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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bfb8ff3 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62921 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62921) diff --git a/old/62921-h.zip b/old/62921-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 51572f4..0000000 --- a/old/62921-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/62921-h/62921-h.htm b/old/62921-h/62921-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 940bd0d..0000000 --- a/old/62921-h/62921-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1682 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - Sweet Clover: Harvesting and Thrashing the Seed Crop, by H. S. Coe, a Project Gutenberg eBook. - </title> - <link rel="cover" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - -p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1.5em;} - -hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} - -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em;} -hr.r10 {width: 10%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} -hr.r20 {width: 20%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center;} -.data td {padding: 0 4px;} - -.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 3.5%; font-style: normal; /* prevent italics, etc. */ - font-size: small; text-align: right; color: #808080;} /* page numbers */ -.bdt {border-top: solid #000 1px;} -.bdb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} -.bdl {border-left: solid #000 1px;} -.bbox {border: solid #000 1px; width: 600px; margin: 6px auto; - padding: 24px;} -.bbox2 {border: double #000 6px; width: 600px; margin: 6px auto; - padding-top: 24px; padding-bottom: 24px;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.center {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 0;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} -h1, h2, h3, .caption3, .caption4 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -h3, .caption3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.caption4 {font-size:1.15em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.pmt4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.pmb4 {margin-bottom: 4em;} -.pmb1 {margin-bottom: 1em;} - -/* Images */ - -.fig_center {margin: auto; text-align: center;} - -.fig_left {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_right {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_caption {font-size: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} -.f_left {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 2em;} -.f_right {float: right; clear: right; margin-right: 2em;} - -.dropcap {float: left; padding-right: 0.25em; font-size: 2.5em;} -.hidden {display: none;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.trans_notes {background-color: #e6e6fa; color: black; padding:1.5em; - margin-bottom:5em;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836, by H. S. Coe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836 - Sweet Clover: Harvesting and Thrashing the Seed Crop - -Author: H. S. Coe - -Release Date: August 13, 2020 [EBook #62921] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 836 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously made -available by USDA through The Internet Archive. All -resultant materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 363px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="363" height="576" alt="Sweet Clover: Harvesting and Thrashing the Seed Crop, by H. S. Coe" /> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">« 1 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="pmt4 pmb4" style="width:600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> -<div class="bbox2"><a id="titlepg"></a> - -<h1>SWEET CLOVER</h1> - -<p class="caption3 pmb4">HARVESTING AND THRASHING THE SEED CROP</p> - - -<h2>H. S. COE</h2> - -<p class="center">Assistant Agrononmist, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations</p> - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 379px; margin: 24px auto;"> -<img src="images/titlepg.png" width="379" height="298" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<p class="caption3">FARMERS' BULLETIN 836</p> - -<p class="caption4">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</p> - -<hr class="r10" /> - -<p class="caption4 pmb4">Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry<br /> - -<span class="smaller">WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief</span></p> - - - -<div style="width:100%;"> -<div class="f_left pmb1">Washington, D. C.</div> -<div class="f_right pmb1">July, 1917</div> -</div> - - -<p class="bdt center" style="clear: both; padding: 0.25em 2em;"> -Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be obtained free<br /> -from the Division of Publications, United States Department of Agriculture<br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="smaller tdr">WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917</div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">« 2 »</a></span></p> - -<div class="bbox" style="clear: both;"> - -<div class="dropcap">S</div> -<p class="p0"><span class="hidden">S</span>WEET CLOVER should be cut for seed when three-fourths of the seed -pods have turned dark brown to black. At this time some flowers -and many immature pods will be found on the plants, but the field will -have a brownish cast.</p> - -<p>Sweet-clover seed pods shatter badly when mature. For this reason -every precaution should be taken to cut the plants at the proper stage and -to save as much of the shattered seed as possible.</p> - -<p>Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants when -they are damp from rain or dew.</p> - -<p>No machine thus far placed on the market has given entire satisfaction in -cutting sweet clover for seed.</p> - -<p>The ordinary mower should not be used for harvesting the seed crop. -The seed crop is usually cut with a self-rake reaper, grain binder, grain -header, or corn harvester. The self-rake reaper and the grain binder have -been most satisfactory.</p> - -<p>The seed crop should be stacked unless it can be thrashed within two -weeks after cutting.</p> - -<p>Much shattered seed will be saved if a wagon with a tight floor is used -for hauling the plants. If the wagon bed is not tight it should be covered -with a tarpaulin or canvas.</p> - -<p>The seed may be flailed from the plants, as is customary in the South, or -it may be thrashed with a grain separator or clover huller, as is the practice -in the North.</p> - -<p>The ordinary grain separator may be adjusted so that it will hull 90 per -cent of the seed.</p> - -<p>Sweet-clover straw has considerable feeding value.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">« 3 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h1>SWEET CLOVER: HARVESTING AND -THRASHING THE SEED CROP.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></h1> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> This bulletin discusses only the harvesting and thrashing of the sweet-clover seed crop. The -growing of sweet clover and its utilization are discussed in Farmers' Bulletin 797, entitled "Sweet Clover; -Growing the Crop," and Farmer's Bulletin 820, entitled "Sweet Clover: Utilization," respectively.</p></div> - -<hr class="r20" /> - - -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2> - - -<table summary="TOC"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The crop to harvest for seed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_CROP_TO_HARVEST_FOR_SEED">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Time to cut the seed crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#TIME_TO_CUT_THE_SEED_CROP">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Loss of seed from shattering</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#LOSS_OF_SEED_FROM_SHATTERING">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Machinery used for harvesting the seed crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#MACHINERY_USED_FOR_HARVESTING_THE_SEED_CROP">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stacking the sweet-clover seed crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#STACKING_THE_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED_CROP">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Thrashing the sweet-clover seed crop</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THRASHING_THE_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED_CROP">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Yields of sweet-clover seed</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#YIELDS_OF_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Sweet-clover straw</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#SWEET-CLOVER_STRAW">23</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<hr class="r20" /> - - - -<h2><a id="THE_CROP_TO_HARVEST_FOR_SEED"></a>THE CROP TO HARVEST FOR SEED.</h2> - - -<p>White sweet clover and biennial yellow sweet clover are harvested -for seed the year following seeding. In localities where those species -will produce two cuttings the second year, either the first or the -second crop may be harvested for seed. As the plants die when -mature, only one cutting will be obtained if the first crop is permitted -to ripen. It is becoming a general practice in many sections of the -country to utilize the first crop of the second season for pasture, -ensilage, or hay, and the second crop for seed. As a rule, this is the -most profitable and economical way to handle sweet clover, as the -first crop will produce an abundance of nutritious pasturage or from -6 to 10 tons of ensilage or 1 to 3 tons of hay to the acre. The second -crop seldom grows more than 4 feet high when the first crop is pastured -or cut. The shorter growth of the second crop is a very desirable -feature, as it may be cut with a grain binder without difficulty. -When the first crop of white sweet clover is permitted to mature, the -plants often make so large a growth that it is very difficult to handle -them with ordinary farm machinery. This trouble is experienced -more often in humid regions than in semiarid sections.</p> - -<p>As biennial yellow sweet clover seldom grows as tall as the white -species, little difficulty is experienced in cutting the first crop of the -second year for seed with a grain binder. Annual yellow sweet -clover, or sour clover, is seldom grown for seed, as a sufficient quantity -to supply the market is obtained from the screenings of wheat -grown in the Southwest.</p> - -<p>Sweet-clover seed ripens irregularly and shatters badly when -mature. On this account much seed is lost before and during -harvest, and ordinary harvesting machinery has not been entirely -satisfactory for handling the crop.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">« 4 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="TIME_TO_CUT_THE_SEED_CROP" id="TIME_TO_CUT_THE_SEED_CROP">TIME TO CUT THE SEED CROP.</a></h2> - - -<p>Opinions of extensive growers of sweet clover differ as to the -proper stage at which to cut the seed crop. Some believe that it -should be cut when the pods on the lower branches have turned -dark brown to black, while others maintain that it is best to wait -until the seed on the upper portions of the plants is mature. The -time of cutting the seed crop should be governed largely by the -machinery which is to be used. If the plants are to be harvested -with a self-rake reaper or a grain binder, they should be cut when -approximately three-fourths of the seed pods have turned dark -brown to black. At this time some flowers and many immature -pods will be found on the plants, but the field will have a brownish -cast. If the crop is not cut until the seed pods on the uppermost -branches have matured, most of the pods on the lower branches will -have shattered.</p> - -<p>It is the practice in regions where a grain header is employed to -permit the plants to become somewhat more mature before cutting -the seed crop than in sections where other machines are used. More -seed is shattered when the plants are cut at the latter stage, but this -is not necessarily a loss, as the grain header is employed for the most -part in semiarid regions, where the shattered seed is depended upon -to reseed the land.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="LOSS_OF_SEED_FROM_SHATTERING" id="LOSS_OF_SEED_FROM_SHATTERING">LOSS OF SEED FROM SHATTERING.</a></h2> - - -<p>From one-fifth to three-fourths of the total seed yield of sweet -clover is lost from shattering. The percentage of the loss which -occurs before harvesting will depend largely on the time the crop is -cut. Much seed may be lost if harvesting is delayed for only a few -days, and many fields have been observed in which at least 90 per -cent of the seed had shattered in less then two weeks after the time -the plants should have been cut.</p> - -<p>The percentage of seed which is lost in harvesting will depend -largely upon the manner of handling the crop. The binder or -header may be equipped at a small cost, so that much of the seed -which ordinarily is lost while cutting may be saved. Much shattered -seed will be saved by using wagons with tight platforms or platforms -covered with canvas. All unnecessary handling should be avoided.