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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836, by H. S. Coe
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836
-       Sweet Clover: Harvesting and Thrashing the Seed Crop
-
-Author: H. S. Coe
-
-Release Date: August 13, 2020 [EBook #62921]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 836 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously made
-available by USDA through The Internet Archive. All
-resultant materials are placed in the Public Domain.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber Note
-
-Text emphasis is denoted as _Italics_. Whole and fractional parts of
-numbers as 123-4/5.
-
-
-
-
-SWEET CLOVER
-
-HARVESTING AND THRASHING THE SEED CROP
-
-
-H. S. COE
-
-Assistant Agrononmist, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-FARMERS' BULLETIN 836 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
-
-
-Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry
-
-WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief
-
-
-
-  Washington, D. C.                    July, 1917
-
-
-  Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be obtained
-  free from the Division of Publications, United States Department of
-  Agriculture
-
-  WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917
-
-
-SWEET CLOVER should be cut for seed when three-fourths of the seed pods
-have turned dark brown to black. At this time some flowers and many
-immature pods will be found on the plants, but the field will have a
-brownish cast.
-
-Sweet-clover seed pods shatter badly when mature. For this reason every
-precaution should be taken to cut the plants at the proper stage and to
-save as much of the shattered seed as possible.
-
-Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants when they
-are damp from rain or dew.
-
-No machine thus far placed on the market has given entire satisfaction
-in cutting sweet clover for seed.
-
-The ordinary mower should not be used for harvesting the seed crop. The
-seed crop is usually cut with a self-rake reaper, grain binder, grain
-header, or corn harvester. The self-rake reaper and the grain binder
-have been most satisfactory.
-
-The seed crop should be stacked unless it can be thrashed within two
-weeks after cutting.
-
-Much shattered seed will be saved if a wagon with a tight floor is used
-for hauling the plants. If the wagon bed is not tight it should be
-covered with a tarpaulin or canvas.
-
-The seed may be flailed from the plants, as is customary in the South,
-or it may be thrashed with a grain separator or clover huller, as is
-the practice in the North.
-
-The ordinary grain separator may be adjusted so that it will hull 90
-per cent of the seed.
-
-Sweet-clover straw has considerable feeding value.
-
-
-
-
-SWEET CLOVER: HARVESTING AND THRASHING THE SEED CROP.[1]
-
-[1] This bulletin discusses only the harvesting and thrashing of the
-sweet-clover seed crop. The growing of sweet clover and its utilization
-are discussed in Farmers' Bulletin 797, entitled "Sweet Clover;
-Growing the Crop," and Farmer's Bulletin 820, entitled "Sweet Clover:
-Utilization," respectively.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS.
-
-
-                                                   Page.
-
-  The crop to harvest for seed                        3
-
-  Time to cut the seed crop                           4
-
-  Loss of seed from shattering                        4
-
-  Machinery used for harvesting the seed crop         5
-
-  Stacking the sweet-clover seed crop                17
-
-  Thrashing the sweet-clover seed crop               18
-
-  Yields of sweet-clover seed                        21
-
-  Sweet-clover straw                                 23
-
-
-
-THE CROP TO HARVEST FOR SEED.
-
-
-White sweet clover and biennial yellow sweet clover are harvested for
-seed the year following seeding. In localities where those species will
-produce two cuttings the second year, either the first or the second
-crop may be harvested for seed. As the plants die when mature, only one
-cutting will be obtained if the first crop is permitted to ripen. It is
-becoming a general practice in many sections of the country to utilize
-the first crop of the second season for pasture, ensilage, or hay, and
-the second crop for seed. As a rule, this is the most profitable and
-economical way to handle sweet clover, as the first crop will produce
-an abundance of nutritious pasturage or from 6 to 10 tons of ensilage
-or 1 to 3 tons of hay to the acre. The second crop seldom grows more
-than 4 feet high when the first crop is pastured or cut. The shorter
-growth of the second crop is a very desirable feature, as it may be cut
-with a grain binder without difficulty. When the first crop of white
-sweet clover is permitted to mature, the plants often make so large
-a growth that it is very difficult to handle them with ordinary farm
-machinery. This trouble is experienced more often in humid regions than
-in semiarid sections.
-
-As biennial yellow sweet clover seldom grows as tall as the white
-species, little difficulty is experienced in cutting the first crop
-of the second year for seed with a grain binder. Annual yellow sweet
-clover, or sour clover, is seldom grown for seed, as a sufficient
-quantity to supply the market is obtained from the screenings of wheat
-grown in the Southwest.
-
-Sweet-clover seed ripens irregularly and shatters badly when mature. On
-this account much seed is lost before and during harvest, and ordinary
-harvesting machinery has not been entirely satisfactory for handling
-the crop.
-
-
-
-
-TIME TO CUT THE SEED CROP.
-
-
-Opinions of extensive growers of sweet clover differ as to the proper
-stage at which to cut the seed crop. Some believe that it should be cut
-when the pods on the lower branches have turned dark brown to black,
-while others maintain that it is best to wait until the seed on the
-upper portions of the plants is mature. The time of cutting the seed
-crop should be governed largely by the machinery which is to be used.
