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diff --git a/old/64167-0.txt b/old/64167-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7e380ee..0000000 --- a/old/64167-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2515 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury -and Stonehenge, by Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus, Illustrated by -Clarisse Miles - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury and Stonehenge - - -Author: Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus - - - -Release Date: December 29, 2020 [eBook #64167] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** - - -Transcribed from the 1908? edition, by David Price. - - [Picture: Map of the Amesbury area] - - - - - - A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL - GUIDE TO AMESBURY AND - STONEHENGE, COMPILED - BY LADY ANTROBUS - - - * * * * * - - DEDICATED TO MY MOTHER - GEORGINA ALICIA SARTORIS - - * * * * * - - _TENTH THOUSAND_ - - * * * * * - - ESTATE OFFICE: AMESBURY, WILTS - - - - -PREFACE. - - -IN compiling this little Guide Book, I have somewhat departed from the -ordinary lines, but I venture to hope that the traveller to Amesbury and -Stonehenge will not like it the worse on that account. I am much -indebted to the kindness of Mrs. GORDON and of Messrs. MURRAY, BARCLAY, -STORY MASKELYNE, and HEWITT, for allowing me to quote from their works, -also to the Editor of the _Ladies’ Realm_, for permission to use an -article by me which appeared in the February number of that magazine, -and, above all, to Miss CLARISSE MILES, for the charming photographs -which illustrate my book. - - FLORENCE CAROLINE MATHILDE ANTROBUS. - -_Amesbury Abbey_, - _Salisbury_, 1900. - - - - -GUIDE TO AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE. - - -Leaving Salisbury by what is called the “Upper Road” to Amesbury, one -travels across a tract of bleak and rather uninteresting downs. About -two miles from Salisbury (on the left) Old Sarum stands up conspicuously, -and is the only object of interest till one arrives at Amesbury, eight -miles distant from Salisbury. Amesbury calls itself a town, and boasts -of several shops and the telegraph. A railway station is in process of -construction. In Aubrey’s times Amesbury was celebrated for its tobacco -pipes, marked with a gauntlet, the name of the maker. Of these, several -specimens are to be found in the museum at Salisbury. - -Returning to Salisbury from Amesbury, and taking “the Bourne” route, -there is a beautiful drive winding along the banks of the Avon. I give a -short account of the most interesting places the traveller meets with on -his homeward journey. - - - - -OLD SARUM. - - -LIES two miles from Salisbury, and stands up, making a bold outline in -the surrounding open country. It is a hill, bare now, save for some -trees, encircled with entrenchments, with a central mound peering above -them. But centuries ago this spot was crowded with buildings—religious, -military, and domestic, and was one of the most important in our island. -Some say that the ancient British name was _Caer Sarflag_, the “City of -the Service Tree.” Its Roman name was _Sorbiodunun_, the Saxon -_Sarobyrig_. The face of the hill is smooth and very steep. The summit -is fenced by a mighty earthen rampart and ditch, protected by a lower -raised bank outside of it, the height from the top of the one to the -bottom of the other being 106 feet. The surface of the hill is an -elongated circular area of 27½ acres. In the centre of the area is a -second circular earthwork and ditch 100 feet high, and within these stood -the citadel. On the top of the earthwork surrounding the citadel was a -very strong wall 12 feet thick, of flint embedded in rubble, and coated -with square stones, of which some portion remain. To the great outer -earthwork there were two entrances—one (guarded by a hornwork still -remaining) on the western, another (the postern) on the eastern side. -The site of the citadel is now overgrown with briers and brushwood; the -rest of the area is partly in a state of nature, partly cultivated. -“Celt and Roman alike had seen the military value of the height from -which the eye sweeps nowadays over the grassy meadows of the Avon to the -arrowy spire of Salisbury; and, admirable as the position was in itself, -it had been strengthened at a vast cost of labour. The camp on the -summit of the knoll was girt in by a trench hewn so deeply in the chalk -that, from the inner side of it, the white face of the rampart rose 100 -feet high, while strong outworks protected the approaches to the fortress -from the west and from the east.” - -Though there may have been a British stronghold here, still, it is the -opinion of good antiquaries that there is now no British work to be seen; -that the Romans took possession of the hill and defended it by a simple -escarpment, without any ditch, but with outworks at the entrances; and -that the ditch now on the face of the scarp, as well as the central -citadel and its defences, were added by the Saxons, and perhaps by -Alfred, who, in his war with the Danes, certainly paid great attention to -strengthening the position. There are Roman roads to Silchester, -Winchester, Dorchester, Uphill, on the Bristol Channel, and others, it is -believed, to Bath and Marlborough. Cynric the Saxon won a victory over -the Britons in 552. In 960, Edgar held his Council here. In 1003, -Seweyn and the Danes are said to have stormed it. In the time of the -Confessor a monastery of nuns was established. It was not till 1072 that -it became the seat of a bishop. The kingdom of Wessex originally formed -one diocese, and the see being fixed 683, St. Hædde being bishop, the see -was removed to Winchester. In 705, the diocese was divided, a new see -for the district of E. Selwood being fixed at Sherborne, whose first -bishop was St. Ealdhelm. A further subdivision took place in 909, a new -see for Berks and Wilts being created at Ramsbury, which was reunited to -Sherborne by Bishop Herman 1045, who in 1072 transferred the see to Old -Sarum. In 1070 William the Conqueror, as the closing act of his -conquest, reviewed his victorious army on the plain below Old Sarum, -where now the modern city stands, rewarding its leaders with lands and -gifts. The Castellanship of Sarum he gave to his kinsman, Osmund, who -afterwards, taking Holy Orders, succeeded Herman in the see. In 1086 the -King assembled here, the year before his death, all the chief landowners -of the realm to swear that “whose men soever they were they would be -faithful to him against all other men,” by which “England was made ever -afterwards an undivided kingdom.” - -Bishop Osmund finished his new cathedral in 1092, “and established the -new ritual ‘ad usum Sarum.’” The foundations of the cathedral were -visible in the very dry summer of 1834. It was in the form of a cross -270 feet long by 70 feet wide, the transept of the same width and 150 -feet long. Its plan is remarkable for having a square instead of an -apsidal East end, and a Galilee or Atrium at the West end. Within a few -days of its consecration a thunderstorm seriously injured the roofs and -walls. Robert of Gloucester, alluding to the fifth year of the reign of -William II., sings:— - - “So gret lytnynge was the vyfte yer so that al to noghte - The rof of the Chyrch of Salesbury it bronte - Rygh even the vyfte day that he y hawled was.” - -Henry the First’s celebrated chancellor, Bishop Roger, improved both the -church and its fortifications. In the reign of Stephen the place began -to decline. The soldiers and priests, cooped up into so small a space, -could not agree. The situation was cold and windy, and water was scarce. -Bishop Richard Poore is said to have been directed in a vision to build -upon the maer (or boundary) field, called in some accounts Miry-Field or -the Merrifield, where a new church (the present cathedral) was begun. -The citizens migrated, the great travelling road was diverted to the new -site, and the days of Old Sarum were numbered. A charter granted to the -new town sealed its fate. Very little, however, is known about the real -history of the transference of the people from one place to the other. -There are some reasons for believing that a new town had been growing up -by degrees long before the cathedral was built at New Sarum. Being only -1600 feet in diameter, Old Sarum must have afforded small space for a -cathedral, bishop’s palace, a garrison, streets and houses. The -cathedral was taken down in 1331 (Edward III.), and its materials used in -building the new spire, Close Walls, &c. Leland (temp. Henry VIII.) -reports some portions of the building as visible in his time, but says: -“There is not one house neither within or without Old Saresbyri -inhabited. Much notable ruinus building of the castell yet ther -remaynith. The ditch that envirined the old town was a very deepe and -strong thynge.” The walls remained till 1608, and served as a quarry. -Fisherton old county jail (inter alia) was built out of them. The great -hollow enclosure of Old Sarum, girt by its frowning earthwork (not unlike -the crater of a volcano), is certainly a solemn and desolate place. -Pepys, passing by, and not knowing what it was, desired to examine it. -“I saw a great fortification,” he says, “and there light and to it and in -it, and find it so prodigious so as to frighten one to be in it all alone -at that time of night.” A subterranean passage was discovered in 1795. -The foundations of towers may be traced, and many Roman coins have been -met with. Old Salisbury has given a title to the families of d’Eureux or -Devereux, Longespee, Montacute, Nevill Plantagenet, and the Cecil family, -who still enjoy it. The ground ceased to be Crown property in 1447, when -it was granted by James I. to the Lords Stourton; on forfeiture by them, -it was granted by James I. to the Cecils. They sold it to Governor Pitt, -and the Earl of Chatham sold it to the Earl of Caledon. It was -subsequently purchased by the Ecclesiastical Commission. Its dignity as -the resort of kings and seat of councils ceased with the growth of the -younger city; but it long retained one relic of its former greatness, the -right of returning two members to Parliament, which was duly exercised -until the passing of the Reform Bill, although for many a year only two -or three cottages had existed. The elections were held at the foot of -the hill on Election Acre, where a tent was pitched beneath the branches -of an elm-tree, which is still pointed out as occupying the site of the -last remaining house. - - [Picture: Saint Mary’s, Amesbury. (Photo Miss Weed Ward.)] - - - - -STRATFORD-SUB-CASTLE. - - -LIES close under the hill of Old Sarum, and derives its name from the -Roman “street” or road which here “forded” the river on its course to -Bradbury Rings and Dorchester. The manor house was the residence of -William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who was first returned to Parliament -(1735) as member for those vacant mounds on the hill above. Governor -Pitt purchased the manor in 1690 for 1500_l._, and Lord Grenville, who -had married the sister of Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford, afterwards sold it -for 65,000_l._ to Lord Caledon. In 1801 John Horne Tooke was returned by -Lord Camelford, and in his case the question of the disability of -clergymen to sit as Members of Parliament was tried and settled. The -doorhead of the quaint gabled parsonage bears the inscription, “Parva sed -lapsa domino 1675.” A charming lime avenue leads from the parsonage to -the church, which contains an hour glass stand for the pulpit. - - - - -THE CHURCH, AMESBURY. - - - DEDICATED TO THE MEMORIES OF ST. MARY AND ST. MELORUS. - -ONE of the finest in Wiltshire. A fourteenth century nave roof covers a -Norman nave, and a thirteenth century chapel possesses a beautiful -window, with two lights, and slender delicate column and sculptured leafy -cap. Archæologists dispute as to whether this is the abbey church (a -Benedictine order founded by Queen Elfrida to expiate the murder of her -step-son at Corfe) or merely the parish church. I consider that there -can be _no_ doubt that it is the abbey church, and in my next edition I -hope this fact will be proved from excavations to be made under the -superintendence of Mr. Detmar Blow, the architect for the structural -repairs that are, unfortunately, necessary, the four angles of the church -tower and the voussoirs of the arch having become separated, &c. Only -1400_l._ is needed, and subscriptions will be gratefully acknowledged by -the Manager of the Wilts and Dorset Bank, Amesbury, Wilts; or Lady -Antrobus, Amesbury Abbey. An unfortunate “restoration” was made in 1853, -which swept away the furnishings of the Early Romantic period. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - - [Picture: Amesbury Abbey, seat of the Duke of Queensbury. (From an Old - Engraving.)] - - - - -AMESBURY ABBEY. - - - SALISBURY. - -SINCE writing the above little note on Amesbury church, the necessary -repairs to the tower have been most sympathetically carried out by Mr. -Detmar Blow. No changes are to be noticed from the exterior—the test of -a good architect’s work applied to old buildings. The underpinning -disclosed the remains of a Saxon pillar embedded in the masonry of the -nave wall—may not this fact go to prove that the present building stands -on the site of Elfrida’s church? At the completion of Mr. Blow’s work, -which includes the underpinning of the tower, repairs to the nave, and -the rehanging of the bells, further repairs were found to be necessary. -The Rev. F. Windley (the new vicar) held a meeting, dismissing Mr. Blow -and appointing Mr. Warre as architect in his place, with most unfortunate -results. The roof of the exquisite little chapel has been removed and -altered to a higher pitch, inferior flint work used, and crude yellow -stones instead of the beautiful silvery-grey old coping. This act of -vandalism was done against the wishes of the Society for the Protection -of Ancient Buildings, and my own. No “restorations” (so called) should -ever be allowed for these buildings, only “repairs.” The pitch of the -old roof should not have been altered, even if originally higher, as, so -to speak, the whole thing had grown together; also nothing but old stones -for coping should have been used, and grey flints instead of black ones. -It is extraordinary to see the damage done to the rare and beautiful -buildings in this neighbourhood. Yellow stones, hideous in colour, put -in with still more hideous plaster, is the local idea of suitable -“restoration.” The vandal architect Butterfield buried (in 1853) under -the chancel the memorial tablets, at the same time breaking up the lovely -old font and burying its remains. This latter has been beautifully -mended by Mr. Kite, builder. The memorial tablets, some very beautiful, -have not yet been rehung, as they should be, in the body of the church. - - [Picture: Amesbury Abbey, 1900] - -I was requested to give a cross for the altar. I had a copy made of the -celebrated Celtic “Cross of Cong.” I also presented an altar-cloth of -old crimson Italian damask (from Florence). A dove, embroidered in -different tones of gold and silver thread, decorates the frontal. Mr. -Windley thought fit to cut and alter this altar-cloth, adding an -unsuitable top and fringe, and spoiling the effect of the chancel by -covering the pink alabaster with cheap, ugly, woven materials. The -effect of the delicate lines of the Celtic cross and the crimson damask -are by this treatment utterly ruined. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - -_February_ 9_th_, 1908. - - - - -AMESBURY ABBEY: ITS HISTORY, ANCIENT AND MODERN. - - -THE river Avon, on its course to the sea, passes through a beautiful, -thickly wooded valley in Wiltshire, in which lies Amesbury, or, to follow -the old spelling, Ambresbury, signifying the land of Ambrosius. This -fascinating place, and the wild country surrounding it, possess a charm -and beauty all their own, and those born and bred there ever pine for the -breezy downs, as the Swiss for their mountains or north-country people -for the moorland; and no one who has walked or ridden on some glorious -summer morning over the fine, close grass clothing these Wiltshire downs -can ever forget its delicious “springy” quality underfoot. A talented -modern artist once happily christened Amesbury “The Golden Valley;” he -saw it in the spring, at which season of the year the whole country-side -seems ablaze with brilliant yellow flowers. - - [Picture: The Palladian Bridge] - -Amesbury lies eight miles north of Salisbury, and we may consider that it -occupies a space in the midst of that vast tract of undulating country -that (somewhat erroneously to my mind) is given the name of “Salisbury -Plain.” I now propose to trace, as briefly as I can, some of the history -of this interesting and beautiful place. Its antiquity is so great as to -take us back to pre-historic times. In its near neighbourhood many -desperate battles were fought between Briton, Saxon, and Roman with -varying success. Lewis, in his ancient _History of Britain_, says: “In -the reign of Vortigern, 461 A.D., a Conference was appointed to take -place near the Abbey of Ambri, with Hengist the Saxon, and it was agreed -that both parties should come without armour. But Hengist, under colour -of peace, devised the subversion of all the nobility of Britain, and -chose out to come to this assembly his faithfullest and hardiest men, -commanding every one of them to hide under their garment a long knife, -with which, when he should give the watchword, every one should kill the -Briton next him. Both sides met upon the day appointed, and, treating -earnestly upon the matter, Hengist suddenly gave the watchword and caught -Vortigern by the collar, upon which the Saxons, with their long knives, -violently murdered the innocent and unarmed Britons. Thus were 460 earls -and noblemen of the Britons treacherously murdered. They were buried in -the convent at Amesbury. This massacre took place near Stonehenge, where -repeated battles were fought between Ambrosius and Hengist.” {10} - -There is a fanciful legend, told by an old writer called Geoffrey of -Monmouth, about Stonehenge. He says that Ambrosius, wishing to -commemorate those who had fallen in battle, thought fit to send for -Merlin the Wizard, to consult him on the proper monument to be erected to -the memory of the slain. On being interrogated Merlin replied, “Send for -the ‘Giants’ Dance,’ which is in Killarus (Kildare), a mountain in -Ireland; they are stones of a vast magnitude, and if they can be placed -here quite round this spot of ground they will stand _for ever_.” At -these words Aurelius laughed and said, “How was it possible to remove -such stones from so distant a country, and had not Britain as good -stones?” Merlin replied “that they were mystical stones and had a -medicinal virtue,” whereupon the Britons resolved to send for them and to -risk a battle. Upon landing in Ireland, the removal of the stones was -violently opposed by Gillomanius, a youth of wonderful valour. At the -head of a vast army, he exclaimed, “While I have life they shall not take -from us the least stone of the Giants’ Dance.” A battle ensued, which -was won by the Britons. They then proceeded to Killarus, where the sight -of the stones filled them with joy and admiration, and, while they were -all standing round, Merlin asked them to try and remove the stones. -Their efforts proving futile, he laughingly proceeded with his own -contrivances, and took down the stones with incredible facility. This -done, they set sail to Britain, and repaired to the burial-place with the -stones, Aurelius ordering Merlin to get them up in the same manner as -they had been in the mountain of Killarus, which he accordingly did. - -Queen Elfrida, who performed many penances and built monasteries in -atonement for the crime of the murder of her step-son, Edward the Martyr, -founded a Benedictine nunnery at Amesbury in 980. This nunnery -flourished for many years, until the ill-conduct of the nuns caused King -Henry II. to expel them (1177), and place them under stricter discipline -in other religious houses. He then gave the monastery of Ambresbury to -the Abbey of Fontevrault, in Normandy. This order was founded by Robert -d’Arbrissel about the end of the eleventh century. It is looked upon as -a singularity in the church, some finding it strange to see an abbess -exercising equal authority over men as well as women. Before his death -d’Arbrissel appointed Petronilla de Craou Chemille as head and chief of -his order, of which he drew up statutes, putting them under the order of -St. Benedict. Under the new rule, this monastery increased in splendour -and royal favour, King John conferring upon it important privileges. -Eleanor, only daughter of Geoffrey, Earl of Bretagne, was buried, -according to her own request, at Ambresbury in 1241. Mary, sixth -daughter of Edward I., together with thirteen young ladies of royal -birth, took the veil in 1283; and two years afterwards, anno 1287, -Eleanor, queen of Henry III., entered the order, and died and was buried -at Ambresbury in 1292. The monastery continued to prosper, and became -one of the richest in England. The following names of the prioresses -have been preserved:—Isabella of Lancaster, fourth daughter of Henry, -Earl of Lancaster; Joan de Gennes; Sibilla de Montacute; Katherine of -Arragon lodged within the convent walls on her first arrival in England -in 1501. - - [Picture: Chinese Summer House] - -At the time of the Reformation, the last prioress (but one), Florence -Bormewe, refused to surrender her monastery to the King’s emissaries. -They wrote: “Albeit we have used as many ways with her as our poor wits -could attain, yet in the end we could not by any persuasion bring her to -any conformity, but at all times she resteth and so remaineth in these -terms.” She answered, “If the King’s Highness command me to go from this -house I will gladly go, though I beg my bread, and as for pension I care -for none.” The death of this brave prioress saved her from further -humiliation. - -Joan Darell was abbess at the time of the Dissolution; she surrendered to -King Henry VIII. Dec. 4th, 1540. - -The old Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth gives Amesbury as the place of -Queen Guinevere’s penitential retirement. The modern poet, Tennyson, -takes the same view: - - “Queen Guinevere had fled the Court and sat - There in the holy house at Almesbury.” - -Antiquarians disagree as to whether the fine church now standing—with its -lancet windows, pointed arches, and massive turret—is the old abbey -church, or only that of the parish. In an obscure corner at the back of -the church is found a window of quite another description—very beautiful, -and more approaching to the “rose” style of architecture. Of the old -stained glass only a few broken fragments remain. On one piece is a -picture of a fair-haired, long-necked woman suppose to represent Queen -Guinevere. - -The churchyard (lying to the south of the old church), with its grey -tombstones and dark green yew-trees, has a solemn, calm and peaceful air. -Over a grave is found the following epitaph:— - - “Altho’ his body here doth lye - Till the last trump doth it raise, - His soul is now in heaven high - And sings Jehovah’s praise.” - -I now finish my description of Amesbury’s monastic period and turn to the -modern years. According to a good authority, Henry VIII. bestowed -Amesbury upon Edward, Earl of Hertford, afterwards Duke of Somerset and -Lord Protector in the succeeding reign. After his trial, death sentence, -and execution, the lands were confiscated by the Crown till the reign of -Queen Elizabeth, who probably restored them to the Protector’s son, -Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford. This gentleman was thrice married, his -last wife being a widow of fascinating beauty and charm. She had -previously been engaged to Sir George Rodney, who loved her madly, but, -being ambitious, she left him for Lord Hertford. The day before the -marriage, Sir George Rodney travelled to the inn at Amesbury and waited -for the home-coming of the bride and bridegroom. All the night he -occupied himself by composing a dying love song written with his own -blood. Upon the arrival in the village of his false love, he went to -greet her, and fell upon his sword and expired at her feet. I give the -following extract from the poem, which is somewhat long