</p> - -<p>Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants -when they are damp from rain or dew. It is the practice in some -regions to cut in the early morning or late evening, but this procedure -will apply only to small acreages, since it is necessary to cut -the crop as soon as possible when it reaches the proper stage for harvesting. -It is a good practice to cut sweet clover at night, as the -plants usually are damp at that time.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">« 5 »</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="MACHINERY_USED_FOR_HARVESTING_THE_SEED_CROP" id="MACHINERY_USED_FOR_HARVESTING_THE_SEED_CROP">MACHINERY USED FOR HARVESTING THE SEED CROP.</a></h2> - - -<p>No machine thus far manufactured has given entire satisfaction -for cutting the sweet-clover seed crop. On account of the ease -with which the pods shatter, it is a question whether any machine -can be devised which will handle this crop without the loss of some -seed. It is possible and practicable, however, for farmers at a small -cost to equip their binders with pans and guards, so as to save most -of the seed which otherwise would be lost.</p> - - -<h3>THE ORDINARY MOWER.</h3> - -<p>The ordinary mowing machine is one of the most unsatisfactory -devices used for harvesting this crop, as the subsequent handling -necessary to place the plants in windrows or cocks causes much of the -seed to shatter. The use of this machine for this purpose should be -avoided whenever possible.</p> - - -<h3>THE SELF-RAKE REAPER.</h3> - -<p>The self-rake reaper is one of the most efficient machines employed -to cut sweet clover for seed. (<a href="#Fig_1">Fig. 1.</a>) This machine deposits the -newly cut plants with the tops all turned one way in gavels or bunches -at the side, so that the horses do not trample them on the next round. -A high stubble also may be left, thereby reducing the weight and -bulk of the plants which must be hauled to the thrashing machine.</p> - -<div id="Fig_1" class="fig_center" style="width: 434px;"> -<img src="images/fig1.png" width="434" height="303" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—A self-rake - reaper used in some sections of the country for cutting the sweet-clover seed crop.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">« 6 »</a></span></p> - -<div id="Fig_2" class="fig_center" style="width: 443px;"> -<img src="images/fig2.png" width="443" height="253" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—A sled used - in western Kansas for hauling sweet clover from the field to the thrashing machine.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>It is the custom in some localities to leave the gavels to cure -as dropped by the reaper on the ground, while in other sections they -are placed in cocks that weigh about 300 pounds each when cured. -If the gavels are to be placed in cocks, this should be done immediately -after cutting, as the plants will be somewhat green and tough at this -time and fewer pods will shatter than when the plants are permitted -to dry before handling. When the crop is to be hauled to the thrashing -machine on wagons it is best to permit the gavels to cure as -dropped by the reaper, as it will then be possible to pitch them on -the wagon with a large 4-tined fork. If the crop is to be hauled to -the thrashing machine on large sleds, which is the practice in western -Kansas, less seed will be lost from shattering if the gavels at the time -of cutting are placed in cocks of such a size that they may be put -on the sleds entire by two men lifting from opposite sides of the cock -with 4-tined forks. The sleds used for this purpose usually are 12 -by 20 foot in size, made of matched flooring and with 6 to 12 inch sides. -(<a href="#Fig_2">Fig. 2.</a>) Matched or tight floors are necessary, so that all seed which -shatters may be saved. These would not be so essential, however, -if the sleds were covered with a tarpaulin or canvas. From the -standpoint of saving shattered seed, this method of hauling the crop -from the field to the thrashing machine is possibly the most economical -thus far used. It is estimated that at times as much as one-third -of the seed yield is collected from the floors of the sleds. It -would be a good plan to replace the runners of the sleds with very -low trucks, as this would lighten the draft considerably.</p> - -<p>When sweet clover is cut with a self-rake reaper the crop is thrashed -directly from the field. From 7 to 10 days of good haying weather -in sufficient to cure the plants in the gavel or cock. Thrashing should -be done as soon as possible, much seed is shattered by rains and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">« 7 »</a></span> -winds. While a self-rake reaper is used to some extent in different -sections of the country, it is used most extensively in the western -North-Central States, and especially in western Kansas.</p> - - -<h3>THE GRAIN BINDER.</h3> - -<p>A grain binder is employed extensively for cutting the sweet-clover -seed crop. (<a href="#Fig_3">Fig. 3.</a>) The general use of this machine in many sections -of the country is due to the fact that it is found on most farms -and therefore causes no outlay of money, rather than because of its -efficient work. It is not so efficient as the self-rake reaper unless it is -equipped with pans and guards to save the seed which shatters.</p> - -<div id="Fig_3" class="fig_center" style="width: 436px;"> -<img src="images/fig3.png" width="436" height="299" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—Cutting - sweet clover for seed with a grain binder.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>It is possible to equip the grain binder with pans and extensions to -the rear elevator plate and binder deck, so that at least 95 per cent of -the seed which shatters when the crop is cut may be saved. Those -pans and extensions may be made out of ordinary galvanized metal -and strap iron. The galvanized metal may be purchased at any tin -shop or hardware store, and if sufficient strips of iron can not be -found around the farm for this purpose strap iron may be purchased -at any blacksmith shop. The material for those pans and extensions -should not cost more than $4.50 or $5, and it should be possible to -have them made complete for $8 or $10, including material. Unless -there are a forge and drill on the farm it will be necessary to have the -braces and supports for the pans made at a blacksmith shop. The -strap iron used in connection with the pans may vary in size, but for -the most part it need not be heavier than one-eighth inch in thickness, -and seven-eighths inch in width. The supports for the pan under the -binder deck preferably should be one-quarter inch thick, as this pan -will have much more strain on it than the pans under the elevators. -Where bolts are to be used, ordinary stove bolts will suffice.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">« 8 »</a></span></p> - -<div id="Fig_4" class="fig_center" style="width: 435px;"> -<img src="images/fig4.png" width="435" height="600" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—Plans - for a pan to be placed under the opening between the platform and lower - elevator of a grain binder in order to save the sweet-clover seed which falls - on the platform and on the extension to the rear elevator plate. <i>A</i>, size - and shape of the metal before bending; <i>B</i>, general plan of the pan when - completed, as viewed from the top; <i>C</i>, cross section of the pan and outline - of the support which holds it in position; <i>D</i>, stirrup which hooks over the - inside and to which the support is fastened; <i>E</i>, door.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">« 9 »</a></span></p> - -<div id="Fig_5" class="fig_center" style="width: 459px;"> -<img src="images/fig5.png" width="459" height="308" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span>—Rear view of - a grain binder, showing a cross section of the pans and supports and the parts of - the machine to which they are attached. <i>A</i>, Pan under the opening between the - platform and lower elevator; <i>B</i>, support of the pan; <i>C</i>, stirrup which - fits over the inside sill and to which the support is bolted; <i>D</i>, angle iron - under the end of the platform and over which one end of the support is hooked; <i>E</i>, - cross section of pan under the binder deck; <i>F</i>, support of the pan; <i>G</i>, - stirrup which hooks over the outside sill and to which the support is bolted; - <i>H</i>, angle iron which supports the guard at the end of the deck; - <i>I</i>, guard which directs the seed that falls on the binder deck into the pan below; - <i>J</i>, binder pipe over which one end of the support is hooked.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>The plans for making the pan which should be placed under the -opening between the platform and the lower elevator are illustrated -in <a href="#Fig_4">figure 4</a>. The material to be used for this pan should be cut to -conform to the size and shape shown in <a href="#Fig_4">figure 4, <i>A</i></a>; the sides should -then be bent upright along the dotted lines, so that the pan will be -18 inches wide at the top. One end, which should be solid, may be -made so by bending the center portion upright and then bending the -sides against it. The side and center pieces should be riveted together. -(<a href="#Fig_4">Fig. 4, <i>C</i>.</a>) Any suitable door which will prevent seed from -falling out of the pan will suffice for the other end. A door is highly -desirable, so that the seed may be removed more easily when the pan -is full. A convenient type is shown in <a href="#Fig_4">figure 4, <i>E</i></a>. A top view of the -pan when completed is given in <a href="#Fig_4">figure 4, <i>B</i></a>. It will be necessary to -brace the pan, and this may be done by riveting strips of strap iron, -preferably one-eighth inch thick and one-half inch wide, on the outer -edges of the sides.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">« 10 »</a></span></p> - -<p>This pan is held in position by two supports made of strap iron, -preferably seven-eighths inch wide and one-eighth inch thick, which -have been bent to conform to the outside of a cross section of the -pan. (Figs. <a href="#Fig_4">4, <i>C</i></a>, and <a href="#Fig_5">5, <i>B</i></a>.) The ends of these supports which fasten -under the platform should be bent to a sharp angle and the tip of each -slightly flattened, so that they may be pushed between the angle bar -at the end of the platform and the bottom of the platform. The -other end of each support should have a hole drilled in it, so that it -may be bolted to the stirrups, which should be made to hook over the -inside sill. (Figs. <a href="#Fig_4">4, <i>C</i></a>, and <a href="#Fig_5">5</a>.) These supports should be placed -about 6 inches from the ends of the pan and riveted or bolted to -it. This will serve to brace the pan and to hold it in place. The -pan may be attached to the machine by hooking the supports over the -angle iron on the bottom of the platform and by bolting them to the -stirrups on the sill. By supporting the pan in this manner it may be -easily and quickly attached or removed.</p> - -<div id="Fig_6" class="fig_center" style="width: 465px;"> -<img src="images/fig6.png" width="465" height="449" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.</span>—Plans - for the pan to be placed under the binder deck of the grain binder. <i>A</i>, - Size and shape the metal should be cut before bending; <i>B</i>, general plan - of the pan when completed, as viewed from the top.</p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">« 11 »</a></span></p> - -<table id="Fig_7" summary="parts"> -<tr> - <td class="fig_right"><img src="images/fig7a.png" width="204" height="486" alt="" /></td> - <td><img src="images/fig7b.png" width="271" height="266" alt="" /></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span>—Plans for - the guard to be placed at the end of the binder deck of the grain binder and - cross section of the pan and supports illustrated in <a href="#Fig_6">figure 6. <i>A</i></a>, Size - and shape of the metal for the guard; <i>B</i>, shape of the guard when - completed; <i>C</i>, cross section of the pan and support to which this guard - is attached; <i>D</i>, angle iron which supports the guard at the end of the deck; - <i>E</i>, guard bolted in position; <i>F</i>, stirrup which - hooks over the outside sill and to which the support is belted.