-If the plants are to be harvested with a self-rake reaper or a grain
-binder, they should be cut when approximately three-fourths of the
-seed pods have turned dark brown to black. At this time some flowers
-and many immature pods will be found on the plants, but the field will
-have a brownish cast. If the crop is not cut until the seed pods on the
-uppermost branches have matured, most of the pods on the lower branches
-will have shattered.
-
-It is the practice in regions where a grain header is employed to
-permit the plants to become somewhat more mature before cutting the
-seed crop than in sections where other machines are used. More seed
-is shattered when the plants are cut at the latter stage, but this is
-not necessarily a loss, as the grain header is employed for the most
-part in semiarid regions, where the shattered seed is depended upon to
-reseed the land.
-
-
-
-
-LOSS OF SEED FROM SHATTERING.
-
-
-From one-fifth to three-fourths of the total seed yield of sweet clover
-is lost from shattering. The percentage of the loss which occurs before
-harvesting will depend largely on the time the crop is cut. Much seed
-may be lost if harvesting is delayed for only a few days, and many
-fields have been observed in which at least 90 per cent of the seed had
-shattered in less then two weeks after the time the plants should have
-been cut.
-
-The percentage of seed which is lost in harvesting will depend largely
-upon the manner of handling the crop. The binder or header may be
-equipped at a small cost, so that much of the seed which ordinarily is
-lost while cutting may be saved. Much shattered seed will be saved by
-using wagons with tight platforms or platforms covered with canvas. All
-unnecessary handling should be avoided.
-
-Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants when they
-are damp from rain or dew. It is the practice in some regions to cut in
-the early morning or late evening, but this procedure will apply only
-to small acreages, since it is necessary to cut the crop as soon as
-possible when it reaches the proper stage for harvesting. It is a good
-practice to cut sweet clover at night, as the plants usually are damp
-at that time.
-
-
-
-
-MACHINERY USED FOR HARVESTING THE SEED CROP.
-
-
-No machine thus far manufactured has given entire satisfaction for
-cutting the sweet-clover seed crop. On account of the ease with which
-the pods shatter, it is a question whether any machine can be devised
-which will handle this crop without the loss of some seed. It is
-possible and practicable, however, for farmers at a small cost to equip
-their binders with pans and guards, so as to save most of the seed
-which otherwise would be lost.
-
-
-THE ORDINARY MOWER.
-
-The ordinary mowing machine is one of the most unsatisfactory devices
-used for harvesting this crop, as the subsequent handling necessary
-to place the plants in windrows or cocks causes much of the seed to
-shatter. The use of this machine for this purpose should be avoided
-whenever possible.
-
-
-THE SELF-RAKE REAPER.
-
-The self-rake reaper is one of the most efficient machines employed to
-cut sweet clover for seed. (Fig. 1.) This machine deposits the newly
-cut plants with the tops all turned one way in gavels or bunches at the
-side, so that the horses do not trample them on the next round. A high
-stubble also may be left, thereby reducing the weight and bulk of the
-plants which must be hauled to the thrashing machine.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 1.--A self-rake reaper used in some sections of the
-country for cutting the sweet-clover seed crop.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 2.--A sled used in western Kansas for hauling sweet
-clover from the field to the thrashing machine.]
-
-It is the custom in some localities to leave the gavels to cure as
-dropped by the reaper on the ground, while in other sections they are
-placed in cocks that weigh about 300 pounds each when cured. If the
-gavels are to be placed in cocks, this should be done immediately after
-cutting, as the plants will be somewhat green and tough at this time
-and fewer pods will shatter than when the plants are permitted to dry
-before handling. When the crop is to be hauled to the thrashing machine
-on wagons it is best to permit the gavels to cure as dropped by the
-reaper, as it will then be possible to pitch them on the wagon with
-a large 4-tined fork. If the crop is to be hauled to the thrashing
-machine on large sleds, which is the practice in western Kansas, less
-seed will be lost from shattering if the gavels at the time of cutting
-are placed in cocks of such a size that they may be put on the sleds
-entire by two men lifting from opposite sides of the cock with 4-tined
-forks. The sleds used for this purpose usually are 12 by 20 foot in
-size, made of matched flooring and with 6 to 12 inch sides. (Fig. 2.)
-Matched or tight floors are necessary, so that all seed which shatters
-may be saved. These would not be so essential, however, if the sleds
-were covered with a tarpaulin or canvas. From the standpoint of saving
-shattered seed, this method of hauling the crop from the field to the
-thrashing machine is possibly the most economical thus far used. It
-is estimated that at times as much as one-third of the seed yield is
-collected from the floors of the sleds. It would be a good plan to
-replace the runners of the sleds with very low trucks, as this would
-lighten the draft considerably.
-
-When sweet clover is cut with a self-rake reaper the crop is thrashed
-directly from the field. From 7 to 10 days of good haying weather in
-sufficient to cure the plants in the gavel or cock. Thrashing should
-be done as soon as possible, much seed is shattered by rains and
-winds. While a self-rake reaper is used to some extent in different
-sections of the country, it is used most extensively in the western
-North-Central States, and especially in western Kansas.
