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diff --git a/old/54487-0.txt b/old/54487-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index cf1d8f9..0000000 --- a/old/54487-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1609 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide, by -Central Flyway Council - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide - -Author: Central Flyway Council - -Release Date: April 5, 2017 [EBook #54487] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS WATERFOWL IDENT. GUIDE *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - WATERFOWL IDENTIFICATION GUIDE - - - Published by - The Central Flyway Council - - - COUNCIL MEMBERS - - Colorado - Kansas - Montana - Nebraska - New Mexico - North Dakota - Oklahoma - South Dakota - Texas - Wyoming - - - Acknowledgments - -The Central Flyway Council wishes to thank the Atlantic Flyway Council -for making available the illustrations and most of the text of this -booklet. - -The Council also wishes to thank the many persons who assisted in -preparation of this publication, particularly the Vermont Fish and Game -Commission and Alan R. Munro, the artist. - - PRINTED IN U.S.A. - BY THE LANE PRESS. INC. · BURLINGTON, VERMONT - - - - - CONTENTS - - - Council Members 1 - Acknowledgements 2 - Foreword 5 - Identification 6 - Individual Problems 7 - Nonhunting Enjoyments 8 - Research and Management 8 - Flyway Council Approach 9 - Your Responsibility 10 - Parts of a Duck 11 - Whistling Swan 12 - Canada Goose 13 - Snow Goose 14 - Ross Goose 15 - White-Fronted Goose 16 - Blue Goose 17 - Puddle or Dabbling Duck Characteristics 18 - Mallard 19 - Black Duck 20 - Mottled Duck 21 - New Mexico Duck 22 - Gadwall 23 - Pintail 24 - Green-Winged Teal 25 - Blue-Winged Teal 26 - Cinnamon Teal 27 - American Widgeon 28 - Shoveler 29 - Wood Duck 30 - Harlequin Duck 31 - Diving Duck Characteristics 32 - Redhead 33 - Ring-Necked Duck 34 - Canvasback 35 - Greater Scaup 36 - Lesser Scaup 37 - Common Goldeneye 38 - Barrow’s Goldeneye 39 - Bufflehead 40 - White-Winged Scoter 41 - Fulvous Tree Duck 42 - Black-Bellied Tree Duck 43 - Ruddy Duck 44 - Hooded Merganser 45 - Common Merganser 46 - Double-Crested Cormorant 47 - Common Loon 48 - Horned Grebe 49 - Pied-Billed Grebe 49 - Western Grebe 50 - American Coot 51 - King Rail 52 - Clapper Rail 52 - Virginia Rail 53 - Sora 53 - Common Snipe (Jacksnipe) 54 - Waterfowler’s Code 55 - - - - - FOREWORD - - -The North American continent, at the time of its discovery and early -settlement, had a waterfowl population which was one of its many -wonders. So far as the evidence shows, no equal area of the earth’s -surface ever supported such vast numbers of so many different ducks and -geese, and this situation persisted to a time within the memory of -living men. Long after the end of early settlement on this continent, -hunting was free and harvest unlimited. But as the advancing tide of -settlement reached into the north-central prairie states and provinces -in the final years of the Nineteenth Century, radical changes began. -From that time on North American waterfowl habitat began to deteriorate. -Literally millions of acres of former nesting ground in the north have -now been drained and put to the plow. South of the breeding range, not -only agriculture, but industrialization and urbanization also have -steadily reduced available resting and wintering grounds. - -The progressive decline in waterfowl numbers which followed these -changes in land use led eventually to the scientific management of -waterfowl. Spring shooting and market hunting were abolished in the -second decade of this century. Ten years later the federal government -undertook detailed regulation of migratory waterfowl so the annual -harvest could be made proportional to the annual production. This was -accomplished through collective effort by State, Provincial and Federal -agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States to obtain scientific -information. In keeping with biological principles, most of the -restrictions on bag limit and means of taking have been used with