diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/62921.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/62921.txt | 1316 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1316 deletions
diff --git a/old/62921.txt b/old/62921.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 1496dce..0000000 --- a/old/62921.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1316 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836, by H. S. Coe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836 - Sweet Clover: Harvesting and Thrashing the Seed Crop - -Author: H. S. Coe - -Release Date: August 13, 2020 [EBook #62921] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 836 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously made -available by USDA through The Internet Archive. All -resultant materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis is denoted as _Italics_. Whole and fractional parts of -numbers as 123-4/5. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER - -HARVESTING AND THRASHING THE SEED CROP - - -H. S. COE - -Assistant Agrononmist, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations - - -[Illustration] - - -FARMERS' BULLETIN 836 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - - -Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry - -WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief - - - - Washington, D. C. July, 1917 - - - Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be obtained - free from the Division of Publications, United States Department of - Agriculture - - WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917 - - -SWEET CLOVER should be cut for seed when three-fourths of the seed pods -have turned dark brown to black. At this time some flowers and many -immature pods will be found on the plants, but the field will have a -brownish cast. - -Sweet-clover seed pods shatter badly when mature. For this reason every -precaution should be taken to cut the plants at the proper stage and to -save as much of the shattered seed as possible. - -Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants when they -are damp from rain or dew. - -No machine thus far placed on the market has given entire satisfaction -in cutting sweet clover for seed. - -The ordinary mower should not be used for harvesting the seed crop. The -seed crop is usually cut with a self-rake reaper, grain binder, grain -header, or corn harvester. The self-rake reaper and the grain binder -have been most satisfactory. - -The seed crop should be stacked unless it can be thrashed within two -weeks after cutting. - -Much shattered seed will be saved if a wagon with a tight floor is used -for hauling the plants. If the wagon bed is not tight it should be -covered with a tarpaulin or canvas. - -The seed may be flailed from the plants, as is customary in the South, -or it may be thrashed with a grain separator or clover huller, as is -the practice in the North. - -The ordinary grain separator may be adjusted so that it will hull 90 -per cent of the seed. - -Sweet-clover straw has considerable feeding value. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER: HARVESTING AND THRASHING THE SEED CROP.[1] - -[1] This bulletin discusses only the harvesting and thrashing of the -sweet-clover seed crop. The growing of sweet clover and its utilization -are discussed in Farmers' Bulletin 797, entitled "Sweet Clover; -Growing the Crop," and Farmer's Bulletin 820, entitled "Sweet Clover: -Utilization," respectively. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Page. - - The crop to harvest for seed 3 - - Time to cut the seed crop 4 - - Loss of seed from shattering 4 - - Machinery used for harvesting the seed crop 5 - - Stacking the sweet-clover seed crop 17 - - Thrashing the sweet-clover seed crop 18 - - Yields of sweet-clover seed 21 - - Sweet-clover straw 23 - - - -THE CROP TO HARVEST FOR SEED. - - -White sweet clover and biennial yellow sweet clover are harvested for -seed the year following seeding. In localities where those species will -produce two cuttings the second year, either the first or the second -crop may be harvested for seed. As the plants die when mature, only one -cutting will be obtained if the first crop is permitted to ripen. It is -becoming a general practice in many sections of the country to utilize -the first crop of the second season for pasture, ensilage, or hay, and -the second crop for seed. As a rule, this is the most profitable and -economical way to handle sweet clover, as the first crop will produce -an abundance of nutritious pasturage or from 6 to 10 tons of ensilage -or 1 to 3 tons of hay to the acre. The second crop seldom grows more -than 4 feet high when the first crop is pastured or cut. The shorter -growth of the second crop is a very desirable feature, as it may be cut -with a grain binder without difficulty. When the first crop of white -sweet clover is permitted to mature, the plants often make so large -a growth that it is very difficult to handle them with ordinary farm -machinery. This trouble is experienced more often in humid regions than -in semiarid sections. - -As biennial yellow sweet clover seldom grows as tall as the white -species, little difficulty is experienced in cutting the first crop -of the second year for seed with a grain binder. Annual yellow sweet -clover, or sour clover, is seldom grown for seed, as a sufficient -quantity to supply the market is obtained from the screenings of wheat -grown in the Southwest. - -Sweet-clover seed ripens irregularly and shatters badly when mature. On -this account much seed is lost before and during harvest, and ordinary -harvesting machinery has not been entirely satisfactory for handling -the crop. - - - - -TIME TO CUT THE SEED CROP. - - -Opinions of extensive growers of sweet clover differ as to the proper -stage at which to cut the seed crop. Some believe that it should be cut -when the pods on the lower branches have turned