-
-
-THE GRAIN BINDER.
-
-A grain binder is employed extensively for cutting the sweet-clover
-seed crop. (Fig. 3.) The general use of this machine in many sections
-of the country is due to the fact that it is found on most farms
-and therefore causes no outlay of money, rather than because of its
-efficient work. It is not so efficient as the self-rake reaper unless
-it is equipped with pans and guards to save the seed which shatters.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Cutting sweet clover for seed with a grain
-binder.]
-
-It is possible to equip the grain binder with pans and extensions to
-the rear elevator plate and binder deck, so that at least 95 per cent
-of the seed which shatters when the crop is cut may be saved. Those
-pans and extensions may be made out of ordinary galvanized metal and
-strap iron. The galvanized metal may be purchased at any tin shop or
-hardware store, and if sufficient strips of iron can not be found
-around the farm for this purpose strap iron may be purchased at any
-blacksmith shop. The material for those pans and extensions should not
-cost more than $4.50 or $5, and it should be possible to have them
-made complete for $8 or $10, including material. Unless there are a
-forge and drill on the farm it will be necessary to have the braces
-and supports for the pans made at a blacksmith shop. The strap iron
-used in connection with the pans may vary in size, but for the most
-part it need not be heavier than one-eighth inch in thickness, and
-seven-eighths inch in width. The supports for the pan under the binder
-deck preferably should be one-quarter inch thick, as this pan will have
-much more strain on it than the pans under the elevators. Where bolts
-are to be used, ordinary stove bolts will suffice.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Plans for a pan to be placed under the opening
-between the platform and lower elevator of a grain binder in order
-to save the sweet-clover seed which falls on the platform and on the
-extension to the rear elevator plate. _A_, size and shape of the metal
-before bending; _B_, general plan of the pan when completed, as viewed
-from the top; _C_, cross section of the pan and outline of the support
-which holds it in position; _D_, stirrup which hooks over the inside
-and to which the support is fastened; _E_, door.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Rear view of a grain binder, showing a cross
-section of the pans and supports and the parts of the machine to which
-they are attached. _A_, Pan under the opening between the platform and
-lower elevator; _B_, support of the pan; _C_, stirrup which fits over
-the inside sill and to which the support is bolted; _D_, angle iron
-under the end of the platform and over which one end of the support is
-hooked; _E_, cross section of pan under the binder deck; _F_, support
-of the pan; _G_, stirrup which hooks over the outside sill and to which
-the support is bolted; _H_, angle iron which supports the guard at the
-end of the deck; _I_, guard which directs the seed that falls on the
-binder deck into the pan below; _J_, binder pipe over which one end of
-the support is hooked.]
-
-The plans for making the pan which should be placed under the opening
-between the platform and the lower elevator are illustrated in figure
-4. The material to be used for this pan should be cut to conform to the
-size and shape shown in figure 4, _A_; the sides should then be bent
-upright along the dotted lines, so that the pan will be 18 inches wide
-at the top. One end, which should be solid, may be made so by bending
-the center portion upright and then bending the sides against it. The
-side and center pieces should be riveted together. (Fig. 4, _C_.) Any
-suitable door which will prevent seed from falling out of the pan will
-suffice for the other end. A door is highly desirable, so that the seed
-may be removed more easily when the pan is full. A convenient type is
-shown in figure 4, _E_. A top view of the pan when completed is given
-in figure 4, _B_. It will be necessary to brace the pan, and this may
-be done by riveting strips of strap iron, preferably one-eighth inch
-thick and one-half inch wide, on the outer edges of the sides.
-
-This pan is held in position by two supports made of strap iron,
-preferably seven-eighths inch wide and one-eighth inch thick, which
-have been bent to conform to the outside of a cross section of the pan.
-(Figs. 4, _C_, and 5, _B_.) The ends of these supports which fasten
-under the platform should be bent to a sharp angle and the tip of each
-slightly flattened, so that they may be pushed between the angle bar
-at the end of the platform and the bottom of the platform. The other
-end of each support should have a hole drilled in it, so that it may be
-bolted to the stirrups, which should be made to hook over the inside
-sill. (Figs. 4, _C_, and 5.) These supports should be placed about
-6 inches from the ends of the pan and riveted or bolted to it. This
-will serve to brace the pan and to hold it in place. The pan may be
-attached to the machine by hooking the supports over the angle iron on
-the bottom of the platform and by bolting them to the stirrups on the
-sill. By supporting the pan in this manner it may be easily and quickly
-attached or removed.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Plans for the pan to be placed under the binder
-deck of the grain binder. _A_, Size and shape the metal should be cut
-before bending; _B_, general plan of the pan when completed, as viewed
-from the top.]
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Plans for the guard to be placed at the end of
-the binder deck of the grain binder and cross section of the pan and
-supports illustrated in figure 6. _A_, Size and shape of the metal for
-the guard; _B_, shape of the guard when completed; _C_, cross section
-of the pan and support to which this guard is attached; _D_, angle iron
-which supports the guard at the end of the deck; _E_, guard bolted in
-position; _F_, stirrup which hooks over the outside sill and to which
-the support is belted.]
