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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A sentimental & practical guide to Amesbury and Stonehenge - - -Author: Florenace Caroline Mathilde Antrobus - - - -Release Date: December 29, 2020 [eBook #64167] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** -</pre> -<p>Transcribed from the 1908? edition, by David Price.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/mapb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Map of the Amesbury area" -title= -"Map of the Amesbury area" - src="images/maps.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h1>A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL<br /> -GUIDE TO AMESBURY AND<br /> -STONEHENGE, COMPILED<br /> -BY LADY ANTROBUS</h1> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">DEDICATED TO -MY MOTHER</span><br /> -<span class="GutSmall">GEORGINA ALICIA SARTORIS</span></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>TENTH THOUSAND</i></p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center">ESTATE OFFICE: AMESBURY, WILTS</p> -<h2><a name="page2"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -2</span>PREFACE.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> compiling this little Guide -Book, I have somewhat departed from the ordinary lines, but I -venture to hope that the traveller to Amesbury and Stonehenge -will not like it the worse on that account. I am much -indebted to the kindness of Mrs. <span -class="smcap">Gordon</span> and of Messrs. <span -class="smcap">Murray</span>, <span class="smcap">Barclay</span>, -<span class="smcap">Story Maskelyne</span>, and <span -class="smcap">Hewitt</span>, for allowing me to quote from their -works, also to the Editor of the <i>Ladies’ Realm</i>, for -permission to use an article by me which appeared in the February -number of that magazine, and, above all, to Miss <span -class="smcap">Clarisse Miles</span>, for the charming photographs -which illustrate my book.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Florence -Caroline Mathilde Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>Amesbury Abbey</i>,<br /> - <i>Salisbury</i>, 1900.</p> -<h2><a name="page3"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 3</span>GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE.</h2> -<p>Leaving Salisbury by what is called the “Upper -Road” to Amesbury, one travels across a tract of bleak and -rather uninteresting downs. About two miles from Salisbury -(on the left) Old Sarum stands up conspicuously, and is the only -object of interest till one arrives at Amesbury, eight miles -distant from Salisbury. Amesbury calls itself a town, and -boasts of several shops and the telegraph. A railway -station is in process of construction. In Aubrey’s -times Amesbury was celebrated for its tobacco pipes, marked with -a gauntlet, the name of the maker. Of these, several -specimens are to be found in the museum at Salisbury.</p> -<p>Returning to Salisbury from Amesbury, and taking “the -Bourne” route, there is a beautiful drive winding along the -banks of the Avon. I give a short account of the most -interesting places the traveller meets with on his homeward -journey.</p> -<h2>OLD SARUM.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">Lies</span> two miles from Salisbury, and -stands up, making a bold outline in the surrounding open -country. It is a hill, bare now, save for some trees, -encircled with entrenchments, with a central mound peering above -them. But centuries ago this spot was crowded with -buildings—religious, military, and domestic, and was one of -the most important in our island. Some say that the ancient -British name was <i>Caer Sarflag</i>, <a name="page4"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 4</span>the “City of the Service -Tree.” Its Roman name was <i>Sorbiodunun</i>, the -Saxon <i>Sarobyrig</i>. The face of the hill is smooth and -very steep. The summit is fenced by a mighty earthen -rampart and ditch, protected by a lower raised bank outside of -it, the height from the top of the one to the bottom of the other -being 106 feet. The surface of the hill is an elongated -circular area of 27½ acres. In the centre of the -area is a second circular earthwork and ditch 100 feet high, and -within these stood the citadel. On the top of the earthwork -surrounding the citadel was a very strong wall 12 feet thick, of -flint embedded in rubble, and coated with square stones, of which -some portion remain. To the great outer earthwork there -were two entrances—one (guarded by a hornwork still -remaining) on the western, another (the postern) on the eastern -side. The site of the citadel is now overgrown with briers -and brushwood; the rest of the area is partly in a state of -nature, partly cultivated. “Celt and Roman alike had -seen the military value of the height from which the eye sweeps -nowadays over the grassy meadows of the Avon to the arrowy spire -of Salisbury; and, admirable as the position was in itself, it -had been strengthened at a vast cost of labour. The camp on -the summit of the knoll was girt in by a trench hewn so deeply in -the chalk that, from the inner side of it, the white face of the -rampart rose 100 feet high, while strong outworks protected the -approaches to the fortress from the west and from the -east.”</p> -<p>Though there may have been a British stronghold here, still, -it is the opinion of good antiquaries that there is now no -British work to be seen; that the Romans took possession of the -hill and defended it by a simple escarpment, without any ditch, -but with outworks at the entrances; and that the ditch now on the -face of the scarp, as well as the central citadel and its -defences, were added by the Saxons, and perhaps by Alfred, who, -in his war with the Danes, certainly paid great attention to -strengthening the position. There are Roman roads to -Silchester, Winchester, Dorchester, Uphill, on the Bristol -Channel, and others, it is believed, to Bath and -Marlborough. Cynric the Saxon won a victory over the -Britons in 552. In 960, Edgar held his Council here. -In 1003, Seweyn and the Danes are said to have stormed it. -In the time of the Confessor a monastery of nuns was <a -name="page5"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -5</span>established. It was not till 1072 that it became -the seat of a bishop. The kingdom of Wessex originally -formed one diocese, and the see being fixed 683, St. Hædde -being bishop, the see was removed to Winchester. In 705, -the diocese was divided, a new see for the district of E. Selwood -being fixed at Sherborne, whose first bishop was St. -Ealdhelm. A further subdivision took place in 909, a new -see for Berks and Wilts being created at Ramsbury, which was -reunited to Sherborne by Bishop Herman 1045, who in 1072 -transferred the see to Old Sarum. In 1070 William the -Conqueror, as the closing act of his conquest, reviewed his -victorious army on the plain below Old Sarum, where now the -modern city stands, rewarding its leaders with lands and -gifts. The Castellanship of Sarum he gave to his kinsman, -Osmund, who afterwards, taking Holy Orders, succeeded Herman in -the see. In 1086 the King assembled here, the year before -his death, all the chief landowners of the realm to swear that -“whose men soever they were they would be faithful to him -against all other men,” by which “England was made -ever afterwards an undivided kingdom.”</p> -<p>Bishop Osmund finished his new cathedral in 1092, “and -established the new ritual ‘ad usum -Sarum.’” The foundations of the cathedral were -visible in the very dry summer of 1834. It was in the form -of a cross 270 feet long by 70 feet wide, the transept of the -same width and 150 feet long. Its plan is remarkable for -having a square instead of an apsidal East end, and a Galilee or -Atrium at the West end. Within a few days of its -consecration a thunderstorm seriously injured the roofs and -walls. Robert of Gloucester, alluding to the fifth year of -the reign of William II., sings:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“So gret lytnynge was the vyfte yer so that -al to noghte<br /> -The rof of the Chyrch of Salesbury it bronte<br /> -Rygh even the vyfte day that he y hawled was.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Henry the First’s celebrated chancellor, Bishop Roger, -improved both the church and its fortifications. In the -reign of Stephen the place began to decline. The soldiers -and priests, cooped up into so small a space, could not -agree. The situation was cold and windy, and water was -scarce. Bishop Richard Poore is said to have been directed -in a vision to build upon the maer (or boundary) field, called <a -name="page6"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 6</span>in some -accounts Miry-Field or the Merrifield, where a new church (the -present cathedral) was begun. The citizens migrated, the -great travelling road was diverted to the new site, and the days -of Old Sarum were numbered. A charter granted to the new -town sealed its fate. Very little, however, is known about -the real history of the transference of the people from one place -to the other. There are some reasons for believing that a -new town had been growing up by degrees long before the cathedral -was built at New Sarum. Being only 1600 feet in diameter, -Old Sarum must have afforded small space for a cathedral, -bishop’s palace, a garrison, streets and houses. The -cathedral was taken down in 1331 (Edward III.), and its materials -used in building the new spire, Close Walls, &c. Leland -(temp. Henry VIII.) reports some portions of the building as -visible in his time, but says: “There is not one house -neither within or without Old Saresbyri inhabited. Much -notable ruinus building of the castell yet ther remaynith. -The ditch that envirined the old town was a very deepe and strong -thynge.” The walls remained till 1608, and served as -a quarry. Fisherton old county jail (inter alia) was built -out of them. The great hollow enclosure of Old Sarum, girt -by its frowning earthwork (not unlike the crater of a volcano), -is certainly a solemn and desolate place. Pepys, passing -by, and not knowing what it was, desired to examine it. -“I saw a great fortification,” he says, “and -there light and to it and in it, and find it so prodigious so as -to frighten one to be in it all alone at that time of -night.” A subterranean passage was discovered in -1795. The foundations of towers may be traced, and many -Roman coins have been met with. Old Salisbury has given a -title to the families of d’Eureux or Devereux, Longespee, -Montacute, Nevill Plantagenet, and the Cecil family, who still -enjoy it. The ground ceased to be Crown property in 1447, -when it was granted by James I. to the Lords Stourton; on -forfeiture by them, it was granted by James I. to the -Cecils. They sold it to Governor Pitt, and the Earl of -Chatham sold it to the Earl of Caledon. It was subsequently -purchased by the Ecclesiastical Commission. Its dignity as -the resort of kings and seat of councils ceased with the growth -of the younger city; but it long retained one relic of its former -<a name="page7"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 7</span>greatness, -the right of returning two members to Parliament, which was duly -exercised until the passing of the Reform Bill, although for many -a year only two or three cottages had existed. The -elections were held at the foot of the hill on Election Acre, -where a tent was pitched beneath the branches of an elm-tree, -which is still pointed out as occupying the site of the last -remaining house.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p6b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Saint Mary’s, Amesbury. (Photo Miss Weed Ward.)" -title= -"Saint Mary’s, Amesbury. (Photo Miss Weed Ward.)" - src="images/p6s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>STRATFORD-SUB-CASTLE.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">Lies</span> close under the hill of Old -Sarum, and derives its name from the Roman “street” -or road which here “forded” the river on its course -to Bradbury Rings and Dorchester. The manor house was the -residence of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who was first -returned to Parliament (1735) as member for those vacant mounds -on the hill above. Governor Pitt purchased the manor in -1690 for 1500<i>l.</i>, and Lord Grenville, who had married the -sister of Thomas Pitt, Lord Camelford, afterwards sold it for -65,000<i>l.</i> to Lord Caledon. In 1801 John Horne Tooke -was returned by Lord Camelford, and in his case the question of -the disability of clergymen to sit as Members of Parliament was -tried and settled. The doorhead of the quaint gabled -parsonage bears the inscription, “Parva sed lapsa domino -1675.” A charming lime avenue leads from the -parsonage to the church, which contains an hour glass stand for -the pulpit.</p> -<h2>THE CHURCH, AMESBURY.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="smcap">Dedicated to -the Memories of St. Mary and St. Melorus</span>.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">One</span> of the finest in -Wiltshire. A fourteenth century nave roof covers a Norman -nave, and a thirteenth century chapel possesses a beautiful -window, with two lights, and slender delicate column and -sculptured leafy cap. Archæologists <a -name="page8"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 8</span>dispute as to -whether this is the abbey church (a Benedictine order founded by -Queen Elfrida to expiate the murder of her step-son at Corfe) or -merely the parish church. I consider that there can be -<i>no</i> doubt that it is the abbey church, and in my next -edition I hope this fact will be proved from excavations to be -made under the superintendence of Mr. Detmar Blow, the architect -for the structural repairs that are, unfortunately, necessary, -the four angles of the church tower and the voussoirs of the arch -having become separated, &c. Only 1400<i>l.</i> is -needed, and subscriptions will be gratefully acknowledged by the -Manager of the Wilts and Dorset Bank, Amesbury, Wilts; or Lady -Antrobus, Amesbury Abbey. An unfortunate -“restoration” was made in 1853, which swept away the -furnishings of the Early Romantic period.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p8ab.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Amesbury Abbey, seat of the Duke of Queensbury. (From an Old -Engraving.)" -title= -"Amesbury Abbey, seat of the Duke of Queensbury. (From an Old -Engraving.)" - src="images/p8as.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>AMESBURY ABBEY.</h2> -<p style="text-align: right"><span -class="smcap">Salisbury</span>.