and tedious:— - - “Sir George Rodney before he killed himself— - What shall I do that am undone, - Where shall I fly myself to shunne? - Ah mee! myselfe must kill, - And yet I die against my will. - In starry letters I behold - My death in the Heavens enrolled. - There finde it wrytt in skyes above - That I (poore I) must die for love. - ’Twas not my love deserved to die, - O no! it was unworthy I. - I for her love should not have dyde, - But that I had no worth beside. - Ah mee! that love such woe procures, - For without her no love endures. - I for her vertues her doe serve, - Doth such a love a death deserve?” - -Lady Hertford presented a bell to the parish of Amesbury. An inscription -on it runs thus:— - - “Be stronge in faythe, prayes God well. - Frances, Countess Hertford’s bell.” - - [Picture: Kent House] - -After the Seymour period, the Amesbury estates passed through different -hands, belonging in 1720 to Henry, Lord Carleton; he having purchased -them from Charles, Lord Bruce, son of the Earl of Ailesbury. Lord -Carleton left them by will to his nephew, Charles, Duke of Queensberry, -in 1724, who married the charming Lady Catherine Hyde in 1720. This -couple spent much time at Amesbury, altering and improving it in various -ways, and entertaining their friends. - -The poet Gay was a devoted friend and admirer of the Duchess, who, -indeed, seems to have been an attractive woman of immense spirit and wit. -She offended George II. and his Queen by her defence of Gay’s play, the -_Beggars’ Opera_, and was forbidden the Court for some time; but she, -standing firmly by her friend, refused to retract or alter her -sentiments, and finally forced the Court to receive and forgive her. -Here is a copy of her message to the King:— - - “_Feb._ 27_th_, 1729. - - “That the Duchess of Queensberry is surprised and well pleased the - King has given her so agreeable a command as to stay from Court, - where she never came for diversion, but to bestow a civility upon the - King and Queen. She hopes, by such an unprecedented order as this, - that the King will see as few as he wishes at his Court, particularly - such as dare to think or speak truth. I dare not do otherwise, and - ought not nor could not have imagin’d that it would not have been the - very highest compliment that I could possibly pay the King, to - endeavour to support truth and innocence in this house. - - (Signed) “C. QUEENSBERRY.” - -The following is an extract from a letter from Gay to Swift:—“To the lady -I live with I owe my life and fortune; think of her with respect, value -and esteem her as I do. She hath so much goodness, virtue, and -generosity, that if you knew her you would have a pleasure in obeying her -as I do.” In another letter from Gay to Swift, the former presses his -coming to join the party at Amesbury, saying (speaking of the -Duchess):—“I think her so often in the right, you will have great -difficulties to persuade me she is in the wrong. The lady of the house -is not given to show civility to those she does not like. She speaks her -mind and loves truth, for the uncommonness of the thing. I fancy your -curiosity will prevail over your fear, and you will like to see such a -woman. But I say no more till I know whether her Grace will fill up the -rest of the paper.” P.S. by the Duchess: “Write I must, particularly -now, as I have an opportunity to indulge my predominant passion of -Contradiction. I do, in the first place, contradict most things Mr. Gay -says of me to deter you from coming here, which, if ever you do, I hereby -assure you that, unless I like my own way better, you shall have yours; -and in all disputes you shall convince me if you can. But, by what I see -of you, this is not a misfortune that will always happen, for I find you -a great mistaker. For example, you take prudence for imperiousness. -’Tis from this I first determined not to like one who is too giddy-headed -for me to be certain whether or no I shall ever be acquainted with him. -I have known people take great delight in building castles in the air; -but I should choose to build friendship on a more solid foundation. I -would fain know you, for I often hear more likeable things than ’tis -possible any one can deserve. Pray come that I may find out something -wrong, for I, and I believe most women, have an inconceivable pleasure to -find out any faults except their own.” P.S.—“Mr. Gay is very peevish -that I spell and write ill, but I don’t care, for neither the pen nor I -can do better!” - - [Picture: The Diamond] - -This Duchess also attracted the attention of Prior, who wrote the -well-known ballad:— - - - -THE FEMALE PHAETON. - - - I. - - Thus Kitty beautiful and young, - And wild as colt untam’d, - Bespoke the Fair from whence she sprung - With little rage inflam’d. - - II. - - Inflam’d with rage at sad restraint, - Which wise mamma ordained, - And sorely vex’d to play the saint - Whilst wit and beauty reigned. - - III. - - “Shall _I_ thumb holy books confin’d - With Abigails forsaken? - Kitty’s for other things design’d, - Or I am much mistaken. - - IV. - - “Must Lady Jenny frisk about - And visit with her cousins? - At ball must _she_ make all the rout - And bring home hearts by dozens? - - V. - - “What has _she_ better pray than I, - What hidden charms to boast, - That all mankind for her should die - While I am scarce a toast? - - VI. - - “Dearest mamma, for once let me - Unchain’d my fortune try: - I’ll have an Earl as well as she - Or know the reason why. - - VII. - - “I’ll soon with Jenny’s pride quit score, - Make all her lovers fall; - They’ll grieve I was not loos’d before, - _She_ I was loos’d at all.” - - VIII. - - Fondness prevailed, mamma gave way, - Kitty, at heart’s desire, - Obtained the chariot for a day - And set the world on fire. - -This lady’s luck and happiness appear to vanish in later life, both her -sons meeting tragic deaths; the eldest, Viscount Drumlanrig, shooting -himself, the second, Lord Charles Douglas, dying of consumption at -Amesbury, having just escaped the perils of the great earthquake at -Lisbon. - -The Duchess died July 19th, 1777, aged 77, and the Duke the following -year. - -The title of Duke of Queensberry descended to the Duke’s cousin, William, -Earl of March and Raglin. In 1778 he succeeded his cousin Charles as 4th -Duke of Queensberry, and in 1786 was created a British peer, taking the -title of Baron Douglas of Ambresbury. This eccentric nobleman never -married, and was commonly known by the nickname of “Old Q.” He died in -1810, the Amesbury estate passing to Archibald, Lord Douglas of Douglas, -whose executors sold it in 1824 to Sir Edmund Antrobus, Bart., my -husband’s great-great-uncle. - -No record is to be found of the destruction of the Abbey, Lord Hertford -apparently building himself a house in Amesbury. In “Vitruvius -Britannicus” there is a picture of a fine mansion in the Palladian style, -built for Lord Carleton from designs by Inigo Jones, the architect being -Mr. Webb, nephew of Inigo Jones. - -The Queensberrys added wings to this house, and caused a beautiful bridge -to span the river Avon, which runs through the grounds. A pretty old -house stands in the park, near an old entrance: tradition tells us the -Duchess of Queensberry used this lodge as a dairy. It possesses two -octagon rooms (one over the other), and an underground passage is -supposed to connect it with the river. The park is small, but extremely -pretty; one enters it through splendid old gates supported by Palladian -pillars. - -Opposite the dwelling house is a high bank cut into a fantastic shape and -known as “The Diamond.” The cave in which the poet Gay loved to write is -hollowed in this bank. The wild-bird-frequented Avon {18} runs below, -and above it is crowned by a beautiful wood planted over what is called -“Vespasian’s Camp.” In this wood are found two avenues of beech-trees, -and walking through the old deer park and across the Downs, at a mile and -a half’s distance, glorious Stonehenge bursts upon one. - -Returning to Amesbury, and following the course of the river in the -opposite direction, one comes upon a little house built of flints, with -quaint pointed roof and tower, in which the floor of a small upper -chamber is found to be movable; outside, over a door, the stone moulding -bears this inscription: - - “Diana, her hovs—1600.” - -Diana certainly possessed a picturesque dwelling, but I can find no clue -to her identity. After the death of the last Duke of Queensberry, -Amesbury House remained uninhabited for sixty years, except during the -tenancy of Sir Elijah Impey, and when some French nuns occupied it for a -short period. - -My husband’s grandfather, on inheriting Amesbury from his uncle (the -first Sir Edmund Antrobus), wished to enlarge and restore the old house, -but finding it in too dilapidated a state, decided to pull it down, and -in 1838 began to build an entirely new house (closely resembling the old -one) of handsome cut stone, with a grand loggia, supported by beautiful -pillars and ornamented with carved stonework of fine design. This house -is supposed to stand on the site of the old Abbey, and many traces of -cells were discovered, underground, when digging foundations. To-day not -a single stone of the old Abbey remains above ground to remind us of its -former existence and splendour; it having once covered, tradition says, a -space of thirteen acres. - - * * * * * - -NOTE.—Some beautiful coloured tiles decorated with different intricate -patterns were dug up near the present house at Amesbury. We suppose them -to be from the cells of the old Abbey. Some have designs of the -_Fleur-de-lys_ on them. - - - - -PRICELESS STONEHENGE—SOME IMPRESSIONS. - - - (From _Ladies’ Realm_ Magazine.) - -THE Great Druidical Temple, or (as some hold) Phœnician Observatory, -composed of gigantic, beautifully-coloured, hewn stones, stands in the -middle of Salisbury Plain. These stones have been measured, counted, -defaced, praised, depreciated, commented upon, by numerous authorities on -countless occasions, but (to my knowledge) no account of their poetical -and picturesque aspects, at different seasons of the year, has been -attempted. I shall feel satisfied if I succeed in conveying feebly in -words what David Cox (the artist) did ably in colours, with his glowing -brush. I do not propose to enter into any statistics, as to the “Market -value of Stonehenge to the nation,” or to tell you the number of miles -that lie between it and the town of Salisbury, the goodness or -inferiority of the roads to it, the number of visiting tourists, &c.; I -only wish to place before you some impressions I have felt of its -grandeur and charm, through many seasons, in all sorts of weather, and -varying moods. - -There is always a constant surprise and delight to me in the manner in -which Stonehenge bursts upon one, approach it as one may, from various -points across the undulating Plain which surrounds it. Starting upon -one’s “Pilgrim’s Path” to visit it, from any side, at first there is -nothing to be seen but the crisp crackling grass underfoot, and the white -glittering roads; then, as one advances nearer, unexpectedly, dark, -mysterious forms seem to start up, which gradually shape themselves into -the incompleted circle we call “Stonehenge.” - -The late spring, and early summer, are enchanting periods; myriads of -starry white flowers, and gorgeous yellow and blue ones, wave together -with a glowing harmony of colour, as they are swayed by soft breezes, -whilst a “Hallelujah Chorus” of skylarks sing overhead, making the air -full of scent and sound. In this setting, the old stones seem all yellow -and grey in the brilliant sunshine. Picturesque shepherds, wrapped in -their great dark-blue cloaks, appear upon the horizon; tinkling sheep -bells are heard, reminding one of the Roman Campagna; evening falling, -brings a sense of peace and stillness, chimes from the old Church at -Amesbury float across the valley. The light comes and goes, and the -world seems far away. - - [Picture: Stonehenge and a Great Trilithon] - - * * * * * - -To my mind the magic of Stonehenge is never more powerfully felt than -during the wild, tempestuous autumnal gales, that usually sweep across -the Plain in October. Great clouds roll above, enfolding the circle in a -shadowy purple mantle, sometimes tipped with gold. Thoughts rise up -suddenly, of the many tragedies, feasts, sacrifices, mysterious rites -that must have been enacted here in far-off bygone days. One wonders if -beautiful golden-haired Guinevere passed this way, on her flight to -safety, at the Convent at “Ambresbury” (the Land of Ambrosius), or if sad -King Arthur tarried there on his lonely homeward journey? - -I prefer to picture to myself, Stonehenge, in happy, thoughtless Pagan -days, Druid priests and priestesses forming grand processions; crossing -the “rushing Avon” and winding up from the valley to Stonehenge, clothed -in pure white, and holding gleaming sickles in their hands, chanting -hymns on their way to perform the sacred rite of cutting the mistletoe. -Perhaps they sang and chanted through the short summer night, waiting for -the sun to rise (over the pointed outlying stone) on the day which marks -the solar half-year (June 21st), and which bathes the altar-stone in -golden light. Probably this was the signal for sacrifice, the death of -the victim, and the appeasing of wrathful gods. In mid-winter the stones -appear like black masses, in the midst of driving snows. The least -interesting time of year, in this enchanted place, is the bright, clear, -commonplace summer, when no mysteries abound (except by moonlight). The -old gods are sleeping, everything is orderly, agriculture and its -implements surround us, and Romance seems dead for the moment. Farewell. - - FLORENCE CAROLINE MATHILDE ANTROBUS. - -In approaching’ the momentous and deeply interesting subject of -Stonehenge, I considered it best and wisest to collect the thoughts and -opinions of several learned authors on this subject, and submit them to -the reader, who thus will have an opportunity of comparing for himself -the truth and merits of the different theories presented to him for -judgment. - -Various explanations of the name “Stonehenge” have been forthcoming; but -the true etymological significance seems to be: A.S. “Stàn,” used as an -adjective, and “henge,” from A.S. “hòn” _i.e._, stone hanging-places, -from the groups of stones resembling a gallows. This was long ago -suggested by Wace, the Anglo-Norman poet, who writes:— - - “Stanhengues ont nom en Englois - Pierres pendues en François.” - -As to the date of Stonehenge, opinions vary. It is supposed Hecatæus -(500 B.C.) mentioned it as the “Round Temple” (Translation of Extract -from Diodorus Siculus, about B.C. 8). - -Hecatæus, the Milesian, and others, have handed down to us the following -story:—“Over against Gaul, in the great ocean stream, is an island not -less in extent than Sicily, stretching towards the north. The -inhabitants are called Hyperboreans, because their abode is more remote -from us than that wind we call Boreas. It is said that the soil is very -rich and fruitful, and the climate so favourable that there are two -harvests in every year. Their fables say that Latona was born in this -island, and on that account they worship Apollo (Apollo would signify the -sun to the Latins) before all other divinities, and celebrate his praise -in daily hymns, conferring the highest honours upon their bards, as being -his priests. There is in this island a magnificent temple to this god, -circular in form, and adorned with many splendid offerings. And there is -also a city sacred to Apollo, inhabited principally by harpers, who in -his temple sing sacred verses to the god, accompanied by the harp, in -honour of his deeds. - -“The language of the Hyperboreans is peculiar, and they are singularly -well affected towards the Greeks, and have been so from the most remote -times, especially to those of Athens and Delos. It is even said that -some Greeks have travelled thither, and presented offerings at their -temple inscribed with Grecian characters. They also say that Abaris in -former times went thence to Greece, to renew their ancient friendship -with the Delians. It is related, moreover, that in this island the moon -appears but a short way from the earth, and to have little hills upon it. -Once in nineteen years (and this period is what we call the Great Year) -they say that their god visits the island; and from the Vernal Equinox to -the rising of the Pleiades, all the night through, expresses his -satisfaction at his own exploits by dances and by playing on the harp. - -“Both the City and the Temple are presided over by the Boreadœ, the -descendants of Boreas, and they hand down the power in regular succession -in their family.” - -The first author who is considered to make unmistakable mention of -Stonehenge is Henry of Huntingdon (twelfth century). In his Chronicle he -speaks of it as the second wonder of England, and calls it Stanenges. -Geoffrey of Monmouth (1138) wrote of it about the same time; he believed -it to have been erected by Aurelius Ambrosius, King of Britain, and -called it Hengist’s Stones. Giraldus Cambrensis, a contemporary of -Geoffrey, also makes mention of it. - -Among more modern authors, may be quoted Sir Philip Sidney’s lines:— - - “Near Wilton sweet, huge heaps of stones are found, - But so confused that neither any eye - Can count them first, nor reason try - What force them brought to so unlikely ground.” - -Then Wharton’s sonnet:— - - “Thou noblest monument of Albion’s isle! - Whether by Merlin’s aid from Scythia’s shore - To Amber’s fatal plain Pendragon bore, - Huge frame of giant hands, the mighty pile, - To entomb his Britain’s slain by Hengist’s guile; - Or Druid priests, sprinkled with human gore, - Taught ’mid thy massy maze their mystic lore; - Or Danish chiefs, enriched with savage spoil, - To victory’s idle vast, an unhewn shrine, - Reared the rude heap; or in thy hallowed round - Repose the kings of Brutus’ genuine line; - Or here those kings in solemn state were crowned - Studious to trace thy wondrous origin, - We muse on many an ancient tale renowned.” - -To descend to prose. Langtoft, in his Chronicle, says:—“A wander wit of -Wiltshire, rambling to Rome, to gaze at antiquities, and there screwing -himself into the company of antiquarians, they entreated him to -illustrate unto them that famous monument in his country called Stonage. -His answer was that he had never seen it. Whereupon they kicked him out -of doors, and bade him go home and see Stonage.” - -The immortal Pepys says the stones are “as prodigious as any tales I have -ever heard of them, and worth going this journey to see.” - -The archæologist, Mr. Edmund Story Maskelyne, fixes the date of -Stonehenge at 900 or 1000 B.C. I quote what he says from a lecture, read -1897, “On the Age and Purpose of Stonehenge”:— - - “It is of consequence that we should recognize that Stonehenge was - built about nine or ten hundred years B.C., and not 700 A.D., as many - writers would have us believe. For instance, Dr. W. M. Flinders - Petrie, in his book, ‘Stonehenge, 1880,’ states his opinion that it - was erected A.D. 700±200, that is, between A.D. 500 and 900. The - date of Stonehenge will be of great interest if there is found at - Avebury remains sufficiently perfect to determine astronomically the - date when that monument was erected. For it cannot be but - interesting to ascertain when the two cults—that of the sun, pure and - simple, as exemplified in the original Temple at Stonehenge; and the - cult of the sun in connexion with the serpent, as exhibited at - Avebury—respectively prevailed in this country.” - -Mr. Story Maskelyne’s reasons for his theory that Stonehenge was built by -the Phœnicians are as follows:— - - “I should like to add some reasons for my belief that Stonehenge was - built by the Phœnicians. In the first place, I cannot think of any - other people that could have either designed or executed such a - monument, which required both science for its conception and skill - for its erection. The Phœnicians, with their perfect familiarity - with masts, and cordage, and pulleys, could easily lift the imposts, - of which the largest—being about 11 ft. long, 4 or 6 wide, and 3 ft. - thick—would weigh less than ten tons; and the Phœnicians must have - known how the Egyptians raised masses of stone many times heavier. - - “The trilithon {24} standing clear seems to have had some fascination - for these people. They are found still standing in Tripoli in Libya, - as described in ‘The Hill of the Graces,’ a record of investigation - among the Trilithons and Megalithic sites of Tripoli by Mr. Cowper, - F.S.A., 1897, and specimens exist on the Continent of Europe, in - Normandy and in Brittany. One may be seen in the Island of Ushant, - and another in St. Nazaire on the probable route they adopted for the - passage of tin. - - [Picture: Great Circle and Leaning Stone, as it was—now upright] - - “Another peculiarity can be seen to this day by any one at Stonehenge - in the large trilithon impost, namely, that the under surfaces of the - imposts which rested on the uprights are smoothly cut and slightly - bevelled, so as to throw the principal weight of the mass of the - impost on its outside edge, thus excluding rain, &c., and this very - contrivance was employed by the Egyptians in the pyramids, and it is - certain that the Phœnicians had free intercourse with Egypt. - Finally, the Phœnicians had founded Cadiz, their Gadir in the - eleventh century B.C., more than two centuries before the date which, - from astronomical considerations, I assign for the building of - Stonehenge. We know that they sailed along the shores of Spain and - Gaul and to the Baltic, and though they preferred coasting as a rule, - the straight cut across from Cherbourg to Poole or Christchurch in - fine weather would not be a long voyage; and as they certainly did - trade with Britain, and it must have been hazardous for British - coracles to sail across the open sea, laden with tin, we may conclude - that Phœnician ships did cross the Channel. We know also that the - Phœnicians made, more or less, homes for themselves wherever they - landed; and it is probable that they did so at Poole or Christchurch, - also that they would build them a temple where they found it - convenient to stay.” - -Mr. Story Maskelyne considers the Greeks reformed the Temple later on. -“Within 500 years of the latest of the above-mentioned dates the -Phœnician or Tyrian Empire had ceased to exist, and her numerous colonies -had been absorbed by the nationalities surrounding them. About B.C. 400 -the Greeks supplanted the Phœnicians in their trade with Britain, and -probably for some time continued to use the same mart and sea route the -latter had used—we may assume from Cherbourg to Poole or Christchurch, -whence they bore away the tin in their coracles from Cornwall. Now -commenced a new era for Stonehenge. It must have been a noted Temple, -and I cannot doubt that Hecatæus did allude to it as cited by Strabo, -when he wrote, in the sixth century B.C., of the Round Temple to Apollo -in the land of the Hyperboreans. Now the festivals of the Greeks were -more connected with the months than with the year, and their calendar -months were alternate, full and hollow, where the thirty pillars were -doubtless used by them for the daily sacrifice in the months of thirty -days and the spaces between them, omitting the entrance, for the hollow -months, of twenty-nine days. Owing to the precession of the stars, -Stonehenge no longer answered some of the purposes for which it has been -founded. The Greeks had adopted with ardour the Metonic Cycle discovered -by them B.C. 430, and they reformed the old Sun Temple by the addition of -the inner horseshoe of blue stones which represented that Cycle, for they -were in number nineteen. As to how, or why, the blue stones came to be -imported, I imagine they are native to Brittany or Normandy, whence they -might easily have been brought as ballast in Greek ships, which took back -tin in their stead from Poole or Christchurch, and from the latter port -they might easily have been taken in rafts to Amesbury.” - - [Picture: The stone and flint implements discovered at Stonehenge during - the excavations in 1902] - - [Picture: Hele Stone] - - - - -THE DATE OF STONEHENGE. - - -IN printing this second edition of my little guide-book, I think it will -be found interesting and necessary to leave all the former evidence and -opinions that I collected as to