-
-The pan to be placed under the deck of the machine will serve to
-collect the seed which is shattered on the deck and the extension to
-the deck. The plans for making this pan are shown in detail in figure
-6. The material should be cut along the solid lines and of the size
-designated in figure 6, _A_. The sides of the pan should be bent upward
-on the dotted lines, so that the pan will be 24 inches wide at the
-top. The ends should then be made in the manner described for the pan
-which is placed under the opening of the platform and lower elevator.
-A door may be put in the rear end of this pan if desired; but this
-is not necessary, as no trouble will be experienced in removing the
-seed. Figure 6, _B_, gives a top view of the pan when completed and
-also a portion, of the guard which serves to direct into this pan the
-seed which shatters on the deck. This guard is shown in detail in
-figure 7. As this pan is larger and heavier than that placed under
-the lower elevator, not only should it have strips of iron riveted
-to the outer edges of the sides, but two cross braces also should be
-employed. Those may be fastened to the strips of iron supporting the
-sides of the pan and should be about 12 inches from the ends of it.
-This pan is supported by two strips of strap iron bent to conform to
-the outside of a cross section of it and hook over the binder pipe
-under the deck and bolt to stirrups placed on the outer sill of the
-frame. Each support may be made from one strip of strap iron. It may be
-necessary to bend the ends of the supports which hook over the binder
-pipe in opposite directions. Both ends of the supports which hook over
-the binder pipe may hook outward, as shown in figure 7, _C_, or the
-rear support may hook inward, as illustrated in figure 5. It is not
-absolutely necessary that those supports of the pan hook in opposite
-directions on the binder pipe, yet when this is done it will make the
-pan more rigid. The pan may be attached by first hooking the supports
-over the binder pipe underneath the deck and then bolting the other end
-of the supports to the stirrups on the outer sill. The pan should be
-fastened to the supports. A cross section of this pan, the supports for
-it, and the stirrups which hook over the sill are shown in figure 7,
-_C_.
-
-If this pan extends beyond the deck so that the seed which is shattered
-on the deck will drop directly into it, the bundles when released from
-the packers will strike the pan. For this reason it is necessary to
-place a guard at the end of the deck, so that the seed which falls on
-the deck will be directed into the pan. This guard, as shown in figures
-5 and 7, consists of a piece of galvanized metal, to the upper side of
-which has been riveted a strip of iron. The upper side of this guard
-should be bent slightly inward at the lower edge of the strip of iron
-and placed in such a position that it will be approximately 1-1/2
-inches beyond the lower end of the binder deck and extend from 1 to
-1-1/2 inches above the deck. If it is placed at right angles to the
-deck and no higher than 1-1/2 inches above it, it will not interfere
-with the bundles as they are released from the packers. This guard
-should be supported by two angles of strap iron, as shown in figure 7,
-_D_. Those braces are bolted to the supports of the pan, and the guard
-is bolted to the braces. As this guard should extend a little below the
-supports of the pan, so as to prevent the wind from blowing the seed
-over it, it is necessary to cut slots in the guard so it will fit over
-the supports. The ends of this guard should be rolled slightly inward,
-so that the seed falling close to them will be directed into the pan.
-When the extension to the binder deck is placed in the proper position,
-the seed collected by it will be directed against the guard and then
-into the pan below.
-
-The extension to the elevator should be bolted to the rear elevator
-plate. This extension should be so wide that the tops of the plants
-will not reach beyond it. The details for this extension are shown in
-figure 8. The outer edge and lower end of this extension should be bent
-upward and slightly inward, so that the seed which falls upon it will
-be directed to the opening between the platform and lower elevator,
-where it will fall into the pan beneath. The curved edge of the lower
-part of this extension should be flattened as much as possible, so
-that it will not interfere with the upper portions of the plants as
-they pass from the platform to the elevators. The opening must be
-sufficiently large, however, to permit small branches and racemos which
-fall upon the extension to pass into the pan. The angle of the lower
-portion of it must be large enough to permit the seed to run directly
-into the pan below. If this portion is sloped from the seat pipe to the
-opening between the platform and the lower elevator no trouble will be
-experienced. This extension may be bolted to the machine by drilling
-holes in it to coincide with those in the elevator plate.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Plan of the extension which is bolted to the
-rear elevator plate of the grain binder. _A_, Size and shape of the
-metal to be used for this extension; _B_, extension when completed.]
-
-It is necessary to widen the binder deck, so as to save the seed which
-is shattered from those portions of the plants which extend beyond it.