some -flexibility. - -Throughout the decline of all waterfowl populations some species have -been underharvested. These species have declined in about the same -proportion as those species on which the bulk of the harvest occurred. -The Central Flyway Council feels that a refinement in waterfowl -management is possible by directing hunting pressure on these previously -underharvested species. This goal can only be accomplished through a -knowledge of species identification by the waterfowl hunter. This -booklet is a start in that direction. - -In recent years most waterfowl populations have made encouraging -recoveries from the low point of the early 1930’s, when disastrous -drouths, drainage and changing land use patterns took their toll. Still -drainage continues, and industrialization is further reducing the -habitat. Hunting continues as a major sport, however, maximum -utilization of all species must be accomplished if hunting is to be -fostered at a reasonable level of freedom and enjoyment. - -The very future of duck hunting depends upon a more effective -partnership between regulatory agencies and the many thousands of -gunners whom they serve. The federal agency is charged by treaty and law -with husbandry of the waterfowl resource. The State agencies assist in -the responsibility. However, they need the help of all sportsmen, and -particularly they need the understanding help of waterfowlers who know -their birds and who keep abreast of current plans for management. To -foster this essential cooperation between agencies and gunners is a -primary purpose of this booklet. - - - Identification - -Identification of birds in the field, and particularly on the wing, as -ducks and geese are usually seen over decoys, is easier than appears at -first try. The trick is to note, in addition to shape and approximate -size, the general arrangement of light and dark areas in the plumage, -for nearly every species has its own distinctive pattern. With practice, -the eye can be trained to pick out this pattern at a glance, and within -a short time recognition becomes automatic. The illustrations which -follow, one for each important species of Central Flyway waterfowl, make -use of this practice of “pattern recognition” in the two or more flying -birds at the top of the page. Actually in many cases recognition by -flight pattern and flight characteristics will soon become evident. - -In each drawing of ducks the flying female leads, with the drake -following, for this is the usual order in a mated pair during winter, -and spring. On the lower part of each page are shown enlarged heads, -adult male on the left, female on the right, with an immature head added -when the difference is substantial, or with certain details which -further aid identification when the bird is in hand. All ducks, both -flying pairs and heads, are drawn in direct proportion to each other, -but geese, because of their larger size, are reduced one third from the -duck proportion. - -Drawings of geese show only a single enlarged head on each plate because -male and female geese are alike in color pattern. Finally, some birds -which are not “waterfowl” in the strict sense of the word, but are -nevertheless often seen, are shown in the last few illustrations. Some -of them (loon, grebe, and cormorant), although protected at all times, -are included because they are often mistakenly shot for waterfowl. -Others (rails, coot, and snipes) are included because they occupy -wet-land habitat along with ducks. - - - Individual Problems - -Although “pattern recognition” simplifies the problem of identification -for the waterfowler, there are still several complications to be -considered. Of these, the most troublesome by far is the matter of -moults. The adult drakes of most species of ducks, very soon after the -hens begin to incubate eggs, moult the bright body-feathers of their -breeding dress and assume an “eclipse” plumage which resembles the -year-round coloration of the female. This dull plumage, serving as a -protective factor during the wing-moult which follows, is retained until -the new flight feathers are