dark brown to black, -while others maintain that it is best to wait until the seed on the -upper portions of the plants is mature. The time of cutting the seed -crop should be governed largely by the machinery which is to be used. -If the plants are to be harvested with a self-rake reaper or a grain -binder, they should be cut when approximately three-fourths of the -seed pods have turned dark brown to black. At this time some flowers -and many immature pods will be found on the plants, but the field will -have a brownish cast. If the crop is not cut until the seed pods on the -uppermost branches have matured, most of the pods on the lower branches -will have shattered. - -It is the practice in regions where a grain header is employed to -permit the plants to become somewhat more mature before cutting the -seed crop than in sections where other machines are used. More seed -is shattered when the plants are cut at the latter stage, but this is -not necessarily a loss, as the grain header is employed for the most -part in semiarid regions, where the shattered seed is depended upon to -reseed the land. - - - - -LOSS OF SEED FROM SHATTERING. - - -From one-fifth to three-fourths of the total seed yield of sweet clover -is lost from shattering. The percentage of the loss which occurs before -harvesting will depend largely on the time the crop is cut. Much seed -may be lost if harvesting is delayed for only a few days, and many -fields have been observed in which at least 90 per cent of the seed had -shattered in less then two weeks after the time the plants should have -been cut. - -The percentage of seed which is lost in harvesting will depend largely -upon the manner of handling the crop. The binder or header may be -equipped at a small cost, so that much of the seed which ordinarily is -lost while cutting may be saved. Much shattered seed will be saved by -using wagons with tight platforms or platforms covered with canvas. All -unnecessary handling should be avoided. - -Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants when they -are damp from rain or dew. It is the practice in some regions to cut in -the early morning or late evening, but this procedure will apply only -to small acreages, since it is necessary to cut the crop as soon as -possible when it reaches the proper stage for harvesting. It is a good -practice to cut sweet clover at night, as the plants usually are damp -at that time. - - - - -MACHINERY USED FOR HARVESTING THE SEED CROP. - - -No machine thus far manufactured has given entire satisfaction for -cutting the sweet-clover seed crop. On account of the ease with which -the pods shatter, it is a question whether any machine can be devised -which will handle this crop without the loss of some seed. It is -possible and practicable, however, for farmers at a small cost to equip -their binders with pans and guards, so as to save most of the seed -which otherwise would be lost. - - -THE ORDINARY MOWER. - -The ordinary mowing machine is one of the most unsatisfactory devices -used for harvesting this crop, as the subsequent handling necessary -to place the plants in windrows or cocks causes much of the seed to -shatter. The use of this machine for this purpose should be avoided -whenever possible. - - -THE SELF-RAKE REAPER. - -The self-rake reaper is one of the most efficient machines employed to -cut sweet clover for seed. (Fig. 1.) This machine deposits the newly -cut plants with the tops all turned one way in gavels or bunches at the -side, so that the horses do not trample them on the next round. A high -stubble also may be left, thereby reducing the weight and bulk of the -plants which must be hauled to the thrashing machine. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.--A self-rake reaper used in some sections of the -country for cutting the sweet-clover seed crop.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.--A sled used in western Kansas for hauling sweet -clover from the field to the thrashing machine.] - -It is the custom in some localities to leave the gavels to cure as -dropped by the reaper on the ground, while in other sections they are -placed in cocks that weigh about 300 pounds each when cured. If the -gavels are to be placed in cocks, this should be done immediately after -cutting, as the plants will be somewhat green and tough at this time -and fewer pods will shatter than when the plants are permitted to dry -before handling. When the crop is to be hauled to the thrashing machine -on wagons it is best to permit the gavels to cure as dropped by the -reaper, as it will then be possible to pitch them on the wagon with -a large 4-tined fork. If the crop is to be hauled to the thrashing -machine on large sleds, which is the practice in western Kansas, less -seed will be lost from shattering if the gavels at the time of cutting -are placed in cocks of such a size that they may be put on the sleds -entire by two men lifting from opposite sides of the cock with 4-tined -forks. The sleds used for this purpose usually are 12 by 20 foot in -size, made of matched flooring and with 6 to 12 inch sides. (Fig. 2.) -Matched or tight floors are necessary, so that all seed which shatters -may be saved. These would not be so essential, however, if the sleds -were covered with a tarpaulin or canvas. From the standpoint of saving -shattered seed, this method of hauling the crop from the field to the -thrashing machine is possibly the most economical thus far used. It -is estimated that at times as much as one-third of the seed yield is -collected from the floors of the sleds. It would be a good plan to -replace the runners of the sleds with very low trucks, as this would -lighten the draft considerably. - -When sweet clover is cut with a self-rake reaper the crop is thrashed -directly from the field. From 7 to 10 days of good haying weather in -sufficient to cure the plants in the gavel or cock. Thrashing should -be done as soon as possible, much seed is shattered by rains and -winds. While a self-rake reaper is used to some extent in different -sections of the country, it is used most extensively in the western -North-Central States, and especially in western Kansas. - - -THE GRAIN BINDER. - -A grain binder is employed extensively for cutting the sweet-clover -seed crop. (Fig. 3.) The general use of this machine in many sections -of the country is due to the fact that it is found on most farms -and therefore causes no outlay of money, rather than because of its -efficient work. It is not so efficient as the self-rake reaper unless -it is equipped with pans and guards to save the seed which shatters. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Cutting sweet clover for seed with a grain -binder.] - -It is possible to equip the grain binder with pans and extensions to -the rear elevator plate and binder deck, so that at least 95 per cent -of the seed which shatters when the crop is cut may be saved. Those -pans and extensions may be made out of ordinary galvanized metal and -strap iron. The galvanized metal may be purchased at any tin shop or -hardware store, and if sufficient strips of iron can not be found -around the farm for this purpose strap iron may be purchased at any -blacksmith shop. The material for those pans and extensions should not -cost more than $4.50 or $5, and it should be possible to have them -made complete for $8 or $10, including material. Unless there are a -forge and drill on the farm it will be necessary to have the braces -and supports for the pans made at a blacksmith shop. The strap iron -used in connection with the pans may vary in size, but for the most -part it need not be heavier than one-eighth inch in thickness, and -seven-eighths inch in width. The supports for the pan under the binder -deck preferably should be one-quarter inch thick, as this pan will have -much more strain on it than the pans under the elevators. Where bolts -are to be used, ordinary stove bolts will suffice. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Plans for a pan to be placed under the opening -between the platform and lower elevator of a grain binder in order -to save the sweet-clover seed which falls on the platform and on the -extension to the rear elevator plate. _A_, size and shape of the metal -before bending; _B_, general plan of the pan when completed, as viewed -from the top; _C_, cross section of the pan and outline of the support -which holds it in position; _D_, stirrup which hooks over the inside -and to which the support is fastened; _E_, door.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Rear view of a grain binder, showing a cross -section of the pans and supports and the parts of the machine to which -they are attached. _A_, Pan under the opening between the platform and -lower elevator; _B_, support of the pan; _C_, stirrup which fits over -the inside sill and to which the support is bolted; _D_, angle iron -under the end of the platform and over which one end of the support is -hooked; _E_, cross section of pan under the binder deck; _F_, support -of the pan; _G_, stirrup which hooks over the outside sill and to which -the support is bolted; _H_, angle iron which supports the guard at the -end of the deck; _I_, guard which directs the seed that falls on the -binder deck into the pan below; _J_, binder pipe over which one end of -the support is hooked.] - -The plans for making the pan which should be placed under the opening -between the platform and the lower elevator are illustrated in figure -4. The material to be used for this pan should be cut to conform to the -size and shape shown in figure 4, _A_; the sides should then be bent -upright along the dotted lines, so that the pan will be 18 inches wide -at the top. One end, which should be solid, may be made so by bending -the center portion upright and then bending the sides against it. The -side and center pieces should be riveted together. (Fig. 4, _C_.) Any -suitable door which will prevent seed from falling out of the pan will -suffice for the other end. A door is highly desirable, so that the seed -may be removed more easily when the pan is full. A convenient type is -shown in figure 4, _E_. A top view of the pan when completed is given -in figure 4, _B_. It will be necessary to brace the pan, and this may -be done by riveting strips of strap iron, preferably one-eighth inch -thick and one-half inch wide, on the outer edges of the sides. - -This pan is held in position by two supports made of strap iron, -preferably seven-eighths inch wide and one-eighth inch thick, which -have been bent to conform to the outside of a cross section of the pan. -(Figs. 4, _C_, and 5, _B_.) The ends of these supports which fasten -under the platform should be bent to a sharp angle and the tip of each -slightly flattened, so that they may be pushed between the angle bar -at the end of the platform and the bottom of the platform. The other -end of each support should have a hole drilled in it, so that it may be -bolted to the stirrups, which should be made to hook over the inside -sill. (Figs. 4, _C_, and 5.) These supports should be placed about -6 inches from the ends of the pan and riveted or bolted to it. This -will serve to brace the pan and to hold it in place. The pan may be -attached to the machine by hooking the supports over the angle iron on -the bottom of the platform and by bolting them to the stirrups on the -sill. By supporting the pan in this manner it may be easily and quickly -attached or removed. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Plans for the pan to be placed under the binder -deck of the grain binder. _A_, Size and shape the metal should be cut -before bending; _B_, general plan of the pan when completed, as viewed -from the top.