-This may be done by bolting to the rear end of this deck an extension,
-as shown in detail in figure 9. This extension may be made from one
-piece of galvanized iron, which should be cut along the solid lines
-and of the size shown in figure 9, _A_. It should be bent upward and
-slightly inward at the dotted lines shown in this figure. The extended
-strips, as shown in figure 9, _B_, should be riveted to the main part
-of the extension. When this is done a trough will be formed along the
-side and lower end of it, so that all seed which shatters upon it will
-be directed into the pan below the deck. The object in riveting the
-extended strips at the end of the extension to the main part is to
-prevent the tops of the plants from catching in the trough when the
-bundles leave the packers. It may be necessary to fasten a brace to
-the bottom of the deck to support this extension. This can be done,
-however, by using a strip of strap iron or wood. The upper end of
-this extension should be bent to fit under the upper end of the one
-attached to the elevator plate, so that the plants will not be hindered
-in passing from one to the other. Both extensions may be braced
-strongly at the top by fastening them to a right angle of iron or wood.
-
-A grain, binder equipped with the pans and extensions herein outlined
-is shown in figure 10.
-
-Binders equipped in the manner described have been tested carefully
-in different sections and have proved beyond doubt that they offer an
-economical device for harvesting sweet clover for seed. This equipment
-has been used most extensively in Livingston County, Ill., where
-farmers have saved with it from $6 to $10 worth of seed per acre. When
-this equipment is used the plants may be permitted to become somewhat
-more mature before cutting, as the seed which is shattered will be
-saved by the pans.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 9.--Extension to the binder deck of the grain
-binder. _A_, size and shape of the metal before bending; _B_, extended
-points which are to be bolted to the main portion of the metal; _C_,
-extension when completed.]
-
-As the pans and extensions described have been designed for one type of
-binder, it may be necessary to modify them slightly for use on other
-types of machines. Before making a set of these pans and extensions
-for any machine, the plans shown should be compared carefully with the
-binder to be equipped, in order that any changes which will need to be
-made may be noted. The pans and extensions at least maybe made on the
-farm, and then it will be an easy matter to check up the measurements
-for the supports, which may be made at a blacksmith shop.
-
-Difficulty may be experienced in cutting sweet clover with a binder
-when the first crop has been permitted to mature, as the plants may
-be so tall that the machine will not handle them properly. This
-difficulty may be overcome entirely in most sections of the country
-by pasturing the field until the first part of June or by cutting the
-first crop for hay. It is recommended that the stubble be left as high
-as possible when cutting sweet clover for seed. Not only will this
-greatly facilitate harvesting but it will leave many of the woody,
-unpalatable portions of the plants on the ground, where they will decay
-quickly, and help to increase the humus content of the soil. (See the
-illustration on the title-page.)
-
-When the seed crop is cut with a binder it is best to shock the bundles
-as soon as possible, so as to avoid unnecessary shattering. Conditions
-should determine whether the bundles be placed in long narrow shocks or
-in round shocks. The plants will cure somewhat faster in long narrow
-shocks, and this form should be preferred when grasshoppers are not
-troublesome. Sweet-clover shocks should not be capped, as capping will
-cause some seed pods to shatter.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 10.--A grain binder equipped with pans and
-extensions to the rear elevator plate and binder deck to save the
-sweet-clover seed which is shattered while cutting the crop.]
-
-
-THE GRAIN HEADER.
-
-Grain headers have been used successfully for harvesting the
-sweet-clover seed crop in several sections of the United States,
-especially in western Kansas. The principal advantages in using this
-machine are that a larger acreage may be cut in a given time than with
-either a grain binder or a self-rake reaper and that a high stubble
-may be left. The greater acreage which may be cut with a header is
-important when large acreages are to be harvested, as much seed is
-lost by shattering if the crop is not cut at the proper stage for
-harvesting, while the high stubble which may be left when cutting
-the seed crop with a grain header is a decided advantage, as it not
-only reduces greatly the weight and bulb of the plants which must be
-thrashed, but it also leaves the hard, woody portions on the ground,
-where they will decay and be of some value as a fertilizer. It is best
-to remove only those portions of the plants which contain sufficient
-seed to thrash, but this is not always possible, even with a header,
-unless the field contains a fairly thin stand and the plants are not
-more than 4-1/2 to 5 feet high. When the seed crop is to be cut with
-a grain header, it usually is permitted to stand somewhat longer than
-when other machines are used.
-
-A tin pan or some other receptacle should be placed at the lower end of
-the header elevator in order to save the seed which otherwise would be
-lost at that place.
-
-The plants are carried into header wagons or barges in the same way
-as grain. When a heavy crop is cut it will be necessary to have two
-men in the barge to handle the plants. The floor of the header wagon
-should be made perfectly tight, or it should be covered with a canvas
-or tarpaulin, so as to save the seed pods which shatter.
-
-When the crop is cut at the proper stage it may be placed directly in
-stacks or ricks without danger of heating or molding, provided the
-ricks are covered or topped with some material which will shed water
-and are built upon a foundation, so that air may circulate under them.
-Native grass or green sweet-clover plants of the first year's crop will
-serve very nicely for topping the stacks.
