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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #54487 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54487)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide, by 
-Central Flyway Council
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide
-
-Author: Central Flyway Council
-
-Release Date: April 5, 2017 [EBook #54487]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS WATERFOWL IDENT. GUIDE ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, MFR and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                     WATERFOWL IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
-
-
-                              Published by
-                       The Central Flyway Council
-
-
-                            COUNCIL MEMBERS
-
-  Colorado
-  Kansas
-  Montana
-  Nebraska
-  New Mexico
-  North Dakota
-  Oklahoma
-  South Dakota
-  Texas
-  Wyoming
-
-
-                            Acknowledgments
-
-The Central Flyway Council wishes to thank the Atlantic Flyway Council
-for making available the illustrations and most of the text of this
-booklet.
-
-The Council also wishes to thank the many persons who assisted in
-preparation of this publication, particularly the Vermont Fish and Game
-Commission and Alan R. Munro, the artist.
-
-                           PRINTED IN U.S.A.
-             BY THE LANE PRESS. INC. · BURLINGTON, VERMONT
-
-
-
-
-                                CONTENTS
-
-
-  Council Members                                                       1
-  Acknowledgements                                                      2
-  Foreword                                                              5
-  Identification                                                        6
-  Individual Problems                                                   7
-  Nonhunting Enjoyments                                                 8
-  Research and Management                                               8
-  Flyway Council Approach                                               9
-  Your Responsibility                                                  10
-  Parts of a Duck                                                      11
-  Whistling Swan                                                       12
-  Canada Goose                                                         13
-  Snow Goose                                                           14
-  Ross Goose                                                           15
-  White-Fronted Goose                                                  16
-  Blue Goose                                                           17
-  Puddle or Dabbling Duck Characteristics                              18
-  Mallard                                                              19
-  Black Duck                                                           20
-  Mottled Duck                                                         21
-  New Mexico Duck                                                      22
-  Gadwall                                                              23
-  Pintail                                                              24
-  Green-Winged Teal                                                    25
-  Blue-Winged Teal                                                     26
-  Cinnamon Teal                                                        27
-  American Widgeon                                                     28
-  Shoveler                                                             29
-  Wood Duck                                                            30
-  Harlequin Duck                                                       31
-  Diving Duck Characteristics                                          32
-  Redhead                                                              33
-  Ring-Necked Duck                                                     34
-  Canvasback                                                           35
-  Greater Scaup                                                        36
-  Lesser Scaup                                                         37
-  Common Goldeneye                                                     38
-  Barrow’s Goldeneye                                                   39
-  Bufflehead                                                           40
-  White-Winged Scoter                                                  41
-  Fulvous Tree Duck                                                    42
-  Black-Bellied Tree Duck                                              43
-  Ruddy Duck                                                           44
-  Hooded Merganser                                                     45
-  Common Merganser                                                     46
-  Double-Crested Cormorant                                             47
-  Common Loon                                                          48
-  Horned Grebe                                                         49
-  Pied-Billed Grebe                                                    49
-  Western Grebe                                                        50
-  American Coot                                                        51
-  King Rail                                                            52
-  Clapper Rail                                                         52
-  Virginia Rail                                                        53
-  Sora                                                                 53
-  Common Snipe (Jacksnipe)                                             54
-  Waterfowler’s Code                                                   55
-
-
-
-
-                                FOREWORD
-
-
-The North American continent, at the time of its discovery and early
-settlement, had a waterfowl population which was one of its many
-wonders. So far as the evidence shows, no equal area of the earth’s
-surface ever supported such vast numbers of so many different ducks and
-geese, and this situation persisted to a time within the memory of
-living men. Long after the end of early settlement on this continent,
-hunting was free and harvest unlimited. But as the advancing tide of
-settlement reached into the north-central prairie states and provinces
-in the final years of the Nineteenth Century, radical changes began.
-From that time on North American waterfowl habitat began to deteriorate.
-Literally millions of acres of former nesting ground in the north have
-now been drained and put to the plow. South of the breeding range, not
-only agriculture, but industrialization and urbanization also have
-steadily reduced available resting and wintering grounds.
-
-The progressive decline in waterfowl numbers which followed these
-changes in land use led eventually to the scientific management of
-waterfowl. Spring shooting and market hunting were abolished in the
-second decade of this century. Ten years later the federal government
-undertook detailed regulation of migratory waterfowl so the annual
-harvest could be made proportional to the annual production. This was
-accomplished through collective effort by State, Provincial and Federal
-agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States to obtain scientific
-information. In keeping with biological principles, most of the
-restrictions on bag limit and means of taking have been used with some
-flexibility.
-
-Throughout the decline of all waterfowl populations some species have
-been underharvested. These species have declined in about the same
-proportion as those species on which the bulk of the harvest occurred.
-The Central Flyway Council feels that a refinement in waterfowl
-management is possible by directing hunting pressure on these previously
-underharvested species. This goal can only be accomplished through a
-knowledge of species identification by the waterfowl hunter. This
-booklet is a start in that direction.
-
-In recent years most waterfowl populations have made encouraging
-recoveries from the low point of the early 1930’s, when disastrous
-drouths, drainage and changing land use patterns took their toll. Still
-drainage continues, and industrialization is further reducing the
-habitat. Hunting continues as a major sport, however, maximum
-utilization of all species must be accomplished if hunting is to be
-fostered at a reasonable level of freedom and enjoyment.
-
-The very future of duck hunting depends upon a more effective
-partnership between regulatory agencies and the many thousands of
-gunners whom they serve. The federal agency is charged by treaty and law
-with husbandry of the waterfowl resource. The State agencies assist in
-the responsibility. However, they need the help of all sportsmen, and
-particularly they need the understanding help of waterfowlers who know
-their birds and who keep abreast of current plans for management. To
-foster this essential cooperation between agencies and gunners is a
-primary purpose of this booklet.
-
-
-                             Identification
-
-Identification of birds in the field, and particularly on the wing, as
-ducks and geese are usually seen over decoys, is easier than appears at
-first try. The trick is to note, in addition to shape and approximate
-size, the general arrangement of light and dark areas in the plumage,
-for nearly every species has its own distinctive pattern. With practice,
-the eye can be trained to pick out this pattern at a glance, and within
-a short time recognition becomes automatic. The illustrations which
-follow, one for each important species of Central Flyway waterfowl, make
-use of this practice of “pattern recognition” in the two or more flying
-birds at the top of the page. Actually in many cases recognition by
-flight pattern and flight characteristics will soon become evident.
-
-In each drawing of ducks the flying female leads, with the drake
-following, for this is the usual order in a mated pair during winter,
-and spring. On the lower part of each page are shown enlarged heads,
-adult male on the left, female on the right, with an immature head added
-when the difference is substantial, or with certain details which
-further aid identification when the bird is in hand. All ducks, both
-flying pairs and heads, are drawn in direct proportion to each other,
-but geese, because of their larger size, are reduced one third from the
-duck proportion.
-
-Drawings of geese show only a single enlarged head on each plate because
-male and female geese are alike in color pattern. Finally, some birds
-which are not “waterfowl” in the strict sense of the word, but are
-nevertheless often seen, are shown in the last few illustrations. Some
-of them (loon, grebe, and cormorant), although protected at all times,
-are included because they are often mistakenly shot for waterfowl.
-Others (rails, coot, and snipes) are included because they occupy
-wet-land habitat along with ducks.
-
-
-                          Individual Problems
-
-Although “pattern recognition” simplifies the problem of identification
-for the waterfowler, there are still several complications to be
-considered. Of these, the most troublesome by far is the matter of
-moults. The adult drakes of most species of ducks, very soon after the
-hens begin to incubate eggs, moult the bright body-feathers of their
-breeding dress and assume an “eclipse” plumage which resembles the
-year-round coloration of the female. This dull plumage, serving as a
-protective factor during the wing-moult which follows, is retained until
-the new flight feathers are fully developed. By September a second
-body-moult is under way by which these old drakes assume the bright
-courting plumage of late fall and winter. During the same period, the
-young males of the year, whose juvenile plumage likewise resembles the
-female dress, are also assuming the adult plumage. Following December 1
-most difficulties of identification by reason of the moult are resolved,
-but in early fall the hunter may be puzzled by some of the transition
-plumages noted on birds in his bag. Identification during this period
-may appear extremely difficult, but it is well to remember that wing
-patterns remain virtually unchanged regardless of stage of the moult.
-
-The remaining problems of identification require only brief mention for
-they appear but rarely. In the first place, this booklet includes all
-species of ducks and geese which occur in numbers in any part of the
-Central Flyway, but omits others which may be occasional visitors.
-Second, hybrids are rather frequent among waterfowl, and some are
-extremely puzzling. In such special cases as these your local wildlife
-manager or biologist may be able to help.
-
-The following publications contain further information for the hunter
-interested in additional facts of natural history, distribution and
-description:
-
-    Kortright, “Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America”
-    Peterson, “A Field Guide to the Birds”
-    Pough, “Audubon Water Bird Guide”
-
-
-                         Nonhunting Enjoyments
-
-For the nonhunter—and many avid outdoorsmen prefer to watch rather than
-shoot—this guide to waterfowl can provide enjoyment beyond the simple
-pleasure of seeing ducks and geese. Most of us remember seeing some
-“oldtimer” identify flights or singles or rafts of birds at what seemed
-impossible distances. The ability to do this does not really stem from
-some mystic communion with the birds. Rather, through such a booklet as
-this the waterfowling layman can develop the same powers in himself. For
-the cost of a little concentrated effort he can gain great personal
-satisfaction and the increased understanding that comes from resolving
-“ducks” into the wide variety of individual species they really are.
