]>*/ - </style> -<link rel='coverpage' href='images/cover.jpg' /> -</head> -<body> -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg eBook, A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury -and Stonehenge, by Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus, Illustrated by -Clarisse Miles - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury and Stonehenge - - -Author: Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus - - - -Release Date: December 29, 2020 [eBook #64167] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** -</pre> -<p>Transcribed from the 1908? edition, by David Price.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/mapb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Map of the Amesbury area" -title= -"Map of the Amesbury area" - src="images/maps.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h1>A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL<br /> -GUIDE TO AMESBURY AND<br /> -STONEHENGE, COMPILED<br /> -BY LADY ANTROBUS</h1> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">DEDICATED TO -MY MOTHER</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">GEORGINA ALICIA SARTORIS</span></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>TENTH THOUSAND</i></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">ESTATE OFFICE: AMESBURY, WILTS</p> -<h2><a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -2</span>PREFACE.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> compiling this little Guide -Book, I have somewhat departed from the ordinary lines, but I -venture to hope that the traveller to Amesbury and Stonehenge -will not like it the worse on that account. I am much -indebted to the kindness of Mrs. <span -class="smcap">Gordon</span> and of Messrs. <span -class="smcap">Murray</span>, <span class="smcap">Barclay</span>, -<span class="smcap">Story Maskelyne</span>, and <span -class="smcap">Hewitt</span>, for allowing me to quote from their -works, also to the Editor of the <i>Ladies’ Realm</i>, for -permission to use an article by me which appeared in the February -number of that magazine, and, above all, to Miss <span -class="smcap">Clarisse Miles</span>, for the charming photographs -which illustrate my book.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Florence -Caroline Mathilde Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>Amesbury Abbey</i>,<br /> - <i>Salisbury</i>, 1900.</p> -<h2><a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 3</span>GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE.</h2> -<p>Leaving Salisbury by what is called the “Upper -Road” to Amesbury, one travels across a tract of bleak and -rather uninteresting downs. About two miles from Salisbury -(on the left) Old Sarum stands up conspicuously, and is the only -object of interest till one arrives at Amesbury, eight miles -distant from Salisbury. Amesbury calls itself a town, and -boasts of several shops and the telegraph. A railway -station is in process of construction. In Aubrey’s -times Amesbury was celebrated for its tobacco pipes, marked with -a gauntlet, the name of the maker. Of these, several -specimens are to be found in the museum at Salisbury.</p> -<p>Returning to Salisbury from Amesbury, and taking “the -Bourne” route, there is a beautiful drive winding along the -banks of the Avon. I give a short account of the most -interesting places the traveller meets with on his homeward -journey.</p> -<h2>OLD SARUM.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">Lies</span> two miles from Salisbury, and -stands up, making a bold outline in the surrounding open -country. It is a hill, bare now, save for some trees, -encircled with entrenchments, with a central mound peering above -them. But centuries ago this spot was crowded with -buildings—religious, military, and domestic, and was one of -the most important in our island. Some say that the ancient -British name was <i>Caer Sarflag</i>, <a name="page4"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 4</span>the “City of the Service -Tree.” Its Roman name was <i>Sorbiodunun</i>, the -Saxon <i>Sarobyrig</i>. The face of the hill is smooth and -very steep. The summit is fenced by a mighty earthen -rampart and ditch, protected by a lower raised bank outside of -it, the height from the top of the one to the bottom of the other -being 106 feet. The surface of the hill is an elongated -circular area of 27½ acres. In the centre of the -area is a second circular earthwork and ditch 100 feet high, and -within these stood the citadel. On the top of the earthwork -surrounding the citadel was a very strong wall 12 feet thick, of -flint embedded in rubble, and coated with square stones, of which -some portion remain. To the great outer earthwork there -were two entrances—one (guarded by a hornwork still -remaining) on the western, another (the postern) on the eastern -side. The site of the citadel is now overgrown with briers -and brushwood; the rest of the area is partly in a state of -nature, partly cultivated. “Celt and Roman alike had -seen the military value of the height from which the eye sweeps -nowadays over the grassy meadows of the Avon to the arrowy spire -of Salisbury; and, admirable as the position was in itself, it -had been strengthened at a vast cost of labour. The camp on -the summit of the knoll was girt in by a trench hewn so deeply in -the chalk that, from the inner side of it, the white face of the -rampart rose 100 feet high, while strong outworks protected the -approaches to the fortress from the west and from the -east.”</p> -<p>Though there may have been a British stronghold here, still, -it is the opinion of good antiquaries that there is now no -British work to be seen; that the Romans took possession of the -hill and defended it by a simple escarpment, without any ditch, -but with outworks at the entrances; and that the ditch now on the -face of the scarp, as well as the central citadel and its -defences, were added by the Saxons, and perhaps by Alfred, who, -in his war with the Danes, certainly paid great attention to -strengthening the position. There are Roman roads to -Silchester, Winchester, Dorchester, Uphill, on the Bristol -Channel, and others, it is believed, to Bath and -Marlborough. Cynric the Saxon won a victory over the -Britons in 552. In 960, Edgar held his Council here. -In 1003, Seweyn and the Danes are said to have stormed it. -In the time of the Confessor a monastery of nuns was <a -name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -5</span>established. It was not till 1072 that it became -the seat of a bishop. The kingdom of Wessex originally -formed one diocese, and the see being fixed 683, St. Hædde -being bishop, the see was removed to Winchester. In 705, -the diocese was divided, a new see for the district of E. Selwood -being fixed at Sherborne, whose first bishop was St. -Ealdhelm. A further subdivision took place in 909, a new -see for Berks and Wilts being created at Ramsbury, which was -reunited to Sherborne by Bishop Herman 1045, who in 1072 -transferred the see to Old Sarum. In 1070 William the -Conqueror, as the closing act of his conquest, reviewed his -victorious army on the plain below Old Sarum, where now the -modern city stands, rewarding its leaders with lands and -gifts. The Castellanship of Sarum he gave to his kinsman, -Osmund, who afterwards, taking Holy Orders, succeeded Herman in -the see. In 1086 the King assembled here, the year before -his death, all the chief landowners of the realm to swear that -“whose men soever they were they would be faithful to him -against all other men,” by which “England was made -ever afterwards an undivided kingdom.”</p> -<p>Bishop Osmund finished his new cathedral in 1092, “and -established the new ritual ‘ad usum -Sarum.’” The foundations of the cathedral were -visible in the very dry summer of 1834. It was in the form -of a cross 270 feet long by 70 feet wide, the transept of the -same width and 150 feet long. Its plan is remarkable for -having a square instead of an apsidal East end, and a Galilee or -Atrium at the West end. Within a few days of its -consecration a thunderstorm seriously injured the roofs and -walls. Robert of Gloucester, alluding to the fifth year of -the reign of William II., sings:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“So gret lytnynge was the vyfte yer so that -al to noghte<br /> -The rof of the Chyrch of Salesbury it bronte<br /> -Rygh even the vyfte day that he y hawled was.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Henry the First’s celebrated chancellor, Bishop Roger, -improved both the church and its fortifications. In the -reign of Stephen the place began to decline. The soldiers -and priests, cooped up into so small a space, could not -agree. The situation was cold and windy, and water was -scarce. Bishop Richard Poore is said to have been directed -in a vision to build upon the maer (or boundary) field, called <a -name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>in some -accounts Miry-Field or the Merrifield, where a new church (the -present cathedral) was begun. The citizens migrated, the -great travelling road was diverted to the new site, and the days -of Old Sarum were numbered. A charter granted to the new -town sealed its fate. Very little, however, is known about -the real history of the transference of the people from one place -to the other. There are some reasons for believing that a -new town had been growing up by degrees long before the cathedral -was built at New Sarum. Being only 1600 feet in diameter, -Old Sarum must have afforded small space for a cathedral, -bishop’s palace, a garrison, streets and houses. The -cathedral was taken down in 1331 (Edward III.), and its materials -used in building the new spire, Close Walls, &c. Leland -(temp. Henry VIII.) reports some portions of the building as -visible in his time, but says: “There is not one house -neither within or without Old Saresbyri inhabited. Much -notable ruinus building of the castell yet ther remaynith. -The ditch that envirined the old town was a very deepe and strong -thynge.” The walls remained till 1608, and served as -a quarry. Fisherton old county jail (inter alia) was built -out of them. The great hollow enclosure of Old Sarum, girt -by its frowning earthwork (not unlike the crater of a volcano), -is certainly a solemn and desolate place. Pepys, passing -by, and not knowing what it was, desired to examine it. -“I saw a great fortification,” he says, “and -there light and to it and in it, and find it so prodigious so as -to frighten one to be in it all alone at that time of -night.” A subterranean passage was discovered in -1795. The foundations of towers may be traced, and many -Roman coins have been met with. Old Salisbury has given a -title to the families of d’Eureux or Devereux, Longespee, -Montacute, Nevill Plantagenet, and the Cecil family, who still -enjoy it. The ground ceased to be Crown property in 1447, -when it was granted by James I. to the Lords Stourton; on -forfeiture by them, it was granted by James I. to the -Cecils. They sold it to Governor Pitt, and the Earl of -Chatham sold it to the Earl of Caledon. It was subsequently -purchased by the Ecclesiastical Commission. Its dignity as -the resort of kings and seat of councils ceased with the growth -of the younger city; but it long retained one relic of its former -<a name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>greatness, -the right of returning two members to Parliament, which was duly -exercised until the passing of the Reform Bill, although for many -a year only two or three cottages had existed. The -elections were held at the foot of the hill on Election Acre, -where a tent was pitched beneath the branches of an elm-tree, -which is still pointed out as occupying the site of the last -remaining house.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p6b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Saint Mary’s, Amesbury. (Photo Miss Weed Ward.)" -title= -"Saint Mary’s, Amesbury. (Photo Miss Weed Ward.)" - src="images/p6s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>STRATFORD-SUB-CASTLE.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">Lies</span> close under the hill of Old -Sarum, and derives its name from the Roman “street” -or road which here “forded” the river on its course -to Bradbury Rings and Dorchester. The manor house was the -residence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who was first -returned to Parliament (1735) as member for those vacant mounds -on the hill above. Governor Pitt purchased the manor in -1690 for 1500<i>l.</i>, and Lord Grenville, who had married the -sister of Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford, afterwards sold it for -65,000<i>l.</i> to Lord Caledon. In 1801 John Horne Tooke -was returned by Lord Camelford, and in his case the question of -the disability of clergymen to sit as Members of Parliament was -tried and settled. The doorhead of the quaint gabled -parsonage bears the inscription, “Parva sed lapsa domino -1675.” A charming lime avenue leads from the -parsonage to the church, which contains an hour glass stand for -the pulpit.</p> -<h2>THE CHURCH, AMESBURY.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Dedicated to -the Memories of St. Mary and St. Melorus</span>.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">One</span> of the finest in -Wiltshire. A fourteenth century nave roof covers a Norman -nave, and a thirteenth century chapel possesses a beautiful -window, with two lights, and slender delicate column and -sculptured leafy cap. Archæologists <a -name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>dispute as to -whether this is the abbey church (a Benedictine order founded by -Queen Elfrida to expiate the murder of her step-son at Corfe) or -merely the parish church. I consider that there can be -<i>no</i> doubt that it is the abbey church, and in my next -edition I hope this fact will be proved from excavations to be -made under the superintendence of Mr. Detmar Blow, the architect -for the structural repairs that are, unfortunately, necessary, -the four angles of the church tower and the voussoirs of the arch -having become separated, &c. Only 1400<i>l.</i> is -needed, and subscriptions will be gratefully acknowledged by the -Manager of the Wilts and Dorset Bank, Amesbury, Wilts; or Lady -Antrobus, Amesbury Abbey. An unfortunate -“restoration” was made in 1853, which swept away the -furnishings of the Early Romantic period.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p8ab.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Amesbury Abbey, seat of the Duke of Queensbury. (From an Old -Engraving.)" -title= -"Amesbury Abbey, seat of the Duke of Queensbury. (From an Old -Engraving.)" - src="images/p8as.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>AMESBURY ABBEY.</h2> -<p style="text-align: right"><span -class="smcap">Salisbury</span>.