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Since</span> writing the above little note -on Amesbury church, the necessary repairs to the tower have been -most sympathetically carried out by Mr. Detmar Blow. No -changes are to be noticed from the exterior—the test of a -good architect’s work applied to old buildings. The -underpinning disclosed the remains of a Saxon pillar embedded in -the masonry of the nave wall—may not this fact go to prove -that the present building stands on the site of Elfrida’s -church? At the completion of Mr. Blow’s work, which -includes the underpinning of the tower, repairs to the nave, and -the rehanging of the bells, further repairs were found to be -necessary. The Rev. F. Windley (the new vicar) held a -meeting, dismissing Mr. Blow and appointing Mr. Warre as -architect in his place, with most unfortunate results. The -roof of the exquisite little chapel has been removed and altered -to a higher pitch, inferior flint work used, and crude yellow -stones instead of the beautiful silvery-grey old coping. -This act of vandalism was done against the wishes of the Society -for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and my own. No -“restorations” (so called) should ever be allowed <a -name="page9"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 9</span>for these -buildings, only “repairs.” The pitch of the old -roof should not have been altered, even if originally higher, as, -so to speak, the whole thing had grown together; also nothing but -old stones for coping should have been used, and grey flints -instead of black ones. It is extraordinary to see the -damage done to the rare and beautiful buildings in this -neighbourhood. Yellow stones, hideous in colour, put in -with still more hideous plaster, is the local idea of suitable -“restoration.” The vandal architect Butterfield -buried (in 1853) under the chancel the memorial tablets, at the -same time breaking up the lovely old font and burying its -remains. This latter has been beautifully mended by Mr. -Kite, builder. The memorial tablets, some very beautiful, -have not yet been rehung, as they should be, in the body of the -church.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p8bb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Amesbury Abbey, 1900" -title= -"Amesbury Abbey, 1900" - src="images/p8bs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>I was requested to give a cross for the altar. I had a -copy made of the celebrated Celtic “Cross of -Cong.” I also presented an altar-cloth of old crimson -Italian damask (from Florence). A dove, embroidered in -different tones of gold and silver thread, decorates the -frontal. Mr. Windley thought fit to cut and alter this -altar-cloth, adding an unsuitable top and fringe, and spoiling -the effect of the chancel by covering the pink alabaster with -cheap, ugly, woven materials. The effect of the delicate -lines of the Celtic cross and the crimson damask are by this -treatment utterly ruined.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>February</i> 9<i>th</i>, 1908.</p> -<h2>AMESBURY ABBEY: ITS HISTORY, ANCIENT AND MODERN.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> river Avon, on its course to -the sea, passes through a beautiful, thickly wooded valley in -Wiltshire, in which lies Amesbury, or, to follow the old -spelling, Ambresbury, signifying the land of Ambrosius. -This fascinating place, and the wild country surrounding it, -possess a charm and <a name="page10"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -10</span>beauty all their own, and those born and bred there ever -pine for the breezy downs, as the Swiss for their mountains or -north-country people for the moorland; and no one who has walked -or ridden on some glorious summer morning over the fine, close -grass clothing these Wiltshire downs can ever forget its -delicious “springy” quality underfoot. A -talented modern artist once happily christened Amesbury -“The Golden Valley;” he saw it in the spring, at -which season of the year the whole country-side seems ablaze with -brilliant yellow flowers.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p10b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The Palladian Bridge" -title= -"The Palladian Bridge" - src="images/p10s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>Amesbury lies eight miles north of Salisbury, and we may -consider that it occupies a space in the midst of that vast tract -of undulating country that (somewhat erroneously to my mind) is -given the name of “Salisbury Plain.” I now -propose to trace, as briefly as I can, some of the history of -this interesting and beautiful place. Its antiquity is so -great as to take us back to pre-historic times. In its near -neighbourhood many desperate battles were fought between Briton, -Saxon, and Roman with varying success. Lewis, in his -ancient <i>History of Britain</i>, says: “In the reign of -Vortigern, 461 <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>, a Conference -was appointed to take place near the Abbey of Ambri, with Hengist -the Saxon, and it was agreed that both parties should come -without armour. But Hengist, under colour of peace, devised -the subversion of all the nobility of Britain, and chose out to -come to this assembly his faithfullest and hardiest men, -commanding every one of them to hide under their garment a long -knife, with which, when he should give the watchword, every one -should kill the Briton next him. Both sides met upon the -day appointed, and, treating earnestly upon the matter, Hengist -suddenly gave the watchword and caught Vortigern by the collar, -upon which the Saxons, with their long knives, violently murdered -the innocent and unarmed Britons. Thus were 460 earls and -noblemen of the Britons treacherously murdered. They were -buried in the convent at Amesbury. This massacre took place -near Stonehenge, where repeated battles were fought between -Ambrosius and Hengist.” <a name="citation10"></a><a -href="#footnote10" class="citation">[10]</a></p> -<p><a name="page11"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 11</span>There -is a fanciful legend, told by an old writer called Geoffrey of -Monmouth, about Stonehenge. He says that Ambrosius, wishing -to commemorate those who had fallen in battle, thought fit to -send for Merlin the Wizard, to consult him on the proper monument -to be erected to the memory of the slain. On being -interrogated Merlin replied, “Send for the -‘Giants’ Dance,’ which is in Killarus -(Kildare), a mountain in Ireland; they are stones of a vast -magnitude, and if they can be placed here quite round this spot -of ground they will stand <i>for ever</i>.” At these -words Aurelius laughed and said, “How was it possible to -remove such stones from so distant a country, and had not Britain -as good stones?” Merlin replied “that they were -mystical stones and had a medicinal virtue,” whereupon the -Britons resolved to send for them and to risk a battle. -Upon landing in Ireland, the removal of the stones was violently -opposed by Gillomanius, a youth of wonderful valour. At the -head of a vast army, he exclaimed, “While I have life they -shall not take from us the least stone of the Giants’ -Dance.” A battle ensued, which was won by the -Britons. They then proceeded to Killarus, where the sight -of the stones filled them with joy and admiration, and, while -they were all standing round, Merlin asked them to try and remove -the stones. Their efforts proving futile, he laughingly -proceeded with his own contrivances, and took down the stones -with incredible facility. This done, they set sail to -Britain, and repaired to the burial-place with the stones, -Aurelius ordering Merlin to get them up in the same manner as -they had been in the mountain of Killarus, which he accordingly -did.</p> -<p>Queen Elfrida, who performed many penances and built -monasteries in atonement for the crime of the murder of her -step-son, Edward the Martyr, founded a Benedictine nunnery at -Amesbury in 980. This nunnery flourished for many years, -until the ill-conduct of the nuns caused King Henry II. to expel -them (1177), and place them under stricter discipline in other -religious houses. He then gave the monastery of Ambresbury -to the Abbey of Fontevrault, in Normandy. This order was -founded by Robert d’Arbrissel about the end of the eleventh -century. It is looked upon as a singularity in the church, -some finding it <a name="page12"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -12</span>strange to see an abbess exercising equal authority over -men as well as women. Before his death d’Arbrissel -appointed Petronilla de Craou Chemille as head and chief of his -order, of which he drew up statutes, putting them under the order -of St. Benedict. Under the new rule, this monastery -increased in splendour and royal favour, King John conferring -upon it important privileges. Eleanor, only daughter of -Geoffrey, Earl of Bretagne, was buried, according to her own -request, at Ambresbury in 1241. Mary, sixth daughter of -Edward I., together with thirteen young ladies of royal birth, -took the veil in 1283; and two years afterwards, anno 1287, -Eleanor, queen of Henry III., entered the order, and died and was -buried at Ambresbury in 1292. The monastery continued to -prosper, and became one of the richest in England. The -following names of the prioresses have been -preserved:—Isabella of Lancaster, fourth daughter of Henry, -Earl of Lancaster; Joan de Gennes; Sibilla de Montacute; -Katherine of Arragon lodged within the convent walls on her first -arrival in England in 1501.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p12b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Chinese Summer House" -title= -"Chinese Summer House" - src="images/p12s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>At the time of the Reformation, the last prioress (but one), -Florence Bormewe, refused to surrender her monastery to the -King’s emissaries. They wrote: “Albeit we have -used as many ways with her as our poor wits could attain, yet in -the end we could not by any persuasion bring her to any -conformity, but at all times she resteth and so remaineth in -these terms.” She answered, “If the -King’s Highness command me to go from this house I will -gladly go, though I beg my bread, and as for pension I care for -none.” The death of this brave prioress saved her -from further humiliation.</p> -<p>Joan Darell was abbess at the time of the Dissolution; she -surrendered to King Henry VIII. Dec. 4th, 1540.</p> -<p>The old Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth gives Amesbury as -the place of Queen Guinevere’s penitential -retirement. The modern poet, Tennyson, takes the same -view:</p> -<blockquote><p>“Queen Guinevere had fled the Court and -sat<br /> -There in the holy house at Almesbury.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Antiquarians disagree as to whether the fine church now <a -name="page13"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -13</span>standing—with its lancet windows, pointed arches, -and massive turret—is the old abbey church, or only that of -the parish. In an obscure corner at the back of the church -is found a window of quite another description—very -beautiful, and more approaching to the “rose” style -of architecture. Of the old stained glass only a few broken -fragments remain. On one piece is a picture of a -fair-haired, long-necked woman suppose to represent Queen -Guinevere.</p> -<p>The churchyard (lying to the south of the old church), with -its grey tombstones and dark green yew-trees, has a solemn, calm -and peaceful air. Over a grave is found the following -epitaph:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Altho’ his body here doth lye<br /> - Till the last trump doth it raise,<br /> -His soul is now in heaven high<br /> - And sings Jehovah’s praise.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>I now finish my description of Amesbury’s monastic -period and turn to the modern years. According to a good -authority, Henry VIII. bestowed Amesbury upon Edward, Earl of -Hertford, afterwards Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector in the -succeeding reign. After his trial, death sentence, and -execution, the lands were confiscated by the Crown till the reign -of Queen Elizabeth, who probably restored them to the -Protector’s son, Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford. -This gentleman was thrice married, his last wife being a widow of -fascinating beauty and charm. She had previously been -engaged to Sir George Rodney, who loved her madly, but, being -ambitious, she left him for Lord Hertford. The day before -the marriage, Sir George Rodney travelled to the inn at Amesbury -and waited for the home-coming of the bride and bridegroom. -All the night he occupied himself by composing a dying love song -written with his own blood. Upon the arrival in the village -of his false love, he went to greet her, and fell upon his sword -and expired at her feet. I give the following extract from -the poem, which is somewhat long and tedious:—</p> -<blockquote><p><a name="page14"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -14</span>“Sir George Rodney before he killed -himself—<br /> - What shall I do that am undone,<br /> - Where shall I fly myself to shunne?<br /> - Ah mee! myselfe must kill,<br /> - And yet I die against my will.<br /> - In starry letters I behold<br /> - My death in the Heavens enrolled.<br /> - There finde it wrytt in skyes above<br /> - That I (poore I) must die for love.<br /> - ’Twas not my love deserved to die,<br /> - O no! it was unworthy I.<br /> - I for her love should not have dyde,<br /> - But that I had no worth beside.<br /> - Ah mee! that love such woe procures,<br /> - For without her no love endures.<br /> - I for her vertues her doe serve,<br /> - Doth such a love a death deserve?”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Lady Hertford presented a bell to the parish of -Amesbury. An inscription on it runs thus:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Be stronge in faythe, prayes God well.<br -/> -Frances, Countess Hertford’s bell.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p14b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Kent House" -title= -"Kent House" - src="images/p14s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>After the Seymour period, the Amesbury estates passed through -different hands, belonging in 1720 to Henry, Lord Carleton; he -having purchased them from Charles, Lord Bruce, son of the Earl -of Ailesbury. Lord Carleton left them by will to his -nephew, Charles, Duke of Queensberry, in 1724, who married the -charming Lady Catherine Hyde in 1720. This couple spent -much time at Amesbury, altering and improving it in various ways, -and entertaining their friends.