fully developed. By September a second -body-moult is under way by which these old drakes assume the bright -courting plumage of late fall and winter. During the same period, the -young males of the year, whose juvenile plumage likewise resembles the -female dress, are also assuming the adult plumage. Following December 1 -most difficulties of identification by reason of the moult are resolved, -but in early fall the hunter may be puzzled by some of the transition -plumages noted on birds in his bag. Identification during this period -may appear extremely difficult, but it is well to remember that wing -patterns remain virtually unchanged regardless of stage of the moult. - -The remaining problems of identification require only brief mention for -they appear but rarely. In the first place, this booklet includes all -species of ducks and geese which occur in numbers in any part of the -Central Flyway, but omits others which may be occasional visitors. -Second, hybrids are rather frequent among waterfowl, and some are -extremely puzzling. In such special cases as these your local wildlife -manager or biologist may be able to help. - -The following publications contain further information for the hunter -interested in additional facts of natural history, distribution and -description: - - Kortright, “Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America” - Peterson, “A Field Guide to the Birds” - Pough, “Audubon Water Bird Guide” - - - Nonhunting Enjoyments - -For the nonhunter—and many avid outdoorsmen prefer to watch rather than -shoot—this guide to waterfowl can provide enjoyment beyond the simple -pleasure of seeing ducks and geese. Most of us remember seeing some -“oldtimer” identify flights or singles or rafts of birds at what seemed -impossible distances. The ability to do this does not really stem from -some mystic communion with the birds. Rather, through such a booklet as -this the waterfowling layman can develop the same powers in himself. For -the cost of a little concentrated effort he can gain great personal -satisfaction and the increased understanding that comes from resolving -“ducks” into the wide variety of individual species they really are. - -Further, some knowledge of waterfowl distribution, annual abundance and -the approximate source and destination of the ducks and geese he hunts, -will often help the waterfowler understand the overall picture of -waterfowl management. For both administrative and biological purposes of -waterfowl management, the United States is divided into four flyways—the -Atlantic, the Mississippi, the Pacific, and the one for which this -booklet is written, the Central. Each flyway has its own segment of the -waterfowl population, subject to different conditions and pressures than -the populations of other flyways, and therefore is administered as a -separate unit. In general this is a sound premise, but it must not be -considered too rigid. Since the flyway principle is in part an -administrative device, it is important principally in fall and winter -when most North American waterfowl are within the United States. As the -wintering populations begin to move northward in the spring, many -species disperse throughout the nesting grounds of the northern states -and Canada. Much overlapping of the populations from various flyways in -which the birds wintered occurs. - - - Research and Management - -Methods developed over the years and applied systematically supply -information which is necessary to intelligent management. Breeding pair -and brood surveys indicate the distribution of nesting populations, and -their success from year to year in hatching and raising their broods of -young. The banding of waterfowl, carefully aged, sexed, and released, -gives specific information on the travels of individual birds, on -mortality, and on some phases of hunting pressure. Periodic air-counts -in late summer and fall serve to measure, in a rough way, the -distribution of different species during southward migration, and the -rate of movement. Hunter-bag checks, carried out in the field during the -shooting season, complement