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Since</span> writing the above little note -on Amesbury church, the necessary repairs to the tower have been -most sympathetically carried out by Mr. Detmar Blow. No -changes are to be noticed from the exterior—the test of a -good architect’s work applied to old buildings. The -underpinning disclosed the remains of a Saxon pillar embedded in -the masonry of the nave wall—may not this fact go to prove -that the present building stands on the site of Elfrida’s -church? At the completion of Mr. Blow’s work, which -includes the underpinning of the tower, repairs to the nave, and -the rehanging of the bells, further repairs were found to be -necessary. The Rev. F. Windley (the new vicar) held a -meeting, dismissing Mr. Blow and appointing Mr. Warre as -architect in his place, with most unfortunate results. The -roof of the exquisite little chapel has been removed and altered -to a higher pitch, inferior flint work used, and crude yellow -stones instead of the beautiful silvery-grey old coping. -This act of vandalism was done against the wishes of the Society -for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and my own. No -“restorations” (so called) should ever be allowed <a -name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>for these -buildings, only “repairs.” The pitch of the old -roof should not have been altered, even if originally higher, as, -so to speak, the whole thing had grown together; also nothing but -old stones for coping should have been used, and grey flints -instead of black ones. It is extraordinary to see the -damage done to the rare and beautiful buildings in this -neighbourhood. Yellow stones, hideous in colour, put in -with still more hideous plaster, is the local idea of suitable -“restoration.” The vandal architect Butterfield -buried (in 1853) under the chancel the memorial tablets, at the -same time breaking up the lovely old font and burying its -remains. This latter has been beautifully mended by Mr. -Kite, builder. The memorial tablets, some very beautiful, -have not yet been rehung, as they should be, in the body of the -church.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p8bb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Amesbury Abbey, 1900" -title= -"Amesbury Abbey, 1900" - src="images/p8bs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>I was requested to give a cross for the altar. I had a -copy made of the celebrated Celtic “Cross of -Cong.” I also presented an altar-cloth of old crimson -Italian damask (from Florence). A dove, embroidered in -different tones of gold and silver thread, decorates the -frontal. Mr. Windley thought fit to cut and alter this -altar-cloth, adding an unsuitable top and fringe, and spoiling -the effect of the chancel by covering the pink alabaster with -cheap, ugly, woven materials. The effect of the delicate -lines of the Celtic cross and the crimson damask are by this -treatment utterly ruined.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>February</i> 9<i>th</i>, 1908.</p> -<h2>AMESBURY ABBEY: ITS HISTORY, ANCIENT AND MODERN.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> river Avon, on its course to -the sea, passes through a beautiful, thickly wooded valley in -Wiltshire, in which lies Amesbury, or, to follow the old -spelling, Ambresbury, signifying the land of Ambrosius. -This fascinating place, and the wild country surrounding it, -possess a charm and <a name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -10</span>beauty all their own, and those born and bred there ever -pine for the breezy downs, as the Swiss for their mountains or -north-country people for the moorland; and no one who has walked -or ridden on some glorious summer morning over the fine, close -grass clothing these Wiltshire downs can ever forget its -delicious “springy” quality underfoot. A -talented modern artist once happily christened Amesbury -“The Golden Valley;” he saw it in the spring, at -which season of the year the whole country-side seems ablaze with -brilliant yellow flowers.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p10b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The Palladian Bridge" -title= -"The Palladian Bridge" - src="images/p10s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>Amesbury lies eight miles north of Salisbury, and we may -consider that it occupies a space in the midst of that vast tract -of undulating country that (somewhat erroneously to my mind) is -given the name of “Salisbury Plain.” I now -propose to trace, as briefly as I can, some of the history of -this interesting and beautiful place. Its antiquity is so -great as to take us back to pre-historic times. In its near -neighbourhood many desperate battles were fought between Briton, -Saxon, and Roman with varying success. Lewis, in his -ancient <i>History of Britain</i>, says: “In the reign of -Vortigern, 461 <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>, a Conference -was appointed to take place near the Abbey of Ambri, with Hengist -the Saxon, and it was agreed that both parties should come -without armour. But Hengist, under colour of peace, devised -the subversion of all the nobility of Britain, and chose out to -come to this assembly his faithfullest and hardiest men, -commanding every one of them to hide under their garment a long -knife, with which, when he should give the watchword, every one -should kill the Briton next him. Both sides met upon the -day appointed, and, treating earnestly upon the matter, Hengist -suddenly gave the watchword and caught Vortigern by the collar, -upon which the Saxons, with their long knives, violently murdered -the innocent and unarmed Britons. Thus were 460 earls and -noblemen of the Britons treacherously murdered. They were -buried in the convent at Amesbury. This massacre took place -near Stonehenge, where repeated battles were fought between -Ambrosius and Hengist.” <a name="citation10"></a><a -href="#footnote10" class="citation">[10]</a></p> -<p><a name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>There -is a fanciful legend, told by an old writer called Geoffrey of -Monmouth, about Stonehenge. He says that Ambrosius, wishing -to commemorate those who had fallen in battle, thought fit to -send for Merlin the Wizard, to consult him on the proper monument -to be erected to the memory of the slain. On being -interrogated Merlin replied, “Send for the -‘Giants’ Dance,’ which is in Killarus -(Kildare), a mountain in Ireland; they are stones of a vast -magnitude, and if they can be placed here quite round this spot -of ground they will stand <i>for ever</i>.” At these -words Aurelius laughed and said, “How was it possible to -remove such stones from so distant a country, and had not Britain -as good stones?” Merlin replied “that they were -mystical stones and had a medicinal virtue,” whereupon the -Britons resolved to send for them and to risk a battle. -Upon landing in Ireland, the removal of the stones was violently -opposed by Gillomanius, a youth of wonderful valour. At the -head of a vast army, he exclaimed, “While I have life they -shall not take from us the least stone of the Giants’ -Dance.” A battle ensued, which was won by the -Britons. They then proceeded to Killarus, where the sight -of the stones filled them with joy and admiration, and, while -they were all standing round, Merlin asked them to try and remove -the stones. Their efforts proving futile, he laughingly -proceeded with his own contrivances, and took down the stones -with incredible facility. This done, they set sail to -Britain, and repaired to the burial-place with the stones, -Aurelius ordering Merlin to get them up in the same manner as -they had been in the mountain of Killarus, which he accordingly -did.</p> -<p>Queen Elfrida, who performed many penances and built -monasteries in atonement for the crime of the murder of her -step-son, Edward the Martyr, founded a Benedictine nunnery at -Amesbury in 980. This nunnery flourished for many years, -until the ill-conduct of the nuns caused King Henry II. to expel -them (1177), and place them under stricter discipline in other -religious houses. He then gave the monastery of Ambresbury -to the Abbey of Fontevrault, in Normandy. This order was -founded by Robert d’Arbrissel about the end of the eleventh -century. It is looked upon as a singularity in the church, -some finding it <a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -12</span>strange to see an abbess exercising equal authority over -men as well as women. Before his death d’Arbrissel -appointed Petronilla de Craou Chemille as head and chief of his -order, of which he drew up statutes, putting them under the order -of St. Benedict. Under the new rule, this monastery -increased in splendour and royal favour, King John conferring -upon it important privileges. Eleanor, only daughter of -Geoffrey, Earl of Bretagne, was buried, according to her own -request, at Ambresbury in 1241. Mary, sixth daughter of -Edward I., together with thirteen young ladies of royal birth, -took the veil in 1283; and two years afterwards, anno 1287, -Eleanor, queen of Henry III., entered the order, and died and was -buried at Ambresbury in 1292. The monastery continued to -prosper, and became one of the richest in England. The -following names of the prioresses have been -preserved:—Isabella of Lancaster, fourth daughter of Henry, -Earl of Lancaster; Joan de Gennes; Sibilla de Montacute; -Katherine of Arragon lodged within the convent walls on her first -arrival in England in 1501.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p12b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Chinese Summer House" -title= -"Chinese Summer House" - src="images/p12s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>At the time of the Reformation, the last prioress (but one), -Florence Bormewe, refused to surrender her monastery to the -King’s emissaries. They wrote: “Albeit we have -used as many ways with her as our poor wits could attain, yet in -the end we could not by any persuasion bring her to any -conformity, but at all times she resteth and so remaineth in -these terms.” She answered, “If the -King’s Highness command me to go from this house I will -gladly go, though I beg my bread, and as for pension I care for -none.” The death of this brave prioress saved her -from further humiliation.</p> -<p>Joan Darell was abbess at the time of the Dissolution; she -surrendered to King Henry VIII. Dec. 4th, 1540.</p> -<p>The old Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth gives Amesbury as -the place of Queen Guinevere’s penitential -retirement. The modern poet, Tennyson, takes the same -view:</p> -<blockquote><p>“Queen Guinevere had fled the Court and -sat<br /> -There in the holy house at Almesbury.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Antiquarians disagree as to whether the fine church now <a -name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -13</span>standing—with its lancet windows, pointed arches, -and massive turret—is the old abbey church, or only that of -the parish. In an obscure corner at the back of the church -is found a window of quite another description—very -beautiful, and more approaching to the “rose” style -of architecture. Of the old stained glass only a few broken -fragments remain. On one piece is a picture of a -fair-haired, long-necked woman suppose to represent Queen -Guinevere.</p> -<p>The churchyard (lying to the south of the old church), with -its grey tombstones and dark green yew-trees, has a solemn, calm -and peaceful air. Over a grave is found the following -epitaph:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Altho’ his body here doth lye<br /> - Till the last trump doth it raise,<br /> -His soul is now in heaven high<br /> - And sings Jehovah’s praise.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>I now finish my description of Amesbury’s monastic -period and turn to the modern years. According to a good -authority, Henry VIII. bestowed Amesbury upon Edward, Earl of -Hertford, afterwards Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector in the -succeeding reign. After his trial, death sentence, and -execution, the lands were confiscated by the Crown till the reign -of Queen Elizabeth, who probably restored them to the -Protector’s son, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford. -This gentleman was thrice married, his last wife being a widow of -fascinating beauty and charm. She had previously been -engaged to Sir George Rodney, who loved her madly, but, being -ambitious, she left him for Lord Hertford. The day before -the marriage, Sir George Rodney travelled to the inn at Amesbury -and waited for the home-coming of the bride and bridegroom. -All the night he occupied himself by composing a dying love song -written with his own blood. Upon the arrival in the village -of his false love, he went to greet her, and fell upon his sword -and expired at her feet. I give the following extract from -the poem, which is somewhat long and tedious:—</p> -<blockquote><p><a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -14</span>“Sir George Rodney before he killed -himself—<br /> - What shall I do that am undone,<br /> - Where shall I fly myself to shunne?<br /> - Ah mee! myselfe must kill,<br /> - And yet I die against my will.<br /> - In starry letters I behold<br /> - My death in the Heavens enrolled.<br /> - There finde it wrytt in skyes above<br /> - That I (poore I) must die for love.<br /> - ’Twas not my love deserved to die,<br /> - O no! it was unworthy I.<br /> - I for her love should not have dyde,<br /> - But that I had no worth beside.<br /> - Ah mee! that love such woe procures,<br /> - For without her no love endures.<br /> - I for her vertues her doe serve,<br /> - Doth such a love a death deserve?”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Lady Hertford presented a bell to the parish of -Amesbury. An inscription on it runs thus:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Be stronge in faythe, prayes God well.<br -/> -Frances, Countess Hertford’s bell.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p14b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Kent House" -title= -"Kent House" - src="images/p14s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>After the Seymour period, the Amesbury estates passed through -different hands, belonging in 1720 to Henry, Lord Carleton; he -having purchased them from Charles, Lord Bruce, son of the Earl -of Ailesbury. Lord Carleton left them by will to his -nephew, Charles, Duke of Queensberry, in 1724, who married the -charming Lady Catherine Hyde in 1720. This couple spent -much time at Amesbury, altering and improving it in various ways, -and entertaining their friends.</p> -<p>The poet Gay was a devoted friend and admirer of the Duchess, -who, indeed, seems to have been an attractive woman of immense -spirit and wit. She offended George II. and his Queen by -her defence of Gay’s play, the <i>Beggars’ Opera</i>, -and was forbidden the Court for some time; but she, standing -firmly by her friend, refused to retract or alter her sentiments, -and finally forced the Court to receive and forgive her. -Here is a copy of her message to the King:—</p> -<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><a -name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -15</span>“<i>Feb.</i> 27<i>th</i>, 1729.</p> -<p>“That the Duchess of Queensberry is surprised and well -pleased the King has given her so agreeable a command as to stay -from Court, where she never came for diversion, but to bestow a -civility upon the King and Queen. She hopes, by such an -unprecedented order as this, that the King will see as few as he -wishes at his Court, particularly such as dare to think or speak -truth. I dare not do otherwise, and ought not nor could not -have imagin’d that it would not have been the very highest -compliment that I could possibly pay the King, to endeavour to -support truth and innocence in this house.</p> -<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) “C. <span -class="smcap">Queensberry</span>.