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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide, by 
-Central Flyway Council
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide
-
-Author: Central Flyway Council
-
-Release Date: April 5, 2017 [EBook #54487]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS WATERFOWL IDENT. GUIDE ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                     WATERFOWL IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
-
-
-                              Published by
-                       The Central Flyway Council
-
-
-                            COUNCIL MEMBERS
-
-  Colorado
-  Kansas
-  Montana
-  Nebraska
-  New Mexico
-  North Dakota
-  Oklahoma
-  South Dakota
-  Texas
-  Wyoming
-
-
-                            Acknowledgments
-
-The Central Flyway Council wishes to thank the Atlantic Flyway Council
-for making available the illustrations and most of the text of this
-booklet.
-
-The Council also wishes to thank the many persons who assisted in
-preparation of this publication, particularly the Vermont Fish and Game
-Commission and Alan R. Munro, the artist.
-
-                           PRINTED IN U.S.A.
-             BY THE LANE PRESS. INC. · BURLINGTON, VERMONT
-
-
-
-
-                                CONTENTS
-
-
-  Council Members                                                       1
-  Acknowledgements                                                      2
-  Foreword                                                              5
-  Identification                                                        6
-  Individual Problems                                                   7
-  Nonhunting Enjoyments                                                 8
-  Research and Management                                               8
-  Flyway Council Approach                                               9
-  Your Responsibility                                                  10
-  Parts of a Duck                                                      11
-  Whistling Swan                                                       12
-  Canada Goose                                                         13
-  Snow Goose                                                           14
-  Ross Goose                                                           15
-  White-Fronted Goose                                                  16
-  Blue Goose                                                           17
-  Puddle or Dabbling Duck Characteristics                              18
-  Mallard                                                              19
-  Black Duck                                                           20
-  Mottled Duck                                                         21
-  New Mexico Duck                                                      22
-  Gadwall                                                              23
-  Pintail                                                              24
-  Green-Winged Teal                                                    25
-  Blue-Winged Teal                                                     26
-  Cinnamon Teal                                                        27
-  American Widgeon                                                     28
-  Shoveler                                                             29
-  Wood Duck                                                            30
-  Harlequin Duck                                                       31
-  Diving Duck Characteristics                                          32
-  Redhead                                                              33
-  Ring-Necked Duck                                                     34
-  Canvasback                                                           35
-  Greater Scaup                                                        36
-  Lesser Scaup                                                         37
-  Common Goldeneye                                                     38
-  Barrow’s Goldeneye                                                   39
-  Bufflehead                                                           40
-  White-Winged Scoter                                                  41
-  Fulvous Tree Duck                                                    42
-  Black-Bellied Tree Duck                                              43
-  Ruddy Duck                                                           44
-  Hooded Merganser                                                     45
-  Common Merganser                                                     46
-  Double-Crested Cormorant                                             47
-  Common Loon                                                          48
-  Horned Grebe                                                         49
-  Pied-Billed Grebe                                                    49
-  Western Grebe                                                        50
-  American Coot                                                        51
-  King Rail                                                            52
-  Clapper Rail                                                         52
-  Virginia Rail                                                        53
-  Sora                                                                 53
-  Common Snipe (Jacksnipe)                                             54
-  Waterfowler’s Code                                                   55
-
-
-
-
-                                FOREWORD
-
-
-The North American continent, at the time of its discovery and early
-settlement, had a waterfowl population which was one of its many
-wonders. So far as the evidence shows, no equal area of the earth’s
-surface ever supported such vast numbers of so many different ducks and
-geese, and this situation persisted to a time within the memory of
-living men. Long after the end of early settlement on this continent,
-hunting was free and harvest unlimited. But as the advancing tide of
-settlement reached into the north-central prairie states and provinces
-in the final years of the Nineteenth Century, radical changes began.
-From that time on North American waterfowl habitat began to deteriorate.
-Literally millions of acres of former nesting ground in the north have
-now been drained and put to the plow. South of the breeding range, not
-only agriculture, but industrialization and urbanization also have
-steadily reduced available resting and wintering grounds.
-
-The progressive decline in waterfowl numbers which followed these
-changes in land use led eventually to the scientific management of
-waterfowl. Spring shooting and market hunting were abolished in the
-second decade of this century. Ten years later the federal government
-undertook detailed regulation of migratory waterfowl so the annual
-harvest could be made proportional to the annual production. This was
-accomplished through collective effort by State, Provincial and Federal
-agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States to obtain scientific
-information. In keeping with biological principles, most of the
-restrictions on bag limit and means of taking have been used with some
-flexibility.
-
-Throughout the decline of all waterfowl populations some species have
-been underharvested. These species have declined in about the same
-proportion as those species on which the bulk of the harvest occurred.
-The Central Flyway Council feels that a refinement in waterfowl
-management is possible by directing hunting pressure on these previously
-underharvested species. This goal can only be accomplished through a
-knowledge of species identification by the waterfowl hunter. This
-booklet is a start in that direction.