</p></div></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p>The pan to be placed under the deck of the machine will serve to -collect the seed which is shattered on the deck and the extension to -the deck. The plans for making this pan are shown in detail in <a href="#Fig_6">figure 6</a>. -The material should be cut along the solid lines and of the -size designated in <a href="#Fig_6">figure 6, <i>A</i></a>. The sides of the pan should be bent -upward on the dotted lines, so that the pan will be 24 inches wide at -the top. The ends should then be made in the manner described for -the pan which is placed under the opening of the platform and lower -elevator. A door may be put in the rear end of this pan if desired; but -this is not necessary, as no trouble will be experienced in removing the -seed. <a href="#Fig_6">Figure 6, <i>B</i></a>, gives a top view of the pan when completed and also -a portion, of the guard which serves to direct into this pan the seed -which shatters on the deck. This guard is shown in detail in -<a href="#Fig_7">figure 7</a>. As this pan is larger and -heavier than that placed under the -lower elevator, not only should it -have strips of iron riveted to the -outer edges of the sides, but two -cross braces also should be employed. Those may be fastened to -the strips of iron supporting the -sides of the pan and should be -about 12 inches from the ends of -it. This pan is supported by two -strips of strap iron bent to conform -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">« 12 »</a></span> -to the outside of a cross section of it and hook over the binder -pipe under the deck and bolt to stirrups placed on the outer sill of -the frame. Each support may be made from one strip of strap iron. -It may be necessary to bend the ends of the supports which hook over -the binder pipe in opposite directions. Both ends of the supports -which hook over the binder pipe may hook outward, as shown in <a href="#Fig_7">figure 7, <i>C</i></a>, -or the rear support may hook inward, as illustrated in <a href="#Fig_5">figure 5</a>. -It is not absolutely necessary that those supports of the pan -hook in opposite directions on the binder pipe, yet when this is done -it will make the pan more rigid. The pan may be attached by first -hooking the supports over the binder pipe underneath the deck and -then bolting the other end of the supports to the stirrups on the outer -sill. The pan should be fastened to the supports. A cross section -of this pan, the supports for it, and the stirrups which hook over the -sill are shown in <a href="#Fig_7">figure 7, <i>C</i></a>.</p> - -<p>If this pan extends beyond the deck so that the seed which is shattered -on the deck will drop directly into it, the bundles when released -from the packers will strike the pan. For this reason it is necessary -to place a guard at the end of the deck, so that the seed which falls -on the deck will be directed into the pan. This guard, as shown in -figures <a href="#Fig_5">5</a> and <a href="#Fig_7">7</a>, consists of a piece of galvanized metal, to the upper -side of which has been riveted a strip of iron. The upper side of this -guard should be bent slightly inward at the lower edge of the strip of -iron and placed in such a position that it will be approximately 1½ -inches beyond the lower end of the binder deck and extend from 1 to -1½ inches above the deck. If it is placed at right angles to the deck -and no higher than 1½ inches above it, it will not interfere with the -bundles as they are released from the packers. This guard should -be supported by two angles of strap iron, as shown in <a href="#Fig_7">figure 7, <i>D</i></a>. -Those braces are bolted to the supports of the pan, and the guard is -bolted to the braces. As this guard should extend a little below the -supports of the pan, so as to prevent the wind from blowing the seed -over it, it is necessary to cut slots in the guard so it will fit over the -supports. The ends of this guard should be rolled slightly inward, -so that the seed falling close to them will be directed into the pan. -When the extension to the binder deck is placed in the proper position, -the seed collected by it will be directed against the guard and -then into the pan below.</p> - -<p>The extension to the elevator should be bolted to the rear elevator -plate. This extension should be so wide that the tops of the plants -will not reach beyond it. The details for this extension are shown -in <a href="#Fig_8">figure 8</a>. The outer edge and lower end of this extension should -be bent upward and slightly inward, so that the seed which falls upon -it will be directed to the opening between the platform and lower -elevator, where it will fall into the pan beneath. The curved edge of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">« 13 »</a></span> -the lower part of this extension should be flattened as much as possible, -so that it will not interfere with the upper portions of the plants -as they pass from the platform to the elevators. The opening must be -sufficiently large, however, to permit small branches and racemos -which fall upon the extension to pass into the pan. The angle of the -lower portion of it must be large enough to permit the seed to run -directly into the pan below. If this portion is sloped from the seat -pipe to the opening between the platform and the lower elevator no -trouble will be experienced. This extension may be bolted to the -machine by drilling -holes in it to coincide with those in the -elevator plate.</p> - -<div id="Fig_8" class="fig_right" style="width: 334px;"> -<img src="images/fig8.png" width="334" height="372" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span>—Plan - of the extension which is bolted to the rear elevator - plate of the grain binder. <i>A</i>, Size and shape of the metal to be - used for this extension; <i>B</i>, extension when completed.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>It is necessary to -widen the binder -deck, so as to save -the seed which is -shattered from those -portions of the plants -which extend beyond -it. This may be done -by bolting to the rear -end of this deck an -extension, as shown -in detail in <a href="#Fig_9">figure 9</a>. -This extension may -be made from one -piece of galvanized -iron, which should be -cut along the solid -lines and of the size -shown in <a href="#Fig_9">figure 9, <i>A</i></a>. -It should be bent -upward and slightly inward at the dotted lines shown in this -figure. The extended strips, as shown in <a href="#Fig_9">figure 9, <i>B</i></a>, should be -riveted to the main part of the extension. When this is done a -trough will be formed along the side and lower end of it, so that all -seed which shatters upon it will be directed into the pan below the -deck. The object in riveting the extended strips at the end of the -extension to the main part is to prevent the tops of the plants from -catching in the trough when the bundles leave the packers. It may -be necessary to fasten a brace to the bottom of the deck to support -this extension. This can be done, however, by using a strip of -strap iron or wood. The upper end of this extension should be bent -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">« 14 »</a></span> -to fit under the upper end of the one attached to the elevator plate, -so that the plants will not be hindered in passing from one to the -other. Both extensions may be braced strongly at the top by -fastening them to a right angle of iron or wood.</p> - -<p>A grain, binder equipped with the pans and extensions herein outlined -is shown in <a href="#Fig_10">figure 10</a>.</p> - -<p>Binders equipped in the manner described have been tested carefully -in different sections and have proved beyond doubt that they -offer an economical device for harvesting sweet clover for seed. -This equipment has been used most extensively in Livingston County, -Ill., where farmers have saved with it from $6 to $10 worth of seed -per acre. When this -equipment is used the -plants may be permitted to become somewhat more mature before cutting, as the -seed which is shattered will be saved by -the pans.</p> - -<div id="Fig_9" class="fig_left" style="width: 330px;"> -<img src="images/fig9.png" width="330" height="324" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span>—Extension - to the binder deck of the grain binder. <i>A</i>, size and - shape of the metal before bending; <i>B</i>, extended points which are to be - bolted to the main portion of the metal; <i>C</i>, extension when completed.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>As the pans and -extensions described -have been designed -for one type of binder, -it may be necessary -to modify them -slightly for use on -other types of machines. Before making a set of these pans -and extensions for -any machine, the -plans shown should be compared carefully with the binder to be -equipped, in order that any changes which will need to be made may -be noted. The pans and extensions at least maybe made on the farm, -and then it will be an easy matter to check up the measurements for -the supports, which may be made at a blacksmith shop.</p> - -<p>Difficulty may be experienced in cutting sweet clover with a -binder when the first crop has been permitted to mature, as the -plants may be so tall that the machine will not handle them properly. -This difficulty may be overcome entirely in most sections of the -country by pasturing the field until the first part of June or by cutting -the first crop for hay. It is recommended that the stubble be left -as high as possible when cutting sweet clover for seed. Not only -will this greatly facilitate harvesting but it will leave many of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">« 15 »</a></span> -woody, unpalatable portions of the plants on the ground, where they -will decay quickly, and help to increase the humus content of the -soil. (See the <a href="#titlepg">illustration</a> on the title-page.)</p> - -<p>When the seed crop is cut with a binder it is best to shock the -bundles as soon as possible, so as to avoid unnecessary shattering. -Conditions should determine whether the bundles be placed in long -narrow shocks or in round shocks. The plants will cure somewhat -faster in long narrow shocks, and this form should be preferred when -grasshoppers are not troublesome. Sweet-clover shocks should not -be capped, as capping will cause some seed pods to shatter.</p> - -<div id="Fig_10" class="fig_center" style="width: 435px;"> -<img src="images/fig10.png" width="435" height="291" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span>—A grain - binder equipped with pans and extensions to the rear elevator plate and binder - deck to save the sweet-clover seed which is shattered while cutting the crop.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h3>THE GRAIN HEADER.</h3> - -<p>Grain headers have been used successfully for harvesting the sweet-clover -seed crop in several sections of the United States, especially in -western Kansas. The principal advantages in using this machine -are that a larger acreage may be cut in a given time than with either -a grain binder or a self-rake reaper and that a high stubble may be -left. The greater acreage which may be cut with a header is important -when large acreages are to be harvested, as much seed is lost by -shattering if the crop is not cut at the proper stage for harvesting, -while the high stubble which may be left when cutting the seed crop -with a grain header is a decided advantage, as it not only reduces -greatly the weight and bulb of the plants which must be thrashed, -but it also leaves the hard, woody portions on the ground, where -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">« 16 »</a></span> -they will decay and be of some value as a fertilizer. It is best to -remove only those portions of the plants which contain sufficient -seed to thrash, but this is not always possible, even with a header, -unless the field contains a fairly thin stand and the plants are not -more than 4½ to 5 feet high. When the seed crop is to be cut with -a grain header, it usually is permitted to stand somewhat longer than -when other machines are used.</p> - -<p>A tin pan or some other receptacle should be placed at the lower -end of the header elevator in order to save the seed which otherwise -would be lost at that place.</p> - -<p>The plants are carried into header wagons or barges in the same -way as grain. When a heavy crop is cut it will be necessary to have -two men in the barge to handle the plants. The floor of the header -wagon should be made perfectly tight, or it should be covered with a -canvas or tarpaulin, so as to save the seed pods which shatter.</p> - -<p>When the crop is cut at the proper stage it may be placed directly -in stacks or ricks without danger of heating or molding, provided the -ricks are covered or topped with some material which will shed water -and are built upon a foundation, so that air may circulate under -them. Native grass or green sweet-clover plants of the first year's -crop will serve very nicely for topping the stacks.</p> - -<p>It is the custom of some people to place the barge loads close -together in individual stacks so located that they may be hauled -quickly and easily to the thrashing machine. On other farms -enough barge loads are placed together to make a rick approximately -10 by 10 by 40 feet in size. When each barge load is placed -in a separate stack it is necessary to load the plants again, so as to -haul them to the thrashing machine. The shattering of seed pods -and the extra labor caused by reloading and by hauling the plants -may be avoided for the most part by placing the crop in ricks large -enough for a day's thrashing. It is good practice to place such ricks -in pairs sufficiently close together for both to be pitched directly to -the feeder of the machine. When this method is employed two days' -thrashing may be done without moving the machine.</p> - -<p>The header binder, consisting of an attachment placed upon the -header to bind the cut plants, has been used successfully in cutting -the sweet-clover seed crop.</p> - - -<h3>THE CORN HARVESTER.