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Plans for the guard to be placed at the end of -the binder deck of the grain binder and cross section of the pan and -supports illustrated in figure 6. _A_, Size and shape of the metal for -the guard; _B_, shape of the guard when completed; _C_, cross section -of the pan and support to which this guard is attached; _D_, angle iron -which supports the guard at the end of the deck; _E_, guard bolted in -position; _F_, stirrup which hooks over the outside sill and to which -the support is belted.] - -The pan to be placed under the deck of the machine will serve to -collect the seed which is shattered on the deck and the extension to -the deck. The plans for making this pan are shown in detail in figure -6. The material should be cut along the solid lines and of the size -designated in figure 6, _A_. The sides of the pan should be bent upward -on the dotted lines, so that the pan will be 24 inches wide at the -top. The ends should then be made in the manner described for the pan -which is placed under the opening of the platform and lower elevator. -A door may be put in the rear end of this pan if desired; but this -is not necessary, as no trouble will be experienced in removing the -seed. Figure 6, _B_, gives a top view of the pan when completed and -also a portion, of the guard which serves to direct into this pan the -seed which shatters on the deck. This guard is shown in detail in -figure 7. As this pan is larger and heavier than that placed under -the lower elevator, not only should it have strips of iron riveted -to the outer edges of the sides, but two cross braces also should be -employed. Those may be fastened to the strips of iron supporting the -sides of the pan and should be about 12 inches from the ends of it. -This pan is supported by two strips of strap iron bent to conform to -the outside of a cross section of it and hook over the binder pipe -under the deck and bolt to stirrups placed on the outer sill of the -frame. Each support may be made from one strip of strap iron. It may be -necessary to bend the ends of the supports which hook over the binder -pipe in opposite directions. Both ends of the supports which hook over -the binder pipe may hook outward, as shown in figure 7, _C_, or the -rear support may hook inward, as illustrated in figure 5. It is not -absolutely necessary that those supports of the pan hook in opposite -directions on the binder pipe, yet when this is done it will make the -pan more rigid. The pan may be attached by first hooking the supports -over the binder pipe underneath the deck and then bolting the other end -of the supports to the stirrups on the outer sill. The pan should be -fastened to the supports. A cross section of this pan, the supports for -it, and the stirrups which hook over the sill are shown in figure 7, -_C_. - -If this pan extends beyond the deck so that the seed which is shattered -on the deck will drop directly into it, the bundles when released from -the packers will strike the pan. For this reason it is necessary to -place a guard at the end of the deck, so that the seed which falls on -the deck will be directed into the pan. This guard, as shown in figures -5 and 7, consists of a piece of galvanized metal, to the upper side of -which has been riveted a strip of iron. The upper side of this guard -should be bent slightly inward at the lower edge of the strip of iron -and placed in such a position that it will be approximately 1-1/2 -inches beyond the lower end of the binder deck and extend from 1 to -1-1/2 inches above the deck. If it is placed at right angles to the -deck and no higher than 1-1/2 inches above it, it will not interfere -with the bundles as they are released from the packers. This guard -should be supported by two angles of strap iron, as shown in figure 7, -_D_. Those braces are bolted to the supports of the pan, and the guard -is bolted to the braces. As this guard should extend a little below the -supports of the pan, so as to prevent the wind from blowing the seed -over it, it is necessary to cut slots in the guard so it will fit over -the supports. The ends of this guard should be rolled slightly inward, -so that the seed falling close to them will be directed into the pan. -When the extension to the binder deck is placed in the proper position, -the seed collected by it will be directed against the guard and then -into the pan below. - -The extension to the elevator should be bolted to the rear elevator -plate. This extension should be so wide that the tops of the plants -will not reach beyond it. The details for this extension are shown in -figure 8. The outer edge and lower end of this extension should be bent -upward and slightly inward, so that the seed which falls upon it will -be directed to the opening between the platform and lower elevator, -where it will fall into the pan beneath. The curved edge of the lower -part of this extension should be flattened as much as possible, so -that it will not interfere with the upper portions of the plants as -they pass from the platform to the elevators. The opening must be -sufficiently large, however, to permit small branches and racemos which -fall upon the extension to pass into the pan. The angle of the lower -portion of it must be large enough to permit the seed to run directly -into the pan below. If this portion is sloped from the seat pipe to the -opening between the platform and the lower elevator no trouble will be -experienced. This extension may be bolted to the machine by drilling -holes in it to coincide with those in the elevator plate. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Plan of the extension which is bolted to the -rear elevator plate of the grain binder. _A_, Size and shape of the -metal to be used for this extension; _B_, extension when completed.] - -It is necessary to widen the binder deck, so as to save the seed which -is shattered from those portions of the plants which extend beyond it. -This may be done by bolting to the rear end of this deck an extension, -as shown in detail in figure 9. This extension may be made from one -piece of galvanized iron, which should be cut along the solid lines -and of the size shown in figure 9, _A_. It should be bent upward and -slightly inward at the dotted lines shown in this figure. The extended -strips, as shown in figure 9, _B_, should be riveted to the main part -of the extension. When this is done a trough will be formed along the -side and lower end of it, so that all seed which shatters upon it will -be directed into the pan below the deck. The object in riveting the -extended strips at the end of the extension to the main part is to -prevent the tops of the plants from catching in the trough when the -bundles leave the packers. It may be necessary to fasten a brace to -the bottom of the deck to support this extension. This can be done, -however, by using a strip of strap iron or wood. The upper end of -this extension should be bent to fit under the upper end of the one -attached to the elevator plate, so that the plants will not be hindered -in passing from one to the other. Both extensions may be braced -strongly at the top by fastening them to a right angle of iron or wood. - -A grain, binder equipped with the pans and extensions herein outlined -is shown in figure 10. - -Binders equipped in the manner described have been tested carefully -in different sections and have proved beyond doubt that they offer an -economical device for harvesting sweet clover for seed. This equipment -has been used most extensively in Livingston County, Ill., where -farmers have saved with it from $6 to $10 worth of seed per acre. When -this equipment is used the plants may be permitted to become somewhat -more mature before cutting, as the seed which is shattered will be -saved by the pans. - -[Illustration: Fig. 9.--Extension to the binder deck of the grain -binder. _A_, size and shape of the metal before bending; _B_, extended -points which are to be bolted to the main portion of the metal; _C_, -extension when completed.] - -As the pans and extensions described have been designed for one type of -binder, it may be necessary to modify them slightly for use on other -types of machines. Before making a set of these pans and extensions -for any machine, the plans shown should be compared carefully with the -binder to be equipped, in order that any changes which will need to be -made may be noted. The pans and extensions at least maybe made on the -farm, and then it will be an easy matter to check up the measurements -for the supports, which may be made at a blacksmith shop. - -Difficulty may be experienced in cutting sweet clover with a binder -when the first crop has been permitted to mature, as the plants may -be so tall that the machine will not handle them properly. This -difficulty may be overcome entirely in most sections of the country -by pasturing the field until the first part of June or by cutting the -first crop for hay. It is recommended that the stubble be left as high -as possible when cutting sweet clover for seed. Not only will this -greatly facilitate harvesting but it will leave many of the woody, -unpalatable portions of the plants on the ground, where they will decay -quickly, and help to increase the humus content of the soil. (See the -illustration on the title-page.) - -When the seed crop is cut with a binder it is best to shock the bundles -as soon as possible, so as to avoid unnecessary shattering. Conditions -should determine whether the bundles be placed in long narrow shocks or -in round shocks. The plants will cure somewhat faster in long narrow -shocks, and this form should be preferred when grasshoppers are not -troublesome. Sweet-clover shocks should not be capped, as capping will -cause some seed pods to shatter. - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.--A grain binder equipped with pans and -extensions to the rear elevator plate and binder deck to save the -sweet-clover seed which is shattered while cutting the crop.] - - -THE GRAIN HEADER. - -Grain headers have been used successfully for harvesting the -sweet-clover seed crop in several sections of the United States, -especially in western Kansas. The principal advantages in using this -machine are that a larger acreage may be cut in a given time than with -either a grain binder or a self-rake reaper and that a high stubble -may be left. The greater acreage which may be cut with a header is -important when large acreages are to be harvested, as much seed is -lost by shattering if the crop is not cut at the proper stage for -harvesting, while the high stubble which may be left when cutting -the seed crop with a grain header is a decided advantage, as it not -only reduces greatly the weight and bulb of the plants which must be -thrashed, but it also leaves the hard, woody portions on the ground, -where they will decay and be of some value as a fertilizer. It is best -to remove only those portions of the plants which contain sufficient -seed to thrash, but this is not always possible, even with a header, -unless the field contains a fairly thin stand and the plants are not -more than 4-1/2 to 5 feet high. When the seed crop is to be cut with -a grain header, it usually is permitted to stand somewhat longer than -when other machines are used. - -A tin pan or some other receptacle should be placed at the lower end of -the header elevator in order to save the seed which otherwise would be -lost at that place. - -The plants are carried into header wagons or barges in the same way -as grain. When a heavy crop is cut it will be necessary to have two -men in the barge to handle the plants. The floor of the header wagon -should be made perfectly tight, or it should be covered with a canvas -or tarpaulin, so as to save the seed pods which shatter. - -When the crop is cut at the proper stage it may be placed directly in -stacks or ricks without danger of heating or molding, provided the -ricks are covered or topped with some material which will