</p> -<p>The poet Gay was a devoted friend and admirer of the Duchess, -who, indeed, seems to have been an attractive woman of immense -spirit and wit. She offended George II. and his Queen by -her defence of Gay’s play, the <i>Beggars’ Opera</i>, -and was forbidden the Court for some time; but she, standing -firmly by her friend, refused to retract or alter her sentiments, -and finally forced the Court to receive and forgive her. -Here is a copy of her message to the King:—</p> -<blockquote><p style="text-align: right"><a -name="page15"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -15</span>“<i>Feb.</i> 27<i>th</i>, 1729.</p> -<p>“That the Duchess of Queensberry is surprised and well -pleased the King has given her so agreeable a command as to stay -from Court, where she never came for diversion, but to bestow a -civility upon the King and Queen. She hopes, by such an -unprecedented order as this, that the King will see as few as he -wishes at his Court, particularly such as dare to think or speak -truth. I dare not do otherwise, and ought not nor could not -have imagin’d that it would not have been the very highest -compliment that I could possibly pay the King, to endeavour to -support truth and innocence in this house.</p> -<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) “C. <span -class="smcap">Queensberry</span>.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The following is an extract from a letter from Gay to -Swift:—“To the lady I live with I owe my life and -fortune; think of her with respect, value and esteem her as I -do. She hath so much goodness, virtue, and generosity, that -if you knew her you would have a pleasure in obeying her as I -do.” In another letter from Gay to Swift, the former -presses his coming to join the party at Amesbury, saying -(speaking of the Duchess):—“I think her so often in -the right, you will have great difficulties to persuade me she is -in the wrong. The lady of the house is not given to show -civility to those she does not like. She speaks her mind -and loves truth, for the uncommonness of the thing. I fancy -your curiosity will prevail over your fear, and you will like to -see such a woman. But I say no more till I know whether her -Grace will fill up the rest of the paper.” P.S. by -the Duchess: “Write I must, particularly now, as I have an -opportunity to indulge my predominant passion of -Contradiction. I do, in the first place, contradict most -things Mr. Gay says of me to deter you from coming here, which, -if ever you do, I hereby assure you that, unless I like my own -way better, you shall have yours; and in all disputes you shall -convince me if you can. But, by what I see of you, this is -not a misfortune that will always happen, for I find you a great -mistaker. For example, you take prudence for -imperiousness. ’Tis from this I first determined not -to like one who is too giddy-headed for me to be certain whether -or no I shall ever be acquainted with him. I have known -people take great delight in building castles <a -name="page16"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 16</span>in the air; -but I should choose to build friendship on a more solid -foundation. I would fain know you, for I often hear more -likeable things than ’tis possible any one can -deserve. Pray come that I may find out something wrong, for -I, and I believe most women, have an inconceivable pleasure to -find out any faults except their own.” -P.S.—“Mr. Gay is very peevish that I spell and write -ill, but I don’t care, for neither the pen nor I can do -better!”</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p16b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The Diamond" -title= -"The Diamond" - src="images/p16s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>This Duchess also attracted the attention of Prior, who wrote -the well-known ballad:—</p> -<h3>THE FEMALE PHAETON.</h3> -<blockquote><p style="text-align: center">I.</p> -<p>Thus Kitty beautiful and young,<br /> - And wild as colt untam’d,<br /> -Bespoke the Fair from whence she sprung<br /> - With little rage inflam’d.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">II.</p> -<p>Inflam’d with rage at sad restraint,<br /> - Which wise mamma ordained,<br /> -And sorely vex’d to play the saint<br /> - Whilst wit and beauty reigned.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">III.</p> -<p>“Shall <i>I</i> thumb holy books confin’d<br /> - With Abigails forsaken?<br /> -Kitty’s for other things design’d,<br /> - Or I am much mistaken.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">IV.</p> -<p>“Must Lady Jenny frisk about<br /> - And visit with her cousins?<br /> -At ball must <i>she</i> make all the rout<br /> - And bring home hearts by dozens?</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><a name="page17"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 17</span>V.</p> -<p>“What has <i>she</i> better pray than I,<br /> - What hidden charms to boast,<br /> -That all mankind for her should die<br /> - While I am scarce a toast?</p> -<p style="text-align: center">VI.</p> -<p>“Dearest mamma, for once let me<br /> - Unchain’d my fortune try:<br /> -I’ll have an Earl as well as she<br /> - Or know the reason why.</p> -<p style="text-align: center">VII.</p> -<p>“I’ll soon with Jenny’s pride quit score,<br -/> - Make all her lovers fall;<br /> -They’ll grieve I was not loos’d before,<br /> - <i>She</i> I was loos’d at all.”</p> -<p style="text-align: center">VIII.</p> -<p>Fondness prevailed, mamma gave way,<br /> - Kitty, at heart’s desire,<br /> -Obtained the chariot for a day<br /> - And set the world on fire.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>This lady’s luck and happiness appear to vanish in later -life, both her sons meeting tragic deaths; the eldest, Viscount -Drumlanrig, shooting himself, the second, Lord Charles Douglas, -dying of consumption at Amesbury, having just escaped the perils -of the great earthquake at Lisbon.</p> -<p>The Duchess died July 19th, 1777, aged 77, and the Duke the -following year.</p> -<p>The title of Duke of Queensberry descended to the Duke’s -cousin, William, Earl of March and Raglin. In 1778 he -succeeded his cousin Charles as 4th Duke of Queensberry, and in -1786 was created a British peer, taking the title of Baron -Douglas of Ambresbury. This eccentric nobleman never -married, and was commonly known by the nickname of “Old -Q.” He died in 1810, the Amesbury estate passing <a -name="page18"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 18</span>to Archibald, -Lord Douglas of Douglas, whose executors sold it in 1824 to Sir -Edmund Antrobus, Bart., my husband’s great-great-uncle.</p> -<p>No record is to be found of the destruction of the Abbey, Lord -Hertford apparently building himself a house in Amesbury. -In “Vitruvius Britannicus” there is a picture of a -fine mansion in the Palladian style, built for Lord Carleton from -designs by Inigo Jones, the architect being Mr. Webb, nephew of -Inigo Jones.</p> -<p>The Queensberrys added wings to this house, and caused a -beautiful bridge to span the river Avon, which runs through the -grounds. A pretty old house stands in the park, near an old -entrance: tradition tells us the Duchess of Queensberry used this -lodge as a dairy. It possesses two octagon rooms (one over -the other), and an underground passage is supposed to connect it -with the river. The park is small, but extremely pretty; -one enters it through splendid old gates supported by Palladian -pillars.</p> -<p>Opposite the dwelling house is a high bank cut into a -fantastic shape and known as “The Diamond.” The -cave in which the poet Gay loved to write is hollowed in this -bank. The wild-bird-frequented Avon <a -name="citation18"></a><a href="#footnote18" -class="citation">[18]</a> runs below, and above it is crowned by -a beautiful wood planted over what is called -“Vespasian’s Camp.” In this wood are -found two avenues of beech-trees, and walking through the old -deer park and across the Downs, at a mile and a half’s -distance, glorious Stonehenge bursts upon one.</p> -<p>Returning to Amesbury, and following the course of the river -in the opposite direction, one comes upon a little house built of -flints, with quaint pointed roof and tower, in which the floor of -a small upper chamber is found to be movable; outside, over a -door, the stone moulding bears this inscription:</p> -<blockquote><p>“Diana, her hovs—1600.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Diana certainly possessed a picturesque dwelling, but I can -find no clue to her identity. After the death of the last -<a name="page19"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 19</span>Duke of -Queensberry, Amesbury House remained uninhabited for sixty years, -except during the tenancy of Sir Elijah Impey, and when some -French nuns occupied it for a short period.</p> -<p>My husband’s grandfather, on inheriting Amesbury from -his uncle (the first Sir Edmund Antrobus), wished to enlarge and -restore the old house, but finding it in too dilapidated a state, -decided to pull it down, and in 1838 began to build an entirely -new house (closely resembling the old one) of handsome cut stone, -with a grand loggia, supported by beautiful pillars and -ornamented with carved stonework of fine design. This house -is supposed to stand on the site of the old Abbey, and many -traces of cells were discovered, underground, when digging -foundations. To-day not a single stone of the old Abbey -remains above ground to remind us of its former existence and -splendour; it having once covered, tradition says, a space of -thirteen acres.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p><span class="smcap">Note</span>.—Some beautiful coloured -tiles decorated with different intricate patterns were dug up -near the present house at Amesbury. We suppose them to be -from the cells of the old Abbey. Some have designs of the -<i>Fleur-de-lys</i> on them.</p> -<h2>PRICELESS STONEHENGE—SOME IMPRESSIONS.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center">(From <i>Ladies’ Realm</i> -Magazine.)</p> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> Great Druidical Temple, or (as -some hold) Phœnician Observatory, composed of gigantic, -beautifully-coloured, hewn stones, stands in the middle of -Salisbury Plain. These stones have been measured, counted, -defaced, praised, depreciated, commented upon, by numerous -authorities on countless occasions, but (to my knowledge) no -account of their poetical and picturesque aspects, at different -seasons of the year, has been attempted. I shall feel -satisfied if I succeed in conveying feebly in words what David -Cox (the artist) did ably in colours, with his glowing -brush. I do not propose to enter into any statistics, as to -the “Market value of Stonehenge to the nation,” or to -tell you the number of <a name="page20"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 20</span>miles that lie between it and the -town of Salisbury, the goodness or inferiority of the roads to -it, the number of visiting tourists, &c.; I only wish to -place before you some impressions I have felt of its grandeur and -charm, through many seasons, in all sorts of weather, and varying -moods.</p> -<p>There is always a constant surprise and delight to me in the -manner in which Stonehenge bursts upon one, approach it as one -may, from various points across the undulating Plain which -surrounds it. Starting upon one’s -“Pilgrim’s Path” to visit it, from any side, at -first there is nothing to be seen but the crisp crackling grass -underfoot, and the white glittering roads; then, as one advances -nearer, unexpectedly, dark, mysterious forms seem to start up, -which gradually shape themselves into the incompleted circle we -call “Stonehenge.”</p> -<p>The late spring, and early summer, are enchanting periods; -myriads of starry white flowers, and gorgeous yellow and blue -ones, wave together with a glowing harmony of colour, as they are -swayed by soft breezes, whilst a “Hallelujah Chorus” -of skylarks sing overhead, making the air full of scent and -sound. In this setting, the old stones seem all yellow and -grey in the brilliant sunshine. Picturesque shepherds, -wrapped in their great dark-blue cloaks, appear upon the horizon; -tinkling sheep bells are heard, reminding one of the Roman -Campagna; evening falling, brings a sense of peace and stillness, -chimes from the old Church at Amesbury float across the -valley. The light comes and goes, and the world seems far -away.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p20b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Stonehenge and a Great Trilithon" -title= -"Stonehenge and a Great Trilithon" - src="images/p20s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center">* * * * *</p> -<p>To my mind the magic of Stonehenge is never more powerfully -felt than during the wild, tempestuous autumnal gales, that -usually sweep across the Plain in October. Great clouds -roll above, enfolding the circle in a shadowy purple mantle, -sometimes tipped with gold. Thoughts rise up suddenly, of -the many tragedies, feasts, sacrifices, mysterious rites that -must have been enacted here in far-off bygone days. One -wonders if beautiful golden-haired Guinevere passed this way, on -her flight to safety, at the Convent at “Ambresbury” -(the Land of Ambrosius), or if sad King Arthur tarried there on -his lonely homeward journey?</p> -<p><a name="page21"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 21</span>I -prefer to picture to myself, Stonehenge, in happy, thoughtless -Pagan days, Druid priests and priestesses forming grand -processions; crossing the “rushing Avon” and winding -up from the valley to Stonehenge, clothed in pure white, and -holding gleaming sickles in their hands, chanting hymns on their -way to perform the sacred rite of cutting the mistletoe. -Perhaps they sang and chanted through the short summer night, -waiting for the sun to rise (over the pointed outlying stone) on -the day which marks the solar half-year (June 21st), and which -bathes the altar-stone in golden light. Probably this was -the signal for sacrifice, the death of the victim, and the -appeasing of wrathful gods. In mid-winter the stones appear -like black masses, in the midst of driving snows. The least -interesting time of year, in this enchanted place, is the bright, -clear, commonplace summer, when no mysteries abound (except by -moonlight). The old gods are sleeping, everything is -orderly, agriculture and its implements surround us, and Romance -seems dead for the moment. Farewell.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence -Caroline Mathilde Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p>In approaching’ the momentous and deeply interesting -subject of Stonehenge, I considered it best and wisest to collect -the thoughts and opinions of several learned authors on this -subject, and submit them to the reader, who thus will have an -opportunity of comparing for himself the truth and merits of the -different theories presented to him for judgment.