</h3> - -<p>Corn harvesters are proving to be efficient machines for cutting -sweet clover which has made a growth too large to be cut with a -grain binder. Even when the field has been seeded broadcast a -3-foot swath may be cut with the corn harvester, provided the -gathering or divider points are extended to collect the plants. This -may be done by fastening to each point a piece of wood or iron about -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">« 17 »</a></span> -18 inches long. When a corn binder is used no more seed is lost -from shattering than when an ordinary grain harvester is employed, -unless the later is equipped with special pans and extensions, for -the reason, primarily, that the portions of the plants which produce -most of the seed extend above the gathering or divider boards and -are not crushed. When a 5-foot or larger growth is cut with a corn -binder, the plants are tied below the seed-bearing branches.</p> - -<p>In the semiarid sections of the country a limited quantity of sweet -clover is planted in rows for both forage and seed production. In -such a case the seed may be harvested with a corn binder. (<a href="#Fig_11">Fig. 11.</a>)</p> - -<div id="Fig_11" class="fig_center" style="width: 442px;"> -<img src="images/fig11.png" width="442" height="277" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 11.</span>—Cutting - sweet clover for seed with a corn harvester. This field had been seeded in - 30-inch rows.</p></div> -</div> - - - - -<h2><a id="STACKING_THE_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED_CROP"></a>STACKING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP.</h2> - - -<div id="Fig_12" class="fig_left" style="width: 296px;"> -<img src="images/fig12.png" width="296" height="382" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 12.</span>—A stack of - sweet clover.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Much discussion has taken place among extensive growers of sweet -clover as to the advisability of stacking the seed crop after it is cut -with a grain binder or a corn harvester. The conditions present in -each case should determine the proper course to pursue. If it will -be impossible to thrash within 10 days after cutting, much less seed -will be lost by stacking two or three days after cutting than by permitting -the plants to remain in the field subject to possible rains. -In such cases it is urged that the crop be stacked, as the seed saved -by this operation, if the handling is done with care, will much more -than pay for the labor. When it is possible to thrash in a week or -10 days after cutting, the crop should be thrashed directly from the -field, as little seed ordinarily will be lost during this time and the -work of stacking will be avoided.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">« 18 »</a></span></p> - -<p>When the crop is to be stacked, the stacks should be built in the -same way as stacks of grain; and when properly built they will shed -water as well as grain stacks. (<a href="#Fig_12">Fig. 12.</a>) It is well, however, to provide -a covering, and if canvas is not available a top-dressing of green -grain or young sweet-clover plants will suffice. Sweet clover should -remain in the stack for three or four weeks, as it will require about that -time for the plants to pass through the sweat. A stack should always -be placed on high ground, where water will not collect about the base, -and it is recommended that a foundation of some kind be provided, -so that air may circulate beneath. A few -posts or rails will answer this purpose very well.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="THRASHING_THE_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED_CROP" id="THRASHING_THE_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED_CROP">THRASHING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP.</a></h2> - - -<p>Two methods are in -general use for thrashing the sweet-clover -seed crop. The seed may be flailed from -the plants, or it may be removed by a grain -separator or a clover huller.</p> - - -<h3>FLAILING THE SEED.</h3> - -<p>Much of the sweet-clover seed harvested -in the South is flailed -from the plants. This -method is necessarily -slow and does not hull -the seed. It is practicable, therefore, only in regions where the necessary -machinery for hulling the seed crop is not available or where the -acreage to be thrashed is very limited. One advantage of thrashing -the seed in this manner is that the straw is left in the field, where it -will add much organic matter to the soil.</p> - -<p>When the seed is to be flailed, the crop ordinarily is cut with a -scythe or mowing machine and the plants raked into piles or windrows. -If only small areas are to be harvested in this manner, a canvas -or tarpaulin may be spread on the ground beside a windrow or -pile and several forkfuls of sweet clover pitched on the canvas, where -the seed may be removed from the plants by striking them a few -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">« 19 »</a></span> -times with flails, sticks, or forks. After the plants have been struck -a few times they should be turned over and struck again. When the -seed is removed front the plants, the straw may be pitched to one -side, the canvas placed beside another portion of the windrow or by -another pile, and the operation repeated. It is not necessary to remove -the seed from the canvas until its weight or bulk interferes with -moving the canvas.</p> - -<p>It is the practice in some sections of the country to place a well-braced -frame, covered with wire netting, on a sled and to flail the -seed on this frame. The netting used for covering the frame should -have meshes 1 inch or loss in diameter. The sled should be at least -7 feet wide and 10 feet long and should have sides and ends approximately -12 inches high. Smaller sleds sometimes are used, but a larger -one is to be preferred if two or more persons are to flail on it at one -time. If the floor of the sled is not perfectly tight, it should be covered -with canvas and the edges of the canvas thrown over the sides -and ends of the sled, so as to avoid losing any of the seed and to facilitate -its removal. A sled so equipped may be drawn from pile to pile, -the plants pitched on it, the seed flailed from them, and the straw -returned to the land for soil improvement.</p> - -<p>Another method, very similar to that just described, is to place a -frame on a hayrack. The frame should be built sufficiently strong -and in such a manner that the person who is to do the flailing may -stand on it. It should be covered preferably with galvanized-wire -netting having half-inch meshes, and if this is stretched tightly it -will serve to strengthen the frame. If it is not practicable to make -the hayrack perfectly tight, it should be covered with a tarpaulin or -canvas. A wagon so equipped may be pulled from pile to pile or -along the windrows, where one person may pitch the plants upon the -frame, to be flailed by one or more persons standing on it. After the -seed is removed from the plants, the straw may be scattered easily -and quickly over the ground for soil improvement.</p> - -<p>Flailed seed should be cleaned thoroughly with sieves and fanning -mills to remove the inert matter and immature pods before it is sown -or offered for sale on the market. It is recommended that whenever -possible unhulled seed be run through a clover huller to hull the seed -or through an Ames hulling and scarifying machine to remove the -hulls and to scarify the seed. By this process the outer coat of the -seed is scratched or broken. The scarifying increases the percentage -of germination by facilitating the entrance of moisture.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">« 20 »</a></span></p> - -<div id="Fig_13" class="fig_center" style="width: 434px;"> -<img src="images/fig13.png" width="434" height="245" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><p><span class="smcap">Fig. 13.</span>—Thrashing - sweet clover with a grain separator. Note the large sleds used for handling - the plants from the field to the thrashing machine.</p></div> -</div> - - -<h3>THE GRAIN SEPARATOR.</h3> - -<p>A grain separator (<a href="#Fig_13">fig. 13</a>) is used more than any other machine -for thrashing sweet clover. This is because more grain separators -than clover hullers are found in localities where sweet clover is -grown and because the ordinary clover huller will not handle a large -growth of sweet clover satisfactorily. When the grain separator is -operated carefully no trouble should be experienced in removing the -seed from the plants, but it is necessary to make certain adjustments -if the seed is to be hulled. The adjustments required will vary -somewhat with the make of machine and the dryness of the crop. -The riddles should be adjusted or changed so they will handle sweet-clover -seed properly. Alfalfa or red-clover riddles will answer this -purpose. The speed of the fan should be decreased, so the seed will -not be blown over, and this usually will be accomplished when the -speed is reduced to about one-half that used in thrashing grain. -The number of rows of concave teeth which should be used will vary -with the dryness of the plants and somewhat with their size. When -it is not desired to hull the seed, one or two rows of concave teeth -will be sufficient. Some operators believe that one or two rows are -sufficient to hull 40 to 50 per cent of the seed when the plants are -very dry. Those are exceptional cases, and hulled seed should not -be expected unless more rows of concave teeth are used. If hulled -seed is desired it is recommended that a full set be used and that -these be set to run closer to the cylinder teeth than is customary -when thrashing grain. Some operators replace two rows of the -smooth, concave teeth with corrugated teeth. This practice is -recommended wherever possible, as the corrugated teeth will facilitate -greatly the hulling of the seed. Even where these changes are -made, only a small percentage of the seed will be hulled if the pods -are damp. If the plants have been permitted to make a very large -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">« 21 »</a></span> -growth the machine may clog unless the number of rows of concave -teeth is reduced. Clogging may be overcome for the most part by -feeding the bundles to the machine slowly. This precaution is necessary -regardless of the size of the plants if the seed is to be removed -properly and hulled. It is possible to hull from 90 to 95 per cent of -the seed when the proper adjustments are made and the plants are -dry.</p> - -<p>A clover-hulling attachment, which consists for the most part of -special sieves and a number of rows of corrugated concave teeth -which replace the ordinary concave teeth, has been used with success -in different sections of the country.</p> - - -<h3>THE CLOVER HULLER.</h3> - -<p>As a rule, ordinary clover hullers do not handle sweet clover very -satisfactorily. Machines with cylinders larger than those commonly -used are giving fair satisfaction provided the plants do not make a -large growth, but even these machines have not been so successful as -properly adjusted and equipped grain separators. A clover huller -will handle a 2 to 3 foot growth of sweet clover if the rows of thrashing -concaves are reduced and the plants are fed slowly to the machine. -It will not hull sweet clover as well as red clover, and it is very doubtful -whether it will hull more seed than a grain separator equipped -with a hulling attachment.</p> - -<p>The manufacturer of at least one clover huller has designed special -rasps for the hulling cylinder and concaves of his machine, and these -rasps do better work than the ones ordinarily used for hulling red -clover.</p> - -<p>It is the custom in some localities to run the sweet clover through a -thrashing machine without adjusting the concaves and then to -run the unhulled seed as delivered by the grain separator through a -clover huller. A fair quality of seed may be obtained by this process, -but it calls for much extra labor and time, and for this reason should -be avoided Whenever possible.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="YIELDS_OF_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED" id="YIELDS_OF_SWEET-CLOVER_SEED">YIELDS OF SWEET-CLOVER SEED.</a></h2> - - -<p>Many factors besides shattering influence the yield of sweet-clover -seed. As only those portions of the plants exposed directly to the -sunlight set seed abundantly, thin stands usually produce more seed -to the acre than heavy stands. When very heavy stands make a -large growth, seed is produced only on the upper 24 to 30 inches of -the plants, whereas with thinner stands it is produced on the lower -branches as well.</p> - -<p>The quantity of moisture in the soil at the time the seed is maturing -is an important factor also. During hot, dry weather the plants -may not be able to absorb from the soil sufficient water to supply the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">« 22 »</a></span> -excess required by them for seed production. In this event many -of the seed pods will abort and fall when partly mature. Pods -abort and fall in a very short time, so that partly shriveled ones -seldom are found on the plants, although the extent of the aborting -is shown by the number of barren racemos. When such weather -conditions prevail, the second crop usually will produce a heavier -yield than the first crop. This is due for the most part to the inability -of the large plants to obtain sufficient water for seed production. -The much smaller plants of the second crop do not require as much -moisture as the larger plants of the first crop, as the vegetative growth -is seldom more than half as much.