-
-Further, some knowledge of waterfowl distribution, annual abundance and
-the approximate source and destination of the ducks and geese he hunts,
-will often help the waterfowler understand the overall picture of
-waterfowl management. For both administrative and biological purposes of
-waterfowl management, the United States is divided into four flyways—the
-Atlantic, the Mississippi, the Pacific, and the one for which this
-booklet is written, the Central. Each flyway has its own segment of the
-waterfowl population, subject to different conditions and pressures than
-the populations of other flyways, and therefore is administered as a
-separate unit. In general this is a sound premise, but it must not be
-considered too rigid. Since the flyway principle is in part an
-administrative device, it is important principally in fall and winter
-when most North American waterfowl are within the United States. As the
-wintering populations begin to move northward in the spring, many
-species disperse throughout the nesting grounds of the northern states
-and Canada. Much overlapping of the populations from various flyways in
-which the birds wintered occurs.
-
-
-                        Research and Management
-
-Methods developed over the years and applied systematically supply
-information which is necessary to intelligent management. Breeding pair
-and brood surveys indicate the distribution of nesting populations, and
-their success from year to year in hatching and raising their broods of
-young. The banding of waterfowl, carefully aged, sexed, and released,
-gives specific information on the travels of individual birds, on
-mortality, and on some phases of hunting pressure. Periodic air-counts
-in late summer and fall serve to measure, in a rough way, the
-distribution of different species during southward migration, and the
-rate of movement. Hunter-bag checks, carried out in the field during the
-shooting season, complement fall counts with regard to distribution at
-given points. A post-season sampling of hunter success, by mail,
-supplies data on additional aspects of hunting pressure, and gives an
-index of total kill. Finally, the annual winter count indicates the
-distribution and relative size of populations remaining after the
-shooting season ends. In combination, these methods are steadily
-increasing our knowledge of North American waterfowl, and in particular
-are providing the sort of “running inventory” which is the first
-requirement for intelligent management of this resource.
-
-The Central Flyway Council is the clearing house for coordinated
-planning in this Flyway. It is a delegate organization, including in its
-membership administrative and technical representatives from the fish
-and game departments of all states and provinces in the flyway. A Flyway
-Representative has been assigned from the Fish and Wildlife Service.
-This group is concerned with all phases of waterfowl research and
-management in the flyway. The Central Flyway Council provides for an
-effective interchange of information between member agencies and assists
-in the coordination and integration of flyway management programs. These
-purposes have been furthered by regular meetings for the open discussion
-of flyway problems.
-
-
-                        Flyway Council Approach
-
-In early 1953, the Council and the Fish and Wildlife Service, acting
-jointly, adopted a flyway program which has been expanded and improved
-as factual information and experience dictate. This program outlines
-objectives and suggests methods and priorities for accomplishment. State
-game departments now pattern their activities around the flyway program.
-
-Extending the cooperative idea, the Council has joined with
-corresponding organizations from the other flyways to form the National
-Waterfowl Council, which annually participates in the official
-discussion of continental and flyway management problems and
-regulations. From their inception, the flyway councils have been
-successful in promoting understanding and teamwork so necessary for the
-perpetuation of the waterfowl resource.
-
-
-                          Your Responsibility
-
-As an individual reader of this booklet, you have a part to play in the
-essential partnership between agencies and waterfowlers. Your part may
-be small and may take various forms, depending on the circumstances, but
-certainly it is there. Perhaps, having sent in one or two waterfowl
-bands in the past and having experienced the initial novelty of hearing
-where your birds came from, you now forget to report them. The next time
-you have this choice between reporting or forgetting a band, remember
-that its prompt recovery, with full data, might be the clue to some
-missing fact to improve your future gunning.
-
-Hunter bag checks indicate crippling losses in the Central Flyway run to
-an average of about one quarter of the total kill. In certain marshes,
-early in the season, crippling can greatly exceed the one quarter loss.
-Shooting at birds on the fringe of effective killing range is a
-crippling practice and, moreover, as you probably know from observation
-is contagious. The usual effect of one “sky shooter” in a marsh is to
-force other gunners nearby to attempt impossible shots which increase
-crippling losses and soon ruin shooting for everybody. Controlling such
-practices lies solely in the hands of individual gunners. With
-large-gauge guns of modified bore, the shot-pattern that will produce
-kills should be consistent up to forty yards, a distance well within
-capabilities of the average gunner to hold and compute necessary lead.
-Successful duck shooting is a matter of good judgment. To avoid errors
-in judgment drive stakes in front of your blind at distances of thirty
-and forty yards to indicate safe killing range. Hold your fire until the
-feet of an incoming duck can be seen distinctly, for only then will the
-bird be in range. Good sportsmanship in duck blinds and marshes is
-equally as important as remaining friendly with your home neighbors.
-Train a good retrieving dog, and add to your day’s pleasure by watching
-him at work on downed birds.
-
-Above all, remember that the future of waterfowling is partly in your
-hands—that your good sportsmanship and cooperation are as necessary to
-the work of the Central Flyway Council and its member agencies as their
-activities are to you.
-
-
-                            PARTS OF A DUCK
-
-    [Illustration: PARTS OF A DUCK]
-
-  CROWN
-  FOREHEAD
-  OCCIPUT
-  CHEEK
-  NAPE
-  SIDE NECK
-  BACK
-  SCAPULARS
-  RUMP
-  CHIN
-  THROAT
-  FORENECK
-  TERTIALS
-  UPPER TAIL COVERTS
-  BREAST
-  TAIL
-  UNDER TAIL COVERTS
-  BELLY
-  SIDE
-
-  LESSER COVERTS
-  SPURIOUS WING
-  GREATER COVERTS
-  PRIMARIES
-  SECONDARIES
-  TERTIALS
-
-  TIBIA
-  SCUTELLATE TARSUS
-  HEEL
-  HIND TOE
-  TOE
-  WEB
-
-  NAIL
-  LAMELLAE
-  LOWER MANDIBLE
-  UPPER MANDIBLE
-  NOSTRIL
-  NAIL
-  MALE
-  FEMALE
-
-
-                             WHISTLING SWAN
-                          (Cygnus columbianus)
-
-    [Illustration: WHISTLING SWAN (Cygnus columbianus)]
-
-  ENTIRE PLUMAGE WHITE
-  IMMATURE BIRDS HAVE GRAY-WHITE PLUMAGE WITH DULL PINKISH BILL
-  YELLOW SPOT
-  BLACK BILL
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-  CARRIES NECK HELD ERECT
-  HEAD OF MUTE SWAN SHOWING BLACK KNOB AND ORANGE BILL
-
-
-                              CANADA GOOSE
-                          (Branta canadensis)
-
-    [Illustration: CANADA GOOSE (Branta canadensis)]
-
-  WHITE RUMP
-  BROWNISH GRAY BODY AND WINGS
-  BLACK BILL
-  WHITE PATCH
-  BLACK NECK
-  ALL GEESE HAVE RETICULATE TARSUS
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                               SNOW GOOSE
-                           (Chen hyperborea)
-
-    [Illustration: SNOW GOOSE (Chen hyperborea)]
-
-  WHITE BODY
-  BLACK WING TIPS
-  PINK FEET
-  LIGHT PINK BILL
-  BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH
-  FEATHERS OF CHEEKS, BREAST AND BELLY OFTEN STAINED WITH RUSTY BROWN
-  IMMATURE BIRDS TEND TOWARD A MORE GRAY PLUMAGE
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                               ROSS GOOSE
-                              (Chen rossi)
-
-    [Illustration: ROSS GOOSE (Chen rossi)]
-
-  ABOUT SIZE OF MALLARD
-  ADULT
-    WARTY PROTUBERANCES ON BILL.
-    NO BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH
-    PINKISH BILL
-  IMMATURE
-
-
-                          WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
-                           (Anser albifrons)
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albifrons)]
-
-  ADULT
-    BARRED BELLY
-  IMMATURE
-    YELLOWISH BILL
-    PALE BREAST
-  WHITE PATCH
-  BROWNISH FOREPARTS
-  YELLOWISH LEGS
-
-
-                               BLUE GOOSE
-                          (Chen caerulescens)
-
-    [Illustration: BLUE GOOSE (Chen caerulescens)]
-
-  ADULT
-    PINK FEET, IMMATURE DUSKY FEET
-  IMMATURE
-  PINK BILL
-  WHITE NAIL
-  BLACK “GRINNING” PATCH
-  WHITE HEAD AND NECK
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                PUDDLE OR DABBLING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS
-                               (Anatinae)
-
-    [Illustration: PUDDLE OR DABBLING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS (Anatinae)]
-
-  TIP UP TO FEED, RARELY DIVE
-  LEGS PLACED NEAR CENTER OF BODY
-  GENERALLY HAVE METALLIC SPECULUM
-  USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLEAR OF WATER
-  FOOT SMALLER THAN IN DIVING DUCKS
-    HIND TOE NOT LOBED
-  SPRING INTO AIR ON TAKE OFF
-
-
-                                MALLARD
-                          (Anas platyrhynchos)
-
-    [Illustration: MALLARD (Anas platyrhynchos)]
-
-  WHITE TAIL
-  WHITE BORDERS ON PURPLE SPECULUM
-  WHITISH TAIL
-  ♂
-    GREEN HEAD
-    YELLOW BILL
-    WHITE COLLAR
-    RUDDY BREAST
-  ♀
-    ORANGE BILL MOTTLED WITH BLACK
-    MOTTLED BROWN
-
-
-                               BLACK DUCK
-                            (Anas rubripes)
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK DUCK (Anas rubripes)]
-
-  YELLOWISH-BROWN HEAD
-  DUSKY-BROWN BODY
-  WHITE WING-LININGS
-  IMMATURE HAS STREAKED BREAST
-  PURPLE SPECULUM
-  IMMATURE SIDE BREAST FEATHER
-  ADULT MALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER
-  ADULT FEMALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER
-  ♂
-    BILL COLOR VARIES FROM SOLID GREENISH YELLOW TO HIGH CHROME YELLOW
-          DEPENDING UPON AGE AND SEASON KILLED
-  ♀
-    FEMALE BILL SHOWS VARYING AMOUNT OF BLACK SPOTTING
-
-
-                              MOTTLED DUCK
-                            (Anas fulvigula)
-
-    [Illustration: MOTTLED DUCK (Anas fulvigula)]
-
-  TRAILING EDGE OFTEN WHITE
-  LIGHT TAN HEAD
-  PURPLE SPECULUM
-  FEET ORANGE
-  CHIN AND THROAT PALE BUFF (WITH OR) WITHOUT STREAKING
-  ♂
-    DARK BASE OF BILL
-    BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL
-  ♀
-    DARK SPOT (often absent)
-    VARIABLE SPOTTING
-
-
-                            NEW MEXICAN DUCK
-                       (Anas diazi novimexicana)
-
-    [Illustration: NEW MEXICAN DUCK (Anas diazi novimexicana)]
-
-  TAIL DARK.