</p> -<p>Various explanations of the name “Stonehenge” have -been forthcoming; but the true etymological significance seems to -be: A.S. “Stàn,” used as an adjective, and -“henge,” from A.S. “hòn” -<i>i.e.</i>, stone hanging-places, from the groups of stones -resembling a gallows. This was long ago suggested by Wace, -the Anglo-Norman poet, who writes:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Stanhengues ont nom en Englois<br /> -Pierres pendues en François.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>As to the date of Stonehenge, opinions vary. It is -supposed Hecatæus (500 <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>) -mentioned it as the “Round <a name="page22"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 22</span>Temple” (Translation of Extract -from Diodorus Siculus, about <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> -8).</p> -<p>Hecatæus, the Milesian, and others, have handed down to -us the following story:—“Over against Gaul, in the -great ocean stream, is an island not less in extent than Sicily, -stretching towards the north. The inhabitants are called -Hyperboreans, because their abode is more remote from us than -that wind we call Boreas. It is said that the soil is very -rich and fruitful, and the climate so favourable that there are -two harvests in every year. Their fables say that Latona -was born in this island, and on that account they worship Apollo -(Apollo would signify the sun to the Latins) before all other -divinities, and celebrate his praise in daily hymns, conferring -the highest honours upon their bards, as being his priests. -There is in this island a magnificent temple to this god, -circular in form, and adorned with many splendid offerings. -And there is also a city sacred to Apollo, inhabited principally -by harpers, who in his temple sing sacred verses to the god, -accompanied by the harp, in honour of his deeds.</p> -<p>“The language of the Hyperboreans is peculiar, and they -are singularly well affected towards the Greeks, and have been so -from the most remote times, especially to those of Athens and -Delos. It is even said that some Greeks have travelled -thither, and presented offerings at their temple inscribed with -Grecian characters. They also say that Abaris in former -times went thence to Greece, to renew their ancient friendship -with the Delians. It is related, moreover, that in this -island the moon appears but a short way from the earth, and to -have little hills upon it. Once in nineteen years (and this -period is what we call the Great Year) they say that their god -visits the island; and from the Vernal Equinox to the rising of -the Pleiades, all the night through, expresses his satisfaction -at his own exploits by dances and by playing on the harp.</p> -<p>“Both the City and the Temple are presided over by the -Boreadœ, the descendants of Boreas, and they hand down the -power in regular succession in their family.”</p> -<p>The first author who is considered to make unmistakable -mention of Stonehenge is Henry of Huntingdon (twelfth -century). In his Chronicle he speaks of it as the second <a -name="page23"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 23</span>wonder of -England, and calls it Stanenges. Geoffrey of Monmouth -(1138) wrote of it about the same time; he believed it to have -been erected by Aurelius Ambrosius, King of Britain, and called -it Hengist’s Stones. Giraldus Cambrensis, a -contemporary of Geoffrey, also makes mention of it.</p> -<p>Among more modern authors, may be quoted Sir Philip -Sidney’s lines:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Near Wilton sweet, huge heaps of stones are -found,<br /> -But so confused that neither any eye<br /> -Can count them first, nor reason try<br /> -What force them brought to so unlikely ground.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Then Wharton’s sonnet:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“Thou noblest monument of Albion’s -isle!<br /> -Whether by Merlin’s aid from Scythia’s shore<br /> -To Amber’s fatal plain Pendragon bore,<br /> -Huge frame of giant hands, the mighty pile,<br /> -To entomb his Britain’s slain by Hengist’s guile;<br -/> -Or Druid priests, sprinkled with human gore,<br /> -Taught ’mid thy massy maze their mystic lore;<br /> -Or Danish chiefs, enriched with savage spoil,<br /> -To victory’s idle vast, an unhewn shrine,<br /> -Reared the rude heap; or in thy hallowed round<br /> -Repose the kings of Brutus’ genuine line;<br /> -Or here those kings in solemn state were crowned<br /> -Studious to trace thy wondrous origin,<br /> -We muse on many an ancient tale renowned.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>To descend to prose. Langtoft, in his Chronicle, -says:—“A wander wit of Wiltshire, rambling to Rome, -to gaze at antiquities, and there screwing himself into the -company of antiquarians, they entreated him to illustrate unto -them that famous monument in his country called Stonage. -His answer was that he had never seen it. Whereupon they -kicked him out of doors, and bade him go home and see -Stonage.”</p> -<p>The immortal Pepys says the stones are “as prodigious as -<a name="page24"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 24</span>any tales -I have ever heard of them, and worth going this journey to -see.”</p> -<p>The archæologist, Mr. Edmund Story Maskelyne, fixes the -date of Stonehenge at 900 or 1000 <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> I quote what he says from a -lecture, read 1897, “On the Age and Purpose of -Stonehenge”:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“It is of consequence that we should -recognize that Stonehenge was built about nine or ten hundred -years <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>, and not 700 <span -class="GutSmall">A.D.</span>, as many writers would have us -believe. For instance, Dr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, in his -book, ‘Stonehenge, 1880,’ states his opinion that it -was erected <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 700±200, that -is, between <span class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 500 and 900. -The date of Stonehenge will be of great interest if there is -found at Avebury remains sufficiently perfect to determine -astronomically the date when that monument was erected. For -it cannot be but interesting to ascertain when the two -cults—that of the sun, pure and simple, as exemplified in -the original Temple at Stonehenge; and the cult of the sun in -connexion with the serpent, as exhibited at -Avebury—respectively prevailed in this country.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Mr. Story Maskelyne’s reasons for his theory that -Stonehenge was built by the Phœnicians are as -follows:—</p> -<blockquote><p>“I should like to add some reasons for my -belief that Stonehenge was built by the Phœnicians. -In the first place, I cannot think of any other people that could -have either designed or executed such a monument, which required -both science for its conception and skill for its erection. -The Phœnicians, with their perfect familiarity with masts, -and cordage, and pulleys, could easily lift the imposts, of which -the largest—being about 11 ft. long, 4 or 6 wide, and 3 ft. -thick—would weigh less than ten tons; and the -Phœnicians must have known how the Egyptians raised masses -of stone many times heavier.</p> -<p>“The trilithon <a name="citation24"></a><a -href="#footnote24" class="citation">[24]</a> standing clear seems -to have had some fascination for these people. They are -found still standing in Tripoli in Libya, as described in -‘The Hill of the Graces,’ a record of investigation -among the Trilithons and Megalithic sites of Tripoli by Mr. -Cowper, F.S.A., 1897, and specimens <a name="page25"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 25</span>exist on the Continent of Europe, in -Normandy and in Brittany. One may be seen in the Island of -Ushant, and another in St. Nazaire on the probable route they -adopted for the passage of tin.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p24b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Great Circle and Leaning Stone, as it was—now upright" -title= -"Great Circle and Leaning Stone, as it was—now upright" - src="images/p24s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>“Another peculiarity can be seen to this day by any one -at Stonehenge in the large trilithon impost, namely, that the -under surfaces of the imposts which rested on the uprights are -smoothly cut and slightly bevelled, so as to throw the principal -weight of the mass of the impost on its outside edge, thus -excluding rain, &c., and this very contrivance was employed -by the Egyptians in the pyramids, and it is certain that the -Phœnicians had free intercourse with Egypt. Finally, -the Phœnicians had founded Cadiz, their Gadir in the -eleventh century <span class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>, more than -two centuries before the date which, from astronomical -considerations, I assign for the building of Stonehenge. We -know that they sailed along the shores of Spain and Gaul and to -the Baltic, and though they preferred coasting as a rule, the -straight cut across from Cherbourg to Poole or Christchurch in -fine weather would not be a long voyage; and as they certainly -did trade with Britain, and it must have been hazardous for -British coracles to sail across the open sea, laden with tin, we -may conclude that Phœnician ships did cross the -Channel. We know also that the Phœnicians made, more -or less, homes for themselves wherever they landed; and it is -probable that they did so at Poole or Christchurch, also that -they would build them a temple where they found it convenient to -stay.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Mr. Story Maskelyne considers the Greeks reformed the Temple -later on. “Within 500 years of the latest of the -above-mentioned dates the Phœnician or Tyrian Empire had -ceased to exist, and her numerous colonies had been absorbed by -the nationalities surrounding them. About <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> 400 the Greeks supplanted the -Phœnicians in their trade with Britain, and probably for -some time continued to use the same mart and sea route the latter -had used—we may assume from Cherbourg to Poole or -Christchurch, whence they bore away the tin in their coracles -from Cornwall. Now commenced a new era for -Stonehenge. It must have been a noted Temple, and I cannot -doubt that Hecatæus did allude to it as cited by Strabo, -when he <a name="page26"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -26</span>wrote, in the sixth century <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span>, of the Round Temple to Apollo in -the land of the Hyperboreans. Now the festivals of the -Greeks were more connected with the months than with the year, -and their calendar months were alternate, full and hollow, where -the thirty pillars were doubtless used by them for the daily -sacrifice in the months of thirty days and the spaces between -them, omitting the entrance, for the hollow months, of -twenty-nine days. Owing to the precession of the stars, -Stonehenge no longer answered some of the purposes for which it -has been founded. The Greeks had adopted with ardour the -Metonic Cycle discovered by them <span -class="GutSmall">B.C.</span> 430, and they reformed the old Sun -Temple by the addition of the inner horseshoe of blue stones -which represented that Cycle, for they were in number -nineteen. As to how, or why, the blue stones came to be -imported, I imagine they are native to Brittany or Normandy, -whence they might easily have been brought as ballast in Greek -ships, which took back tin in their stead from Poole or -Christchurch, and from the latter port they might easily have -been taken in rafts to Amesbury.”</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p26ab.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The stone and flint implements discovered at Stonehenge during -the excavations in 1902" -title= -"The stone and flint implements discovered at Stonehenge during -the excavations in 1902" - src="images/p26as.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p26bb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Hele Stone" -title= -"Hele Stone" - src="images/p26bs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>THE DATE OF STONEHENGE.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">In</span> printing this second edition of -my little guide-book, I think it will be found interesting and -necessary to leave all the former evidence and opinions that I -collected as to the date of Stonehenge. Since the -excavations in 1901, I think we may consider the age of -Stonehenge to be between three and four thousand years. Mr. -W. Gowland judges from the implements or tools found, Sir Norman -Lockyer and Dr. Penrose from astronomical observations, based on -the fact that the avenue (“Viâ Sacra”) to -Stonehenge from the east of the ancients was in a line with the -Altar Stone, so that the sun, rising on the day of the solar -half-year (June 21st) and creeping over the horizon, shed his -beams on the Altar Stone, thus marking the solar half-year. -Of course, the east of the ancients is not our east, but the <a -name="page27"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 27</span>difference -between the position of the sun <i>now</i> and then to the avenue -gives, according to these gentlemen’s calculations, a date -of 3700 years old to Stonehenge.</p> -<h2>THE FINDS AT STONEHENGE, 1901.</h2> -<p><span class="smcap">The</span> implements found during the -excavations made for the underpinning of the “Leaning -Stone” are thus classified by Mr. W. Gowland:—</p> -<p>(1) Haches roughly chipped, longer and shorter. (2) -Axe-hammers. (3) Hammer-stones with blunt edge. The -above are of flint. (4) Regular hammer-stones of compact -sarsen. (5) Mauls of the same rock, weighing from 37 to 64 -lbs. each. There were also found chippings from the -monoliths, and, near the surface, coins and animal bones.</p> -<p>Only one trace of copper or bronze occurred other than coins -and superficial finds, a mere strain on a block of sarsen. -So we may consider Stonehenge to belong to the late Neolithic, or -early Bronze Period. These objects have been lent by Sir -Edmund Antrobus to the museum at Devizes for a period of six -months.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p>In the January, 1902, number of <i>Man</i>, Mr. W. -Gowland’s interesting paper will be found, describing the -excavations, methods of trimming and erecting the stones -practised by the ancients.