</p> - -<p>The type of root growth has much to do with the quantity of water -the plants are able to obtain during droughty weather. When -sweet clover is planted on soil that has a tendency to be wet, the -plants will produce a much-branched shallow root system instead of -the normal deep roots which are found on well-drained soils. During -dry weather the upper layers of soil become so depleted that plants -having a very large percentage of their roots in these layers can not -obtain a sufficient quantity of moisture to supply their requirements -for seed production.</p> - -<p>It is often stated that the first crop of sweet clover will produce -more seed to the acre than the second crop. This depends very -largely upon the thickness of the stand and on weather conditions. -In regions where two crops may be grown in a season, the first usually -will produce more seed to the acre than the second if the field has a -thin stand. When the stand is thick the second crop ordinarily -yields more seed. In regions where a crop of hay or pasturage may -be obtained in addition to the seed crop, it is seldom an economical -procedure to permit the first crop to mature. Not only will sweet -clover produce an abundance of nutritious pasturage or a cutting of -1 to 3 tons of hay in addition to the seed, but the difficulty of handling -the large, stemmy growth of the first crop for seed is avoided.</p> - -<p>Yields of sweet-clover seed have been reduced during the last two -seasons by several fungous diseases. Experimental work has not -been completed to show the percentage of damage done by these -organisms, but in some sections of the country seed yields were -reduced considerably. The clover stem borer,<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> which is prevalent in -red clover in certain sections of the country, also infests sweet clover. -It is probable that this insect did some damage to the seed crop in -certain sections of the country in 1916.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Languria mozardi.</p></div> - -<p>The yield of sweet-clover seed varies from 2 to 10 bushels of re-cleaned -seed per acre.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">« 23 »</a></span></p> - - - -<h2><a name="SWEET-CLOVER_STRAW" id="SWEET-CLOVER_STRAW">SWEET-CLOVER STRAW.</a></h2> - - -<p>Sweet-clover straw may be utilized for soil improvement or as a -roughage for stock. When it is not needed for feeding it should be -turned under, as it will add much humus and nitrogen to the soil. -When the seed is flailed from the plants the straw may be easily and -quickly spread over the land at the time of flailing, but when the -crop is thrashed with a grain separator or a clover huller it will be -necessary to haul the straw and scatter it over the field. When the -crop is thrashed in this manner the straw will be broken and crushed -so that stock will eat it freely. The straw may be run directly from -the thrashing machine into the silo, where, by adding sufficient -water, it can be made into good silage. <a href="#Table_I">Table I</a> gives the analyses -of nine samples of sweet-clover straw which were collected in Illinois -in the fall of 1916.</p> - - -<p class="caption3"><a id="Table_I"></a>Table I.—Analyses of sweet-clover straw.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - -<table class="data" summary="data"> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">Sample.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Moisture.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Ash.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Fiber<br />extract.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Protein.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Crude fiber.</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">Nitrogen-free<br />extract.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 1</td> - <td class="bdl">4.2</td> - <td class="bdl">3.18</td> - <td class="bdl">1.20</td> - <td class="bdl">8.31</td> - <td class="bdl">49.37</td> - <td class="bdl">33.74</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 2</td> - <td class="bdl">4.7</td> - <td class="bdl">3.40</td> - <td class="bdl">1.03</td> - <td class="bdl">5.88</td> - <td class="bdl">53.65</td> - <td class="bdl">31.34</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 3</td> - <td class="bdl">5.34</td> - <td class="bdl">3.02</td> - <td class="bdl">.89</td> - <td class="bdl">6.14</td> - <td class="bdl">51.11</td> - <td class="bdl">32.9</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 4</td> - <td class="bdl">5.55</td> - <td class="bdl">4.14</td> - <td class="bdl">1.54</td> - <td class="bdl">8.44</td> - <td class="bdl">43.00</td> - <td class="bdl">37.33</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 5</td> - <td class="bdl">4.75</td> - <td class="bdl">2.64</td> - <td class="bdl">1.28</td> - <td class="bdl">6.81</td> - <td class="bdl">51.42</td> - <td class="bdl">32.8</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 6</td> - <td class="bdl">4.23</td> - <td class="bdl">2.58</td> - <td class="bdl">1.13</td> - <td class="bdl">5.44</td> - <td class="bdl">55.41</td> - <td class="bdl">31.21</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 7</td> - <td class="bdl">5.53</td> - <td class="bdl">3.66</td> - <td class="bdl">1.52</td> - <td class="bdl">7.19</td> - <td class="bdl">46.34</td> - <td class="bdl">35.70</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">No. 8</td> - <td class="bdl">4.65</td> - <td class="bdl">2.98</td> - <td class="bdl">1.38</td> - <td class="bdl">7.09</td> - <td class="bdl">51.56</td> - <td class="bdl">32.34</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl">No. 9</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">4.92</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">4.22</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">1.70</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">8.44</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">46.11</td> - <td class="bdb bdl">34.61</td> -</tr> -</table> - - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> These analyses were made by the Bureau of Chemistry.</p></div> - - - - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<div class="trans_notes"> -<p class="caption3">Transcriber Note</p> - - -<p>Minor typos may have been corrected. 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S. Coe - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836 - Sweet Clover: Harvesting and Thrashing the Seed Crop - -Author: H. S. Coe - -Release Date: August 13, 2020 [EBook #62921] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 836 *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously made -available by USDA through The Internet Archive. All -resultant materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis is denoted as _Italics_. Whole and fractional parts of -numbers as 123-4/5. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER - -HARVESTING AND THRASHING THE SEED CROP - - -H. S. COE - -Assistant Agrononmist, Office of Forage-Crop Investigations - - -[Illustration] - - -FARMERS' BULLETIN 836 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE - - -Contribution from the Bureau of Plant Industry - -WM. A. TAYLOR, Chief - - - - Washington, D. C. July, 1917 - - - Show this bulletin to a neighbor. Additional copies may be obtained - free from the Division of Publications, United States Department of - Agriculture - - WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1917 - - -SWEET CLOVER should be cut for seed when three-fourths of the seed pods -have turned dark brown to black. At this time some flowers and many -immature pods will be found on the plants, but the field will have a -brownish cast. - -Sweet-clover seed pods shatter badly when mature. For this reason every -precaution should be taken to cut the plants at the proper stage and to -save as much of the shattered seed as possible. - -Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants when they -are damp from rain or dew. - -No machine thus far placed on the market has given entire satisfaction -in cutting sweet clover for seed. - -The ordinary mower should not be used for harvesting the seed crop. The -seed crop is usually cut with a self-rake reaper, grain binder, grain -header, or corn harvester. The self-rake reaper and the grain binder -have been most satisfactory. - -The seed crop should be stacked unless it can be thrashed within two -weeks after cutting. - -Much shattered seed will be saved if a wagon with a tight floor is used -for hauling the plants. If the wagon bed is not tight it should be -covered with a tarpaulin or canvas. - -The seed may be flailed from the plants, as is customary in the South, -or it may be thrashed with a grain separator or clover huller, as is -the practice in the North. - -The ordinary grain separator may be adjusted so that it will hull 90 -per cent of the seed. - -Sweet-clover straw has considerable feeding value. - - - - -SWEET CLOVER: HARVESTING AND THRASHING THE SEED CROP.[1] - -[1] This bulletin discusses only the harvesting and thrashing of the -sweet-clover seed crop. The growing of sweet clover and its utilization -are discussed in Farmers' Bulletin 797, entitled "Sweet Clover; -Growing the Crop," and Farmer's Bulletin 820, entitled "Sweet Clover: -Utilization," respectively. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Page. - - The crop to harvest for seed 3 - - Time to cut the seed crop 4 - - Loss of seed from shattering 4 - - Machinery used for harvesting the seed crop 5 - - Stacking the sweet-clover seed crop 17 - - Thrashing the sweet-clover seed crop 18 - - Yields of sweet-clover seed 21 - - Sweet-clover straw 23 - - - -THE CROP TO HARVEST FOR SEED. - - -White sweet clover and biennial yellow sweet clover are harvested for -seed the year following seeding. In localities where those species will -produce two cuttings the second year, either the first or the second -crop may be harvested for seed. As the plants die when mature, only one -cutting will be obtained if the first crop is permitted to ripen. It is -becoming a general practice in many sections of the country to utilize -the first crop of the second season for pasture, ensilage, or hay, and -the second crop for seed. As a rule, this is the most profitable and -economical way to handle sweet clover, as the first crop will produce -an abundance of nutritious pasturage or from 6 to 10 tons of ensilage -or 1 to 3 tons of hay to the acre. The second crop seldom grows more -than 4 feet high when the first crop is pastured or cut. The shorter -growth of the second crop is a very desirable feature, as it may be cut -with a grain binder without difficulty. When the first crop of white -sweet clover is permitted to mature, the plants often make so large -a growth that it is very difficult to handle them with ordinary farm -machinery. This trouble is experienced more often in humid regions than -in semiarid sections. - -As biennial yellow sweet clover seldom grows as tall as the white -species, little difficulty is experienced in cutting the first crop -of the second year for seed with a grain binder. Annual yellow sweet -clover, or sour clover, is seldom grown for seed, as a sufficient -quantity to supply the market is obtained from the screenings of wheat -grown in the Southwest. - -Sweet-clover seed ripens irregularly and shatters badly when mature. On -this account much seed is lost before and during harvest, and ordinary -harvesting machinery has not been entirely satisfactory for handling -the crop. - - - - -TIME TO CUT THE SEED CROP. - - -Opinions of extensive growers of sweet clover differ as to the proper -stage at which to cut the seed crop. Some believe that it should be cut -when the pods on the lower branches have turned dark brown to black, -while others maintain that it is best to wait until the seed on the -upper portions of the plants is mature. The time of cutting the seed -crop should be governed largely by the machinery which is to be used. -If the plants are to be harvested with a self-rake reaper or a grain -binder, they should be cut when approximately three-fourths of the -seed pods have turned dark brown to black. At this time some flowers -and many immature pods will be found on the plants, but the field will -have a brownish cast. If the crop is not cut until the seed pods on the -uppermost branches have matured, most of the pods on the lower branches -will have shattered. - -It is the practice in regions where a grain header is employed to -permit the plants to become somewhat more mature before cutting the -seed crop than in sections where other machines are used. More seed -is shattered when the plants are cut at the latter stage, but this is -not necessarily a loss, as the grain header is employed for the most -part in semiarid regions, where the shattered seed is depended upon to -reseed the land. - - - - -LOSS OF SEED FROM SHATTERING. - - -From one-fifth to three-fourths of the total seed yield of sweet clover -is lost from shattering. The percentage of the loss which occurs