-  SPECULUM BLUISH PURPLE TO GREEN. WHITE EDGE ABOVE SOMETIMES ABSENT.
-  FEET ORANGE.
-  ♂
-    BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL.
-    CHIN PINKISH BUFF WITHOUT STREAKING.
-  ♀
-    BILL DARK OLIVE OR ORANGE, DARK ON RIDGE.
-    SMALL SPOTS NEAR BASE LIMITED OR ABSENT.
-
-
-                                GADWALL
-                            (Anas strepera)
-
-    [Illustration: GADWALL (Anas strepera)]
-
-  BLACK RUMP
-  WHITE BELLY
-  WHITE SPECULUM
-  WHITE BELLY
-  BOTH SEXES HAVE YELLOW FEET
-  ♂
-    BILL BLUISH BLACK
-  ♀
-    BILL DULL ORANGE VARYING SPOTTING
-
-
-                                PINTAIL
-                              (Anas acuta)
-
-    [Illustration: PINTAIL (Anas acuta)]
-
-  WHITE STRIPE
-  CINNAMON-BUFF BORDER
-  POINTED TAIL
-  WHITE STRIPE
-  ♂
-    BROWN HEAD
-    GRAY BILL
-  ♀
-    GRAY BILL
-    MOTTLED BROWN
-
-
-                           GREEN-WINGED TEAL
-                          (Anas carolinensis)
-
-    [Illustration: GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas carolinensis)]
-
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  WHITE BELLY
-  ♂
-    BROWN HEAD
-    GREEN PATCH
-    WHITE MARK
-  ♀
-
-
-                            BLUE-WINGED TEAL
-                             (Anas discors)
-
-    [Illustration: BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors)]
-
-  CHALKY-BLUE PATCH
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  ♂
-    MALE HAS DARK BELLY
-    WHITE CRESCENT
-  ♀
-    FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY
-
-
-                             CINNAMON TEAL
-                           (Anas cyanoptera)
-
-    [Illustration: CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera)]
-
-  CHALKY-BLUE PATCH
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  ♂
-    UNIFORM CINNAMON BODY COLOR
-  ♀
-    FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY
-
-
-                      AMERICAN WIDGEON (Baldpate)
-                           (Mareca americana)
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN WIDGEON (Baldpate) (Mareca americana)]
-
-  WHITE PATCH
-  WHITE BELLY
-  GREEN SPECULUM
-  WHITE BORDER
-  ♂
-    WHITE CROWN
-    GREEN PATCH
-    GRAY BILL, BLACK TIPPED
-    WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-
-
-                                SHOVELER
-                           (Spatula clypeata)
-
-    [Illustration: SHOVELER (Spatula clypeata)]
-
-  CHALKY-BLUE PATCH
-  GREEN SPECULUM BORDERED WITH WHITE
-  ♂
-    IRIDESCENT GREENISH BLACK
-    LARGE SHOVEL BILL
-    CONSPICUOUS BRISTLE-LIKE LAMELLAE
-    WHITE BREAST
-    CHESTNUT SIDES AND BELLY
-  ♀
-
-
-                               WOOD DUCK
-                              (Aix sponsa)
-
-    [Illustration: WOOD DUCK (Aix sponsa)]
-
-  WHITE BORDER
-  WHITE BELLY
-  SILVERY BORDERED
-  ♂
-    RED IRIS
-    RED AND WHITE BILL
-    ADULT MALE HIGHLY COLORED
-      ECLIPSE AND IMMATURE MALE
-    WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-    CONSPICUOUS WHITE EYE-RING
-    CRESTED
-
-
-                             HARLEQUIN DUCK
-                      (Histrionicus histrionicus)
-
-    [Illustration: HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrionicus)]
-
-  WHITE MARKS
-  ♂
-    STOCKY, DARK, SMALL BILL
-  ♀
-    FEMALE HAS SMALLER BILL
-    PLAIN DARK BODY
-
-
-                      DIVING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS
-                              (Aythyinae)
-
-    [Illustration: DIVING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS (Aythyinae)]
-
-  LEGS SET NEAR REAR OF BODY
-  DIVE COMPLETELY UNDER WATER TO SECURE FEED
-  SPECULUM GENERALLY DULL, LACKS IRIDESCENCE
-  USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLOSE TO WATER
-  HIND TOE LOBED, FOOT LARGE
-  ON TAKE OFF PATTER ALONG SURFACE FOR SOME DISTANCE
-
-
-                                REDHEAD
-                           (Aythya americana)
-
-    [Illustration: REDHEAD (Aythya americana)]
-
-  GRAY BACK
-  GRAY WING STRIPE
-  ♂
-    CHESTNUT HEAD
-    HIGH ABRUPT FOREHEAD
-    BLUE BILL, BLACK TIP
-    BLACK BREAST
-  ♀
-    LIGHT PATCH
-
-
-                            RING-NECKED DUCK
-                           (Aythya collaris)
-
-    [Illustration: RING-NECKED DUCK (Aythya collaris)]
-
-  BLACK BACK
-  GRAY WING STRIPE
-  ♂
-    DISTINCT CREST
-    CONSPICUOUS BILL RING
-    CHESTNUT COLLAR
-    BLACK BREAST
-    WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-    WHITE EYE RING
-    LIGHT PATCH
-
-
-                               CANVASBACK
-                          (Aythya valisineria)
-
-    [Illustration: CANVASBACK (Aythya valisineria)]
-
-  WHITE BACK
-  GRAY WING STRIPE
-  ♂
-    CHESTNUT HEAD
-    LONG SLOPING PROFILE, BLACK BILL
-    BLACK BREAST
-  ♀
-    GRAY BACK
-    BROWN BREAST
-
-
-                             GREATER SCAUP
-                            (Aythya marila)
-
-    [Illustration: GREATER SCAUP (Aythya marila)]
-
-  DARK RUMP
-  WHITE WING STRIPE EXTENDING INTO PRIMARIES
-  WHITE BELLY
-  NAIL OF BILL 7.0-9.0 MILLIMETERS WIDE
-  ♂
-    GRAY BACK
-    BLACK HEAD WITH GREENISH TINGE
-    BROAD BLUE BILL
-    BLACK BREAST
-    WHITE FLANKS
-  ♀
-    BROWN BODY AND HEAD
-    DISTINCT WHITE MASK
-
-
-                              LESSER SCAUP
-                            (Aythya affinis)
-
-    [Illustration: LESSER SCAUP (Aythya affinis)]
-
-  DARK RUMP
-  WHITE WING STRIPE DOES NOT EXTEND INTO PRIMARIES
-  WHITE BELLY
-  NAIL OF BILL 5.0-6.5 MILLIMETERS WIDE
-  ♂
-    SLIGHT CREST
-    GRAY BACK
-    BLACK HEAD WITH PURPLISH TINGE
-    BROAD BLUE BILL
-    BLACK BREAST
-    LIGHT FLANKS
-  ♀
-    BROWN BODY AND HEAD
-    DISTINCT WHITE MASK
-
-
-                            COMMON GOLDENEYE
-                          (Bucephala clangula)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON GOLDENEYE (Bucephala clangula)]
-
-  WHITE WING PATCHES
-  ♂
-    GREENISH BLACK HEAD
-    LIGHT IRIS
-    DISTINCT WHITE PATCH
-    WHITE BREAST AND BELLY
-  2ND SEASON MALE WITH BROWN HEAD AND FAINT WHITE PATCH
-  ♀
-    BROWN HEAD
-    ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE
-    GRAY BACK AND FLANKS
-    WHITE NECK
-    GRAY BREAST
-    WHITE BELLY
-  1ST SEASON MALE IS SIMILAR IN COLORATION TO FEMALE BUT WITH HEAVIER
-          BODY AND MORE RUGGED HEAD AND BILL
-
-
-                           BARROW’S GOLDENEYE
-                         (Bucephala islandica)
-
-    [Illustration: BARROW’S GOLDENEYE (Bucephala islandica)]
-
-  WHITE WING PATCHES
-  ♂
-    PURPLISH BLACK HEAD
-    WHITE CRESCENT PATCH
-    BLACK BACK
-    BLACK BILL
-    WHITE BREAST AND BELLY
-  ♀
-    LIGHT IRIS
-    GRAY BACK AND FLANKS
-    ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE
-    WHITE NECK
-    GRAY BREAST
-    WHITE BELLY
-
-
-                               BUFFLEHEAD
-                          (Bucephala albeola)
-
-    [Illustration: BUFFLEHEAD (Bucephala albeola)]
-
-  BLACK AND WHITE BACK
-  DARK BACK
-  WHITE WING PATCHES
-  WHITE BELLY
-  ♂
-    BLACK WITH IRIDESCENT GREEN AND PURPLE
-    DISTINCT WHITE PATCH
-    BLUE-GRAY BILL
-  ♀
-    DARK GRAYISH BROWN
-    DISTINCT WHITE PATCH
-
-
-                          WHITE-WINGED SCOTER
-                          (Melanitta deglandi)
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Melanitta deglandi)]
-
-  BLACK CHUNKY BODY
-  WHITE PATCH
-  ♂
-    WHITE EYE PATCH
-    PROMINENT BLACK KNOB
-    REDDISH ORANGE
-  IMMATURE HAS DISTINCT WHITE PATCHES
-  ♀
-    FEATHERING EXTENDS ALMOST TO NOSTRIL
-    ADULT FEMALE CHEEK PATCHES RANGE FROM SLIGHTLY DARKER THAN IMMATURE
-          TO NO WHITE AT ALL
-
-
-                           FULVOUS TREE DUCK
-                      (Dendrocygna bicolor helva)
-
-    [Illustration: FULVOUS TREE DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor helva)]
-
-  LONG NECK
-  ADULT
-  WHITE LINE
-  IMMATURE
-  ADULT
-    LONG LEGS
-
-
-                        BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK
-                  (Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis)
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK (Dendrocygna autumnalis
-    autumnalis)]
-
-  WHITE UPPER WING
-  ADULT
-    LONG NECK
-  IMMATURE
-    WHITE WING PATCH
-
-
-                               RUDDY DUCK
-                          (Oxyura jamaicensis)
-
-    [Illustration: RUDDY DUCK (Oxyura jamaicensis)]
-
-  DARK BROWN
-  BELLY SILVERY WHITE
-  ♂ SUMMER PLUMAGE
-    WHITE CHEEK
-    CROWN GLOSSY BLACK
-    BILL BLUE
-    RICH CHESTNUT
-  ♂ WINTER PLUMAGE
-    CROWN BROWNISH-BLACK
-    BILL DUSKY
-    ASHY WHITE
-  ♀
-    MOTTLED CHEEK WITH DARK STRIPE
-    BILL NAIL DISTINCTLY SHARP-POINTED
-    GRAYISH BROWN
-
-
-                            HOODED MERGANSER
-                        (Lophodytes cucullatus)
-
-    [Illustration: HOODED MERGANSER (Lophodytes cucullatus)]
-
-  WHITE WING PATCH
-  ♂
-    WHITE CREST OUTLINED WITH BLACK
-    THIN, SPIKE-LIKE BLACK BILL
-    TEETH NOT INCLINED BACKWARD AS IN OTHER MERGANSERS
-    WHITE BREAST
-    DOUBLE BLACK BANDS
-  ♀
-    CREST, LIGHT BROWN
-    LIGHT THROAT
-  IN FLIGHT ALL MERGANSERS CARRY BILL, NECK AND BODY IN HORIZONTAL
-          PLANE, GIVING THEM A CHARACTERISTIC LONG-DRAWN APPEARANCE.