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The following is an extract from a letter from Gay to -Swift:—“To the lady I live with I owe my life and -fortune; think of her with respect, value and esteem her as I -do. She hath so much goodness, virtue, and generosity, that -if you knew her you would have a pleasure in obeying her as I -do.” In another letter from Gay to Swift, the former -presses his coming to join the party at Amesbury, saying -(speaking of the Duchess):—“I think her so often in -the right, you will have great difficulties to persuade me she is -in the wrong. The lady of the house is not given to show -civility to those she does not like. She speaks her mind -and loves truth, for the uncommonness of the thing. I fancy -your curiosity will prevail over your fear, and you will like to -see such a woman. But I say no more till I know whether her -Grace will fill up the rest of the paper.” P.S. by -the Duchess: “Write I must, particularly now, as I have an -opportunity to indulge my predominant passion of -Contradiction. I do, in the first place, contradict most -things Mr. Gay says of me to deter you from coming here, which, -if ever you do, I hereby assure you that, unless I like my own -way better, you shall have yours; and in all disputes you shall -convince me if you can. But, by what I see of you, this is -not a misfortune that will always happen, for I find you a great -mistaker. For example, you take prudence for -imperiousness. ’Tis from this I first determined not -to like one who is too giddy-headed for me to be certain whether -or no I shall ever be acquainted with him. I have known -people take great delight in building castles <a -name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>in the air; -but I should choose to build friendship on a more solid -foundation. I would fain know you, for I often hear more -likeable things than ’tis possible any one can -deserve. Pray come that I may find out something wrong, for -I, and I believe most women, have an inconceivable pleasure to -find out any faults except their own.” -P.S.—“Mr. Gay is very peevish that I spell and write -ill, but I don’t care, for neither the pen nor I can do -better!”</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p16b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The Diamond" -title= -"The Diamond" - src="images/p16s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>This Duchess also attracted the attention of Prior, who wrote -the well-known ballad:—</p> -<h3>THE FEMALE PHAETON.</h3> -<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">I.</p> -<p>Thus Kitty beautiful and young,<br /> - And wild as colt untam’d,<br /> -Bespoke the Fair from whence she sprung<br /> - With little rage inflam’d.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">II.</p> -<p>Inflam’d with rage at sad restraint,<br /> - Which wise mamma ordained,<br /> -And sorely vex’d to play the saint<br /> - Whilst wit and beauty reigned.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">III.</p> -<p>“Shall <i>I</i> thumb holy books confin’d<br /> - With Abigails forsaken?<br /> -Kitty’s for other things design’d,<br /> - Or I am much mistaken.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">IV.</p> -<p>“Must Lady Jenny frisk about<br /> - And visit with her cousins?<br /> -At ball must <i>she</i> make all the rout<br /> - And bring home hearts by dozens?</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page17"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 17</span>V.</p> -<p>“What has <i>she</i> better pray than I,<br /> - What hidden charms to boast,<br /> -That all mankind for her should die<br /> - While I am scarce a toast?</p> -<p style="text-align: center">VI.</p> -<p>“Dearest mamma, for once let me<br /> - Unchain’d my fortune try:<br /> -I’ll have an Earl as well as she<br /> - Or know the reason why.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">VII.</p> -<p>“I’ll soon with Jenny’s pride quit score,<br -/> - Make all her lovers fall;<br /> -They’ll grieve I was not loos’d before,<br /> - <i>She</i> I was loos’d at all.”</p> -<p style="text-align: center">VIII.</p> -<p>Fondness prevailed, mamma gave way,<br /> - Kitty, at heart’s desire,<br /> -Obtained the chariot for a day<br /> - And set the world on fire.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>This lady’s luck and happiness appear to vanish in later -life, both her sons meeting tragic deaths; the eldest, Viscount -Drumlanrig, shooting himself, the second, Lord Charles Douglas, -dying of consumption at Amesbury, having just escaped the perils -of the great earthquake at Lisbon.</p> -<p>The Duchess died July 19th, 1777, aged 77, and the Duke the -following year.</p> -<p>The title of Duke of Queensberry descended to the Duke’s -cousin, William, Earl of March and Raglin. In 1778 he -succeeded his cousin Charles as 4th Duke of Queensberry, and in -1786 was created a British peer, taking the title of Baron -Douglas of Ambresbury. This eccentric nobleman never -married, and was commonly known by the nickname of “Old -Q.” He died in 1810, the Amesbury estate passing <a -name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 18</span>to Archibald, -Lord Douglas of Douglas, whose executors sold it in 1824 to Sir -Edmund Antrobus, Bart., my husband’s great-great-uncle.</p> -<p>No record is to be found of the destruction of the Abbey, Lord -Hertford apparently building himself a house in Amesbury. -In “Vitruvius Britannicus” there is a picture of a -fine mansion in the Palladian style, built for Lord Carleton from -designs by Inigo Jones, the architect being Mr. Webb, nephew of -Inigo Jones.</p> -<p>The Queensberrys added wings to this house, and caused a -beautiful bridge to span the river Avon, which runs through the -grounds. A pretty old house stands in the park, near an old -entrance: tradition tells us the Duchess of Queensberry used this -lodge as a dairy. It possesses two octagon rooms (one over -the other), and an underground passage is supposed to connect it -with the river. The park is small, but extremely pretty; -one enters it through splendid old gates supported by Palladian -pillars.</p> -<p>Opposite the dwelling house is a high bank cut into a -fantastic shape and known as “The Diamond.” The -cave in which the poet Gay loved to write is hollowed in this -bank. The wild-bird-frequented Avon <a -name="citation18"></a><a href="#footnote18" -class="citation">[18]</a> runs below, and above it is crowned by -a beautiful wood planted over what is called -“Vespasian’s Camp.” In this wood are -found two avenues of beech-trees, and walking through the old -deer park and across the Downs, at a mile and a half’s -distance, glorious Stonehenge bursts upon one.</p> -<p>Returning to Amesbury, and following the course of the river -in the opposite direction, one comes upon a little house built of -flints, with quaint pointed roof and tower, in which the floor of -a small upper chamber is found to be movable; outside, over a -door, the stone moulding bears this inscription:</p> -<blockquote><p>“Diana, her hovs—1600.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Diana certainly possessed a picturesque dwelling, but I can -find no clue to her identity. After the death of the last -<a name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>Duke of -Queensberry, Amesbury House remained uninhabited for sixty years, -except during the tenancy of Sir Elijah Impey, and when some -French nuns occupied it for a short period.</p> -<p>My husband’s grandfather, on inheriting Amesbury from -his uncle (the first Sir Edmund Antrobus), wished to enlarge and -restore the old house, but finding it in too dilapidated a state, -decided to pull it down, and in 1838 began to build an entirely -new house (closely resembling the old one) of handsome cut stone, -with a grand loggia, supported by beautiful pillars and -ornamented with carved stonework of fine design. This house -is supposed to stand on the site of the old Abbey, and many -traces of cells were discovered, underground, when digging -foundations. To-day not a single stone of the old Abbey -remains above ground to remind us of its former existence and -splendour; it having once covered, tradition says, a space of -thirteen acres.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>.—Some beautiful coloured -tiles decorated with different intricate patterns were dug up -near the present house at Amesbury. We suppose them to be -from the cells of the old Abbey. Some have designs of the -<i>Fleur-de-lys</i> on them.</p> -<h2>PRICELESS STONEHENGE—SOME IMPRESSIONS.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center">(From <i>Ladies’ Realm</i> -Magazine.)</p> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Great Druidical Temple, or (as -some hold) Phœnician Observatory, composed of gigantic, -beautifully-coloured, hewn stones, stands in the middle of -Salisbury Plain. These stones have been measured, counted, -defaced, praised, depreciated, commented upon, by numerous -authorities on countless occasions, but (to my knowledge) no -account of their poetical and picturesque aspects, at different -seasons of the year, has been attempted. I shall feel -satisfied if I succeed in conveying feebly in words what David -Cox (the artist) did ably in colours, with his glowing -brush. I do not propose to enter into any statistics, as to -the “Market value of Stonehenge to the nation,” or to -tell you the number of <a name="page20"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 20</span>miles that lie between it and the -town of Salisbury, the goodness or inferiority of the roads to -it, the number of visiting tourists, &c.; I only wish to -place before you some impressions I have felt of its grandeur and -charm, through many seasons, in all sorts of weather, and varying -moods.</p> -<p>There is always a constant surprise and delight to me in the -manner in which Stonehenge bursts upon one, approach it as one -may, from various points across the undulating Plain which -surrounds it. Starting upon one’s -“Pilgrim’s Path” to visit it, from any side, at -first there is nothing to be seen but the crisp crackling grass -underfoot, and the white glittering roads; then, as one advances -nearer, unexpectedly, dark, mysterious forms seem to start up, -which gradually shape themselves into the incompleted circle we -call “Stonehenge.”</p> -<p>The late spring, and early summer, are enchanting periods; -myriads of starry white flowers, and gorgeous yellow and blue -ones, wave together with a glowing harmony of colour, as they are -swayed by soft breezes, whilst a “Hallelujah Chorus” -of skylarks sing overhead, making the air full of scent and -sound. In this setting, the old stones seem all yellow and -grey in the brilliant sunshine. Picturesque shepherds, -wrapped in their great dark-blue cloaks, appear upon the horizon; -tinkling sheep bells are heard, reminding one of the Roman -Campagna; evening falling, brings a sense of peace and stillness, -chimes from the old Church at Amesbury float across the -valley. The light comes and goes, and the world seems far -away.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p20b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Stonehenge and a Great Trilithon" -title= -"Stonehenge and a Great Trilithon" - src="images/p20s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center">* * * * *</p> -<p>To my mind the magic of Stonehenge is never more powerfully -felt than during the wild, tempestuous autumnal gales, that -usually sweep across the Plain in October. Great clouds -roll above, enfolding the circle in a shadowy purple mantle, -sometimes tipped with gold. Thoughts rise up suddenly, of -the many tragedies, feasts, sacrifices, mysterious rites that -must have been enacted here in far-off bygone days. One -wonders if beautiful golden-haired Guinevere passed this way, on -her flight to safety, at the Convent at “Ambresbury” -(the Land of Ambrosius), or if sad King Arthur tarried there on -his lonely homeward journey?</p> -<p><a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 21</span>I -prefer to picture to myself, Stonehenge, in happy, thoughtless -Pagan days, Druid priests and priestesses forming grand -processions; crossing the “rushing Avon” and winding -up from the valley to Stonehenge, clothed in pure white, and -holding gleaming sickles in their hands, chanting hymns on their -way to perform the sacred rite of cutting the mistletoe. -Perhaps they sang and chanted through the short summer night, -waiting for the sun to rise (over the pointed outlying stone) on -the day which marks the solar half-year (June 21st), and which -bathes the altar-stone in golden light. Probably this was -the signal for sacrifice, the death of the victim, and the -appeasing of wrathful gods. In mid-winter the stones appear -like black masses, in the midst of driving snows. The least -interesting time of year, in this enchanted place, is the bright, -clear, commonplace summer, when no mysteries abound (except by -moonlight). The old gods are sleeping, everything is -orderly, agriculture and its implements surround us, and Romance -seems dead for the moment. Farewell.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence -Caroline Mathilde Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p>In approaching’ the momentous and deeply interesting -subject of Stonehenge, I considered it best and wisest to collect -the thoughts and opinions of several learned authors on this -subject, and submit them to the reader, who thus will have an -opportunity of comparing for himself the truth and merits of the -different theories presented to him for judgment.</p> -<p>Various explanations of the name “Stonehenge” have -been forthcoming; but the true etymological significance seems to -be: A.S. “Stàn,” used as an adjective, and -“henge,” from A.S. “hòn” -<i>i.e.</i>, stone hanging-places, from the groups of stones -resembling a gallows. This was long ago suggested by Wace, -the Anglo-Norman poet, who writes:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Stanhengues ont nom en Englois<br /> -Pierres pendues en François.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>As to the date of Stonehenge, opinions vary. It is -supposed Hecatæus (500 <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>) -mentioned it as the “Round <a name="page22"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 22</span>Temple” (Translation of Extract -from Diodorus Siculus, about <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> -8).</p> -<p>Hecatæus, the Milesian, and others, have handed down to -us the following story:—“Over against Gaul, in the -great ocean stream, is an island not less in extent than Sicily, -stretching towards the north. The inhabitants are called -Hyperboreans, because their abode is more remote from us than -that wind we call Boreas. It is said that the soil is very -rich and fruitful, and the climate so favourable that there are -two harvests in every year. Their fables say that Latona -was born in this island, and on that account they worship Apollo -(Apollo would signify the sun to the Latins) before all other -divinities, and celebrate his praise in daily hymns, conferring -the highest honours upon their bards, as being his priests. -There is in this island a magnificent temple to this god, -circular in form, and adorned with many splendid offerings. -And there is also a city sacred to Apollo, inhabited principally -by harpers, who in his temple sing sacred verses to the god, -accompanied by the harp, in honour of his deeds.</p> -<p>“The language of the Hyperboreans is peculiar, and they -are singularly well affected towards the Greeks, and have been so -from the most remote times, especially to those of Athens and -Delos. It is even said that some Greeks have travelled -thither, and presented offerings at their temple inscribed with -Grecian characters. They also say that Abaris in former -times went thence to Greece, to renew their ancient friendship -with the Delians. It is related, moreover, that in this -island the moon appears but a short way from the earth, and to -have little hills upon it. Once in nineteen years (and this -period is what we call the Great Year) they say that their god -visits the island; and from the Vernal Equinox to the rising of -the Pleiades, all the night through, expresses his satisfaction -at his own exploits by dances and by playing on the harp.