before -harvesting will depend largely on the time the crop is cut. Much seed -may be lost if harvesting is delayed for only a few days, and many -fields have been observed in which at least 90 per cent of the seed had -shattered in less then two weeks after the time the plants should have -been cut. - -The percentage of seed which is lost in harvesting will depend largely -upon the manner of handling the crop. The binder or header may be -equipped at a small cost, so that much of the seed which ordinarily is -lost while cutting may be saved. Much shattered seed will be saved by -using wagons with tight platforms or platforms covered with canvas. All -unnecessary handling should be avoided. - -Shattering may be reduced to a minimum by cutting the plants when they -are damp from rain or dew. It is the practice in some regions to cut in -the early morning or late evening, but this procedure will apply only -to small acreages, since it is necessary to cut the crop as soon as -possible when it reaches the proper stage for harvesting. It is a good -practice to cut sweet clover at night, as the plants usually are damp -at that time. - - - - -MACHINERY USED FOR HARVESTING THE SEED CROP. - - -No machine thus far manufactured has given entire satisfaction for -cutting the sweet-clover seed crop. On account of the ease with which -the pods shatter, it is a question whether any machine can be devised -which will handle this crop without the loss of some seed. It is -possible and practicable, however, for farmers at a small cost to equip -their binders with pans and guards, so as to save most of the seed -which otherwise would be lost. - - -THE ORDINARY MOWER. - -The ordinary mowing machine is one of the most unsatisfactory devices -used for harvesting this crop, as the subsequent handling necessary -to place the plants in windrows or cocks causes much of the seed to -shatter. The use of this machine for this purpose should be avoided -whenever possible. - - -THE SELF-RAKE REAPER. - -The self-rake reaper is one of the most efficient machines employed to -cut sweet clover for seed. (Fig. 1.) This machine deposits the newly -cut plants with the tops all turned one way in gavels or bunches at the -side, so that the horses do not trample them on the next round. A high -stubble also may be left, thereby reducing the weight and bulk of the -plants which must be hauled to the thrashing machine. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.--A self-rake reaper used in some sections of the -country for cutting the sweet-clover seed crop.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.--A sled used in western Kansas for hauling sweet -clover from the field to the thrashing machine.] - -It is the custom in some localities to leave the gavels to cure as -dropped by the reaper on the ground, while in other sections they are -placed in cocks that weigh about 300 pounds each when cured. If the -gavels are to be placed in cocks, this should be done immediately after -cutting, as the plants will be somewhat green and tough at this time -and fewer pods will shatter than when the plants are permitted to dry -before handling. When the crop is to be hauled to the thrashing machine -on wagons it is best to permit the gavels to cure as dropped by the -reaper, as it will then be possible to pitch them on the wagon with -a large 4-tined fork. If the crop is to be hauled to the thrashing -machine on large sleds, which is the practice in western Kansas, less -seed will be lost from shattering if the gavels at the time of cutting -are placed in cocks of such a size that they may be put on the sleds -entire by two men lifting from opposite sides of the cock with 4-tined -forks. The sleds used for this purpose usually are 12 by 20 foot in -size, made of matched flooring and with 6 to 12 inch sides. (Fig. 2.) -Matched or tight floors are necessary, so that all seed which shatters -may be saved. These would not be so essential, however, if the sleds -were covered with a tarpaulin or canvas. From the standpoint of saving -shattered seed, this method of hauling the crop from the field to the -thrashing machine is possibly the most economical thus far used. It -is estimated that at times as much as one-third of the seed yield is -collected from the floors of the sleds. It would be a good plan to -replace the runners of the sleds with very low trucks, as this would -lighten the draft considerably. - -When sweet clover is cut with a self-rake reaper the crop is thrashed -directly from the field. From 7 to 10 days of good haying weather in -sufficient to cure the plants in the gavel or cock. Thrashing should -be done as soon as possible, much seed is shattered by rains and -winds. While a self-rake reaper is used to some extent in different -sections of the country, it is used most extensively in the western -North-Central States, and especially in western Kansas. - - -THE GRAIN BINDER. - -A grain binder is employed extensively for cutting the sweet-clover -seed crop. (Fig. 3.) The general use of this machine in many sections -of the country is due to the fact that it is found on most farms -and therefore causes no outlay of money, rather than because of its -efficient work. It is not so efficient as the self-rake reaper unless -it is equipped with pans and guards to save the seed which shatters. - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Cutting sweet clover for seed with a grain -binder.] - -It is possible to equip the grain binder with pans and extensions to -the rear elevator plate and binder deck, so that at least 95 per cent -of the seed which shatters when the crop is cut may be saved. Those -pans and extensions may be made out of ordinary galvanized metal and -strap iron. The galvanized metal may be purchased at any tin shop or -hardware store, and if sufficient strips of iron can not be found -around the farm for this purpose strap iron may be purchased at any -blacksmith shop. The material for those pans and extensions should not -cost more than $4.50 or $5, and it should be possible to have them -made complete for $8 or $10, including material. Unless there are a -forge and drill on the farm it will be necessary to have the braces -and supports for the pans made at a blacksmith shop. The strap iron -used in connection with the pans may vary in size, but for the most -part it need not be heavier than one-eighth inch in thickness, and -seven-eighths inch in width. The supports for the pan under the binder -deck preferably should be one-quarter inch thick, as this pan will have -much more strain on it than the pans under the elevators. Where bolts -are to be used, ordinary stove bolts will suffice. - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Plans for a pan to be placed under the opening -between the platform and lower elevator of a grain binder in order -to save the sweet-clover seed which falls on the platform and on the -extension to the rear elevator plate. _A_, size and shape of the metal -before bending; _B_, general plan of the pan when completed, as viewed -from the top; _C_, cross section of the pan and outline of the support -which holds it in position; _D_, stirrup which hooks over the inside -and to which the support is fastened; _E_, door.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 5.--Rear view of a grain binder, showing a cross -section of the pans and supports and the parts of the machine to which -they are attached. _A_, Pan under the opening between the platform and -lower elevator; _B_, support of the pan; _C_, stirrup which fits over -the inside sill and to which the support is bolted; _D_, angle iron -under the end of the platform and over which one end of the support is -hooked; _E_, cross section of pan under the binder deck; _F_, support -of the pan; _G_, stirrup which hooks over the outside sill and to which -the support is bolted; _H_, angle iron which supports the guard at the -end of the deck; _I_, guard which directs the seed that falls on the -binder deck into the pan below; _J_, binder pipe over which one end of -the support is hooked.] - -The plans for making the pan which should be placed under the opening -between the platform and the lower elevator are illustrated in figure -4. The material to be used for this pan should be cut to conform to the -size and shape shown in figure 4, _A_; the sides should then be bent -upright along the dotted lines, so that the pan will be 18 inches wide -at the top. One end, which should be solid, may be made so by bending -the center portion upright and then bending the sides against it. The -side and center pieces should be riveted together. (Fig. 4, _C_.) Any -suitable door which will prevent seed from falling out of the pan will -suffice for the other end. A door is highly desirable, so that the seed -may be removed more easily when the pan is full. A convenient type is -shown in figure 4, _E_. A top view of the pan when completed is given -in figure 4, _B_. It will be necessary to brace the pan, and this may -be done by riveting strips of strap iron, preferably one-eighth inch -thick and one-half inch wide, on the outer edges of the sides. - -This pan is held in position by two supports made of strap iron, -preferably seven-eighths inch wide and one-eighth inch thick, which -have been bent to conform to the outside of a cross section of the pan. -(Figs. 4, _C_, and 5, _B_.) The ends of these supports which fasten -under the platform should be bent to a sharp angle and the tip of each -slightly flattened, so that they may be pushed between the angle bar -at the end of the platform and the bottom of the platform. The other -end of each support should have a hole drilled in it, so that it may be -bolted to the stirrups, which should be made to hook over the inside -sill. (Figs. 4, _C_, and 5.) These supports should be placed about -6 inches from the ends of the pan and riveted or bolted to it. This -will serve to brace the pan and to hold it in place. The pan may be -attached to the machine by hooking the supports over the angle iron on -the bottom of the platform and by bolting them to the stirrups on the -sill. By supporting the pan in this manner it may be easily and quickly -attached or removed. - -[Illustration: Fig. 6.--Plans for the pan to be placed under the binder -deck of the grain binder. _A_, Size and shape the metal should be cut -before bending; _B_, general plan of the pan when completed, as viewed -from the top.] - -[Illustration: Fig. 7.--Plans for the guard to be placed at the end of -the binder deck of the grain binder and cross section of the pan and -supports illustrated in figure 6. _A_, Size and shape of the metal for -the guard; _B_, shape of the guard when completed; _C_, cross section -of the pan and support to which this guard is attached; _D_, angle iron -which supports the guard at the end of the deck; _E_, guard bolted in -position; _F_, stirrup which hooks over the outside sill and to which -the support is belted.] - -The pan to be placed under the deck of the machine will serve to -collect the seed which is shattered on the deck and the extension to -the deck. The plans for making this pan are shown in detail in figure -6. The material should be cut along the solid lines and of the size -designated in figure 6, _A_. The sides of the pan should be bent upward -on the dotted lines, so that the pan will be 24 inches wide at the -top. The ends should then be made in the manner described for the pan -which is placed under the opening of the platform and lower elevator. -A door may be put in the rear end of this pan if desired; but this -is not necessary, as no trouble will be experienced in removing the -seed. Figure 6, _B_, gives a top view of the pan when completed and -also a portion, of the guard which serves to direct into this pan the -seed which shatters on the deck. This guard is shown in detail in -figure 7. As this pan is larger and heavier than that placed under -the lower elevator, not only should it have strips of iron riveted -to the outer edges of the sides, but two cross braces also should be -employed. Those may be fastened to the strips of iron supporting the -sides of the pan and should be about 12 inches from the ends of it. -This pan is supported by two strips of strap iron bent to conform to -the outside of a cross section of it and hook over the binder pipe -under the deck and bolt to stirrups placed on the outer sill of the -frame. Each support may be made from one strip of strap iron. It may be -necessary to bend the ends of the supports which hook over the binder -pipe in opposite directions. Both ends of the supports which hook over -the binder pipe may hook outward, as shown in figure 7, _C_, or the -rear support may hook inward, as illustrated in figure 5. It is not -absolutely necessary that those supports of the pan hook in opposite -directions on the binder pipe, yet when this is done it will make the -pan more rigid. The pan may be attached by first hooking the supports -over the binder pipe underneath the deck and then bolting the other end -of the supports to the stirrups on the outer sill. The pan should be -fastened to the supports. A cross section of this pan, the supports for -it, and the stirrups which hook over the sill are shown in figure 7, -_C_. - -If this pan extends beyond the deck so that the seed which is shattered -on the deck will drop directly into it, the bundles when