-
-
-                            COMMON MERGANSER
-                           (Mergus merganser)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON MERGANSER (Mergus merganser)]
-
-  BLACK AND WHITE PATTERN
-  WHITE WING PATCH
-  ♂
-    METALLIC GREENISH-BLACK
-    NOT CRESTED
-    RED BILL
-    NOSTRIL POSITIONED NEAR CENTER OF BILL
-  ♀
-    DISTINCT CREST
-    WHITE THROAT
-    RED BILL
-    TEETH INCLINED BACKWARDS
-    GRAY BACK
-
-
-                        DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
-                        (Phalacrocorax auritus)
-
-    [Illustration: DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax auritus)]
-
-  ADULT
-  IMMATURE
-    PALE BREAST
-  YELLOW-ORANGE THROAT POUCH
-  BLACK BODY
-
-
-                              COMMON LOON
-                             (Gavia immer)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON LOON (Gavia immer)]
-
-  SUMMER ADULT
-    CHECKERED BACK
-    IN FLIGHT HAS DOWNWARD CURVE TO NECK
-  WINTER ADULT
-    FEET EXTEND BEYOND TAIL
-    GRAY
-  SUMMER ADULT
-    BLACK HEAD, PURPLISH IRIDESCENCE
-    BLACK BILL
-    WHITE RIBBED
-    WHITE BREAST AND BELLY
-  WINTER ADULT
-    GRAY
-    WHITE
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                              HORNED GREBE
-                           (Colymbus auritus)
-
-    [Illustration: HORNED GREBE (Colymbus auritus)]
-
-  WINTER PLUMAGE
-    DARK BACK
-    THIN BILL
-    RED EYE
-    WHITE CHEEKS, THROAT AND BELLY
-  HEAD, SUMMER PLUMAGE
-  LOBED TOES
-
-
-                           PIED-BILLED GREBE
-                         (Podilymbus podiceps)
-
-    [Illustration: PIED-BILLED GREBE (Podilymbus podiceps)]
-
-  TARSUS FLATTENED LATERALLY
-  ADULT HEAD
-    BLACK
-  IMMATURE
-    CHICKEN-LIKE BILL
-    WHITE
-    STRIPED FACIAL PATTERN
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                             WESTERN GREBE
-                      (Aechmophorus occidentalis)
-
-    [Illustration: WESTERN GREBE (Aechmophorus occidentalis)]
-
-  WHITE UNDERPARTS
-  LONG SLENDER NECK
-
-
-                             AMERICAN COOT
-                           (Fulica americana)
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN COOT (Fulica americana)]
-
-  WHITE
-  SCALLOPED FLAPS
-  WHITE PATCH
-  SLATE GRAY BODY
-  WHITE BILL
-
-
-                               KING RAIL
-                            (Rallus elegans)
-
-    [Illustration: KING RAIL (Rallus elegans)]
-
-  COMMONLY INHABITS FRESH WATER MARSHES
-  GENERALLY HAS A RUSTY COLORATION
-  DARK BARRING
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                              CLAPPER RAIL
-                         (Rallus longirostris)
-
-    [Illustration: CLAPPER RAIL (Rallus longirostris)]
-
-  GENERALLY HAS A GRAYER COLORATION
-  COMMONLY INHABITS TIDAL MARSHES
-  LIGHT BARRING
-  IMMATURE BIRDS SIMILAR TO ADULTS: SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION OFTEN
-          DIFFICULT
-
-
-                             VIRGINIA RAIL
-                           (Rallus limicola)
-
-    [Illustration: VIRGINIA RAIL (Rallus limicola)]
-
-  IMMATURE
-    BLACKISH BODY
-  ADULT
-    REDDISH BODY
-    GRAY CHEEKS
-    LONG BILL
-    WHITE
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                                  SORA
-                           (Porzana Carolina)
-
-    [Illustration: SORA (Porzana Carolina)]
-
-  IMMATURE
-    BUFFY BROWN BODY
-  ADULT
-    WHITE PATCH
-    GRAY-BROWN BODY
-    SHORT YELLOW BILL
-    BLACK FACIAL AND THROAT PATCH
-
-
-                        COMMON SNIPE (JACKSNIPE)
-                          (Capella gallinago)
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON SNIPE (JACKSNIPE) (Capella gallinago)]
-
-  LONG BILL
-  STRIPED BACK AND HEAD
-  ORANGE TAIL
-  HAS A CHARACTERISTIC ZIG-ZAG FLIGHT
-  POINTED WING
-  SEXES ARE SIMILAR
-
-
-                           AMERICAN WOODCOCK
-                           (Philohela minor)
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN WOODCOCK (Philohela minor)]
-
-  BARRED HEAD
-  LONG BILL
-  SHORT TAIL
-  CHUNKY BODY
-  LARGE EYE
-  APPEARS NECKLESS
-  BLUNT WING
-
-
-
-
-                           WATERFOWLER’S CODE
-
-
-Buy a State License, and if You Are 16 Years of Age or Older Obtain
-Federal Duck Stamp. It is illegal to hunt waterfowl without these
-licenses, and the dollars you spend for them help to maintain your
-sport.
-
-Know Your State, Provincial and Federal Migratory Bird Laws. When in
-doubt consult your local game protector or U.S. Game Management Agent.
-
-Treat the Landowner with Respect and Courtesy. Ownership of game is
-vested in the State and Province, but landowners have the right to
-prevent trespass on their land.
-
-Learn to Identify Before You Shoot. A mistake may prove both
-embarrassing and costly, a correct identification adds to your day’s
-enjoyment.
-
-Cooperate with Your Federal, State and Provincial Agencies. Solving the
-many problems of waterfowl production, harvest and research is possible
-only through continued cooperation of the duck hunter and
-conservationist.
-
-Use a Retriever if Possible, or at Least Pick Up Every Bird You Shoot. A
-good dog will pick up cripples you would otherwise have to leave. A good
-sportsman will never kill game needlessly. The use of retrieving dogs is
-a sound conservation practice in reducing crippling losses in addition
-to providing the pleasure of watching a good dog in action.
-
-Good Sportsmanship in the Duck Blind and on the Marshes Is Equally
-Important as Remaining Friendly with Your Neighbors.
-
-
-                            DISTRIBUTED BY:
-                     TEXAS GAME and FISH COMMISSION
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—Added several birds to the Table of Contents to match the text.
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide, by 
-Central Flyway Council
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS WATERFOWL IDENT. GUIDE ***
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-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide, by 
-Central Flyway Council
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
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-Title: Texas Waterfowl Identification Guide
-
-Author: Central Flyway Council
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-Release Date: April 5, 2017 [EBook #54487]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TEXAS WATERFOWL IDENT. GUIDE ***
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-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h1>WATERFOWL IDENTIFICATION GUIDE</h1>
-<p class="center"><span class="ss">Published by
-<br /><span class="large">The Central Flyway Council</span></span></p>
-<h3 id="c1">COUNCIL MEMBERS</h3>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Colorado</dt>
-<dt>Kansas</dt>
-<dt>Montana</dt>
-<dt>Nebraska</dt>
-<dt>New Mexico</dt>
-<dt>North Dakota</dt>
-<dt>Oklahoma</dt>
-<dt>South Dakota</dt>
-<dt>Texas</dt>
-<dt>Wyoming</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<h3 id="c2">Acknowledgments</h3>
-<p>The Central Flyway Council wishes to thank the
-Atlantic Flyway Council for making available the
-illustrations and most of the text of this booklet.</p>
-<p>The Council also wishes to thank the many persons
-who assisted in preparation of this publication,
-particularly the Vermont Fish and Game Commission
-and Alan R. Munro, the artist.</p>
-<p class="center smaller">PRINTED IN U.S.A.