</p> -<p>As to the kinds of stone actually employed in the building of -Stonehenge, the whole of the outer circle and the four stones -lying beyond that circle are undoubtedly “Sarsen” -(which are the boulder stones left by the ice-sheet of the -glacial period on the Wiltshire downs). There are, in the -inner circle, four stones which have been called -“horn-stone.” The remainder are -“diabase,” commonly called “bluestones,” -and similar are found in Wales, and in parts of Cumberland and -Cornwall, the so-called Altar Stone being a kind of grey -sandstone, not sarsen. The large outlying stone, known -traditionally as the “Friar’s Heel,” from a -legend that when the devil was busy erecting Stonehenge he made -the observation that no one would ever know how it was -done. This was overheard by a friar <a -name="page28"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 28</span>lurking near -by, and he incautiously replied in the Wiltshire dialect, -“That’s more than thee can tell,” and fled for -his life; the devil, catching up an odd stone, flung it after the -friar, and hit him on the heel. This stone is also named -the “Pointer,” because from the middle of the Altar -Stone the sun is seen at the summer solstice (21st of June) to -rise immediately above it. The Hele Stone is the true name, -“Hele” meaning “to hide,” from Heol or -Haul of Geol or Jul, all names for the sun, which this stone -seems to hide. From the Friar’s Heel it is about 66 -yards to a low circular earthen boundary, enclosing the area -within which Stonehenge stands. Just within the entrance to -this earthen ring lies a large prostrate stone called the -“Slaughter Stone,” supposed by some to have been used -for the slaughter of victims about to be offered in sacrifice at -the altar. The Slaughter Stone (at the end nearest to the -Friar’s Heel) bears evidence of tool-marks, there being six -small round cavities made in it by blows from a flint tool. -On the margin of the earthen ring, one 55 yards on the left, the -other 95 yards on the right of the entrance, are two small, -unhewn stones.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p28ab.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Ground plan as presumed to have been originally. A. Small -Trilithon of Syenite. That it stood here is only conjecture. It -now lies as marked A below" -title= -"Ground plan as presumed to have been originally. A. Small -Trilithon of Syenite. That it stood here is only conjecture. It -now lies as marked A below" - src="images/p28as.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p28bb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"A. Trilithon fell 1797. B. Upright with capstone fell, Dec. -31st, 1900" -title= -"A. Trilithon fell 1797. B. Upright with capstone fell, Dec. -31st, 1900" - src="images/p28bs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p28cb.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Great Trilithons (as it was)" -title= -"Great Trilithons (as it was)" - src="images/p28cs.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>Stonehenge stands about 440 feet above the sea-level. -The outer circle measures 308 feet in circumference, and is -supposed to have been formed originally of thirty upright stones, -seventeen of which are still standing, and the remains of nine -others are to be found fallen to the ground. These stones -formerly stood 14 feet above the surface of the ground, but now -are of different heights. Their breadth and thickness also -vary: the former averaging 7 feet, the latter 3½. -The stones were fixed in the ground at intervals of 3½ -feet, connected at the top by a continuous line of thirty imposts -forming a corona or ring of stone at a height of 16 feet above -the ground, and were all squared and rough hewn, and cleverly -joined together. The uprights were cut with knobs or -tenons, which fitted into mortice holes hewn in the undersides of -the horizontal stones. About 9 feet within this peristyle -was the “inner circle,” composed of diabase obelisks; -within this, again, was the “great ellipse,” formed -of five, or, as some think, seven trilithons of stones, each -group consisting of two blocks placed upright and one -crosswise. These structures rose progressively in <a -name="page29"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 29</span>height from -N.E. to S.W., and the loftiest and largest attained an elevation -of 25 feet. Lastly, within the trilithons was the -“inner ellipse,” consisting of nineteen obelisks of -diabase. Within the inner ellipse we find the Altar -Stone. At the present moment, there remains of the outer -circle or peristyle sixteen uprights and six imposts; of the -inner circle, seven only stand upright of the great -ellipse—there are still two perfect trilithons and two -single uprights. The Duke of Buckingham, in his researches -in 1620, is said to have caused the fall of a trilithon. He -was at Wilton in the reign of James I., and he “did cause -the middle of Stonehenge to be digged, and under this digging was -the cause of the falling down or recumbency of the great stone -there, twenty-one foote long.” “In the process -of digging they found a great many horns of stags and oxen, -charcoal batter-dishes (?), heads of arrows, some pieces of -armour eaten out with rust, bones rotten, but whether of -stagge’s or men they could not tell.”</p> -<p>In 1797, on a rapid thaw succeeding a severe frost, another -trilithon fell; of the inner ellipse, there are six blocks in -their places; and in the centre remains the so-called Altar -Stone.</p> -<p>In Sir R. C. Hoare’s “History of Wiltshire,” -he mentions that Inigo Jones observed a stone, which is now gone, -in the inmost part of the cell, appearing not much above the -surface of the earth and lying towards the east, four feet broad -and sixteen long, which was his supposed Altar Stone. Also -“Philip, Earl of Pembroke (Lord Chamberlayne to King -Charles I.), did say ‘that an altar stone was found in the -middle of the area here, and that it was carried away to St. -James’s.’”</p> -<p>The entrance to Stonehenge faced the N.E., and the road to it, -“Viâ Sacra,” or avenue, can be traced by banks -of earth.</p> -<p>It is the opinion of competent authorities that many of the -stones should be underpinned in the manner of the “Leaning -Stone,” as any violent storms, such as periodically sweep -across the Plain, might bring them down. The fall of two of -the stones from the outer circle (supposed by the superstitious -to foretell the Queen’s death) on December 31st, 1900, the -last day of the old century, and 103 years <a -name="page30"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 30</span>after the -last stones fell, was caused by a gale from the west.</p> -<p>There are the two opinions as to the right course to pursue -regarding Stonehenge—some people considering it would be -well to leave it to fall down, so that eventually it would appear -like a jumbled heap of ninepins, others (myself among the number) -that the necessary steps for its Preservation, <i>not</i> -Restoration, should be taken.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>April</i>, 1902.</p> -<h2>PARTICULARS OF THE STONES.</h2> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">58</p> -</td> -<td><p>stones of the Sarsen circle: 30 piers, 28 lintels.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">26</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, ,, Bluestone circle (2): this includes 1 impost.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">15</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, ,, Sarsen trilithons: 10 piers, 5 imposts.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">19</p> -</td> -<td><p>„ Inner bluestones.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Sun stone.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Altar stone.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Slaughter stone.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p>Stones of the Earth Circle.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p style="text-align: right">123</p> -</td> -<td><p>Total</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>.</p> -<p>The question arises whether there were formerly other stones -belonging to the earth circle. From probing the ground, -there is reason to believe that a stone on this bank may once -have marked the direction of the axis.</p> -<h2>SARSEN CIRCLE.</h2> -<p>17 piers <i>in situ</i>, 8 prostrate or fragments, 5 -missing.</p> -<p>6 lintels <i>in situ</i>, 2 fragments, 20 missing.</p> -<h2>BLUESTONE CIRCLE.</h2> -<p>12 stones or stumps <i>in situ</i>, 10 prostrate, 4 -missing.</p> -<h2><a name="page31"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 31</span>SARSEN -TRILITHONS.</h2> -<p>5 piers <i>in situ</i>, 3 prostrate, 5 missing.</p> -<p>From this list of missing blue stones we may safely deduct -two; two pieces of rock are known to be beneath the turf, and -there may be others. The most satisfactory derivation of -Sarsens or Sassens is from the Anglo-Saxon word for a rock or -stone—<i>ses</i>, plural <i>sesen</i> or -<i>sesons</i>. The Inner Circle of blue stones and Inner -Horse-shoe are composed of the “Blue Stones,” igneous -rocks.</p> -<h2>DERIVATION OF AMESBURY.</h2> -<p>“On Salisbury Plain stand the ruins of the weird Circle -of Revolution, Cor y Coeth in Welsh, the Circle of Dominion, the -holy anointed stones of Ambresbiri (<i>ambree</i>, anointed; -<i>biri</i>, Hebrew for holy ones), at once a sanctuary and a -sundial (3000 years ago the only clock in Britain), regulated by -the sun and moon for days and years. But the beautiful old -British names since the sixth century have been blotted out by -the terrible title <i>Stonehenge</i> or stone -gallows—Stanhengen in Anglo-Saxon. A permanent -gallows of stone was used by the Saxons for the execution of -criminals, and wishing to aim a death-blow at British power, no -surer way was found by the invaders than by hanging British -leaders upon the consecrated stones of their revered -temple. The road from the village of Amesbury to the Circle -is still called Gallow’s Hill.”</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><i>From Mrs. Gordon’s -Pamphlet</i>.</p> -<h2>DERIVATION OF DRUID.</h2> -<p>An Arabic (and Persian) word meaning Holy Men come from the -valley of the Euphrates. Mrs. Gordon considers Merlin (the -Bismarck of his age) as the builder of Stonehenge; also that -Aurelius Ambrosius, by his own wish, was buried within the Circle -of Stonehenge.</p> -<h2><a name="page32"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -32</span>DERIVATION OF BARROWS.</h2> -<p>Barrow, a Hebrew word for grave Mounds. Literally, the -“thrown-up pit of lamentation.”</p> -<h2>DERIVATION OF WILTSHIRE.</h2> -<p>Wiltshire, in the Saxon Chronicles Wiltunseir, in Doomesday -Wiltescire, derives its name from the town of Wilton, from the -Wit-saetas (<i>saetan</i> = settlers or inhabitants), the West -Saxon tribe who made it their home.</p> -<h2>MENTION OF AMESBURY IN MALORY’S “MORTE -D’ARTHUR.”</h2> -<p>“And thus upon a night there came a vision unto Sir -Launcelot, and charged him, in remission of all his sins, to -haste him towards Almesbury. ‘And by that time thou -come, there thou shalt find Queen Guenever dead; and therefore -take thy fellows with thee, and also purvey thee a horse bier, -and bring you the corpse of her, and bury it by her lord and -husband.’ Then Sir Launcelot took his seven fellows -with him, and on foot they went from Glastonbury, which is little -more than thirty miles. And when Sir Launcelot was come to -Almesbury, within the nunnery, Queen Guenever died but half an -hour before.”</p> -<p>Timbs, in his “Abbeys and Castles in England,” -says: “At Amesbury, says Bishop Tanner, quoting from -Geoffrey of Monmouth, there is said to have been an ancient -British monastery for 300 monks, founded, as some say, by the -famous Prince Ambrosius who lived at the time of the Saxon -invasion, and who was therein buried, destroyed by that cruel -pagan, Gurmendus, who overran all this country in the sixth -century.” This alludes to a monastery prior to the -one founded by Elfrida, with which I begin my account of Amesbury -Abbey.</p> -<h2><a name="page33"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 33</span>THE -AVENUE OR VI SACRA</h2> -<p>is orientated to the midsummer sunrise, and points 50° -east of north point. It leads uninterruptedly to the -circular space formed by the earth circle in which Stonehenge -stands, the enclosing bank being discontinued in this -direction. It is noteworthy that the sun stone, as well as -the slaughter stone, are not placed in the centre of the avenue -or approach, but lie towards the eastern side of it. The -avenue is made by two parallel lines confining ditches, the earth -having been thrown inwards so as to slightly raise the -roadway. These ditches, though shallow, are distinct. -The avenue thus formed descends the gradual incline of the Down, -until at about one thousand five hundred feet from the sun stone -the ditches become indistinguishable. Here the descent is -more rapid and leads to a gentle valley in the Down, where the -avenue divided into two branches. It is now impossible to -trace this point of division with any certainty.</p> -<h2>THE CURSUS AVENUE.</h2> -<p>This is now completely obliterated.</p> -<h2>THE LONG AVENUE.</h2> -<p>The branch which turned to the right, forming the eastern -slope of the valley, went over its crest and continued in a -straight line in the direction of some high land to the north of -Vespasian’s Camp. The plough at work year after year -has completely effaced all traces of this avenue, and we have to -rely on Dr. Stukeley’s account written 150 years ago.</p> -<h2>THE PARALLEL BANK.</h2> -<p>At 1200 feet from the sun stone “the approach” is -intersected at an angle approximating roughly to a right angle by -parallel banks about two feet in height and forty feet <a -name="page34"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 34</span>apart; the -roadway thus formed continues about 600 feet to left and right; -to the east it is continued by a causeway across the valley -already spoken of, and it is used by carts passing that way, -required in the cultivation of fields to the west of the -avenue.</p> -<h2>THE CURSUS.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Discovered by Dr. Stukeley</i>, -1723.</p> -<p>This great enclosure lies to the north of Stonehenge, and -veers 6° from due east and west. Like the avenue it is -formed by banks thrown up from an outer ditch. It is 9000 -feet in length, with a width of 350 feet at its centre, but -towards its extremities it narrows. To the west, the -southern boundary is irregular. The northern ditch, on the -contrary, makes a fairly straight line. Its eastern end is -headed by a long mound now difficult to trace. Near its -western extremity, and within the enclosure, are two small tumuli -irregularly placed. The greater part of this earthwork -being on the uncultivated Down is fairly well defined, especially -to the west; to the east it has been obliterated by the -plough.