fall counts with regard to distribution at -given points. A post-season sampling of hunter success, by mail, -supplies data on additional aspects of hunting pressure, and gives an -index of total kill. Finally, the annual winter count indicates the -distribution and relative size of populations remaining after the -shooting season ends. In combination, these methods are steadily -increasing our knowledge of North American waterfowl, and in particular -are providing the sort of “running inventory” which is the first -requirement for intelligent management of this resource. - -The Central Flyway Council is the clearing house for coordinated -planning in this Flyway. It is a delegate organization, including in its -membership administrative and technical representatives from the fish -and game departments of all states and provinces in the flyway. A Flyway -Representative has been assigned from the Fish and Wildlife Service. -This group is concerned with all phases of waterfowl research and -management in the flyway. The Central Flyway Council provides for an -effective interchange of information between member agencies and assists -in the coordination and integration of flyway management programs. These -purposes have been furthered by regular meetings for the open discussion -of flyway problems. - - - Flyway Council Approach - -In early 1953, the Council and the Fish and Wildlife Service, acting -jointly, adopted a flyway program which has been expanded and improved -as factual information and experience dictate. This program outlines -objectives and suggests methods and priorities for accomplishment. State -game departments now pattern their activities around the flyway program. - -Extending the cooperative idea, the Council has joined with -corresponding organizations from the other flyways to form the National -Waterfowl Council, which annually participates in the official -discussion of continental and flyway management problems and -regulations. From their inception, the flyway councils have been -successful in promoting understanding and teamwork so necessary for the -perpetuation of the waterfowl resource. - - - Your Responsibility - -As an individual reader of this booklet, you have a part to play in the -essential partnership between agencies and waterfowlers. Your part may -be small and may take various forms, depending on the circumstances, but -certainly it is there. Perhaps, having sent in one or two waterfowl -bands in the past and having experienced the initial novelty of hearing -where your birds came from, you now forget to report them. The next time -you have this choice between reporting or forgetting a band, remember -that its prompt recovery, with full data, might be the clue to some -missing fact to improve your future gunning. - -Hunter bag checks indicate crippling losses in the Central Flyway run to -an average of about one quarter of the total kill. In certain marshes, -early in the season, crippling can greatly exceed the one quarter loss. -Shooting at birds on the fringe of effective killing range is a -crippling practice and, moreover, as you probably know from observation -is contagious. The usual effect of one “sky shooter” in a marsh is to -force other gunners nearby to attempt impossible shots which increase -crippling losses and soon ruin shooting for everybody. Controlling such -practices lies solely in the hands of individual gunners. With -large-gauge guns of modified bore, the shot-pattern that will produce -kills should be consistent up to forty yards, a distance well within -capabilities of the average gunner to hold and compute necessary lead. -Successful duck shooting is a matter of good judgment. To avoid errors -in judgment drive stakes in front of your blind at distances of thirty -and forty yards to indicate safe killing range. Hold your fire until the -feet of an incoming duck can be seen distinctly, for only then will the -bird be in range. Good sportsmanship in duck blinds and marshes is -equally as important as remaining friendly with your home neighbors. -Train a good retrieving dog, and add to your day’s pleasure by