-<br />BY THE LANE PRESS. INC. &middot; BURLINGTON, VERMONT</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<h2 class="center">CONTENTS</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt><a href="#c1">Council Members</a> 1</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2">Acknowledgements</a> 2</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c3">Foreword</a> 5</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c4">Identification</a> 6</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c5">Individual Problems</a> 7</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c6">Nonhunting Enjoyments</a> 8</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c7">Research and Management</a> 8</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c8">Flyway Council Approach</a> 9</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c9">Your Responsibility</a> 10</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c10">Parts of a Duck</a> 11</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c11">Whistling Swan</a> 12</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c12">Canada Goose</a> 13</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c13">Snow Goose</a> 14</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c14">Ross Goose</a> 15</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c15">White-Fronted Goose</a> 16</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c16">Blue Goose</a> 17</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c17">Puddle or Dabbling Duck Characteristics</a> 18</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c18">Mallard</a> 19</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c19">Black Duck</a> 20</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c20">Mottled Duck</a> 21</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c21">New Mexico Duck</a> 22</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c22">Gadwall</a> 23</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c23">Pintail</a> 24</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c24">Green-Winged Teal</a> 25</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c25">Blue-Winged Teal</a> 26</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c26">Cinnamon Teal</a> 27</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c27">American Widgeon</a> 28</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c28">Shoveler</a> 29</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c29">Wood Duck</a> 30</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c30">Harlequin Duck</a> 31</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c31">Diving Duck Characteristics</a> 32</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c32">Redhead</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c33">Ring-Necked Duck</a> 34</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c34">Canvasback</a> 35</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c35">Greater Scaup</a> 36</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c36">Lesser Scaup</a> 37</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c37">Common Goldeneye</a> 38</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c38">Barrow&rsquo;s Goldeneye</a> 39</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c39">Bufflehead</a> 40</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c40">White-Winged Scoter</a> 41</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c41">Fulvous Tree Duck</a> 42</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c42">Black-Bellied Tree Duck</a> 43</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c43">Ruddy Duck</a> 44</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c44">Hooded Merganser</a> 45</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c45">Common Merganser</a> 46</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c46">Double-Crested Cormorant</a> 47</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c47">Common Loon</a> 48</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c48">Horned Grebe</a> 49</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c49">Pied-Billed Grebe</a> 49</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c50">Western Grebe</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c51">American Coot</a> 51</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c52">King Rail</a> 52</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c53">Clapper Rail</a> 52</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c54">Virginia Rail</a> 53</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c55">Sora</a> 53</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c56">Common Snipe (Jacksnipe)</a> 54</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c57">Waterfowler&rsquo;s Code</a> 55</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">FOREWORD</span></h2>
-<p>The North American continent, at the time of its discovery and
-early settlement, had a waterfowl population which was one of its
-many wonders. So far as the evidence shows, no equal area of the
-earth&rsquo;s surface ever supported such vast numbers of so many different
-ducks and geese, and this situation persisted to a time within
-the memory of living men. Long after the end of early settlement
-on this continent, hunting was free and harvest unlimited. But as
-the advancing tide of settlement reached into the north-central
-prairie states and provinces in the final years of the Nineteenth
-Century, radical changes began. From that time on North American
-waterfowl habitat began to deteriorate. Literally millions of
-acres of former nesting ground in the north have now been drained
-and put to the plow. South of the breeding range, not only agriculture,
-but industrialization and urbanization also have steadily
-reduced available resting and wintering grounds.</p>
-<p>The progressive decline in waterfowl numbers which followed
-these changes in land use led eventually to the scientific management
-of waterfowl. Spring shooting and market hunting were
-abolished in the second decade of this century. Ten years later the
-federal government undertook detailed regulation of migratory
-waterfowl so the annual harvest could be made proportional to the
-annual production. This was accomplished through collective
-effort by State, Provincial and Federal agencies of Canada,
-Mexico and the United States to obtain scientific information. In
-keeping with biological principles, most of the restrictions on bag
-limit and means of taking have been used with some flexibility.</p>
-<p>Throughout the decline of all waterfowl populations some
-species have been underharvested. These species have declined in
-about the same proportion as those species on which the bulk of the
-harvest occurred. The Central Flyway Council feels that a refinement
-in waterfowl management is possible by directing hunting
-pressure on these previously underharvested species. This goal can
-only be accomplished through a knowledge of species identification
-by the waterfowl hunter. This booklet is a start in that direction.</p>
-<p>In recent years most waterfowl populations have made encouraging
-recoveries from the low point of the early 1930&rsquo;s, when
-disastrous drouths, drainage and changing land use patterns took
-their toll. Still drainage continues, and industrialization is further
-reducing the habitat. Hunting continues as a major sport, however,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span>
-maximum utilization of all species must be accomplished if hunting
-is to be fostered at a reasonable level of freedom and enjoyment.</p>
-<p>The very future of duck hunting depends upon a more effective
-partnership between regulatory agencies and the many thousands
-of gunners whom they serve. The federal agency is charged by
-treaty and law with husbandry of the waterfowl resource. The
-State agencies assist in the responsibility. However, they need the
-help of all sportsmen, and particularly they need the understanding
-help of waterfowlers who know their birds and who keep abreast of
-current plans for management. To foster this essential cooperation
-between agencies and gunners is a primary purpose of this booklet.</p>
-<h3 id="c4">Identification</h3>
-<p>Identification of birds in the field, and particularly on the wing,
-as ducks and geese are usually seen over decoys, is easier than
-appears at first try. The trick is to note, in addition to shape and
-approximate size, the general arrangement of light and dark
-areas in the plumage, for nearly every species has its own distinctive
-pattern. With practice, the eye can be trained to pick out
-this pattern at a glance, and within a short time recognition becomes
-automatic. The illustrations which follow, one for each important
-species of Central Flyway waterfowl, make use of this
-practice of &ldquo;pattern recognition&rdquo; in the two or more flying birds
-at the top of the page. Actually in many cases recognition by
-flight pattern and flight characteristics will soon become evident.</p>
-<p>In each drawing of ducks the flying female leads, with the drake
-following, for this is the usual order in a mated pair during winter,
-and spring. On the lower part of each page are shown enlarged
-heads, adult male on the left, female on the right, with an immature
-head added when the difference is substantial, or with certain details
-which further aid identification when the bird is in hand. All
-ducks, both flying pairs and heads, are drawn in direct proportion
-to each other, but geese, because of their larger size, are reduced
-one third from the duck proportion.</p>
-<p>Drawings of geese show only a single enlarged head on each
-plate because male and female geese are alike in color pattern.
-Finally, some birds which are not &ldquo;waterfowl&rdquo; in the strict sense
-of the word, but are nevertheless often seen, are shown in the last
-few illustrations. Some of them (loon, grebe, and cormorant),
-although protected at all times, are included because they are
-<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span>
-often mistakenly shot for waterfowl. Others (rails, coot, and
-snipes) are included because they occupy wet-land habitat along
-with ducks.</p>
-<h3 id="c5">Individual Problems</h3>
-<p>Although &ldquo;pattern recognition&rdquo; simplifies the problem of identification
-for the waterfowler, there are still several complications
-to be considered. Of these, the most troublesome by far is the
-matter of moults. The adult drakes of most species of ducks, very
-soon after the hens begin to incubate eggs, moult the bright body-feathers
-of their breeding dress and assume an &ldquo;eclipse&rdquo; plumage
-which resembles the year-round coloration of the female. This dull
-plumage, serving as a protective factor during the wing-moult
-which follows, is retained until the new flight feathers are fully developed.
-By September a second body-moult is under way by which
-these old drakes assume the bright courting plumage of late fall
-and winter. During the same period, the young males of the year,
-whose juvenile plumage likewise resembles the female dress, are
-also assuming the adult plumage. Following December 1 most
-difficulties of identification by reason of the moult are resolved,
-but in early fall the hunter may be puzzled by some of the transition
-plumages noted on birds in his bag. Identification during this
-period may appear extremely difficult, but it is well to remember
-that wing patterns remain virtually unchanged regardless of stage
-of the moult.</p>
-<p>The remaining problems of identification require only brief mention
-for they appear but rarely. In the first place, this booklet includes
-all species of ducks and geese which occur in numbers in
-any part of the Central Flyway, but omits others which may be
-occasional visitors. Second, hybrids are rather frequent among
-waterfowl, and some are extremely puzzling. In such special cases
-as these your local wildlife manager or biologist may be able to
-help.</p>
-<p>The following publications contain further information for the
-hunter interested in additional facts of natural history, distribution
-and description:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dd>Kortright, &ldquo;Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America&rdquo;</dd>
-<dd>Peterson, &ldquo;A Field Guide to the Birds&rdquo;</dd>
-<dd>Pough, &ldquo;Audubon Water Bird Guide&rdquo;</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<h3 id="c6">Nonhunting Enjoyments</h3>
-<p>For the nonhunter&mdash;and many avid outdoorsmen prefer to watch
-rather than shoot&mdash;this guide to waterfowl can provide enjoyment
-beyond the simple pleasure of seeing ducks and geese. Most of
-us remember seeing some &ldquo;oldtimer&rdquo; identify flights or singles or
-rafts of birds at what seemed impossible distances. The ability to
-do this does not really stem from some mystic communion with the
-birds. Rather, through such a booklet as this the waterfowling layman
-can develop the same powers in himself. For the cost of a
-little concentrated effort he can gain great personal satisfaction
-and the increased understanding that comes from resolving &ldquo;ducks&rdquo;
-into the wide variety of individual species they really are.</p>
-<p>Further, some knowledge of waterfowl distribution, annual
-abundance and the approximate source and destination of the
-ducks and geese he hunts, will often help the waterfowler understand
-the overall picture of waterfowl management. For both administrative
-and biological purposes of waterfowl management,
-the United States is divided into four flyways&mdash;the Atlantic, the
-Mississippi, the Pacific, and the one for which this booklet is
-written, the Central. Each flyway has its own segment of the waterfowl
-population, subject to different conditions and pressures than
-the populations of other flyways, and therefore is administered as
-a separate unit. In general this is a sound premise, but it must not
-be considered too rigid. Since the flyway principle is in part an
-administrative device, it is important principally in fall and winter
-when most North American waterfowl are within the United States.