</p> -<h2>THE LESSER CURSUS.</h2> -<p>To the north-west of the Great Cursus and over 7000 feet -distant from Stonehenge, is an earthwork apparently the beginning -of a second cursus. It is ill defined, and at 1200 feet -from its enclosed end the ditches cease. It appears to be -an abandoned scheme for an enclosure similar to the Cursus.</p> -<p>From “Stonehenge,” Mr. Edgar Barclay. At -page 66 he says:—“The Cursus is irregular in shape, -nevertheless there remains a very strong probability that it is -an adjunct of Stonehenge, and was designed with it, and is not an -independent earthwork as Sir R. Colt Hoare maintains.”</p> -<p>From Mr. J. F. Hewitt’s “Ruling Races of -Pre-historic Times”:—“A hippodrome can still be -traced about half a mile north of the Temple, with which it is -connected by an <a name="page35"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -35</span>avenue about forty cubits wide. This is divided -into two branches, about 1700 feet from the Temple, the eastern -hand going eastward to Radfin, a ford on the Avon, and the -western curving round to the ancient chariot-course. It was -here the seasonal games took place, said by Macrobius to have -been celebrated by the Druids, when sacrifices were offered to -the gods. This ancient <i>campus martius</i>, running east -and west, is about 10,000 feet or 6000 Druidical cubits long, and -350 feet or 200 Druidical cubits wide, and on the east side is a -long bank, extending nearly its whole length, which must have -served as a place for spectators; while on the west side is a -curve to allow for the turning of the competing chariots. -There can be no doubt whatever that this racecourse represents -the ancient site of the national games; instituted by the Sons of -the Horse, which are said in Greek tradition to have been founded -by Akastus, king of Iolcus, after he had driven out Jason and -Medea the sorceress.”</p> -<h2>EARTHWORKS ON SALISBURY PLAIN.</h2> -<p>Tumuli, or Barrows, are the most simple kind of sepulchral -monument; they consist of a mound of earth or stones raised over -the dead.</p> -<p>Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus classifies them in his -“History of Wiltshire”:—</p> -<p>1. The Long Barrow. Differing considerably in -their construction.</p> -<p>2. The Bowl Barrow. The most ordinary shape.</p> -<p>3. The Bell Barrow. This, from the elegance of its -form, seems a refinement on the Bowl Barrow. They abound -near Stonehenge.</p> -<p>4. Druid Barrow (1st class). I consider these -tumuli were appropriated to the female tribes. The outward -vallum with the ditch within is beautifully moulded, and in most -instances found to contain small cups, small lance heads, amber, -jet, and glass beads.</p> -<p><a name="page36"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -36</span>5. Druid Barrow (2nd class). In external -form these resemble the preceding, but their circumference is not -so large. The tumulus within rises to a point from the edge -of the vallum.</p> -<p>6. Pond Barrow. They differ totally from all -others, and resemble an excavation made for a pond. I can -form no conjecture as to their use.</p> -<p>7. Twin Barrow. They are not very common, and, by -being enclosed in a circle, seem to denote the interment of -relations.</p> -<p>8. Cone Barrow. The only one I have seen is at -Everley. The tumulus rises immediately from the ditch, and -the apex is higher and more pointed.</p> -<p>9. Broad Barrow. Resembles the Bowl Barrow, but is -higher and flatter at the top.</p> -<p>Mr. Edgar Barclay, in “Stonehenge,” -says:—“The presence of barrows (near Stonehenge) -would enable marriages to be celebrated on the spot. A -feast at the family tomb was an opportunity for a young woman -about to marry to be formally introduced to the domestic worship -of the family she was about to enter. That feasts did occur -at Stonehenge Barrows we have proofs. We find also that -Irish Fairs in honour of the Sun God were held in proximity to -extensive burial-places. The arrangement of the avenues, -the placing of the cursus, the placing of the sun stone and -slaughter stone, the break in the lintel circle, &c.: these -characteristics point out to us the probable procedures at times -of festival. The midsummer festival solemnized the holy -espousals of the Sun God with the land.”</p> -<p>In “The Ruling Races of Pre-historic Times,” Mr. -Hewitt says:—“The deer worshippers were the mixed -race formed from the union of the sons of the mother-tree, the -mother-bear and wolf, the lordly boar and the prolific sow, the -mother-cow, the mother-mountain, and father firestone, the people -who looked on the Sun God of the equinoxes and solstices as the -god who made their crops to grow and who ripened their barley, -the seed of life (<i>zi</i>), the Zeus of the Greeks, which gave -its name to the Deus of the Latins and the Theos of the Greeks, -the Manx god Ji. This father sun <a name="page37"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 37</span>god was the god on the grey white -horse, the clouds, the white horse in Zend mythology of Tishtrya, -the star of the summer solstice which succeeded the golden horned -bull of the bull race, as the adversary and conqueror of the -black horse, and the black bull or dragon, the cloud which will -not give up its rain, which was in Northern mythology the winter -frost giant. It was this white horse—the sun god of -the limestone, flint, and chalk country—which was the god -of Stonehenge, the temple whose ruins still remain to set before -us, with absolute certainty of the correctness of the deduction -in its main details, the complete ritual of this primæval -worship.”</p> -<p><i>Note</i>.—The white sun horse is still worshipped and -fed daily at Kobe, in Japan.</p> -<p>The worshippers of the sun god who built this temple are -proved to have belonged to the Bronze age by the number of round -barrow tombs within twelve miles of it; and Stukeley (<span -class="GutSmall">A.D.</span> 1723) counted one hundred and -twenty-eight as visible from a hill close by.</p> -<h2>VESPASIAN’S CAMP.</h2> -<p>A name given by Dr. Stukeley to the (probably) British -earthworks, locally known as “the Ramparts,” which -crown a hill in the demesne of Amesbury Abbey. Its ancient -lines of defence, enclosing thirty-nine acres and boldly scarped -towards the west, environ the summit in the form of a scalene -triangle. This hill is densely wooded, containing two -beautiful avenues of beech-trees, and as it descends to the Avon, -is cut into a fanciful shape, supposed to resemble a -diamond. I have described this in “Amesbury -Abbey.”</p> -<h2>WEST AMESBURY HOUSE.</h2> -<p>A pretty old house on the road-side, belonging to Sir Edmund -Antrobus, built of stone and flint. The interior has been -much altered and spoilt. Traces of a monastic building -exist in the beams supporting the roof, and in a church doorway -at the top of the staircase. These date <a -name="page38"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 38</span>from the -fifteenth century. Aubrey informs us that this house and -property, along with Stonehenge, once formed the dowry of the -wife of Lord Ferrers of Chartley. The village of West -Amesbury possesses some picturesque thatched cottages, and on an -outside wall of one is a rude sketch of fighting cocks and their -backers.</p> -<h2>WILSFORD HOUSE.</h2> -<p>A house on the banks of the Avon, built by the late Mr. Loder, -of Salisbury, two miles from Amesbury. It is of the modern -“villa” description. In 1898 Mr. Young -purchased it from Sir E. Loder, and re-sold it to Mr. Edward -Tennant in 1900. None of the places described along the -Avon Valley are open to the public, but they can be seen from the -high road.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p38b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Lake House" -title= -"Lake House" - src="images/p38s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>LAKE HOUSE,</h2> -<p>situated on the banks of the Avon, is in the parish of -Wilsford, and about three miles south of Amesbury. The -exact date of its foundation is uncertain. Its main -features are Elizabethan, but an old letter in the possession of -the family clearly suggests an earlier date. “As to -ye date of ye house,” says the correspondent, “I do -not remember anything in that beautifully written deed to which -you refer that would bear on it. Great weight would belong -to any opinion expressed by ye late J. H. Parker, and you told me -that you thought it might be as early as Edward VI. or earlier, -and probably Parker judged only by what he saw, and ye -architectural features that remain have in them nothing -distinctive in comparison with those what have -vanished.” Lake House is one of the most beautiful in -this neighbourhood, and is built of the usual stone and flint; it -possesses yew hedges and delightful old-fashioned gardens sloping -to the river. It was purchased in 1591 by George Duke, and -it remained in the Duke family till 1897, when (just in time to -save the old house from utter ruin) it was bought by Mr. J. N. -Lovibond, and most beautifully restored by the <a -name="page39"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 39</span>architect, -Mr. Detmar Blow, according to the views of the Society for the -Protection of Ancient Buildings. There are barrows in the -park at Lake, and many curious objects, such as amber necklaces, -&c., were discovered in them about fifty years ago during -excavations made by the late Mr. Duke. Some of the things -then found are in the British Museum. A cottage industry is -now carried on in the village of Lake: a sort of rough tweed in -pretty colours being made in hand looms by the women. This -tweed is called “Stonehenge” cloth, and is not -expensive.</p> -<h2>GREAT DURNFORD CHURCH.</h2> -<p>Leaving Amesbury, and following the eastern banks of the Avon, -we come to Great Durnford. Its name is derived from the -British word “dur,” signifying water. The -church is most picturesque, and is built of stone and flint, with -very rich Norman north and south doorways and chancel arch. -The font is Norman, with an interesting arcade. The pulpit -is of oak and dated 1619, and has a very old velvet cover with -1657 worked on it. Built into the wall of the church is a -stone coffin containing a skeleton, supposed to be that of the -founder. Traces of two doors leading to the rood loft can -still be seen, and in one window are the remains of some very old -glass. Inside the south door are several curious crosses, -supposed to be dedication crosses. In the chancel is a -leper’s window. The altar rails are of oak, and date -back to the sixteenth century. The pattern on the walls is -the same as that found some years ago under the plaster and -whitewash. There is a curious brass to the memory of Edward -Young, his wife, and fourteen children, dated 1670. In the -chancel, chained to an ancient desk, is a copy of Jewel’s -“Apologie of the Church of England,” ordered by -Convocation after the Reformation, 1571.</p> -<h2>GREAT DURNFORD HOUSE</h2> -<p>was once a seat of the Hungerfords. Evelyn notes in his -Diary, July, 1654:—“We dined at a ferme of my Uncle -<a name="page40"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -40</span>Hungerford’s called Darneforde magna, situate in a -valley under the plaine, most sweetly watered, abounding in -troutes, catched by speares in the night when they come attracted -by a light set in ye sterne of a boate.”</p> -<p>It is in the French château style on a small scale, and -has lovely old-fashioned gardens, quite unspoiled, with some rare -trees growing in them. At the end of the last garden flows -the Avon, and picturesque Durnford Church stands close by. -In 1869 Mr. Pinckney bought the house and some of the estate from -the Earl of Malmesbury.</p> -<h2>OGBURY CAMP.</h2> -<p>On the eastern side of the Avon is a very ancient earthen work -called Ogbury Camp. Sir Richard Colt Hoare thus describes -it:—“On this hill we recognize the very early and -simple handiwork of the Britons, unaltered by their successors -and conquerors, the Romans and Saxons. Here we see a large -tract of sixty-two acres enclosed within a single rampart, and -without any fosse to strengthen it against the attacks of an -enemy, and we perceive within the area the evident marks of -enclosures, and only one entrance to the east. On the -northern side the ramparts followed the windings of the hill, and -are interrupted by the plantations of Lord Malmesbury’s -demesne. The area contains sixty-two acres and a -quarter. The circuit of the outer ditch is one mile, one -furlong and fifty-five yards, and the depth of the vallum is -thirty-three feet. On the south-east and west sides the -ramparts are very much mutilated. I cannot consider Ogbury -as a camp or work of defence against an invading enemy, but -rather as an asylum or place of refuge, whither the Britons, in -times of danger, retired with their families and herds of -cattle. On digging within this area we could not find any -marks of ancient residence, but on some high ground adjoining the -extraordinary verdure of the turf induced us to dig into the -soil, where we immediately found numerous bones of animals with -fragments of the rudest British pottery.”</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p40b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Heale House" -title= -"Heale House" - src="images/p40s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2><a name="page41"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 41</span>HEALE -HOUSE, MIDDLE WOODFORD.</h2> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>The Residence of the Honourable -Louis Greville</i>; <i>bought by him from Sir E. Loder</i>, -1894.</p> -<p>This house, beautifully built of small red bricks, has -stone-coped windows in the Dutch style of architecture introduced -into this country by William III., and is quite unlike the usual -stone and flint “chequered” houses of the -neighbourhood. You enter the grounds through old -wrought-iron gates and down an avenue of elm-trees. The -river Avon flows through the garden. This property formerly -belonged to the Errington and Hyde families. Inside the -house little remains of the old decorations but some carved -woodwork. A cupboard in a bedroom is shown as the -hiding-place of Charles II. after the battle of Worcester. -He is said to have visited Stonehenge from Heale, and there met -friends who were to conduct him to the coast of Sussex prior to -his escape from England. He is supposed to have proved to -his own satisfaction the fallacy of the notion of the -impossibility of counting the stones composing Stonehenge.