shed water -and are built upon a foundation, so that air may circulate under them. -Native grass or green sweet-clover plants of the first year's crop will -serve very nicely for topping the stacks. - -It is the custom of some people to place the barge loads close together -in individual stacks so located that they may be hauled quickly and -easily to the thrashing machine. On other farms enough barge loads -are placed together to make a rick approximately 10 by 10 by 40 feet -in size. When each barge load is placed in a separate stack it is -necessary to load the plants again, so as to haul them to the thrashing -machine. The shattering of seed pods and the extra labor caused by -reloading and by hauling the plants may be avoided for the most part -by placing the crop in ricks large enough for a day's thrashing. It is -good practice to place such ricks in pairs sufficiently close together -for both to be pitched directly to the feeder of the machine. When this -method is employed two days' thrashing may be done without moving the -machine. - -The header binder, consisting of an attachment placed upon the header -to bind the cut plants, has been used successfully in cutting the -sweet-clover seed crop. - - -THE CORN HARVESTER. - -Corn harvesters are proving to be efficient machines for cutting sweet -clover which has made a growth too large to be cut with a grain binder. -Even when the field has been seeded broadcast a 3-foot swath may be cut -with the corn harvester, provided the gathering or divider points are -extended to collect the plants. This may be done by fastening to each -point a piece of wood or iron about 18 inches long. When a corn binder -is used no more seed is lost from shattering than when an ordinary -grain harvester is employed, unless the later is equipped with special -pans and extensions, for the reason, primarily, that the portions of -the plants which produce most of the seed extend above the gathering -or divider boards and are not crushed. When a 5-foot or larger growth -is cut with a corn binder, the plants are tied below the seed-bearing -branches. - -In the semiarid sections of the country a limited quantity of sweet -clover is planted in rows for both forage and seed production. In such -a case the seed may be harvested with a corn binder. (Fig. 11.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Cutting sweet clover for seed with a corn -harvester. This field had been seeded in 30-inch rows.] - - - - -STACKING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP. - - -Much discussion has taken place among extensive growers of sweet clover -as to the advisability of stacking the seed crop after it is cut with a -grain binder or a corn harvester. The conditions present in each case -should determine the proper course to pursue. If it will be impossible -to thrash within 10 days after cutting, much less seed will be lost by -stacking two or three days after cutting than by permitting the plants -to remain in the field subject to possible rains. In such cases it is -urged that the crop be stacked, as the seed saved by this operation, if -the handling is done with care, will much more than pay for the labor. -When it is possible to thrash in a week or 10 days after cutting, -the crop should be thrashed directly from the field, as little seed -ordinarily will be lost during this time and the work of stacking will -be avoided. - -When the crop is to be stacked, the stacks should be built in the same -way as stacks of grain; and when properly built they will shed water -as well as grain stacks. (Fig. 12.) It is well, however, to provide a -covering, and if canvas is not available a top-dressing of green grain -or young sweet-clover plants will suffice. Sweet clover should remain -in the stack for three or four weeks, as it will require about that -time for the plants to pass through the sweat. A stack should always -be placed on high ground, where water will not collect about the base, -and it is recommended that a foundation of some kind be provided, so -that air may circulate beneath. A few posts or rails will answer this -purpose very well. - -[Illustration: Fig. 12.--A stack of sweet clover.] - - - - -THRASHING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP. - - -Two methods are in general use for thrashing the sweet-clover seed -crop. The seed may be flailed from the plants, or it may be removed by -a grain separator or a clover huller. - - -FLAILING THE SEED. - -Much of the sweet-clover seed harvested in the South is flailed from -the plants. This method is necessarily slow and does not hull the seed. -It is practicable, therefore, only in regions where the necessary -machinery for hulling the seed crop is not available or where the -acreage to be thrashed is very limited. One advantage of thrashing the -seed in this manner is that the straw is left in the field, where it -will add much organic matter to the soil. - -When the seed is to be flailed, the crop ordinarily is cut with a -scythe or mowing machine and the plants raked into piles or windrows. -If only small areas are to be harvested in this manner, a canvas or -tarpaulin may be spread on the ground beside a windrow or pile and -several forkfuls of sweet clover pitched on the canvas, where the seed -may be removed from the plants by striking them a few times with -flails, sticks, or forks. After the plants have been struck a few times -they should be turned over and struck again. When the seed is removed -front the plants, the straw may be pitched to one side, the canvas -placed beside another portion of the windrow or by another pile, and -the operation repeated. It is not necessary to remove the seed from the -canvas until its weight or bulk interferes with moving the canvas. - -It is the practice in some sections of the country to place a -well-braced frame, covered with wire netting, on a sled and to flail -the seed on this frame. The netting used for covering the