-
-In recent years most waterfowl populations have made encouraging
-recoveries from the low point of the early 1930’s, when disastrous
-drouths, drainage and changing land use patterns took their toll. Still
-drainage continues, and industrialization is further reducing the
-habitat. Hunting continues as a major sport, however, maximum
-utilization of all species must be accomplished if hunting is to be
-fostered at a reasonable level of freedom and enjoyment.
-
-The very future of duck hunting depends upon a more effective
-partnership between regulatory agencies and the many thousands of
-gunners whom they serve. The federal agency is charged by treaty and law
-with husbandry of the waterfowl resource. The State agencies assist in
-the responsibility. However, they need the help of all sportsmen, and
-particularly they need the understanding help of waterfowlers who know
-their birds and who keep abreast of current plans for management. To
-foster this essential cooperation between agencies and gunners is a
-primary purpose of this booklet.
-
-
-                             Identification
-
-Identification of birds in the field, and particularly on the wing, as
-ducks and geese are usually seen over decoys, is easier than appears at
-first try. The trick is to note, in addition to shape and approximate
-size, the general arrangement of light and dark areas in the plumage,
-for nearly every species has its own distinctive pattern. With practice,
-the eye can be trained to pick out this pattern at a glance, and within
-a short time recognition becomes automatic. The illustrations which
-follow, one for each important species of Central Flyway waterfowl, make
-use of this practice of “pattern recognition” in the two or more flying
-birds at the top of the page. Actually in many cases recognition by
-flight pattern and flight characteristics will soon become evident.
-
-In each drawing of ducks the flying female leads, with the drake
-following, for this is the usual order in a mated pair during winter,
-and spring. On the lower part of each page are shown enlarged heads,
-adult male on the left, female on the right, with an immature head added
-when the difference is substantial, or with certain details which
-further aid identification when the bird is in hand. All ducks, both
-flying pairs and heads, are drawn in direct proportion to each other,
-but geese, because of their larger size, are reduced one third from the
-duck proportion.
-
-Drawings of geese show only a single enlarged head on each plate because
-male and female geese are alike in color pattern. Finally, some birds
-which are not “waterfowl” in the strict sense of the word, but are
-nevertheless often seen, are shown in the last few illustrations. Some
-of them (loon, grebe, and cormorant), although protected at all times,
-are included because they are often mistakenly shot for waterfowl.
-Others (rails, coot, and snipes) are included because they occupy
-wet-land habitat along with ducks.
-
-
-                          Individual Problems
-
-Although “pattern recognition” simplifies the problem of identification
-for the waterfowler, there are still several complications to be
-considered. Of these, the most troublesome by far is the matter of
-moults. The adult drakes of most species of ducks, very soon after the
-hens begin to incubate eggs, moult the bright body-feathers of their
-breeding dress and assume an “eclipse” plumage which resembles the
-year-round coloration of the female. This dull plumage, serving as a
-protective factor during the wing-moult which follows, is retained until
-the new flight feathers are fully developed. By September a second
-body-moult is under way by which these old drakes assume the bright
-courting plumage of late fall and winter. During the same period, the
-young males of the year, whose juvenile plumage likewise resembles the
-female dress, are also assuming the adult plumage. Following December 1
-most difficulties of identification by reason of the moult are resolved,
-but in early fall the hunter may be puzzled by some of the transition
-plumages noted on birds in his bag. Identification during this period
-may appear extremely difficult, but it is well to remember that wing
-patterns remain virtually unchanged regardless of stage of the moult.
-
-The remaining problems of identification require only brief mention for
-they appear but rarely. In the first place, this booklet includes all
-species of ducks and geese which occur in numbers in any part of the
-Central Flyway, but omits others which may be occasional visitors.
-Second, hybrids are rather frequent among waterfowl, and some are
-extremely puzzling. In such special cases as these your local wildlife
-manager or biologist may be able to help.
-
-The following publications contain further information for the hunter
-interested in additional facts of natural history, distribution and
-description:
-
-    Kortright, “Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America”
-    Peterson, “A Field Guide to the Birds”
-    Pough, “Audubon Water Bird Guide”
-
-
-                         Nonhunting Enjoyments
-
-For the nonhunter—and many avid outdoorsmen prefer to watch rather than
-shoot—this guide to waterfowl can provide enjoyment beyond the simple
-pleasure of seeing ducks and geese. Most of us remember seeing some
-“oldtimer” identify flights or singles or rafts of birds at what seemed
-impossible distances. The ability to do this does not really stem from
-some mystic communion with the birds. Rather, through such a booklet as
-this the waterfowling layman can develop the same powers in himself. For
-the cost of a little concentrated effort he can gain great personal
-satisfaction and the increased understanding that comes from resolving
-“ducks” into the wide variety of individual species they really are.