-
-It is the custom of some people to place the barge loads close together
-in individual stacks so located that they may be hauled quickly and
-easily to the thrashing machine. On other farms enough barge loads
-are placed together to make a rick approximately 10 by 10 by 40 feet
-in size. When each barge load is placed in a separate stack it is
-necessary to load the plants again, so as to haul them to the thrashing
-machine. The shattering of seed pods and the extra labor caused by
-reloading and by hauling the plants may be avoided for the most part
-by placing the crop in ricks large enough for a day's thrashing. It is
-good practice to place such ricks in pairs sufficiently close together
-for both to be pitched directly to the feeder of the machine. When this
-method is employed two days' thrashing may be done without moving the
-machine.
-
-The header binder, consisting of an attachment placed upon the header
-to bind the cut plants, has been used successfully in cutting the
-sweet-clover seed crop.
-
-
-THE CORN HARVESTER.
-
-Corn harvesters are proving to be efficient machines for cutting sweet
-clover which has made a growth too large to be cut with a grain binder.
-Even when the field has been seeded broadcast a 3-foot swath may be cut
-with the corn harvester, provided the gathering or divider points are
-extended to collect the plants. This may be done by fastening to each
-point a piece of wood or iron about 18 inches long. When a corn binder
-is used no more seed is lost from shattering than when an ordinary
-grain harvester is employed, unless the later is equipped with special
-pans and extensions, for the reason, primarily, that the portions of
-the plants which produce most of the seed extend above the gathering
-or divider boards and are not crushed. When a 5-foot or larger growth
-is cut with a corn binder, the plants are tied below the seed-bearing
-branches.
-
-In the semiarid sections of the country a limited quantity of sweet
-clover is planted in rows for both forage and seed production. In such
-a case the seed may be harvested with a corn binder. (Fig. 11.)
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Cutting sweet clover for seed with a corn
-harvester. This field had been seeded in 30-inch rows.]
-
-
-
-
-STACKING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP.
-
-
-Much discussion has taken place among extensive growers of sweet clover
-as to the advisability of stacking the seed crop after it is cut with a
-grain binder or a corn harvester. The conditions present in each case
-should determine the proper course to pursue. If it will be impossible
-to thrash within 10 days after cutting, much less seed will be lost by
-stacking two or three days after cutting than by permitting the plants
-to remain in the field subject to possible rains. In such cases it is
-urged that the crop be stacked, as the seed saved by this operation, if
-the handling is done with care, will much more than pay for the labor.
-When it is possible to thrash in a week or 10 days after cutting,
-the crop should be thrashed directly from the field, as little seed
-ordinarily will be lost during this time and the work of stacking will
-be avoided.
-
-When the crop is to be stacked, the stacks should be built in the same
-way as stacks of grain; and when properly built they will shed water
-as well as grain stacks. (Fig. 12.) It is well, however, to provide a
-covering, and if canvas is not available a top-dressing of green grain
-or young sweet-clover plants will suffice. Sweet clover should remain
-in the stack for three or four weeks, as it will require about that
-time for the plants to pass through the sweat. A stack should always
-be placed on high ground, where water will not collect about the base,
-and it is recommended that a foundation of some kind be provided, so
-that air may circulate beneath. A few posts or rails will answer this
-purpose very well.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 12.--A stack of sweet clover.]
-
-
-
-
-THRASHING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP.
-
-
-Two methods are in general use for thrashing the sweet-clover seed
-crop. The seed may be flailed from the plants, or it may be removed by
-a grain separator or a clover huller.
-
-
-FLAILING THE SEED.
-
-Much of the sweet-clover seed harvested in the South is flailed from
-the plants. This method is necessarily slow and does not hull the seed.
-It is practicable, therefore, only in regions where the necessary
-machinery for hulling the seed crop is not available or where the
-acreage to be thrashed is very limited. One advantage of thrashing the
-seed in this manner is that the straw is left in the field, where it
-will add much organic matter to the soil.
-
-When the seed is to be flailed, the crop ordinarily is cut with a
-scythe or mowing machine and the plants raked into piles or windrows.
-If only small areas are to be harvested in this manner, a canvas or
-tarpaulin may be spread on the ground beside a windrow or pile and
-several forkfuls of sweet clover pitched on the canvas, where the seed
-may be removed from the plants by striking them a few times with
-flails, sticks, or forks. After the plants have been struck a few times
-they should be turned over and struck again. When the seed is removed
-front the plants, the straw may be pitched to one side, the canvas
-placed beside another portion of the windrow or by another pile, and
-the operation repeated. It is not necessary to remove the seed from the
-canvas until its weight or bulk interferes with moving the canvas.
-
-It is the practice in some sections of the country to place a
-well-braced frame, covered with wire netting, on a sled and to flail
-the seed on this frame. The netting used for covering the frame should
-have meshes 1 inch or loss in diameter. The sled should be at least 7
-feet wide and 10 feet long and should have sides and ends approximately
-12 inches high. Smaller sleds sometimes are used, but a larger one is
-to be preferred if two or more persons are to flail on it at one time.
-If the floor of the sled is not perfectly tight, it should be covered
-with canvas and the edges of the canvas thrown over the sides and ends
-of the sled, so as to avoid losing any of the seed and to facilitate
-its removal. A sled so equipped may be drawn from pile to pile, the
-plants pitched on it, the seed flailed from them, and the straw
-returned to the land for soil improvement.