frame should -have meshes 1 inch or loss in diameter. The sled should be at least 7 -feet wide and 10 feet long and should have sides and ends approximately -12 inches high. Smaller sleds sometimes are used, but a larger one is -to be preferred if two or more persons are to flail on it at one time. -If the floor of the sled is not perfectly tight, it should be covered -with canvas and the edges of the canvas thrown over the sides and ends -of the sled, so as to avoid losing any of the seed and to facilitate -its removal. A sled so equipped may be drawn from pile to pile, the -plants pitched on it, the seed flailed from them, and the straw -returned to the land for soil improvement. - -Another method, very similar to that just described, is to place a -frame on a hayrack. The frame should be built sufficiently strong and -in such a manner that the person who is to do the flailing may stand -on it. It should be covered preferably with galvanized-wire netting -having half-inch meshes, and if this is stretched tightly it will -serve to strengthen the frame. If it is not practicable to make the -hayrack perfectly tight, it should be covered with a tarpaulin or -canvas. A wagon so equipped may be pulled from pile to pile or along -the windrows, where one person may pitch the plants upon the frame, to -be flailed by one or more persons standing on it. After the seed is -removed from the plants, the straw may be scattered easily and quickly -over the ground for soil improvement. - -Flailed seed should be cleaned thoroughly with sieves and fanning -mills to remove the inert matter and immature pods before it is sown -or offered for sale on the market. It is recommended that whenever -possible unhulled seed be run through a clover huller to hull the seed -or through an Ames hulling and scarifying machine to remove the hulls -and to scarify the seed. By this process the outer coat of the seed -is scratched or broken. The scarifying increases the percentage of -germination by facilitating the entrance of moisture. - -[Illustration: Fig. 13.--Thrashing sweet clover with a grain separator. -Note the large sleds used for handling the plants from the field to the -thrashing machine.] - - -THE GRAIN SEPARATOR. - -A grain separator (fig. 13) is used more than any other machine for -thrashing sweet clover. This is because more grain separators than -clover hullers are found in localities where sweet clover is grown -and because the ordinary clover huller will not handle a large growth -of sweet clover satisfactorily. When the grain separator is operated -carefully no trouble should be experienced in removing the seed from -the plants, but it is necessary to make certain adjustments if the -seed is to be hulled. The adjustments required will vary somewhat with -the make of machine and the dryness of the crop. The riddles should be -adjusted or changed so they will handle sweet-clover seed properly. -Alfalfa or red-clover riddles will answer this purpose. The speed of -the fan should be decreased, so the seed will not be blown over, and -this usually will be accomplished when the speed is reduced to about -one-half that used in thrashing grain. The number of rows of concave -teeth which should be used will vary with the dryness of the plants -and somewhat with their size. When it is not desired to hull the seed, -one or two rows of concave teeth will be sufficient. Some operators -believe that one or two rows are sufficient to hull 40 to 50 per cent -of the seed when the plants are very dry. Those are exceptional cases, -and hulled seed should not be expected unless more rows of concave -teeth are used. If hulled seed is desired it is recommended that a -full set be used and that these be set to run closer to the cylinder -teeth than is customary when thrashing grain. Some operators replace -two rows of the smooth, concave teeth with corrugated teeth. This -practice is recommended wherever possible, as the corrugated teeth will -facilitate greatly the hulling of the seed. Even where these changes -are made, only a small percentage of the seed will be hulled if the -pods are damp. If the plants have been permitted to make a very large -growth the machine may clog unless the number of rows of concave teeth -is reduced. Clogging may be overcome for the most part by feeding the -bundles to the machine slowly. This precaution is necessary regardless -of the size of the plants if the seed is to be removed properly and -hulled. It is possible to hull from 90 to 95 per cent of the seed when -the proper adjustments are made and the plants are dry. - -A clover-hulling attachment, which consists for the most part of -special sieves and a number of rows of corrugated concave teeth which -replace the ordinary concave teeth, has been used with success in -different sections of the country. - - -THE CLOVER HULLER. - -As a rule, ordinary clover hullers do not handle sweet clover very -satisfactorily. Machines with cylinders larger than those commonly used -are giving fair satisfaction provided the plants do not make a large -growth, but even these machines have not been so successful as properly -adjusted and equipped grain separators. A clover huller will handle a 2 -to 3 foot growth of sweet clover if the rows of thrashing concaves are -reduced and the plants are fed slowly to the machine. It will not hull -sweet clover as well as red clover, and it is very doubtful whether -it will hull more seed than a grain separator equipped with a hulling -attachment. - -The manufacturer of at least one clover huller has designed special -rasps for the hulling cylinder and concaves of his machine, and these -rasps do better work than the ones ordinarily used for hulling red -clover. - -It is the custom in some localities to run the sweet clover through a -thrashing machine without adjusting the concaves and then to run the -unhulled seed as delivered by the grain separator through a clover -huller. A fair quality