-
-Further, some knowledge of waterfowl distribution, annual abundance and
-the approximate source and destination of the ducks and geese he hunts,
-will often help the waterfowler understand the overall picture of
-waterfowl management. For both administrative and biological purposes of
-waterfowl management, the United States is divided into four flyways—the
-Atlantic, the Mississippi, the Pacific, and the one for which this
-booklet is written, the Central. Each flyway has its own segment of the
-waterfowl population, subject to different conditions and pressures than
-the populations of other flyways, and therefore is administered as a
-separate unit. In general this is a sound premise, but it must not be
-considered too rigid. Since the flyway principle is in part an
-administrative device, it is important principally in fall and winter
-when most North American waterfowl are within the United States. As the
-wintering populations begin to move northward in the spring, many
-species disperse throughout the nesting grounds of the northern states
-and Canada. Much overlapping of the populations from various flyways in
-which the birds wintered occurs.
-
-
-                        Research and Management
-
-Methods developed over the years and applied systematically supply
-information which is necessary to intelligent management. Breeding pair
-and brood surveys indicate the distribution of nesting populations, and
-their success from year to year in hatching and raising their broods of
-young. The banding of waterfowl, carefully aged, sexed, and released,
-gives specific information on the travels of individual birds, on
-mortality, and on some phases of hunting pressure. Periodic air-counts
-in late summer and fall serve to measure, in a rough way, the
-distribution of different species during southward migration, and the
-rate of movement. Hunter-bag checks, carried out in the field during the
-shooting season, complement fall counts with regard to distribution at
-given points. A post-season sampling of hunter success, by mail,
-supplies data on additional aspects of hunting pressure, and gives an
-index of total kill. Finally, the annual winter count indicates the
-distribution and relative size of populations remaining after the
-shooting season ends. In combination, these methods are steadily
-increasing our knowledge of North American waterfowl, and in particular
-are providing the sort of “running inventory” which is the first
-requirement for intelligent management of this resource.
-
-The Central Flyway Council is the clearing house for coordinated
-planning in this Flyway. It is a delegate organization, including in its
-membership administrative and technical representatives from the fish
-and game departments of all states and provinces in the flyway. A Flyway
-Representative has been assigned from the Fish and Wildlife Service.
-This group is concerned with all phases of waterfowl research and
-management in the flyway. The Central Flyway Council provides for an
-effective interchange of information between member agencies and assists
-in the coordination and integration of flyway management programs. These
-purposes have been furthered by regular meetings for the open discussion
-of flyway problems.
-
-
-                        Flyway Council Approach
-
-In early 1953, the Council and the Fish and Wildlife Service, acting
-jointly, adopted a flyway program which has been expanded and improved
-as factual information and experience dictate. This program outlines
-objectives and suggests methods and priorities for accomplishment. State
-game departments now pattern their activities around the flyway program.
-
-Extending the cooperative idea, the Council has joined with
-corresponding organizations from the other flyways to form the National
-Waterfowl Council, which annually participates in the official
-discussion of continental and flyway management problems and
-regulations. From their inception, the flyway councils have been
-successful in promoting understanding and teamwork so necessary for the
-perpetuation of the waterfowl resource.
-
-
-                          Your Responsibility
-
-As an individual reader of this booklet, you have a part to play in the
-essential partnership between agencies and waterfowlers. Your part may
-be small and may take various forms, depending on the circumstances, but
-certainly it is there. Perhaps, having sent in one or two waterfowl
-bands in the past and having experienced the initial novelty of hearing
-where your birds came from, you now forget to report them. The next time
-you have this choice between reporting or forgetting a band, remember
-that its prompt recovery, with full data, might be the clue to some
-missing fact to improve your future gunning.
-
-Hunter bag checks indicate crippling losses in the Central Flyway run to
-an average of about one quarter of the total kill. In certain marshes,
-early in the season, crippling can greatly exceed the one quarter loss.
-Shooting at birds on the fringe of effective killing range is a
-crippling practice and, moreover, as you probably know from observation
-is contagious. The usual effect of one “sky shooter” in a marsh is to
-force other gunners nearby to attempt impossible shots which increase
-crippling losses and soon ruin shooting for everybody. Controlling such
-practices lies solely in the hands of individual gunners. With
-large-gauge guns of modified bore, the shot-pattern that will produce
-kills should be consistent up to forty yards, a distance well within
-capabilities of the average gunner to hold and compute necessary lead.
-Successful duck shooting is a matter of good judgment. To avoid errors
-in judgment drive stakes in front of your blind at distances of thirty
-and forty yards to indicate safe killing range. Hold your fire until the
-feet of an incoming duck can be seen distinctly, for only then will the
-bird be in range. Good sportsmanship in duck blinds and marshes is
-equally as important as remaining friendly with your home neighbors.
-Train a good retrieving dog, and add to your day’s pleasure by watching
-him at work on downed birds.