watching -him at work on downed birds. - -Above all, remember that the future of waterfowling is partly in your -hands—that your good sportsmanship and cooperation are as necessary to -the work of the Central Flyway Council and its member agencies as their -activities are to you. - - - PARTS OF A DUCK - - [Illustration: PARTS OF A DUCK] - - CROWN - FOREHEAD - OCCIPUT - CHEEK - NAPE - SIDE NECK - BACK - SCAPULARS - RUMP - CHIN - THROAT - FORENECK - TERTIALS - UPPER TAIL COVERTS - BREAST - TAIL - UNDER TAIL COVERTS - BELLY - SIDE - - LESSER COVERTS - SPURIOUS WING - GREATER COVERTS - PRIMARIES - SECONDARIES - TERTIALS - - TIBIA - SCUTELLATE TARSUS - HEEL - HIND TOE - TOE - WEB - - NAIL - LAMELLAE - LOWER MANDIBLE - UPPER MANDIBLE - NOSTRIL - NAIL - MALE - FEMALE - - - WHISTLING SWAN - (Cygnus columbianus) - - [Illustration: WHISTLING SWAN (Cygnus columbianus)] - - ENTIRE PLUMAGE WHITE - IMMATURE BIRDS HAVE GRAY-WHITE PLUMAGE WITH DULL PINKISH BILL - YELLOW SPOT - BLACK BILL - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - CARRIES NECK HELD ERECT - HEAD OF MUTE SWAN SHOWING BLACK KNOB AND ORANGE BILL - - - CANADA GOOSE - (Branta canadensis) - - [Illustration: CANADA GOOSE (Branta canadensis)] - - WHITE RUMP - BROWNISH GRAY BODY AND WINGS - BLACK BILL - WHITE PATCH - BLACK NECK - ALL GEESE HAVE RETICULATE TARSUS - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - SNOW GOOSE - (Chen hyperborea) - - [Illustration: SNOW GOOSE (Chen hyperborea)] - - WHITE BODY - BLACK WING TIPS - PINK FEET - LIGHT PINK BILL - BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH - FEATHERS OF CHEEKS, BREAST AND BELLY OFTEN STAINED WITH RUSTY BROWN - IMMATURE BIRDS TEND TOWARD A MORE GRAY PLUMAGE - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - ROSS GOOSE - (Chen rossi) - - [Illustration: ROSS GOOSE (Chen rossi)] - - ABOUT SIZE OF MALLARD - ADULT - WARTY PROTUBERANCES ON BILL. - NO BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH - PINKISH BILL - IMMATURE - - - WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE - (Anser albifrons) - - [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albifrons)] - - ADULT - BARRED BELLY - IMMATURE - YELLOWISH BILL - PALE BREAST - WHITE PATCH - BROWNISH FOREPARTS - YELLOWISH LEGS - - - BLUE GOOSE - (Chen caerulescens) - - [Illustration: BLUE GOOSE (Chen caerulescens)] - - ADULT - PINK FEET, IMMATURE DUSKY FEET - IMMATURE - PINK BILL - WHITE NAIL - BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH - WHITE HEAD AND NECK - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - PUDDLE OR DABBLING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS - (Anatinae) - - [Illustration: PUDDLE OR DABBLING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS (Anatinae)] - - TIP UP TO FEED, RARELY DIVE - LEGS PLACED NEAR CENTER OF BODY - GENERALLY HAVE METALLIC SPECULUM - USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLEAR OF WATER - FOOT SMALLER THAN IN DIVING DUCKS - HIND TOE NOT LOBED - SPRING INTO AIR ON TAKE OFF - - - MALLARD - (Anas platyrhynchos) - - [Illustration: MALLARD (Anas platyrhynchos)] - - WHITE TAIL - WHITE BORDERS ON PURPLE SPECULUM - WHITISH TAIL - ♂ - GREEN HEAD - YELLOW BILL - WHITE COLLAR - RUDDY BREAST - ♀ - ORANGE BILL MOTTLED WITH BLACK - MOTTLED BROWN - - - BLACK DUCK - (Anas rubripes) - - [Illustration: BLACK DUCK (Anas rubripes)] - - YELLOWISH-BROWN HEAD - DUSKY-BROWN BODY - WHITE WING-LININGS - IMMATURE HAS STREAKED BREAST - PURPLE SPECULUM - IMMATURE SIDE BREAST FEATHER - ADULT MALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER - ADULT FEMALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER - ♂ - BILL COLOR VARIES FROM SOLID GREENISH YELLOW TO HIGH CHROME YELLOW - DEPENDING UPON AGE AND SEASON KILLED - ♀ - FEMALE BILL SHOWS VARYING AMOUNT OF BLACK SPOTTING - - - MOTTLED DUCK - (Anas fulvigula) - - [Illustration: MOTTLED DUCK (Anas fulvigula)] - - TRAILING EDGE OFTEN WHITE - LIGHT TAN HEAD - PURPLE SPECULUM - FEET ORANGE - CHIN AND THROAT PALE BUFF (WITH OR) WITHOUT STREAKING - ♂ - DARK BASE OF BILL - BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL - ♀ - DARK SPOT (often