</p> -<p>“Both the City and the Temple are presided over by the -Boreadœ, the descendants of Boreas, and they hand down the -power in regular succession in their family.”</p> -<p>The first author who is considered to make unmistakable -mention of Stonehenge is Henry of Huntingdon (twelfth -century). In his Chronicle he speaks of it as the second <a -name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>wonder of -England, and calls it Stanenges. Geoffrey of Monmouth -(1138) wrote of it about the same time; he believed it to have -been erected by Aurelius Ambrosius, King of Britain, and called -it Hengist’s Stones. Giraldus Cambrensis, a -contemporary of Geoffrey, also makes mention of it.</p> -<p>Among more modern authors, may be quoted Sir Philip -Sidney’s lines:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Near Wilton sweet, huge heaps of stones are -found,<br /> -But so confused that neither any eye<br /> -Can count them first, nor reason try<br /> -What force them brought to so unlikely ground.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Then Wharton’s sonnet:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Thou noblest monument of Albion’s -isle!<br /> -Whether by Merlin’s aid from Scythia’s shore<br /> -To Amber’s fatal plain Pendragon bore,<br /> -Huge frame of giant hands, the mighty pile,<br /> -To entomb his Britain’s slain by Hengist’s guile;<br -/> -Or Druid priests, sprinkled with human gore,<br /> -Taught ’mid thy massy maze their mystic lore;<br /> -Or Danish chiefs, enriched with savage spoil,<br /> -To victory’s idle vast, an unhewn shrine,<br /> -Reared the rude heap; or in thy hallowed round<br /> -Repose the kings of Brutus’ genuine line;<br /> -Or here those kings in solemn state were crowned<br /> -Studious to trace thy wondrous origin,<br /> -We muse on many an ancient tale renowned.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>To descend to prose. Langtoft, in his Chronicle, -says:—“A wander wit of Wiltshire, rambling to Rome, -to gaze at antiquities, and there screwing himself into the -company of antiquarians, they entreated him to illustrate unto -them that famous monument in his country called Stonage. -His answer was that he had never seen it. Whereupon they -kicked him out of doors, and bade him go home and see -Stonage.”</p> -<p>The immortal Pepys says the stones are “as prodigious as -<a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>any tales -I have ever heard of them, and worth going this journey to -see.”</p> -<p>The archæologist, Mr. Edmund Story Maskelyne, fixes the -date of Stonehenge at 900 or 1000 <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> I quote what he says from a -lecture, read 1897, “On the Age and Purpose of -Stonehenge”:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“It is of consequence that we should -recognize that Stonehenge was built about nine or ten hundred -years <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>, and not 700 <span -class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>, as many writers would have us -believe. For instance, Dr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, in his -book, ‘Stonehenge, 1880,’ states his opinion that it -was erected <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 700±200, that -is, between <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 500 and 900. -The date of Stonehenge will be of great interest if there is -found at Avebury remains sufficiently perfect to determine -astronomically the date when that monument was erected. For -it cannot be but interesting to ascertain when the two -cults—that of the sun, pure and simple, as exemplified in -the original Temple at Stonehenge; and the cult of the sun in -connexion with the serpent, as exhibited at -Avebury—respectively prevailed in this country.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Mr. Story Maskelyne’s reasons for his theory that -Stonehenge was built by the Phœnicians are as -follows:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“I should like to add some reasons for my -belief that Stonehenge was built by the Phœnicians. -In the first place, I cannot think of any other people that could -have either designed or executed such a monument, which required -both science for its conception and skill for its erection. -The Phœnicians, with their perfect familiarity with masts, -and cordage, and pulleys, could easily lift the imposts, of which -the largest—being about 11 ft. long, 4 or 6 wide, and 3 ft. -thick—would weigh less than ten tons; and the -Phœnicians must have known how the Egyptians raised masses -of stone many times heavier.</p> -<p>“The trilithon <a name="citation24"></a><a -href="#footnote24" class="citation">[24]</a> standing clear seems -to have had some fascination for these people. They are -found still standing in Tripoli in Libya, as described in -‘The Hill of the Graces,’ a record of investigation -among the Trilithons and Megalithic sites of Tripoli by Mr. -Cowper, F.S.A., 1897, and specimens <a name="page25"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 25</span>exist on the Continent of Europe, in -Normandy and in Brittany. One may be seen in the Island of -Ushant, and another in St. Nazaire on the probable route they -adopted for the passage of tin.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p24b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Great Circle and Leaning Stone, as it was—now upright" -title= -"Great Circle and Leaning Stone, as it was—now upright" - src="images/p24s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>“Another peculiarity can be seen to this day by any one -at Stonehenge in the large trilithon impost, namely, that the -under surfaces of the imposts which rested on the uprights are -smoothly cut and slightly bevelled, so as to throw the principal -weight of the mass of the impost on its outside edge, thus -excluding rain, &c., and this very contrivance was employed -by the Egyptians in the pyramids, and it is certain that the -Phœnicians had free intercourse with Egypt. Finally, -the Phœnicians had founded Cadiz, their Gadir in the -eleventh century <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>, more than -two centuries before the date which, from astronomical -considerations, I assign for the building of Stonehenge. We -know that they sailed along the shores of Spain and Gaul and to -the Baltic, and though they preferred coasting as a rule, the -straight cut across from Cherbourg to Poole or Christchurch in -fine weather would not be a long voyage; and as they certainly -did trade with Britain, and it must have been hazardous for -British coracles to sail across the open sea, laden with tin, we -may conclude that Phœnician ships did cross the -Channel. We know also that the Phœnicians made, more -or less, homes for themselves wherever they landed; and it is -probable that they did so at Poole or Christchurch, also that -they would build them a temple where they found it convenient to -stay.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Mr. Story Maskelyne considers the Greeks reformed the Temple -later on. “Within 500 years of the latest of the -above-mentioned dates the Phœnician or Tyrian Empire had -ceased to exist, and her numerous colonies had been absorbed by -the nationalities surrounding them. About <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> 400 the Greeks supplanted the -Phœnicians in their trade with Britain, and probably for -some time continued to use the same mart and sea route the latter -had used—we may assume from Cherbourg to Poole or -Christchurch, whence they bore away the tin in their coracles -from Cornwall. Now commenced a new era for -Stonehenge. It must have been a noted Temple, and I cannot -doubt that Hecatæus did allude to it as cited by Strabo, -when he <a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -26</span>wrote, in the sixth century <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>, of the Round Temple to Apollo in -the land of the Hyperboreans. Now the festivals of the -Greeks were more connected with the months than with the year, -and their calendar months were alternate, full and hollow, where -the thirty pillars were doubtless used by them for the daily -sacrifice in the months of thirty days and the spaces between -them, omitting the entrance, for the hollow months, of -twenty-nine days. Owing to the precession of the stars, -Stonehenge no longer answered some of the purposes for which it -has been founded. The Greeks had adopted with ardour the -Metonic Cycle discovered by them <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> 430, and they reformed the old Sun -Temple by the addition of the inner horseshoe of blue stones -which represented that Cycle, for they were in number -nineteen. As to how, or why, the blue stones came to be -imported, I imagine they are native to Brittany or Normandy, -whence they might easily have been brought as ballast in Greek -ships, which took back tin in their stead from Poole or -Christchurch, and from the latter port they might easily have -been taken in rafts to Amesbury.”</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p26ab.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The stone and flint implements discovered at Stonehenge during -the excavations in 1902" -title= -"The stone and flint implements discovered at Stonehenge during -the excavations in 1902" - src="images/p26as.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p26bb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Hele Stone" -title= -"Hele Stone" - src="images/p26bs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>THE DATE OF STONEHENGE.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> printing this second edition of -my little guide-book, I think it will be found interesting and -necessary to leave all the former evidence and opinions that I -collected as to the date of Stonehenge. Since the -excavations in 1901, I think we may consider the age of -Stonehenge to be between three and four thousand years. Mr. -W. Gowland judges from the implements or tools found, Sir Norman -Lockyer and Dr. Penrose from astronomical observations, based on -the fact that the avenue (“Viâ Sacra”) to -Stonehenge from the east of the ancients was in a line with the -Altar Stone, so that the sun, rising on the day of the solar -half-year (June 21st) and creeping over the horizon, shed his -beams on the Altar Stone, thus marking the solar half-year. -Of course, the east of the ancients is not our east, but the <a -name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>difference -between the position of the sun <i>now</i> and then to the avenue -gives, according to these gentlemen’s calculations, a date -of 3700 years old to Stonehenge.</p> -<h2>THE FINDS AT STONEHENGE, 1901.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> implements found during the -excavations made for the underpinning of the “Leaning -Stone” are thus classified by Mr. W. Gowland:—</p> -<p>(1) Haches roughly chipped, longer and shorter. (2) -Axe-hammers. (3) Hammer-stones with blunt edge. The -above are of flint. (4) Regular hammer-stones of compact -sarsen. (5) Mauls of the same rock, weighing from 37 to 64 -lbs. each. There were also found chippings from the -monoliths, and, near the surface, coins and animal bones.</p> -<p>Only one trace of copper or bronze occurred other than coins -and superficial finds, a mere strain on a block of sarsen. -So we may consider Stonehenge to belong to the late Neolithic, or -early Bronze Period. These objects have been lent by Sir -Edmund Antrobus to the museum at Devizes for a period of six -months.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p>In the January, 1902, number of <i>Man</i>, Mr. W. -Gowland’s interesting paper will be found, describing the -excavations, methods of trimming and erecting the stones -practised by the ancients.</p> -<p>As to the kinds of stone actually employed in the building of -Stonehenge, the whole of the outer circle and the four stones -lying beyond that circle are undoubtedly “Sarsen” -(which are the boulder stones left by the ice-sheet of the -glacial period on the Wiltshire downs). There are, in the -inner circle, four stones which have been called -“horn-stone.” The remainder are -“diabase,” commonly called “bluestones,” -and similar are found in Wales, and in parts of Cumberland and -Cornwall, the so-called Altar Stone being a kind of grey -sandstone, not sarsen. The large outlying stone, known -traditionally as the “Friar’s Heel,” from a -legend that when the devil was busy erecting Stonehenge he made -the observation that no one would ever know how it was -done. This was overheard by a friar <a -name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>lurking near -by, and he incautiously replied in the Wiltshire dialect, -“That’s more than thee can tell,” and fled for -his life; the devil, catching up an odd stone, flung it after the -friar, and hit him on the heel. This stone is also named -the “Pointer,” because from the middle of the Altar -Stone the sun is seen at the summer solstice (21st of June) to -rise immediately above it. The Hele Stone is the true name, -“Hele” meaning “to hide,” from Heol or -Haul of Geol or Jul, all names for the sun, which this stone -seems to hide. From the Friar’s Heel it is about 66 -yards to a low circular earthen boundary, enclosing the area -within which Stonehenge stands. Just within the entrance to -this earthen ring lies a large prostrate stone called the -“Slaughter Stone,” supposed by some to have been used -for the slaughter of victims about to be offered in sacrifice at -the altar. The Slaughter Stone (at the end nearest to the -Friar’s Heel) bears evidence of tool-marks, there being six -small round cavities made in it by blows from a flint tool. -On the margin of the earthen ring, one 55 yards on the left, the -other 95 yards on the right of the entrance, are two small, -unhewn stones.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p28ab.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Ground plan as presumed to have been originally. A. Small -Trilithon of Syenite. That it stood here is only conjecture. It -now lies as marked A below" -title= -"Ground plan as presumed to have been originally. A. Small -Trilithon of Syenite. That it stood here is only conjecture. It -now lies as marked A below" - src="images/p28as.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p28bb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"A. Trilithon fell 1797. B. Upright with capstone fell, Dec. -31st, 1900" -title= -"A. Trilithon fell 1797. B. Upright with capstone fell, Dec. -31st, 1900" - src="images/p28bs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p28cb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Great Trilithons (as it was)" -title= -"Great Trilithons (as it was)" - src="images/p28cs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>Stonehenge stands about 440 feet above the sea-level. -The outer circle measures 308 feet in circumference, and is -supposed to have been formed originally of thirty upright stones, -seventeen of which are still standing, and the remains of nine -others are to be found fallen to the ground. These stones -formerly stood 14 feet above the surface of the ground, but now -are of different heights. Their breadth and thickness also -vary: the former averaging 7 feet, the latter 3½. -The stones were fixed in the ground at intervals of 3½ -feet, connected at the top by a continuous line of thirty imposts -forming a corona or ring of stone at a height of 16 feet above -the ground, and were all squared and rough hewn, and cleverly -joined together. The uprights were cut with knobs or -tenons, which fitted into mortice holes hewn in the undersides of -the horizontal stones. About 9 feet within this peristyle -was the “inner circle,” composed of diabase obelisks; -within this, again, was the “great ellipse,” formed -of five, or, as some think, seven trilithons of stones, each -group consisting of two blocks placed upright and one -crosswise. These structures rose progressively in <a -name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>height from -N.E. to S.W., and the loftiest and largest attained an elevation -of 25 feet. Lastly, within the trilithons was the -“inner ellipse,” consisting of nineteen obelisks of -diabase. Within the inner ellipse we find the Altar -Stone. At the present moment, there remains of the outer -circle or peristyle sixteen uprights and six imposts; of the -inner circle, seven only stand upright of the great -ellipse—there are still two perfect trilithons and two -single uprights. The Duke of Buckingham, in his researches -in 1620, is said to have caused the fall of a trilithon. He -was at Wilton in the reign of James I., and he “did cause -the middle of Stonehenge to be digged, and under this digging was -the cause of the falling down or recumbency of the great stone -there, twenty-one foote long.” “In the process -of digging they found a great many horns of stags and oxen, -charcoal batter-dishes (?), heads of arrows, some pieces of -armour eaten out with rust, bones rotten, but whether of -stagge’s or men they could not tell.”</p> -<p>In 1797, on a rapid thaw succeeding a severe frost, another -trilithon fell; of the inner ellipse, there are six blocks in -their places; and in the centre remains the so-called Altar -Stone.</p> -<p>In Sir R. C. Hoare’s “History of Wiltshire,” -he mentions that Inigo Jones observed a stone, which is now gone, -in the inmost part of the cell, appearing not much above the -surface of the earth and lying towards the east, four feet broad -and sixteen long, which was his supposed Altar Stone. Also -“Philip, Earl of Pembroke (Lord Chamberlayne to King -Charles I.), did say ‘that an altar stone was found in the -middle of the area here, and that it was carried away to St. -James’s.’”</p> -<p>The entrance to Stonehenge faced the N.E., and the road to it, -“Viâ Sacra,” or avenue, can be traced by banks -of earth.</p> -<p>It is the opinion of competent authorities that many of the -stones should be underpinned in the manner of the “Leaning -Stone,” as any violent storms, such as periodically sweep -across the Plain, might bring them down. The fall of two of -the stones from the outer circle (supposed by the superstitious -to foretell the Queen’s death) on December 31st, 1900, the -last day of the old century, and 103 years <a -name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>after the -last stones fell, was caused by a gale from the west.</p> -<p>There are the two opinions as to the right course to pursue -regarding Stonehenge—some people considering it would be -well to leave it to fall down, so that eventually it would appear -like a jumbled heap of ninepins, others (myself among the number) -that the necessary steps for its Preservation, <i>not</i> -Restoration, should be taken.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>April</i>, 1902.</p> -<h2>PARTICULARS OF THE STONES.</h2> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">58</p> -</td> -<td><p>stones of the Sarsen circle: 30 piers, 28 lintels.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, ,, Bluestone circle (2): this includes 1 impost.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, ,, Sarsen trilithons: 10 piers, 5 imposts.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">19</p> -</td> -<td><p>„ Inner bluestones.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Sun stone.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Altar stone.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Slaughter stone.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Stones of the Earth Circle.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">123</p> -</td> -<td><p>Total</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>.</p> -<p>The question arises whether there were formerly other stones -belonging to the earth circle. From probing the ground, -there is reason to believe that a stone on this bank may once -have marked the direction of the axis.</p> -<h2>SARSEN CIRCLE.</h2> -<p>17 piers <i>in situ</i>, 8 prostrate or fragments, 5 -missing.</p> -<p>6 lintels <i>in situ</i>, 2 fragments, 20 missing.</p> -<h2>BLUESTONE CIRCLE.</h2> -<p>12 stones or stumps <i>in situ</i>, 10 prostrate, 4 -missing.</p> -<h2><a name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 31</span>SARSEN -TRILITHONS.</h2> -<p>5 piers <i>in situ</i>, 3 prostrate, 5 missing.</p> -<p>From this list of missing blue stones we may safely deduct -two; two pieces of rock are known to be beneath the turf, and -there may be others. The most satisfactory derivation of -Sarsens or Sassens is from the Anglo-Saxon word for a rock or -stone—<i>ses</i>, plural <i>sesen</i> or -<i>sesons</i>. The Inner Circle of blue stones and Inner -Horse-shoe are composed of the “Blue Stones,” igneous -rocks.</p> -<h2>DERIVATION OF AMESBURY.</h2> -<p>“On Salisbury Plain stand the ruins of the weird Circle -of Revolution, Cor y Coeth in Welsh, the Circle of Dominion, the -holy anointed stones of Ambresbiri (<i>ambree</i>, anointed; -<i>biri</i>, Hebrew for holy ones), at once a sanctuary and a -sundial (3000 years ago the only clock in Britain), regulated by -the sun and moon for days and years. But the beautiful old -British names since the sixth century have been blotted out by -the terrible title <i>Stonehenge</i> or stone -gallows—Stanhengen in Anglo-Saxon. A permanent -gallows of stone was used by the Saxons for the execution of -criminals, and wishing to aim a death-blow at British power, no -surer way was found by the invaders than by hanging British -leaders upon the consecrated stones of their revered -temple. The road from the village of Amesbury to the Circle -is still called Gallow’s Hill.”</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><i>From Mrs. Gordon’s -Pamphlet</i>.</p> -<h2>DERIVATION OF DRUID.</h2> -<p>An Arabic (and Persian) word meaning Holy Men come from the -valley of the Euphrates. Mrs. Gordon considers Merlin (the -Bismarck of his age) as the builder of Stonehenge; also that -Aurelius Ambrosius, by his own wish, was buried within the Circle -of Stonehenge.</p> -<h2><a name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -32</span>DERIVATION OF BARROWS.</h2> -<p>Barrow, a Hebrew word for grave Mounds. Literally, the -“thrown-up pit of lamentation.”</p> -<h2>DERIVATION OF WILTSHIRE.</h2> -<p>Wiltshire, in the Saxon Chronicles Wiltunseir, in Doomesday -Wiltescire, derives its name from the town of Wilton, from the -Wit-saetas (<i>saetan</i> = settlers or inhabitants), the West -Saxon tribe who made it their home.</p> -<h2>MENTION OF AMESBURY IN MALORY’S “MORTE -D’ARTHUR.”</h2> -<p>“And thus upon a night there came a vision unto Sir -Launcelot, and charged him, in remission of all his sins, to -haste him towards Almesbury. ‘And by that time thou -come, there thou shalt find Queen Guenever dead; and therefore -take thy fellows with thee, and also purvey thee a horse bier, -and bring you the corpse of her, and bury it by her lord and -husband.’ Then Sir Launcelot took his seven fellows -with him, and on foot they went from Glastonbury, which is little -more than thirty miles. And when Sir Launcelot was come to -Almesbury, within the nunnery, Queen Guenever died but half an -hour before.”</p> -<p>Timbs, in his “Abbeys and Castles in England,” -says: “At Amesbury, says Bishop Tanner, quoting from -Geoffrey of Monmouth, there is said to have been an ancient -British monastery for 300 monks, founded, as some say, by the -famous Prince Ambrosius who lived at the time of the Saxon -invasion, and who was therein buried, destroyed by that cruel -pagan, Gurmendus, who overran all this country in the sixth -century.” This alludes to a monastery prior to the -one founded by Elfrida, with which I begin my account of Amesbury -Abbey.</p> -<h2><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span>THE -AVENUE OR VI SACRA</h2> -<p>is orientated to the midsummer sunrise, and points 50° -east of north point. It leads uninterruptedly to the -circular space formed by the earth circle in which Stonehenge -stands, the enclosing bank being discontinued in this -direction. It is noteworthy that the sun stone, as well as -the slaughter stone, are not placed in the centre of the avenue -or approach, but lie towards the eastern side of it. The -avenue is made by two parallel lines confining ditches, the earth -having been thrown inwards so as to slightly raise the -roadway. These ditches, though shallow, are distinct. -The avenue thus formed descends the gradual incline of the Down, -until at about one thousand five hundred feet from the sun stone -the ditches become indistinguishable. Here the descent is -more rapid and leads to a gentle valley in the Down, where the -avenue divided into two branches. It is now impossible to -trace this point of division with any certainty.</p> -<h2>THE CURSUS AVENUE.</h2> -<p>This is now completely obliterated.</p> -<h2>THE LONG AVENUE.</h2> -<p>The branch which turned to the right, forming the eastern -slope of the valley, went over its crest and continued in a -straight line in the direction of some high land to the north of -Vespasian’s Camp. The plough at work year after year -has completely effaced all traces of this avenue, and we have to -rely on Dr. Stukeley’s account written 150 years ago.</p> -<h2>THE PARALLEL BANK.</h2> -<p>At 1200 feet from the sun stone “the approach” is -intersected at an angle approximating roughly to a right angle by -parallel banks about two feet in height and forty feet <a -name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 34</span>apart; the -roadway thus formed continues about 600 feet to left and right; -to the east it is continued by a causeway across the valley -already spoken of, and it is used by carts passing that way, -required in the cultivation of fields to the west of the -avenue.</p> -<h2>THE CURSUS.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Discovered by Dr. Stukeley</i>, -1723.</p> -<p>This great enclosure lies to the north of Stonehenge, and -veers 6° from due east and west. Like the avenue it is -formed by banks thrown up from an outer ditch. It is 9000 -feet in length, with a width of 350 feet at its centre, but -towards its extremities it narrows. To the west, the -southern boundary is irregular. The northern ditch, on the -contrary, makes a fairly straight line. Its eastern end is -headed by a long mound now difficult to trace. Near its -western extremity, and within the enclosure, are two small tumuli -irregularly placed. The greater part of this earthwork -being on the uncultivated Down is fairly well defined, especially -to the west; to the east it has been obliterated by the -plough.</p> -<h2>THE LESSER CURSUS.</h2> -<p>To the north-west of the Great Cursus and over 7000 feet -distant from Stonehenge, is an earthwork apparently the beginning -of a second cursus. It is ill defined, and at 1200 feet -from its enclosed end the ditches cease. It appears to be -an abandoned scheme for an enclosure similar to the Cursus.</p> -<p>From “Stonehenge,” Mr. Edgar Barclay. At -page 66 he says:—“The Cursus is irregular in shape, -nevertheless there remains a very strong probability that it is -an adjunct of Stonehenge, and was designed with it, and is not an -independent earthwork as Sir R. Colt Hoare maintains.”</p> -<p>From Mr. J. F. Hewitt’s “Ruling Races of -Pre-historic Times”:—“A hippodrome can still be -traced about half a mile north of the Temple, with which it is -connected by an <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -35</span>avenue about forty cubits wide. This is divided -into two branches, about 1700 feet from the Temple, the eastern -hand going eastward to Radfin, a ford on the Avon, and the -western curving round to the ancient chariot-course. It was -here the seasonal games took place, said by Macrobius to have -been celebrated by the Druids, when sacrifices were offered to -the gods. This ancient <i>campus martius</i>, running east -and west, is about 10,000 feet or 6000 Druidical cubits long, and -350 feet or 200 Druidical cubits wide, and on the east side is a -long bank, extending nearly its whole length, which must have -served as a place for spectators; while on the west side is a -curve to allow for the turning of the competing chariots. -There can be no doubt whatever that this racecourse represents -the ancient site of the national games; instituted by the Sons of -the Horse, which are said in Greek tradition to have been founded -by Akastus, king of Iolcus, after he had driven out Jason and -Medea the sorceress.”</p> -<h2>EARTHWORKS ON SALISBURY PLAIN.</h2> -<p>Tumuli, or Barrows, are the most simple kind of sepulchral -monument; they consist of a mound of earth or stones raised over -the dead.</p> -<p>Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus classifies them in his -“History of Wiltshire”:—</p> -<p>1. The Long Barrow. Differing considerably in -their construction.</p> -<p>2. The Bowl Barrow. The most ordinary shape.</p> -<p>3. The Bell Barrow. This, from the elegance of its -form, seems a refinement on the Bowl Barrow. They abound -near Stonehenge.</p> -<p>4. Druid Barrow (1st class). I consider these -tumuli were appropriated to the female tribes. The outward -vallum with the ditch within is beautifully moulded, and in most -instances found to contain small cups, small lance heads, amber, -jet, and glass beads.</p> -<p><a name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -36</span>5. Druid Barrow (2nd class). In external -form these resemble the preceding, but their circumference is not -so large. The tumulus within rises to a point from the edge -of the vallum.</p> -<p>6. Pond Barrow. They differ totally from all -others, and resemble an excavation made for a pond. I can -form no conjecture as to their use.</p> -<p>7. Twin Barrow. They are not very common, and, by -being enclosed in a circle, seem to denote the interment of -relations.</p> -<p>8. Cone Barrow. The only one I have seen is at -Everley. The tumulus rises immediately from the ditch, and -the apex is higher and more pointed.</p> -<p>9. Broad Barrow. Resembles the Bowl Barrow, but is -higher and flatter at the top.</p> -<p>Mr. Edgar Barclay, in “Stonehenge,” -says:—“The presence of barrows (near Stonehenge) -would enable marriages to be celebrated on the spot. A -feast at the family tomb was an opportunity for a young woman -about to marry to be formally introduced to the domestic worship -of the family she was about to enter. That feasts did occur -at Stonehenge Barrows we have proofs. We find also that -Irish Fairs in honour of the Sun God were held in proximity to -extensive burial-places. The arrangement of the avenues, -the placing of the cursus, the placing of the sun stone and -slaughter stone, the break in the lintel circle, &c.: these -characteristics point out to us the probable procedures at times -of festival. The midsummer festival solemnized the holy -espousals of the Sun God with the land.”</p> -<p>In “The Ruling Races of Pre-historic Times,” Mr. -Hewitt says:—“The deer worshippers were the mixed -race formed from the union of the sons of the mother-tree, the -mother-bear and wolf, the lordly boar and the prolific sow, the -mother-cow, the mother-mountain, and father firestone, the people -who looked on the Sun God of the equinoxes and solstices as the -god who made their crops to grow and who ripened their barley, -the seed of life (<i>zi</i>), the Zeus of the Greeks, which gave -its name to the Deus of the Latins and the Theos of the Greeks, -the Manx god Ji. This father sun <a name="page37"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 37</span>god was the god on the grey white -horse, the clouds, the white horse in Zend mythology of Tishtrya, -the star of the summer solstice which succeeded the golden horned -bull of the bull race, as the adversary and conqueror of the -black horse, and the black bull or dragon, the cloud which will -not give up its rain, which was in Northern mythology the winter -frost giant. It was this white horse—the sun god of -the limestone, flint, and chalk country—which was the god -of Stonehenge, the temple whose ruins still remain to set before -us, with absolute certainty of the correctness of the deduction -in its main details, the complete ritual of this primæval -worship.”</p> -<p><i>Note</i>.—The white sun horse is still worshipped and -fed daily at Kobe, in Japan.</p> -<p>The worshippers of the sun god who built this temple are -proved to have belonged to the Bronze age by the number of round -barrow tombs within twelve miles of it; and Stukeley (<span -class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1723) counted one hundred and -twenty-eight as visible from a hill close by.</p> -<h2>VESPASIAN’S CAMP.</h2> -<p>A name given by Dr. Stukeley to the (probably) British -earthworks, locally known as “the Ramparts,” which -crown a hill in the demesne of Amesbury Abbey. Its ancient -lines of defence, enclosing thirty-nine acres and boldly scarped -towards the west, environ the summit in the form of a scalene -triangle. This hill is densely wooded, containing two -beautiful avenues of beech-trees, and as it descends to the Avon, -is cut into a fanciful shape, supposed to resemble a -diamond. I have described this in “Amesbury -Abbey.”</p> -<h2>WEST AMESBURY HOUSE.</h2> -<p>A pretty old house on the road-side, belonging to Sir Edmund -Antrobus, built of stone and flint. The interior has been -much altered and spoilt. Traces of a monastic building -exist in the beams supporting the roof, and in a church doorway -at the top of the staircase. These date <a -name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>from the -fifteenth century. Aubrey informs us that this house and -property, along with Stonehenge, once formed the dowry of the -wife of Lord Ferrers of Chartley. The village of West -Amesbury possesses some picturesque thatched cottages, and on an -outside wall of one is a rude sketch of fighting cocks and their -backers.</p> -<h2>WILSFORD HOUSE.</h2> -<p>A house on the banks of the Avon, built by the late Mr. Loder, -of Salisbury, two miles from Amesbury. It is of the modern -“villa” description. In 1898 Mr. Young -purchased it from Sir E. Loder, and re-sold it to Mr. Edward -Tennant in 1900. None of the places described along the -Avon Valley are open to the public, but they can be seen from the -high road.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p38b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Lake House" -title= -"Lake House" - src="images/p38s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>LAKE HOUSE,</h2> -<p>situated on the banks of the Avon, is in the parish of -Wilsford, and about three miles south of Amesbury. The -exact date of its foundation is uncertain. Its main -features are Elizabethan, but an old letter in the possession of -the family clearly suggests an earlier date. “As to -ye date of ye house,” says the correspondent, “I do -not remember anything in that beautifully written deed to which -you refer that would bear on it. Great weight would belong -to any opinion expressed by ye late J. H. Parker, and you told me -that you thought it might be as early as Edward VI. or earlier, -and probably Parker judged only by what he saw, and ye -architectural features that remain have in them nothing -distinctive in comparison with those what have -vanished.” Lake House is one of the most beautiful in -this neighbourhood, and is built of the usual stone and flint; it -possesses yew hedges and delightful old-fashioned gardens sloping -to the river. It was purchased in 1591 by George Duke, and -it remained in the Duke family till 1897, when (just in time to -save the old house from utter ruin) it was bought by Mr. J. N. -Lovibond, and most beautifully restored by the <a -name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 39</span>architect, -Mr. Detmar Blow, according to the views of the Society for the -Protection of Ancient Buildings. There are barrows in the -park at Lake, and many curious objects, such as amber necklaces, -&c., were discovered in them about fifty years ago during -excavations made by the late Mr. Duke. Some of the things -then found are in the British Museum. A cottage industry is -now carried on in the village of Lake: a sort of rough tweed in -pretty colours being made in hand looms by the women. This -tweed is called “Stonehenge” cloth, and is not -expensive.</p> -<h2>GREAT DURNFORD CHURCH.</h2> -<p>Leaving Amesbury, and following the eastern banks of the Avon, -we come to Great Durnford. Its name is derived from the -British word “dur,” signifying water. The -church is most picturesque, and is built of stone and flint, with -very rich Norman north and south doorways and chancel arch. -The font is Norman, with an interesting arcade. The pulpit -is of oak and dated 1619, and has a very old velvet cover with -1657 worked on it. Built into the wall of the church is a -stone coffin containing a skeleton, supposed to be that of the -founder. Traces of two doors leading to the rood loft can -still be seen, and in one window are the remains of some very old -glass. Inside the south door are several curious crosses, -supposed to be dedication crosses. In the chancel is a -leper’s window. The altar rails are of oak, and date -back to the sixteenth century. The pattern on the walls is -the same as that found some years ago under the plaster and -whitewash. There is a curious brass to the memory of Edward -Young, his wife, and fourteen children, dated 1670. In the -chancel, chained to an ancient desk, is a copy of Jewel’s -“Apologie of the Church of England,” ordered by -Convocation after the Reformation, 1571.</p> -<h2>GREAT DURNFORD HOUSE</h2> -<p>was once a seat of the Hungerfords. Evelyn notes in his -Diary, July, 1654:—“We dined at a ferme of my Uncle -<a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -40</span>Hungerford’s called Darneforde magna, situate in a -valley under the plaine, most sweetly watered, abounding in -troutes, catched by speares in the night when they come attracted -by a light set in ye sterne of a boate.”</p> -<p>It is in the French château style on a small scale, and -has lovely old-fashioned gardens, quite unspoiled, with some rare -trees growing in them. At the end of the last garden flows -the Avon, and picturesque Durnford Church stands close by. -In 1869 Mr. Pinckney bought the house and some of the estate from -the Earl of Malmesbury.</p> -<h2>OGBURY CAMP.</h2> -<p>On the eastern side of the Avon is a very ancient earthen work -called Ogbury Camp. Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus describes -it:—“On this hill we recognize the very early and -simple handiwork of the Britons, unaltered by their successors -and conquerors, the Romans and Saxons. Here we see a large -tract of sixty-two acres enclosed within a single rampart, and -without any fosse to strengthen it against the attacks of an -enemy, and we perceive within the area the evident marks of -enclosures, and only one entrance to the east. On the -northern side the ramparts followed the windings of the hill, and -are interrupted by the plantations of Lord Malmesbury’s -demesne. The area contains sixty-two acres and a -quarter. The circuit of the outer ditch is one mile, one -furlong and fifty-five yards, and the depth of the vallum is -thirty-three feet. On the south-east and west sides the -ramparts are very much mutilated. I cannot consider Ogbury -as a camp or work of defence against an invading enemy, but -rather as an asylum or place of refuge, whither the Britons, in -times of danger, retired with their families and herds of -cattle. On digging within this area we could not find any -marks of ancient residence, but on some high ground adjoining the -extraordinary verdure of the turf induced us to dig into the -soil, where we immediately found numerous bones of animals with -fragments of the rudest British pottery.”</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p40b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Heale House" -title= -"Heale House" - src="images/p40s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2><a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 41</span>HEALE -HOUSE, MIDDLE WOODFORD.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Residence of the Honourable -Louis Greville</i>; <i>bought by him from Sir E. Loder</i>, -1894.</p> -<p>This house, beautifully built of small red bricks, has -stone-coped windows in the Dutch style of architecture introduced -into this country by William III., and is quite unlike the usual -stone and flint “chequered” houses of the -neighbourhood. You enter the grounds through old -wrought-iron gates and down an avenue of elm-trees. The -river Avon flows through the garden. This property formerly -belonged to the Errington and Hyde families. Inside the -house little remains of the old decorations but some carved -woodwork. A cupboard in a bedroom is shown as the -hiding-place of Charles II. after the battle of Worcester. -He is said to have visited Stonehenge from Heale, and there met -friends who were to conduct him to the coast of Sussex prior to -his escape from England. He is supposed to have proved to -his own satisfaction the fallacy of the notion of the -impossibility of counting the stones composing Stonehenge.</p> -<p>“In 1721 Robert Hyde bequeathed Heale to his sister, -Mrs. Levinz, widow of the Bishop of Sodor and Man, and she, by -will, devised the estates to her son-in-law, Michael Frampton of -Oxford, and he, in his turn, left them to his nephews, Thomas -Bull, rector of Porton, and Edward and Simon Polhill and their -heirs in succession, in default thereof to William Bowles; in -seventeen years after the death of the testator, Canon Bowles was -in full possession of the property.” Several members -of the Bowles family lie buried in Salisbury Cathedral. -Heale Hill is remarkable for a circle on the summit and traces of -a British village on the south slope.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p41b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Little Durnford" -title= -"Little Durnford" - src="images/p41s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>LITTLE DURNFORD HOUSE.</h2> -<p>Built of stone and flint, successively the property of the -families of Pregers, Wodhull, and Tropnell, afterwards Yonge or -Young. In 1795 it was sold to Edward Hinxman, whose <a -name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 42</span>descendants -sold it in 1897 to Mr. Devenish (the present owner). The -Avon, flowing through the grounds, has been artificially widened -in one place, forming a miniature lake in front of the house.</p> -<h2>ENVOI.</h2> -<p>With much regret I find myself at the end of my little book, -which, I hope, will help to describe a beautiful and interesting -country. It has been compiled from various learned sources, -and only a small portion of it can claim to be original. I -shall consider myself fortunate if the traveller finds <i>any</i> -pleasure in reading what has given me great pleasure to -write.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence -Caroline Mathilde Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>June</i>, 1900.</p> -<h2><a name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -43</span>APPENDIX.<br /> -THE RECENT WORK AT STONEHENGE. <a name="citation43"></a><a -href="#footnote43" class="citation">[43]</a></h2> -<p><span class="smcap">At</span> a meeting held last March at -Stonehenge, and attended by representatives of the Society of -Antiquaries, of the Society for the Protection of Ancient -Monuments, and the Wiltshire Archæological Society, various -plans and measures were discussed and suggested for the better -preservation of Stonehenge. The whole state of the -surrounding neighbourhood being changed from its former quietude -by the introduction of new elements, such as the military camps -at Bulford, &c., the making of the new branch line of the -South-Western Railway (from Grateley to Amesbury), it became -necessary to meet the altered circumstances by the exercise of -greater precautions for the care of the beautiful old Sun Temple -standing in the midst of the grass-clothed downs—a thing of -wonder and mystery to behold. The advice given to Sir -Edmund Antrobus by the representatives of these societies was as -follows, published in the <i>Times</i> of April 3:—</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Resolutions</i>.</p> -<p>(1) That this Committee approves of the suggested -protection of Stonehenge by a wire fence not less than 4 ft. -high, following on two sides the existing roads and crossing on -the west from the 331-foot level on the north road to the -332-foot level on the south road shown on the O.S. map (1-2, -500), Wilts sheet liv. 14.</p> -<p>(2) That the Committee recommends, without prejudice to -any legal question, that the local authorities be requested to -agree to divert the existing track-way or ridge-way from -Netheravon now passing through the earth circle so as to pass -from the 302-foot levels in the O.S. map immediately west of -Stonehenge.</p> -<p><a name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -44</span>(3) That stones 6 and 7 with their lintel, and -stone 56 (according to the numbering on Mr. Petrie’s plan) -be first examined, with a view of maintaining them in a position -of safety.</p> -<p>(4) That, in the opinion of this Committee, stone 22 -should be replaced, stone 21 be made safe, and the lintel of 21 -and 22 be replaced in the most safe and conservative -manner. The Committee also recommends the re-erection of -stones 57 and 58, and their lintel 158.</p> -<p>(5) That the instructions to custodians already in force -be approved with a few suggested alterations.</p> -<p>(6) That this Committee feels that it is impossible to -overstate the value of the assistance which the County Council of -Amesbury can give to the efforts made to preserve this unique -monument.</p> -<p>(7) That these resolutions be sent to Sir Edmund -Antrobus with the earnest thanks of the Committee, for the part -he is proposing to take in the preservation of Stonehenge, also -that it be left to him to communicate with the Press.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p>The fence was erected by Whitsuntide, and is 1700 yards in -circumference, and composed of lightest barbed wire of a neutral -tint, and absolutely invisible at a distance, so that the -traveller gets the whole effect of Stonehenge in its full -grandeur instead of, as in former days, the view of the stones -mingled with two or three flys, a cart, an old waggonette, and -photographer’s van, &c., to say nothing of picnic -luncheons, spread out within the sacred circle. This fence -encloses as large an area as possible, being well outside the -vallum, except on the west side, where a right of way interferes -with the true circle. The next work undertaken—the -most difficult and important of the whole—was the raising -of the “leaning stone”—the largest monolith in -England except Cleopatra’s needle—to an upright -position. This stone formed one of the uprights of the -trilithon, the fall of which was said to have been caused by the -digging and researches of the Duke of Buckingham in 1620. -The horizontal and the other upright (the latter broken in two -pieces) now lie prostrate across the altar stone.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p44b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The work at Stonehenge. Raising the Leaning Stone" -title= -"The work at Stonehenge. Raising the Leaning Stone" - src="images/p44s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>The great stone leaned considerably towards the N.E. <a -name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 45</span>and appeared -to rest upon (actually touching at one point) a beautiful little -pillar stone of syenite, the danger being that in some storm, -especially after a heavy fall of snow and sudden thaw, the great -stone would break in three pieces (having three veins) in -falling, and also crush the smaller stone beneath it.</p> -<p>That a forward movement was continually taking place is shown -by observations taken by Mr. Flinders Petrie some years -ago. It then leaned at an angle of 66, which has been -increased to one of 60.5 degrees lately. The work of the -raising of the stone was begun on August 18th and finished -September 25th, and was under the direct supervision of Mr. -Gowland, Mr. Detmar Blow, architect, and his assistant Mr. -Stallybrass, and Mr. Carruthers, engineer. The first thing -done was to make a fitting to the stone of a strong timber -cradle, so as to protect it from injury by the immense iron -chains and ropes placed round it, these being attached to winches -worked by men, so that the stone was actually “wound -up,” so to speak, into an upright position. Hydraulic -jacks were also used. The whole thing was most carefully -and slowly done, and devotedly watched over by the workers. -A rectangular excavation was made in front of the stone, a square -excavation at the back. A frame of wood with numbers at -equal distances apart was placed over the ground, which was -excavated in sections, and the earth was most carefully sifted in -layers through four grades of sieves in such a manner that the -position of every object found could be recorded. The -excavations round the base of the stone are now filled with -concrete, and the large struts which uphold it will remain in -their positions for six months, until the concrete be thoroughly -set.</p> -<p>The objects found were one Roman coin and one George III. -penny at a shallow depth, and many chippings of both the blue and -sarsen stones. Numerous flint axe-heads and large stone -hammers were also found at a depth of from two feet to four feet -six inches underground; all tending to prove the great antiquity -of Stonehenge—at least Neolithic. But all this will -be discussed scientifically later on.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: right"><a name="page46"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 46</span>1904. A. No. 335.</p> -<h3>In the High Court of Justice.<br /> -CHANCERY DIVISION.<br /> -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL.</h3> -<p style="text-align: right"><i>Writ issued the</i> 1<i>st day of -March</i> 1904.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Between</span> HIS MAJESTY’S -ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS -MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right Honourable</span> GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON -BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE and the said -FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right -Honourable</span> GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span -class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and -WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE . . . <i>Plaintiffs</i></p> -<p><span class="smcap">and</span></p> -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span> EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . -<i>Defendant</i>.</p> -<h4>STATEMENT OF CLAIM.</h4> -<p>Delivered the 17th day of March 1904 by <span -class="smcap">Horne & Birkett</span> of 4 Lincoln’s Inn -Fields in the County of London Solicitors for the Plaintiffs.</p> -<p>1. On Stonehenge Down in the Parish of Amesbury in the -County of Wilts there are a group of stones and surrounding -earthworks which are together known as Stonehenge. <a -name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 47</span>Stonehenge -which is of very great antiquity originally formed an ancient -building and place of assembly for public worship the burial of -the dead deliberation on public affairs or other public purposes -and since it has ceased to be so used has remained a national -monument and place of resort of great public interest.</p> -<p>2. Until the acts of the Defendant hereinafter -complained of there was and there now ought to be free access for -the public to Stonehenge by means of roads running up to and -through the same the sites of which roads are shown on the plan -hereunto annexed and are thereon coloured green.</p> -<p>3. The said roads were at the time of the said acts and -are public highways for all His Majesty’s liege subjects to -go and return on foot and with horses and carriages at all times -of the year at their free will and pleasure.</p> -<p>4. Stonehenge is subject to a trust created by a grant -or declaration of trust which if in writing has been lost or by a -Statute which has been lost for the free user by the public of -Stonehenge as a place of resort and for the free access of the -public thereto by means of the said roads and the site of -Stonehenge has since the creation of such trust been held by the -owners thereof for the time being subject to the said trust.</p> -<p>5. The Defendant has lately erected and maintains and -threatens and intends to maintain upon Stonehenge Down aforesaid -fences along the lines shown upon the said plan and thereon -coloured red. The said fences obstruct the said roads or -some of them at the points marked respectively A. B. C. D. and E. -on the said plan and are obnoxious to and interfere with the -rights and privileges of His Majesty’s liege subjects -referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 hereof.</p> -<p>6. The Defendant has been requested to remove the said -fences but he has refused and still refuses to do so and -threatens and intends to maintain the same and the obstructions -hereinbefore complained of.</p> -<p><a name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 48</span>The -Plaintiffs therefore claim—</p> -<p>1. An order that the Defendant remove the said fences -where they respectively obstruct the said roads or any of -them.</p> -<p>2. An injunction to restrain the Defendant his servants -workmen and agents from erecting upon the said lands or any part -thereof any fence or other erection so as to obstruct and from in -any way obstructing the said roads or any of them.</p> -<p>3. Costs.</p> -<p style="text-align: right">C. GURDON.</p> -<p>R. B. FINLAY.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: right"><a name="page49"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 49</span>1904. A. No. 335.</p> -<h3>In the High Court of Justice.<br /> -CHANCERY DIVISION,<br /> -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL.</h3> -<p><span class="smcap">Between</span> HIS MAJESTY’S -ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS -MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right Honourable</span> GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON -BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE and the said -FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right -Honourable</span> GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span -class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and -WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE . . . <i>Plaintiffs</i></p> -<p><span class="smcap">and</span></p> -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span> EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . -<i>Defendant</i>.</p> -<h4>DEFENCE.</h4> -<p>1. As to paragraph 1 of the Statement of Claim it is not -admitted that Stonehenge was made or ever used for such purposes -as in the said paragraph mentioned or any of them or for any -public purpose. Stonehenge is and has been from time -immemorial and in fact at all times private property and not -national or public property and resort thereto by the public has -always been by permission of the owner of the land and not as of -right.</p> -<p><a name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -50</span>2. As to paragraph 2 the principal part of -Stonehenge lies in an angle between and near to two public roads -leading from Amesbury to Shrewton and to Winterbourne Stoke -respectively. A public way or track leading from Netheravon -to Lake crosses these two roads and also crosses part of -Stonehenge but except the right to use this way or track (which -is outside the fence erected by the Defendant and has not been in -any way obstructed by him) there never has been any access for -the public to Stonehenge otherwise than by permission of the -owner of the land on which it is situate. The alleged road -running up to and through Stonehenge the sites of which are -purported to be shown on the plan annexed to the Statement of -Claim and are thereon coloured green (except the way or track -from Netheravon to Lake aforesaid) do not exist either in law or -in fact and never have existed.</p> -<p>3. Paragraph 3 of the Statement of Claim is denied -except as to the way or track from Netheravon to Lake -aforesaid.</p> -<p>4. Paragraph 4 is altogether denied. Stonehenge is -not and never was subject to any trust for user or access by the -public or to any public trust.</p> -<p>5. As to paragraphs 5 and 6 the Defendant has for the -better preservation of Stonehenge erected and maintains a fence -round the land lying within the triangle formed by the said two -public roads and the way or track from Netheravon to Lake not -obstructing or interfering with any public right of way. -Save as aforesaid paragraphs 5 and 6 of the Statement of Claim -are denied.</p> -<p style="text-align: right">F. VAUGHAN HAWKINS.</p> -<p>Delivered the 27th day of April 1904 by <span -class="smcap">Farrer</span> & Co. of 66 Lincoln’s Inn -Fields in the County of Middlesex Solicitors for the -Defendant.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p><a name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 51</span>This -case commenced in the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, -on Tuesday, March 28th, and continued on the 29th and 30th. -Again on the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 11th and 12th of April. Mr. -Justice Farwell delivered his considered judgment on the 19th, -concluding as follows:—</p> -<p>“I hold, therefore, that the access to the circle was -incident only to the permission to visit and inspect the stones, -and was, therefore, permissive only, and, further that the tracks -to the circle are not thoroughfares, but lead only to the circle, -where the public have no right without permission, and, -therefore, are not public ways. The action accordingly -fails, and ought never to have been brought. It is plain -that the vicinity of the camp and the consequent increase of -visitors compelled the defendant to protect the stones if they -were to be preserved; and he has done nothing more than is -necessary for such protection. I desire to give the -relators credit for wishing only to preserve this unique relic of -a former age for the benefit of the public, but I fail to -appreciate their method of attaining this. The first claim -to dispossess the defendant of his property is simply -extravagant, so much so that, although not technically abandoned, -no serious argument was addressed to me in support of it. -The rest of the claim—for rights of way over the network of -tracks shown on the plaintiffs’ plan—if successful -would defeat the relators’ object. If these ways were -left unfenced and heavy traffic passed through the circle, there -would be great risk of injury, and even without such traffic -there is great risk from the increased numbers of -passers-by. As Sir Norman Lockyer (whose interesting -application of the Orientation theory to Stonehenge has recently -appeared) says in one of his articles:—‘The real -destructive agent has been man himself—savages could not -have played more havoc with the monument than the English who -have visited it at different times for different -purposes.’ I feel no confidence that the majority of -tourists have improved, nay, rather,—‘Aetas parentum, -pejor avis, tulit Nos nequiores.’ It is only fair to -the defendant to say that he is not acting capriciously but on -expert advice for the preservation of the stones. If, on -the other hand, the roads are all fenced off, the general -appearance would be ruined, and no human being would be in any -way the better. It is not immaterial <a -name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 52</span>to remark -that this is not the action of the District or the County Council -to preserve rights of way, but is brought on the relation of -strangers on the score of the public interest in -Stonehenge. The action is dismissed with costs.”</p> -<p>Mr. Warmington:—“My Lord, there is only one matter -with regard to costs I think, and that is the question of the -Commission. <a name="citation52"></a><a href="#footnote52" -class="citation">[52]</a> My Lord, those were reserved, and -they will be costs in the action.”</p> -<p>Mr. Justice Farwell:—“Yes. I may say -this—it sometimes saves trouble, and it is not unusual, I -have done it before, and I think I may say it now—that this -is a case in which the taxing master should allow three -counsel.”</p> -<p>Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship pleases. I -was instructed to apply; but according to the practice it is done -after taxation.”</p> -<p>Mr. Justice Farwell:—“I know it is. But I -have done it before. You see the matter is now fresh in my -recollection, and a summons to vary might come before other -Judges.”</p> -<p>Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship -pleases.”</p> -<h2><a name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 53</span>HOTELS -AT SALISBURY.</h2> -<h3>THE WHITE HART (<i>near the Cathedral</i>).</h3> -<p>Carriages and horses for Stonehenge, Wilton, and the New -Forest may be had.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Prices for Stonehenge, -&c.</span>—The complete drive <i>viâ</i> Amesbury -to Stonehenge and back by Lake House and the Valley.</p> -<table> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td></td> -<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>£</i></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>s.</i></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>d.</i></p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>One horse carriage,</p> -</td> -<td><p>for 2 persons</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>,, ,, ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, 3 ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Two ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, 2 ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>„ „ „</p> -</td> -<td><p>„ 3 „</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>„ „ „</p> -</td> -<td><p>„ 4 „</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>These prices include the driver and waiting, baiting, -&c.</p> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Tariff of Prices</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>s.</i></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>d.