-
-Above all, remember that the future of waterfowling is partly in your
-hands—that your good sportsmanship and cooperation are as necessary to
-the work of the Central Flyway Council and its member agencies as their
-activities are to you.
-
-
-                            PARTS OF A DUCK
-
-    [Illustration: PARTS OF A DUCK]
-
-  CROWN
-  FOREHEAD
-  OCCIPUT
-  CHEEK
-  NAPE
-  SIDE NECK
-  BACK
-  SCAPULARS
-  RUMP
-  CHIN
-  THROAT
-  FORENECK
-  TERTIALS
-  UPPER TAIL COVERTS
-  BREAST
-  TAIL
-  UNDER TAIL COVERTS
-  BELLY
-  SIDE
-
-  LESSER COVERTS
-  SPURIOUS WING
-  GREATER COVERTS
-  PRIMARIES
-  SECONDARIES
-  TERTIALS
-
-  TIBIA
-  SCUTELLATE TARSUS
-  HEEL
-  HIND TOE
-  TOE
-  WEB
-
-  NAIL
-  LAMELLAE
-  LOWER MANDIBLE
-  UPPER MANDIBLE
-  NOSTRIL
-  NAIL
-  MALE
-  FEMALE
-
-
-                             WHISTLING SWAN
-                          (Cygnus columbianus)
-
-    [Illustration: WHISTLING SWAN (Cygnus columbianus)]
-
-  ENTIRE PLUMAGE WHITE
-  IMMATURE BIRDS HAVE GRAY-WHITE PLUMAGE WITH DULL PINKISH BILL
-  YELLOW SPOT
-  BLACK BILL
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-  CARRIES NECK HELD ERECT
-  HEAD OF MUTE SWAN SHOWING BLACK KNOB AND ORANGE BILL
-
-
-                              CANADA GOOSE
-                          (Branta canadensis)
-
-    [Illustration: CANADA GOOSE (Branta canadensis)]
-
-  WHITE RUMP
-  BROWNISH GRAY BODY AND WINGS
-  BLACK BILL
-  WHITE PATCH
-  BLACK NECK
-  ALL GEESE HAVE RETICULATE TARSUS
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                               SNOW GOOSE
-                           (Chen hyperborea)
-
-    [Illustration: SNOW GOOSE (Chen hyperborea)]
-
-  WHITE BODY
-  BLACK WING TIPS
-  PINK FEET
-  LIGHT PINK BILL
-  BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH
-  FEATHERS OF CHEEKS, BREAST AND BELLY OFTEN STAINED WITH RUSTY BROWN
-  IMMATURE BIRDS TEND TOWARD A MORE GRAY PLUMAGE
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                               ROSS GOOSE
-                              (Chen rossi)
-
-    [Illustration: ROSS GOOSE (Chen rossi)]
-
-  ABOUT SIZE OF MALLARD
-  ADULT
-    WARTY PROTUBERANCES ON BILL.
-    NO BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH
-    PINKISH BILL
-  IMMATURE
-
-
-                          WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
-                           (Anser albifrons)
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albifrons)]
-
-  ADULT
-    BARRED BELLY
-  IMMATURE
-    YELLOWISH BILL
-    PALE BREAST
-  WHITE PATCH
-  BROWNISH FOREPARTS
-  YELLOWISH LEGS
-
-
-                               BLUE GOOSE
-                          (Chen caerulescens)
-
-    [Illustration: BLUE GOOSE (Chen caerulescens)]
-
-  ADULT
-    PINK FEET, IMMATURE DUSKY FEET
-  IMMATURE
-  PINK BILL
-  WHITE NAIL
-  BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH
-  WHITE HEAD AND NECK
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                PUDDLE OR DABBLING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS
-                               (Anatinae)
-
-    [Illustration: PUDDLE OR DABBLING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS (Anatinae)]
-
-  TIP UP TO FEED, RARELY DIVE
-  LEGS PLACED NEAR CENTER OF BODY
-  GENERALLY HAVE METALLIC SPECULUM
-  USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLEAR OF WATER
-  FOOT SMALLER THAN IN DIVING DUCKS
-    HIND TOE NOT LOBED
-  SPRING INTO AIR ON TAKE OFF
-
-
-                                MALLARD
-                          (Anas platyrhynchos)
-
-    [Illustration: MALLARD (Anas platyrhynchos)]
-
-  WHITE TAIL
-  WHITE BORDERS ON PURPLE SPECULUM
-  WHITISH TAIL
-  ♂
-    GREEN HEAD
-    YELLOW BILL
-    WHITE COLLAR
-    RUDDY BREAST
-  ♀
-    ORANGE BILL MOTTLED WITH BLACK
-    MOTTLED BROWN
-
-
-                               BLACK DUCK
-                            (Anas rubripes)
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK DUCK (Anas rubripes)]
-
-  YELLOWISH-BROWN HEAD
-  DUSKY-BROWN BODY
-  WHITE WING-LININGS
-  IMMATURE HAS STREAKED BREAST
-  PURPLE SPECULUM
-  IMMATURE SIDE BREAST FEATHER
-  ADULT MALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER
-  ADULT FEMALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER
-  ♂
-    BILL COLOR VARIES FROM SOLID GREENISH YELLOW TO HIGH CHROME YELLOW
-          DEPENDING UPON AGE AND SEASON KILLED
-  ♀
-    FEMALE BILL SHOWS VARYING AMOUNT OF BLACK SPOTTING
-
-
-                              MOTTLED DUCK
-                            (Anas fulvigula)
-
-    [Illustration: MOTTLED DUCK (Anas fulvigula)]
-
-  TRAILING EDGE OFTEN WHITE
-  LIGHT TAN HEAD
-  PURPLE SPECULUM
-  FEET ORANGE
-  CHIN AND THROAT PALE BUFF (WITH OR) WITHOUT STREAKING
-  ♂
-    DARK BASE OF BILL
-    BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL
-  ♀
-    DARK SPOT (often absent)
-    VARIABLE SPOTTING
-
-
-                            NEW MEXICAN DUCK
-                       (Anas diazi novimexicana)
-
-    [Illustration: NEW MEXICAN DUCK (Anas diazi novimexicana)]
-
-  TAIL DARK.