absent) - VARIABLE SPOTTING - - - NEW MEXICAN DUCK - (Anas diazi novimexicana) - - [Illustration: NEW MEXICAN DUCK (Anas diazi novimexicana)] - - TAIL DARK. - SPECULUM BLUISH PURPLE TO GREEN. WHITE EDGE ABOVE SOMETIMES ABSENT. - FEET ORANGE. - ♂ - BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL. - CHIN PINKISH BUFF WITHOUT STREAKING. - ♀ - BILL DARK OLIVE OR ORANGE, DARK ON RIDGE. - SMALL SPOTS NEAR BASE LIMITED OR ABSENT. - - - GADWALL - (Anas strepera) - - [Illustration: GADWALL (Anas strepera)] - - BLACK RUMP - WHITE BELLY - WHITE SPECULUM - WHITE BELLY - BOTH SEXES HAVE YELLOW FEET - ♂ - BILL BLUISH BLACK - ♀ - BILL DULL ORANGE VARYING SPOTTING - - - PINTAIL - (Anas acuta) - - [Illustration: PINTAIL (Anas acuta)] - - WHITE STRIPE - CINNAMON-BUFF BORDER - POINTED TAIL - WHITE STRIPE - ♂ - BROWN HEAD - GRAY BILL - ♀ - GRAY BILL - MOTTLED BROWN - - - GREEN-WINGED TEAL - (Anas carolinensis) - - [Illustration: GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas carolinensis)] - - GREEN SPECULUM - WHITE BELLY - ♂ - BROWN HEAD - GREEN PATCH - WHITE MARK - ♀ - - - BLUE-WINGED TEAL - (Anas discors) - - [Illustration: BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors)] - - CHALKY-BLUE PATCH - GREEN SPECULUM - ♂ - MALE HAS DARK BELLY - WHITE CRESCENT - ♀ - FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY - - - CINNAMON TEAL - (Anas cyanoptera) - - [Illustration: CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera)] - - CHALKY-BLUE PATCH - GREEN SPECULUM - ♂ - UNIFORM CINNAMON BODY COLOR - ♀ - FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY - - - AMERICAN WIDGEON (Baldpate) - (Mareca americana) - - [Illustration: AMERICAN WIDGEON (Baldpate) (Mareca americana)] - - WHITE PATCH - WHITE BELLY - GREEN SPECULUM - WHITE BORDER - ♂ - WHITE CROWN - GREEN PATCH - GRAY BILL, BLACK TIPPED - WHITE PATCH - ♀ - - - SHOVELER - (Spatula clypeata) - - [Illustration: SHOVELER (Spatula clypeata)] - - CHALKY-BLUE PATCH - GREEN SPECULUM BORDERED WITH WHITE - ♂ - IRIDESCENT GREENISH BLACK - LARGE SHOVEL BILL - CONSPICUOUS BRISTLE-LIKE LAMELLAE - WHITE BREAST - CHESTNUT SIDES AND BELLY - ♀ - - - WOOD DUCK - (Aix sponsa) - - [Illustration: WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)] - - WHITE BORDER - WHITE BELLY - SILVERY BORDERED - ♂ - RED IRIS - RED AND WHITE BILL - ADULT MALE HIGHLY COLORED - ECLIPSE AND IMMATURE MALE - WHITE PATCH - ♀ - CONSPICUOUS WHITE EYE-RING - CRESTED - - - HARLEQUIN DUCK - (Histrionicus histrionicus) - - [Illustration: HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrionicus)] - - WHITE MARKS - ♂ - STOCKY, DARK, SMALL BILL - ♀ - FEMALE HAS SMALLER BILL - PLAIN DARK BODY - - - DIVING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS - (Aythyinae) - - [Illustration: DIVING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS (Aythyinae)] - - LEGS SET NEAR REAR OF BODY - DIVE COMPLETELY UNDER WATER TO SECURE FEED - SPECULUM GENERALLY DULL, LACKS IRIDESCENCE - USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLOSE TO WATER - HIND TOE LOBED, FOOT LARGE - ON TAKE OFF PATTER ALONG SURFACE FOR SOME DISTANCE - - - REDHEAD - (Aythya americana) - - [Illustration: REDHEAD (Aythya americana)] - - GRAY BACK - GRAY WING STRIPE - ♂ - CHESTNUT HEAD - HIGH ABRUPT FOREHEAD - BLUE BILL, BLACK TIP - BLACK BREAST - ♀ - LIGHT PATCH - - - RING-NECKED DUCK - (Aythya collaris) - - [Illustration: RING-NECKED DUCK (Aythya collaris)] - - BLACK BACK - GRAY WING STRIPE - ♂ - DISTINCT CREST - CONSPICUOUS BILL RING - CHESTNUT COLLAR - BLACK BREAST - WHITE PATCH - ♀ - WHITE EYE RING - LIGHT PATCH - - - CANVASBACK - (Aythya valisineria) - - [Illustration: CANVASBACK (Aythya valisineria)] - - WHITE BACK - GRAY WING STRIPE - ♂ - CHESTNUT HEAD - LONG SLOPING PROFILE, BLACK BILL - BLACK BREAST - ♀ - GRAY BACK - BROWN BREAST - - - GREATER SCAUP - (Aythya marila) - - [Illustration: GREATER SCAUP (Aythya marila)] - - DARK RUMP - WHITE WING STRIPE EXTENDING INTO PRIMARIES - WHITE BELLY - NAIL OF BILL 7.0-9.0 MILLIMETERS WIDE - ♂ - GRAY BACK - BLACK HEAD WITH GREENISH TINGE - BROAD BLUE BILL - BLACK BREAST - WHITE FLANKS - ♀ - BROWN BODY AND HEAD - DISTINCT WHITE MASK - - - LESSER SCAUP - (Aythya affinis) - - [Illustration: LESSER SCAUP (Aythya affinis)] - - DARK RUMP - WHITE WING STRIPE DOES NOT EXTEND INTO PRIMARIES - WHITE BELLY - NAIL OF BILL 5.0-6.5 MILLIMETERS WIDE - ♂ - SLIGHT CREST - GRAY BACK - BLACK HEAD WITH PURPLISH TINGE - BROAD BLUE BILL - BLACK BREAST - LIGHT FLANKS - ♀ - BROWN BODY AND HEAD - DISTINCT WHITE MASK - - - COMMON GOLDENEYE - (Bucephala clangula) - - [Illustration: COMMON GOLDENEYE (Bucephala clangula)] - - WHITE WING PATCHES - ♂ - GREENISH BLACK HEAD - LIGHT IRIS - DISTINCT WHITE PATCH - WHITE BREAST AND BELLY - 2ND SEASON MALE WITH BROWN HEAD AND FAINT WHITE PATCH - ♀ - BROWN HEAD - ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE - GRAY BACK AND FLANKS - WHITE NECK - GRAY BREAST - WHITE BELLY - 1ST SEASON MALE IS SIMILAR IN COLORATION TO FEMALE BUT WITH HEAVIER - BODY AND MORE RUGGED HEAD AND BILL - - - BARROW’S GOLDENEYE - (Bucephala islandica) - - [Illustration: BARROW’S GOLDENEYE (Bucephala islandica)] - - WHITE WING PATCHES - ♂ - PURPLISH BLACK HEAD - WHITE CRESCENT PATCH - BLACK BACK - BLACK BILL - WHITE BREAST AND BELLY - ♀ - LIGHT IRIS - GRAY BACK AND FLANKS - ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE - WHITE NECK - GRAY BREAST - WHITE BELLY - - - BUFFLEHEAD - (Bucephala albeola) - - [Illustration: BUFFLEHEAD (Bucephala albeola)] - - BLACK AND WHITE BACK - DARK BACK - WHITE WING PATCHES - WHITE BELLY - ♂ - BLACK WITH IRIDESCENT GREEN AND PURPLE - DISTINCT WHITE PATCH - BLUE-GRAY BILL - ♀ - DARK GRAYISH BROWN - DISTINCT WHITE PATCH - - - WHITE-WINGED SCOTER - (Melanitta deglandi) - - [Illustration: WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Melanitta deglandi)] - - BLACK CHUNKY BODY - WHITE PATCH - ♂ - WHITE EYE PATCH - PROMINENT BLACK KNOB - REDDISH ORANGE - IMMATURE HAS DISTINCT WHITE PATCHES - ♀ - FEATHERING EXTENDS ALMOST TO NOSTRIL - ADULT FEMALE CHEEK PATCHES RANGE FROM SLIGHTLY DARKER THAN IMMATURE - TO NO WHITE AT ALL - - - FULVOUS TREE DUCK - (Dendrocygna bicolor helva) - - [Illustration: FULVOUS TREE DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor helva)] - - LONG NECK - ADULT - WHITE LINE - IMMATURE - ADULT - LONG LEGS - - - BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK - (Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis) - - [Illustration: BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK (Dendrocygna autumnalis - autumnalis)] - - WHITE UPPER WING - ADULT - LONG NECK - IMMATURE - WHITE WING PATCH - - - RUDDY DUCK - (Oxyura jamaicensis) - - [Illustration: RUDDY DUCK (Oxyura jamaicensis)] - - DARK BROWN - BELLY SILVERY WHITE - ♂ SUMMER PLUMAGE - WHITE CHEEK - CROWN GLOSSY BLACK - BILL BLUE - RICH CHESTNUT - ♂ WINTER PLUMAGE - CROWN BROWNISH-BLACK - BILL DUSKY - ASHY WHITE - ♀ - MOTTLED CHEEK WITH DARK STRIPE - BILL NAIL DISTINCTLY SHARP-POINTED - GRAYISH BROWN - - - HOODED MERGANSER - (Lophodytes cucullatus) - - [Illustration: HOODED MERGANSER (Lophodytes cucullatus)] - - WHITE WING PATCH - ♂ - WHITE CREST OUTLINED WITH BLACK - THIN, SPIKE-LIKE BLACK BILL - TEETH NOT INCLINED BACKWARD AS IN OTHER MERGANSERS - WHITE BREAST - DOUBLE BLACK BANDS - ♀ - CREST, LIGHT BROWN - LIGHT THROAT - IN FLIGHT ALL MERGANSERS CARRY BILL, NECK AND BODY IN HORIZONTAL - PLANE, GIVING THEM A CHARACTERISTIC LONG-DRAWN APPEARANCE. - - - COMMON MERGANSER - (Mergus merganser) - - [Illustration: COMMON MERGANSER (Mergus merganser)] - - BLACK AND WHITE PATTERN - WHITE WING PATCH - ♂ - METALLIC GREENISH-BLACK - NOT CRESTED - RED BILL - NOSTRIL POSITIONED NEAR CENTER OF BILL - ♀ - DISTINCT CREST - WHITE THROAT - RED BILL - TEETH INCLINED BACKWARDS - GRAY BACK - - - DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT - (Phalacrocorax auritus) - - [Illustration: DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax auritus)] - - ADULT - IMMATURE - PALE BREAST - YELLOW-ORANGE THROAT POUCH - BLACK BODY - - - COMMON LOON - (Gavia immer) - - [Illustration: COMMON LOON (Gavia immer)] - - SUMMER ADULT - CHECKERED BACK - IN FLIGHT HAS DOWNWARD CURVE TO NECK - WINTER ADULT - FEET EXTEND BEYOND TAIL - GRAY - SUMMER ADULT - BLACK HEAD, PURPLISH