-
-Another method, very similar to that just described, is to place a
-frame on a hayrack. The frame should be built sufficiently strong and
-in such a manner that the person who is to do the flailing may stand
-on it. It should be covered preferably with galvanized-wire netting
-having half-inch meshes, and if this is stretched tightly it will
-serve to strengthen the frame. If it is not practicable to make the
-hayrack perfectly tight, it should be covered with a tarpaulin or
-canvas. A wagon so equipped may be pulled from pile to pile or along
-the windrows, where one person may pitch the plants upon the frame, to
-be flailed by one or more persons standing on it. After the seed is
-removed from the plants, the straw may be scattered easily and quickly
-over the ground for soil improvement.
-
-Flailed seed should be cleaned thoroughly with sieves and fanning
-mills to remove the inert matter and immature pods before it is sown
-or offered for sale on the market. It is recommended that whenever
-possible unhulled seed be run through a clover huller to hull the seed
-or through an Ames hulling and scarifying machine to remove the hulls
-and to scarify the seed. By this process the outer coat of the seed
-is scratched or broken. The scarifying increases the percentage of
-germination by facilitating the entrance of moisture.
-
-[Illustration: Fig. 13.--Thrashing sweet clover with a grain separator.
-Note the large sleds used for handling the plants from the field to the
-thrashing machine.]
-
-
-THE GRAIN SEPARATOR.
-
-A grain separator (fig. 13) is used more than any other machine for
-thrashing sweet clover. This is because more grain separators than
-clover hullers are found in localities where sweet clover is grown
-and because the ordinary clover huller will not handle a large growth
-of sweet clover satisfactorily. When the grain separator is operated
-carefully no trouble should be experienced in removing the seed from
-the plants, but it is necessary to make certain adjustments if the
-seed is to be hulled. The adjustments required will vary somewhat with
-the make of machine and the dryness of the crop. The riddles should be
-adjusted or changed so they will handle sweet-clover seed properly.
-Alfalfa or red-clover riddles will answer this purpose. The speed of
-the fan should be decreased, so the seed will not be blown over, and
-this usually will be accomplished when the speed is reduced to about
-one-half that used in thrashing grain. The number of rows of concave
-teeth which should be used will vary with the dryness of the plants
-and somewhat with their size. When it is not desired to hull the seed,
-one or two rows of concave teeth will be sufficient. Some operators
-believe that one or two rows are sufficient to hull 40 to 50 per cent
-of the seed when the plants are very dry. Those are exceptional cases,
-and hulled seed should not be expected unless more rows of concave
-teeth are used. If hulled seed is desired it is recommended that a
-full set be used and that these be set to run closer to the cylinder
-teeth than is customary when thrashing grain. Some operators replace
-two rows of the smooth, concave teeth with corrugated teeth. This
-practice is recommended wherever possible, as the corrugated teeth will
-facilitate greatly the hulling of the seed. Even where these changes
-are made, only a small percentage of the seed will be hulled if the
-pods are damp. If the plants have been permitted to make a very large
-growth the machine may clog unless the number of rows of concave teeth
-is reduced. Clogging may be overcome for the most part by feeding the
-bundles to the machine slowly. This precaution is necessary regardless
-of the size of the plants if the seed is to be removed properly and
-hulled. It is possible to hull from 90 to 95 per cent of the seed when
-the proper adjustments are made and the plants are dry.
-
-A clover-hulling attachment, which consists for the most part of
-special sieves and a number of rows of corrugated concave teeth which
-replace the ordinary concave teeth, has been used with success in
-different sections of the country.
-
-
-THE CLOVER HULLER.
-
-As a rule, ordinary clover hullers do not handle sweet clover very
-satisfactorily. Machines with cylinders larger than those commonly used
-are giving fair satisfaction provided the plants do not make a large
-growth, but even these machines have not been so successful as properly
-adjusted and equipped grain separators. A clover huller will handle a 2
-to 3 foot growth of sweet clover if the rows of thrashing concaves are
-reduced and the plants are fed slowly to the machine. It will not hull
-sweet clover as well as red clover, and it is very doubtful whether
-it will hull more seed than a grain separator equipped with a hulling
-attachment.
-
-The manufacturer of at least one clover huller has designed special
-rasps for the hulling cylinder and concaves of his machine, and these
-rasps do better work than the ones ordinarily used for hulling red
-clover.
-
-It is the custom in some localities to run the sweet clover through a
-thrashing machine without adjusting the concaves and then to run the
-unhulled seed as delivered by the grain separator through a clover
-huller. A fair quality of seed may be obtained by this process, but
-it calls for much extra labor and time, and for this reason should be
-avoided Whenever possible.
-
-
-
-
-YIELDS OF SWEET-CLOVER SEED.
-
-
-Many factors besides shattering influence the yield of sweet-clover
-seed. As only those portions of the plants exposed directly to the
-sunlight set seed abundantly, thin stands usually produce more seed to
-the acre than heavy stands. When very heavy stands make a large growth,
-seed is produced only on the upper 24 to 30 inches of the plants,
-whereas with thinner stands it is produced on the lower branches as
-well.