-  SPECULUM BLUISH PURPLE TO GREEN. WHITE EDGE ABOVE SOMETIMES ABSENT.
-  FEET ORANGE.
-  ♂
-    BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL.
-    CHIN PINKISH BUFF WITHOUT STREAKING.
-  ♀
-    BILL DARK OLIVE OR ORANGE, DARK ON RIDGE.
-    SMALL SPOTS NEAR BASE LIMITED OR ABSENT.
-
-
-                                GADWALL
-                            (Anas strepera)
-
-    [Illustration: GADWALL (Anas strepera)]
-
-  BLACK RUMP
-  WHITE BELLY
-  WHITE SPECULUM
-  WHITE BELLY
-  BOTH SEXES HAVE YELLOW FEET
-  ♂
-    BILL BLUISH BLACK
-  ♀
-    BILL DULL ORANGE VARYING SPOTTING
-
-
-                                PINTAIL
-                              (Anas acuta)
-
-    [Illustration: PINTAIL (Anas acuta)]
-
-  WHITE STRIPE
-  CINNAMON-BUFF BORDER
-  POINTED TAIL
-  WHITE STRIPE
-  ♂
-    BROWN HEAD
-    GRAY BILL
-  ♀
-    GRAY BILL
-    MOTTLED BROWN
-
-
-                           GREEN-WINGED TEAL
-                          (Anas carolinensis)
-
-    [Illustration: GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas carolinensis)]
-
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  WHITE BELLY
-  ♂
-    BROWN HEAD
-    GREEN PATCH
-    WHITE MARK
-  ♀
-
-
-                            BLUE-WINGED TEAL
-                             (Anas discors)
-
-    [Illustration: BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors)]
-
-  CHALKY-BLUE PATCH
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  ♂
-    MALE HAS DARK BELLY
-    WHITE CRESCENT
-  ♀
-    FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY
-
-
-                             CINNAMON TEAL
-                           (Anas cyanoptera)
-
-    [Illustration: CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera)]
-
-  CHALKY-BLUE PATCH
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  ♂
-    UNIFORM CINNAMON BODY COLOR
-  ♀
-    FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY
-
-
-                      AMERICAN WIDGEON (Baldpate)
-                           (Mareca americana)
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN WIDGEON (Baldpate) (Mareca americana)]
-
-  WHITE PATCH
-  WHITE BELLY
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  WHITE BORDER
-  ♂
-    WHITE CROWN
-    GREEN PATCH
-    GRAY BILL, BLACK TIPPED
-    WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-
-
-                                SHOVELER
-                           (Spatula clypeata)
-
-    [Illustration: SHOVELER (Spatula clypeata)]
-
-  CHALKY-BLUE PATCH
-  GREEN SPECULUM BORDERED WITH WHITE
-  ♂
-    IRIDESCENT GREENISH BLACK
-    LARGE SHOVEL BILL
-    CONSPICUOUS BRISTLE-LIKE LAMELLAE
-    WHITE BREAST
-    CHESTNUT SIDES AND BELLY
-  ♀
-
-
-                               WOOD DUCK
-                              (Aix sponsa)
-
-    [Illustration: WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)]
-
-  WHITE BORDER
-  WHITE BELLY
-  SILVERY BORDERED
-  ♂
-    RED IRIS
-    RED AND WHITE BILL
-    ADULT MALE HIGHLY COLORED
-      ECLIPSE AND IMMATURE MALE
-    WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-    CONSPICUOUS WHITE EYE-RING
-    CRESTED
-
-
-                             HARLEQUIN DUCK
-                      (Histrionicus histrionicus)
-
-    [Illustration: HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrionicus)]
-
-  WHITE MARKS
-  ♂
-    STOCKY, DARK, SMALL BILL
-  ♀
-    FEMALE HAS SMALLER BILL
-    PLAIN DARK BODY
-
-
-                      DIVING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS
-                              (Aythyinae)
-
-    [Illustration: DIVING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS (Aythyinae)]
-
-  LEGS SET NEAR REAR OF BODY
-  DIVE COMPLETELY UNDER WATER TO SECURE FEED
-  SPECULUM GENERALLY DULL, LACKS IRIDESCENCE
-  USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLOSE TO WATER
-  HIND TOE LOBED, FOOT LARGE