</p> -<p>“In 1721 Robert Hyde bequeathed Heale to his sister, -Mrs. Levinz, widow of the Bishop of Sodor and Man, and she, by -will, devised the estates to her son-in-law, Michael Frampton of -Oxford, and he, in his turn, left them to his nephews, Thomas -Bull, rector of Porton, and Edward and Simon Polhill and their -heirs in succession, in default thereof to William Bowles; in -seventeen years after the death of the testator, Canon Bowles was -in full possession of the property.” Several members -of the Bowles family lie buried in Salisbury Cathedral. -Heale Hill is remarkable for a circle on the summit and traces of -a British village on the south slope.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p41b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"Little Durnford" -title= -"Little Durnford" - src="images/p41s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<h2>LITTLE DURNFORD HOUSE.</h2> -<p>Built of stone and flint, successively the property of the -families of Pregers, Wodhull, and Tropnell, afterwards Yonge or -Young. In 1795 it was sold to Edward Hinxman, whose <a -name="page42"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 42</span>descendants -sold it in 1897 to Mr. Devenish (the present owner). The -Avon, flowing through the grounds, has been artificially widened -in one place, forming a miniature lake in front of the house.</p> -<h2>ENVOI.</h2> -<p>With much regret I find myself at the end of my little book, -which, I hope, will help to describe a beautiful and interesting -country. It has been compiled from various learned sources, -and only a small portion of it can claim to be original. I -shall consider myself fortunate if the traveller finds <i>any</i> -pleasure in reading what has given me great pleasure to -write.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence -Caroline Mathilde Antrobus</span>.</p> -<p><i>June</i>, 1900.</p> -<h2><a name="page43"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -43</span>APPENDIX.<br /> -THE RECENT WORK AT STONEHENGE. <a name="citation43"></a><a -href="#footnote43" class="citation">[43]</a></h2> -<p><span class="smcap">At</span> a meeting held last March at -Stonehenge, and attended by representatives of the Society of -Antiquaries, of the Society for the Protection of Ancient -Monuments, and the Wiltshire Archæological Society, various -plans and measures were discussed and suggested for the better -preservation of Stonehenge. The whole state of the -surrounding neighbourhood being changed from its former quietude -by the introduction of new elements, such as the military camps -at Bulford, &c., the making of the new branch line of the -South-Western Railway (from Grateley to Amesbury), it became -necessary to meet the altered circumstances by the exercise of -greater precautions for the care of the beautiful old Sun Temple -standing in the midst of the grass-clothed downs—a thing of -wonder and mystery to behold. The advice given to Sir -Edmund Antrobus by the representatives of these societies was as -follows, published in the <i>Times</i> of April 3:—</p> -<p style="text-align: center"><i>Resolutions</i>.</p> -<p>(1) That this Committee approves of the suggested -protection of Stonehenge by a wire fence not less than 4 ft. -high, following on two sides the existing roads and crossing on -the west from the 331-foot level on the north road to the -332-foot level on the south road shown on the O.S. map (1-2, -500), Wilts sheet liv. 14.</p> -<p>(2) That the Committee recommends, without prejudice to -any legal question, that the local authorities be requested to -agree to divert the existing track-way or ridge-way from -Netheravon now passing through the earth circle so as to pass -from the 302-foot levels in the O.S. map immediately west of -Stonehenge.</p> -<p><a name="page44"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -44</span>(3) That stones 6 and 7 with their lintel, and -stone 56 (according to the numbering on Mr. Petrie’s plan) -be first examined, with a view of maintaining them in a position -of safety.</p> -<p>(4) That, in the opinion of this Committee, stone 22 -should be replaced, stone 21 be made safe, and the lintel of 21 -and 22 be replaced in the most safe and conservative -manner. The Committee also recommends the re-erection of -stones 57 and 58, and their lintel 158.</p> -<p>(5) That the instructions to custodians already in force -be approved with a few suggested alterations.</p> -<p>(6) That this Committee feels that it is impossible to -overstate the value of the assistance which the County Council of -Amesbury can give to the efforts made to preserve this unique -monument.</p> -<p>(7) That these resolutions be sent to Sir Edmund -Antrobus with the earnest thanks of the Committee, for the part -he is proposing to take in the preservation of Stonehenge, also -that it be left to him to communicate with the Press.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p>The fence was erected by Whitsuntide, and is 1700 yards in -circumference, and composed of lightest barbed wire of a neutral -tint, and absolutely invisible at a distance, so that the -traveller gets the whole effect of Stonehenge in its full -grandeur instead of, as in former days, the view of the stones -mingled with two or three flys, a cart, an old waggonette, and -photographer’s van, &c., to say nothing of picnic -luncheons, spread out within the sacred circle. This fence -encloses as large an area as possible, being well outside the -vallum, except on the west side, where a right of way interferes -with the true circle. The next work undertaken—the -most difficult and important of the whole—was the raising -of the “leaning stone”—the largest monolith in -England except Cleopatra’s needle—to an upright -position. This stone formed one of the uprights of the -trilithon, the fall of which was said to have been caused by the -digging and researches of the Duke of Buckingham in 1620. -The horizontal and the other upright (the latter broken in two -pieces) now lie prostrate across the altar stone.</p> -<p style="text-align: center"> -<a href="images/p44b.jpg"> -<img alt= -"The work at Stonehenge. Raising the Leaning Stone" -title= -"The work at Stonehenge. Raising the Leaning Stone" - src="images/p44s.jpg" /> -</a></p> -<p>The great stone leaned considerably towards the N.E. <a -name="page45"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 45</span>and appeared -to rest upon (actually touching at one point) a beautiful little -pillar stone of syenite, the danger being that in some storm, -especially after a heavy fall of snow and sudden thaw, the great -stone would break in three pieces (having three veins) in -falling, and also crush the smaller stone beneath it.</p> -<p>That a forward movement was continually taking place is shown -by observations taken by Mr. Flinders Petrie some years -ago. It then leaned at an angle of 66, which has been -increased to one of 60.5 degrees lately. The work of the -raising of the stone was begun on August 18th and finished -September 25th, and was under the direct supervision of Mr. -Gowland, Mr. Detmar Blow, architect, and his assistant Mr. -Stallybrass, and Mr. Carruthers, engineer. The first thing -done was to make a fitting to the stone of a strong timber -cradle, so as to protect it from injury by the immense iron -chains and ropes placed round it, these being attached to winches -worked by men, so that the stone was actually “wound -up,” so to speak, into an upright position. Hydraulic -jacks were also used. The whole thing was most carefully -and slowly done, and devotedly watched over by the workers. -A rectangular excavation was made in front of the stone, a square -excavation at the back. A frame of wood with numbers at -equal distances apart was placed over the ground, which was -excavated in sections, and the earth was most carefully sifted in -layers through four grades of sieves in such a manner that the -position of every object found could be recorded. The -excavations round the base of the stone are now filled with -concrete, and the large struts which uphold it will remain in -their positions for six months, until the concrete be thoroughly -set.</p> -<p>The objects found were one Roman coin and one George III. -penny at a shallow depth, and many chippings of both the blue and -sarsen stones. Numerous flint axe-heads and large stone -hammers were also found at a depth of from two feet to four feet -six inches underground; all tending to prove the great antiquity -of Stonehenge—at least Neolithic. But all this will -be discussed scientifically later on.</p> -<p style="text-align: right"><span class="smcap">Florence C. M. -Antrobus</span>.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: right"><a name="page46"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 46</span>1904. A. No. 335.</p> -<h3>In the High Court of Justice.<br /> -CHANCERY DIVISION.<br /> -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL.</h3> -<p style="text-align: right"><i>Writ issued the</i> 1<i>st day of -March</i> 1904.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Between</span> HIS MAJESTY’S -ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS -MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right Honourable</span> GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON -BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE and the said -FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right -Honourable</span> GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span -class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and -WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE . . . <i>Plaintiffs</i></p> -<p><span class="smcap">and</span></p> -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span> EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . -<i>Defendant</i>.</p> -<h4>STATEMENT OF CLAIM.</h4> -<p>Delivered the 17th day of March 1904 by <span -class="smcap">Horne & Birkett</span> of 4 Lincoln’s Inn -Fields in the County of London Solicitors for the Plaintiffs.</p> -<p>1. On Stonehenge Down in the Parish of Amesbury in the -County of Wilts there are a group of stones and surrounding -earthworks which are together known as Stonehenge. <a -name="page47"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 47</span>Stonehenge -which is of very great antiquity originally formed an ancient -building and place of assembly for public worship the burial of -the dead deliberation on public affairs or other public purposes -and since it has ceased to be so used has remained a national -monument and place of resort of great public interest.</p> -<p>2. Until the acts of the Defendant hereinafter -complained of there was and there now ought to be free access for -the public to Stonehenge by means of roads running up to and -through the same the sites of which roads are shown on the plan -hereunto annexed and are thereon coloured green.</p> -<p>3. The said roads were at the time of the said acts and -are public highways for all His Majesty’s liege subjects to -go and return on foot and with horses and carriages at all times -of the year at their free will and pleasure.</p> -<p>4. Stonehenge is subject to a trust created by a grant -or declaration of trust which if in writing has been lost or by a -Statute which has been lost for the free user by the public of -Stonehenge as a place of resort and for the free access of the -public thereto by means of the said roads and the site of -Stonehenge has since the creation of such trust been held by the -owners thereof for the time being subject to the said trust.</p> -<p>5. The Defendant has lately erected and maintains and -threatens and intends to maintain upon Stonehenge Down aforesaid -fences along the lines shown upon the said plan and thereon -coloured red. The said fences obstruct the said roads or -some of them at the points marked respectively A. B. C. D. and E. -on the said plan and are obnoxious to and interfere with the -rights and privileges of His Majesty’s liege subjects -referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 hereof.</p> -<p>6. The Defendant has been requested to remove the said -fences but he has refused and still refuses to do so and -threatens and intends to maintain the same and the obstructions -hereinbefore complained of.</p> -<p><a name="page48"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 48</span>The -Plaintiffs therefore claim—</p> -<p>1. An order that the Defendant remove the said fences -where they respectively obstruct the said roads or any of -them.</p> -<p>2. An injunction to restrain the Defendant his servants -workmen and agents from erecting upon the said lands or any part -thereof any fence or other erection so as to obstruct and from in -any way obstructing the said roads or any of them.</p> -<p>3. Costs.</p> -<p style="text-align: right">C. GURDON.</p> -<p>R. B. FINLAY.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p style="text-align: right"><a name="page49"></a><span -class="pagenum">p. 49</span>1904. A. No. 335.</p> -<h3>In the High Court of Justice.<br /> -CHANCERY DIVISION,<br /> -MR. JUSTICE FARWELL.</h3> -<p><span class="smcap">Between</span> HIS MAJESTY’S -ATTORNEY-GENERAL at and by the relation of FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS -MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right Honourable</span> GEORGE -JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON -BRUNNER, Bart., and WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE and the said -FRANK TUCKER, THOMAS MERCHANT, <span class="smcap">The Right -Honourable</span> GEORGE JOHN SHAW LEFEVRE, <span -class="smcap">Sir</span> JOHN TOMLINSON BRUNNER, Bart., and -WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS PETRIE . . . <i>Plaintiffs</i></p> -<p><span class="smcap">and</span></p> -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span> EDMUND ANTROBUS, Bart. . . . -<i>Defendant</i>.</p> -<h4>DEFENCE.</h4> -<p>1. As to paragraph 1 of the Statement of Claim it is not -admitted that Stonehenge was made or ever used for such purposes -as in the said paragraph mentioned or any of them or for any -public purpose. Stonehenge is and has been from time -immemorial and in fact at all times private property and not -national or public property and resort thereto by the public has -always been by permission of the owner of the land and not as of -right.