released from -the packers will strike the pan. For this reason it is necessary to -place a guard at the end of the deck, so that the seed which falls on -the deck will be directed into the pan. This guard, as shown in figures -5 and 7, consists of a piece of galvanized metal, to the upper side of -which has been riveted a strip of iron. The upper side of this guard -should be bent slightly inward at the lower edge of the strip of iron -and placed in such a position that it will be approximately 1-1/2 -inches beyond the lower end of the binder deck and extend from 1 to -1-1/2 inches above the deck. If it is placed at right angles to the -deck and no higher than 1-1/2 inches above it, it will not interfere -with the bundles as they are released from the packers. This guard -should be supported by two angles of strap iron, as shown in figure 7, -_D_. Those braces are bolted to the supports of the pan, and the guard -is bolted to the braces. As this guard should extend a little below the -supports of the pan, so as to prevent the wind from blowing the seed -over it, it is necessary to cut slots in the guard so it will fit over -the supports. The ends of this guard should be rolled slightly inward, -so that the seed falling close to them will be directed into the pan. -When the extension to the binder deck is placed in the proper position, -the seed collected by it will be directed against the guard and then -into the pan below. - -The extension to the elevator should be bolted to the rear elevator -plate. This extension should be so wide that the tops of the plants -will not reach beyond it. The details for this extension are shown in -figure 8. The outer edge and lower end of this extension should be bent -upward and slightly inward, so that the seed which falls upon it will -be directed to the opening between the platform and lower elevator, -where it will fall into the pan beneath. The curved edge of the lower -part of this extension should be flattened as much as possible, so -that it will not interfere with the upper portions of the plants as -they pass from the platform to the elevators. The opening must be -sufficiently large, however, to permit small branches and racemos which -fall upon the extension to pass into the pan. The angle of the lower -portion of it must be large enough to permit the seed to run directly -into the pan below. If this portion is sloped from the seat pipe to the -opening between the platform and the lower elevator no trouble will be -experienced. This extension may be bolted to the machine by drilling -holes in it to coincide with those in the elevator plate. - -[Illustration: Fig. 8.--Plan of the extension which is bolted to the -rear elevator plate of the grain binder. _A_, Size and shape of the -metal to be used for this extension; _B_, extension when completed.] - -It is necessary to widen the binder deck, so as to save the seed which -is shattered from those portions of the plants which extend beyond it. -This may be done by bolting to the rear end of this deck an extension, -as shown in detail in figure 9. This extension may be made from one -piece of galvanized iron, which should be cut along the solid lines -and of the size shown in figure 9, _A_. It should be bent upward and -slightly inward at the dotted lines shown in this figure. The extended -strips, as shown in figure 9, _B_, should be riveted to the main part -of the extension. When this is done a trough will be formed along the -side and lower end of it, so that all seed which shatters upon it will -be directed into the pan below the deck. The object in riveting the -extended strips at the end of the extension to the main part is to -prevent the tops of the plants from catching in the trough when the -bundles leave the packers. It may be necessary to fasten a brace to -the bottom of the deck to support this extension. This can be done, -however, by using a strip of strap iron or wood. The upper end of -this extension should be bent to fit under the upper end of the one -attached to the elevator plate, so that the plants will not be hindered -in passing from one to the other. Both extensions may be braced -strongly at the top by fastening them to a right angle of iron or wood. - -A grain, binder equipped with the pans and extensions herein outlined -is shown in figure 10. - -Binders equipped in the manner described have been tested carefully -in different sections and have proved beyond doubt that they offer an -economical device for harvesting sweet clover for seed. This equipment -has been used most extensively in Livingston County, Ill., where -farmers have saved with it from $6 to $10 worth of seed per acre. When -this equipment is used the plants may be permitted to become somewhat -more mature before cutting, as the seed which is shattered will be -saved by the pans. - -[Illustration: Fig. 9.--Extension to the binder deck of the grain -binder. _A_, size and shape of the metal before bending; _B_, extended -points which are to be bolted to the main portion of the metal; _C_, -extension when completed.] - -As the pans and extensions described have been designed for one type of -binder, it may be necessary to modify them slightly for use on other -types of machines. Before making a set of these pans and extensions -for any machine, the plans shown should be compared carefully with the -binder to be equipped, in order that any changes which will need to be -made may be noted. The pans and extensions at least maybe made on the -farm, and then it will be an easy matter to check up the measurements -for the supports, which may be made at a blacksmith shop. - -Difficulty may be experienced in cutting sweet clover with a binder -when the first crop has been permitted to mature, as the plants may -be so tall that the machine will not handle them properly. This -difficulty may be overcome entirely in most sections of the country -by pasturing the field until the first part of June or by cutting the -first crop for hay. It is recommended that the stubble be left as high -as possible when cutting sweet clover for seed. Not only will this -greatly facilitate harvesting but it will leave many of the woody, -unpalatable portions of the plants on the ground, where they will decay -quickly, and help to increase the humus content of the soil. (See the -illustration on the title-page.) - -When the seed crop is cut with a binder it is best to shock the bundles -as soon as possible, so as to avoid unnecessary shattering. Conditions -should determine whether the bundles be placed in long narrow shocks or -in round shocks. The plants will cure somewhat faster in long narrow -shocks, and this form should be preferred when grasshoppers are not -troublesome. Sweet-clover shocks should not be capped, as capping will -cause some seed pods to shatter. - -[Illustration: Fig. 10.--A grain binder equipped with pans and -extensions to the rear elevator plate and binder deck to save the -sweet-clover seed which is shattered while cutting the crop.] - - -THE GRAIN HEADER. - -Grain headers have been used successfully for harvesting the -sweet-clover seed crop in several sections of the United States, -especially in western Kansas. The principal advantages in using this -machine are that a larger acreage may be cut in a given time than with -either a grain binder or a self-rake reaper and that a high stubble -may be left. The greater acreage which may be cut with a header is -important when large acreages are to be harvested, as much seed is -lost by shattering if the crop is not cut at the proper stage for -harvesting, while the high stubble which may be left when cutting -the seed crop with a grain header is a decided advantage, as it not -only reduces greatly the weight and bulb of the plants which must be -thrashed, but it also leaves the hard, woody portions on the ground, -where they will decay and be of some value as a fertilizer. It is best -to remove only those portions of the plants which contain sufficient -seed to thrash, but this is not always possible, even with a header, -unless the field contains a fairly thin stand and the plants are not -more than 4-1/2 to 5 feet high. When the seed crop is to be cut with -a grain header, it usually is permitted to stand somewhat longer than -when other machines are used. - -A tin pan or some other receptacle should be placed at the lower end of -the header elevator in order to save the seed which otherwise would be -lost at that place. - -The plants are carried into header wagons or barges in the same way -as grain. When a heavy crop is cut it will be necessary to have two -men in the barge to handle the plants. The floor of the header wagon -should be made perfectly tight, or it should be covered with a canvas -or tarpaulin, so as to save the seed pods which shatter. - -When the crop is cut at the proper stage it may be placed directly in -stacks or ricks without danger of heating or molding, provided the -ricks are covered or topped with some material which will shed water -and are built upon a foundation, so that air may circulate under them. -Native grass or green sweet-clover plants of the first year's crop will -serve very nicely for topping the stacks. - -It is the custom of some people to place the barge loads close together -in individual stacks so located that they may be hauled quickly and -easily to the thrashing machine. On other farms enough barge loads -are placed together to make a rick approximately 10 by 10 by 40 feet -in size. When each barge load is placed in a separate stack it is -necessary to load the plants again, so as to haul them to the thrashing -machine. The shattering of seed pods and the extra labor caused by -reloading and by hauling the plants may be avoided for the most part -by placing the crop in ricks large enough for a day's thrashing. It is -good practice to place such ricks in pairs sufficiently close together -for both to be pitched directly to the feeder of the machine. When this -method is employed two days' thrashing may be done without moving the -machine. - -The header binder, consisting of an attachment placed upon the header -to bind the cut plants, has been used successfully in cutting the -sweet-clover seed crop. - - -THE CORN HARVESTER. - -Corn harvesters are proving to be efficient machines for cutting sweet -clover which has made a growth too large to be cut with a grain binder. -Even when the field has been seeded broadcast a 3-foot swath may be cut -with the corn harvester, provided the gathering or divider points are -extended to collect the plants. This may be done by fastening to each -point a piece of wood or iron about 18 inches long. When a corn binder -is used no more seed is lost from shattering than when an ordinary -grain harvester is employed, unless the later is equipped with special -pans and extensions, for the reason, primarily, that the portions of -the plants which produce most of the seed extend above the gathering -or divider boards and are not crushed. When a 5-foot or larger growth -is cut with a corn binder, the plants are tied below the seed-bearing -branches. - -In the semiarid sections of the country a limited quantity of sweet -clover is planted in rows for both forage and seed production. In such -a case the seed may be harvested with a corn binder. (Fig. 11.) - -[Illustration: Fig. 11.--Cutting sweet clover for seed with a corn -harvester. This field had been seeded in 30-inch rows.] - - - - -STACKING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP. - - -Much discussion has taken place among extensive growers of sweet clover -as to the advisability of stacking the seed crop after it is cut with a -grain binder or a corn harvester. The conditions present in each case -should determine the proper course to pursue. If it will be impossible -to thrash within 10 days after cutting, much less seed will be lost by -stacking two or three days after cutting than by permitting the plants -to remain in the field subject to possible rains. In such cases it is -urged that the crop be stacked, as the seed saved by this operation, if -the handling is done with care, will much more than pay for the labor. -When it is possible to thrash in a week or 10 days after cutting, -the crop should be thrashed directly from the field, as little seed -ordinarily will be lost during this time and the work of stacking will -be avoided. - -When the crop is to be stacked, the stacks should be built in the same -way as stacks of grain; and when properly built they will shed water -as well as grain stacks. (Fig. 12.) It is well, however, to provide a -covering, and if canvas is not available a top-dressing of green grain -or young sweet-clover plants will suffice. Sweet clover should remain -in the stack for three or four weeks, as it will require about that -time for the plants to pass through the sweat. A stack should always -be placed on high ground, where water will not collect about the base, -and it is recommended that a foundation of some kind be provided, so -that air may circulate beneath. A few posts or rails will answer this -purpose very well. - -[Illustration: Fig. 12.