-  ON TAKE OFF PATTER ALONG SURFACE FOR SOME DISTANCE
-
-
-                                REDHEAD
-                           (Aythya americana)
-
-    [Illustration: REDHEAD (Aythya americana)]
-
-  GRAY BACK
-  GRAY WING STRIPE
-  ♂
-    CHESTNUT HEAD
-    HIGH ABRUPT FOREHEAD
-    BLUE BILL, BLACK TIP
-    BLACK BREAST
-  ♀
-    LIGHT PATCH
-
-
-                            RING-NECKED DUCK
-                           (Aythya collaris)
-
-    [Illustration: RING-NECKED DUCK (Aythya collaris)]
-
-  BLACK BACK
-  GRAY WING STRIPE
-  ♂
-    DISTINCT CREST
-    CONSPICUOUS BILL RING
-    CHESTNUT COLLAR
-    BLACK BREAST
-    WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-    WHITE EYE RING
-    LIGHT PATCH
-
-
-                               CANVASBACK
-                          (Aythya valisineria)
-
-    [Illustration: CANVASBACK (Aythya valisineria)]
-
-  WHITE BACK
-  GRAY WING STRIPE
-  ♂
-    CHESTNUT HEAD
-    LONG SLOPING PROFILE, BLACK BILL
-    BLACK BREAST
-  ♀
-    GRAY BACK
-    BROWN BREAST
-
-
-                             GREATER SCAUP
-                            (Aythya marila)
-
-    [Illustration: GREATER SCAUP (Aythya marila)]
-
-  DARK RUMP
-  WHITE WING STRIPE EXTENDING INTO PRIMARIES
-  WHITE BELLY
-  NAIL OF BILL 7.0-9.0 MILLIMETERS WIDE
-  ♂
-    GRAY BACK
-    BLACK HEAD WITH GREENISH TINGE
-    BROAD BLUE BILL
-    BLACK BREAST
-    WHITE FLANKS
-  ♀
-    BROWN BODY AND HEAD
-    DISTINCT WHITE MASK
-
-
-                              LESSER SCAUP
-                            (Aythya affinis)
-
-    [Illustration: LESSER SCAUP (Aythya affinis)]
-
-  DARK RUMP
-  WHITE WING STRIPE DOES NOT EXTEND INTO PRIMARIES
-  WHITE BELLY
-  NAIL OF BILL 5.0-6.5 MILLIMETERS WIDE
-  ♂
-    SLIGHT CREST
-    GRAY BACK
-    BLACK HEAD WITH PURPLISH TINGE
-    BROAD BLUE BILL
-    BLACK BREAST
-    LIGHT FLANKS
-  ♀
-    BROWN BODY AND HEAD
-    DISTINCT WHITE MASK
-
-
-                            COMMON GOLDENEYE
-                          (Bucephala clangula)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON GOLDENEYE (Bucephala clangula)]
-
-  WHITE WING PATCHES
-  ♂
-    GREENISH BLACK HEAD
-    LIGHT IRIS
-    DISTINCT WHITE PATCH
-    WHITE BREAST AND BELLY
-  2ND SEASON MALE WITH BROWN HEAD AND FAINT WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-    BROWN HEAD
-    ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE
-    GRAY BACK AND FLANKS
-    WHITE NECK
-    GRAY BREAST
-    WHITE BELLY
-  1ST SEASON MALE IS SIMILAR IN COLORATION TO FEMALE BUT WITH HEAVIER
-          BODY AND MORE RUGGED HEAD AND BILL
-
-
-                           BARROW’S GOLDENEYE
-                         (Bucephala islandica)
-
-    [Illustration: BARROW’S GOLDENEYE (Bucephala islandica)]
-
-  WHITE WING PATCHES
-  ♂
-    PURPLISH BLACK HEAD
-    WHITE CRESCENT PATCH
-    BLACK BACK
-    BLACK BILL
-    WHITE BREAST AND BELLY
-  ♀
-    LIGHT IRIS
-    GRAY BACK AND FLANKS
-    ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE
-    WHITE NECK
-    GRAY BREAST
-    WHITE BELLY
-
-
-                               BUFFLEHEAD
-                          (Bucephala albeola)
-
-    [Illustration: BUFFLEHEAD (Bucephala albeola)]
-
-  BLACK AND WHITE BACK
-  DARK BACK
-  WHITE WING PATCHES
-  WHITE BELLY
-  ♂
-    BLACK WITH IRIDESCENT GREEN AND PURPLE
-    DISTINCT WHITE PATCH
-    BLUE-GRAY BILL
-  ♀
-    DARK GRAYISH BROWN
-    DISTINCT WHITE PATCH
-
-
-                          WHITE-WINGED SCOTER
-                          (Melanitta deglandi)
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Melanitta deglandi)]
-
-  BLACK CHUNKY BODY
-  WHITE PATCH
-  ♂
-    WHITE EYE PATCH
-    PROMINENT BLACK KNOB
-    REDDISH ORANGE
-  IMMATURE HAS DISTINCT WHITE PATCHES
-  ♀
-    FEATHERING EXTENDS ALMOST TO NOSTRIL
-    ADULT FEMALE CHEEK PATCHES RANGE FROM SLIGHTLY DARKER THAN IMMATURE