-
-The quantity of moisture in the soil at the time the seed is maturing
-is an important factor also. During hot, dry weather the plants may not
-be able to absorb from the soil sufficient water to supply the excess
-required by them for seed production. In this event many of the seed
-pods will abort and fall when partly mature. Pods abort and fall in
-a very short time, so that partly shriveled ones seldom are found on
-the plants, although the extent of the aborting is shown by the number
-of barren racemos. When such weather conditions prevail, the second
-crop usually will produce a heavier yield than the first crop. This is
-due for the most part to the inability of the large plants to obtain
-sufficient water for seed production. The much smaller plants of the
-second crop do not require as much moisture as the larger plants of the
-first crop, as the vegetative growth is seldom more than half as much.
-
-The type of root growth has much to do with the quantity of water the
-plants are able to obtain during droughty weather. When sweet clover is
-planted on soil that has a tendency to be wet, the plants will produce
-a much-branched shallow root system instead of the normal deep roots
-which are found on well-drained soils. During dry weather the upper
-layers of soil become so depleted that plants having a very large
-percentage of their roots in these layers can not obtain a sufficient
-quantity of moisture to supply their requirements for seed production.
-
-It is often stated that the first crop of sweet clover will produce
-more seed to the acre than the second crop. This depends very largely
-upon the thickness of the stand and on weather conditions. In regions
-where two crops may be grown in a season, the first usually will
-produce more seed to the acre than the second if the field has a thin
-stand. When the stand is thick the second crop ordinarily yields more
-seed. In regions where a crop of hay or pasturage may be obtained in
-addition to the seed crop, it is seldom an economical procedure to
-permit the first crop to mature. Not only will sweet clover produce an
-abundance of nutritious pasturage or a cutting of 1 to 3 tons of hay in
-addition to the seed, but the difficulty of handling the large, stemmy
-growth of the first crop for seed is avoided.
-
-Yields of sweet-clover seed have been reduced during the last two
-seasons by several fungous diseases. Experimental work has not been
-completed to show the percentage of damage done by these organisms, but
-in some sections of the country seed yields were reduced considerably.
-The clover stem borer,[2] which is prevalent in red clover in certain
-sections of the country, also infests sweet clover. It is probable that
-this insect did some damage to the seed crop in certain sections of the
-country in 1916.
-
-[2] Languria mozardi.
-
-The yield of sweet-clover seed varies from 2 to 10 bushels of
-re-cleaned seed per acre.
-
-
-
-
-SWEET-CLOVER STRAW.
-
-
-Sweet-clover straw may be utilized for soil improvement or as a
-roughage for stock. When it is not needed for feeding it should be
-turned under, as it will add much humus and nitrogen to the soil.
-When the seed is flailed from the plants the straw may be easily and
-quickly spread over the land at the time of flailing, but when the
-crop is thrashed with a grain separator or a clover huller it will be
-necessary to haul the straw and scatter it over the field. When the
-crop is thrashed in this manner the straw will be broken and crushed
-so that stock will eat it freely. The straw may be run directly from
-the thrashing machine into the silo, where, by adding sufficient water,
-it can be made into good silage. Table I gives the analyses of nine
-samples of sweet-clover straw which were collected in Illinois in the
-fall of 1916.
-
-
-Table I.--Analyses of sweet-clover straw.[3]
-
-                                              |       | Nitrogen-
-         |         |       | Fiber   |        | Crude |   free
-  Sample.|Moisture.|  Ash. | extract.|Protein.| fiber.| extract.
-  -------+---------+-------+---------+--------+-------+-----------
-         |         |       |         |        |       |
-  No. 1  |  4.2    |  3.18 |  1.20   |  8.31  | 49.37 |  33.74
-  No. 2  |  4.7    |  3.40 |  1.03   |  5.88  | 53.65 |  31.34
-  No. 3  |  5.34   |  3.02 |   .89   |  6.14  | 51.11 |  32.9
-  No. 4  |  5.55   |  4.14 |  1.54   |  8.44  | 43.00 |  37.33
-  No. 5  |  4.75   |  2.64 |  1.28   |  6.81  | 51.42 |  32.8
-  No. 6  |  4.23   |  2.58 |  1.13   |  5.44  | 55.41 |  31.21
-  No. 7  |  5.53   |  3.66 |  1.52   |  7.19  | 46.34 |  35.70
-  No. 8  |  4.65   |  2.98 |  1.38   |  7.09  | 51.56 |  32.34
-  No. 9. |  4.92   |  4.22 |  1.70   |  8.44  | 46.11 |  34.61
-  -------+---------+-------+---------+--------+-------+-----------
-
-
-[3] These analyses were made by the Bureau of Chemistry.
-
-
-
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-
-Transcriber Note
-
-
-Minor typos may have been corrected. Illustrations were moved to
-prevent splitting of paragraphs. Content produced from files generously
-provided by the USDA through The Internet Archive and all resultant
-files are placed in the Public Domain.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836, by H. S. Coe
-
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