--A stack of sweet clover.] - - - - -THRASHING THE SWEET-CLOVER SEED CROP. - - -Two methods are in general use for thrashing the sweet-clover seed -crop. The seed may be flailed from the plants, or it may be removed by -a grain separator or a clover huller. - - -FLAILING THE SEED. - -Much of the sweet-clover seed harvested in the South is flailed from -the plants. This method is necessarily slow and does not hull the seed. -It is practicable, therefore, only in regions where the necessary -machinery for hulling the seed crop is not available or where the -acreage to be thrashed is very limited. One advantage of thrashing the -seed in this manner is that the straw is left in the field, where it -will add much organic matter to the soil. - -When the seed is to be flailed, the crop ordinarily is cut with a -scythe or mowing machine and the plants raked into piles or windrows. -If only small areas are to be harvested in this manner, a canvas or -tarpaulin may be spread on the ground beside a windrow or pile and -several forkfuls of sweet clover pitched on the canvas, where the seed -may be removed from the plants by striking them a few times with -flails, sticks, or forks. After the plants have been struck a few times -they should be turned over and struck again. When the seed is removed -front the plants, the straw may be pitched to one side, the canvas -placed beside another portion of the windrow or by another pile, and -the operation repeated. It is not necessary to remove the seed from the -canvas until its weight or bulk interferes with moving the canvas. - -It is the practice in some sections of the country to place a -well-braced frame, covered with wire netting, on a sled and to flail -the seed on this frame. The netting used for covering the frame should -have meshes 1 inch or loss in diameter. The sled should be at least 7 -feet wide and 10 feet long and should have sides and ends approximately -12 inches high. Smaller sleds sometimes are used, but a larger one is -to be preferred if two or more persons are to flail on it at one time. -If the floor of the sled is not perfectly tight, it should be covered -with canvas and the edges of the canvas thrown over the sides and ends -of the sled, so as to avoid losing any of the seed and to facilitate -its removal. A sled so equipped may be drawn from pile to pile, the -plants pitched on it, the seed flailed from them, and the straw -returned to the land for soil improvement. - -Another method, very similar to that just described, is to place a -frame on a hayrack. The frame should be built sufficiently strong and -in such a manner that the person who is to do the flailing may stand -on it. It should be covered preferably with galvanized-wire netting -having half-inch meshes, and if this is stretched tightly it will -serve to strengthen the frame. If it is not practicable to make the -hayrack perfectly tight, it should be covered with a tarpaulin or -canvas. A wagon so equipped may be pulled from pile to pile or along -the windrows, where one person may pitch the plants upon the frame, to -be flailed by one or more persons standing on it. After the seed is -removed from the plants, the straw may be scattered easily and quickly -over the ground for soil improvement. - -Flailed seed should be cleaned thoroughly with sieves and fanning -mills to remove the inert matter and immature pods before it is sown -or offered for sale on the market. It is recommended that whenever -possible unhulled seed be run through a clover huller to hull the seed -or through an Ames hulling and scarifying machine to remove the hulls -and to scarify the seed. By this process the outer coat of the seed -is scratched or broken. The scarifying increases the percentage of -germination by facilitating the entrance of moisture. - -[Illustration: Fig. 13.--Thrashing sweet clover with a grain separator. -Note the large sleds used for handling the plants from the field to the -thrashing machine.] - - -THE GRAIN SEPARATOR. - -A grain separator (fig. 13) is used more than any other machine for -thrashing sweet clover. This is because more grain separators than -clover hullers are found in localities where sweet clover is grown -and because the ordinary clover huller will not handle a large growth -of sweet clover satisfactorily. When the grain separator is operated -carefully no trouble should be experienced in removing the seed from -the plants, but it is necessary to make certain adjustments if the -seed is to be hulled. The adjustments required will vary somewhat with -the make of machine and the dryness of the crop. The riddles should be -adjusted or changed so they will handle sweet-clover seed properly. -Alfalfa or red-clover riddles will answer this purpose. The speed of -the fan should be decreased, so the seed will not be blown over, and -this usually will be accomplished when the speed is reduced to about -one-half that used in thrashing grain. The number of rows of concave -teeth which should be used will vary with the dryness of the plants -and somewhat with their size. When it is not desired to hull the seed, -one or two rows of concave teeth will be sufficient. Some operators -believe that one or two rows are sufficient to hull 40 to 50 per cent -of the seed when the plants are very dry. Those are exceptional cases, -and hulled seed should not be expected unless more rows of concave -teeth are used. If hulled seed is desired it is recommended that a -full set be used and that these be set to run closer to the cylinder -teeth than is customary when thrashing grain. Some operators replace -two rows of the smooth, concave teeth with corrugated teeth. This -practice is recommended wherever possible, as the corrugated teeth will -facilitate greatly the hulling of the seed. Even where these changes -are made, only a small percentage of the seed will be hulled if the -pods are damp. If the plants have been permitted to make a very large -growth the machine may clog unless the number of rows of concave teeth -is reduced. Clogging may be overcome for the most part by feeding the -bundles to the machine slowly. This precaution is necessary regardless -of the size of the plants if the seed is to be removed properly and -hulled. It is possible to hull from 90 to 95 per cent of the seed when -the proper adjustments are made and the plants are dry. - -A clover-hulling attachment, which consists for the most part of -special sieves and a number of rows of corrugated concave teeth which -replace the ordinary concave teeth, has been used with success in -different sections of the country. - - -THE CLOVER HULLER. - -As a rule, ordinary clover hullers do not handle sweet clover very -satisfactorily. Machines with cylinders larger than those commonly used -are giving fair satisfaction provided the plants do not make a large -growth, but even these machines have not been so successful as properly -adjusted and equipped grain separators. A clover huller will handle a 2 -to 3 foot growth of sweet clover if the rows of thrashing concaves are -reduced and the plants are fed slowly to the machine. It will not hull -sweet clover as well as red clover, and it is very doubtful whether -it will hull more seed than a grain separator equipped with a hulling -attachment. - -The manufacturer of at least one clover huller has designed special -rasps for the hulling cylinder and concaves of his machine, and these -rasps do better work than the ones ordinarily used for hulling red -clover. - -It is the custom in some localities to run the sweet clover through a -thrashing machine without adjusting the concaves and then to run the -unhulled seed as delivered by the grain separator through a clover -huller. A fair quality of seed may be obtained by this process, but -it calls for much extra labor and time, and for this reason should be -avoided Whenever possible. - - - - -YIELDS OF SWEET-CLOVER SEED. - - -Many factors besides shattering influence the yield of sweet-clover -seed. As only those portions of the plants exposed directly to the -sunlight set seed abundantly, thin stands usually produce more seed to -the acre than heavy stands. When very heavy stands make a large growth, -seed is produced only on the upper 24 to 30 inches of the plants, -whereas with thinner stands it is produced on the lower branches as -well. - -The quantity of moisture in the soil at the time the seed is maturing -is an important factor also. During hot, dry weather the plants may not -be able to absorb from the soil sufficient water to supply the excess -required by them for seed production. In this event many of the seed -pods will abort and fall when partly mature. Pods abort and fall in -a very short time, so that partly shriveled ones seldom are found on -the plants, although the extent of the aborting is shown by the number -of barren racemos. When such weather conditions prevail, the second -crop usually will produce a heavier yield than the first crop. This is -due for the most part to the inability of the large plants to obtain -sufficient water for seed production. The much smaller plants of the -second crop do not require as much moisture as the larger plants of the -first crop, as the vegetative growth is seldom more than half as much. - -The type of root growth has much to do with the quantity of water the -plants are able to obtain during droughty weather. When sweet clover is -planted on soil that has a tendency to be wet, the plants will produce -a much-branched shallow root system instead of the normal deep roots -which are found on well-drained soils. During dry weather the upper -layers of soil become so depleted that plants having a very large -percentage of their roots in these layers can not obtain a sufficient -quantity of moisture to supply their requirements for seed production. - -It is often stated that the first crop of sweet clover will produce -more seed to the acre than the second crop. This depends very largely -upon the thickness of the stand and on weather conditions. In regions -where two crops may be grown in a season, the first usually will -produce more seed to the acre than the second if the field has a thin -stand. When the stand is thick the second crop ordinarily yields more -seed. In regions where a crop of hay or pasturage may be obtained in -addition to the seed crop, it is seldom an economical procedure to -permit the first crop to mature. Not only will sweet clover produce an -abundance of nutritious pasturage or a cutting of 1 to 3 tons of hay in -addition to the seed, but the difficulty of handling the large, stemmy -growth of the first crop for seed is avoided. - -Yields of sweet-clover seed have been reduced during the last two -seasons by several fungous diseases. Experimental work has not been -completed to show the percentage of damage done by these organisms, but -in some sections of the country seed yields were reduced considerably. -The clover stem borer,[2] which is prevalent in red clover in certain -sections of the country, also infests sweet clover. It is probable that -this insect did some damage to the seed crop in certain sections of the -country in 1916. - -[2] Languria mozardi. - -The yield of sweet-clover seed varies from 2 to 10 bushels of -re-cleaned seed per acre. - - - - -SWEET-CLOVER STRAW. - - -Sweet-clover straw may be utilized for soil improvement or as a -roughage for stock. When it is not needed for feeding it should be -turned under, as it will add much humus and nitrogen to the soil. -When the seed is flailed from the plants the straw may be easily and -quickly spread over the land at the time of flailing, but when the -crop is thrashed with a grain separator or a clover huller it will be -necessary to haul the straw and scatter it over the field. When the -crop is thrashed in this manner the straw will be broken and crushed -so that stock will eat it freely. The straw may be run directly from -the thrashing machine into the silo, where, by adding sufficient water, -it can be made into good silage. Table I gives the analyses of nine -samples of sweet-clover straw which were collected in Illinois in the -fall of 1916. - - -Table I.--Analyses of sweet-clover straw.[3] - - | | Nitrogen- - | | | Fiber | | Crude | free - Sample.|Moisture.| Ash. | extract.|Protein.| fiber.| extract. - -------+---------+-------+---------+--------+-------+----------- - | | | | | | - No. 1 | 4.2 | 3.18 | 1.20 | 8.31 | 49.37 | 33.74 - No. 2 | 4.7 | 3.40 | 1.03 | 5.88 | 53.65 | 31.34 - No. 3 | 5.34 | 3.02 | .89 | 6.14 | 51.11 | 32.9 - No. 4 | 5.55 | 4.14 | 1.54 | 8.44 | 43.00 | 37.33 - No. 5 | 4.75 | 2.64 | 1.28 | 6.81 | 51.42 | 32.8 - No. 6 | 4.23 | 2.58 | 1.13 | 5.44 | 55.41 | 31.21 - No. 7 | 5.53 | 3.66 | 1.52 | 7.19 | 46.34 | 35.70 - No. 8 | 4.65 | 2.98 | 1.38 | 7.09 | 51.56 | 32.34 - No. 9. | 4.92 | 4.22 | 1.70 | 8.44 | 46.11 | 34.61 - -------+---------+-------+---------+--------+-------+----------- - - -[3] These analyses were made by the Bureau of Chemistry. - - - - - * * * * * - - - -Transcriber Note - - -Minor typos may have been corrected. Illustrations were moved to -prevent splitting of paragraphs. Content produced from files generously -provided by the USDA through The Internet Archive and all resultant -files are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 836, by H. S. Coe - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. 836 *** - -***** This file should be named 62921.txt or 62921.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/9/2/62921/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas produced from files generously made -available by USDA through The Internet Archive. 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