-          TO NO WHITE AT ALL
-
-
-                           FULVOUS TREE DUCK
-                      (Dendrocygna bicolor helva)
-
-    [Illustration: FULVOUS TREE DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor helva)]
-
-  LONG NECK
-  ADULT
-  WHITE LINE
-  IMMATURE
-  ADULT
-    LONG LEGS
-
-
-                        BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK
-                  (Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis)
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK (Dendrocygna autumnalis
-    autumnalis)]
-
-  WHITE UPPER WING
-  ADULT
-    LONG NECK
-  IMMATURE
-    WHITE WING PATCH
-
-
-                               RUDDY DUCK
-                          (Oxyura jamaicensis)
-
-    [Illustration: RUDDY DUCK (Oxyura jamaicensis)]
-
-  DARK BROWN
-  BELLY SILVERY WHITE
-  ♂ SUMMER PLUMAGE
-    WHITE CHEEK
-    CROWN GLOSSY BLACK
-    BILL BLUE
-    RICH CHESTNUT
-  ♂ WINTER PLUMAGE
-    CROWN BROWNISH-BLACK
-    BILL DUSKY
-    ASHY WHITE
-  ♀
-    MOTTLED CHEEK WITH DARK STRIPE
-    BILL NAIL DISTINCTLY SHARP-POINTED
-    GRAYISH BROWN
-
-
-                            HOODED MERGANSER
-                        (Lophodytes cucullatus)
-
-    [Illustration: HOODED MERGANSER (Lophodytes cucullatus)]
-
-  WHITE WING PATCH
-  ♂
-    WHITE CREST OUTLINED WITH BLACK
-    THIN, SPIKE-LIKE BLACK BILL
-    TEETH NOT INCLINED BACKWARD AS IN OTHER MERGANSERS
-    WHITE BREAST
-    DOUBLE BLACK BANDS
-  ♀
-    CREST, LIGHT BROWN
-    LIGHT THROAT
-  IN FLIGHT ALL MERGANSERS CARRY BILL, NECK AND BODY IN HORIZONTAL
-          PLANE, GIVING THEM A CHARACTERISTIC LONG-DRAWN APPEARANCE.
-
-
-                            COMMON MERGANSER
-                           (Mergus merganser)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON MERGANSER (Mergus merganser)]
-
-  BLACK AND WHITE PATTERN
-  WHITE WING PATCH
-  ♂
-    METALLIC GREENISH-BLACK
-    NOT CRESTED
-    RED BILL
-    NOSTRIL POSITIONED NEAR CENTER OF BILL
-  ♀
-    DISTINCT CREST
-    WHITE THROAT
-    RED BILL
-    TEETH INCLINED BACKWARDS
-    GRAY BACK
-
-
-                        DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
-                        (Phalacrocorax auritus)
-
-    [Illustration: DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax auritus)]
-
-  ADULT
-  IMMATURE
-    PALE BREAST
-  YELLOW-ORANGE THROAT POUCH
-  BLACK BODY
-
-
-                              COMMON LOON
-                             (Gavia immer)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON LOON (Gavia immer)]
-
-  SUMMER ADULT
-    CHECKERED BACK
-    IN FLIGHT HAS DOWNWARD CURVE TO NECK
-  WINTER ADULT
-    FEET EXTEND BEYOND TAIL
-    GRAY
-  SUMMER ADULT
-    BLACK HEAD, PURPLISH IRIDESCENCE
-    BLACK BILL
-    WHITE RIBBED
-    WHITE BREAST AND BELLY
-  WINTER ADULT
-    GRAY
-    WHITE
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                              HORNED GREBE
-                           (Colymbus auritus)
-
-    [Illustration: HORNED GREBE (Colymbus auritus)]
-
-  WINTER PLUMAGE
-    DARK BACK
-    THIN BILL
-    RED EYE
-    WHITE CHEEKS, THROAT AND BELLY
-  HEAD, SUMMER PLUMAGE
-  LOBED TOES
-
-
-                           PIED-BILLED GREBE
-                         (Podilymbus podiceps)
-
-    [Illustration: PIED-BILLED GREBE (Podilymbus podiceps)]
-
-  TARSUS FLATTENED LATERALLY
-  ADULT HEAD
-    BLACK
-  IMMATURE
-    CHICKEN-LIKE BILL
-    WHITE
-    STRIPED FACIAL PATTERN
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                             WESTERN GREBE
-                      (Aechmophorus occidentalis)
-
-    [Illustration: WESTERN GREBE (Aechmophorus occidentalis)]
-
-  WHITE UNDERPARTS
-  LONG SLENDER NECK
-
-
-                             AMERICAN COOT
-                           (Fulica americana)