the date of Stonehenge. Since the -excavations in 1901, I think we may consider the age of Stonehenge to be -between three and four thousand years. Mr. W. Gowland judges from the -implements or tools found, Sir Norman Lockyer and Dr. Penrose from -astronomical observations, based on the fact that the avenue (“Viâ -Sacra”) to Stonehenge from the east of the ancients was in a line with -the Altar Stone, so that the sun, rising on the day of the solar -half-year (June 21st) and creeping over the horizon, shed his beams on -the Altar Stone, thus marking the solar half-year. Of course, the east -of the ancients is not our east, but the difference between the position -of the sun _now_ and then to the avenue gives, according to these -gentlemen’s calculations, a date of 3700 years old to Stonehenge. - - - - -THE FINDS AT STONEHENGE, 1901. - - -THE implements found during the excavations made for the underpinning of -the “Leaning Stone” are thus classified by Mr. W. Gowland:— - -(1) Haches roughly chipped, longer and shorter. (2) Axe-hammers. (3) -Hammer-stones with blunt edge. The above are of flint. (4) Regular -hammer-stones of compact sarsen. (5) Mauls of the same rock, weighing -from 37 to 64 lbs. each. There were also found chippings from the -monoliths, and, near the surface, coins and animal bones. - -Only one trace of copper or bronze occurred other than coins and -superficial finds, a mere strain on a block of sarsen. So we may -consider Stonehenge to belong to the late Neolithic, or early Bronze -Period. These objects have been lent by Sir Edmund Antrobus to the -museum at Devizes for a period of six months. - - * * * * * - -In the January, 1902, number of _Man_, Mr. W. Gowland’s interesting paper -will be found, describing the excavations, methods of trimming and -erecting the stones practised by the ancients. - -As to the kinds of stone actually employed in the building of Stonehenge, -the whole of the outer circle and the four stones lying beyond that -circle are undoubtedly “Sarsen” (which are the boulder stones left by the -ice-sheet of the glacial period on the Wiltshire downs). There are, in -the inner circle, four stones which have been called “horn-stone.” The -remainder are “diabase,” commonly called “bluestones,” and similar are -found in Wales, and in parts of Cumberland and Cornwall, the so-called -Altar Stone being a kind of grey sandstone, not sarsen. The large -outlying stone, known traditionally as the “Friar’s Heel,” from a legend -that when the devil was busy erecting Stonehenge he made the observation -that no one would ever know how it was done. This was overheard by a -friar lurking near by, and he incautiously replied in the Wiltshire -dialect, “That’s more than thee can tell,” and fled for his life; the -devil, catching up an odd stone, flung it after the friar, and hit him on -the heel. This stone is also named the “Pointer,” because from the -middle of the Altar Stone the sun is seen at the summer solstice (21st of -June) to rise immediately above it. The Hele Stone is the true name, -“Hele” meaning “to hide,” from Heol or Haul of Geol or Jul, all names for -the sun, which this stone seems to hide. From the Friar’s Heel it is -about 66 yards to a low circular earthen boundary, enclosing the area -within which Stonehenge stands. Just within the entrance to this earthen -ring lies a large prostrate stone called the “Slaughter Stone,” supposed -by some to have been used for the slaughter of victims about to be -offered in sacrifice at the altar. The Slaughter Stone (at the end -nearest to the Friar’s Heel) bears evidence of tool-marks, there being -six small round cavities made in it by blows from a flint tool. On the -margin of the earthen ring, one 55 yards on the left, the other 95 yards -on the right of the entrance, are two small, unhewn stones. - - [Picture: Ground plan as presumed to have been originally. A. Small - Trilithon of Syenite. That it stood here is only conjecture. It now - lies as marked A below] - - [Picture: A. Trilithon fell 1797. B. Upright with capstone fell, Dec. - 31st, 1900] - - [Picture: Great Trilithons (as it was)] - -Stonehenge stands about 440 feet above the sea-level. The outer circle -measures 308 feet in circumference, and is supposed to have been formed -originally of thirty upright stones, seventeen of which are still -standing, and the remains of nine others are to be found fallen to the -ground. These stones formerly stood 14 feet above the surface of the -ground, but now are of different heights. Their breadth and thickness -also vary: the former averaging 7 feet, the latter 3½. The stones were -fixed in the ground at intervals of 3½ feet, connected at the top by a -continuous line of thirty imposts forming a corona or ring of stone at a -height of 16 feet above the ground, and were all squared and rough hewn, -and cleverly joined together. The uprights were cut with knobs or -tenons, which fitted into mortice holes hewn in the undersides of the -horizontal stones. About 9 feet within this peristyle was the “inner -circle,” composed of diabase obelisks; within this, again, was the “great -ellipse,” formed of five, or, as some think, seven trilithons of stones, -each group consisting of two blocks placed upright and one crosswise. -These structures rose progressively in height from N.E. to S.W., and the -loftiest and largest attained an elevation of 25 feet. Lastly, within -the trilithons was the “inner ellipse,” consisting of nineteen obelisks -of diabase. Within the inner ellipse we find the Altar Stone. At the -present moment, there remains of the outer circle or peristyle sixteen -uprights and six imposts; of the inner circle, seven only stand upright -of the great ellipse—there are still two perfect trilithons and two -single uprights. The Duke of Buckingham, in his researches in 1620, is -said to have caused the fall of a trilithon. He was at Wilton in the -reign of James I., and he “did cause the middle of Stonehenge to be -digged, and under this digging was the cause of the falling down or -recumbency of the great stone there, twenty-one foote long.” “In the -process of digging they found a great many horns of stags and oxen, -charcoal batter-dishes (?), heads of arrows, some pieces of armour eaten -out with rust, bones rotten, but whether of stagge’s or men they could -not tell.” - -In 1797, on a rapid thaw succeeding a severe frost, another trilithon -fell; of the inner ellipse, there are six blocks in their places; and in -the centre remains the so-called Altar Stone. - -In Sir R. C. Hoare’s “History of Wiltshire,” he mentions that Inigo Jones -observed a stone, which is now gone, in the inmost part of the cell, -appearing not much above the surface of the earth and lying towards the -east, four feet broad and sixteen long, which was his supposed Altar -Stone. Also “Philip, Earl of Pembroke (Lord Chamberlayne to King Charles -I.), did say ‘that an altar stone was found in the middle of the area -here, and that it was carried away to St. James’s.’” - -The entrance to Stonehenge faced the N.E., and the road to it, “Viâ -Sacra,” or avenue, can be traced by banks of earth. - -It is the opinion of competent authorities that many of the stones should -be underpinned in the manner of the “Leaning Stone,” as any violent -storms, such as periodically sweep across the Plain, might bring them -down. The fall of two of the stones from the outer circle (supposed by -the superstitious to foretell the Queen’s death) on December 31st, 1900, -the last day of the old century, and 103 years after the last stones -fell, was caused by a gale from the west. - -There are the two opinions as to the right course to pursue regarding -Stonehenge—some people considering it would be well to leave it to fall -down, so that eventually it would appear like a jumbled heap of ninepins, -others (myself among the number) that the necessary steps for its -Preservation, _not_ Restoration, should be taken. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - -_April_, 1902. - - - - -PARTICULARS OF THE STONES. - - 58 stones of the Sarsen circle: 30 piers, 28 lintels. - 26 ,, ,, Bluestone circle (2): this includes 1 impost. - 15 ,, ,, Sarsen trilithons: 10 piers, 5 imposts. - 19 „ Inner bluestones. - 1 Sun stone. - 1 Altar stone. - 1 Slaughter stone. - 1 Stones of the Earth Circle. - 123 Total - -. - -The question arises whether there were formerly other stones belonging to -the earth circle. From probing the ground, there is reason to believe -that a stone on this bank may once have marked the direction of the axis. - - - - -SARSEN CIRCLE. - - -17 piers _in situ_, 8 prostrate or fragments, 5 missing. - -6 lintels _in situ_, 2 fragments, 20 missing. - - - - -BLUESTONE CIRCLE. - - -12 stones or stumps _in situ_, 10 prostrate, 4 missing. - - - - -SARSEN TRILITHONS. - - -5 piers _in situ_, 3 prostrate, 5 missing. - -From this list of missing blue stones we may safely deduct two; two -pieces of rock are known to be beneath the turf, and there may be others. -The most satisfactory derivation of Sarsens or Sassens is from the -Anglo-Saxon word for a rock or stone—_ses_, plural _sesen_ or _sesons_. -The Inner Circle of blue stones and Inner Horse-shoe are composed of the -“Blue Stones,” igneous rocks. - - - - -DERIVATION OF AMESBURY. - - -“On Salisbury Plain stand the ruins of the weird Circle of Revolution, -Cor y Coeth in Welsh, the Circle of Dominion, the holy anointed stones of -Ambresbiri (_ambree_, anointed; _biri_, Hebrew for holy ones), at once a -sanctuary and a sundial (3000 years ago the only clock in Britain), -regulated by the sun and moon for days and years. But the beautiful old -British names since the sixth century have been blotted out by the -terrible title _Stonehenge_ or stone gallows—Stanhengen in Anglo-Saxon. -A permanent gallows of stone was used by the Saxons for the execution of -criminals, and wishing to aim a death-blow at British power, no surer way -was found by the invaders than by hanging British leaders upon the -consecrated stones of their revered temple. The road from the village of -Amesbury to the Circle is still called Gallow’s Hill.” - - _From Mrs. Gordon’s Pamphlet_. - - - - -DERIVATION OF DRUID. - - -An Arabic (and Persian) word meaning Holy Men come from the valley of the -Euphrates. Mrs. Gordon considers Merlin (the Bismarck of his age) as the -builder of Stonehenge; also that Aurelius Ambrosius, by his own wish, was -buried within the Circle of Stonehenge. - - - - -DERIVATION OF BARROWS. - - -Barrow, a Hebrew word for grave Mounds. Literally, the “thrown-up pit of -lamentation.” - - - - -DERIVATION OF WILTSHIRE. - - -Wiltshire, in the Saxon Chronicles Wiltunseir, in Doomesday Wiltescire, -derives its name from the town of Wilton, from the Wit-saetas (_saetan_ = -settlers or inhabitants), the West Saxon tribe who made it their home. - - - - -MENTION OF AMESBURY IN MALORY’S “MORTE D’ARTHUR.” - - -“And thus upon a night there came a vision unto Sir Launcelot, and -charged him, in remission of all his sins, to haste him towards -Almesbury. ‘And by that time thou come, there thou shalt find Queen -Guenever dead; and therefore take thy fellows with thee, and also purvey -thee a horse bier, and bring you the corpse of her, and bury it by her -lord and husband.’ Then Sir Launcelot took his seven fellows with him, -and on foot they went from Glastonbury, which is little more than thirty -miles. And when Sir Launcelot was come to Almesbury, within the nunnery, -Queen Guenever died but half an hour before.” - -Timbs, in his “Abbeys and Castles in England,” says: “At Amesbury, says -Bishop Tanner, quoting from Geoffrey of Monmouth, there is said to have -been an ancient British monastery for 300 monks, founded, as some say, by -the famous Prince Ambrosius who lived at the time of the Saxon invasion, -and who was therein buried, destroyed by that cruel pagan, Gurmendus, who -overran all this country in the sixth century.” This alludes to a -monastery prior to the one founded by Elfrida, with which I begin my -account of Amesbury Abbey. - - - - -THE AVENUE OR VI SACRA - - -is orientated to the midsummer sunrise, and points 50° east of north -point. It leads uninterruptedly to the circular space formed by the -earth circle in which Stonehenge stands, the enclosing bank being -discontinued in this direction. It is noteworthy that the sun stone, as -well as the slaughter stone, are not placed in the centre of the avenue -or approach, but lie towards the eastern side of it. The avenue is made -by two parallel lines confining ditches, the earth having been thrown -inwards so as to slightly raise the roadway. These ditches, though -shallow, are distinct. The avenue thus formed descends the gradual -incline of the Down, until at about one thousand five hundred feet from -the sun stone the ditches become indistinguishable. Here the descent is -more rapid and leads to a gentle valley in the Down, where the avenue -divided into two branches. It is now impossible to trace this point of -division with any certainty. - - - - -THE CURSUS AVENUE. - - -This is now completely obliterated. - - - - -THE LONG AVENUE. - - -The branch which turned to the right, forming the eastern slope of the -valley, went over its crest and continued in a straight line in the -direction of some high land to the north of Vespasian’s Camp. The plough -at work year after year has completely effaced all traces of this avenue, -and we have to rely on Dr. Stukeley’s account written 150 years ago. - - - - -THE PARALLEL BANK. - - -At 1200 feet from the sun stone “the approach” is intersected at an angle -approximating roughly to a right angle by parallel banks about two feet -in height and forty feet apart; the roadway thus formed continues about -600 feet to left and right; to the east it is continued by a causeway -across the valley already spoken of, and it is used by carts passing that -way, required in the cultivation of fields to the west of the avenue. - - - - -THE CURSUS. - - - _Discovered by Dr. Stukeley_, 1723. - -This great enclosure lies to the north of Stonehenge, and veers 6° from -due east and west. Like the avenue it is formed by banks thrown up from -an outer ditch. It is 9000 feet in length, with a width of 350 feet at -its centre, but towards its extremities it narrows. To the west, the -southern boundary is irregular. The northern ditch, on the contrary, -makes a fairly straight line. Its eastern end is headed by a long mound -now difficult to trace. Near its western extremity, and within the -enclosure, are two small tumuli irregularly placed. The greater part of -this earthwork being on the uncultivated Down is fairly well defined, -especially to the west; to the east it has been obliterated by the -plough. - - - - -THE LESSER CURSUS. - - -To the north-west of the Great Cursus and over 7000 feet distant from -Stonehenge, is an earthwork apparently the beginning of a second cursus. -It is ill defined, and at 1200 feet from its enclosed end the ditches -cease. It appears to be an abandoned scheme for an enclosure similar to -the Cursus. - -From “Stonehenge,” Mr. Edgar Barclay. At page 66 he says:—“The Cursus is -irregular in shape, nevertheless there remains a very strong probability -that it is an adjunct of Stonehenge, and was designed with it, and is not -an independent earthwork as Sir R. Colt Hoare maintains.” - -From Mr. J. F. Hewitt’s “Ruling Races of Pre-historic Times”:—“A -hippodrome can still be traced about half a mile north of the Temple, -with which it is connected by an avenue about forty cubits wide. This is -divided into two branches, about 1700 feet from the Temple, the eastern -hand going eastward to Radfin, a ford on the Avon, and the western -curving round to the ancient chariot-course. It was here the seasonal -games took place, said by Macrobius to have been celebrated by the -Druids, when sacrifices were offered to the gods. This ancient _campus -martius_, running east and west, is about 10,000 feet or 6000 Druidical -cubits long, and 350 feet or 200 Druidical cubits wide, and on the east -side is a long bank, extending nearly its whole length, which must have -served as a place for spectators; while on the west side is a curve to -allow for the turning of the competing chariots. There can be no doubt -whatever that this racecourse represents the ancient site of the national -games; instituted by the Sons of the Horse, which are said in Greek -tradition to have been founded by Akastus, king of Iolcus, after he had -driven out Jason and Medea the sorceress.” - - - - -EARTHWORKS ON SALISBURY PLAIN. - - -Tumuli, or Barrows, are the most simple kind of sepulchral monument; they -consist of a mound of earth or stones raised over the dead. - -Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus classifies them in his “History of -Wiltshire”:— - -1. The Long Barrow. Differing considerably in their construction. - -2. The Bowl Barrow. The most ordinary shape. - -3. The Bell Barrow. This, from the elegance of its form, seems a -refinement on the Bowl Barrow. They abound near Stonehenge. - -4. Druid Barrow (1st class). I consider these tumuli were appropriated -to the female tribes. The outward vallum with the ditch within is -beautifully moulded, and in most instances found to contain small cups, -small lance heads, amber, jet, and glass beads. - -5. Druid Barrow (2nd class). In external form these resemble the -preceding, but their circumference is not so large. The tumulus within -rises to a point from the edge of the vallum. - -6. Pond Barrow. They differ totally from all others, and resemble an -excavation made for a pond. I can form no conjecture as to their use. - -7. Twin Barrow. They are not very common, and, by being enclosed in a -circle, seem to denote the interment of relations. - -8. Cone Barrow. The only one I have seen is at Everley. The tumulus -rises immediately from the ditch, and the apex is higher and more -pointed. - -9. Broad Barrow. Resembles the Bowl Barrow, but is higher and flatter -at the top. - -Mr. Edgar Barclay, in “Stonehenge,” says:—“The presence of barrows (near -Stonehenge) would enable marriages to be celebrated on the spot. A feast -at the family tomb was an opportunity for a young woman about to marry to -be formally introduced to the domestic worship of the family she was -about to enter. That feasts did occur at Stonehenge Barrows we have -proofs. We find also that Irish Fairs in honour of the Sun God were held -in proximity to extensive burial-places. The arrangement of the avenues, -the placing of the cursus, the placing of the sun stone and slaughter -stone, the break in the lintel circle, &c.: these characteristics point -out to us the probable procedures at times of festival. The midsummer -festival solemnized the holy espousals of the Sun God with the land.” - -In “The Ruling Races of Pre-historic Times,” Mr. Hewitt says:—“The deer -worshippers were the mixed race formed from the union of the sons of the -mother-tree, the mother-bear and wolf, the lordly boar and the prolific -sow, the mother-cow, the mother-mountain, and father firestone, the -people who looked on the Sun God of the equinoxes and solstices as the -god who made their crops to grow and who ripened their barley, the seed -of life (_zi_), the Zeus of the Greeks, which gave its name to the Deus -of the Latins and the Theos of the Greeks, the Manx god Ji. This father -sun god was the god on the grey white horse, the clouds, the white horse -in Zend mythology of Tishtrya, the star of the summer solstice which -succeeded the golden horned bull of the bull race, as the adversary and -conqueror of the black horse, and the black bull or dragon, the cloud -which will not give up its rain, which was in Northern mythology the -winter frost giant. It was this white horse—the sun god of the -limestone, flint, and chalk country—which was the god of Stonehenge, the -temple whose ruins still remain to set before us, with absolute certainty -of the correctness of the deduction in its main details, the complete -ritual of this primæval worship.” - -_Note_.—The white sun horse is still worshipped and fed daily at Kobe, in -Japan. - -The worshippers of the sun god who built this temple are proved to have -belonged to the Bronze age by the number of round barrow tombs within -twelve miles of it; and Stukeley (A.D. 1723) counted one hundred and -twenty-eight as visible from a hill close by. - - - - -VESPASIAN’S CAMP. - - -A name given by Dr. Stukeley to the (probably) British earthworks, -locally known as “the Ramparts,” which crown a hill in the demesne of -Amesbury Abbey. Its ancient lines of defence, enclosing thirty-nine -acres and boldly scarped towards the west, environ the summit in the form -of a scalene triangle. This hill is densely wooded, containing two -beautiful avenues of beech-trees, and as it descends to the Avon, is cut -into a fanciful shape, supposed to resemble a diamond. I have described -this in “Amesbury Abbey.” - - - - -WEST AMESBURY HOUSE. - - -A pretty old house on the road-side, belonging to Sir Edmund Antrobus, -built of stone and flint. The interior has been much altered and spoilt. -Traces of a monastic building exist in the beams supporting the roof, and -in a church doorway at the top of the staircase. These date from the -fifteenth century. Aubrey informs us that this house and property, along -with Stonehenge, once formed the dowry of the wife of Lord Ferrers of -Chartley. The village of West Amesbury possesses some picturesque -thatched cottages, and on an outside wall of one is a rude sketch of -fighting cocks and their backers. - - - - -WILSFORD HOUSE. - - -A house on the banks of the Avon, built by the late Mr. Loder, of -Salisbury, two miles from Amesbury. It is of the modern “villa” -description. In 1898 Mr. Young purchased it from Sir E. Loder, and -re-sold it to Mr. Edward Tennant in 1900. None of the places described -along the Avon Valley are open to the public, but they can be seen from -the high road. - - [Picture: Lake House] - - - - -LAKE HOUSE, - - -situated on the banks of the Avon, is in the parish of Wilsford, and -about three miles south of Amesbury. The exact date of its foundation is -uncertain. Its main features are Elizabethan, but an old letter in the -possession of the family clearly suggests an earlier date. “As to ye -date of ye house,” says the correspondent, “I do not remember anything in -that beautifully written deed to which you refer that would bear on it. -Great weight would belong to any opinion expressed by ye late J. H. -Parker, and you told me that you thought it might be as early as Edward -VI. or earlier, and probably Parker judged only by what he saw, and ye -architectural features that remain have in them nothing distinctive in -comparison with those what have vanished.” Lake House is one of the most -beautiful in this neighbourhood, and is built of the usual stone and -flint; it possesses yew hedges and delightful old-fashioned gardens -sloping to the river. It was purchased in 1591 by George Duke, and it -remained in the Duke family till 1897, when (just in time to save the old -house from utter ruin) it was bought by Mr. J. N. Lovibond, and most -beautifully restored by the architect, Mr. Detmar Blow, according to the -views of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. There are -barrows in the park at Lake, and many curious objects, such as amber -necklaces, &c., were discovered in them about fifty years ago during -excavations made by the late Mr. Duke. Some of the things then found are -in the British Museum. A cottage industry is now carried on in the -village of Lake: a sort of rough tweed in pretty colours being made in -hand looms by the women. This tweed is called “Stonehenge” cloth, and is -not expensive. - - - - -GREAT DURNFORD CHURCH. - - -Leaving Amesbury, and following the eastern banks of the Avon, we come to -Great Durnford. Its name is derived from the British word “dur,” -signifying water. The church is most picturesque, and is built of stone -and flint, with very rich Norman north and south doorways and chancel -arch. The font is Norman, with an interesting arcade. The pulpit is of -oak and dated 1619, and has a very old velvet cover with 1657 worked on -it. Built into the wall of the church is a stone coffin containing a -skeleton, supposed to be that of the founder. Traces of two doors -leading to the rood loft can still be seen, and in one window are the -remains of some very old glass. Inside the south door are several -curious crosses, supposed to be dedication crosses. In the chancel is a -leper’s window. The altar rails are of oak, and date back to the -sixteenth century. The pattern on the walls is the same as that found -some years ago under the plaster and whitewash. There is a curious brass -to the memory of Edward Young, his wife, and fourteen children, dated -1670. In the chancel, chained to an ancient desk, is a copy of Jewel’s -“Apologie of the Church of England,” ordered by Convocation after the -Reformation, 1571. - - - - -GREAT DURNFORD HOUSE - - -was once a seat of the Hungerfords. Evelyn notes in his Diary, July, -1654:—“We dined at a ferme of my Uncle Hungerford’s called Darneforde -magna, situate in a valley under the plaine, most sweetly watered, -abounding in troutes, catched by speares in the night when they come -attracted by a light set in ye sterne of a boate.” - -It is in the French château style on a small scale, and has lovely -old-fashioned gardens, quite unspoiled, with some rare trees growing in -them. At the end of the last garden flows the Avon, and picturesque -Durnford Church stands close by. In 1869 Mr. Pinckney bought the house -and some of the estate from the Earl of Malmesbury. - - - - -OGBURY CAMP. - - -On the eastern side of the Avon is a very ancient earthen work called -Ogbury Camp. Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus describes it:—“On this hill we -recognize the very early and simple handiwork of the Britons, unaltered -by their successors and conquerors, the Romans and Saxons. Here we see a -large tract of sixty-two acres enclosed within a single rampart, and -without any fosse to strengthen it against the attacks of an enemy, and -we perceive within the area the evident marks of enclosures, and only one -entrance to the east. On the northern side the ramparts followed the -windings of the hill, and are interrupted by the plantations of Lord -Malmesbury’s demesne. The area contains sixty-two acres and a quarter. -The circuit of the outer ditch is one mile, one furlong and fifty-five -yards, and the depth of the vallum is thirty-three feet. On the -south-east and west sides the ramparts are very much mutilated. I cannot -consider Ogbury as a camp or work of defence against an invading enemy, -but rather as an asylum or place of refuge, whither the Britons, in times -of danger, retired with their families and herds of cattle. On digging -within this area we could not find any marks of ancient residence, but on -some high ground adjoining the extraordinary verdure of the turf induced -us to dig into the soil, where we immediately found numerous bones of -animals with fragments of the rudest British pottery.” - - [Picture: Heale House] - - - - -HEALE HOUSE, MIDDLE WOODFORD. - - -_The Residence of the Honourable Louis Greville_; _bought by him from Sir - E. Loder_, 1894. - -This house, beautifully built of small red bricks, has stone-coped -windows in the Dutch style of architecture introduced into this country -by William III., and is quite unlike the usual stone and flint -“chequered” houses of the neighbourhood. You enter the grounds through -old wrought-iron gates and down an avenue of elm-trees. The river Avon -flows through the garden. This property formerly belonged to the -Errington and Hyde families. Inside the house little remains of the old -decorations but some carved woodwork. A cupboard in a bedroom is shown -as the hiding-place of Charles II. after the battle of Worcester. He is -said to have visited Stonehenge from Heale, and there met friends who -were to conduct him to the coast of Sussex prior to his escape from -England. He is supposed to have proved to his own satisfaction the -fallacy of the notion of the impossibility of counting the stones -composing Stonehenge. - -“In 1721 Robert Hyde bequeathed Heale to his sister, Mrs. Levinz, widow -of the Bishop of Sodor and Man, and she, by will, devised the estates to -her son-in-law, Michael Frampton of Oxford, and he, in his turn, left -them to his nephews, Thomas Bull, rector of Porton, and Edward and Simon -Polhill and their heirs in succession, in default thereof to William -Bowles; in seventeen years after the death of the testator, Canon Bowles -was in full possession of the property.” Several members of the Bowles -family lie buried in Salisbury Cathedral. Heale Hill is remarkable for a -circle on the summit and traces of a British village on the south slope. - - [Picture: Little Durnford] - - - - -LITTLE DURNFORD HOUSE. - - -Built of stone and flint, successively the property of the families of -Pregers, Wodhull, and Tropnell, afterwards Yonge or Young. In 1795 it -was sold to Edward Hinxman, whose descendants sold it in 1897 to Mr. -Devenish (the present owner). The Avon, flowing through the grounds, has -been artificially widened in one place, forming a miniature lake in front -of the house. - - - - -ENVOI. - - -With much regret I find myself at the end of my little book, which, I -hope, will help to describe a beautiful and interesting country. It has -been compiled from various learned sources, and only a small portion of -it can claim to be original. I shall consider myself fortunate if the -traveller finds _any_ pleasure in reading what has given me great -pleasure to write. - - FLORENCE CAROLINE MATHILDE ANTROBUS. - -_June_, 1900. - - - - -APPENDIX. -THE RECENT WORK AT STONEHENGE. {43} - - -AT a meeting held last March at Stonehenge, and attended by -representatives of the Society of Antiquaries, of the Society for the -Protection of Ancient Monuments, and the Wiltshire Archæological Society, -various plans and measures were discussed and suggested for the better -preservation of Stonehenge. The whole state of the surrounding -neighbourhood being changed from its former quietude by the introduction -of new elements, such as the military camps at Bulford, &c., the making -of the new branch line of the South-Western Railway (from Grateley to -Amesbury), it became necessary to meet the altered circumstances by the -exercise of greater precautions for the care of the beautiful old Sun -Temple standing in the midst of the grass-clothed downs—a thing of wonder -and mystery to behold. The advice given to Sir Edmund Antrobus by the -representatives of these societies was as follows, published in the -_Times_ of April 3:— - - _Resolutions_. - -(1) That this Committee approves of the suggested protection of -Stonehenge by a wire fence not less than 4 ft. high, following on two -sides the existing roads and crossing on the west from the 331-foot level -on the north road to the 332-foot level on the south road shown on the -O.S. map (1-2, 500), Wilts sheet liv. 14. - -(2) That the Committee recommends, without prejudice to any legal -question, that the local authorities be requested to agree to divert the -existing track-way or ridge-way from Netheravon now passing through the -earth circle so as to pass from the 302-foot levels in the O.S. map -immediately west of Stonehenge. - -(3) That stones 6 and 7 with their lintel, and stone 56 (according to -the numbering on Mr. Petrie’s plan) be first examined, with a view of -maintaining them in a position of safety. - -(4) That, in the opinion of this Committee, stone 22 should be replaced, -stone 21 be made safe, and the lintel of 21 and 22 be replaced in the -most safe and conservative manner. The Committee also recommends the -re-erection of stones 57 and 58, and their lintel 158. - -(5) That the instructions to custodians already in force be approved -with a few suggested alterations. - -(6) That this Committee feels that it is impossible to overstate the -value of the assistance which the County Council of Amesbury can give to -the efforts made to preserve this unique monument. - -(7) That these resolutions be sent to Sir Edmund Antrobus with the -earnest thanks of the Committee, for the part he is proposing to take in -the preservation of Stonehenge, also that it be left to him to -communicate with the Press. - - * * * * * - -The fence was erected by Whitsuntide, and is 1700 yards in circumference, -and composed of lightest barbed wire of a neutral tint, and absolutely -invisible at a distance, so that the traveller gets the whole effect of -Stonehenge in its full grandeur instead of, as in former days, the view -of the stones mingled with two or three flys, a cart, an old waggonette, -and photographer’s van, &c., to say nothing of picnic luncheons, spread -out within the sacred circle. This fence encloses as large an area as -possible, being well outside the vallum, except on the west side, where a -right of way interferes with the true circle. The next work -undertaken—the most difficult and important of the whole—was the raising -of the “leaning stone”—the largest monolith in England except Cleopatra’s -needle—to an upright position. This stone formed one of the uprights of -the trilithon, the fall of which was said to have been caused by the -digging and researches of the Duke of Buckingham in 1620. The horizontal -and the other upright (the latter broken in two pieces) now lie prostrate -across the altar stone. - - [Picture: The work at Stonehenge. Raising the Leaning Stone] - -The great stone leaned considerably towards the N.E. and appeared to rest -upon (actually touching at one point) a beautiful little pillar stone of -syenite, the danger being that in some storm, especially after a heavy -fall of snow and sudden thaw, the great stone would break in three pieces -(having three veins) in falling, and also crush the smaller stone beneath -it. - -That a forward movement was continually taking place is shown by -observations taken by Mr. Flinders Petrie some years ago. It then leaned -at an angle of 66, which has been increased to one of 60.5 degrees -lately. The work of the raising of the stone was begun on August 18th -and finished September 25th, and was under the direct supervision of Mr. -Gowland, Mr. Detmar Blow, architect, and his assistant Mr. Stallybrass, -and Mr. Carruthers, engineer. The first thing done was to make a fitting -to the stone of a strong timber cradle, so as to protect it from injury -by the immense iron chains and ropes placed round it, these being -attached to winches worked by men, so that the stone was actually “wound -up,” so to speak, into an upright position. Hydraulic jacks were also -used. The whole thing was most carefully and slowly done, and devotedly -watched over by the workers. A rectangular excavation was made in front -of the stone, a square excavation at the back. A frame of wood with -numbers at equal distances apart was placed over the ground, which was -excavated in sections, and the earth was most carefully sifted in layers -through four grades of sieves in such a manner that the position of every -object found could be recorded. The excavations round the base of the -stone are now filled with concrete, and the large struts which uphold it -will remain in their positions for six months, until the concrete be -thoroughly set. - -The objects found were one Roman coin and one George III. penny at a -shallow depth, and many chippings of both the blue and sarsen stones. -Numerous flint axe-heads and large stone hammers were also found at a -depth of from two feet to four feet six inches underground; all tending -to prove the great antiquity of Stonehenge—at least Neolithic. But all -this will be discussed scientifically later on. - - FLORENCE C. M. ANTROBUS. - - * * * * * - - 1904. A. No. 335. - - - -In the High Court of Justice. -CHANCERY DIVISION. -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL. - - - _Writ issued the_ 1_st day of March_ 1904. - -BETWEEN HIS MAJESTY’S ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK -TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, -SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE -and the said FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW -FLINDERS PETRIE . . . _Plaintiffs_ - -AND - -SIR EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . _Defendant_. - - -STATEMENT OF CLAIM. - - -Delivered the 17th day of March 1904 by HORNE & BIRKETT of 4 Lincoln’s -Inn Fields in the County of London Solicitors for the Plaintiffs. - -1. On Stonehenge Down in the Parish of Amesbury in the County of Wilts -there are a group of stones and surrounding earthworks which are together -known as Stonehenge. Stonehenge which is of very great antiquity -originally formed an ancient building and place of assembly for public -worship the burial of the dead deliberation on public affairs or other -public purposes and since it has ceased to be so used has remained a -national monument and place of resort of great public interest. - -2. Until the acts of the Defendant hereinafter complained of there was -and there now ought to be free access for the public to Stonehenge by -means of roads running up to and through the same the sites of which -roads are shown on the plan hereunto annexed and are thereon coloured -green. - -3. The said roads were at the time of the said acts and are public -highways for all His Majesty’s liege subjects to go and return on foot -and with horses and carriages at all times of the year at their free will -and pleasure. - -4. Stonehenge is subject to a trust created by a grant or declaration of -trust which if in writing has been lost or by a Statute which has been -lost for the free user by the public of Stonehenge as a place of resort -and for the free access of the public thereto by means of the said roads -and the site of Stonehenge has since the creation of such trust been held -by the owners thereof for the time being subject to the said trust. - -5. The Defendant has lately erected and maintains and threatens and -intends to maintain upon Stonehenge Down aforesaid fences along the lines -shown upon the said plan and thereon coloured red. The said fences -obstruct the said roads or some of them at the points marked respectively -A. B. C. D. and E. on the said plan and are obnoxious to and interfere -with the rights and privileges of His Majesty’s liege subjects referred -to in paragraphs 3 and 4 hereof. - -6. The Defendant has been requested to remove the said fences but he has -refused and still refuses to do so and threatens and intends to maintain -the same and the obstructions hereinbefore complained of. - -The Plaintiffs therefore claim— - -1. An order that the Defendant remove the said fences where they -respectively obstruct the said roads or any of them. - -2. An injunction to restrain the Defendant his servants workmen and -agents from erecting upon the said lands or any part thereof any fence or -other erection so as to obstruct and from in any way obstructing the said -roads or any of them. - -3. Costs. - - C. GURDON. - -R. B. FINLAY. - - * * * * * - - 1904. A. No. 335. - - - -In the High Court of Justice. -CHANCERY DIVISION, -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL. - - -BETWEEN HIS MAJESTY’S ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK -TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, -SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE -and the said FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, THE RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, SIR JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW -FLINDERS PETRIE . . . _Plaintiffs_ - -AND - -SIR EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . _Defendant_. - - -DEFENCE. - - -1. As to paragraph 1 of the Statement of Claim it is not admitted that -Stonehenge was made or ever used for such purposes as in the said -paragraph mentioned or any of them or for any public purpose. Stonehenge -is and has been from time immemorial and in fact at all times private -property and not national or public property and resort thereto by the -public has always been by permission of the owner of the land and not as -of right. - -2. As to paragraph 2 the principal part of Stonehenge lies in an angle -between and near to two public roads leading from Amesbury to Shrewton -and to Winterbourne Stoke respectively. A public way or track leading -from Netheravon to Lake crosses these two roads and also crosses part of -Stonehenge but except the right to use this way or track (which is -outside the fence erected by the Defendant and has not been in any way -obstructed by him) there never has been any access for the public to -Stonehenge otherwise than by permission of the owner of the land on which -it is situate. The alleged road running up to and through Stonehenge the -sites of which are purported to be shown on the plan annexed to the -Statement of Claim and are thereon coloured green (except the way or -track from Netheravon to Lake aforesaid) do not exist either in law or in -fact and never have existed. - -3. Paragraph 3 of the Statement of Claim is denied except as to the way -or track from Netheravon to Lake aforesaid. - -4. Paragraph 4 is altogether denied. Stonehenge is not and never was -subject to any trust for user or access by the public or to any public -trust. - -5. As to paragraphs 5 and 6 the Defendant has for the better -preservation of Stonehenge erected and maintains a fence round the land -lying within the triangle formed by the said two public roads and the way -or track from Netheravon to Lake not obstructing or interfering with any -public right of way. Save as aforesaid paragraphs 5 and 6 of the -Statement of Claim are denied. - - F. VAUGHAN HAWKINS. - -Delivered the 27th day of April 1904 by FARRER & Co. of 66 Lincoln’s Inn -Fields in the County of Middlesex Solicitors for the Defendant. - - * * * * * - -This case commenced in the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, on -Tuesday, March 28th, and continued on the 29th and 30th. Again on the -4th, 5th, 6th, and 11th and 12th of April. Mr. Justice Farwell delivered -his considered judgment on the 19th, concluding as follows:— - -“I hold, therefore, that the access to the circle was incident only to -the permission to visit and inspect the stones, and was, therefore, -permissive only, and, further that the tracks to the circle are not -thoroughfares, but lead only to the circle, where the public have no -right without permission, and, therefore, are not public ways. The -action accordingly fails, and ought never to have been brought. It is -plain that the vicinity of the camp and the consequent increase of -visitors compelled the defendant to protect the stones if they were to be -preserved; and he has done nothing more than is necessary for such -protection. I desire to give the relators credit for wishing only to -preserve this unique relic of a former age for the benefit of the public, -but I fail to appreciate their method of attaining this. The first claim -to dispossess the defendant of his property is simply extravagant, so -much so that, although not technically abandoned, no serious argument was -addressed to me in support of it. The rest of the claim—for rights of -way over the network of tracks shown on the plaintiffs’ plan—if -successful would defeat the relators’ object. If these ways were left -unfenced and heavy traffic passed through the circle, there would be -great risk of injury, and even without such traffic there is great risk -from the increased numbers of passers-by. As Sir Norman Lockyer (whose -interesting application of the Orientation theory to Stonehenge has -recently appeared) says in one of his articles:—‘The real destructive -agent has been man himself—savages could not have played more havoc with -the monument than the English who have visited it at different times for -different purposes.’ I feel no confidence that the majority of tourists -have improved, nay, rather,—‘Aetas parentum, pejor avis, tulit Nos -nequiores.’ It is only fair to the defendant to say that he is not -acting capriciously but on expert advice for the preservation of the -stones. If, on the other hand, the roads are all fenced off, the general -appearance would be ruined, and no human being would be in any way the -better. It is not immaterial to remark that this is not the action of -the District or the County Council to preserve rights of way, but is -brought on the relation of strangers on the score of the public interest -in Stonehenge. The action is dismissed with costs.” - -Mr. Warmington:—“My Lord, there is only one matter with regard to costs I -think, and that is the question of the Commission. {52} My Lord, those -were reserved, and they will be costs in the action.” - -Mr. Justice Farwell:—“Yes. I may say this—it sometimes saves trouble, -and it is not unusual, I have done it before, and I think I may say it -now—that this is a case in which the taxing master should allow three -counsel.” - -Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship pleases. I was instructed to apply; -but according to the practice it is done after taxation.” - -Mr. Justice Farwell:—“I know it is. But I have done it before. You see -the matter is now fresh in my recollection, and a summons to vary might -come before other Judges.” - -Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship pleases.” - - - - -HOTELS AT SALISBURY. - - -THE WHITE HART (_near the Cathedral_). - - -Carriages and horses for Stonehenge, Wilton, and the New Forest may be -had. - -PRICES FOR STONEHENGE, &C.—The complete drive _viâ_ Amesbury to -Stonehenge and back by Lake House and the Valley. - - _£_ _s._ _d._ -One horse carriage, for 2 persons 0 13 0 -,, ,, ,, ,, 3 ,, 0 18 0 -Two ,, ,, 2 ,, 1 1 0 -„ „ „ „ 3 „ 1 5 0 -„ „ „ „ 4 „ 1 10 0 - -These prices include the driver and waiting, baiting, &c. - -TARIFF OF PRICES: Per day. - _s._ _d._ -Sitting-rooms from 5 0 -Bedrooms from 2 6 - Per head. -Plain breakfast 2 0 -Breakfast with chop or steak 2 6 -,, fish, ham and eggs 3 0 -LUNCHEONS: -Bread and cheese 0 9 -Sandwich 1 0 -Light soups 1 0 -Cold meat 2 6 -DINNERS: -Soup and chop, vegetables, and cheese 3 6 -With either soup or fish and entrée 4 0 -Ditto with sweets 4 6 -TEAS: -Plain 1 6 -With eggs 2 0 -Single cup of tea 0 6 - Servants’ board, 5_s._ per day. - -Gentlemen’s coffee-room, ladies’ drawing-room, smoking and billiard-room. - -Visitors are requested, if possible, to write to the Manager for -accommodation. - -Table d’Hôte, Breakfasts, 3_s._; Luncheons, 2_s._ 6_d._; Dinners, 5_s._ -These meals run for two hours, and are served at separate tables. - - - -CATHEDRAL HOTEL. - - Per day. -Bedrooms from 2 6 -Sitting-rooms 3 6 -BREAKFASTS OR TEAS: Per head. -Plain 1 3 -With eggs 1 6 -With meat or fish 2 6 -DINNERS: From 3_s._ - per head. -Cold baths 0 6 -Hot 1 0 - Servants’ board, 5_s._ per day. - -Carriages with experienced drivers for Stonehenge and other places of -interest. - - - -RED LION HOTEL, SALISBURY. -(_Headquarters of the Cyclists’ Touring Club_.) - -APARTMENTS: s. d. -Bedrooms per day 2 6 -Double bedroom 4 0 -Baths in bathroom 1 0 -Baths in bedroom 0 6 -BREAKFAST: Per head. -Plain 1 3 -With eggs 1 9 -With fish, steak, ham and eggs 2 6 -LUNCHEONS: -Soup 1 0 -Sandwiches 0 6 -Cold joint, cheese and salad 2 0 -Ditto, sweets 2 6 -Chop and vegetables 2 0 -DINNERS: -Joint and vegetable 2 6 -Ditto, with sweets 3 0 -Ditto, soup or fish, joint, and sweets 3 6 -TEAS: -Cup of tea or coffee 0 6 -Teas with eggs, &c. same as breakfast. - Servants’ board per day, 5s. Bedroom, 1_s._ 6_d._ - -Excellent Chemists: Messrs. Read & Orchard, Market Place, Salisbury. - -Sly, Watch-maker, Market Place. - -Good Booksellers: Brown, Canal, & Simmonds, High Street. - -Messrs. Pinckney, Bankers, Market Place. - - - -AMESBURY. - -“Queensberry House”—Boarding House, Tea and Luncheon F. Tucker. -Room -“Ivy Dene”—Private Hotel A. Fleming. -“The Phœnix”—Temperance House E. Cockle. -Drapery and Millinery F. Tucker. -Drapery and Fancy Bazaar B. Hale. - -THE GEORGE INN. - - -Good flys, one and two horses, can be procured here, also bedrooms and -sitting-rooms, luncheons, and dinners, and teas. - - * * * * * - - * * * * * - - PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LTD., LONDON AND BECCLES. - - - - -FOOTNOTES. - - -{10} Aurelius Ambrosius succeeded to the kingdom of Britain on the death -of Vortigern in the year 465; he was of Roman extraction, though educated -in Britain. - -{18} The Avon is the beloved haunt of thousands of wild duck, many -herons, kingfishers, &c. - -{24} Trilithon, a monument (or part of a monument) consisting of three -large stones. - -{43} “Nature,” vol. 64, p. 602. - -{52} This refers to the Committee of the County Council appointed to -hear the complaint against the enclosure of Stonehenge, and it met early -in 1902. - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** - - -******* This file should be named 64167-0.txt or 64167-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/4/1/6/64167 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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