-As the wintering populations begin to move northward in the
-spring, many species disperse throughout the nesting grounds of
-the northern states and Canada. Much overlapping of the populations
-from various flyways in which the birds wintered occurs.</p>
-<h3 id="c7">Research and Management</h3>
-<p>Methods developed over the years and applied systematically
-supply information which is necessary to intelligent management.
-Breeding pair and brood surveys indicate the distribution of nesting
-populations, and their success from year to year in hatching
-and raising their broods of young. The banding of waterfowl, carefully
-aged, sexed, and released, gives specific information on the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span>
-travels of individual birds, on mortality, and on some phases of
-hunting pressure. Periodic air-counts in late summer and fall serve
-to measure, in a rough way, the distribution of different species
-during southward migration, and the rate of movement. Hunter-bag
-checks, carried out in the field during the shooting season,
-complement fall counts with regard to distribution at given points.
-A post-season sampling of hunter success, by mail, supplies data
-on additional aspects of hunting pressure, and gives an index of
-total kill. Finally, the annual winter count indicates the distribution
-and relative size of populations remaining after the shooting
-season ends. In combination, these methods are steadily increasing
-our knowledge of North American waterfowl, and in particular
-are providing the sort of &ldquo;running inventory&rdquo; which is the first requirement
-for intelligent management of this resource.</p>
-<p>The Central Flyway Council is the clearing house for coordinated
-planning in this Flyway. It is a delegate organization, including
-in its membership administrative and technical representatives from
-the fish and game departments of all states and provinces in the
-flyway. A Flyway Representative has been assigned from the Fish
-and Wildlife Service. This group is concerned with all phases of
-waterfowl research and management in the flyway. The Central
-Flyway Council provides for an effective interchange of information
-between member agencies and assists in the coordination and
-integration of flyway management programs. These purposes have
-been furthered by regular meetings for the open discussion of flyway
-problems.</p>
-<h3 id="c8">Flyway Council Approach</h3>
-<p>In early 1953, the Council and the Fish and Wildlife Service,
-acting jointly, adopted a flyway program which has been expanded
-and improved as factual information and experience dictate.
-This program outlines objectives and suggests methods and
-priorities for accomplishment. State game departments now pattern
-their activities around the flyway program.</p>
-<p>Extending the cooperative idea, the Council has joined with
-corresponding organizations from the other flyways to form the
-National Waterfowl Council, which annually participates in the
-official discussion of continental and flyway management problems
-and regulations. From their inception, the flyway councils
-<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span>
-have been successful in promoting understanding and teamwork so
-necessary for the perpetuation of the waterfowl resource.</p>
-<h3 id="c9">Your Responsibility</h3>
-<p>As an individual reader of this booklet, you have a part to play
-in the essential partnership between agencies and waterfowlers.
-Your part may be small and may take various forms, depending
-on the circumstances, but certainly it is there. Perhaps, having sent
-in one or two waterfowl bands in the past and having experienced
-the initial novelty of hearing where your birds came from, you
-now forget to report them. The next time you have this choice between
-reporting or forgetting a band, remember that its prompt
-recovery, with full data, might be the clue to some missing fact to
-improve your future gunning.</p>
-<p>Hunter bag checks indicate crippling losses in the Central
-Flyway run to an average of about one quarter of the total kill. In
-certain marshes, early in the season, crippling can greatly exceed
-the one quarter loss. Shooting at birds on the fringe of effective
-killing range is a crippling practice and, moreover, as you probably
-know from observation is contagious. The usual effect of one
-&ldquo;sky shooter&rdquo; in a marsh is to force other gunners nearby to attempt
-impossible shots which increase crippling losses and soon
-ruin shooting for everybody. Controlling such practices lies solely
-in the hands of individual gunners. With large-gauge guns of
-modified bore, the shot-pattern that will produce kills should be
-consistent up to forty yards, a distance well within capabilities of
-the average gunner to hold and compute necessary lead. Successful
-duck shooting is a matter of good judgment. To avoid errors in
-judgment drive stakes in front of your blind at distances of thirty
-and forty yards to indicate safe killing range. Hold your fire until
-the feet of an incoming duck can be seen distinctly, for only then
-will the bird be in range. Good sportsmanship in duck blinds and
-marshes is equally as important as remaining friendly with your
-home neighbors. Train a good retrieving dog, and add to your
-day&rsquo;s pleasure by watching him at work on downed birds.</p>
-<p>Above all, remember that the future of waterfowling is partly in
-your hands&mdash;that your good sportsmanship and cooperation are
-as necessary to the work of the Central Flyway Council and its
-member agencies as their activities are to you.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<h3 id="c10">PARTS OF A DUCK</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="860" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>CROWN</dt>
-<dt>FOREHEAD</dt>
-<dt>OCCIPUT</dt>
-<dt>CHEEK</dt>
-<dt>NAPE</dt>
-<dt>SIDE NECK</dt>
-<dt>BACK</dt>
-<dt>SCAPULARS</dt>
-<dt>RUMP</dt>
-<dt>CHIN</dt>
-<dt>THROAT</dt>
-<dt>FORENECK</dt>
-<dt>TERTIALS</dt>
-<dt>UPPER TAIL COVERTS</dt>
-<dt>BREAST</dt>
-<dt>TAIL</dt>
-<dt>UNDER TAIL COVERTS</dt>
-<dt>BELLY</dt>
-<dt>SIDE</dt></dl>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>LESSER COVERTS</dt>
-<dt>SPURIOUS WING</dt>
-<dt>GREATER COVERTS</dt>
-<dt>PRIMARIES</dt>
-<dt>SECONDARIES</dt>
-<dt>TERTIALS</dt></dl>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>TIBIA</dt>
-<dt>SCUTELLATE TARSUS</dt>
-<dt>HEEL</dt>
-<dt>HIND TOE</dt>
-<dt>TOE</dt>
-<dt>WEB</dt></dl>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>NAIL</dt>
-<dt>LAMELLAE</dt>
-<dt>LOWER MANDIBLE</dt>
-<dt>UPPER MANDIBLE</dt>
-<dt>NOSTRIL</dt>
-<dt>NAIL</dt>
-<dt>MALE</dt>
-<dt>FEMALE</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<h3 id="c11">WHISTLING SWAN
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Cygnus columbianus)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="794" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>ENTIRE PLUMAGE WHITE</dt>
-<dt>IMMATURE BIRDS HAVE GRAY-WHITE PLUMAGE WITH DULL PINKISH BILL</dt>
-<dt>YELLOW SPOT</dt>
-<dt>BLACK BILL</dt>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt>
-<dt>CARRIES NECK HELD ERECT</dt>
-<dt>HEAD OF MUTE SWAN SHOWING BLACK KNOB AND ORANGE BILL</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h3 id="c12">CANADA GOOSE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Branta canadensis)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="987" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE RUMP</dt>
-<dt>BROWNISH GRAY BODY AND WINGS</dt>
-<dt>BLACK BILL</dt>
-<dt>WHITE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>BLACK NECK</dt>
-<dt>ALL GEESE HAVE RETICULATE TARSUS</dt>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<h3 id="c13">SNOW GOOSE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Chen hyperborea)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="956" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE BODY</dt>
-<dt>BLACK WING TIPS</dt>
-<dt>PINK FEET</dt>
-<dt>LIGHT PINK BILL</dt>
-<dt>BLACK &ldquo;GRINNING&rdquo; PATCH</dt>
-<dt>FEATHERS OF CHEEKS, BREAST AND BELLY OFTEN STAINED WITH RUSTY BROWN</dt>
-<dt>IMMATURE BIRDS TEND TOWARD A MORE GRAY PLUMAGE</dt>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<h3 id="c14">ROSS GOOSE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Chen rossi)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="866" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>ABOUT SIZE OF MALLARD</dt>
-<dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dd>WARTY PROTUBERANCES ON BILL.</dd>
-<dd>NO BLACK &ldquo;GRINNING&rdquo; PATCH</dd>
-<dd>PINKISH BILL</dd>
-<dt>IMMATURE</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<h3 id="c15">WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anser albifrons)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="881" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dd>BARRED BELLY</dd>
-<dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dd>YELLOWISH BILL</dd>
-<dd>PALE BREAST</dd>
-<dt>WHITE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>BROWNISH FOREPARTS</dt>
-<dt>YELLOWISH LEGS</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h3 id="c16">BLUE GOOSE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Chen caerulescens)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="875" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dd>PINK FEET, IMMATURE DUSKY FEET</dd>
-<dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dt>PINK BILL</dt>
-<dt>WHITE NAIL</dt>
-<dt>BLACK &ldquo;GRINNING&rdquo; PATCH</dt>
-<dt>WHITE HEAD AND NECK</dt>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<h3 id="c17">PUDDLE OR DABBLING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anatinae)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="930" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>TIP UP TO FEED, RARELY DIVE</dt>
-<dt>LEGS PLACED NEAR CENTER OF BODY</dt>
-<dt>GENERALLY HAVE METALLIC SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLEAR OF WATER</dt>
-<dt>FOOT SMALLER THAN IN DIVING DUCKS</dt>
-<dd>HIND TOE NOT LOBED</dd>
-<dt>SPRING INTO AIR ON TAKE OFF</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<h3 id="c18">MALLARD
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas platyrhynchos)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="817" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE TAIL</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BORDERS ON PURPLE SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>WHITISH TAIL</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>GREEN HEAD</dd>
-<dd>YELLOW BILL</dd>
-<dd>WHITE COLLAR</dd>
-<dd>RUDDY BREAST</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>ORANGE BILL MOTTLED WITH BLACK</dd>
-<dd>MOTTLED BROWN</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<h3 id="c19">BLACK DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas rubripes)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="911" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>YELLOWISH-BROWN HEAD</dt>
-<dt>DUSKY-BROWN BODY</dt>
-<dt>WHITE WING-LININGS</dt>
-<dt>IMMATURE HAS STREAKED BREAST</dt>
-<dt>PURPLE SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>IMMATURE SIDE BREAST FEATHER</dt>
-<dt>ADULT MALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER</dt>