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN COOT (Fulica americana)]
-
-  WHITE
-  SCALLOPED FLAPS
-  WHITE PATCH
-  SLATE GRAY BODY
-  WHITE BILL
-
-
-                               KING RAIL
-                            (Rallus elegans)
-
-    [Illustration: KING RAIL (Rallus elegans)]
-
-  COMMONLY INHABITS FRESH WATER MARSHES
-  GENERALLY HAS A RUSTY COLORATION
-  DARK BARRING
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                              CLAPPER RAIL
-                         (Rallus longirostris)
-
-    [Illustration: CLAPPER RAIL (Rallus longirostris)]
-
-  GENERALLY HAS A GRAYER COLORATION
-  COMMONLY INHABITS TIDAL MARSHES
-  LIGHT BARRING
-  IMMATURE BIRDS SIMILAR TO ADULTS: SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION OFTEN
-          DIFFICULT
-
-
-                             VIRGINIA RAIL
-                           (Rallus limicola)
-
-    [Illustration: VIRGINIA RAIL (Rallus limicola)]
-
-  IMMATURE
-    BLACKISH BODY
-  ADULT
-    REDDISH BODY
-    GRAY CHEEKS
-    LONG BILL
-    WHITE
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                                  SORA
-                           (Porzana Carolina)
-
-    [Illustration: SORA (Porzana Carolina)]
-
-  IMMATURE
-    BUFFY BROWN BODY
-  ADULT
-    WHITE PATCH
-    GRAY-BROWN BODY
-    SHORT YELLOW BILL
-    BLACK FACIAL AND THROAT PATCH
-
-
-                        COMMON SNIPE (JACKSNIPE)
-                          (Capella gallinago)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON SNIPE (JACKSNIPE) (Capella gallinago)]
-
-  LONG BILL
-  STRIPED BACK AND HEAD
-  ORANGE TAIL
-  HAS A CHARACTERISTIC ZIG-ZAG FLIGHT
-  POINTED WING
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                           AMERICAN WOODCOCK
-                           (Philohela minor)
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN WOODCOCK (Philohela minor)]
-
-  BARRED HEAD
-  LONG BILL
-  SHORT TAIL
-  CHUNKY BODY
-  LARGE EYE
-  APPEARS NECKLESS
-  BLUNT WING
-
-
-
-
-                           WATERFOWLER’S CODE
-
-
-Buy a State License, and if You Are 16 Years of Age or Older Obtain
-Federal Duck Stamp. It is illegal to hunt waterfowl without these
-licenses, and the dollars you spend for them help to maintain your
-sport.
-
-Know Your State, Provincial and Federal Migratory Bird Laws. When in
-doubt consult your local game protector or U.S. Game Management Agent.
-
-Treat the Landowner with Respect and Courtesy. Ownership of game is
-vested in the State and Province, but landowners have the right to
-prevent trespass on their land.
-
-Learn to Identify Before You Shoot. A mistake may prove both
-embarrassing and costly, a correct identification adds to your day’s
-enjoyment.
-
-Cooperate with Your Federal, State and Provincial Agencies. Solving the
-many problems of waterfowl production, harvest and research is possible
-only through continued cooperation of the duck hunter and
-conservationist.
-
-Use a Retriever if Possible, or at Least Pick Up Every Bird You Shoot. A
-good dog will pick up cripples you would otherwise have to leave. A good
-sportsman will never kill game needlessly. The use of retrieving dogs is
-a sound conservation practice in reducing crippling losses in addition
-to providing the pleasure of watching a good dog in action.
-
-Good Sportsmanship in the Duck Blind and on the Marshes Is Equally
-Important as Remaining Friendly with Your Neighbors.
-
-
-                            DISTRIBUTED BY:
-                     TEXAS GAME and FISH COMMISSION
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—Added several birds to the Table of Contents to match the text.
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide, by 
-Central Flyway Council
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS WATERFOWL IDENT. GUIDE ***
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