</p> -<p><a name="page50"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -50</span>2. As to paragraph 2 the principal part of -Stonehenge lies in an angle between and near to two public roads -leading from Amesbury to Shrewton and to Winterbourne Stoke -respectively. A public way or track leading from Netheravon -to Lake crosses these two roads and also crosses part of -Stonehenge but except the right to use this way or track (which -is outside the fence erected by the Defendant and has not been in -any way obstructed by him) there never has been any access for -the public to Stonehenge otherwise than by permission of the -owner of the land on which it is situate. The alleged road -running up to and through Stonehenge the sites of which are -purported to be shown on the plan annexed to the Statement of -Claim and are thereon coloured green (except the way or track -from Netheravon to Lake aforesaid) do not exist either in law or -in fact and never have existed.</p> -<p>3. Paragraph 3 of the Statement of Claim is denied -except as to the way or track from Netheravon to Lake -aforesaid.</p> -<p>4. Paragraph 4 is altogether denied. Stonehenge is -not and never was subject to any trust for user or access by the -public or to any public trust.</p> -<p>5. As to paragraphs 5 and 6 the Defendant has for the -better preservation of Stonehenge erected and maintains a fence -round the land lying within the triangle formed by the said two -public roads and the way or track from Netheravon to Lake not -obstructing or interfering with any public right of way. -Save as aforesaid paragraphs 5 and 6 of the Statement of Claim -are denied.</p> -<p style="text-align: right">F. VAUGHAN HAWKINS.</p> -<p>Delivered the 27th day of April 1904 by <span -class="smcap">Farrer</span> & Co. of 66 Lincoln’s Inn -Fields in the County of Middlesex Solicitors for the -Defendant.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> -<p><a name="page51"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 51</span>This -case commenced in the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, -on Tuesday, March 28th, and continued on the 29th and 30th. -Again on the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 11th and 12th of April. Mr. -Justice Farwell delivered his considered judgment on the 19th, -concluding as follows:—</p> -<p>“I hold, therefore, that the access to the circle was -incident only to the permission to visit and inspect the stones, -and was, therefore, permissive only, and, further that the tracks -to the circle are not thoroughfares, but lead only to the circle, -where the public have no right without permission, and, -therefore, are not public ways. The action accordingly -fails, and ought never to have been brought. It is plain -that the vicinity of the camp and the consequent increase of -visitors compelled the defendant to protect the stones if they -were to be preserved; and he has done nothing more than is -necessary for such protection. I desire to give the -relators credit for wishing only to preserve this unique relic of -a former age for the benefit of the public, but I fail to -appreciate their method of attaining this. The first claim -to dispossess the defendant of his property is simply -extravagant, so much so that, although not technically abandoned, -no serious argument was addressed to me in support of it. -The rest of the claim—for rights of way over the network of -tracks shown on the plaintiffs’ plan—if successful -would defeat the relators’ object. If these ways were -left unfenced and heavy traffic passed through the circle, there -would be great risk of injury, and even without such traffic -there is great risk from the increased numbers of -passers-by. As Sir Norman Lockyer (whose interesting -application of the Orientation theory to Stonehenge has recently -appeared) says in one of his articles:—‘The real -destructive agent has been man himself—savages could not -have played more havoc with the monument than the English who -have visited it at different times for different -purposes.’ I feel no confidence that the majority of -tourists have improved, nay, rather,—‘Aetas parentum, -pejor avis, tulit Nos nequiores.’ It is only fair to -the defendant to say that he is not acting capriciously but on -expert advice for the preservation of the stones. If, on -the other hand, the roads are all fenced off, the general -appearance would be ruined, and no human being would be in any -way the better. It is not immaterial <a -name="page52"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 52</span>to remark -that this is not the action of the District or the County Council -to preserve rights of way, but is brought on the relation of -strangers on the score of the public interest in -Stonehenge. The action is dismissed with costs.”</p> -<p>Mr. Warmington:—“My Lord, there is only one matter -with regard to costs I think, and that is the question of the -Commission. <a name="citation52"></a><a href="#footnote52" -class="citation">[52]</a> My Lord, those were reserved, and -they will be costs in the action.”</p> -<p>Mr. Justice Farwell:—“Yes. I may say -this—it sometimes saves trouble, and it is not unusual, I -have done it before, and I think I may say it now—that this -is a case in which the taxing master should allow three -counsel.”</p> -<p>Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship pleases. I -was instructed to apply; but according to the practice it is done -after taxation.”</p> -<p>Mr. Justice Farwell:—“I know it is. But I -have done it before. You see the matter is now fresh in my -recollection, and a summons to vary might come before other -Judges.”</p> -<p>Mr. Warmington:—“If your Lordship -pleases.”</p> -<h2><a name="page53"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 53</span>HOTELS -AT SALISBURY.</h2> -<h3>THE WHITE HART (<i>near the Cathedral</i>).</h3> -<p>Carriages and horses for Stonehenge, Wilton, and the New -Forest may be had.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Prices for Stonehenge, -&c.</span>—The complete drive <i>viâ</i> Amesbury -to Stonehenge and back by Lake House and the Valley.</p> -<table> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td></td> -<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>£</i></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>s.</i></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center"><i>d.</i></p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>One horse carriage,</p> -</td> -<td><p>for 2 persons</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">13</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>,, ,, ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, 3 ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">18</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Two ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p>,, 2 ,,</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>„ „ „</p> -</td> -<td><p>„ 3 „</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>„ „ „</p> -</td> -<td><p>„ 4 „</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">10</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>These prices include the driver and waiting, baiting, -&c.</p> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Tariff of Prices</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>s.</i></p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right"><i>d.</i></p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sitting-rooms from</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">5</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bedrooms from</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain breakfast</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Breakfast with chop or steak</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>,, fish, ham and eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Luncheons</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bread and cheese</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sandwich</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Light soups</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cold meat</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><a name="page54"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -54</span><span class="smcap">Dinners</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Soup and chop, vegetables, and cheese</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With either soup or fish and entrée</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto with sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Teas</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Single cup of tea</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p style="text-align: center">Servants’ -board, 5<i>s.</i> per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Gentlemen’s coffee-room, ladies’ drawing-room, -smoking and billiard-room.</p> -<p>Visitors are requested, if possible, to write to the Manager -for accommodation.</p> -<p>Table d’Hôte, Breakfasts, 3<i>s.</i>; Luncheons, -2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; Dinners, 5<i>s.</i> These meals run -for two hours, and are served at separate tables.</p> -<h3>CATHEDRAL HOTEL.</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td></td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bedrooms from</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sitting-rooms</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Breakfasts or Teas</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With meat or fish</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Dinners</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">From 3<i>s.</i> per -head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cold baths</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Hot</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p style="text-align: center">Servants’ -board, 5<i>s.</i> per day.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Carriages with experienced drivers for Stonehenge and other -places of interest.</p> -<h3><a name="page55"></a><span class="pagenum">p. 55</span>RED -LION HOTEL, SALISBURY.<br /> -(<i>Headquarters of the Cyclists’ Touring Club</i>.)</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Apartments</span>:</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">s.</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: center">d.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Bedrooms per day</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Double bedroom</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">4</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Baths in bathroom</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Baths in bedroom</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p><span class="smcap">Breakfast</span>:</p> -</td> -<td colspan='2'><p style="text-align: right">Per head.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Plain</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">9</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>With fish, steak, ham and eggs</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Luncheons</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Soup</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">1</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Sandwiches</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cold joint, cheese and salad</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto, sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Chop and vegetables</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Dinners</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Joint and vegetable</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">2</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto, with sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Ditto, soup or fish, joint, and sweets</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">3</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p><span class="smcap">Teas</span>:</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Cup of tea or coffee</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">0</p> -</td> -<td><p style="text-align: right">6</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p>Teas with eggs, &c. same as breakfast.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td colspan='3'><p style="text-align: center">Servants’ -board per day, 5s. Bedroom, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p>Excellent Chemists: Messrs. Read & Orchard, Market Place, -Salisbury.</p> -<p>Sly, Watch-maker, Market Place.</p> -<p>Good Booksellers: Brown, Canal, & Simmonds, High -Street.</p> -<p>Messrs. Pinckney, Bankers, Market Place.</p> -<h3><a name="page56"></a><span class="pagenum">p. -56</span>AMESBURY.</h3> -<table> -<tr> -<td><p>“Queensberry House”—Boarding House, Tea -and Luncheon Room</p> -</td> -<td><p>F. Tucker.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>“Ivy Dene”—Private Hotel</p> -</td> -<td><p>A. Fleming.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>“The Phœnix”—Temperance House</p> -</td> -<td><p>E. Cockle.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Drapery and Millinery</p> -</td> -<td><p>F. Tucker.</p> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><p>Drapery and Fancy Bazaar</p> -</td> -<td><p>B. Hale.</p> -</td> -</tr> -</table> -<h4>THE GEORGE INN.</h4> -<p>Good flys, one and two horses, can be procured here, also -bedrooms and sitting-rooms, luncheons, and dinners, and teas.</p> - -<div class="gapspace"> </div> - -<div class="gapmediumline"> </div> -<p style="text-align: center"><span class="GutSmall">PRINTED BY -WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LTD., LONDON AND BECCLES.</span></p> -<h2>FOOTNOTES.</h2> -<p><a name="footnote10"></a><a href="#citation10" -class="footnote">[10]</a> Aurelius Ambrosius succeeded to -the kingdom of Britain on the death of Vortigern in the year 465; -he was of Roman extraction, though educated in Britain.</p> -<p><a name="footnote18"></a><a href="#citation18" -class="footnote">[18]</a> The Avon is the beloved haunt of -thousands of wild duck, many herons, kingfishers, &c.</p> -<p><a name="footnote24"></a><a href="#citation24" -class="footnote">[24]</a> Trilithon, a monument (or part of -a monument) consisting of three large stones.</p> -<p><a name="footnote43"></a><a href="#citation43" -class="footnote">[43]</a> “Nature,” vol. 64, p. -602.</p> -<p><a name="footnote52"></a><a href="#citation52" -class="footnote">[52]</a> This refers to the Committee of -the County Council appointed to hear the complaint against the -enclosure of Stonehenge, and it met early in 1902.</p> -<pre> - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SENTIMENTAL & PRACTICAL GUIDE TO -AMESBURY AND STONEHENGE*** - - -***** This file should be named 64167-h.htm or 64167-h.zip****** - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/4/1/6/64167 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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