-<dt>ADULT FEMALE SIDE BREAST FEATHER</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>BILL COLOR VARIES FROM SOLID GREENISH YELLOW TO HIGH CHROME YELLOW DEPENDING UPON AGE AND SEASON KILLED</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>FEMALE BILL SHOWS VARYING AMOUNT OF BLACK SPOTTING</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<h3 id="c20">MOTTLED DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas fulvigula)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="876" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>TRAILING EDGE OFTEN WHITE</dt>
-<dt>LIGHT TAN HEAD</dt>
-<dt>PURPLE SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>FEET ORANGE</dt>
-<dt>CHIN AND THROAT PALE BUFF (WITH OR) WITHOUT STREAKING</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>DARK BASE OF BILL</dd>
-<dd>BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>DARK SPOT (often absent)</dd>
-<dd>VARIABLE SPOTTING</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<h3 id="c21">NEW MEXICAN DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas diazi novimexicana)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="882" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>TAIL DARK.</dt>
-<dt>SPECULUM BLUISH PURPLE TO GREEN. WHITE EDGE ABOVE SOMETIMES ABSENT.</dt>
-<dt>FEET ORANGE.</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>BILL YELLOW, DARK NAIL.</dd>
-<dd>CHIN PINKISH BUFF WITHOUT STREAKING.</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>BILL DARK OLIVE OR ORANGE, DARK ON RIDGE.</dd>
-<dd>SMALL SPOTS NEAR BASE LIMITED OR ABSENT.</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<h3 id="c22">GADWALL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas strepera)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="859" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>BLACK RUMP</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>WHITE SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>BOTH SEXES HAVE YELLOW FEET</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>BILL BLUISH BLACK</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>BILL DULL ORANGE VARYING SPOTTING</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<h3 id="c23">PINTAIL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas acuta)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="813" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE STRIPE</dt>
-<dt>CINNAMON-BUFF BORDER</dt>
-<dt>POINTED TAIL</dt>
-<dt>WHITE STRIPE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>BROWN HEAD</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BILL</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>GRAY BILL</dd>
-<dd>MOTTLED BROWN</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h3 id="c24">GREEN-WINGED TEAL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas carolinensis)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p08a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="919" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>GREEN SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>BROWN HEAD</dd>
-<dd>GREEN PATCH</dd>
-<dd>WHITE MARK</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<h3 id="c25">BLUE-WINGED TEAL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas discors)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="852" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>CHALKY-BLUE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>GREEN SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>MALE HAS DARK BELLY</dd>
-<dd>WHITE CRESCENT</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<h3 id="c26">CINNAMON TEAL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Anas cyanoptera)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p09a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="858" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>CHALKY-BLUE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>GREEN SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>UNIFORM CINNAMON BODY COLOR</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>FEMALE HAS LIGHT BELLY</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<h3 id="c27">AMERICAN WIDGEON (Baldpate)
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Mareca americana)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="837" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>GREEN SPECULUM</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BORDER</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>WHITE CROWN</dd>
-<dd>GREEN PATCH</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BILL, BLACK TIPPED</dd>
-<dd>WHITE PATCH</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<h3 id="c28">SHOVELER
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Spatula clypeata)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="861" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>CHALKY-BLUE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>GREEN SPECULUM BORDERED WITH WHITE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>IRIDESCENT GREENISH BLACK</dd>
-<dd>LARGE SHOVEL BILL</dd>
-<dd>CONSPICUOUS BRISTLE-LIKE LAMELLAE</dd>
-<dd>WHITE BREAST</dd>
-<dd>CHESTNUT SIDES AND BELLY</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<h3 id="c29">WOOD DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aix sponsa)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="819" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE BORDER</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>SILVERY BORDERED</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>RED IRIS</dd>
-<dd>RED AND WHITE BILL</dd>
-<dd>ADULT MALE HIGHLY COLORED</dd>
-<dd class="t">ECLIPSE AND IMMATURE MALE</dd>
-<dd>WHITE PATCH</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>CONSPICUOUS WHITE EYE-RING</dd>
-<dd>CRESTED</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<h3 id="c30">HARLEQUIN DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Histrionicus histrionicus)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="929" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE MARKS</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>STOCKY, DARK, SMALL BILL</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>FEMALE HAS SMALLER BILL</dd>
-<dd>PLAIN DARK BODY</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<h3 id="c31">DIVING DUCK CHARACTERISTICS
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aythyinae)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="932" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>LEGS SET NEAR REAR OF BODY</dt>
-<dt>DIVE COMPLETELY UNDER WATER TO SECURE FEED</dt>
-<dt>SPECULUM GENERALLY DULL, LACKS IRIDESCENCE</dt>
-<dt>USUALLY SWIM WITH TAIL HELD CLOSE TO WATER</dt>
-<dt>HIND TOE LOBED, FOOT LARGE</dt>
-<dt>ON TAKE OFF PATTER ALONG SURFACE FOR SOME DISTANCE</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div>
-<h3 id="c32">REDHEAD
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aythya americana)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="899" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>GRAY BACK</dt>
-<dt>GRAY WING STRIPE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>CHESTNUT HEAD</dd>
-<dd>HIGH ABRUPT FOREHEAD</dd>
-<dd>BLUE BILL, BLACK TIP</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BREAST</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>LIGHT PATCH</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<h3 id="c33">RING-NECKED DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aythya collaris)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="888" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>BLACK BACK</dt>
-<dt>GRAY WING STRIPE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>DISTINCT CREST</dd>
-<dd>CONSPICUOUS BILL RING</dd>
-<dd>CHESTNUT COLLAR</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BREAST</dd>
-<dd>WHITE PATCH</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>WHITE EYE RING</dd>
-<dd>LIGHT PATCH</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<h3 id="c34">CANVASBACK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aythya valisineria)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="938" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE BACK</dt>
-<dt>GRAY WING STRIPE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>CHESTNUT HEAD</dd>
-<dd>LONG SLOPING PROFILE, BLACK BILL</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BREAST</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>GRAY BACK</dd>
-<dd>BROWN BREAST</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<h3 id="c35">GREATER SCAUP
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aythya marila)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="925" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>DARK RUMP</dt>
-<dt>WHITE WING STRIPE EXTENDING INTO PRIMARIES</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>NAIL OF BILL 7.0-9.0 MILLIMETERS WIDE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>GRAY BACK</dd>
-<dd>BLACK HEAD WITH GREENISH TINGE</dd>
-<dd>BROAD BLUE BILL</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BREAST</dd>
-<dd>WHITE FLANKS</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>BROWN BODY AND HEAD</dd>
-<dd>DISTINCT WHITE MASK</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<h3 id="c36">LESSER SCAUP
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aythya affinis)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p14a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="962" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>DARK RUMP</dt>
-<dt>WHITE WING STRIPE DOES NOT EXTEND INTO PRIMARIES</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>NAIL OF BILL 5.0-6.5 MILLIMETERS WIDE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>SLIGHT CREST</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BACK</dd>
-<dd>BLACK HEAD WITH PURPLISH TINGE</dd>
-<dd>BROAD BLUE BILL</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BREAST</dd>
-<dd>LIGHT FLANKS</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>BROWN BODY AND HEAD</dd>
-<dd>DISTINCT WHITE MASK</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<h3 id="c37">COMMON GOLDENEYE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Bucephala clangula)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="938" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE WING PATCHES</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>GREENISH BLACK HEAD</dd>
-<dd>LIGHT IRIS</dd>
-<dd>DISTINCT WHITE PATCH</dd>
-<dd>WHITE BREAST AND BELLY</dd>
-<dt>2ND SEASON MALE WITH BROWN HEAD AND FAINT WHITE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>BROWN HEAD</dd>
-<dd>ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BACK AND FLANKS</dd>
-<dd>WHITE NECK</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BREAST</dd>
-<dd>WHITE BELLY</dd>
-<dt>1ST SEASON MALE IS SIMILAR IN COLORATION TO FEMALE BUT WITH HEAVIER BODY AND MORE RUGGED HEAD AND BILL</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<h3 id="c38">BARROW&rsquo;S GOLDENEYE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Bucephala islandica)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p15a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="870" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE WING PATCHES</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>PURPLISH BLACK HEAD</dd>
-<dd>WHITE CRESCENT PATCH</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BACK</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BILL</dd>
-<dd>WHITE BREAST AND BELLY</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>LIGHT IRIS</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BACK AND FLANKS</dd>