</i></p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sitting-rooms from</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bedrooms from</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain breakfast</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Breakfast with chop or steak</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>,, fish, ham and eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Luncheons</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bread and cheese</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sandwich</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Light soups</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cold meat</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><a name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -54</span><span class="smcap">Dinners</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Soup and chop, vegetables, and cheese</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With either soup or fish and entrée</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto with sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Teas</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Single cup of tea</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p style="text-align: center">Servants’ -board, 5<i>s.</i> per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Gentlemen’s coffee-room, ladies’ drawing-room, -smoking and billiard-room.</p> -<p>Visitors are requested, if possible, to write to the Manager -for accommodation.</p> -<p>Table d’Hôte, Breakfasts, 3<i>s.</i>; Luncheons, -2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; Dinners, 5<i>s.</i> These meals run -for two hours, and are served at separate tables.</p> -<h3>CATHEDRAL HOTEL.</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bedrooms from</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sitting-rooms</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Breakfasts or Teas</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With meat or fish</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Dinners</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">From 3<i>s.</i> per -head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cold baths</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Hot</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p style="text-align: center">Servants’ -board, 5<i>s.</i> per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Carriages with experienced drivers for Stonehenge and other -places of interest.</p> -<h3><a name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 55</span>RED -LION HOTEL, SALISBURY.<br /> -(<i>Headquarters of the Cyclists’ Touring Club</i>.)</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Apartments</span>:</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">s.</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">d.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bedrooms per day</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Double bedroom</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Baths in bathroom</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Baths in bedroom</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Breakfast</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With fish, steak, ham and eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Luncheons</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Soup</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sandwiches</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cold joint, cheese and salad</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto, sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Chop and vegetables</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Dinners</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Joint and vegetable</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto, with sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto, soup or fish, joint, and sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Teas</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cup of tea or coffee</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p>Teas with eggs, &c. same as breakfast.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p style="text-align: center">Servants’ -board per day, 5s. Bedroom, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Excellent Chemists: Messrs. Read & Orchard, Market Place, -Salisbury.</p> -<p>Sly, Watch-maker, Market Place.</p> -<p>Good Booksellers: Brown, Canal, & Simmonds, High -Street.</p> -<p>Messrs. Pinckney, Bankers, Market Place.</p> -<h3><a name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -56</span>AMESBURY.</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p>“Queensberry House”—Boarding House, Tea -and Luncheon Room</p> -</td> -<td><p>F. Tucker.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>“Ivy Dene”—Private Hotel</p> -</td> -<td><p>A. Fleming.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>“The Phœnix”—Temperance House</p> -</td> -<td><p>E. Cockle.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Drapery and Millinery</p> -</td> -<td><p>F. Tucker.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Drapery and Fancy Bazaar</p> -</td> -<td><p>B. Hale.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h4>THE GEORGE INN.</h4> -<p>Good flys, one and two horses, can be procured here, also -bedrooms and sitting-rooms, luncheons, and dinners, and teas.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">PRINTED BY -WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LTD., LONDON AND BECCLES.</span></p> -<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2> -<p><a name="footnote10"></a><a href="#citation10" -class="footnote">[10]</a> Aurelius Ambrosius succeeded to -the kingdom of Britain on the death of Vortigern in the year 465; -he was of Roman extraction, though educated in Britain.</p> -<p><a name="footnote18"></a><a href="#citation18" -class="footnote">[18]</a> The Avon is the beloved haunt of -thousands of wild duck, many herons, kingfishers, &c.</p> -<p><a name="footnote24"></a><a href="#citation24" -class="footnote">[24]</a> Trilithon, a monument (or part of -a monument) consisting of three large stones.</p> -<p><a name="footnote43"></a><a href="#citation43" -class="footnote">[43]</a> “Nature,” vol. 64, p. -602.</p> -<p><a name="footnote52"></a><a href="#citation52" -class="footnote">[52]</a> This refers to the Committee of -the County Council appointed to hear the complaint against the -enclosure of Stonehenge, and it met early in 1902.</p> -<pre> - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** - - -***** This file should be named 64167-h.htm or 64167-h.zip****** - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/4/1/6/64167 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - -</pre></body> -</html> diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 80557ff..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/mapb.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/mapb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4595fd8..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/mapb.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/maps.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/maps.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 20a4c0f..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/maps.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p10b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p10b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 636f34d..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p10b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p10s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p10s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 442d221..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p10s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p12b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p12b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0c522b5..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p12b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p12s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p12s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 33df33f..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p12s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p14b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p14b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8e376f6..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p14b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p14s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p14s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2671454..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p14s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p16b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p16b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 180b579..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p16b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p16s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p16s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0e0d4cf..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p16s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p20b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p20b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 38a87c7..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p20b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p20s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p20s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 56158ba..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p20s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p24b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p24b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3e0380d..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p24b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p24s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p24s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 713725c..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p24s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p26ab.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p26ab.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 10291b1..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p26ab.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p26as.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p26as.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8b5b61a..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p26as.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p26bb.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p26bb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 348ee42..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p26bb.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p26bs.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p26bs.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index aec4eb8..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p26bs.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p28ab.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p28ab.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a059ea0..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p28ab.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p28as.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p28as.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 91d1571..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p28as.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p28bb.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p28bb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 5799014..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p28bb.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p28bs.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p28bs.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 410362d..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p28bs.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p28cb.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p28cb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cc3fcd5..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p28cb.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p28cs.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p28cs.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 42ef813..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p28cs.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p38b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p38b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6d388db..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p38b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p38s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p38s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 68b38cf..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p38s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p40b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p40b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 915007a..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p40b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p40s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p40s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3be9b13..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p40s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p41b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p41b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0d726aa..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p41b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p41s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p41s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 71f39c7..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p41s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p44b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p44b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4017f0b..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p44b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p44s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p44s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ac057ba..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p44s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p6b.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p6b.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7dc8f40..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p6b.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p6s.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p6s.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a72d1ed..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p6s.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p8ab.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p8ab.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9a76d4d..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p8ab.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p8as.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p8as.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3915404..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p8as.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p8bb.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p8bb.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9153861..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p8bb.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/64167-h/images/p8bs.jpg b/old/64167-h/images/p8bs.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4ad05a8..0000000 --- a/old/64167-h/images/p8bs.jpg +++ /dev/null |