IRIDESCENCE - BLACK BILL - WHITE RIBBED - WHITE BREAST AND BELLY - WINTER ADULT - GRAY - WHITE - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - HORNED GREBE - (Colymbus auritus) - - [Illustration: HORNED GREBE (Colymbus auritus)] - - WINTER PLUMAGE - DARK BACK - THIN BILL - RED EYE - WHITE CHEEKS, THROAT AND BELLY - HEAD, SUMMER PLUMAGE - LOBED TOES - - - PIED-BILLED GREBE - (Podilymbus podiceps) - - [Illustration: PIED-BILLED GREBE (Podilymbus podiceps)] - - TARSUS FLATTENED LATERALLY - ADULT HEAD - BLACK - IMMATURE - CHICKEN-LIKE BILL - WHITE - STRIPED FACIAL PATTERN - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - WESTERN GREBE - (Aechmophorus occidentalis) - - [Illustration: WESTERN GREBE (Aechmophorus occidentalis)] - - WHITE UNDERPARTS - LONG SLENDER NECK - - - AMERICAN COOT - (Fulica americana) - - [Illustration: AMERICAN COOT (Fulica americana)] - - WHITE - SCALLOPED FLAPS - WHITE PATCH - SLATE GRAY BODY - WHITE BILL - - - KING RAIL - (Rallus elegans) - - [Illustration: KING RAIL (Rallus elegans)] - - COMMONLY INHABITS FRESH WATER MARSHES - GENERALLY HAS A RUSTY COLORATION - DARK BARRING - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - CLAPPER RAIL - (Rallus longirostris) - - [Illustration: CLAPPER RAIL (Rallus longirostris)] - - GENERALLY HAS A GRAYER COLORATION - COMMONLY INHABITS TIDAL MARSHES - LIGHT BARRING - IMMATURE BIRDS SIMILAR TO ADULTS: SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION OFTEN - DIFFICULT - - - VIRGINIA RAIL - (Rallus limicola) - - [Illustration: VIRGINIA RAIL (Rallus limicola)] - - IMMATURE - BLACKISH BODY - ADULT - REDDISH BODY - GRAY CHEEKS - LONG BILL - WHITE - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - SORA - (Porzana Carolina) - - [Illustration: SORA (Porzana Carolina)] - - IMMATURE - BUFFY BROWN BODY - ADULT - WHITE PATCH - GRAY-BROWN BODY - SHORT YELLOW BILL - BLACK FACIAL AND THROAT PATCH - - - COMMON SNIPE (JACKSNIPE) - (Capella gallinago) - - [Illustration: COMMON SNIPE (JACKSNIPE) (Capella gallinago)] - - LONG BILL - STRIPED BACK AND HEAD - ORANGE TAIL - HAS A CHARACTERISTIC ZIG-ZAG FLIGHT - POINTED WING - SEXES ARE SIMILAR - - - AMERICAN WOODCOCK - (Philohela minor) - - [Illustration: AMERICAN WOODCOCK (Philohela minor)] - - BARRED HEAD - LONG BILL - SHORT TAIL - CHUNKY BODY - LARGE EYE - APPEARS NECKLESS - BLUNT WING - - - - - WATERFOWLER’S CODE - - -Buy a State License, and if You Are 16 Years of Age or Older Obtain -Federal Duck Stamp. It is illegal to hunt waterfowl without these -licenses, and the dollars you spend for them help to maintain your -sport. - -Know Your State, Provincial and Federal Migratory Bird Laws. When in -doubt consult your local game protector or U.S. Game Management Agent. - -Treat the Landowner with Respect and Courtesy. Ownership of game is -vested in the State and Province, but landowners have the right to -prevent trespass on their land. - -Learn to Identify Before You Shoot. A mistake may prove both -embarrassing and costly, a correct identification adds to your day’s -enjoyment. - -Cooperate with Your Federal, State and Provincial Agencies. Solving the -many problems of waterfowl production, harvest and research is possible -only through continued cooperation of the duck hunter and -conservationist. - -Use a Retriever if Possible, or at Least Pick Up Every Bird You Shoot. A -good dog will pick up cripples you would otherwise have to leave. A good -sportsman will never kill game needlessly. The use of retrieving dogs is -a sound conservation practice in reducing crippling losses in addition -to providing the pleasure of watching a good dog in action. - -Good Sportsmanship in the Duck Blind and on the Marshes Is Equally -Important as Remaining Friendly with Your Neighbors. - - - DISTRIBUTED BY: - TEXAS GAME and FISH COMMISSION - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—Added several birds to the Table of Contents to match the text. - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide, by -Central Flyway Council - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS WATERFOWL IDENT. 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