-<dd>ORANGE TIP IN BREEDING PLUMAGE</dd>
-<dd>WHITE NECK</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BREAST</dd>
-<dd>WHITE BELLY</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<h3 id="c39">BUFFLEHEAD
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Bucephala albeola)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="887" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>BLACK AND WHITE BACK</dt>
-<dt>DARK BACK</dt>
-<dt>WHITE WING PATCHES</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BELLY</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>BLACK WITH IRIDESCENT GREEN AND PURPLE</dd>
-<dd>DISTINCT WHITE PATCH</dd>
-<dd>BLUE-GRAY BILL</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>DARK GRAYISH BROWN</dd>
-<dd>DISTINCT WHITE PATCH</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<h3 id="c40">WHITE-WINGED SCOTER
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Melanitta deglandi)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="885" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>BLACK CHUNKY BODY</dt>
-<dt>WHITE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>WHITE EYE PATCH</dd>
-<dd>PROMINENT BLACK KNOB</dd>
-<dd>REDDISH ORANGE</dd>
-<dt>IMMATURE HAS DISTINCT WHITE PATCHES</dt>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>FEATHERING EXTENDS ALMOST TO NOSTRIL</dd>
-<dd>ADULT FEMALE CHEEK PATCHES RANGE FROM SLIGHTLY DARKER THAN IMMATURE TO NO WHITE AT ALL</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<h3 id="c41">FULVOUS TREE DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Dendrocygna bicolor helva)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="833" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>LONG NECK</dt>
-<dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dt>WHITE LINE</dt>
-<dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dd>LONG LEGS</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<h3 id="c42">BLACK-BELLIED TREE DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p17a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="891" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE UPPER WING</dt>
-<dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dd>LONG NECK</dd>
-<dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dd>WHITE WING PATCH</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<h3 id="c43">RUDDY DUCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Oxyura jamaicensis)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="881" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>DARK BROWN</dt>
-<dt>BELLY SILVERY WHITE</dt>
-<dt>&#9794; SUMMER PLUMAGE</dt>
-<dd>WHITE CHEEK</dd>
-<dd>CROWN GLOSSY BLACK</dd>
-<dd>BILL BLUE</dd>
-<dd>RICH CHESTNUT</dd>
-<dt>&#9794; WINTER PLUMAGE</dt>
-<dd>CROWN BROWNISH-BLACK</dd>
-<dd>BILL DUSKY</dd>
-<dd>ASHY WHITE</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>MOTTLED CHEEK WITH DARK STRIPE</dd>
-<dd>BILL NAIL DISTINCTLY SHARP-POINTED</dd>
-<dd>GRAYISH BROWN</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<h3 id="c44">HOODED MERGANSER
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Lophodytes cucullatus)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="939" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE WING PATCH</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>WHITE CREST OUTLINED WITH BLACK</dd>
-<dd>THIN, SPIKE-LIKE BLACK BILL</dd>
-<dd>TEETH NOT INCLINED BACKWARD AS IN OTHER MERGANSERS</dd>
-<dd>WHITE BREAST</dd>
-<dd>DOUBLE BLACK BANDS</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>CREST, LIGHT BROWN</dd>
-<dd>LIGHT THROAT</dd>
-<dt>IN FLIGHT ALL MERGANSERS CARRY BILL, NECK AND BODY IN HORIZONTAL PLANE, GIVING THEM A CHARACTERISTIC LONG-DRAWN APPEARANCE.</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<h3 id="c45">COMMON MERGANSER
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Mergus merganser)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="951" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>BLACK AND WHITE PATTERN</dt>
-<dt>WHITE WING PATCH</dt>
-<dt>&#9794;</dt>
-<dd>METALLIC GREENISH-BLACK</dd>
-<dd>NOT CRESTED</dd>
-<dd>RED BILL</dd>
-<dd>NOSTRIL POSITIONED NEAR CENTER OF BILL</dd>
-<dt>&#9792;</dt>
-<dd>DISTINCT CREST</dd>
-<dd>WHITE THROAT</dd>
-<dd>RED BILL</dd>
-<dd>TEETH INCLINED BACKWARDS</dd>
-<dd>GRAY BACK</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<h3 id="c46">DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Phalacrocorax auritus)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="969" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dd>PALE BREAST</dd>
-<dt>YELLOW-ORANGE THROAT POUCH</dt>
-<dt>BLACK BODY</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<h3 id="c47">COMMON LOON
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Gavia immer)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="874" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>SUMMER ADULT</dt>
-<dd>CHECKERED BACK</dd>
-<dd>IN FLIGHT HAS DOWNWARD CURVE TO NECK</dd>
-<dt>WINTER ADULT</dt>
-<dd>FEET EXTEND BEYOND TAIL</dd>
-<dd>GRAY</dd>
-<dt>SUMMER ADULT</dt>
-<dd>BLACK HEAD, PURPLISH IRIDESCENCE</dd>
-<dd>BLACK BILL</dd>
-<dd>WHITE RIBBED</dd>
-<dd>WHITE BREAST AND BELLY</dd>
-<dt>WINTER ADULT</dt>
-<dd>GRAY</dd>
-<dd>WHITE</dd>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<h3 id="c48">HORNED GREBE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Colymbus auritus)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="592" height="376" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WINTER PLUMAGE</dt>
-<dd>DARK BACK</dd>
-<dd>THIN BILL</dd>
-<dd>RED EYE</dd>
-<dd>WHITE CHEEKS, THROAT AND BELLY</dd>
-<dt>HEAD, SUMMER PLUMAGE</dt>
-<dt>LOBED TOES</dt></dl>
-<h3 id="c49">PIED-BILLED GREBE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Podilymbus podiceps)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p20b.jpg" alt="" width="571" height="446" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>TARSUS FLATTENED LATERALLY</dt>
-<dt>ADULT HEAD</dt>
-<dd>BLACK</dd>
-<dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dd>CHICKEN-LIKE BILL</dd>
-<dd>WHITE</dd>
-<dd>STRIPED FACIAL PATTERN</dd>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<h3 id="c50">WESTERN GREBE
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Aechmophorus occidentalis)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="973" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE UNDERPARTS</dt>
-<dt>LONG SLENDER NECK</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<h3 id="c51">AMERICAN COOT
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Fulica americana)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p21a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="877" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>WHITE</dt>
-<dt>SCALLOPED FLAPS</dt>
-<dt>WHITE PATCH</dt>
-<dt>SLATE GRAY BODY</dt>
-<dt>WHITE BILL</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<h3 id="c52">KING RAIL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Rallus elegans)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="425" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>COMMONLY INHABITS FRESH WATER MARSHES</dt>
-<dt>GENERALLY HAS A RUSTY COLORATION</dt>
-<dt>DARK BARRING</dt>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<h3 id="c53">CLAPPER RAIL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Rallus longirostris)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="587" height="387" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>GENERALLY HAS A GRAYER COLORATION</dt>
-<dt>COMMONLY INHABITS TIDAL MARSHES</dt>
-<dt>LIGHT BARRING</dt>
-<dt>IMMATURE BIRDS SIMILAR TO ADULTS: SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION OFTEN DIFFICULT</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<h3 id="c54">VIRGINIA RAIL
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Rallus limicola)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p22b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="467" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dd>BLACKISH BODY</dd>
-<dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dd>REDDISH BODY</dd>
-<dd>GRAY CHEEKS</dd>
-<dd>LONG BILL</dd>
-<dd>WHITE</dd>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<h3 id="c55">SORA
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Porzana Carolina)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p22c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="446" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>IMMATURE</dt>
-<dd>BUFFY BROWN BODY</dd>
-<dt>ADULT</dt>
-<dd>WHITE PATCH</dd>
-<dd>GRAY-BROWN BODY</dd>
-<dd>SHORT YELLOW BILL</dd>
-<dd>BLACK FACIAL AND THROAT PATCH</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<h3 id="c56">COMMON SNIPE (JACKSNIPE)
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Capella gallinago)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="405" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>LONG BILL</dt>
-<dt>STRIPED BACK AND HEAD</dt>
-<dt>ORANGE TAIL</dt>
-<dt>HAS A CHARACTERISTIC ZIG-ZAG FLIGHT</dt>
-<dt>POINTED WING</dt>
-<dt>SEXES ARE SIMILAR</dt></dl>
-<h3 id="c57">AMERICAN WOODCOCK
-<br /><span class="smaller">(Philohela minor)</span></h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="457" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent ssn"><dt>BARRED HEAD</dt>
-<dt>LONG BILL</dt>
-<dt>SHORT TAIL</dt>
-<dt>CHUNKY BODY</dt>
-<dt>LARGE EYE</dt>
-<dt>APPEARS NECKLESS</dt>
-<dt>BLUNT WING</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<h2 id="c58"><span class="small">WATERFOWLER&rsquo;S CODE</span></h2>
-<p class="revint"><b>Buy a State License, and if You Are 16 Years of Age or
-Older Obtain Federal Duck Stamp.</b> It is illegal to hunt
-waterfowl without these licenses, and the dollars you spend
-for them help to maintain your sport.</p>
-<p class="revint"><b>Know Your State, Provincial and Federal Migratory Bird
-Laws.</b> When in doubt consult your local game protector or
-U.S. Game Management Agent.</p>
-<p class="revint"><b>Treat the Landowner with Respect and Courtesy.</b> Ownership
-of game is vested in the State and Province, but landowners
-have the right to prevent trespass on their land.</p>
-<p class="revint"><b>Learn to Identify Before You Shoot.</b> A mistake may prove
-both embarrassing and costly, a correct identification adds to
-your day&rsquo;s enjoyment.</p>
-<p class="revint"><b>Cooperate with Your Federal, State and Provincial
-Agencies.</b> Solving the many problems of waterfowl production,
-harvest and research is possible only through continued
-cooperation of the duck hunter and conservationist.</p>
-<p class="revint"><b>Use a Retriever if Possible, or at Least Pick Up Every
-Bird You Shoot.</b> A good dog will pick up cripples you
-would otherwise have to leave. A good sportsman will never
-kill game needlessly. The use of retrieving dogs is a sound
-conservation practice in reducing crippling losses in addition
-to providing the pleasure of watching a good dog in action.</p>
-<p><b>Good Sportsmanship in the Duck Blind and on the
-Marshes Is Equally Important as Remaining Friendly
-with Your Neighbors.</b></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<p class="tbcenter">DISTRIBUTED BY:
-<br />TEXAS GAME and FISH COMMISSION</p>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>Added several birds to the Table of Contents to match the text.</li>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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