of seed may be obtained by this process, but -it calls for much extra labor and time, and for this reason should be -avoided Whenever possible. - - - - -YIELDS OF SWEET-CLOVER SEED. - - -Many factors besides shattering influence the yield of sweet-clover -seed. As only those portions of the plants exposed directly to the -sunlight set seed abundantly, thin stands usually produce more seed to -the acre than heavy stands. When very heavy stands make a large growth, -seed is produced only on the upper 24 to 30 inches of the plants, -whereas with thinner stands it is produced on the lower branches as -well. - -The quantity of moisture in the soil at the time the seed is maturing -is an important factor also. During hot, dry weather the plants may not -be able to absorb from the soil sufficient water to supply the excess -required by them for seed production. In this event many of the seed -pods will abort and fall when partly mature. Pods abort and fall in -a very short time, so that partly shriveled ones seldom are found on -the plants, although the extent of the aborting is shown by the number -of barren racemos. When such weather conditions prevail, the second -crop usually will produce a heavier yield than the first crop. This is -due for the most part to the inability of the large plants to obtain -sufficient water for seed production. The much smaller plants of the -second crop do not require as much moisture as the larger plants of the -first crop, as the vegetative growth is seldom more than half as much. - -The type of root growth has much to do with the quantity of water the -plants are able to obtain during droughty weather. When sweet clover is -planted on soil that has a tendency to be wet, the plants will produce -a much-branched shallow root system instead of the normal deep roots -which are found on well-drained soils. During dry weather the upper -layers of soil become so depleted that plants having a very large -percentage of their roots in these layers can not obtain a sufficient -quantity of moisture to supply their requirements for seed production. - -It is often stated that the first crop of sweet clover will produce -more seed to the acre than the second crop. This depends very largely -upon the thickness of the stand and on weather conditions. In regions -where two crops may be grown in a season, the first usually will -produce more seed to the acre than the second if the field has a thin -stand. When the stand is thick the second crop ordinarily yields more -seed. In regions where a crop of hay or pasturage may be obtained in -addition to the seed crop, it is seldom an economical procedure to -permit the first crop to mature. Not only will sweet clover produce an -abundance of nutritious pasturage or a cutting of 1 to 3 tons of hay in -addition to the seed, but the difficulty of handling the large, stemmy -growth of the first crop for seed is avoided. - -Yields of sweet-clover seed have been reduced during the last two -seasons by several fungous diseases. Experimental work has not been -completed to show the percentage of damage done by these organisms, but -in some sections of the country seed yields were reduced considerably. -The clover stem borer,[2] which is prevalent in red clover in certain -sections of the country, also infests sweet clover. It is probable that -this insect did some damage to the seed crop in certain sections of the -country in 1916. - -[2] Languria mozardi. - -The yield of sweet-clover seed varies from 2 to 10 bushels of -re-cleaned seed per acre. - - - - -SWEET-CLOVER STRAW. - - -Sweet-clover straw may be utilized for soil improvement or as a -roughage for stock. When it is not needed for feeding it should be -turned under, as it will add much humus and nitrogen to the soil. -When the seed is flailed from the plants the straw may be easily and -quickly spread over the land at the time of flailing, but when the -crop is thrashed with a grain separator or a clover huller it will be -necessary to haul the straw and scatter it over the field. When the -crop is thrashed in this manner the straw will be broken and crushed -so that stock will eat it freely. The straw may be run directly from -the thrashing machine into the silo, where, by adding sufficient water, -it can be made into good silage. Table I gives the analyses of nine -samples of sweet-clover straw which were collected in Illinois in the -fall of 1916. - - -Table I.--Analyses of sweet-clover straw.[3] - - | | Nitrogen- - | | | Fiber | | Crude | free - Sample.|Moisture.| Ash. | extract.|Protein.| fiber.| extract. - -------+---------+-------+---------+--------+-------+----------- - | | | | | | - No. 1 | 4.2 | 3.18 | 1.20 | 8.31 | 49.37 | 33.74 - No. 2 | 4.7 | 3.40 | 1.03 | 5.88 | 53.65 | 31.34 - No. 3 | 5.34 | 3.02 | .89 | 6.14 | 51.11 | 32.9 - No. 4 | 5.55 | 4.14 | 1.54 | 8.44 | 43.00 | 37.33 - No. 5 | 4.75 | 2.64 | 1.28 | 6.81 | 51.42 | 32.8 - No. 6 | 4.23 | 2.58 | 1.13 | 5.44 | 55.41 | 31.21 - No. 7 | 5.53 | 3.66 | 1.52 | 7.19 | 46.34 | 35.70 - No. 8 | 4.65 | 2.98 | 1.38 | 7.09 | 51.56 | 32.34 - No. 9. | 4.92 | 4.22 | 1.70 | 8.44 | 46.11 | 34.61 - -------+---------+-------+---------+--------+-------+----------- - - -[3] These analyses were made by the Bureau of Chemistry. - - - - - * * * * * - - - -Transcriber Note - - -Minor typos may have been corrected. Illustrations were moved to -prevent splitting of paragraphs. Content produced from files generously -provided by the USDA through The Internet Archive and all resultant -files are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836, by H. S. Coe - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 836 *** - -***** This file should be named 62921.txt or 62921.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/9/2/62921/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously made -available by USDA through The Internet Archive. All -resultant materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |