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diff --git a/old/53716.txt b/old/53716.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0903895..0000000 --- a/old/53716.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11998 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir -(volume 2 of 2), by Alexander Roger and Henry Beveridge and Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir (volume 2 of 2) - -Author: Alexander Roger - Henry Beveridge - Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -Release Date: December 11, 2016 [EBook #53716] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - - - - - - - - - THE - TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI - - Or - Memoirs of Jahangir - - Volume II - - - Translated by - Alexander Rogers - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - Edited by - Henry Beveridge - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - - - - - - -PREFACE - - -After an interval of about five years, the second volume of -Mr. Alexander Rogers' translation of Jahangir's Memoirs has been -published by the Royal Asiatic Society. It is a smaller work than -the first volume, for it only extends over six years of the reign, -as against the twelve years of its predecessor. Even then it does not -include the whole of the reign, for that lasted twenty-two years. The -two volumes, however, contain all that Jahangir wrote or supervised. It -will be found, I think, that the present volume is fully as interesting -as its predecessor. The accounts of the Zodiacal coinage (pp. 6 and -7), and of the comet, or new star (p. 48), the notice of the Plague -in Agra (pp. 65-67), and the elaborate description of Kashmir, under -the chronicle of the 15th year, are valuable, and a word should be -said for the pretty story of the King and the Gardener's daughter -(p. 50), and for the allusions to painters and pictures. - -If Babur, who was the founder of the Moghul Empire in India, was -the Caesar of the East, and if the many-sided Akbar was an epitome -of all the great Emperors, including Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, -Marcus Aurelius, Julian, and Justinian. Jahangir was certainly of -the type of the Emperor Claudius, and so bore a close resemblance -to our James I. All three were weak men, and under the influence -of their favourites, and all three were literary, and at least two -of them were fond of dabbling in theology. All three were in their -wrong places as rulers. Had James I. (and VI. of Scotland) been, as -he half wished, the Keeper of the Bodleian, and Jahangir been head -of a Natural History Museum, they would have been better and happier -men. Jahangir's best points were his love of nature and powers of -observation, and his desire to do justice. Unfortunately, the last of -these merits was vitiated by a propensity for excessive and recondite -punishments. Like his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, -he was addicted to drugs and alcohol, and he shortened his life in -this way. He made no addition to the imperial territories, but, on -the contrary, diminished them by losing Qandahar to the Persians. But -possibly his peaceful temper, or his laziness, was an advantage, for it -saved much bloodshed. His greatest fault as a king was his subservience -to his wife, Nur-Jahan, and the consequent quarrel with his son, -Shah Jahan, who was the ablest and best of his male children. The -last years of his reign were especially melancholy, for he suffered -from asthma and other diseases; and he had to endure the ignominy -of being for a while a captive to one of his own servants--Mahabat -Khan. He died on the borders of Kashmir, when on his way to Lahore, -in October, 1627, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, and was buried -at Shahdara, near Lahore, where his widow, Nur-Jahan, and her brother -are also interred. At the time of his death his son Shah Jahan was at -Junair in the Deccan, and there the news was conveyed in a wonderfully -short time by a Hindu courier. Jahangir was succeeded by Shah Jahan, -who lost no time in getting rid of his relatives, for, like the Turk, -he bore no kinsman near the throne. Indeed, he is strongly suspected -of having killed his elder brother, Khusrau, several years before. - -I am indebted to Mr. Ellis, of the India Office, for revising the -proofs. - - - - -NOTE. - -In the Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, -Dublin, p. 416, mention is made of a history of Hindustan during the -reign of Jahangir, in two volumes, with paintings (Ouseley MSS.). I -have recently ascertained that the MS. is only a modern copy of -the Iqbal-nama. - - -H. Beveridge. - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - - The Thirteenth New Year's Feast 1 - The Fourteenth New Year's Feast from the Auspicious Accession 78 - The Fifteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 130 - The Sixteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 199 - The Seventeenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 230 - The Eighteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 253 - The Nineteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 294 - Index 301 - - - - - - - - -THE THIRTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST - - -On the eve of Wednesday, the 23rd Rabi`u-l-awwal, 1027 (March 10, -1618), after the lapse of fourteen and a half gharis, the entrance of -the Sun--that is, H.M. the Great Light--the Benefactor of the Universe, -into the constellation of the Ram, took place. Twelve years had now -passed from the august Accession of this suppliant at the throne of -God, in prosperity, and the New Year began in joy and thanksgiving. On -Thursday, 2 Farwardin, Divine month, the festival of my Lunar weighment -took place, and the fifty-first [1] year of the age of this suppliant -at God's throne began with rejoicings. I trust that my life will be -spent in the doing of God's Will, and that not a breath of it will -pass without remembering Him. After the weighment had been finished, -a fresh feast of joy was arranged, and my domestic servants celebrated -the day with brimming cups. - -On this day Asaf K. (Nur-Jahan's brother), who held the rank of -5,000 with 3,000 horse, was favoured by the grant of 4,000 two-horsed -and three-horsed troopers, and Sabit K. was raised to the office of -Examiner of Petitions. I bestowed the post of the Artillery on Mu`tamid -K. A Kachh (Cutch) horse had been brought as an offering by the son -of Dilawar K. No horse so good as this had come into my establishment -till I encamped in Gujarat, and as M. Rustam showed a great liking for -it, I presented it to him. On the Jam were conferred four rings--viz., -diamond, ruby, emerald, and sapphire--and two hawks. I also gave four -rings--viz., ruby, cat's-eye, emerald, and sapphire--to Raja Lachmi -Narayan (of Kuch Bihar). Muruwwat K. had sent three elephants from -Bengal, and two of them were included in my private stud. On the eve -of Friday I ordered lamps to be placed round the tank, and this had a -very good appearance. On Sunday Haji Rafiq came from `Iraq, and had -the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and laid before me a letter -which my brother Shah `Abbas had sent with him. The aforesaid person -is a slave of Mir Muhammad Amin K., the caravan leader, and the Mir -had brought him up from his childhood. In truth, he is an excellent -servant. He frequently visited `Iraq, and became intimate with my -brother Shah `Abbas. This time he had brought tipchaq [2] horses and -fine cloth-stuffs, such that of the horses some were put into the -private stables. As he is a skilful slave, and a servant worthy of -favour, I honoured him with the title of Maliku-t-tujjar (King of -Merchants). On Monday I gave Raja Lachmi Narayan a special sword, -a jewelled rosary, and four pearls for ear-rings. On Mubarak-shamba -(Thursday) I increased by 500 horse the mansab of 5,000 personal -and 1,000 horse held by Mirza Rustam; I`tiqad K. was promoted to a -mansab of 4,000 and 1,000 horse; Sarfaraz K. was promoted to a mansab -of 2,500 and 1,400 horse; Mu`tamid K. to the rank of 1,000 with 350 -horse. On Anira'i Singh-dalan and Fida'i K., horses worth 100 muhars -were conferred. As the guarding and administration of the Punjab had -been entrusted to I`timadu-d-daula, I, at his request, promoted to -the government (hukumat) of the said Subah, Mir Qasim, the Bakhshi -of the Ahadis, who is related to him, and bestowed on him a mansab -of 1,000 personal with 400 horse and the title of Qasim K. Before -this I had given Raja Lachmi Narayan an `Iraq horse. On this day I -conferred on him an elephant and a Turki horse, and gave him leave -to go to Bengal. The Jam was dismissed to his native country with -a present of a jewelled waist-sword, a jewelled rosary, two horses, -one from `Iraq and the other a Turki, and a dress of honour. Salih, -brother's son of the deceased Asaf Khan, [3] was promoted to a mansab -of 1,000 with 300 horse, and allowed to go to Bengal, and a horse -was conferred on him. On this date Mir Jumla [4] came from Persia, -and had the good fortune to pay his respects. The aforesaid is one -of the respectable Sayyids of Isfahan and his family have always -been held in honour in Persia, and now his brother's son, Mir Riza, -is in the service of my brother, Shah `Abbas, and has the rank of -Sadr, and the Shah has married him to his own daughter. Mir Jumla -had left Persia fourteen years before this, and gone to Golconda to -Muhammad Quli Qutbu-l-mulk. His name is Muhammad Amin. Qutbu-l-mulk -gave him the title of Mir Jumla. For ten years he had been his Mudar -`Alaihi (Centre of Affairs) and his Sahib Saman (factotum). After -Qutbu-l-mulk died, and the rule came to his brother's son, the latter -did not treat the Mir properly, and so he took leave and hastened to -his native country. The Shah, on account of his connection with Mir -Riza, and the respect which he had for men [5] of merit, showed much -consideration for and kindness to him. He (the Mir) also presented -fitting offerings, and passed three or four years in Persia, and -amassed properties (estates?). [6] As he several times represented -that he wished to enter the service of this Court, I sent a farman and -invited him. Immediately the farman arrived he severed his connections -there, and set the face of loyalty towards this Court. This day he -attained the honour of kissing the carpet, and produced as offering -twelve horses, nine tuquz [7] of silk cloths, and two rings. As -he had come with devotion and sincerity, I conferred favours and -kindness on him, and presented him with 20,000 darbs (Rs. 10,000) -for his expenses and a dress of honour. On the same day I gave the -post of Bakhshi of the Ahadis to `Inayat K. in place of Qasim K. I -honoured Khwaja `Aqil, who is one of the old servants, with the title -of `Aqil K., and presented him with a horse. On Friday, Dilawar K., -coming from the Deccan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and presented an offering of 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000. Baqir K., -Faujdar of Multan, was promoted to a mansab of 800 personal and 300 -horse. Tijarat K. and Bahu'i, [8] Zamindar of Multan, were honoured -with the gift of elephants. On Saturday, the 11th, marching from -Dohad with the intention of hunting elephants, I pitched at the -village of Kara Bara (Garbara ?). On Sunday, the 12th, the village -of Sajara (Sajwara ?) became the place of alighting. It is 8 koss -from this place to Dohad, and 1 1/2 koss to the hunting-ground. On -the morning of Monday, the 13th, I went to hunt elephants with a body -of my private servants. As the grazing-place of the elephants is in a -hilly country, with elevations and depressions, a passage is obtained -with difficulty by one on foot. Before this, a large body of horse -and foot had surrounded the jungle after the manner of a qamurgha, -and outside the jungle, on a tree, they had prepared a wooden platform -for me. On all sides of this they had arranged seats on other trees for -the Amirs. They had got ready 200 male elephants with strong nooses, -and many female elephants. On each elephant there were seated two -elephant-drivers of the tribe of Jarga, [9] whose special employment -is the hunting of elephants, and it had been arranged that they -should bring the wild elephants from the jungle into my presence, -that I might witness the hunt. It happened that at the time when the -men from all sides entered the jungle, in consequence of the thickness -of the forest and the heights and hollows, the chain was broken, and -the order of the qamurgha did not remain perfect. The wild elephants in -bewilderment turned in every direction, but twelve male and female came -to this side (where J. was). As the fear was that they might escape, -they drove in the tame elephants and tied them (the wild elephants) -up wherever they found them. Although many elephants were not caught, -at least two excellent ones were captured, very handsome in shape, -of good breed, and perfect marks. As there is a hill in the jungle in -which the elephants were, called Rakas (Rakshas) Pahar, [10] or demon -hill, I called these two elephants Ravan Sar and Pavan Sar, these -being the names of two demons. On Tuesday, the 14th, and Kam-shamba -(Wednesday), the 15th, I halted. - -On the eve of Thursday, the 16th, I marched, and halted at the stage of -Kara Bara. Hakim Beg, [11] who is one of the household of the Court, -was honoured with the title of Hakim K., and a sum of Rs. 3,000 was -given to Sangram, a Zamindar of the hill country of the Panjab. As -the heat was very great, and marching by day was to be avoided, -I marched by night. On Saturday, the 18th, a halt was made in the -parganah of Dohad. On Sunday, the 19th, the sun that bestows favour -on the world attained the highest point in the constellation of -Aries. On this day a great entertainment was held, and I sat on the -throne. I promoted Shah-nawaz K., who held a mansab of 5,000, with the -favour of 2,000 horse, of two and three horses. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -the Chief Bakhshi, was given a mansab, original and increased, of -4,000 with 2,000 horse. As Ahmad Beg K., of Kabul, who had obtained -the governorship of Kashmir, had promised that he would conquer in -the space of two years Tibet and Kishtwar, and the promised time -had elapsed, and he had not fulfilled this service, I removed him, -and promoted Dilawar K. Kakar to the Government of Kashmir. I gave -him a dress of honour and an elephant, and sent him off. He also -made a promise in writing that in the course of two years he would -conquer Tibet and Kishtwar. Badi'u-z-Zaman, s. Shahrukh M. came from -the jagir he held in Sultanpur, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. Having at this time honoured Qasim K. with a jewelled dagger -and an elephant, I dismissed him to the Government of the Punjab. - -On the night of Tuesday, the 21st, I marched from the stage mentioned, -and turned the reins of the army of prosperity towards Ahmadabad. As -in consequence of the great heat and the corruption of the air I would -have had to undergo much hardship, and would have had to traverse a -long distance before reaching Agra, it occurred to me not to proceed -at this hot season to the capital. As I heard much praise of the rainy -season in Gujarat, and there was no report about the evil reputation -of Ahmadabad (see infra for account of epidemic there), I finally -conceived the idea of remaining there. Inasmuch as the protection and -guardianship of God (to Him be praise) was in all places and at all -times extended to this suppliant, just at this crisis news arrived -that signs of the plague (waba) had shown themselves again at Agra, -and many people were dying, my intention of not going to Agra, -which had thrown its rays on my mind through Divine inspiration, -was confirmed. The entertainment of Thursday, the 23rd, was held at -the station of Jalod. [12] - -Previously to this, the rule of coinage was that on one face of -the metal they stamped my name, and on the reverse the name of the -place, and the month and year of the reign. At this time it entered -my mind that in place of the month they should substitute the figure -of the constellation which belonged to that month; for instance, in -the month of Farwardin the figure of a ram, and in Urdibihisht the -figure of a bull. Similarly, in each month that a coin was struck, -the figure of the constellation was to be on one face, as if the -sun were emerging from it. This usage is my own, and has never been -practised until now. [13] - -On this day I`tiqad K. was promoted to the dignity of a standard, -and a standard was also conferred on Muruwwat K., who was attached to -Bengal. On the night of Monday, [14] the 27th, the camp was pitched in -the village of Badrwala, in the parganah of Sahra. [15] At this stage -was heard the voice of the koel (koyal). The koel is a bird of the -crow tribe, but smaller. The crow's eyes are black, and those of the -koel red. The female has white spots, but the male is all black. The -male has a very pleasant voice, quite unlike that of the female. It -is in reality the nightingale of India. Just as the nightingale is -agitated and noisy in the spring, so is the cry of the koel at the -approach of the rainy season, which is the spring of Hindustan. Its -cry is exceedingly pleasant and penetrating, and the bird begins its -exhilaration (masti) when the mangoes ripen. It frequently sits on -the mango-trees, and is delighted with the colour and scent of the -mango. A strange thing about the koel is that it does not bring up its -young from the egg, but, finding the nest of the crow unguarded at the -time of laying, it breaks the crow's eggs with its beak, throws them -out, and lays its own in the place of them, and flies off. The crow, -thinking the eggs its own, hatches the young and brings them up. I -have myself seen this strange affair at Allahabad. - -On the night of Kamshamba (Wednesday), the 29th, the camp was on -the bank of the Mahi, and the entertainment of Mubarakshamba was -held there. Two springs appeared on the bank of the Mahi, that had -very clear water, so much so that if a poppy-seed fell into them the -whole of it was visible. All that day I passed with the ladies. As -it was a pleasant place to walk about in, I ordered them to build a -raised seat round each of the springs. On Friday I fished in the Mahi, -and large fish with scales fell into the net. I first told my son, -Shah-Jahan, to try his sword on them. After this I ordered the Amirs -to strike them with the swords they had in their belts. My son's -sword cut better than all of theirs. These fish were divided among -the servants who were present. On the eve of Saturday, the 1st of -Urdibihisht, marching from the above-mentioned stage, I ordered [16] -the mace-bearers (yasawulan) and tawachiyan to collect the widows and -poor people from the villages on the road and near it, and bring them -before me, so that I might bestow charity on them with my own hand, -which would be an occupation, and the helpless ones might also find -grace. What better occupation could there be than this? On Monday, -the 3rd, Shaja`at K. `Arab, and Himmat K., and other servants who -belonged to the Deccan and Gujarat, had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. The holy men and the possessors of blessing (faqirs, -etc.) who lived at Ahmadabad paid their respects to me. On Tuesday, -the 4th, the bank of the river at Mahmudabad became the alighting -place. Rustam K., whom my son, Shah-Jahan, had left in the Government -of Gujarat, was honoured by paying his respects. The entertainment of -Thursday, the 6th, was held on the bank of the Kankriya tank. Nahir -K., according to order, came from the Deccan and raised the head of -honour with the good fortune of prostrating himself before me. - -A diamond ring was presented to my son, Shah-Jahan, as part of the -offering of Qutbu-l-mulk. It was of the value of 1,000 muhars, and on -it there appeared three letters of equal size and of good form, such -that they made the word Lillahi (for God). This diamond had been sent, -as it was reckoned one of the marvels of the world. In fact, veins and -scratches are flaws in precious stones, but it was generally thought -that the marks on this one were fabricated. Moreover, the diamond -did not come from any celebrated mine. As my son, Shah-Jahan, wished -that it should be sent to my brother, Shah `Abbas, as a souvenir of -the conquest of the Deccan it was sent to the Shah along with other -gifts. [17] - -On this day I presented Brikha Ray bad-farush (panegyrist) with -Rs. 1,000. He is a Gujarati by origin, and is fully versed in the -chronicles and circumstances of that country. His name was Bunta--that -is, a sapling (nihal). It seemed to me that it was anomalous to call -an old man Bunta, especially now that he had become verdant (sar-sabz) -and fruit-bearing through the irrigation (sahab, literally, cloud, or -mirage) of our kindness. I therefore ordered that henceforth he should -be called Brikha Ray. Brikha means "tree" in Hindi. On Friday, the -7th of the aforesaid month, corresponding with the 1st Jumada-l-awwal, -at a chosen propitious hour, I entered the city of Ahmadabad with all -enjoyment. At the time of mounting, my son of prosperous fortune, -Shah-Jahan, had brought 20,000 charan, or Rs. 5,000, for the nisar -(scattering), and I scattered them as I hastened to the palace. When I -alighted there he laid before me by way of an offering a jewelled turra -(aigrette) of the value of Rs. 25,000, and those of his officers whom -he had left in this Subah also presented offerings. They altogether -amounted to nearly Rs. 40,000. As it was represented to me that Khwaja -Beg Mirza Safawi had reached the neighbourhood of the forgiveness of -God--i.e., had died--at Ahmadnagar, I promoted to a mansab of 2,000 -personal and horse, original and increased, Khanjar K., whom he had -adopted as his son, and, indeed, held dearer than a son of his loins, -and who was in truth, an intelligent, ambitious youth, and a servant -worthy of patronage, and entrusted him with the charge of the fort -of Ahmadnagar. - -In these days, in consequence of the great heat and the corruption -of the air, sickness had broken out among the people, and of those -in the city and the camp there were few who for two or three days had -not been ill. Inflammatory fever or pains in the limbs attacked them, -and in the course of two or three days they became exceedingly ill--so -much so that even after recovery they remained for a long time weak -and languid. They mostly at last recovered, so that but few were in -danger of their lives. I heard from old men who resided in this country -that thirty years before this the same kind of fever prevailed, and -passed away happily. Anyhow, there appeared some deterioration in the -climate of Gujarat, and I much regretted having come here. I trust -that the great and glorious God, in His mercy and grace, will lift -up this burden, which is a source of uneasiness to my mind, from off -the people. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 13th, Badi`u-z-zaman, -s. Mirza Shahrukh, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal -and horse, and presented with a standard, and appointed faujdar of -Sarkar Patan. Sayyid Nizam, faujdar of Sarkar Lucknow, was raised to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 700 horse. The mansab of `Ali Quli -Darman, who was attached to the province of Qandahar, at the request -of Bahadur K., the governor thereof, was ordered to be 1,000 personal -and 700 horse. Sayyid Hizbar K. Barha was dignified with the mansab -of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. I promoted Zabardast K. to the rank -of 800 personal and 350 horse. On this day Qasim Khwaja of Dihbid [18] -had sent from Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxiana) by the hand of one of his -tribesmen by way of supplication five tuyghun (white) falcons. One died -on the road, and four arrived at Ujjain in safety. I ordered them to -hand over the sum of Rs. 5,000 to someone among them, that he might -purchase and take with him whatever things would be agreeable to the -Khwaja, and gave a reward of Rs. 1,000 to himself. At this time Khan -`Alam, who had been sent as ambassador to the ruler of Persia, sent -an ashyani falcon (bird from the nest), which in the Persian language -they call ukna. [19] Outwardly one cannot distinguish between these -and baz dami [20] falcons by any particular mark, but after they -have been flown the difference is clear. On Thursday, the 20th, Mir -Abu-s-Salih, a relation (? son-in-law) of the deceased Mirza Yusuf -K., came from the Deccan by order, and enjoyed the good fortune of -kissing the threshold. He presented as an offering 100 muhars [21] -and a jewelled plume (kalgi). Mirza Yusuf K. [22] was one of the -Rizawi Sayyids of Mashhad, and his family was always held in great -honour in Khurasan, and just now my brother Shah `Abbas has given -his daughter in marriage to the younger brother of the aforesaid -Abu-s-Salih. His father, Mirza Atagh, [23] was the head of the -attendants of the mausoleum of Riza, the 8th Imam. Mirza Yusuf Khan, -by means of the patronage of H.M. (Akbar), had risen to nobility, and -attained to the mansab of 5,000. Without doubt he was a good Mir, and -held his many servants in good order. A number of relations gathered -round him. He died [24] in the Deccan. Although he left many sons, -who obtained favours in consideration of former services, special -attention was paid to the development of his eldest son. In a short -time I advanced him to the rank of nobility. Certainly there is a -great difference between him and his father. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 27th, I presented Hakim -Masihu-z-zaman with 20,000 darbs (8 anna pieces), and to Hakim -Ruhu-llah 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000. As he had thoroughly diagnosed -my constitution, he perceived that the climate of Gujarat was very -inimical to it. He said: "As soon as you moderate your habit of taking -wine and opium, all these troubles of yours will disappear." Indeed, -when I in one day diminished (the quantity I took of) both of them, -there was a great gain on that first day. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), -the 3rd Khurdad, Qizilbash K. was promoted to the mansab, original and -increased, of 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse. A report was received -from Gajpat K., superintendent of the elephant stables, and Baluch -K., chief huntsman (Qarawul Beg), that up to this time sixty-nine -elephants, male and female, had been caught. Whatever took place after -this would be reported. I ordered them to beware not to take old or -small elephants; but with this exception they should catch all they -saw, male or female. On Monday, the 14th, [25] the sum of Rs. 2,000 -was presented for Shah `Alam's anniversary, to Sayyid Muhammad, -his representative. A special Kachh horse, one of the good horses of -the Jam which had been presented to me, was given to Raja Bir Singh -Deo. I made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Baluch K., the chief huntsman, -who is engaged in capturing elephants. On Tuesday, 15th, I found I had -a severe headache, which at last ended in fever. At night I did not -drink my usual number of cups, and after midnight crop-sickness [26] -was added to my fever, and till morning I rolled about on my couch. On -Wednesday, the 16th, at the end of the day, the fever diminished, -and, after asking the advice of my doctors, I took my usual number of -cups on the third night. Although they urged me to take some broth of -pulse and rice, I could not make up my mind to do so. Since I arrived -at the age of discretion, I never remember having taken bughan [27] -broth, and hope that I may not want it in future. When they brought -food for me this day, I had no inclination for it. In short, for -three days and two nights I remained fasting. Though I had fever for -a day and a night, and my weakness was such that it appeared as if -I had been confined to bed for a long time, I had no appetite left, -and had no inclination towards food. - -I [28] am amazed to think what pleasure or goodness the founder of -this city could have seen in a spot so devoid of the favour (of God) -as to build a city on it. After him, others, too, have passed their -lives in precious trouble in this dustbin. Its air is poisonous, and -its soil has little water, and is of sand and dust, as has already [29] -been described. Its water is very bad and unpalatable, and the river, -which is by the side of the city, is always dry except in the rainy -season. Its wells are mostly salt and bitter, and the tanks in the -neighbourhood of the city have become like buttermilk from washermen's -soap. The upper classes who have some property have made reservoirs -in their houses, which they fill with rainwater in the rainy season, -and they drink that water until the next year. The evils of water to -which the air never penetrates, and which has no way for the vapour to -come out by, are evident. Outside the city, in place of green grass -and flowers, all is an open plain full of thorn-brakes (zaqqum), and -as for the breeze that blows off the thorns, its excellence is known: - - - "[30]O thou, compendium of goodness, by which of thy names shall - I call thee? - I had already called Ahmadabad Gardabad (the abode of dust)." - - -Now, I do not know whether to call it Samumistan (the place of the -samum or simoom) or Bimaristan (abode of sickness), or Zaqqum-zar -(the thorn-bed), or Jahannamabad (the house of Hell), for it contains -all these varieties. If the rainy season had not prevented me, I would -not have delayed one day in this abode of trouble, but, like Solomon, -would have seated myself on the throne of the wind, and hastened -out, and released the people of God from this pain and trouble. As -the men of this city are exceedingly weak-hearted and wretched, in -order to guard against any of the men from the camp entering their -houses with a view to oppress them, or interfering with the affairs -of the poor and miserable: and lest the Qazi and Mir `Adl (judge) -should, from fear of the face of men (ru-didagi), temporize and not -stop such oppression, I, from the date on which I entered the city, -notwithstanding the heat of the air, every day, after completing the -midday prayer, went and sat in the Jharoka. It was towards the river, -and had no impediment in the shape of gate, or wall, or watch-men -(yasawul), or chobdars (mace-bearers). For the sake of administering -justice, I sat there for two or three sidereal hours and listened -to the cries for redress, and ordered punishments on the oppressors -according to their faults and crimes. Even in the time of weakness I -have gone every day to the jharoka, though in great pain and sorrow, -according to my fixed custom, and have looked on ease of body as -something unlawful [31] (haram) for me. - - - "For the care of the people of God - At night I make not mine eyes acquainted with sleep; - For the ease of the bodies of all - I approve of pain for my own body." - - -By the grace of Allah, it has become my habit not to surrender -the nychthemeron, for more than two or three sidereal hours of -the coin of Time, to the plundering of sleep. In this there are two -advantages--one, the knowledge of the kingdom; the other, wakefulness -of heart in calling God to mind. God forbid that this life of a few -days should pass in carelessness. As a heavy sleep is in front, I must -reckon as a gain this time of my wakefulness, which I shall not see -again in sleep, and must not be careless of recollecting God for a -single wink. "Be wakeful, for a wondrous [32] sleep is ahead." On the -same day that I contracted fever, my son Shah-Jahan, who is close to -my heart, also contracted it. His attack lasted a long time, and for -ten days he could not come to pay his respects. He came on Thursday, -the 24th, and waited on me, and appeared very weak and powerless, -so much so that if anyone had not explained the matter, one might -have supposed he had been ill for a month or more. I am grateful -that at last all ended well. On Thursday, the 31st, Mir Jumla, who -had come from Iran--a summary of what had happened to him has been -already written--was honoured with the mansab of 1,500 personal and -200 horse. On this day, in consequence of the weakness I suffered -from, I bestowed as alms on deserving people an elephant, a horse, -and varieties of quadrupeds, with a quantity of gold and silver and -other valuable things. Most of my servants also brought alms according -to their means. I told them that if their object was to parade their -loyalty, their proceeding was not acceptable, and if they were acting -from genuine piety there was no need for bringing their alms into -the Presence; they could secretly and personally distribute them -to the poor and needy. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 7th Tir, -Divine month, Sadiq K. Bakhshi was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and horse, original and increased; Iradat K., the Mir Saman, -to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Mir Abu Salih Rizawi to the mansab -of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, with the title of Rizawi Khan, and, being -honoured with a standard and an elephant, he took leave for the Deccan. - -At this time it was represented to me that the Commander-in-Chief, -the Ataliq Khan-khanan, as a sequel to the celebrated line, "For every -rose one must bear the pain of a hundred thorns," had written an ode, -and that Mirza Rustam Safawi and Mirza Murad, his son, had also tried -their skill. An impromptu opening couplet came into my mind: - - - "A cup of wine should be poured [33] on the cheek of the rosebud. - There are many clouds, much wine should be poured." - - -Of those who were present at the entertainment who had the poetic -temperament each composed an ode, and presented it. It became known -that the hemistich was from Maulana `Abdu-r-Rahman Jami. I looked at -the whole of his ode (or odes). Except this hemistich, which like a -proverb has become famous over the world, he has not written anything -epigrammatic. All is very simple and smooth. [34] On this day arrived -the news of the death of Ahmad Beg K., governor of Kashmir. His sons, -who were of the house-born ones of the Court, and on whose foreheads -the signs of intelligence and zeal were manifest, obtained suitable -mansabs, and were sent to do duty in the Suba of Bangash and Kabul. His -mansab was that of 2,500; his eldest son obtained that of 3,000 (?), -[35] and three other sons that of 900 each. On Thursday, the 14th, -Khwaja Baqi K., who was adorned with the high qualities of dignity, -honour, generosity, and valour, under whose rule was one of the thanas -of the country of Berar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 -horse, original and increased, and the title of Baqi K. Ray Kahnur -(Kunwar?), who was formerly Diwan of Gujarat, was chosen for the -diwanship of Malwa. - -At this time the pairing of the saras, which I had never seen before, -and is reported never to have been seen by man, was witnessed -by me. The saras is a creature of the crane genus, but somewhat -larger. [36] On the top of the head it has no feathers, and the -skin is drawn over the bones of the head. From the back of the eye -to six finger-breadths of the neck it is red. They mostly live in -pairs on the plains, but are occasionally seen in flocks. People -bring a pair in from the fields, and keep them in their houses, -and they become familiar with men. In fact, there was a pair of -saras in my establishment to which I had given the names of Laila -and Majnun. One day a eunuch informed me that (the) two had paired -in his presence. I ordered that if they showed an inclination to -pair again they should inform me. At dawn he came and told me that -they were about to pair again. I immediately hastened to look on. The -female having straightened its legs bent down a little: the male then -lifted up one of its feet from the ground and placed it on her back, -and afterwards the second foot, and, immediately seating himself -on her back, paired with her. He then came down, and, stretching -out his neck, put his beak to the ground, and walked once round -the female. It is possible they may have an egg and produce a young -one. Many strange tales of the affection of the saras for its mate -have been heard. The following case has been recorded because it is -very strange. Qiyam K., who is one of the khanazads (houseborn ones) -of this Court, and is well acquainted with the arts of hunting and -scouting, informed me that one day he had gone out to hunt, and found -a saras sitting. When he approached, it got up and went off. From its -manner of walking he perceived signs of weakness and pain. He went to -the place where it had been sitting, and saw some bones and a handful -of feathers on which it had been sitting. He threw a net round it, -and drew himself into a corner, and it tried to go and sit in the -same place. Its foot was caught in the net, and he went forward and -seized it. It appeared extremely light, and when he looked minutely -he saw there were no feathers on its breast and belly: its flesh -and skin had separated, and there were maggots. Moreover, there was -no sign of flesh left on any of its members: a handful of feathers -and bone came into his hand. It was clear that its mate had died, -and that it had sate there from the day it lost its companion. - - - "My burning heart hath melted my body with separation's pang; - A soul-consuming sigh burnt me, as 'twere a lamp. - The day of my joy became black like the night of grief, - Separation from thee hath made my day like this." - - -Himmat K., who is one of my best servants, and whose word is worthy -of reliance, told me that in the Dohad [37] pargana he had seen a -pair of saras on the bank of a tank. One of his gunners shot one -of them, and in the same place cut off its head and stripped [38] -it of its feathers (?). By chance we halted two or three days at -that place, and its mate continually walked round it, and uttered -cries and lamentation. "My heart," he said, "ached at its distress, -but there was no remedy for it save regret." By chance, twenty-five -days afterwards, he passed by the same spot, and asked the inhabitants -what had become of that saras. They said it died on the same day, -and there were still remains of feathers and bones on the spot. He -went there himself, and saw it was as they said. There are many tales -of this kind among the people, which it would take too long to tell. - -On Saturday, the 16th, there came the news of the death of Rawat -Shankar, who was one of those on duty in Bihar. Man Singh, his -eldest son, was raised to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 600 horse: -his other sons and connections were also raised in mansab, and were -directed to obey him. On Thursday, the 21st, the elephant Bavan, [39] -the pick of my catch, which had been left in the pargana of Dohad to be -tamed, was brought to Court. I ordered him to be kept near the jharoka -on the river side, that he might be constantly under my eye. In the -elephant-stables of H.M. Akbar the largest elephant I saw was Durjan -Sal. It was long the premier elephant. Its height was 4 yards (dara` -[40]), and 3 1/2 quarters of the Ilahi gaz, which is 8 yards and 3 -fingers of the ordinary gaz. At present, among the elephants of my -establishment, the largest athlete is `Alam-Gajraj, which H.M. Akbar -himself had caught. It is the chief of my special elephants. Its -height is 4 1/8 yards, or 7 yards and 7 fingers [41] of the ordinary -yard. The ordinary gaz has been fixed at 24 fingers' breadth of an -average-sized man, and the Ilahi gaz is 40 fingers' breadth. - -On this day Muzaffar K., who had been promoted to the Subadarship of -Thatta (Sind), had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He presented -100 muhars and Rs. 100 as nazr, and the equivalent of Rs. 100,000 in -jewels and jewelled things. At this time news came that God Almighty -had bestowed on my son Parwiz a son [42] by the daughter of Shah Murad, -deceased. It is to be hoped that his coming will be of good omen to -this State. - -On Sunday, the 24th, Ray Bihari [43] had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold: there is not a greater Zamindar than this in the country of -Gujarat. His country is close to the sea. Bihari and the Jam are from -one stem. They were united ten generations ago. As far as territory and -forces go, the standing of Bihari is greater than that of the Jam. They -say that he never came to see any of the Sultans of Gujarat. Sultan -Mahmud had sent an army against him, but in the fight the army of -Mahmud was defeated. At the time when Khan A`zam went to conquer the -fort of Junagarh in the country of Surat, Nannu, who was called Sultan -Muzaffar, and gave himself out as heir to the kingdom, was passing his -days in a state of misery under the protection of the zamindars. After -this the Jam was defeated in battle with the victorious (Royal) army, -and Nannu took refuge with Ray Bihari. Khan A`zam demanded Nannu from -Ray Bihari, and as he could not oppose the Royal army, he gave him up, -and by this piece of loyalty was saved from the blows of the victorious -army. At the time [44] when Ahmadabad was adorned by the presence of -the retinue of fortune for a short time, he did not come to wait on -me. His country was somewhat distant, and time did not admit of the -appointing of a force (against him). When it happened that I returned -there, my son Shah-Jahan appointed Raja Bikramajit with an army (for -this purpose), and he, seeing his own safety in coming in hastened -to receive the honour of kissing the threshold, giving 200 muhars -and Rs. 2,000 as nazr, and 100 horses. However, there was not one of -his horses that I approved of. His age appeared to me to be more than -eighty [45] years, and he himself said he was ninety. In his senses -and powers there was no appearance of decay. Among his men there was -an old man with white beard, moustaches, and eyebrows. He said that -Ray Bihari remembered him when he (the old man) was a child (infant), -and that he had grown up from childhood in his service. - -On this day Abu-l-Hasan, [46] the painter, who has been honoured -with the title of Nadiru-z-zaman, drew the picture of my accession -as the frontispiece to the Jahangir-nama, and brought it to me. As -it was worthy of all praise, he received endless favours. His work -was perfect, and his picture is one of the chefs d'oeuvre of the -age. At the present time he has no rival or equal. If at this day the -masters `Abdu-l-Hayy and Bihzad were alive, they would have done him -justice. His father, Aqa Riza'i, of Herat, [47] at the time when I -was Prince, joined my service. He (Abu-l-Hasan) was a khanazad of my -Court. There is, however, no comparison between his work and that of -his father (i.e., he is far better than his father). One cannot put -them into the same category. My connection was based on my having -reared him. From his earliest years up to the present time I have -always looked after him, till his art has arrived at this rank. Truly -he has become Nadira-i-zaman ("the wonder of the age"). Also, Ustad -Mansur [48] has become such a master in painting that he has the -title of Nadiru-l-`Asr, and in the art of drawing is unique in his -generation. In the time of my father's reign and my own these two -have had no third. As regards myself, my liking for painting and my -practice in judging it have arrived at such a point that when any work -is brought before me, either of deceased artists or of those of the -present day, without the names being told me, I say on the spur of -the moment that it is the work of such and such a man. And if there -be a picture containing many portraits, and each face be the work of -a different master, I can discover which face is the work of each of -them. If any other person has put in the eye and eyebrow of a face, -I can perceive whose work the original face is, and who has painted -the eye and eyebrows. - -On the eve of Sunday, the 31st of the month of Tir, heavy rain fell, -and it went on raining with great violence till Tuesday, the 1st -of Amurdad. [49] For sixteen days there were constantly clouds and -(? or) rain. As this is a sandy country, and the buildings in it are -weak, many houses fell, and many lives were lost. I heard from the -inhabitants of the city that they remembered no rain like that of -this year. Although the channel of the Sabarmati [50] appears full -of water, it is in most places fordable, and elephants can always -cross it. If for a day there has been no rain, horses and men can -ford it. The fountain head of this river is in the hill-country -of the Rana. It comes out from the ravine of Kokra(?), [51] and, -having traversed 1 1/2 koss, passes below Mirpur, [52] and in this -place they call it the Wakal (?). After passing 3 koss beyond Mirpur, -they call it the Sabarmati. - -On Thursday, the 10th, Ray Bihari was exalted with the favour of a -male and a female elephant, a jewelled dagger, and four rings, of -red ruby and yellow ruby (topaz), sapphire, and emerald. Before this, -the Ataliq Jan-sipar (life-jeoparding), Khan-khanan (`Abdu-r-Rahim), -Commander-in-Chief, by order, had sent a force under the leadership -of his son Amru-llah [53] towards Gondwana, in order to seize the -diamond mine of Barakar [54] (?) that was in the possession of Panju, -a Zamindar of Khandesh. On this day a report came from him that the -aforesaid Zamindar, knowing that opposition to the victorious army -was beyond his power, had made an offering of the mine, and a royal -superintendent had been appointed to manage it. The diamonds of that -place are superior in kind and beauty to all other kinds of diamonds, -and much esteemed by jewellers. They are of good shape, and larger, -and superior. Of the second rank is the mine of Kokhra, [55] which -is on the borders of Bihar; but the diamonds of that place are not -obtained from the mine, but from a river which in the rainy season -comes down in flood from the hills. Before that they dam it up, and -when the flood has passed over the dam and there is little water, -a number of men who are skilled in this art go into the river bed -and bring out the diamonds. It is now three years since this country -came into the possession of the State. The Zamindar of the place is -in confinement. The climate of that land is excessively poisonous, -and strangers cannot live there. The third place is in the province -of the Karnatik (Carnatic), near the frontier of Qutbu-l-mulk. At a -distance of 50 koss [56] there are four mines. Many very fine [57] -diamonds are obtained there. - -On Thursday, the 10th, Nahir K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 1,000 horse, and he was presented with an elephant. Maktub -K., superintendent of the Kutub-khana (library), was given the mansab -of 1,500 personal. As I had ordered that on the Shab-i-Barat they -should place lamps round the Kankriya tank, at the end of the day on -Monday, the 14th Sha`ban, I went out to look at them. The buildings -all round the tank they had arranged with lanterns of different -colours and all kinds of artifices that are practicable with lamps, -and fireworks. Although at this season there were continually clouds -and rain, by God's favour from the beginning of the night the air -had become clear, and not a trace of cloud remained, and the lights -shone just as one could wish. My domestic servants were regaled with -the cups of joy. I ordered them to light lamps in the same manner on -the eve of Friday, and a strange thing was that at the close of the -day of Thursday, the 17th, it continually rained (muttasil baridagi), -but at the time of lighting the lamps the rain ceased, and the show -was well seen. On this day I`timadu-d-daula presented an offering of -a qutbi (?) sapphire exceedingly delicate, and an elephant without -tusks with silver housings. As it was handsome-looking and of good -shape, it was put among my private elephants. On the bank of the -Kankriya tank a sanyasi, one of the most austere sects of Hindus, -had made a hut after the dervish manner, and lived as a hermit. As I -was always inclined to associate with dervishes, I hastened without -ceremony to interview him, and for a while enjoyed his society. He -was not wanting in information and reasonableness, and was well -informed according to the rules of his own faith in the doctrines of -Sufism. He had conformed to the ways of people of religious poverty -and mortification, and given up all desires and ambitions. One might -say that a better than he of his class was never seen. - -On Monday, the 21st (Amurdad), the saras, the pairing of which -has been related in the preceding pages, collected together some -straw and rubbish in the little garden, and laid first of all one -egg. On the third day (afterwards) it laid a second egg. This pair -of saras were caught when they were a month old, [58] and had been -in my establishment for five years. After five and a half years they -paired, and continued doing so for a month; on the 21st of the month -of Amurdad, which the Hindus call Sawan (Sravan) the hen laid the -eggs. The female used to sit on the eggs the whole night alone, and the -male stood near her on guard. It was so alert that it was impossible -for any living thing to pass near her. Once a large weasel made its -appearance, and he ran at it with the greatest impetuosity, and did -not stop until the weasel got into a hole. When the sun illuminated -the world with his rays, the male went to the female and pecked her -back with his beak. The female then rose, and the male sate in her -place. She returned, and in the same manner made him rise, and seated -herself. In short, the female sits the whole night, and takes care -of the eggs, and by day the male and female sit by turns. When they -rise and sit down they take great precautions that no harm shall come -to the eggs. - -During this season, as there was still some of the hunting time left, -Gajpat K., the darogha, and Baluch K., the head huntsman, had been left -to hunt elephants, to catch as many as they possibly could. In the same -manner the huntsmen of my son, Shah-Jahan, had also been employed. On -this day they came and waited on me. Altogether 185 elephants had been -caught, male and female: of these, 73 were males and 112 females. Out -of these, 47 males and 75 females, or 122, the imperial huntsmen and -faujdars had secured, while the huntsmen and elephant-drivers of my -son, Shah-Jahan, had taken 26 males and 37 females, or 63 altogether. - -On Thursday, the 24th, I went to see the Bagh-i-Fath, [59] and -spent two days there in enjoyment and pleasure. At the end of the -day on Saturday I returned to the palace. As Asaf K. had represented -that his hawili (house) garden was exceedingly green and pleasant, -and all sorts of flowers and scented plants had bloomed there, at his -request I went to it on Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 31st. In truth, -it was a very nice villa, and I was much pleased. His offering of -jewels and jewelled things, and cloth, of the value of Rs. 35,000, -was accepted. Muzaffar K. was favoured with a dress of honour and -an elephant, and, as before, was entrusted with the charge of the -government of Thatta (Sind). My brother Shah `Abbas sent a letter -with some trifling presents by `Abdu-l-Karim of Gilan, who had come -with merchandise from Iran. On this day I presented him with a dress -of honour and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, and sent an -answer to the Shah's letter with a memorandum. Khan `Alam was also -honoured with a gracious farman and a special dress of honour. Friday -was the 1st of the month of Shahriwar. From Sunday, the 3rd, till -the eve of Thursday (the 7th) rain fell. It is strange that on other -days the pair of saras sate on the eggs five or six times in turn, -but during this twenty-four hours, when there was constant rain and -the air was somewhat cold, the male, in order to keep the eggs warm, -sate from early in the morning until midday, and from that time until -the next morning the female sat without an interval, for fear that -in rising and sitting again the cold air should affect them, and the -eggs become wet and be spoilt. Briefly, men are led by the guidance -of Reason, and animals according to the Divine wisdom implanted in -them by Nature. Stranger still is it that at first they keep their -eggs together underneath the breast, and after fourteen or fifteen -days have passed they leave a little space between them, for fear the -heat should become too great from their contact with each other. Many -become addled in consequence of (too great) heat. - -On Thursday, the 7th, with great joy and congratulation, the advance -camp was started towards Agra. The astrologers and astronomers had -already fixed the auspicious hour for the march. As excessive rain -fell, the main camp could not cross the river of Mahmudabad (the -Vatrak) and the Mahi at this hour. Out of necessity, the advanced -camp was started at the appointed hour, and the 21st Shahriwar [60] -was fixed for the march of the main camp. - -My son Shah-Jahan took upon himself the responsibility of the conquest -of the fort of Kangra, over which the noose of victory had not been -thrown by any of the Sultans of lofty dignity, and an army under the -leadership of Raja Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, and Taqi, who was one of -his attached servants, had before this been sent for that purpose. It -was now clear that the conquest could not be achieved by the force -that had been previously appointed. Raja Bikramajit, [61] who was -one of his principal officers, with 2,000 horse who were present of -his private attendants, and a force of Jahangiri servants, such as -Shah-baz K. Lodi, Hardi Narayan Hada, Ray Prithi Chand, and the sons -of Ram Chand, with 200 mounted musketeers and 500 foot-musketeers -(topchi, perhaps cannoniers), in addition to the force that had -previously been sent, were appointed to the duty. As the hour for -departure was fixed on this day, the aforesaid (Bikramajit) presented -as an offering a rosary of emeralds of the value of Rs. 10,000. He -was honoured with the gift of a dress of honour and a sword, and -took his leave for this duty. As he had not a jagir in that Subah, -my son Shah-Jahan asked for him as a jagir the pargana of Barhana (?), -[62] the revenue of which was 2,200,000 of dams, which [63] he himself -(? Shah-Jahan) held in in`am. [64] Khwaja Taqi, the Diwan-i-Buyutat, -who had been appointed to the Diwani of the Deccan, was honoured with -the title of Mu`taqid [65] K., a dress of honour, and an elephant. I -appointed Himmat K. to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Bharuch -(Broach) and that neighbourhood, with the gift of a horse and a -special parm narm (shawl), and despatched him. The pargana of Bharuch -(Broach) was also bestowed on him as jagir. Ray Prithi Chand, who -had been nominated for service at Kangra, was promoted to the rank -of 700 and 450 horse. As the anniversary of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus -[66] had arrived, I gave his sons 1,000 darbs (Rs. 500) for its -expense. Muzaffar, s. Bahaduru-l-mulk, who was attached to the Deccan, -was given the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. - -As the events of twelve years of Jahangir-nama have been recorded, -I ordered [67] the clerks of my private library to make one volume -of these twelve years, and to prepare a number of copies so that I -might give them to my special servants, and that they might be sent -to the various cities, so that administrators (arbab-i-daulat) and -the auspicious might adopt them as their code. On Friday, the 8th, -[68] one of the news-writers had written the whole and made a volume, -which he produced to me. As it was the first copy that had been -prepared, I gave it to my son Shah-Jahan, whom I consider to be in -all respects the first of my sons. On the back of it I wrote with my -own hand that I had given it him on a certain day and at a certain -place. I hope that the favour of the receipt of those writings which -are intended for the satisfaction of the creature and for supplication -to the Creator may be a cause of good fortune. - -On Tuesday, the 12th, Subhan Quli, huntsman, was brought to -punishment. The details of this are that he is the son of Haji -Jamal Baluch, who was my father's best huntsman, and after his -(the King's) death, he entered the service of Islam K., and went -with him to Bengal. Islam Khan, on account of his (Subhan Quli's) -connection with this Court, showed him proper consideration, and -considering him trustworthy always kept him near him when travelling -or hunting. `Usman, the Afghan, who for many years passed his days -in that Subah in disobedience and stubbornness, and the end of whose -affairs has been recorded in the preceding pages, being much troubled -by Islam Khan, sent someone to this wretch, and made proposals -for his murdering Islam. He undertook the business, and associated -two or three other men with himself. By chance, before the futile -idea of this ungrateful fellow was carried into execution, one of -them came and informed him (Islam K.). Islam K. immediately seized -and imprisoned the scoundrel. After the latter's death he came to -Court. As his brothers and relatives were included among the huntsmen, -he was also ordered to be enrolled among them. At this time the son -(Ikram K.) of Islam K. represented in an enigmatical way that he was -unworthy of service near my person. After explanation it appeared what -the charge was. Notwithstanding this, as his brothers strenuously -represented that there was only suspicion, and Baluch K., the head -huntsman, became security for him, I forbore to put him to death, -and ordered him to do duty with Baluch K. In spite of this grace and -the gift of his life, without cause or motive he fled from the Court, -and went to Agra and that neighbourhood. Baluch K., having become -his security, was ordered to produce him. He sent people to inquire -for him. In one of the villages of Agra, which was not wanting in -sedition, and is called Jahanda, [69] the brother of Baluch Khan, who -had gone to make inquiries, found him, and although he endeavoured -to bring him by persuasion to Court, he would in no way consent, -and the people rose to assist him. - -Being without remedy, he (the brother) went to Khwaja Jahan at Agra, -and told him the circumstances. He sent a detachment against that -village to take him by force and bring him. The people of the village, -seeing their own ruin in the mirror of the case, handed him over to -him. This day he came to Court in chains. I gave an order for his -execution. The man of wrath (the executioner) took him to the place of -punishment with all haste. After a while, through the intercession of -one of the courtiers, I gave him his life, and ordered his feet to be -cut off, but according to his destiny (what was written on his head) -before the order arrived he had been punished. Although that doomed -man was deserving of punishment, yet I regretted [70] the circumstance, -and directed that whenever an order was given for anyone's execution, -notwithstanding that the command were imperative, they should wait -till sunset before putting him to death. If up to that time no order -for release arrived, he should without fail be capitally punished. - -On Sunday there was a great commotion in the River Mahi, and very large -waves were visible. Although there formerly had been (great) rains, -yet such violence, or even the half of it, had never been known. From -the beginning of the day the flood began to come, and at the end of -the day began to decrease. Old inhabitants of this city represented -that once, during the government of Murtaza K. (Farid Bukhari), a -similar great flood had occurred. But with that exception they did -not remember another such flood. - -In these days mention was made of an ode by Mu`izzi, [71] the -panegyrist of Sultan Sanjar, and his Poet-laureate. It is a very -smooth and equable [72] composition. It begins thus: - - - "O thou whose commands heaven obeys - Ancient Saturn is the slave of thy young Fortune." - - -Sa`ida, [73] the chief goldsmith, has a poetical temperament and he -imitated this ode, and presented his paraphrase to me. It was very -well composed. The following are some verses from it: - - - "O thou, of whose threshold the nine spheres are an examplar - Aged Time hath grown young in thy reign - Thy heart is bounteous as the Sun, and like it needs no cause - (for bounty). - All lives are devoted to thy gracious heart - Heaven is but a green [74] orange from the garden of Power - Tossed by thy gardener into the atmosphere, - O God, Thy essence has shone from eternity - The souls of all the saints receive light from Thine, - O king, may the world ever be at thy beck, - May thy Shah-Jahan ever rejoice in thy shade - O Shadow of God, may the world be filled with thy light - May the Light of God ever be thy canopy." - - -On Mubarak-shamba, the 14th, in reward for this ode, I ordered Sa`ida -to be weighed against money (zar, perhaps gold). At the end of the day -I went to walk about the garden of Rustam-bari, [75] which appeared -to me very green and pleasant. Sitting in a boat in the evening, -I returned to the palace. - -On Friday, the 15th, a Mulla of the name of Amiri, an old man, came -from Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxiana), and had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. He represented to me that he was one of the ancient -(servants) of `Abdu-llah Khan Uzbeg, and from the days of infancy -[76] and youth was brought up by the Khan until his death. He had -been included among his old servants, and had been a confidential -friend. [77] After the death of the Khan until now he had passed his -days respected in that country. He had left his native country with -a view to visit the blessed house (Mecca), and had come to pay his -respects to me. I made him free to remain or go. He asked to remain in -attendance on me for some days. Rs. 1,000 for expenses and a dress of -honour were given him. He is an old man of very pleasing face, and -full of talk and anecdote. My son Shah-Jahan also gave him Rs. 500 -and a robe of honour. - -In the middle of the garden of Khurram (Shah-Jahan's) residence -there is a bench and a reservoir. On one side [78] of that bench -there is a Mulsari-tree (Mimusops elengi) against which to lean the -back. As in one side of its trunk there was a hollow to the extent -of three-fourths of a yard, it had an ugly look. I ordered them to -cut a tablet of marble and fix it firmly in that place, so that one -could lean one's back on it and sit there. At this time an impromptu -couplet came to my tongue, and I ordered the stone-cutters to engrave -it on that stone, that it might remain as a memento on the page of -time. This is the couplet: - - - "The seat of the Shah of the seven worlds (kishwar), - Jahangir, son of Akbar Shahinshah. - - -On the eve of Tuesday, [79] the 19th, a bazaar was arranged in the -private palace. Up to this time the custom has been for the people -of the bazaar and the artificers of the city in every place to bring -their shops according to order into the courtyard of the palace (royal -abode, whether in camp or elsewhere), and bring jewels and jewelled -things and various kinds of cloth and other goods such as are sold in -the bazaar. It occurred to me that if a bazaar were prepared in the -night-time, and a number of lamps were arranged in front of the shops, -it would look well. Undoubtedly it came off well and was unusual. Going -round all the shops, whatever jewels and jewelled things pleased me -I bought. I gave some present from each shop to Mulla Amiri, and he -received so many things that he was unable to hold them. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) the 21st of the Divine month of Shahriwar, -in the thirteenth year from my accession, corresponding with the -22nd Ramazan (September 2, 1618), in the Hijri year 1027, when two -and a half hours of day had passed, in prosperity and happiness, -the standards of purpose turned towards the capital of Agra. From the -palace as far as the Kankriya tank, the place of alighting, I passed -along in the usual manner, scattering money (nisar-kunan). On the -same day the feast of my solar weighment took place, and according -to solar reckoning the fiftieth year of the age of his suppliant at -the throne of God commenced auspiciously. According to my usual rule I -weighed myself against gold and other valuables. I scattered pearls and -golden roses, and looking at night at the show of lamps passed my time -in the private apartments of the royal abode in enjoyment. On Friday, -the 22nd, I ordered that all the Shaikhs and men of piety who lived in -the city should be brought in order that they might break their fast -[80] in attendance on me. Three nights were passed after this manner, -and every night at the end of the meeting I stood up and recited with -the tongue of ecstasy: - - - "Thou art the mighty One, O Lord, - Thou art the cherisher of rich and poor; - I'm not a world-conqueror or law-giver, - I'm one of the beggars at this gate. - Help me in what is good and right, - Else what good comes from me to any one? - I'm a master [81] to my servants, - To the Lord I'm a loyal servant." - - -All the Faqirs who as yet had not waited on me prayed for -allowances. According to their merits I gave to each of them land or -money for expenses, and gratified them. - -On the eve of Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) the 21st, the saras hatched -one young one, and on the eve of Monday, the 25th, a second: that -is, one young one was hatched after thirty-four [82] days, and the -other after thirty-six days. One might say that they were one-tenth -[83] larger than the young of a goose, or equal to the young of the -peafowl at the age of a month. Their skin was of a blue colour. On -the first day they ate nothing, and from the second day the mother, -taking small locusts (or grasshoppers) in her mouth, sometimes fed them -like a pigeon, or sometimes like a fowl threw them before them for them -to pick up of themselves. If the locust were small, it went off well, -but if it were large, she sometimes made two or three pieces of it so -that the young ones might eat it with ease. As I had a great liking -for seeing them I ordered them to be brought before me with every -precaution that no harm might happen to them. After I had seen them -I ordered them to be taken back to the same little garden inside the -royal enclosure, and to be preserved with the greatest care, and that -they should be brought to me again whenever they were able to walk. - -On this day Hakim Ruhu-llah was exalted with the gift of -Rs. 1,000. Badi`u-z-zaman, s. M. Shahrukh, came from his jagir and -waited on me. On Tuesday, the 26th, marching from the Kankriya tank, -I halted at the village of Kaj. [84] On Wednesday, the 27th, I pitched -my camp on the bank of the river at Mahmudabad called the Izak [85] -(now called Meshva). As the water and air of Ahmadabad were very bad, -Mahmud Bigara, by the advice of his physicians, founded a city on -the bank of the aforesaid river and lived there. After he conquered -Champaner, he made that place his capital, and until the time of Mahmud -the martyred [86] the rulers of Gujarat chiefly lived there. This -Mahmud was the last of the Sultans of Gujarat, and he took up his -residence at Mahmudabad. Undoubtedly the water and air of Mahmudabad -have no resemblance to those of Ahmadabad. By way of testing this I -ordered them to hang up a sheep on the bank of the Kankriya tank after -taking off its skin, and at the same time one at Mahmudabad, that the -difference of the air might be ascertained. It happened that after -seven gharis of day had passed in that place (Ahmadabad) they hung up -the sheep. When three gharis of day remained it became so changed and -putrid that it was difficult to pass near it. They hung up the sheep -at Mahmudabad in the morning, and it was altogether unchanged until -the evening, and began to be putrid when one and a half watches of -night had passed. Briefly, in the neighbourhood of Ahmadabad it became -putrid in eight sidereal hours, and in Mahmudabad in fourteen hours. - -On Thursday, the 28th, Rustam K., whom my son of prosperous fortune, -Shah-Jahan, had appointed to the charge and government of Gujarat, -was honoured with the gift of an elephant, a horse, and a special -parm narm (shawl), and given leave to depart, and the Jahangiri -officers who were attached to that Subah were presented with horses -and dresses of honour according to the rank and standing of each. On -Friday, 29th Shahriwar, corresponding with 1st Shawwal, Ray Bihari was -honoured with the bestowal of a dress of honour, a jewelled sword and -a special horse, and took leave to go to his native place. His sons -were also honoured with horses and dresses of honour. On Saturday I -ordered Sayyid Muhammad, grandson [87] (?) of Shah `Alam, to ask for -whatever he desired without concealment, and I took an oath on the -Qoran to this effect. He said that as I had sworn on the Qoran he -would ask for a Qoran that he might always have it by him, and that -the merit of reading it might accrue to His Majesty. Accordingly, -I gave the Mir a Qoran in Yaqut's [88] handwriting. It was a small, -elegant [89] volume, and was the wonder of the age. On the back of -it I wrote with my own hand that I had made this gift on a certain -day and in a certain place to Sayyid Muhammad. The real reason for -this is that the Mir is of an exceedingly good disposition, endowed -with personal nobility and acquired excellencies, of good manners and -approved ways, with a very pleasing face and open forehead. I have -never seen a man of this country of such a pleasing disposition as the -Mir. I told him to translate this Qoran into plain language without -ornament, and that without occupying himself with explanations or -fine language he [90] should translate the Qoran in simple language -(lughat-i-rikhta) word by word into Persian, and should not add one -letter to its exact purport. After he had completed it he should -send it by his son Jalalu-d-din Sayyid to the Court. The Mir's son -is also a young man of external and internal intelligence. The signs -of piety and blessedness are distinct on his forehead. The Mir is -proud of his son, and in truth he is worthy, as he is an excellent -youth. As I had repeatedly shown kindness to the holy men of Gujarat, -according to their merits, I again bestowed on each cash and jewels, -and dismissed them to their homes. - -As the climate [91] of this country was not suited to my temperament, -the physicians thought it right that I should decrease somewhat my -usual number of cups. According to their advice I began to decrease -their number, and in the course of a week reduced them by the weight -of one cup. At first it was six cups every evening, each cup being -7 1/2 tola, or altogether 45 tolas. The wine was usually mixed with -water. Now I drank six cups, each of which was 6 tolas and 3 mashas, -[92] altogether 37 1/2 tolas. - -Sixteen or seventeen years ago I had vowed with my God at Allahabad -that when I reached fifty I would give up shooting with gun and bullet, -and would injure no living thing with my own hand. Muqarrab K., who -was one of my confidants, knew of my determination. At this date -I have reached the commencement of my fiftieth year, and one day, -in consequence of excessive fever (dud u bukhar) my breath was short -and I was very unwell. While in this condition the compact I had made -with my God came, by Divine inspiration, into my mind, and I resolved -that when my fiftieth year was completed and the period of fulfilling -my vow had arrived, I would, on the day [93] on which I visited my -father's tomb--may the light of God be his testimony--by God's help, -seek the confirmation of my resolve from my father's holy elements, -and renounce the practice (of shooting). As soon as this thought -occurred to me, my illness and trouble disappeared. I revived, and -opened my mouth to praise God, and tasted the joy of thanksgiving -for His mercies. I hope that I shall be sustained. - - - "How well said Firdusi of pure nature - May mercy rest on that (his) pure tomb. - - "Ah! spare yon emmet [94] rich in hoarded grain, - He lives with pleasure, and he dies with pain." - - -On Thursday, the 4th of the Divine month, Sayyid Kabir and Bakhtar K., -the Wakils of `Adil K., who had brought his offering to the exalted -Court, obtained leave to return. Sayyid Kabir was honoured with a -dress of honour, a horse, and a jewelled dagger, and Bakhtar K. with -a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled urbasi, [95] which the -people of that country (the Deccan?) wear round their necks, and a -present of 6,000 darbs was given to each of them for expenses. - -As `Adil K. was constantly asking for a likeness of myself through my -prosperous son Shah-Jahan, I sent him one with a ruby of great value -and a special elephant. A gracious farman was issued that he should -be presented with whatever territory of Nizamu-l-mulk or Qutbu-l-mulk -he might get into his possession, and whenever he should require -any support and assistance, Shah-nawaz K. should prepare an army and -appoint it to assist him. In former days Nizamu-l-mulk was the largest -of the rulers of the Deccan, a superior whom all acknowledged, and -whom they considered as their eldest brother. At this period `Adil -K. did approved service, and was honoured with the exalted title of -"son." I appointed him the head and leader of the whole country of -the Deccan, and wrote this quatrain on the portrait with my own hand: - - - "O thou towards whom is always (turned) the eye of my kindness - Repose at ease under the shadow of my fortune. - I have sent thee my own portrait, - That thou mayest see me spiritually from my picture." - - -My son Shah-Jahan sent Hakim Khush-hal, son of Hakim Humam, who was -one of the excellent house-born ones of this Court, and from his -early years had been in my son's service, in company with the Wakils -of `Adil K. to convey to him the good news of the Jahangiri favour -towards him. On the same day Mir Jumla was honoured with the duty of -`Arz-mukarrir. As Kifayat K., the Diwan of Gujarat, at the time when -he was employed in the Diwani of Bengal, in consequence of certain -accidents, had lost property (az saman uftada), a sum of Rs. 15,000 -was presented to him. - -At this time two copies of the Jahangir-nama that had been prepared -were laid before me. One of these I had some days previously given -to the Madaru-l-mulk (centre of the kingdom), I`timadu-d-daula, and -the other I on this day bestowed on my (adopted) son (farzandi), -Asaf K. On Friday, the 5th, Bahram, son of Jahangir Quli Khan, -came from the province of Bihar, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. He laid before me some diamonds he had obtained from the mine -of Kokra. Approved service had not been performed in that province by -Jahangir Quli K., and it was also frequently reported that certain of -his brothers and sons-in-law had stretched out the hand of tyranny in -that country, and were oppressing the servants of God (the people), -and that each of them, cutting out a governorship for himself, did not -regard the authority of Jahangir Quli. On this account a farman written -with my own hand was given to Muqarrab K., one of my confidential old -servants, stating that he was appointed Governor of Bihar. I ordered -that immediately on receipt of the farman he should hasten to that -quarter. Some of the diamonds that Ibrahim Fath-jang had sent to -Court after the taking of the mine had been given to the Government -lapidaries to cut. At this time Bahram suddenly came to Agra, and -was going on to the Court (in Gujarat). Khwaja Jahan (the Governor of -Agra) sent along with him some diamonds that were ready. One of them -is of a violet [96] colour, and cannot be outwardly distinguished -from a sapphire. Up to this time I had not seen a diamond of this -colour. It weighed several surkh, [97] and jewellers estimated its -value at Rs. 3,000, and represented that if it had been white (safid) -and had had perfect marks, it would have been worth Rs. 20,000. - -This year I had mangoes up to the 6th Mihr (middle of September). In -this country there is abundance of lemons (limun), and they are large -(balida?). A Hindu brought some from a garden called Kaku (or Gangu), -which were very pleasant and large (balida, perhaps ripe). I ordered -them to weigh the largest of them, and it came to 7 tolas. - -On Saturday, the 6th, the Dasahra festival took place. First, they -decked out my horses, and paraded them before me. After that they -produced the elephants, decorated in a similar way. - -As the Mahi had not become fordable, so that the sublime camp could -cross it, and the climate of Mahmudabad was quite different (i.e., -it was better) from that of other stages, I remained here for ten -more days. On Monday, the 8th, I marched and encamped at Muda. [98] -I had already sent Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan Bakhshi with an active body -of servants, such as boatmen, and also oars, [99] to make a bridge -over the Mahi, with instructions not to wait till it was fordable, -so that the victorious camp might cross at ease. On Tuesday, the 9th, -there was a halt, and on Kamshamba (Wednesday), the 10th, the camp -was at the village of Aina. [100] - -At first the male saras used to hold its young one by its leg upside -down in his beak, and there was a fear that he might be unkind to it -and it might be destroyed. I accordingly ordered them to keep the male -separately, and not allow it near its young ones. I now ordered by way -of experiment that it should be allowed near them, that the real degree -of its unkindness and affection might be ascertained. After allowing -it, he displayed much attachment and kindness, and his affection -was found to be no less than that of the female; I thus knew that -this performance was out of real love. On Thursday, the 11th, there -was a halt, and at the end of the day I went to hunt with cheetahs, -and two black buck, four does, and a chikara were caught. On Sunday, -the 14th, I also went to hunt with cheetahs, and caught fifteen -head of male and female antelopes. I had ordered Rustam and Suhrab -[101] Khan, his son, to go out hunting and shoot as many nilgaw as -they could. The father and son together killed seven head, male and -female. As it was represented to me that there was a tiger in this -neighbourhood, a man-killer that had taken to eating men's flesh, and -the people of God were afflicted by it, I ordered my son Shah-Jahan -to save them from its wickedness. He, as ordered, shot it with his -gun, and brought it to me at night. I ordered them to skin it in my -presence. Although large in appearance, as it was thin, it turned -out less in weight than the large tigers I had myself killed. On -Monday, the 15th, and Tuesday, the 16th, I went to shoot nilgaw, and -on each day shot two blue bulls. On Thursday, the 18th, on the bank -of a tank at which I pitched, a feast of cups was held. Rare lotus -(kanwal) flowers had blossomed on the face of the water. My private -servants enjoyed themselves greatly with cups of wine. Jahangir Quli -had sent twenty elephants from Bihar, and Muruwwat K. eight from -Bengal, and these were brought before me. One of Jahangir Quli's and -two of Muruwwat's were placed in my private stud, and the rest were -divided amongst my followers. Mir K., s. Mirza Abu-l-Qasim Namakin, -who was one of the khanazads of this Court, was promoted to the mansab, -original and increased, of 800 personal and 600 horse. Qiyam K. was -appointed to the duty of chief huntsman, and had given him the rank of -600 personal and 150 horse. `Izzat [102] K., one of the Barha Sayyids, -who was distinguished for bravery and ambition, is attached to the -province of Bangash. At the request of Mahabat K., the Governor of -that Subah, he was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 -horse. Kifayat K., Diwan of Gujarat, had an elephant given him, and -was allowed to depart. I conferred a sword on Safi K., Bakhshi of that -Subah. On Friday, the 19th, I went to hunt, and killed a blue bull. I -do not remember a bullet passing through a large male nilgaw. Many have -passed through females. On this day, at a distance of forty-five paces -(qadam), it went through both skins. In the language of hunters a qadam -means two feet (gam [103]) placed one in front of the other. On Sunday, -the 21st, I enjoyed myself with hawking, and ordered Mirza Rustam, -Darab K., Mir Miran, and other servants to go and shoot as many nilgaw -as they could. They killed nineteen head, male and female. Ten head of -antelope were also caught with cheetahs. Ibrahim K., Bakhshi of the -Deccan, was, at the request of the Commander-in-Chief, Khan Khanan, -promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 200 horse. On Monday, the -22nd, a march was made, and on Tuesday, the 23rd, I again marched. The -huntsmen represented that there had been seen in the neighbourhood -a tigress with three cubs. As it was on the road I went myself after -them and shot all four, and then went on to the next stage. I crossed -the Mahi by the bridge that had been made. Though there were no boats -on this river of which a bridge could be made, and the water was very -deep and flowing rapidly, Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the chief Bakhshi, -had built with great exertions a very strong bridge two or [104] -three days before. Its length was 140 yards and its breadth 4 yards -(dara`). By way of testing it I ordered the elephant Gun Sundar Khass -which is one of the large and strong elephants, with three females, -to be sent across it. It was so firmly built that its supports did -not shake with the weight of elephants of mountainous form. - -From the most honoured lips of my father I heard as follows: "In -early youth I had taken two or three cups (of wine), and had mounted -a full-blooded (mast) elephant. Though I was in my senses, and the -elephant in very good training, and was under my control, I pretended -that I was out of my senses, and that the elephant was refractory and -vicious, and that I was making him charge the people. After that, -I sent for another elephant, and made the two fight. They fought, -and in doing so went to the head of the bridge that had been made -over the Jumna. It happened that the other elephant ran away, and as -there was no other escape, he went towards the bridge. The elephant -I was on pursued him, and although I had him under control, and he -would have halted at the slightest signal, I thought that if I held -him back from the bridge the people would regard those drunken ways -(of mine) as a sham, and would believe that neither was I beside -myself, nor was the elephant violent and headstrong. Such pretences -on the part of kings are disapproved of, and so after imploring the -aid of God--Glory be to Him--I did not restrain my elephant. Both -of them went upon the bridge, and as it was made of boats, whenever -an elephant put his forefeet on the edge of a boat, half of it sank, -and the other half stood up. At each step there came the thought that -the lashings might give way. People on seeing this were overwhelmed -in the sea of perplexity and alarm. As the care and guardianship of -the Great and Glorious God is ever and in all places the protection -of this suppliant, both elephants crossed the bridge in safety." [105] - -On Thursday, the 25th, a wine-feast was held on the banks of the -Mahi, and some of my intimate servants who had admittance to such -assemblies had their hearts delighted by brimming cups and ample -favours. Certainly it was an entrancing halting-ground. I stayed here -four days for two reasons--first, because of the beauty of the spot, -and secondly in order that the people might not be confused in crossing -the river. - -On Sunday, the 28th, I marched from the bank of the Mahi. On Monday -I marched again. On this day a strange sight was witnessed. The pair -of saras that had had young ones had been brought from Ahmadabad on -Thursday (the 25th). In the Court of the royal enclosure, which had -been placed on the bank of a tank, they were walking about with their -young ones. By chance both the male and female raised a cry, and a -pair of wild saras hearing it, and crying out from the other side of -the tank, came flying towards them. The male with the male, and the -female with the female, engaged in a fight, and although some people -were standing about, the birds paid no heed to them. The eunuchs who -had been told off to protect them hastened to seize them. One clung to -the male and the other to the female. He who had caught the male kept -hold of it after much struggling, but the one who seized the female -could not hold her, and she escaped from his hand. I with my own hand -put rings in his beak and on his legs, and set him free. Both went and -settled in their own place. [106] Whenever the domestic saras raised -a cry they responded. I saw a sight of this kind in wild antelopes -when I had gone to hunt in the pargana of Karnal. About thirty of my -huntsmen and servants were in attendance when a black buck with some -does came in sight, and we let loose the decoy-antelope [107] to fight -him. They butted two or three times, and then the decoy came back. A -second time I wanted to put a noose on its horns and to let it go, -that it might capture (the wild one). Meanwhile the wild antelope, in -the excess of its rage, not looking at the crowd of men, ran without -regard to anything, and butting the tame buck two or three times fought -with it till it fled. The wild antelope thereupon made its escape. - -On this day news came of the death of `Inayat K. He was one of my -intimate attendants. As he was addicted to opium, and when he had -the chance, to drinking as well, by degrees he became maddened with -wine. As he was weakly built, he took more than he could digest, and -was attacked by the disease of diarrhoea, and in this weak state he -two or three times fainted. By my order Hakim Rukna applied remedies, -but whatever methods were resorted to gave no profit. At the same -time a strange hunger came over him, and although the doctor exerted -himself in order that he should not eat more than once in twenty-four -hours, he could not restrain himself. He also would throw [108] -himself like a madman on water and fire until he fell into a bad [109] -state of body. At last he became dropsical, and exceedingly low and -weak. Some days before this he had petitioned that he might go to -Agra. I ordered him to come into my presence and obtain leave. They -put him into a palanquin and brought him. He appeared so low and weak -that I was astonished. - - - "He was skin drawn over bones." - - -Or rather his bones, too, had dissolved. Though painters have striven -much in drawing an emaciated face, yet I have never seen anything -like this, nor even approaching to it. Good God, can a son of man -come to such a shape and fashion? These two couplets of Ustad [110] -occurred as appropriate: - - - "If my shadow do not hold my leg - I shall not be able to stand till the Resurrection - Nor, from weakness, does my soul see a refuge - Where it may for a while rest on my lips." - - -As it was a very extraordinary case I directed painters to take his -portrait. In fact, I found him wonderfully changed. I said to him: -"Beware; in your present state do not for a moment forget God, nor -despair of His mercy! If Death grant you quarter (aman), regard the -reprieve as a time for apologizing and for amendment. If your life has -come to its close, consider every moment passed in remembrance of God -as gain. Trouble not your head about those you are leaving behind. A -slight claim of service is a great thing with us." As they had spoken -to me about his poverty, I gave him Rs. 2,000 for road-expenses, -and let him go. Next day he travelled the road of non-existence. - -On Tuesday, the 30th, the bank of the River Manab [111] became the -halting-place for the sublime camp. The New Year's [112] feast of -Thursday was prepared at this place on the 2nd of the Ilahi month -of Aban. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., at his request, was promoted -to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 [113] horse, and Girdhar, -s. Ray Sal, to that of 1,000 personal and 800 horse. `Abdu-llah, -son of Khan A`zam, obtained the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 -horse. Dilir K., who was one of the jagirdars of Gujarat, I presented -with a horse and an elephant. Ran-baz K., s. Shah-baz K. Kambu, came -by order from the Deccan, and was promoted to the post of Bakhshi -and Recorder of the army of Bangash, and his mansab was fixed at -800 personal and 400 horse. I marched on Friday, the 3rd. At this -stage [114] Prince Shuja`, the beloved son (liver-corner) of my son -Shah-Jahan, who was being brought up in the chaste lap of Nur-Jahan -Begam, and towards whom I have so much affection that he is dearer -to me than life, was attacked by a specially infantile disease which -they call "ummu-s-sibyan," [115] and for a long time his senses left -him. Although experienced people devised many remedies, they were -unprofitable, and his insensibility (bi-hushi) took away my senses -(hush). As visible remedies were hopeless, by way of humility and -submission I rubbed the head of supplication on the Court of the -gracious Ruler who cherishes his slaves, and begged for the child's -recovery. In this state it occurred to me that as I had made a -vow [116] to my God that after I had passed my fiftieth year, this -suppliant would give up hunting with bullet and gun, and would injure -no creature with his own hand, if for the sake of his safety I were -to give up shooting from the present date, it were possible that his -life would become the means of preserving the lives of many animals, -and God Almighty might give him to me. In fine, with true purpose, -and sincere belief I vowed [117] to God that I would thenceforward -not harm any living thing with my own hand. By the grace of Allah his -illness diminished. At the time when this suppliant was in his mother's -womb, one day I made no movement after the manner that other children -make. The attendants were amazed, and inquiring into the cause stated -the case to my father (Akbar). At that time my father was engaged in -hunting with cheetahs. As that day was a Friday, for the purpose of -my safety he made a vow that during his life he would not hunt with -cheetahs on a Friday. Till the end of his life he remained firm in -this determination, and I also in obedience to him until now have -never hunted with cheetahs on a Friday. Finally, on account of the -weakness of the light of my eye, Shah Shuja`, for three days I halted -at this stage, that God Almighty might give him his natural [118] life. - -On Tuesday, the 7th, I marched. One day the son of Hakim [119] -`Ali was praising the milk of a camel. It occurred to me that if -I could continue that for some days, it was possible that it might -do some good, and it might prove agreeable to me. Asaf Khan had a -Persian camel in milk, and I took a little of it. Contrary to the -milk of other camels, which is not devoid of saltness, it appeared -to my taste sweet and delicious, and now for a month past I have been -drinking every day a cup of it, equal in quantity to half a water-cup, -and it is clearly advantageous, for it quenches my thirst. It is -strange that two years ago Asaf K. bought this camel, but at that -time it had not a young one, and had no sign of milk. At this time by -chance milk flowed from its dugs. They gave it every day to drink four -seers of cow's milk with five seers of wheat, one seer of black [120] -sugar, and one seer of fennel (badyan), to make its milk delicious, -sweet, and profitable. Certainly it suited me admirably, and was to my -taste. By way of testing it, I sent for some cow's and buffalo's milk, -and tasted all three. There was no comparison in sweetness and flavour -with the milk of this camel. I ordered them to give the same kind of -food to some other female camels, that it might become clear whether -the purity was in consequence of eating good food, or whether it was -due to the natural sweetness of this (particular) camel's milk. [121] - -On Wednesday, the 8th, I marched, and halted on the 9th. The royal -tent was pitched near a large tank. Shah-Jahan presented me with a -boat made after the Kashmir fashion, the sitting-place of which they -had made of silver. At the end of that day I embarked in that boat and -went round the tank. On this day `Abid K., Bakhshi of Bangash, who had -been summoned, came and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and was honoured with the post of Diwan-i-buyutat. Sar-faraz Khan, who -was one of the auxiliaries of Gujarat, received a standard, a private -tipchaq horse, and an elephant, and, overwhelmed with honour, obtained -leave to go. `Izzat [122] Khan, who was one of those attached to the -army of Bangash, was exalted with the gift of a standard. Marching was -ordered on Friday, the 10th. Mir Miran was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 600 horse. On Saturday, the 11th, the auspicious -equipage alighted in the pargana of Dohad. On the eve of Sunday, -the 12th of the Ilahi month of Aban, in the thirteenth year from -my accession, corresponding with the fifteenth Zi-l-Qa`da of the -Hijri year 1027, in the nineteenth degree of Libra, the Giver of -blessings gave my prosperous son Shah-Jahan a precious son by the -daughter of Asaf K. I hope that his [123] advent may be auspicious -and blessed to this everlasting State. Halting for three days at this -place, on Wednesday, [124] the 15th Aban, the camp was pitched at the -village of Samarna. [125] As it was necessary that the Mubarak-shamba -entertainment should as far as possible be arranged for on the bank -of a river and a clean place, and there was in this neighbourhood no -spot which met those requirements, there was no help for it but to -order a start when half of the night of Thursday (i.e., Wednesday), -the 16th, had passed, and when the sun rose the camp was pitched on -the bank of the tank of Bakhur. At the end of the day, the feast of -cups was held and I presented cups to some of my private servants. On -Friday, the 17th, I ordered a march. Kesho Das Maru is a jagirdar -in that neighbourhood. According to orders, he came from the Deccan, -and was honoured by doing homage. - -On Saturday, the 18th (Aban), the camp was at Ramgarh. For some -nights before this there appeared, at three gharis before sunrise, -in the atmosphere, a (luminous) vapour in the shape of a pillar. [126] -At each succeeding night it rose a ghari earlier. When it assumed its -full form, it took the shape of a spear (harba), thin at the two ends, -and thick in the middle. It was curved like a sickle, and had its -back to the south, and its face to the north. It now showed itself a -watch (pahar) before sunrise. Astronomers took its shape and size by -the astrolabe, and ascertained that with differences of appearance -(?) it extended over twenty-four degrees. It moved in high heaven, -but it had a movement of its own, differing from that of high heaven, -for it was first in Scorpio and afterwards in Libra. Its declination -(harakat-i-`arz?) was mainly southerly. Astrologers call such a -phenomenon a spear (harba) in their books, and have written that -its appearance portends weakness to the kings of Arabia, and points -to their enemies prevailing over them. God knows! Sixteen nights -after this phenomenon, a star showed itself in the same quarter. Its -head was luminous, and its tail was two or three yards long, but the -tail was not luminous. It has now appeared for eight nights; when it -disappears, the fact will be noticed, as well as the results of it. - -I halted on Sunday, the 19th, and on Monday I alighted at the village -of Sitalkhera. [127] On Tuesday, the 21st, there was again a halt. I -presented Rashid K., the Afghan, with a robe of honour and an elephant, -sending them to him by Ran-baz K. On Wednesday, the 22nd, the camp -rested in pargana Madanpur. [128] On Thursday, the 23rd, I halted and -had a feast of cups, and Darab K. had a nadiri dress of honour given -to him. Halting on Friday, on Saturday the camp was pitched in the -pargana of Nawari. [129] On Sunday, the 26th, I pitched on the bank -of the River Chambal, and on Monday on the bank of the River Kahnar -[130] (?). On Tuesday, the 28th, the royal standards were raised -in the neighbourhood of the city of Ujain. From Ahmadabad to Ujain -is a distance of ninety-eight kos. It was traversed in twenty-eight -marches and forty-one halts--that is, in two months and nine days. On -Wednesday, the 29th, I had an interview with Jadrup, who is one -of the austere ones of the Hindu religion, and the particulars of -whose circumstances have been described in the preceding pages, and -went with him to see Kaliyadaha. Certainly association with him is -a great privilege. - -On this day it was made known to me in the contents of a report -from Bahadur K., the Governor of Qandahar, that in the Hijri year -1026--that is, last year--the number of mice in Qandahar and the -neighbourhood was so great that they destroyed all the crops and -grain and cultivation and the fruits of the trees of the province, -so that there had been no produce. They (the mice) cut off the ears of -corn and ate them. When the cultivators gathered their crops, before -they were threshed and cleaned, another [131] half was destroyed, -so that perhaps one-fourth of the crops only came to hand. In the -same way no vestige was left of the melons (melon-beds) or garden -produce. After some time the mice disappeared. - -As my son Shah-Jahan had not made a birthday entertainment for his -son (Aurangzib), he petitioned at Ujain, which is the place of his -jagir, that the Thursday entertainment of the 30th should be held -at his abode. Of necessity, having consented to the carrying out of -his wish, the day was passed in enjoyment at his quarters. My private -servants who have the entree into this kind of parties and assemblies -were delighted with brimming cups. My son Shah-Jahan brought that -auspicious child before me, and, presenting as offerings a tray of -jewels, and jewelled ornaments, and fifty elephants, thirty male and -twenty female, asked me for a name for him. Please God it will be -given him in a favourable hour. Of his elephants seven were included -in my private stud; the rest were distributed among the faujdars. The -value of the offerings that were accepted will be Rs. 200,000. - -On this day `Azudu-d-daula (Jamalu-d-din Husain Anju) came from -his jagir, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave -eighty-one muhars as nazr, and an elephant as an offering. Qasim K., -whom I had dismissed from the government of Bengal, had been sent for, -and having had the good fortune to do homage, presented 1,000 muhars as -nazr. On Friday, the 1st of Azar, I amused myself with hawking. As the -retinue passed along, a field of millet (jwar) was met with. Though -generally a stem has only one head, each of them had twelve. I was -astonished, and at this time the tale of "The King and the Gardener" -occurred to me. - - - -TALE OF "THE KING AND THE GARDENER." [132] - -A King came to the gate of a garden in the heat of the day. He saw -an old gardener standing at the gate, and asked him if there were -any pomegranates in the garden. He said: "There are." He told him -to bring a cup of pomegranate juice. The gardener had a daughter -adorned with grace of person, and beauty of disposition. He made -a sign to her to bring the pomegranate juice. The girl went and at -once brought a cup full of pomegranate juice, and placed some leaves -upon it. The King took it from her hand and drank it. Then he asked -the girl what was her reason for placing leaves on the top of the -juice. She, with an eloquent tongue and a sweet voice, represented -that it was not wise at once to drink off a quantity of liquid when -he was bathed in perspiration, and in such a hot air. On this account -she had placed the leaves on the liquid by way of precaution, so that -he might drink it slowly. The King was greatly pleased with her sweet -ways, and it crossed his mind to admit the girl into his Palace. After -this he asked the gardener: "How much profit do you derive from this -garden every year?" He answered: "Three hundred dinars." The King -asked: "What do you pay the Diwan (tax-collector)?" He answered: -"The King takes nothing from the trees, but takes a tenth of the -cultivated crops." It came into the King's mind that there were in -his dominions many gardens and countless trees. If he were to get -a tenth of the garden produce as well, it would amount to a large -sum, and there would be no great loss to the cultivator. Hereafter -he would order a tax to be levied on garden produce. He said then: -"Bring me a little more pomegranate juice." The girl went, and after -a long time brought a small quantity. The King said: "The first time -thou camest quickly, and broughtest more. This time thou didst stay -a long time, and broughtest less." The girl said: "The first time I -had filled the cup with the juice of one pomegranate, and brought it; -this time I pressed out five or six pomegranates and did not get as -much juice." The astonishment of the King increased. The gardener -represented: "The blessing of produce depends on the goodwill of the -King. It occurs to me that you must be a King. At the time when you -inquired of me the income from the garden, your disposition must have -changed. Consequently the blessing passed away from the fruit." The -Sultan was impressed, and drove that idea out of his heart. He then -said: "Bring me once more a cup of pomegranate juice." The girl went -again, and quickly bringing a cup full to the brim, gave it, smiling -and gladly, into the Sultan's hand. He praised the intelligence of -the gardener, and explained the actual state of affairs, and begged -the girl of him in marriage, and married her. - - - -This true tale of that truth-preserving King has remained as a memento -on the page of time. In truth, the manifestation of such spiritual -(?) [133] results is the mark of good intentions, and the fruit of -justice. Whenever all the energies and purposes of justice-observing -Kings are devoted to the comfort of the people and the contentment of -their subjects, the manifestations of well-being and the productions -of fields and gardens are not far off. God be praised that in this -age-enduring State no tax has ever been levied on the fruit of trees, -and is not levied now. In the whole of the dominion not a dam nor -one grain (habba) [134] on this account enters the public treasury, -or is collected by the State. Moreover, there is an order that whoever -makes a garden on arable land, its produce is exempted. I trust that -God (to whom be glory!) will always incline this suppliant towards -what is good. - - - "When my purpose is good, do Thou grant me good." [135] - - -On Saturday, for the second time, my desire for the company of Jadrup -increased. After performing the midday devotions, I embarked in a boat -and hastened to meet him, and at the close of day I ran and enjoyed his -society in the retirement of his cell. I heard many sublime words of -religious duties and knowledge of divine things. Without immoderate -praise, he sets forth clearly the doctrines of wholesome Sufism, -and one can find delight in his society. He is sixty years old. He -was twenty-two years of age, when, forsaking all external attachments, -he placed the foot of determination on the highroad of asceticism, and -for thirty-eight years he had lived in the garment of nakedness. When -I took leave he said: "In what language can I return thanks for this -gift of Allah that I am engaged in the reign of such a just King in the -worship of my own Deity in ease and contentment, and that the dust of -discomposure from any accident settles not on the skirt of my purpose?" - -On Sunday, the 3rd, marching from Kaliyadaha, I encamped at the village -of Qasimkhera. I employed myself on the road in hawking. By chance a -crane rose, and the tuyghun falcon, of which I am very fond, was let -fly after it. The crane sought to escape, and the falcon soared and -flew so high as to disappear from sight. Although the huntsmen and -the head-beaters ran after it in all directions, they found no trace -of it, and it was impossible for the falcon to be caught in such a -desert. Lashkar Mir Kashmiri, who is the head of the Kashmir huntsmen, -in whose charge the falcon was, ran in a bewildered state through the -desert in all directions without finding a sign or trace. Suddenly he -saw a tree in the distance, and when he went up to it he found the -falcon sitting on the end of a branch. Showing a domestic fowl, he -called to the falcon. Three gharis more had not passed when he brought -it to me. This gift from the hidden world, that had entered into the -thoughts of no one, increased the joy of my mind. Increasing his mansab -as a reward for this service, I gave him a horse and a dress of honour. - -On Monday, the 4th, Tuesday, the 5th, Wednesday, the 6th, I marched -continuously, and, halting on Thursday, the 7th, I arranged a feast -of pleasure on the bank of a tank. Nur-Jahan Begam had been ill for -some time, and the physicians who had the good fortune to be chosen -to attend on her, Musulmans and Hindus, perceived no gain from all -the medicines they gave her, and confessed their helplessness in -treating her. At this time Hakim Ruhu-llah began to wait upon her, -and undertook (to find) a remedy. By the aid of God (Glory be to -His name!), in a short time she quite recovered. In reward for this -excellent service I increased his mansab and bestowed on the Hakim -three villages in his native country as his private property, and -an order was given that he should be weighed against silver, which -should be given him as a reward. From Friday, the 8th, until Sunday, -[136] the 13th, I made successive marches, and every day up to the -end of the stage employed myself in hunting with hawks and falcons -(baz u jurra). Many durraj (partridges) were caught. On last Sunday, -Kunwar Karan, s. Rana Amar Singh, having enjoyed the good fortune of -kissing the ground, presented his congratulations on the conquest of -the Deccan, offering 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000 by way of nazr, and -the value of Rs. 21,000 in jewelled vessels, with some horses and -elephants as pishkash. The horses and elephants I returned to him, -and the rest was accepted. The next day I presented him with a dress -of honour. To Mir Sharif, Vakil of Qutbu-l-mulk, and to Iradat K., -the chief butler, an elephant each was given. Sayyid Hizabr K. was -given the faujdari of Mewat, and his mansab, original and increased, -was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Having selected Sayyid -Mubarak for the charge of the fort of Rohtas, I conferred on him the -mansab of 500 personal and 200 horse. On Thursday, the 14th, the camp -was pitched on the bank of the tank of the village of Sandhara, and -the feast of cups was held, and chosen servants were made happy with -cups of pleasure. The birds of chase, "that had been shut up in Agra to -moult" (ba-kuriz basta budand), were this day brought to me by Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Latif, the Chief Fowler. Picking out those that were fit for -my own use, the rest were given to the Amirs and other servants. - -On this day the news of the revolt and ingratitude for favours -of Raja Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, came to my ear. Baso had several -[137] sons. Although the above-mentioned was the eldest, his father -mostly kept him in confinement on account of his evil thoughts and -mischievous tendencies, and regarded him with displeasure. After his -(Baso's) death, as this wretch was the eldest, and he had no other -capable or intelligent son, I, looking to the services rendered by -Raja Baso, for the purpose of preserving the family of a Zamindar, -and the protection of his hereditary property and country, conferred -on this wretch the title of Raja, with a mansab of 2,000, and gave him -the position and jagir of his father, which the latter had obtained -by his loyalty and good service. I also gave him the sums of money -and goods that his father had collected during long years. When the -deceased Murtaza K. was sent off on the duty of conquering Kangra, as -this wretch was the chief Zamindar of that hill country, he outwardly -displayed zeal in the service and loyalty, and was nominated as an -auxiliary. After he reached the spot, Murtaza K. pressed the siege -tightly against the garrison. This evil-minded fellow discovered -from the appearance of things that he would soon be victorious, -and began to disagree and be troublesome. He took off the veil of -respect from his face, and proceeded to quarrel and be hostile to -Murtaza K.'s men. Murtaza K. read the writing of misery and ruin on -the page of the wretch's forehead, and reported unfavourably of him -to the Court, or rather wrote plainly that the signs of rebellion -and want of loyalty were clear in his conduct. As there was there -such an officer as Murtaza K. and a large army in the hill-country, -the wretch did not find the time convenient for the preparation of -a disturbance. He sent a report to my son Shah-Jahan that Murtaza -K., at the instigation of interested parties, had turned against -him, and desired to overthrow and ruin him, and was accusing him of -wrong-doing and rebellion. He hoped that he would summon him to Court, -and thus provide a means for his escape and (the prolonging of) -his life. Although I had every confidence in the words of Murtaza -K., yet as he (Suraj Mal) begged to be sent for to Court, a doubt -passed into my mind that possibly Murtaza K., at the instigation of -seditious people, might cause a confusion, and might have accused him -without due reflection. Briefly, at the request of my son Shah-Jahan, -passing over his offence, I summoned him (Suraj Mal) to Court. Just -at this time Murtaza K. died, and the conquest of the fort of Kangra -was delayed till the dispatch of another leader. When this seditious -fellow arrived at Court, I, under the pressure of affairs, rapidly -encompassed him with favours and sent him off to do duty with my son -Shah-Jahan in the conquest of the Deccan. After this, when the Deccan -had come into the possession of the servants of the enduring State, -he, having acquired influence in my son's service, was appointed to -superintend the taking of the fort of Kangra. Although the sending -back of this ungrateful and untruthful one into that hill-country -showed a want of caution and care, yet as my son had taken on himself -the responsibility of the undertaking, I was obliged to give in to -his wish and to leave the matter to him. My fortunate son appointed -him, along with one of his own servants of the name of Taqi and a -suitable army of mansabdars, ahadis, and royal musketeers, as has -already been related summarily in these pages. When he arrived at -the place, he began to show enmity and trickery toward Taqi also, -and displayed his natural disposition. He continually reported -unfavourably of him (Taqi), until he wrote plainly that he could -not get on with him, and that Taqi could not do the work. If another -general were appointed, the fort would be quickly conquered. In fine, -he (Shah-Jahan) had no choice but to summon Taqi to Court, and to -appoint Raja Bikramajit, who was one of his chief servants, with an -army of fresh men on this service. When the wretch discovered that his -stratagems could no longer continue, and his deceit go no farther, -he, before the arrival of Bikramajit, gave leave to a number of the -servants of the Court, on the pretence that they had been on service -a long time without proper arrangements (commissariat), to hasten to -their jagirs and provide themselves with their equipments before the -arrival of Raja Bikramajit. As palpably this came to a dispersion of -the forces of the loyal, and most of them left for their own jagirs, -only a few experienced men remained there. Seeing his opportunity, -he showed the signs of revolt and sedition. Sayyid Safi Barha, who -was distinguished for his bravery, with some of his brothers and -relatives, advanced the feet of courage, and tasted the wholesome -draught of martyrdom, and some who were wounded with severe wounds, -which are the adornment of the lions of battle, that rascal took -captive from the field of strife and carried off to his own house -of calamity. [138] Some from love [139] of life hastily withdrew -themselves to the corner of safety. That rascal stretched out the -hand of oppression and possession over the parganas on the skirts of -the hill-country (daman-i-kuh), which mostly belonged to the jagir of -I`timadu-d-daula, and did not abate a hair's breadth from attacking -and plundering. It is hoped that with the same swiftness, he will be -caught with the reward of his deeds and the recompense of his actions, -and that the spirit [140] of this State will do its work, please God! - -On Sunday, the 17th, I crossed Ghati Chanda. On Monday, the 18th, -the Jan-sipar Ataliq Khan-khanan, Commander-in-Chief, had the honour -of kissing the threshold. As he had been absent from my presence for a -long time, and the victorious retinue was passing by near the Sarkars -of Khandesh and Burhanpur, he asked to wait upon me, and an order was -given that if his mind were at ease in all respects, he should come -unattended and return quickly. He accordingly came with all speed, -and had the good fortune to pay his respects on this day, and, having -been exalted by the receipt of all kinds of royal favours and kingly -benefits, he presented an offering of 1,000 muhars and Rs. 1,000. - -As the camp had undergone great hardship in crossing the Ghati, -I ordered a halt for the refreshment of the people on Tuesday, the -19th. I marched on Wednesday, the 20th, and on Thursday, the 21st, -halted again and held a feast of cups on the bank of a river that is -known as the Sind. [141] I gave a special horse, of the name of Sumer, -which was one of the finest horses, to the Khan-khanan. In the Hindi -language they call a hill of gold Sumer (Sumeru), and he was called -by this name on account of his colour and size. On Friday, the 22nd, -and Saturday, the 23rd, two successive marches were made. On this day -a wonderful waterfall was seen. The water is exceedingly clear, and -pours down with boiling and noise from a lofty place. On all sides -of it there are halting places where one may praise God. Certainly -I have not recently seen such another fine waterfall, and it is a -delightful recreation-place. I was delighted with the spectacle for -a while. On Sunday, the 24th, I halted, and, sitting in a boat on a -tank which was in front of the royal enclosure (daulat-khana), were -shot [142] ducks (murghabi). On Monday, the 25th, Tuesday, the 26th, -and Wednesday, the 27th, I marched one after the other. I bestowed on -the Khan-khanan the pustin (sheep-skin coat) I had on my own person, -and seven horses from my stable, on which I always rode, were also -given him. On Sunday, the 2nd of the Ilahi month of Dai, the royal -standards were raised at the fort of Ranthambur. This is one of the -great forts of the Indians. In the time of Sultan `Ala'u-d-din Khalji, -Ray Pitambar Deo was in possession of it. The Sultan besieged it for -a long time, and conquered it with labour and great exertions, and -in the beginning [143] of the reign of H.M. (Akbar)--may the light of -God be his witness!--Ray Surjan Hada had it in his possession. He had -always 6,000 or 7,000 horse in attendance on him. That revered one, -by the aid of the glorious God, conquered it in the space of one -month and twelve days, and Ray Surjan, by the guidance of fortune, -having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, was enrolled -among the number of the loyal, and became one of his respectable and -trusted Amirs. After him his son Ray Bhoj also was included among -the great Amirs. Now his grandson, Sar-buland Ray, is among the chief -officers. On Monday, [144] the 3rd, I went to inspect the fort. There -are two hills close to each other. They call one Ran, and the other -Thanbur. The fort is built on the top of Thanbur, and, putting these -two names together, they have called it Ranthambur. Although the -fort is exceedingly strong, and has plenty of water, the hill of -Ran is a specially strong fortress (in itself), and the capture of -the fortress depends upon the possession of this hill. Accordingly, -my revered father ordered that they should plant cannon on the top of -the hill of Ran, and aim at (majra girand) the buildings inside the -fort. The first gun they fired reached the square building (chaukandi) -[145] of the palace of Ray Surjan. From the fall of that building, -a trembling found its way into the foundations of his courage, and a -great perplexity overpowered his heart, and thinking he would best -consult his own safety in delivering up the fort, he rubbed the -head of worship and humility on the throne of the king of kings, -who forgave faults and accepted excuses. - -I had intended to pass the night in the fort, and the next day to -return to camp. As the buildings inside the fort had been built after -the fashion of the Hindus, and the rooms were without air and with -little space, they did not please me, nor was I disposed to stay -there. I saw a bath house, which one of the servants of Dastam [146] -Khan had built near the wall of the fort. A little garden and a lodging -(nishiman) which overlooks (mushrif) the open space is not wanting in -space and air, and there is no better place in the whole fort. [147] -Dastam K. was one of the Amirs of the late King (Akbar), and from his -early years had been brought up in his service. His connection with -him was confidential and intimate. H.M. had entrusted this fort to -him from his exceeding confidence in him. - -After completing my inspection of the fort and houses, I ordered that -they should bring before me the criminals who were confined in the -fort, so that I might look into the case of each of them and give -an order in accordance with justice. In brief, with the exception of -affairs of murder, and of any person through whose release disturbance -or calamity might ensue in the country, I freed them all, and to -each one in accordance with his circumstances gave his expenses and -dresses [148] of honour. On the eve of Tuesday, the 4th, I returned -to the royal abode after a watch and three gharis had passed. On -Sunday (properly Wednesday), the 5th, having marched nearly 5 koss, -I halted on Thursday, the 6th. On this day the Khan-khanan presented -his offering of jewels, ornamented vessels, cloth, and an elephant. Of -these I chose whatever pleased me, and returned the rest. What was -accepted of his offering was of the value of Rs. 150,000. On Friday, -the 7th, I marched 5 koss. I had before this captured a saras with a -falcon, but until now I had never seen the hunting of a durna [149] -(crane). As my son Shah-Jahan had great pleasure in durna hunting -with the falcon (shahin), and his falcons were well grown, at his -request I rode out early in the morning, and caught one durna myself, -whilst the falcon my son had on his wrist caught another. Certainly, -of all good hunting amusements, this is the best. I was exceedingly -pleased with it. Although the saras is large, it is lazy and heavy on -the wing. The chase of the durna has no resemblance to it. I praise -the heart and courage of the falcon that can seize such strong-bodied -animals, and with the strength of his talons can subdue them. Hasan K., -the chief huntsman of my son, was honoured with an elephant, a horse, -and a dress of honour, as a reward for this exhibition of sport, and -his son also received a horse and a dress of honour. On Saturday, the -8th, having marched 4 1/4 koss, I halted on Sunday, the 9th. On this -day the Khan-khanan, the Commander-in-Chief, having raised the head -of dignity through the gift of a special dress of honour, a jewelled -waist-sword, and a private elephant with trappings, was reappointed -to Khandesh and the Deccan. The mansab of that pillar of the kingdom, -original and increase, was fixed at 7,000 personal and horse. As -he did not get on with Lashkar K., at his request I assigned to -`Abid K. the duty of Diwan-i-buyutat, [150] and having given him -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse, as well as a horse, -an elephant, and a dress of honour, sent him to that Subah. On the -same day Khan Dauran arrived from Kabul, and had the good fortune to -pay his respects, and presented as nazr 1,000 muhars and Rs. 1,000, -as well as an offering of a pearl rosary, fifty horses, ten Persian -male and female camels, and some hawks, and china, [151] and porcelain -(?), and other things. On Monday, the 10th, I marched 3 1/4 koss, and -on Tuesday, the 11th, 5 3/4 koss. On this day the Khan Dauran arranged -his men before me, and passed in review a thousand Mughal cavalry, -most of whom had Turki horses, and some `Iraq and some Mujannas [152] -horses. Though his troopers had been mostly dispersed, some going -into the service of Mahabat K. and remaining in that Subah, whilst -a number left him at Lahore and went into different parts of the -dominion, yet he could show this body of well-mounted men. Certainly -the Khan Dauran for valour and generalship is one of the unique -of the ages, but alas! I found he had become a decrepit old man, -and his sight was very weak. He has two intelligent young sons, who -are not wanting in reasonableness, but it will certainly be a great -and difficult thing for them to show themselves his equals. On this -day I gave him and his sons dresses of honour and swords. On Sunday, -the 12th, traversing 3 1/2 koss, I alighted on the bank of the tank -of Mandu. [153] In the middle of the tank there is a stone building, -and on one of the pillars the quatrain of someone had been engraved. I -saw it, and was amazed. In truth, it is a fine verse: - - - "My congenial friends have left me: - One by one they've fallen into the hands of death. - They were poor drinkers at the banquet of life. - A moment sooner than us they became drunken." [154] - - -At this time I also heard another quatrain of the same description, -which I have recorded because it was very well said: - - - "Alas! that people of intelligence and wisdom have passed away. - They have been forgotten in the minds of their contemporaries. - Those who spoke with a hundred tongues - Ah! what heard they that they became silent." - - -On Thursday, the 13th, I made a halt. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., having come -from Bangash, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Ikram K., -who was in charge of the faujdari of Fathpur and the neighbourhood, -was honoured with waiting on me. Khwaja Ibrahim K., Bakhshi of the -Deccan, was exalted with the title of `Aqidat K. Mir Hajj, who is -one of the auxiliaries attached to that Subah, and one of the brave -young officers, was promoted to the title of Sharza (tiger-whelp) -K., and received a standard. On Friday, the 14th, I marched 5 1/4 -koss. On Saturday, the 15th, having marched 3 koss, I halted in the -neighbourhood of Bayana. [155] There I hastened with the ladies to see -the spectacle of the top of the fort. Muhammad, the Bakhshi of Humayun, -who was entrusted with the charge of the fort, had built a fine house -overlooking the plain, of great height and with fine air. The tomb -of Shaikh Bahlul is also in that neighbourhood, and is not wanting -in excellence. The Shaikh was the elder brother of Shaikh Muhammad -Ghaus, and was much versed in the science of incantations by names -(of God). Humayun had great affection for him, and the most perfect -reliance on him. When he conquered the province of Bengal, he took -up his abode there for some time. Mirza Hindal, by his order, had -remained [156] at Agra. A body of avaricious servants (qulluq-chiyan), -whose character was mischievous and seditious, taking to the way of -faithlessness, came from Bengal to the Mirza, and, working upon his -base nature (shaking the chain of his vile heart), led the Mirza on -the road of rebellion and ingratitude for favours, and of irrecognition -of duty. The thoughtless Mirza had the khutba recited in his own name -(proclaimed himself king), and openly raised the standard of rebellion -and strife. When the royal ear heard what had taken place from the -reports of those who were loyal, he sent Shaikh Bahlul to admonish the -Mirza, and to turn him back from his vain purpose, and to establish -his feet on the highroad of sincerity and concord. As these wretches -had made the flavour of royalty sweet to the Mirza's palate, he became -imbued with futile ideas, and would not be loyal. At the instigation of -these seditious people he made Shaikh Bahlul a martyr with the sword of -recklessness at the Charbagh (garden) which H.M. Babar had made on the -bank of the Jumna. As Muhammad Bakhshi was a disciple of the Shaikh, -he carried the body into the fort of Bayana, and buried it there. - -On Sunday, the 16th, marching 4 1/2 koss, I came to the stage of -Barah. [157] As the garden and well which had been built by the order -of Maryam-zamani (Jahangir's mother) in the pargana of Jusat was on -the road, I went to inspect them. Certainly the ba'oli (step-well) was -a grand building, and had been built exceedingly well. I ascertained -from the officials that a sum of Rs. 20,000 had been expended on this -well. As there was much game in this neighbourhood, I halted on Monday, -the 17th. - -On Tuesday, the 18th, marching 3 1/8 koss, the host of prosperity -halted at the village of Dayarm'a'u. [158] On Wednesday, the 19th, -marching 2 1/2 koss, the victorious standards were raised on the bank -of the Lake of Fathpur. As at the time when the conquest of the Deccan -was meditated, the stages and distances from Ranthambur to Ujain were -recorded, it appears unnecessary to repeat them. From Ranthambur [159] -to Fathpur by the road by which I came was a distance of 234 koss, -in sixty-three marches and fifty-six halts, traversed in 119 days, -or, according to solar reckoning, in one day under four months, -and by lunar four full months. From the date on which the army of -fortune started from the capital for the conquest of the Rana and the -acquisition of the Deccan until now, when the victorious and prosperous -standards have been planted again in the centre of the empire, it is -five years and four months. The astrologers and astronomers chose the -day of Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 28th of the Divine month of Dai, -in my thirteenth year, corresponding with the last day of the Muharram -in the Hijri year 1028 (January 7, 1619), as the proper time at which -to enter the capital of Agra. - -At this time, again, it appeared from the reports of the loyal that -the disease of the plague was prevalent in Agra, so that daily about -100 people, more or less, were dying of it. Under the armpits, or in -the groin, or below the throat, buboes formed, and they died. This is -the third year that it has raged in the cold weather, and disappeared -in the commencement of the hot season. It is a strange thing that -in these three years the infection has spread to all the towns and -villages in the neighbourhood of Agra, while there has been no trace -of it at Fathpur. It has come as far as Amanabad, which is 2 1/2 koss -from Fathpur, and the people of that place (Amanabad) have forsaken -their homes and gone to other villages. There being no choice, and -considering the observance of caution necessary, it was decided that -at this propitious [160] hour the victorious army should enter the -inhabited part of Fathpur in all joy and auspiciousness, and after -the sickness and scarcity had subsided and another auspicious hour -had been chosen, I should enter the capital, please the Almighty and -most holy Allah! - -The Thursday entertainment took place on the bank of the Lake of -Fathpur. As the time for entering the town (of Fathpur) was fixed for -the 28th, I halted eight days in this place. I ordered them to measure -the circumference of the lake, [161] and it came to 7 koss. At this -stage, with the exception of the revered Maryam-zamani, who had become -very weak, all the Begams and inhabitants of the enclosure of chastity -and all the palace employes came out to meet me (istiqbal). The -daughter [162] of Asaf K., deceased, who is in the house of `Abdu-llah -K. (i.e., is married to `Abdu-llah), s. Khan A`zam, told me a strange -and wonderful tale, and strongly insisted upon its truth. I write it -on account of its strangeness. She said: "One day in the courtyard of -the house I saw a mouse rising and falling in a distracted state. It -was running about in every direction after the manner of drunkards, -and did not know where to go. I said to one of my girls: 'Take it by -the tail and throw it to the cat!' The cat was delighted, and jumped up -from its place and seized it in its mouth, but immediately dropped it -and showed disgust. By degrees an expression of pain and trouble showed -itself in its face. The next day it was nearly dead, when it entered -into my mind to give it a little treacle [163] (tiryaq, opium?). When -its mouth was opened, the palate and tongue appeared black. It passed -three days in a state of misery, and on the fourth day came to its -senses. After this the grain (dana) of the plague (buboes) appeared -in the girl, and from excess of temperature and increase of pain she -had no rest. Her colour became changed--it was yellow inclining to -black--and the fever was high (tap muhriq gardid). The next day she -vomited [164] and had motions, and died. Seven or eight people in that -household died in the same way, and so many were ill that I went to -the garden from that lodging. Those who were ill died in the garden, -but in that place there were no buboes. In brief, in the space of -eight or nine days seventeen people became travellers on the road of -annihilation." She also said: "Those in whom the buboes appeared, if -they called another person for water to drink or wash in, the latter -also caught the infection (sirayat), and at last it came to such a -pass that through excessive apprehension no one would come near them." - -On Saturday, the 22nd, Khwaja Jahan, who had had the charge of Agra, -having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, presented 500 muhars -by way of nazr, and Rs. 400 [165] as charity. On Monday, the 24th, a -special dress of honour was conferred on him. On Mubarak-shamba [166] -(Thursday), the 28th (? 27th), after four ghari [167] or nearly two -sidereal hours (sa`at), had passed, - - - "In an hour which agreed with two almanacs (?) (or which marked - two events)," - - -the royal standards auspiciously and happily entered the inhabited -part of Fathpur. At the same hour the entertainment (of weighing) -for my prosperous and noble son, Shah-Jahan, was held. I ordered him -to be weighed against gold and other things, and his twenty-eighth -year according to the solar [168] months began auspiciously. It -is hoped that he may reach the natural [169] limit of life. On the -same day H.M. the revered Maryam-zamani (his mother) came from Agra, -and I acquired eternal good fortune from the blessing of waiting on -her. I hope that the shadow of her bringing up and affection may be -perennial on the head of this suppliant. As Ikram K., s. Islam K., -had performed the duties of faujdar of this neighbourhood in a proper -manner, I bestowed on him the mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse, -original and increased. Suhrab [170] K., s. Mirza Rustam Safavi, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 horse. - -On this day, going over in detail the buildings of the palace of the -late King (Akbar), I showed them to my son, Shah-Jahan. Inside of them -a large and very clear reservoir of cut stone has been constructed, -and is called the Kapur-talao (camphor tank). It is a square of 36 -yards by 36, [171] with a depth of 4 1/2 yards. By the order of that -revered one, the officials of the public treasury had filled it with -fulus (copper coins) and rupees. It came to 34 krors, and 48 lakhs, -and 46,000 dams, and 1,679,400 rupees, or a total of 10,300,000 (one -kror and three lakhs) according to Hindustani reckoning, and 343,000 -tuman according to Persian. For a long time the thirsty-lipped ones -of the desert of desire were satisfied from that fountain of benignity. - -On Sunday, the 1st Bahman, a reward of 1,000 darb (Rs. 500) was given -to Hafiz Nad `Ali, [172] the reciter. For a long time past Muhibb -`Ali, s. Budagh [173] K. Chikani, and Abu-l-Qasim Gilani, whom the -Ruler of Iran had blinded and driven into the desert of exile, have -passed their days in ease under the refuge of this State. To each of -them, according to his condition, an allowance for living had been -granted. On this day they came from Agra, and had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold, and each of them was presented with Rs. 1,000. The -Mubarak-shamba entertainment was held in state in the palace, and my -private servants were gladdened with cups of pleasure. Nasru-llah, whom -my son, Sultan Parwiz, had sent to Court with the elephant Kuh-daman, -[174] took his leave and returned. A copy (jild) of the Jahangir-nama, -together with a special tipchaq horse, were given to him to take to -my son. On Sunday, the 8th, Kunwar Karan, son of Rana Amar Singh, was -presented with a horse, an elephant, a dress of honour, a jewelled -khapwa, and a phul-katara. I gave him leave to go to his jagir, -and sent a horse with him for the Rana. On the same day I went out -sporting to Amanabad. As there was an order that no one should kill -the antelope of that region, in the course of six years many antelope -had come together, and they had grown very tame. On Thursday, the -12th, I returned to the palace, and on that day, according to custom, -a feast of cups was prepared. - -On the eve of Friday, the 13th (Bahman), I went to the mausoleum of -the refuge of pardon, Shaikh Salim Chishti, a little concerning whose -blessed qualities has been written in the preface [175] to this record -of prosperity, and the fatiha was recited. Although the manifestation -of miracles and wonders is not approved by the elect of the throne -of God, and from humility and a feeling of their low rank (as saints) -they avoid such display, yet occasionally in the excitement of ecstasy -an appearance is manifested unintentionally and without control, [176] -or for the sake of teaching someone the exhibition is made. Among these -was this, that he before my birth gave my father the good news of the -advent of this suppliant and of my two brothers. Again, one day my -father incidentally asked him how old he was, and when would he depart -to the abiding regions. He replied: "The glorious God knows what is -secret and hidden." After much urgency he indicated this suppliant -(Prince Salim), and said: "When the Prince, by the instruction of -a teacher or in any other way, shall commit something to memory -and shall recite it, this will be a sign of my union with God." In -consequence of this, His Majesty gave strict orders to all who were -in attendance on me that no one should teach me anything in prose -or verse. At length when two years and seven months had passed away, -it happened one day that one of the privileged [177] women was in the -palace. She used to burn rue constantly in order to avert the evil eye, -and on this pretext had access to me. She used to partake of the alms -and charities. She found me alone and regardless of (or ignorant of) -what had been said (by Akbar), she taught me this couplet: - - - "O God, open the rosebud of hope - Display a flower from the everlasting garden." [178] - - -I went to the Shaikh and repeated this couplet. He involuntarily -rose up and hastened to wait on the King, and informed him of what -had occurred. In accordance with Fate, the same night the traces -of fever appeared, and the next day he sent someone to the King -(with the request) to call Tan Sen Kalawant, who was unequalled as a -singer. Tan Sen, having gone to wait upon him, began to sing. After -this he sent some one to call the King. When H.M. came, he said: -"The promised time of union has come, and I must take leave of -you." Taking his turban from his head, he placed it on mine, and said: -"We have made Sultan Salim our successor, and have made him over to -God, the protector and preserver." Gradually his weakness increased, -and the signs of passing [179] away became more evident, till he -attained union with the "True Beloved." - -One of the greatest monuments of my father's reign is this mosque -and cemetery (rauza). Certainly they are exceedingly lofty and solid -buildings. There is nothing like this mosque in any other country. It -is all built of beautiful stone, and five lakhs of rupees were -expended from the public treasury upon it. Qutbu-d-din K. Kokaltash -made the marble railing (mahjar) round [180] the cemetery, the flooring -(farsh) of the dome and portico, and these are not included in the five -lakhs. The mosque has two great gateways. The one [181] towards the -south is extremely lofty, and is very beautiful. The archway (pishtaq) -is 12 yards broad, 16 long, and 52 high. One must mount thirty-two -steps to get to the top of it. The other gateway is smaller, and is -towards the east. The length of the mosque from east to west, including -the width of the walls, is 212 yards. Out of this, the Maqsura (the -chancel) is 25 1/2 yards, the middle is 15 yards by 15, the portico -(pishtaq) is 7 yards broad, 14 yards long, and 25 yards high. On each -side of the large dome are two smaller domes 10 yards by 10. Then -there is a veranda (aiwan) which is pillared. The breadth of the mosque -from north to south is 172 yards. Round it are ninety verandas (aiwan) -and eighty-four cells. The breadth of each cell is 4 yards, [182] and -the length 5 yards. The verandas are 7 1/2 yards broad. The courtyard -(sahn) of the mosque, exclusive of the maqsura, and the verandas, and -the gates, is 169 yards long and 143 yards broad. Above the verandas, -the gates, and the mosque, small domes have been constructed, and on -the eves of anniversaries and on holy days lamps are placed in these, -and they are enveloped in coloured [183] cloths, so that they look -like lamp-shades (?). Under the courtyard they have made a well, and -they fill this with rainwater. As Fathpur has little water, and what -there is is bad, this well [184] yields a sufficient supply for the -whole year for the members of the family (of Salim Chishti) and for -the dervishes who are the mujawirs (caretakers) of the mosque. Opposite -the great entrance and towards the north-north-east is the tomb of the -Shaikh. The middle dome is 7 yards, and round the dome is a portico -of marble, and on the front side of this is a marble lattice. It is -very beautiful. Opposite this tomb on the west, at a little distance, -is another dome, in which are laid to rest the sons-in-law and sons -of the Shaikh, such as Qutbu-d-din K., Islam K., Mu`azzam K., [185] -and others, who were all connected with this family, and rose to the -position of Amirs and to lofty rank. Accordingly, the circumstances -of each have been recorded in their places. At present the son of -Islam K., who is distinguished by the title of Ikram K., is the lord -of the prayer-carpet. The signs of auspiciousness are manifest in him; -I am much inclined to cherish him. - -On Thursday, the 19th, I promoted `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and nominated him to the duty of taking -the fort of Kangra, and the overthrow of the ungrateful Suraj Mal. I -bestowed on him an elephant, a horse, and a dress of honour. Tursun -Bahadur was also dispatched on this duty, and his mansab was fixed -at 1,200 personal and 450 horse. He was given a horse, and took his -leave. As the house of I`timadu-d-daula was on the bank of a tank, -and people praised it greatly as a delightful place and enchanting -residence, at his request on Thursday, the 26th, an entertainment -was held there. That pillar of the kingdom engaged in the dues of -prostration and offerings, and prepared a grand meeting. At night, -after eating food, I returned to the palace. On Thursday, the 3rd -of the Divine month of Isfand-armuz, Sayyid `Abdu-l-Wahhab Barha, -who had done active service in Gujarat, was promoted to the mansab of -1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was honoured with the title of Dilir -K. On Saturday, the 12th, I went out to Amanabad for sport, and until -Sunday, with the ladies, employed myself in the pleasure of hunting. On -the eve of Thursday, the 27th [186] (17th), I returned to the palace. - -By chance, on Tuesday, during the hunting, a string of pearls and -rubies that Nur-Jahan Begam had on her neck was broken, and a ruby of -the value of Rs. 10,000 and a pearl worth Rs. 1,000 were lost. Although -the huntsmen made every search for it on Wednesday, it did not fall -into their hands. It occurred to me that as the name of the day was -Kam-shamba, it was impossible to find it on that day. On the contrary, -as Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) was always a lucky day for me, and had -been blessed to me, the huntsmen on that day with but a little search -found both in that track-less place (without head or foundation) -and brought them to me. The best of coincidences was that on the same -propitious day the entertainment for my lunar weighing and the feast -of Basant-bari (Spring festival) also took place, and the good news of -the conquest of the fort of Mau and the defeat of that evil-fortuned -Suraj Mal arrived. - -The particulars of this are that when Raja Bikramajit with the -victorious army arrived in that region, the ill-fated Suraj Mal -desired to delay him for some days by trickery and babblement, but the -aforesaid knew the real state of the case and did not pay attention to -his words, but advanced with the foot of valour. That abandoned one, -letting fall from his hand the thread of plan, neither planted the foot -of intrepidity firmly for battle nor had the courage to defend the -fort. After a slight struggle, and when many of his people had been -slaughtered, he took to flight, and the forts of Mau [187] and Mahri -(?), which were the chief reliance of that ill-fated man, were both -taken without difficulty. A country which he had held by hereditary -right from his fathers was trodden under foot by the victorious troops, -and he became a wanderer and a vagabond. He retired to the ravines -of the hills, and cast the dust of ruin and contempt on the head of -his Fortune. Raja Bikramajit, leaving his country behind, hastened -in pursuit of him with the victorious army. When the state of affairs -reached the royal ears, in reward for this becoming service I ordered -drums for the Raja, and a fateful farman was issued from the Sovereign -of Wrath that they should overthrow from their foundation the fort and -buildings that had been erected by Suraj Mal's father and himself, -and leave not a trace of them on the face of the earth. A strange -thing is that the unfortunate Suraj Mal had a brother called Jagat -Singh. When I promoted Suraj Mal to the title of Raja, and made him -an Amir, and gave him dominion, etc., without a partner or sharer, -I, in order to please him, gave a small mansab to Jagat Singh, who -did not get on well with him, and sent him to Bengal. This wretched -one was passing his days in a poor condition far from his home, -in contempt, and to the delight of his enemies, and waiting for -some hidden aid, until by his good fortune this affair took place, -and that unblessed one struck an axe on his own foot. Summoning Jagat -Singh in all haste to Court, I honoured him with the title of Raja and -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and bestowed 20,000 darbs -[188] on him out of the public treasury for his expenses. Giving him -a jewelled khapwa, a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant, I sent -him to Raja Bikramajit, and issued a farman that if the aforesaid, by -the guidance of a good destiny, should perform laudable service, and -display loyalty, that country should be given over into his hand. [189] - -As the praise of the garden of Nur-manzil and the buildings that -had been newly-erected there continually reached me, I on Monday -mounted my steed, and went to the stage of Bustan-saray, and passed -Tuesday in pleasure and at ease in that entrancing rose-garden. On -the eve of Wednesday the garden of Nur-manzil (the abode of light) -was adorned by the alighting of the hosts of prosperity. This garden -contains 330 jaribs (bighas), according to the Ilahi gaz. Around it -there has been built a wall, lofty and broad, of bricks and cement, -exceedingly strong. In the garden there is a lofty building and a -residence, highly decorated. Pleasant reservoirs have been constructed, -and outside the gate a large well has been made, from which thirty-two -pairs of bullocks continually draw water. The canal passes through the -garden, and pours water into the reservoirs. Besides this, there are -other wells, the water of which is distributed to the reservoirs and -plots. The beauty is increased by all kinds of fountains and cascades -and there is a tank in the exact middle of the garden which is filled -by rainwater. If by chance its water should fail in the extreme heat, -they supplement it by water from the wells, so that it may always -be full to the brim. Nearly Rs. 150,000 have been spent up to now -on this garden, and it is still unfinished, and large sums will be -expended in making avenues and laying down plants. It has also been -settled that the middle garden shall be newly walled [190] round, -and the channels for the coming and going of the water shall be made -so strong that it may always remain full of water and the water shall -not leak out in any way, and no damage accrue. It is possible that -before it is complete nearly Rs. 200,000 will have been spent on it. - -On Thursday, the 24th, Khwaja Jahan presented an offering of jewels, -jewelled vessels, cloths, an elephant, and a horse, of the value -of Rs. 150,000. Having made a selection from them, I gave him the -remainder. Until Saturday I passed my time in that garden of delight -in enjoyment. On the eve of Sunday, the 27th, I inclined the reins of -returning towards Fathpur, and an order was given that the great Amirs, -according to annual custom, should decorate the palace. On Monday, -the 28th, I found that something had gone wrong with my eye. As it -arose from too much blood, I ordered `Ali Akbar, the surgeon, to open -a vein. On the next day the benefit of this was apparent. I bestowed -Rs. 1,000 on him. On Tuesday, the 29th, Muqarrab K. came from his -native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and I -favoured him with many sorts of kindness. - - - - - - - - -THE FOURTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST FROM THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the morning of Thursday, the 4th of the month of Rabi`u-l-akhir, -Hijri 1028 (March 10, 1619), the world-enlightening sun entered his -house of honour in Aries, and the fourteenth year of the reign of this -suppliant commenced in all prosperity and happiness. On Thursday, -the 1st of the New Year, my prosperous son, Shah-Jahan, who is the -star of the forehead of accomplished desires, and the brilliancy of -the brow of prosperity, prepared a grand entertainment, and presented -me as offerings with a selection of the precious things of the age, -and rareties and curiosities of every country. One of these is a ruby, -weighing 22 surkhs, of good colour, and water, and shape. The jewellers -have valued it at Rs. 40,000. Another is a Qutbi [191] (?) ruby, -in weight 3 tanks, and very delicate, valued at Rs. 40,000. Further, -six pearls, one of them 1 tank and 8 surkhs in weight. The Vakils of -my son had bought it in Gujarat for Rs. 25,000, and the five others for -Rs. 33,000. Also one diamond, the price of which was Rs. 18,000. Also a -jewelled parda (sash), a sword-hilt made in his own goldsmith's shop; -most of the jewels he had himself set and cut. He had brought great -dexterity to bear on the design. Its value was fixed as Rs. 50,000. The -designs [192] were his own; no one else had up to this day thought of -them. Undoubtedly it was a fine piece of workmanship. There was also -a pair of drums made of gold for playing the mursal (overture?) with a -whole orchestra--viz., kuwarga, naqqara, karana, surna, etc.--whatever -was required for the naqqara-khana (music-hall) of great princes, -and all made of silver. At the auspicious hour at which I had seated -myself on the throne of success these were all sounded. The whole of -them came to a value of Rs. 65,000. Another was a seat for riding -an elephant, called by moderns a howdah (hauda), made of gold, -worth Rs. 30,000. Beside this there were two large elephants and -five elephant-trappings of the offerings of Qutbu-l-mulk, ruler -of Golconda. The first elephant was named Dad-i-Ilahi (the gift of -God). As it entered the private elephant-house on New Year's Day, -I gave it the name of Nur-i-Nauruz (the Light of New Year's Day). In -truth he is a grand elephant, and lacks nothing of size, beauty, -and dignity. As he looked well to my eye, I mounted him and rode him -into the courtyard of the palace. His value was fixed at Rs. 80,000, -and the value of six [193] others at Rs. 20,000. Its golden trappings, -consisting of golden chains, etc., my son had had made for the elephant -Nur-i-Nauruz, were worth Rs. 30,000. The second elephant, with silver -housings, was also presented, with Rs. 10,000 more in various choice -jewels. The kurkaraqs [194] of my son had also prepared and sent -delicate cloths from Gujarat. If all details were to be written, -it would take too long. Briefly, the whole of his offerings was of -the value of Rs. 450,000. It is hoped that he will eat the fruit of -long life and prosperity. - -On Friday, the 2nd, Shaja`at K. `Arab, and Nuru-d-din Quli, the kotwal, -laid their offerings before me. On Saturday, the 3rd, Darab K., son -of the Khan-khanan, and on Sunday, the 4th, Khan Jahan, prayed to -be allowed to entertain me. Out of the latter's offerings I accepted -one pearl, bought for Rs. 20,000, with other rareties, altogether of -the value of Rs. 130,000, and presented him with the rest. On Monday, -the 5th, Raja Kishan Das and Hakim K., on Tuesday, the 6th, Sardar K., -and on Wednesday, the 7th, Mustafa K. and Amanat K., presented their -offerings. From each of these I took a trifle in order to dignify -them. On Thursday, the 8th, I`timadu-d-daula, Madar-ul-mulk (the -pivot of the country), having prepared a royal entertainment, begged -to be allowed to receive me. In accepting this request his standing -was raised. In fact, in decorating the assembly and the largeness -of his offering, he had exceeded himself, and made many decorations, -and illuminated all sides of the lake as far as the eye could reach, -and decorated the streets both near and far with all kinds of lights -and coloured lanterns. Among the offerings of that Madar-us-saltana -there was a throne of gold and silver, much ornamented and decorated, -the supports of which were in the form of tigers. It had been completed -with great assiduity in the space of three years, and was made at the -cost of Rs. 450,000. This throne had been made by a skilful European -of the name of Hunarmand (skilful), who had no rival in the arts of a -goldsmith and a jeweller, and in all sorts of skill (hunarmandi). He -had made it very well, and I gave him this name. In addition to the -offerings he had brought for me, he offered the value of Rs. 100,000 -in jewelled ornaments and cloths to the Begams and other ladies of -the Palace. Without exaggeration, from the beginning of the reign -of the late king (may the light of Allah be his testimony!) until -now, which is the fourteenth year of the rule of this suppliant, -not one of the great Amirs has presented such offerings. In fact, -what comparison is there between him and others? - -On this day Ikram K., s. Islam K. was honoured with the mansab, -original and increased, of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and Anira'i -Singh-dalan with that of 2,000 personal and 1,600 horse, original -and increased. On Friday, the 9th, I`tibar K. presented his offering, -and on the same day Khan Dauran, having been presented with a horse -and an elephant, took leave to go to the government of Patna. [195] -His mansab, according to a previous rule, was fixed at 6,000 personal -and 5,000 horse. On Saturday, the 10th, Fazil K., on Sunday, the 11th, -Mir Miran, on Monday, the 12th, I`tiqad K. on Tuesday, the 13th, -Tatar K. and Anira'i Singh-dalan, and on Wednesday, the 14th, Mirza -Raja Bhao Singh, presented their offerings. Selecting from them what -was delicate and new, I gave the remainder to them. On Thursday, the -15th, Asaf Khan prepared a grand assembly and a royal entertainment in -his own house, which is a very fine and pleasant place, and begged to -be allowed to receive me. At his request, giving him the dignity of -acceptance, I went there with the ladies. That pillar of the kingdom -looked on this as a bounty from the secret Giver, and in the increase -of his offering and preparation of the entertainment displayed great -magnificence. Of jewels of great price and delicate gold brocades -and all sorts of gifts, that which was approved was selected, and -I presented him with the remainder. Among the offerings was a ruby -weighing 12 1/2 tanks, which was bought for Rs. 125,000. The value of -the offerings that were accepted was Rs. 167,000. On this day Khwaja -Jahan was raised to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 2,500 horse. - -Lashkar K., having come, by order, from the Deccan, had the honour of -waiting on me. As I had determined, after the rainy season had passed -and in the beginning of the good weather, to go to the perpetual -spring garden of Kashmir under the favour of Almighty God, it seemed -right to me that the guardianship and administration of the fort and -city of Agra and the faujdarship of the district, after the manner in -which they had been held by Khan Jahan, should be entrusted to Lashkar -K., and I honoured him with the good news. Amanat K. was entrusted -with the duty of superintendent of branding (of horses) and of -parading the troopers. [196] On Friday, the 16th, Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -Chief Bakhshi, on Saturday, the 17th, Sadiq K. Bakhshi, on Sunday, -the 18th, Iradat K., Chief Butler, and on Monday, the 19th, which -was the day of the sun's culmination, `Azudu-d-daula K., presented -offerings, and I accepted from each of them, by way of exalting their -dignity, what I approved. At this New Year the value of the accepted -offerings of the servants of the Court came to Rs. 2,000,000. On the -day of culmination I conferred on my auspicious son Sultan Parwiz -[197] the mansab of 20,000 personal and 10,000 horse, original and -increased. I`timadu-d-daula was promoted to that of 7,000 personal -and horse. I selected `Azudu-d-daula for the duty of tutor to the -pupil of the eye of the Sultanate, Shah Shuja`. I hope that he (the -latter) may endure for his natural term of life and may be one of the -prosperous ones. Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 1,500 personal -and 500 horse, and Baqir K. to that of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As -Mahabat K. had asked for reinforcements, I appointed 500 Ahadi horse -to Bangash, and presented `Izzat K., who had done approved service -in that province, with a horse and a jewelled khapwa. At this time -`Abdu-s-Sattar [198] presented as an offering a compendium in the -handwriting of the late king Humayun (may the lights of Allah be his -testimony!), containing some prayers, an introduction to the science of -astronomy, and other marvellous things, most of which he had studied -and carried into practice. After reverently inspecting his auspicious -handwriting, I felt a joy such as I had seldom experienced. I was -exceedingly rejoiced, for, by God, no precious thing I have can be -compared with this. In return I increased his mansab beyond what he -had imagined possible, and gave him a present of Rs. 1,000. Hunarmand, -the European who had made the jewelled throne, I presented with 3,000 -darb, a horse and an elephant. I gave Rs. 1,000 to Khwaja Khawand -Mahmud, who is a pilgrim of the Path of the Khwajas, and is not void -of dervishism and spirituality. Lashkar K. was promoted to the mansab -of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Ma`mur K. to that of 900 personal -and 450 horse, Khwajagi Tahir to that of 800 personal and 300 horse, -and Sayyid Ahmad Qadiri to that of 800 and 60 horse. On Raja Sarang -Deo was conferred the mansab of 700 personal and 30 horse, on Mir -Khalil-u-llah, s. `Azudu-d-daula, that of 600 personal and 250 horse, -on the eunuch Firuz K., that of 600 and 150 horse, on Khidmat Khan -that of 550 and 130 horse, on Mahram K. that of 500 and 120 horse, on -`Izzat K. that of 600 personal and 100 horse, on Ray Newali Das, the -accountant of the elephant department, that of 600 personal and 120 -horse, on Ray Mani Das, the superintendent of the Palace, that of 600 -personal and 100 horse, on Nathmal and Jagmal, sons of Kishan Singh, -that of 500 and 225 horse each. If the increase of mansab given to -those of less than 500 were to be written in full it would be too -long. Rs. 2,000 were given to Khizr K., who belonged [199] to Khandesh. - -On Wednesday, the 21st, I went to Amanabad for the purpose of -sport. Some days before this, in accordance with orders, Khwaja -Jahan, and Qiyam K., the head huntsman, had chosen a wide plain for a -qamargha hunt, and drawn an enclosure round it, and driven within it -many antelope from the neighbouring plains. As I had vowed that I would -hereafter not kill any living thing with my own hand, it occurred to me -to take them all alive, and place them within the Chaugan (polo-ground) -of Fathpur, so that I might both enjoy the pleasure of sport and -that at the same time no harm should happen to them. I accordingly -took 700 head and sent them to Fathpur. As the hour for entering the -capital was near, I ordered Ray Man, khidmatiyya, [200] to put up a -screen on two sides, like a lane, from the hunting-place to the plain -of Fathpur, and to drive the antelope there. About 800 antelope were -sent in this way, or altogether 1,500. On the night of Wednesday, -the 28th, marching from Amanabad, I halted in Bustan Saray, and on -the eve of Thursday, the 29th, I halted at the Nur-manzil garden. - -On Friday, the 30th, the mother [201] of Shah-Jahan attained the mercy -of God. The next day I myself went to the house of that precious son, -and having condoled with him in every way, took him with me to the -palace. On Sunday, the 1st Urdibihisht, at the auspicious hour chosen -by the astrologers and astronomers, I mounted a special elephant -of the name of Dilir, and in all prosperity and happiness entered -the city. A great crowd of people, men and women, had collected -together in the streets and bazaars, and at the gates and walls, -expecting me. According to custom, I went on, scattering money on -the way, to inside the palace. From the date on which the army of -prosperity started for this happily terminated journey until now, -when I returned in happiness and good fortune, it was five years, -seven months, and nine days. At this time I ordered my son Sultan -Parwiz that, as a long time had passed during which he had been -deprived of waiting on me personally, or had been fortunate enough to -pay his respects, if he were desirous of meeting me, he should come -to Court. On the arrival of the gracious farman, that son, considering -the manifestation of this favour a gift from the hidden world, turned -the face of his hope towards the sphere-resembling Court. At this time -I gave away, as a means of livelihood, to Faqirs and deserving people -44,786 bighas of land, and two entire villages, with 320 ass-loads -(kharwar, a weight) of grain from Kashmir, and seven ploughs [202] -of land in Kabul. I hope that the Grace of the Bestower of desires -and benevolence may be their daily lot. - -One of the occurrences of this time is the revolt of Allahdad, -son of Jalal, the Afghan. The details of this are that when Mahabat -K. obtained leave to go and take possession of Bangash and overthrow -the Afghans, from an idea that that wretch would do some service in -return for the favours and kindness I had conferred on him, he prayed -that he might take him with him. As the natural tendency of such -ungrateful men who do not recognize what is right, tends to enmity -and malevolence, by way of precaution it was decided to send his son -and brother to the Court that they might be as hostages. After the -arrival there of his son and brother, I, by way of comforting them, -did them all kinds of kindness, but, as they have said: - - - "The blanket of fortune of anyone that has been woven black - Cannot be whitened even by the waters of Zamzam and Kausar." - - -From the day on which he arrived in that country the signs of rascality -and want of recognition of the right began to be apparent on the -cheeks of his affairs, and Mahabat K., in order to control matters, -did not loose from his hand the rope of forbearance until, at this -time, he sent a force under the leadership of his son against a band -of Afghans, and sent Allahdad with him. When they reached the purposed -place, from the enmity and malevolence of the aforesaid, that attack -did not succeed, and they returned with their aim uncompleted. The -evil-dispositioned Allahdad, from a suspicion lest this time Mahabat -K. should abandon his method of conciliation, and ascertain the real -state of affairs, and that he should be caught in recompense for his -evil deeds, lifted up the veil of reverence, and betrayed involuntarily -the faithlessness to his salt, which he had till then concealed. When -I heard from Mahabat K.'s letter the true state of affairs, I ordered -them to imprison his son and brother in the fort of Gwalior. As it -had happened (Jalal Tariki), the father of this wretch had also fled -from the service of the late king, and for years passed his time in -thieving and highway robbery, until he was caught in the recompense -of his own evil deeds. It is hoped that this rascal will also soon -obtain the reward of his bad actions. - -On Thursday, the 5th, Man Singh, s. Rawat Shankar, who was one of the -auxiliaries of Bihar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 600 horse. I sent off `Aqil K. to look after the cavalry, [203] -and inquire into the corps of the mansabdars who had been appointed -for duty in Bangash, and gave him an elephant. I sent as a gift -to Mahabat K. a private dagger made after the Mazandaran fashion, -along with Dust Beg. The offering of Monday was given as a present -to Mahmud Ab-dar, who from the time when I was a prince and the days -of my childhood had served me. Miran (not Bizan, [204] as in the -printed book), son-in-law of Payanda K. Moghul, was promoted to the -mansab of 700 personal and 450 horse. Muhammad Husain, brother of -Khwaja Jahan, who was Bakhshi of Kangra, was promoted to the mansab -of 600 personal and 450 horse. On this day Tarbiyat K., who is one -of the hereditary houseborn ones of this Court, and had been enrolled -among the Amirs by reason [205] of his good disposition, died. He was -not devoid of sluggishness (na-muradi, literally want of desires) -and self-indulgence (salamat-i-nafs), and was a young man fond of -pleasure (`ayyash-tabi`at). He wished to pass his whole life at ease, -and was devoted to Hindu music and did not understand it badly. He -was a man void of evil. Raja Suraj Singh was raised to the mansab of -2,000 personal and horse. To Karamu-llah, s. `Ali Mardan K. Bahadur, -Baqir K., Faujdar of Multan, Malik Muhibb Afghan, and Maktub K. were -given elephants. Sayyid Bayazid Bhakkari, to whom was entrusted the -charge of the fort of Bhakkar and the faujdarship of that region, -was also honoured with an elephant. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K. was -distinguished with the gift of a jewelled dagger. I gave elephants -to Shaikh Ahmad Hansi, Shaikh `Abdu-l-Latif Sambhali, the eunuch -Firasat K., and Ray Kunwar Chand Mustaufi (auditor). Muhammad Shafi` -Bakhshi of the Panjab, was raised to the mansab of 500 personal and 300 -horse. The mansab of 500 personal and 150 horse was conferred on Munis, -s. Mihtar [206] K. He (Munis) had charge of the fort of Kalinjar. - -On this day arrived the news of the death of Shah-nawaz K. s. the -Commander-in-Chief Khan Khanan. It was the cause of distress of -mind to me. At the time when that Ataliq (Khan Khanan) took leave -from waiting on me, it had been strictly impressed upon him that, -as it had been repeatedly brought to my ear that Shah-nawaz K. had -been maddened with wine and drank immoderately, if there was truth -in this it was a pity that he should destroy himself at his age. It -was necessary that he should not leave him to his own way, but look -after his case properly. If he could not leave his charge himself, -he should write a clear report, so that, having summoned him into -my presence, I might give the best order practicable under the -circumstances. When he arrived at Burhanpur, having found Shah-nawaz -Khan very weak and low, he tried to make some remedy for him. After -some days' confinement to bed (literally, lord of the carpet) he -fell on the couch of powerlessness. Whatever remedies and plans the -physicians employed were of no avail, and in the best time of his -youth and prosperity, in the thirty-third year of his age, to the -sorrow and grief of the world, he went to the place of the mercy and -pardon of God. On hearing this unpleasant news I was greatly grieved, -for in truth he was an intelligent youth and born in the house. He -would have performed important services in this State, and left great -traces behind him. Although this road is before all and there is no -escape for anyone out of the command of destiny, yet it appears sad -to depart in this fashion. It is hoped he will be among those who are -pardoned. I sent Raja Sarang Deo, who was one of my close attendants -and is a tactful person, to the Ataliq, and favoured and consoled him -in every way. The mansab of 5,000 held by Shah-nawaz I added on to -those of his brothers and sons. To Darab, his younger brother, I gave -the mansab of 5,000 personal, original and increased, and presented -him with a dress of honour, an elephant, a horse, and a jewelled sword, -and gave him leave to go to his father to fill, in place of Shah-nawaz, -the post of governor of Berar and Ahmadnagar. Rahman-dad, another -brother, I promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 800 horse. Manuchahr, -s. Shah-nawaz, was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 -horse. Taghzal (Toghril?), s. Shah-nawaz [207] K. was promoted to the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, Qasim -K., son-in-law of I`timadu-d-daula, was honoured with the favour of a -standard. Asadu-llah, s. Sayyid Haji, who had come with the intention -of obtaining service, had the mansab bestowed on him of 500 personal -and 100 horse. Sadr Jahan, son-in-law of the deceased Murtaza K., -received that of 700 personal and 600 horse, and was appointed to the -faujdarship of Sambhal, and, having had an elephant bestowed on him, -I gave him leave. Bharat Bandila was also presented with the mansab -of 600 personal and 400 horse, and had an elephant given him, and an -elephant was bestowed on Sangram, the Raja of Jammu. - -In Ahmadabad I had two male markhur goats. As I had not a female in -my establishment to pair with them, it occurred to me that if I could -pair them with Barbary goats, which they bring from Arabia, especially -from the port of the city of Darkhar, [208] young of their form and -qualities might be obtained. In short, I paired them with seven Barbary -ewes, and after six months had elapsed each of the latter had a young -one at Fathpur: there were four females and three males, very pleasing -in appearance, of good shape and good colour. In their colour, those -(kids) which resembled the male (taka, not baka, as in the printed -copy) were dun-coloured with black stripes on their backs. Red, [209] -indeed, appears to me a more pleasing colour than any other, and it is -the mark of a better breed. Of their liveliness and laughable ways and -their manner of gamboling and leaping, what can be written? Some of -their ways are such that the mind derived uncontrolled pleasure from -looking at them. It is notorious that painters cannot draw properly -the motions of a kid. Granting that they may chance to draw the -movements of an ordinary kid after a fashion, they certainly would -have to acknowledge themselves at a loss how to draw the motions -of these kids. When one month, or even twenty days old, they would -leap up upon high places and throw themselves on to the ground in a -way that if any other but a kid were to do so, not one limb would be -left whole. As it pleased me, I ordered them always to be kept near -me, and I gave each of them an appropriate name. I am much delighted -with them, and pay great attention to bringing together markhur males -and well-bred she-goats. I desire to have many young ones from them, -and that they may become well known among men. After their young shall -have paired, most probably more delicate ones will be obtained. One of -their peculiarities is that ordinary kids immediately they are born, -and until they begin to suck, make a great bleating, whilst these, -on the contrary, make no sound, and stand quite contented and without -wailing. Perhaps their flesh would be very pleasant to the taste. - -Before this, an order had been given that Muqarrab K., having been -appointed to Bihar, should hasten off there. He came to Court in -order to pay his respects before he repaired to his destination, and -accordingly, on Thursday, the 2nd Khurdad, an elephant with trappings, -two horses, and a jewelled khapwa were conferred on him, and he took -leave. Rs. 50,000 were given him as an advance of pay. On the same day -Sardar Khan received a dress of honour, an elephant, and a horse, and -obtained the Sarkar of Monghyr, which is in the province of Bihar and -Bengal, and took leave. Mir Sharif, [210] the Vakil of Qutbu-l-mulk, -who was at Court, took leave. My fortunate son, Shah-Jahan, sent -with him the brother of Afzal K., his Diwan. As Qutbu-l-mulk had -shown attachment and desire to please, and repeatedly importuned me -for a portrait, I presented him, at his request, with my likeness, -a jewelled khapwa, and a phul katara. 24,000 darb, a jewelled dagger, -a horse, and a dress of honour were also given to the aforesaid Mir -Sharif. Fazil K., director of buildings, was advanced to the mansab -of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Hakim Ragho Nath to that of -600 personal and 60 horse. As at this time the anniversary of the -late king (Akbar) occurred, Rs. 5,000 were handed over to some of -my chief servants to divide among poor and deserving people. Hasan -`Ali K., jagirdar of the Sarkar of Monghyr, was honoured with the -mansab of 2,500 personal and horse, and sent to the assistance of -Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, governor of the province of Bengal, and he -was presented with a sword. As Mirza Sharafu-d-din Husain Kashghari -sacrificed his life on duty in Bangash, I promoted his son Ibrahim -Husain to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. At this time -Ibrahim K. constructed two boats, [211] which in the language of the -country they call Kosha, one of gold and the other of silver, and sent -them to me by way of offering. Undoubtedly, of their own kind they are -the finest. One of these I gave to my son Shah-Jahan. On Thursday, -the 9th, Sadat K. was granted the mansab of 1,000 personal and 60 -horse. On this day `Azudu-d-daula and Shaja`at K. `Arab took leave -for their jagirs. On this Thursday I presented Asaf K. with a jewelled -khapwa and a phul katara. As my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz proposed -to come to Court, he asked for a special nadiri dress of honour, a -chira, and a fota, so that he might wear them and be distinguished -on the day of meeting me and of having the good fortune to pay his -respects. According to his request, I sent by the hand of his Vakil, -Sharif, a sumptuous dress of honour with a chira and a special sash. On -Thursday, the 23rd, Mirza Wali, son of the aunt of this suppliant, -came by order from the Deccan, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. His father, Khwaja Hasan Khaldar (the freckled?), was one -of the Naqshbandi Khwajas. My uncle, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, gave his -sister in marriage to the Khwaja. I heard much praise of the Khwaja -from people: he had both good family and got on well with every one, -and for a long time the management of the affairs of my uncle Mirza -Muhammad Hakim had been in his hands, and he was on very good terms -with him. Before the Mirza's death he had himself delivered [212] -over the deposit of his life. Two sons survived him--viz., Mirza -Badi`u-z-zaman and Mirza Wali. M. Badi`u-z-zaman, after the death of -the Mirza, ran away, and went to Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxania), and in -that exile became a traveller on the road of non-existence. The Begam -and Mirza Wali came to the glorious Court, and H.M. (Akbar) behaved -very kindly to the Begam. The Mirza also is a steady and sedate young -man, not devoid of reasonableness and understanding. He is very skilled -in the science of music. At this time it occurred to me to marry the -daughter of the deceased Prince Daniyal to the Mirza, and my reason -for sending for the Mirza to Court was this. This girl (Bulaqi Begam) -is the offspring of the daughter of Qilij Muhammad K. It is hoped that -the grace of striving to please and to serve, which is the means of -good fortune and prosperity, may be his (M. Wali's) lot and fortune. - -On this day Sarbuland Ray, who had been sent on duty to the Deccan, -was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,500 horse. - -At this time it was reported to me that a Shayyad (a loud talker, -a cheat) of the name of Shaikh [213] Ahmad had spread the net -of hypocrisy and deceit in Sirhind, and caught in it many of the -apparent worshippers without spirituality, and had sent into every -city and country one of his disciples, whom he called his deputy -(khalifa), and whom he considered more skilled than others in the -adorning of shops (of deceit) and selling of religious knowledge, -and in deceiving men. He had also written a number of idle tales to -his disciples and his believers, and had made them into a book which -he called Maktubat (letters). In that album (Jung) of absurdities -many unprofitable things had been written that drag (people) into -infidelity and impiety. Amongst these he had written in a letter -as follows: "In the course of my travels I had come to the dwelling -of the Two Lights (the Sun and Moon), and saw a very lofty and very -splendid building. From there I passed to the abode of Discrimination -(Faruq), and from there I passed to the abode of Truth (Siddiq), and -to each I wrote a suitable explanation (or perhaps, of each I wrote -a suitable description). From there I reached the abode of Love, and -I beheld a brilliant dwelling. It had divers colours and lights and -reflected glories. That is to say (God forgive us!--an exclamation -of Jahangir's), I passed from the abode of the Vicegerents (khulafa) -and attained to the highest rank." There were other presumptuous -expressions which it would be too long to write, and would be contrary -to good manners. I accordingly gave an order that they should bring him -to the Court that is based on justice. According to order he came to -pay his respects. To all that I asked him he could give no reasonable -answer, and appeared to me to be extremely proud and self-satisfied, -with all his ignorance. I considered the best thing for him would -be that he should remain some time in the prison of correction until -the heat of his temperament and confusion of his brain were somewhat -quenched, and the excitement of the people also should subside. He -was accordingly handed over to Anira'i Singh-dalan to be imprisoned -in Gwalior fort. - -On Saturday, the 25th Khurdad, my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz came -from Allahabad, and with prostration at the threshold of the Khalifate -illuminated the forehead of sincerity. After he had performed the -ceremony of kissing the ground and been honoured with special favour, -I bade him sit. He presented 2,000 muhars and 2,000 rupees by way -of nazr, and made an offering of a diamond. As his elephants had -not yet arrived, he would produce them on another occasion. He had -brought with him to the Court, which is the asylum of the world, Raja -Kalyan, Zamindar of Ratanpur, against whom this my son had by order -sent an army, and had taken from him as an offering 80 elephants and -Rs. 100,000. My son brought him with him, and he had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold. Wazir K., my son's Diwan who is one of the old -servants of the Court, having had the good fortune to pay his respects -to me, presented as offerings 28 elephants, male and female. Of these -nine were accepted, and the rest bestowed on him. - -As it had been represented to me that Muruwwat K., s. Iftikhar K., -who was one born and bred up at this Court, had fought with a band of -Maghs on the borders of Bengal and had sacrificed his life, I promoted -Allah-yar, his brother, to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -and another brother to that of 400 personal and horse, so that those -he had left behind should not be distressed. On Monday, the 3rd of -the Divine month of Tir, in the neighbourhood of the city four black -bucks, a doe, and a fawn were taken. As I passed by the house of my -fortunate son, Sultan Parwiz, he presented two tusked elephants with -their trappings by way of offering; both were ordered to be placed -in the private elephant-stud. - -On Thursday, the 13th, Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador of my happy -brother, Shah `Abbas, ruler of Persia, having had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold, produced a letter, together with a crystal -drinking-cup, on the cover of which was a ruby. As it was given from -excessive friendship and sincerity it was the cause of the increase -of amity and good fellowship. On this day Fida'i K. was promoted -to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Nasru-llah, -s. Fathu-llah, in whose charge was the fort of Ambar, that of 1,500 -personal and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 20th, Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat -K., was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 horse. Having -conferred on Wazir K. the Diwanship of Bengal, I gave him a horse, -a dress of honour, and a jewelled dagger. Elephants were given to -Mir Husamu-d-din and Zabar-dast K. On this day Hafiz Hasan, a servant -of Khan `Alam, came to Court with a precious letter from my brother -Shah `Abbas, and a report from that pillar of the Sultanate (Khan -`Alam). He laid before me a dagger the hilt of which was made of a -fish's [214] tooth spotted with black, that my brother had given to -Khan `Alam. As it was a great rarity, he (Khan `Alam) had sent it to -me. I greatly approved of it; in fact, it is a rare present. I had -never seen a spotted one until now, and I was much pleased. - -On Thursday, the 27th, M. Wali was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. On the 24th, I gave 1,000 darbs -as a present to Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador, and an elephant to -`Abdu-llah K. Bahadur Firuz-jang. On Thursday, the 2nd of the Divine -month of Amurdad, a horse was presented to I`tibar K. `Aqil K. was -promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse. - -On the night of Saturday, the 4th of the Ilahi month of Amurdad, -corresponding with 15 Sha`ban, was the feast of the Shab-i-barat. By -order, they decorated and brought before me on the river, boats -with lamps and all kinds of fireworks. In truth, the lamps they -had arranged appeared very pretty, and for a long time I enjoyed -myself in going round and looking at them. On Tuesday, Miran, [215] -s. Nad `Ali Maidani, who was one of the well-brought-up khanazads, -was selected for the mansab of 700 personal and 500 horse, and -Khwaja Zainu-d-din for that of 700 personal and 300 horse, and -Khwaja Muhsin for that of 700 personal and 100 horse. On Thursday, -the 9th, I went to hunt at the village of Samunagar. Passing my time -pleasantly in going round and hunting on that pleasant plain until -Monday, I returned on the eve of Tuesday to the palace. On Thursday, -the 16th, Bishutan, grandson of Shaikh Abu-l-Fazl (the author), was -promoted to the mansab of 700 personal and 350 horse. On this day -I went round to see the garden of Gul-afshan, which is on the bank -of the Jumna. On the way rain fell heavily and filled the mead with -freshness and greenness. Pineapples had arrived at perfection, and I -made a thorough inspection. Of the buildings that overlooked the river -none [216] that I saw were without the charm of verdure and flowing -water. These verses of Anwari appeared appropriate to the place: - - - VERSE. - - "'Tis a day of mirth and jollity, - A daily market of flowers and odours; - The earth-heaps are suffused with ambergris, - The zephyr sheds rose-water from his skirt, - From contact with the morning breeze the pool - Is roughened and pointed, like the edge of a file." - - -As this garden is in the charge of Khwaja Jahan, he presented me -as offerings with some pieces of brocade of a new fashion they had -lately brought for him from `Iraq. Selecting what I approved of, -I presented the remainder to him. He had arranged the garden well, -and his mansab was ordered to be raised to 5,000 personal and 3,000 -horse, original and increased. - -A strange circumstance was that I was so much delighted with a jewelled -dagger-hilt of piebald teeth which Khan `Alam had got from Shah -`Abbas and sent to me (see ante), that I appointed several skilful -men to go to Iran and Turan to look for them and to be consistently -searching for them, and to bring some from anywhere and any person, -anyhow, and at any price. Many of my servants who knew my disposition, -and dignified Amirs in the course of their duty, engaged in the -search. It happened that in this city a stupid stranger bought in -the open bazaar a coloured tooth of great beauty and delicacy for a -trifle; he believed that some time or other it had fallen into the -fire, and that the black on it was the mark of burning! After some -time he showed it to one of the carpenters on the establishment -of my prosperous son Shah-Jahan, desiring that he should take off -a piece of the tooth in order to make a ring (shast), and pointed -out that he should remove the marks of burning and the blacknesses, -being ignorant that the blackness enhanced the value and price of the -whiteness. Those moles and patches were what the tirewoman of destiny -had given as an adornment of its beauty. The carpenter at once went -to the Superintendent of his workshop, and gave him the good news -that such a rare and precious thing, in search of which people were -wandering and going long distances, and hastening to all corners and -in all directions in various countries, had fallen for nothing into -the hands of an ignorant man, who did not know its value. It could -be easily and cheaply obtained from him. The Superintendent went -off with him and immediately procured it, and next day produced it -before my son. When my son Shah-Jahan came to wait on me, he at first -showed great delight, and after his brain had become free from the -intoxication of the wine of joy, produced it, and greatly pleased me-- - - - VERSE. - - "Thy Time is happy in that thou hast made mine happy." - - -I invoked so many blessings on him that if one of them out of a -hundred obtain acceptance, it will suffice for his spiritual and -material well-being. - -On this day Bahlim K., one of the chief servants of `Adil K. came and -waited on me. As he had chosen my service out of sincerity, I bestowed -on him unstinted favours, and presented him with a dress of honour, a -horse, a sword, and 10,000 darbs, with the mansab of 1,000 personal and -500 horse. At this time a petition came from Khan Dauran, stating that: -"Your Majesty, from the perfection of kindness and knowledge of his -worth, had appointed to the government of Thatta (Sind) an old slave, -notwithstanding his great age and weak sight. As this weak old man was -exceedingly bent and decrepit, and had not in him the ability to exert -himself or to ride, he prays that he may be excused military service, -and that he may be enrolled in the army of prayer." At his request, -I ordered the chief Diwans to confirm him in the pargana of Khushab, -[217] with a revenue of 3,000,000 of dams, and which he for a long -time had held as a tankhwah jagir, and which had become peopled and -cultivated, by way of providing for his expenses, so that he might -pass his time in easy circumstances. His eldest son, by name Shah -Muhammad, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, -his second son, Ya`qub Beg, obtaining that of 700 personal and 350 -horse. The third son, Asad Beg, was promoted to the mansab of 300 -personal and 50 horse. - -On Saturday, the 1st of the Divine month of Shahriwar, I sent dresses -of honour for the rainy season to the Ataliq Commander-in-Chief -Khan-khanan Jan-sipar and the other great Amirs, who had been sent -on duty to the Deccan, by the hand of Yazdan. [218] - -As the purpose of visiting the eternal spring of the rose-garden of -Kashmir was settled in my mind, I sent off Nuru-d-din Quli to hasten -on before, to repair as far as was possible the ups and downs of the -Punch [219] route to it, and to prepare it, so that the passage of -laden beasts over difficult hilltops might be accomplished with ease, -and that the men should not undergo labour and hardship. A large number -of artificers, such as stone-cutters, carpenters, spadesmen, etc., were -despatched with him, to whom an elephant was also given. On the eve of -Thursday, the 13th, having gone to the garden of Nur-manzil, I passed -the time in enjoyment in that rose-garden of delight until Sunday, the -16th. Raja Bikramajit Baghela came from the fort of Mandpur, which is -his native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and -by way of offering presented an elephant and a jewelled plume. Maqsud -K. was honoured with the mansab of 1,000 personal and 130 horse. On -Thursday, the 20th, my son Shah Parwiz produced two elephants as an -offering, and they were ordered to be included in the private stud. On -the 24th of the aforesaid month the feast of the solar weighing took -place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamani, and my 51st year according -to the solar months began in gladness and victory. It is hoped that -the period of my life may be passed in obedience to God (to whom be -glory!). To Sayyid Jalal, s. Sayyid Muhammad, the grandson (?) of Shah -`Alam Bukhari, an account of whom has been written among the events -of my Gujarat expedition, I gave leave to return. I gave him a female -elephant for his riding, as well as his expenses. On the eve of Sunday, -[220] the 30th, corresponding with the 14th Shawwal, when the disk of -the moon was perfect (at full moon) a moonlight feast was prepared -in the buildings of the garden which overlook the River Jumna, and -a very pleasant entertainment took place. On the 1st of the Divine -month, out of the veined (jauhar-dar) spotted tooth (walrus) which -my son Shah-Jahan had given me as an offering, I ordered to be cut -off sufficient for two dagger-hilts and a thumb-stall: [221] it came -out of a beautiful colour and was very choice. I ordered the Ustads -(masters) Puran and Kalyan, who had no rivals in the art of engraving, -[222] to make dagger-hilts of a shape that was approved at this time, -and has become known as the Jahangiri fashion. At the same time the -blade and the sheath and fastenings were given to skilful men, each of -whom was unique in his age in his art. Truly, it was all carried out -according to my wish. One hilt came out coloured in such a way as to -create astonishment. It turned out of all the seven colours, and some -of the flowers looked as if a skilful painter [223] had depicted them -in black lines round it with a wonder-working pencil. In short, it was -so delicate that I never wish it to be apart from me for a moment. Of -all the gems of great price that are in the treasury I consider it -the most precious. On Thursday I girded it auspiciously and with joy -round my waist, and the masters who in their completion had exercised -great skill and taken great pains were rewarded, Ustad Puran with the -gift of an elephant, a dress of honour, and a golden bracelet for the -wrist, which the people of India call Kara, [224] and Kalyan with the -title of `Aja'ib-dast (wondrous hand), and increased mansab, a dress -of honour, and a jewelled bracelet (pahunchi), and in the same way -every one according to his circumstances and skill received favours. - -As it had been represented to me that Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., -having fought with the rebel Ahdad, had defeated his army, and had -made many of the Afghans--who are black-faced and black-hearted--the -harvest of his blood-drinking sword, I sent him a special sword in -order to dignify him. - -On Saturday the 5th, news came of the death of Raja Suraj Singh, -who had died a natural death in the Deccan. He was the descendant -of Maldeo, who was one of the principal Zamindars of Hindustan, -and had a zamindari which equalled that of the Rana, and he had even -overcome him in one battle. There is a full account of him (Maldeo) -in the Akbar-nama. Raja Suraj Singh, through the advantage of his being -brought up by the late king (Akbar), and this suppliant at the throne -of God, reached high rank and great dignities. His territory surpassed -that of his father or grandfather. [225] He had a son called Gaj Singh, -[226] whom he entrusted with all his administrative affairs. As I knew -him to be capable and worthy of favour, I promoted him to the mansab -of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, with a standard and the title of -Raja, and his younger brother to that of 500 personal and 250 horse, -and gave him a jagir in his native country. - -On Thursday, the 10th of Mihr, at the request of Asaf K., I went to -his house built on the bank of the Jumna. He has erected a very fine -bath-house (hammam), with which I was much delighted. After bathing, -a feast of cups was held, and my private servants were made happy with -cups of delight. Having chosen out of his offerings what I approved, -I gave the remainder to him. What I took of his offering might be of -the value of Rs. 30,000. Baqir K., faujdar of Multan, was honoured -with a standard. - -Previously to this, according to order, they had planted trees on -both sides from Agra as far as the River of Attock (the Indus), and -had made an avenue, and in the same way from Agra to Bengal. I now -ordered that from Agra to Lahore they should put up a pillar [227] -(mil) at every koss, to be the sign of a koss, and at every three koss -make a well, so that wayfarers might travel in ease and contentment, -and not endure hardships from thirst or the heat of the sun. - -On Thursday, the 24th of Mihr, the festival of the Dasahra was -held. After the custom of India, they decorated the horses and produced -them before me. After I had seen the horses they brought some of the -elephants. As Mu`tamid K. on last New Year's Day had not made any -offering, at this festival he presented a golden tablet (takht), a -ruby ring, a piece of coral (bussad), and other items. The tablet was -beautifully made. The total value of the offering was Rs. 16,000. As -he had brought the things from pure sincerity and loyalty, they were -accepted. On this day Zabar-dast K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 400 horse. As the day of the Dasahra had been fixed as -the time of starting, I embarked on a boat with all happy omens and -pleasure in the evening, and went on to my goal. I halted for eight -days at the first stage that the men might come on, after making all -preparations at leisure. Mahabat K. had sent apples from Bangash by -runners (dak-choki). They arrived very fresh, and were of excellent -flavour. I was greatly pleased in eating them. They cannot be compared -with the sib-i-khub ("the good [228] apples"?) of Kabul which I ate -there, or with the Samarkand apples that they bring every year. For -sweetness and delicacy of flavour they cannot be compared with either -of the latter (i.e., the Bangash apples were far better). I had until -now never seen such delicate and delicious apples. They say that in -Upper Bangash, near Lashkar-dara, [229] there is a village called Siv -Ram, in which there are three trees of this apple, and although they -have made many trials, they have never found so good ones in any other -place. I gave Sayyid Hasan, ambassador of my brother Shah `Abbas, a -dish of these apples in order that he might tell me if there were any -better apples in `Iraq. He said: "In the whole of Persia the apples -of Isfahan are preferred, and they are of the same quality as these." - -On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, I went on pilgrimage -to the mausoleum of the late king (Akbar) (may the lights of Allah be -his testimony!), and rubbed the head of supplication on the threshold, -the abode of angels, and presented 100 muhars as nazar. All the -Begams and other ladies, having sought the blessing of circulating -round that shrine, which is the circling-place of angels, presented -offerings. On the eve of Friday a lofty assembly was held of the -holy men (Masha'ikh), the turbaned people (arbab-i-`ama'im--i.e., -ecclesiastics, etc.), Huffaz (those who recite the Qoran), and -singing people, assembled in numbers, and practised ecstasies and -religious dancing (wajd and sama`), to each of whom, according to -the circumstances of his merit and skill, I gave a dress of honour, -a farji, and a shawl. The buildings of this blessed mausoleum have -been made very lofty. At this time the money expended satisfied me, -and was far more than it had previously been. (The MS. [230] here is -clear, and the printed words wrong.) - -On the 3rd, after four gharis of day had passed, I marched on from -that stage, and having traversed 5 1/2 koss by the river at four -gharis of the day, arrived at the next stage. After midday I left -the boat and caught seven partridges (durraj). At the end of the day -I gave Rs. 20,000 to Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador (of Persia), as a -present, and a dress of honour of gold brocade with a jewelled jigha -(turban-ornament), and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, -and sent for my brother with him a jewelled jug made in the shape -of a cock, which could hold my usual stint of wine. It is hoped that -it may reach its destination in safety. I gave leave to Lashkar K., -who had been appointed to the defence and government of Agra, with a -gift of a dress of honour, a horse, an elephant, drums, and a jewelled -dagger. Ikram K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and -1,500 horse, and to the duty of faujdar of the Sarkar of Mewat. He is -s. Islam K., who was the grandson of the venerable asylum of pardon -Shaikh Salim, whose excellency of person and approved disposition -and connection in blessing with this illustrious family have been -described in these pages with the pen of sincerity. - -At this time I heard from a certain person whose words are adorned with -the light of truth that at the time when I was sick and weak at Ajmir, -before this evil news arrived in the province of Bengal, one day Islam -K. was sitting in private, when he suddenly became unconscious. When -he came to himself he said to one of his confidants, of the name of -Bhikan, that it had been shown him from the world of mysteries that -the holy person of the Emperor had been attacked by sickness, and -that the remedy for it was to sacrifice for him something that was -exceedingly dear and precious to himself. It at first occurred to him -to sacrifice for the head of the revered one his own son Hushang, but -as he was young in years and as yet had derived no profit from life, -and not attained to the desire of his heart, he had compassion on him, -and would sacrifice himself for his lord and master. He hoped that as -this was from the bottom of his heart, and the sincerity of his being, -it would be accepted at the throne of Allah. The arrow of prayer -at once reached the target of acceptance, and he perceived himself -afflicted with weakness and disease. Verily, verily, the disease -increased till he reached the neighbourhood of the compassion of God -(he died). The Great Physician bestowed from the hidden dispensary -complete recovery on this suppliant. Although the late king (the lights -of Allah be his testimony!), was much attached to the children and -grandchildren of the Shaikhu-l-Islam, and bestowed favours on them all -according to the capacity and aptitude of each, yet when the turn of -rule came to this suppliant, they received great kindnesses in order -to perform what was due to that revered one (Salim Chishti), and many -of them attained to the high nobility, and were advanced to the posts -of head of Subahs, as has been brought to record each in its own place. - -As in this village the eunuch Hilal K., [231] who was one of my -attendants from the time when I was prince, had built a saray, and made -a garden, he made an offering to me. In order to dignify him I took a -trifle from him. After marching four stages from this halting-place, -the army of prosperity encamped outside Mathura. On Thursday, the 8th, -I went to see Bindraban and the idol temples of that place. Although -[232] in the time of the late king the Rajput nobles had built temples -after their fashion, and ornamented them highly on the outside, inside -them bats and owls (ababil) had made their abode to such an extent, -that on account of the malodours one could not breathe. - - - VERSE. - - "Outside, like an infidel's grave, full of cracks, [233] - Inside, the anger of God, the honoured and glorious." - - -On this day Mukhlis K., according to order, came from Bengal, and -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave 100 muhars and -100 rupees as nazar, and by way of offering, a ruby and jewelled -aigrette (turra). On Friday, the 9th, Rs. 600,000 of treasure for -the maintenance (zakhira) of the fort of Asir were sent to the -Commander-in-Chief, Khan-khanan. - -In the foregoing pages, something has been written about Gosa'in -Jadrup, [234] who lived as a hermit in Ujain. At this time he changed -his residence to Mathura, which is one of the greatest places of -worship of the Hindus, and employed himself in the worship of the true -God on the bank of the Jumna. As I valued his society, I hastened -to wait on him, and for a long time enjoyed his company without the -presence of any stranger. In truth, his existence is a great gain to -me: one can be greatly benefited and delighted. - -On Saturday, the 10th, the huntsmen represented that there was in -that neighbourhood a tiger that greatly troubled and injured the -ryots and wayfarers. I immediately ordered them to bring together -a number of elephants and surround the forest and at the end of the -day myself rode out with my ladies. As I had vowed that I would not -injure any living thing with my own hand, I told Nur-Jahan [235] -to shoot at him. An elephant is not at ease when it smells a tiger, -and is continually in movement, and to hit with a gun from a litter -(`imari) is a very difficult matter, insomuch that Mirza Rustam, who, -after me, is unequalled in shooting, has several times missed three -or four shots from an elephant. Yet Nur-Jahan B. so hit the tiger -with one shot that it was immediately killed. - -On Monday, the 12th, my desire to see the Gosa'in Jadrup again -increased, and hastening to his hut, without ceremony, I enjoyed -his society. Sublime words were spoken between us. God Almighty -has granted him an unusual grace, a lofty understanding, an exalted -nature, and sharp intellectual powers, with a God-given knowledge -and a heart free from the attachments of the world, so that, putting -behind his back the world and all that is in it, he sits content in -the corner of solitude and without wants. He has chosen of worldly -goods half a gaz of old cotton (kirpas) like a woman's veil, and a -piece of earthenware from which to drink water, and in winter and -summer and the rainy season lives naked and with his head and feet -bare. He has made a hole in which he can turn round with a hundred -difficulties and tortures, with a passage such that a suckling could -hardly be put through it. These two or three couplets of Hakim Sana'i -(may God have mercy on him!) appeared appropriate: - - - VERSE. [236] - - "Luqman had a narrow hut, - Like the hollow of a flute or the bosom of a harp. - A noodle put the question to him-- - 'What is this house--two feet and a span?' - Hotly and with tears the sage replied-- - 'Ample for him who has to die.'" - - -On Wednesday, the 14th, I again went to visit the Gosa'in and bade -him good-bye. Undoubtedly parting from him weighed upon my mind, that -desires the truth. On Thursday the 15th, I marched and pitched near -Brindaban. At this stage my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz took leave -of me for Allahabad, and went to his jagir. I had intended that he -should accompany me on this expedition, but as he had already shown -symptoms of distress, I could not avoid letting him go. I presented -him with a tipchaq horse, a waist dagger with a veined (jauhar-dar) -walrus-tooth (hilt), and a sword and special shield. I hope he will -come again soon, and have the good fortune of my presence. As the -period of Khusrau's imprisonment had been a long one, it seemed to -me that to keep him longer in confinement and deprive him of the good -fortune of waiting on me, would be wanting in kindness. I accordingly -sent [237] for him and bade him salute me. Once again the marks of -his offences were washed with the pure water of forgiveness, and the -dust of disgrace and humiliation was rubbed off his brow. I hope that -the blessing of pleasing me, and the grace of service may be his lot. - -On Friday, the 16th, I gave leave to Mukhlis K., whom I had sent for -to take up the duties of diwan to Shah Parwiz, and I gave him the rank -he had [238] had in Bengal--viz., 2,000 with 700 horse. On Saturday -I halted. At this stage Sayyid Nizam s. Mir Miran Sadr Jahan, who -was faujdar of Kanauj, waited upon me, and presented two elephants, -and some hawks. I accepted one elephant and a pair of hawks. On -Sunday, the 18th, we marched. At this time the King of Persia had -sent with Pari Beg Mir Shikar (chief huntsman) one falcon (shunqar) -of good colour. There was another which had been given to the Khan -`Alam. This one was sent along with the Shahi falcon (i.e., the one -intended for Jahangir), and it died on the road. The Shahi falcon, too, -got mauled by a cat owing to the carelessness of the Mir Shikar. Though -it was brought to Court, it did not live more than a week. What can -I write [239] of the beauty and colour of this falcon? There were -many beautiful black markings on each wing, and back, and sides. As -it was something out of the common, I ordered Ustad Mansur, who has -the title of Nadiru-l-`asr (wonder of the age) to paint and preserve -[240] its likeness. I gave the Mir Shikar Rs. 2,000 and dismissed him. - -In my father's reign (the light of God be his testimony!) the weight -of the seer was 30 dams. [241] About this time it came into my mind: -"Why should I act contrary to his rules?" It would be better to have -it still of 30 dams. One day Gosa'in Jadrup said that in the book of -the Vedas, which the lords of his faith had written, the weight of -the sir was 36 dams. "As from the coincidences of the hidden world -your order has fallen in with what is laid down in our book, if it -be fixed at 36 dams, it will be well." It was ordered that hereafter -throughout the whole territory it should be 36 dams. - -On Monday, the 19th, I marched. A horse and dress of honour were -given to Raja Bhao Singh, who had been ordered to the support of -the army of the Deccan. From this day, till Wednesday, the 28th, -I made successive marches. On Thursday, the 29th, Delhi, the abode -of blessings, was adorned by the alighting of the army of good -fortune. At first I hastened with my children and the ladies on a -visit to the enlightened shrine of Humayun (may the lights of God -be his testimony!), and having made our offerings there, went off -to circumambulate the blessed mausoleum of the king of holy men -(Shaikh Nizamu-d-din Chishti), and strengthened my courage, and at -the end of the day alighted at the palace, which had been got ready -in Salimgarh. On Friday, the 30th, I halted. As they had at this -time preserved the hunting-place of the pargana of Palam, according -to order, it was represented that a great number of antelope had -collected there. Accordingly, on the 1st of the Divine month of Azar -I started to hunt [242] with cheetahs. At the end of the day, during -the hunt, much hail fell of the size of apples, and made the air very -cold. On this day three antelope were caught. On Sunday, the 2nd, -I hunted 46 antelope, and on Monday, the 3rd, 24 antelope were caught -with cheetahs. My son Shah-Jahan killed two antelope with his gun. On -Tuesday, the 4th, five antelope were caught. On Wednesday, the 5th, -27 antelope were caught. On Thursday, the 6th, Sayyid Bahwa Bukhari, -who was in charge of the government of Delhi, made an offering of -three elephants and eighteen horses, and other things. One elephant -and other things were accepted, and I gave the rest to him. Hashim of -Khost, faujdar of some parganas in Mewat, had the honour of kissing the -threshold. I employed myself within the limits of Palam until Thursday, -the 13th, in hunting with cheetahs. In the space of twelve days 426 -antelopes were caught, and I returned to Delhi. I had heard, when in -attendance on my father, that it is impossible for an antelope that has -escaped from the grasp of a cheetah to live, although it has not been -injured by its claws. In this hunt I, in order to ascertain the fact, -released several antelopes of handsome appearance and strong bodies, -before they had received any wounds from teeth or claws, and ordered -them to be kept in my presence, and that they should be taken the -greatest care of. For a whole day and night they remained at ease in -their natural conditions: on the second day a change was observed, and -they threw about their legs as if they were drunk, without any reason, -and fell down and rose up. However much tiryaq-i-faruqi (preparation -of opium) and other suitable medicines were administered to them, -they had no effect, and when one watch had passed in this condition, -they died. - -On this day the bad news arrived that the eldest son of Shah Parwiz had -died at Agra. As he was somewhat grown-up, [243] and was very attached -and affectionate towards his father, the latter was exceedingly grieved -and wounded at heart at this event, and great bewilderment and weakness -manifested themselves in him. In order to console and please him, I -sent him gracious letters, and covered over the deadly wound of his -heart with the balm of affection and kindness. I hope that God, the -great and glorious, may grant him patience and resignation, for in -this kind of calamities there can be no better driver away of grief -than endurance and resignation. - -On Friday, the 14th, at the request of Aqa [244] Aqayan, I went to -her house. On account of her previous service and her hereditary -attachment to this illustrious family, when the late king made me -a married man, he took her from my sister Shah-zada Khanam, and -placed her in charge of my Zanana. It is 33 years from that date -that she has been in my service, and I esteem her greatly, for she -has served me with sincerity. In no journey or expedition had she -of her own will remained absent from attendance on me. When she felt -her increasing age, she requested me to order her to remain at Delhi, -and to spend the remainder of her life in prayer for me, for she had -no longer the power to move about, and found it a great hardship and -trouble to come and go (as she used). One of her felicities was that -she was of the same age [245] as `Arsh-ashyani (Akbar). In brief, -with a view to giving her rest, I ordered her to remain at Delhi, -and in that place she had made for herself a garden, a saray, and -a tomb, in the constructing which she has employed herself for some -time past. In short, to please this ancient servitor, I went to her -house, and strictly ordered Sayyid Bahwa, the governor of the city, -to serve and guard her in such a manner that no dust from any road -of vexation might settle on the hem of her contentment. - -On this day Raja Kishan Das was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 300 horse, original and increased. As Sayyid Bahwa [246] -had performed satisfactorily the duties of faujdar of Delhi, and the -people of the place were much pleased with his excellent conduct, -according to previous custom, the protection and administration of -the city of Delhi and the faujdarship of the surrounding country -were entrusted to him, and he was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 600 horse, original and increased, and he was presented -with an elephant, and allowed to take leave. On Saturday, the 15th, -I honoured Mirza Wali with the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -and presenting him with a standard and an elephant, appointed him to -the Deccan. Shaikh `Abdu-l-Haqq Dihlawi, [247] who was a pious and -estimable man, had the good fortune to pay his respects to me. He had -composed a book containing the biographies of the Shaikhs of India, -and produced it to me. He had endured some hardships, and for a long -time had lived in Delhi in seclusion, and the practice of reliance on -God, and of asceticism. He is a very worthy man, and his company is -not without pleasure (for me). Bestowing various kinds of kindnesses -on him, I dismissed him. - -On Sunday, the 16th, I marched from Delhi, and on Friday, the 21st, -halted in the pargana of Kairana. [248] This pargana is the native -place of Muqarrab K. Its climate is equable and its soil good. Muqarrab -had made buildings and gardens there. As I had often heard praise -of his garden, I wished much to see it. On Saturday, the 22nd, -I and my ladies were much pleased in going round it. Truly, it is -a very fine and enjoyable garden. Within a masonry (pukhta, pucca) -wall, flower-beds have been laid out to the extent of 140 bighas. In -the middle of the garden he has constructed a pond, in length 220 -yards, and in breadth 200 yards. In the middle of the pond is a -mah-tab terrace (for use in moonlight) 22 yards square. There is no -kind of tree belonging to a warm or cold climate that is not to be -found in it. Of fruit-bearing trees belonging to Persia I saw green -pistachio-trees, and cypresses of graceful form, such as I have never -seen before. I ordered the cypresses to be counted, and they came to -300. All round the pond suitable buildings have been begun and are -in progress. - -On Monday, the 24th, Khanjar K., in whose charge is the Fort -of Ahmadnagar, was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and -1,600 horse. On Wednesday, the 26th, the Giver of Bounties gave my -son Shah-Jahan a son by the daughter of Asaf Khan. He presented an -offering of 1,000 muhars, and begged for a name for him. I gave him -the name of Umid-bakhsh (bestower of hope). I hope his advent [249] -may be auspicious to this State. On Thursday, the 27th, I halted. In -these few days I was delighted with hawking the jarz [250] (bustard -or florican) and tugh-dari (also a kind of bustard). I ordered -the jarz-i-bur (the red bustard?) to be weighed. It came to 2 1/4 -Jahangiri sirs, and the variegated (ablaq) one to 2 1/8 sirs. The large -tugh-dari was 1/4 sir heavier than the jarz-i-bur. On Thursday, the -5th of the Divine month of Day, I left the boat at Akbarpur, and the -victorious army then marched by land. From Agra to this halting-place, -which is situated within two koss of the pargana of Buriya, [251] is -by river 123 koss or 91 koss by road. I did it in 34 marches and 17 -halts. In addition to this I delayed a week in leaving the city, and -12 days in sporting in Palam: altogether (I took) 70 days. On this day -Jahangir Quli K. came from Bihar, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. He presented 100 muhars and Rs. 100. From the last Thursday -to Wednesday, the 11th, I marched every day. On Thursday, the 12th, -I was pleased with going round to see the garden of Sirhind. It is one -of the old gardens, and has old trees in it. It has not the freshness -it formerly had, but it is still valuable. Khwaja Waisi, who is well -acquainted with agriculture and buildings, was appointed the karori -of Sirhind for the purpose of keeping the garden in order. I had sent -him off from Agra before I marched from the capital, and he had put -it somewhat in order. I strictly enjoined him again that he should -remove all the old trees that had no freshness in them, and put in -fresh plants, to clean up the `irqbandi [252] (it is `iraq-bandi -in the text. The word does not occur in the B.M. MS. but is in the -I.O. MS.), and repair the old buildings, and erect other buildings in -the shape of baths, etc., in fitting places. On this date Dust Beg, -who was one of the auxiliaries of `Abdu-llah K., was promoted to the -mansab of 700 personal and 50 horse, Muzaffar Husain, s. Wazir K., -to that of 600 personal and 300 horse. Shaikh Qasim was sent to duty -in the Deccan. On Thursday, the 19th, at the request of my auspicious -son Shah-Jahan, I went to his house. On account of the birth of the son -that God Almighty had bestowed on him a grand entertainment was given, -and he presented offerings. Among these was a short, broad sword [253] -(shamshir-i-nimcha), which was of Venetian workmanship. The hilt and -fastenings were made of a sapphire [254] cut in Europe: in short, it -had been beautifully made. Another offering was an elephant which the -Raja of Baglana had presented to my son in Burhanpur. As that elephant -was handsome and well-behaved, it was ordered to be included among -the private elephants. The value of the offerings that were accepted -was Rs. 130,000, and he offered about Rs. 4,000 to his mothers and -benefactors. On this day Sayyid Bayazid Bukhari, faujdar of Bhakkar, -sent as an offering a rang (ibex), which he had brought from the -hills when it was small and brought up in his house. It pleased -me greatly. Of mar-khur and hill sheep I have seen many brought -up in the house, but I never saw a rang (tame). I ordered them to -keep it with the Barbary goats, in order that they might pair and -produce young ones. Without doubt, it is not allied to the mar-khur -or the quchqar. Sayyid Bayazid was raised to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 700 horse. On Monday, the 23rd, having honoured Muqim -K. with a robe of honour, a horse, an elephant, and jewelled khapwa, -I appointed him to Bihar. On Sunday, the 29th, a feast was prepared -for my auspicious son Shah-Jahan on the bank of the Biya (Beas), -and on the same day Raja Bikramajit, who was employed in the siege of -Kangra, came to Court, by order, to represent certain requirements, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On Monday, the 30th, -my son Shah-Jahan took ten days' leave, and hastened to Lahore in -order to see the palace buildings lately erected. Raja Bikramajit -was presented with a special dagger, a robe of honour, and a horse, -and returned to duty on the siege of Kangra. On Wednesday, the 2nd -of the Divine month of Bahman, the garden of Kalanaur was honoured -by my halting there. At this place my father had ascended the throne. - -When the news of the speedy arrival of Khan `Alam reached the Court, -every day I sent one of my servants to meet him. I loaded him with all -kinds of favours and kindnesses, and added to his rank and dignity, -and I decked the headings of the farmans sent to him with an impromptu -hemistich or couplet suitable to the occasion, and so filled him -with favours. Once I sent him some Jahangiri (otto of roses), and -this opening verse came on my tongue: - - - VERSE. [255] - - "To thee I've sent the scent of myself. - That I may bring thee the more quickly to myself." - - -On Thursday, the 3rd (Bahman), at the garden of Kalanaur, Khan `Alam -was honoured by kissing the threshold. By way of nazar he brought 100 -muhars and Rs. 1,000, and (stated that he) would present his offerings -in due course. Zambil Beg, the ambassador of my brother Shah `Abbas, -was following him with the royal letter and the rarities of that -country (Persia), which he had sent as presents. Of the favours and -kindness conferred by my brother on Khan `Alam, if I were to write of -them in detail, I should be accused of exaggeration. In conversation -he always gave him the title of Khan `Alam, and never had him out -of his presence. If he ever voluntarily stayed in his own quarter, -he (`Abbas) would go there without ceremony, and show him more and -more favour. One day there was a qamurgha hunt at Farrukhabad, and he -ordered Khan `Alam to shoot with a bow. Out of good manners he brought -a bow with two arrows (only). The Shah gave him 50 other arrows from -his own quiver. It happened that 50 of these arrows struck the game, -and two arrows missed. Then he ordered some of his attendants who had -the entree at feasts and assemblies to shoot with arrows. Most shot -well. Among them Muhammad Yusuf (qarawul), shot an arrow which went -through two boars, and those who were standing by broke out without -control into applause. At the time Khan `Alam took his leave, he seized -him in the embrace of honour, and showed him great affection. After -he had left the city, he went to his halting-place, and made many -apologies and bade him farewell. As for the beautiful and costly -things that the Khan `Alam brought, it was indeed the assistance of -his destiny that gave such rare things into his hand. Among them was -the picture of the fight of Sahib Qiran (Timur) with Tuqtamish K., -and the likenesses of him and his glorious children and the great -Amirs who had the good fortune to be with him in that fight, and -near each figure was written whose portrait it was. In this picture -there were 240 figures. The painter had written his name as Khalil -Mirza Shahrukhi (in the MS. it is Savaj and not Shahrukhi). The work -was very complete and grand, and resembled greatly the paint-brush of -Ustad Bihzad. If the name of the painter had not been written, the work -would have been believed to be his. As it was executed before Bihzad's -date it is probable that the latter was one of Khalil Mirza's pupils, -and had adopted his style. This precious relic had been obtained from -the illustrious library of Shah Isma`il (the 1st), or had come to my -brother Shah `Abbas from Shah Tahmasp. A person of the name of Sadiqi, -a librarian of his, had stolen it, and sold it to someone. By chance -(the painting) fell into the hands of Khan `Alam at Isfahan. The -Shah heard that he had found such a rare prize, and asked it of him -on the pretence of looking at it. Khan `Alam tried to evade this by -artful stratagems, but when he repeatedly insisted on it, he sent it -to him. The Shah recognized it immediately he saw it. He kept it by -him for a day, but at last, as he knew how great was our liking for -such rarities, he--God be praised--made no request [256] whatever for -it, but told the facts of the case (about its being stolen) to Khan -`Alam, and made the picture over to him. - -At the time when I sent Khan `Alam to Persia, I had sent with him a -painter of the name of Bishan Das, who was unequalled in his age for -taking likenesses, to take the portraits of the Shah and the chief -men of his State, and bring them. He had drawn the likenesses of -most of them, and especially had taken that of my brother the Shah -exceedingly well, so that when I showed it to any of his servants, -they said it was exceedingly well drawn. - -On the same day Qasim K., with the Bakhshi and Diwan of Lahore, had the -good fortune to do homage. Bishan Das, the painter, was honoured with -the gift of an elephant. Baba Khwaja, who was one of the auxiliaries of -Qandahar, was accorded the mansab of 1,000 personal and 550 horse. On -Tuesday, the 3rd, Madaru-l-mahammi (centre of important affairs) -I`timadu-d-daula made ready his army. Inasmuch as the charge of the -Panjab is entrusted to his agents, and he has also various jagirs -in Hindustan, he held a review of 5,000 horsemen. As the area of -Kashmir is not such that its produce may suffice for the expenses of -the force that is always on service with the servants of the army of -prosperity, and as, in consequence of the report (of the approach) -of the glorious and victorious standards, the price of grains and -vegetables had risen very high, an order was given, for the comfort -of the public, that those servants who were in attendance on the royal -stirrup should arrange their retinues, and only taking with them those -who were indispensable, should send the remainder to their jagirs, -and in the same way should take every precaution to reduce as far -as possible the number of their beasts and followers. On Thursday, -the 10th, my fortunate son, Shah-Jahan returned from Lahore, and -had the good fortune to do homage. Having honoured Jahangir Quli -K. with a dress of honour, a horse and an elephant, I gave him leave -to proceed with his brothers and sons to the Deccan. On this day -Talib Amuli received the title of Maliku-sh-shu`ara (king of poets), -and was clothed in a dress of honour. His origin was from Amul. For -some time he was with I`timadu-d-daula. As the merits of his style -surpassed that of his contemporaries, he was enrolled among the poets -of the throne. The following couplets are by him: - - - VERSE. [257] - - "Spring longs to rifle thy parterre. - For the flowers in thy hand are fresher than those on his - branch. - I've so closed my lips from speech that you'd say - 'His mouth is but a scar on his face.'" [258] - - - VERSE. - - "Both first and last, Love is aye music and joy-- - A pleasant wine both when fresh and when mellow. - - - VERSE. - - "Were I glass instead of body, - I'd reveal thee to thyself without thy unveiling. - Two lips have I; one for drinking, - And one to apologize for drunkenness." - - -On Monday, the 14th, Husaini s. Sultan Qiwam produced this quatrain: - - - QUATRAIN. - - "A speck of dust sprinkled on thee from thy skirt - Becomes Solomon's collyrium; from the moisture of thy face [259] - Were the earth at thy door examined, - The sweat of kings' brows would exude." - - -At this time Mu`tamid K. repeated a quatrain which greatly pleased me, -and which I entered in my common-place book: - - - QUATRAIN. [260] - - "You give me the poison of parting to taste, (and say) 'What - matters it?' - You shed my blood and expel me (and say), 'What matters it?' - O, heedless of what your dividing sword can do, - Sift my dust and then you'll know." - - -Talib (i.e., Baba Talib) is by family an Isfahani. In his early youth -he went to Kashmir clothed as an ascetic and calendar, and from the -beauty of the place and the pleasantness of the climate set his heart -on the country and settled there. After the conquest of Kashmir he -joined the service of the late king (Akbar), and became enrolled -among the servants of the Presence. His age is now nearly 100 years, -and he is now with his sons and dependants in Kashmir, engaged in -praying for the everlasting State. - -As it was reported to me that in Lahore one Miyan Shaikh Muhammad -Mir by name, who was a Darvish, a Sindi by origin, very eloquent, -virtuous, austere, of auspicious temperament, a lord of ecstasy, had -seated himself in the corner of reliance upon God and retirement, and -was rich in his poverty and independent of the world, my truth-seeking -mind was not at rest without meeting him, and my desire to see him -increased. As it was impossible to go to Lahore, I wrote a note to -him, and explained to him the desire of my heart, and that saint, -notwithstanding his great age and weakness, took the trouble to come. I -sate with him for a long time alone, and enjoyed a thorough interview -with him. Truly he is a noble personage, and in this Age he is a great -gain and a delightful existence. This suppliant for Grace was taken -out of himself by companionship with him, [261] and heard from him -sublime words of truth and religious knowledge. Although I desired to -make him some gift, I found that his spirit was too high for this, and -so did not express my wish. I left him the skin of a white antelope to -pray upon, and he immediately bade me farewell and went back to Lahore. - -On Wednesday, the 23rd, I pitched my camp at Daulatabad. A daughter -of a gardener was brought before me who had a moustache and a thick -beard as big as the hilt of a sword. Her appearance was like that of -a man. There was hair in the middle of her chest as well, but she had -no breasts. [262] I discovered by her appearance that she ought not to -have children. I told some women to take her aside and examine her, -as perhaps she might be a hermaphrodite. They found she was in no -way different from other women. I have recorded this in this volume -on account of its strangeness. - -On Thursday, the 24th, Baqir K., having come from Multan, had the -good fortune to pay his respects. In the preceding pages it has -been recorded that Allah-dad, s. Jalala Tariki, had deserted from -the victorious army and taken the road to ruin. He now repented, -and through Baqir K. petitioned I`timadu-d-daula for pardon. At the -latter's request I ordered that if he repented of what he had done, -and turned his face in hope towards the Court, his crimes would be -forgiven. On this day Baqir K. brought him to Court, and at the -intercession of I`timadu-d-daula, the traces of disgrace and the -dust of sorrow were washed off his forehead with the pure water of -pardon. Sangram, Zamindar of Jammu, was honoured with the title of -Raja and the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was exalted -with the gift of an elephant and a dress of honour. Ghairat K., -faujdar of the Du-ab, was promoted to the mansab of 800 personal -and 500 horse. Khwaja Qasim received the rank of 700 and 250 horse, -and Taham-tan Beg, s. Qasim Koka, received that of 500 personal and -300 horse. I gave Khan `Alam a private elephant with trappings. From -this stage, having given Baqir K. the mansab of 1,500 personal and -500 horse, I dismissed him again to his Subadarship. - -On Monday, the 28th, I pitched in the pargana of Karohi, which is -on the bank of the Bihat (Jhelam). As this hilly country is one of -the established hunting-places, the huntsmen, according to order, -had come on in advance and prepared a jarga (ring in which game is -enclosed). On Wednesday, the 1st of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz, -they drove in the game from six koss. On Thursday, the 2nd, they -brought them into the enclosure, where 101 head of mountain sheep -and gazelles were taken. As Mahabat K. had been prevented from the -good fortune of coming before me for a long time, I ordered, at his -request, that if he was satisfied with the order of affairs, and was -not troubled with regard to any occurrence, he should leave his forces -at their posts (thanas), and come to Court unattended. On this day he -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and presented 100 muhars -as nazar. Khan `Alam was promoted to the mansab of 5,000 personal and -3,000 horse. About this time a written report came from Nuru-d-din -Quli that he had repaired the Punch road, and levelled the defiles -as far as possible, but that snow fell for some days and nights, and -lay on the kotals to the depth of three cubits. It was still falling, -and if I would delay outside the hills for a month, I could cross -by that route, otherwise it appeared difficult. As my intention in -this undertaking was to see the spring and the sprouting of bloom, -my chance of seeing this was lost by this delay, and I necessarily -turned my rein, and the royal standards proceeded by the way of Pakli -and Damtur. On Friday, the 3rd, I crossed the River Bihat (Jhelam), -although the water was waist-deep. As it was running very fast, and -men crossed with great trouble, I ordered them to take 200 elephants -to the fords, and cross the effects of the people over, and take -across as well those who were weak and feeble, so that there might -be no loss of life or goods. - -On this day news arrived of the death of Khwaja Jahan. He was one of -the old servants, and from the time when I was prince. Although at -last he left my service, and was for some time in that of my father, -yet as he had not gone to any strange place, this did not weigh heavily -on my mind. Accordingly, after my accession, I did him such kindness -as he had never conceived possible, and gave him the mansab of 5,000 -personal and 3,000 horse. I take this opportunity to record in this -volume an account of his idiosyncrasy. He became practised in great -affairs and acquired a wonderful skill in business. His capabilities -were the result of labour, and he was void of natural ability, and -of the other qualities which are the adornment of men's nature. On -this journey he suffered from heart-failure, but for some days, in -spite of illness and breakdown, he kept up with the march. When his -weakness increased, he was allowed to go back at Kalanaur, and went -to Lahore, and there died a natural death. [263] - -On Saturday, the 4th of the aforesaid month, the camp was pitched at -the Fort of Rohtas (in the Panjab). I favoured Qasim K. with a horse, -a sword, and a special shawl (parm-narm, literally very soft, and -Akbar's name for a shawl, see Blochmann, 90). I gave him leave to go -to Lahore. There was a small garden by the roadside, and I inspected -the blossoms. - -At this stage tihu [264] were obtained. The flesh of the tihu is -better than that of the partridge (kabak). - -On Sunday, the 5th, M. Hasan s. Mirza Rustam, was promoted to the -rank of 1,000 with 400 horse, and was appointed to the Deccan. Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Latif, the chief fowler, also received the rank of 1,000 -with 400 horse. At this place I saw a flower, white inside, and red -outside, while some of them were red inside and yellow outside. In -Persian they call it La`la-i-bigana, and in Hindi thal kanal. Thal -means land, and as the lotus (kanal) is an aquatic plant, they have -called this land-lotus. [265] - -On Thursday, the 9th, a report came from Dilawar K., Governor of -Kashmir, containing the good news of the conquest of Kishtwar. Details -will be recorded by the pen of the newswriter after he (Dilawar) -comes to the foot of the throne. I sent him a gracious farman with a -special dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, and granted him the -revenue of the conquered province for a year, as a reward for this -acceptable service. On Tuesday, the 14th, I halted at Hasan Abdal. As -the occurrences on this road and particulars of the stages have been -related in detail in the account of the expedition to Kabul, I shall -not repeat them. From this place as far as Kashmir, they will be -written stage by stage, please Almighty God. From the date on which, -disembarking from a boat, I reached Akbarpur in safety and prosperity, -up to Hasan Abdal, a distance of 178 koss, I took 69 days in 48 marches -and 21 halts. [266] As at this place there is a spring full of water, -and a cascade, and a very beautiful reservoir, I halted here two -days, and on Thursday, the 16th (Isfandarmuz), the feast of my lunar -weighing took place. The 53rd year, according to lunar calculation, -of this suppliant at the throne commenced auspiciously. As beyond -this stage, hills, passes, and many ups and downs were before us, the -passage of the camp appeared a difficult matter, and it was settled -that H. M. Maryamu-z-zamani and the other Begams should delay for -some days, and come on at leisure. Madaru-l-mulk I`timadu-d-daula -al-Khaqani, Sadiq K. Bakhshi, and Iradat K. Mir-Saman, with the -directors of the buildings and other offices, should attend to -their transit. At the same time Rustam Mirza Safawi, Khan-A`zam, -and a number of other servants, obtained leave to go by the Punch -road, while the royal retinue went on with some privileged courtiers -(manzuran-i-bisat-i-qarb) and the necessary servants. On Friday, -the 17th, we marched 3 1/2 koss, and halted at the village of -Sultanpur. [267] On this day came the news of the death of Rana Amar -Singh, who had died a natural death at Udaipur (become a traveller on -the road of non-existence). Jagat Singh, his grandson, and Bhim, [268] -his son, who were in attendance on me, were presented with dresses -of honour, and an order was given that Raja Kishan Das should proceed -with a gracious farman conferring the title of Rana, a dress of honour, -a horse, and a private elephant for Kunar Karan, to perform the dues -of condolence and congratulation. I heard [269] from people of this -country that when it is not the rainy season, and there is no sign -of a cloud or lightning, a noise like the voice of the clouds comes -from this hill, which they called Garj (thunder). This noise is heard -every year or at least every two years. I had repeatedly heard of this -also when I was in attendance on the late king. I have written this as -it is not devoid of strangeness, [270] but wisdom is from Allah. On -Saturday, the 18th, marching 4 1/2 koss, I halted at the village of -Sanji. From this stage I entered the pargana of Hazara Qarlugh. [271] -On Sunday, the 19th, marching 3 3/4 koss, I halted at the village -of Naushahra. [272] From this place we entered Dhantur. As far as -the eye could reach there were green meadows [273] interspersed with -the thal-kanwal (hibiscus) and other flowers in bloom. It was a very -beautiful sight. On Monday, the 20th, marching 3 1/2 koss, the camp -was pitched at the village of Salhar. [274] Mahabat K. presented as -offerings jewels and inlaid vessels to the value of Rs. 60,000. In -this country I saw a flower of the redness of fire, of the shape of -gul-i-khatmi, [275] but smaller, and several flowers blooming together -in one place, looked from a distance as if they were one flower. Its -stem is of the size of the apricot-tree. On the hill-slopes here there -are many wild violets, [276] with a very sweet scent, but paler than -the violet. On Tuesday, the 21st, marching 3 koss, I halted at the -village of Malgalli. [277] On this day I dismissed Mahabat K. to his -duty in Bangash, and conferred on him a special elephant and dress of -honour with a pustin (sheepskin coat). This day there was a drizzling -rain till the end of the march. On the eve of Wednesday, the 22nd, -also there was rain. In the morning snow fell, and as most of the roads -had become very slippery, the weak animals fell in every place, and -could not rise again, and 25 of my own elephants were lent to assist -[278] them. I halted for two days on account of the snow. On Thursday, -the 23rd, Sultan Husain, Zamindar of Pakli, had the good fortune to -pay his respects: this is the entrance to the Pakli country. It is a -strange thing that when H. M. Akbar came here it snowed at this stage, -and it has now snowed as well. For many years no snow has fallen, and -there has even been little rain. On Friday, the 24th, I marched 4 koss -and pitched at the village of Sawadnagar. [279] On this road, too there -was much mud. [280] Apricot and peach trees were blooming on all sides, -and fir-trees like cypresses rejoiced the eye. On Saturday, the 25th, -having marched nearly 3 1/2 koss, the camp was pitched near Pakli. On -Sunday, the 26th, I rode out to hunt partridges (kabak), and at the -end of the day, at the request of Sultan Husain, went to his house, and -increased his dignity among his equals and neighbours. H. M. Akbar had -also gone to his house. He offered several kinds of horses, daggers, -hawks, and falcons. I presented him with the horses and daggers. I -ordered the hawks and falcons to be got ready [281] (kamar bar basta), -and shown everything that might fly up. The Sarkar of Pakli is 35 koss -in length and 25 in breadth. On the east, on two sides, is the hill -country of Kashmir; on the west, Atak Benares (Atak); on the north, -Kator; and on the south, the Gakkar country. At the time when Timur, -after conquering Hindustan, turned his rein backwards towards the -capital of Turan, they say that he placed in these regions this body -of people, who were in attendance on the victorious stirrup. They -say themselves that they are Qarlughs, but do not know for certain -who was their leader at that time. In fact, they are pure Lahauris, -and speak the same language. The people of Dhantur think the same -thing. In the time of my father, one of the name of Shahrukh was -Zamindar of Dhantur; now it is Bahadur, his son. Although they are -all related to one another, there are always disputes, as is usual -with Zamindars, about boundaries. They have always been loyal. Sultan -Mahmud, the father of Sultan Husain and Shahrukh, both came to wait -on me when I was prince. Although Sultan Husain is seventy years old, -to all outward appearance there is no diminution in his powers, and -he can still ride and be as active as possible. In this country they -make buza (a beverage) from bread and rice, which they call sar. [282] -It is much stronger than buza, and the older it is the better. This -sar is their chief sustenance. They put this sar into a jar, and -fastening it up, keep it for two or three years in the house. Then -they take off the scum and call the liquor achhi. The achhi can be -kept for ten years, and according to them, the older it is the better, -and the shortest time in which they use it is a year. Sultan Mahmud -used to take cup after cup of this sar; nay! he would drink a jar -of it. Sultan Husain is also addicted to it, and brought me some -of his choicest quality. I took some in order to try it. I had also -drunk it before. Its intoxicating effects are aphrodisiac, but its -taste is harsh. It appeared that they mix some bhang (bang) with it, -which increases its intoxicating power. If there were no wine, it -could in case of necessity be used as a substitute. The fruits are -apricots, peaches, and pears (?) (amrud). As they do not cultivate -them, but they spring up of themselves, they are harsh-flavoured and -unpleasant. Their blossoms are a joy. Their houses are of wood, and -are built after the Kashmiri fashion. They have hawks, and horses, -camels, cattle, and buffaloes, and many goats and fowls. Their mules -are small and are not fit for heavy loads. As it was represented -to me that some stages farther on the cultivation was not such as -to provide sufficient grain for the royal camp, I gave an order -that they should only take a small advanced camp, sufficient for -our needs and the necessary establishments, and diminish the number -of elephants, and take with them provisions for three or four days; -that they should take with them only some of the immediate attendants -on the royal stirrup, and that the rest of the men should come on some -stages behind under the command of Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Bakhshi. In -spite of precautions and injunctions, it was found necessary to have -700 elephants for the advanced camp and the establishments. - -The mansab of Sultan Husain was 400 personal and 300 horse; I now -promoted him to 600 personal and 350 horse, and conferred on him a -robe of honour, a jewelled dagger, and an elephant. Bahadur Dhanturi -was an auxiliary of the army of Bangash. An order was given that -he should hold the mansab, original and increased, of 200 personal -and 100 horse. On Wednesday, the 27th, having marched 5 1/4 koss, and -crossing by bridges the Nainsukh, [283] I chose a halting-place. This -Nainsukh (repose of the eyes) flows from the North, and comes down -from the hills of Dard [284] (?), which is between the country of -Badakhshan and Tibet. As at this place it forms two branches, they had, -according to order, prepared two wooden bridges for the crossing of -the victorious army, one 18 cubits and the other 14 cubits in length, -with a breadth each of 5 cubits. The way in which they make bridges in -this country is to throw pine-trees [285] on the surface of the water, -and fasten the two ends strongly to rocks, and having thrown on to -these thick planks of wood, make them firm with pegs and ropes, -and these, with a little repair, last for years. Briefly, they -made the elephants ford, whilst the horsemen and foot passed over -by the bridge. Sultan Mahmud called this river Nainsukh--that is, -"Repose of the eye." On Thursday, the 30th, having marched about 3 -1/2 koss, a halt was made on the bank of the Kishan Ganga. On this -road there is a kotal of great height, the ascent being 1 koss, and -the descent 1 1/2 koss, which they call Pim darang. The reason for -this name is that in the language of Kashmir they call cotton (pamba) -pim. As the rulers of Kashmir had placed a superintendent there, who -took duties from loads of cotton, and delay takes place here for the -collection of the duty, it has become known as the Pim darang [286] -(cotton delay). After traversing the pass, there is a very fine -and clear waterfall. Having drunk my usual cups on the edge of the -water in the shade of the trees, I went on to my halting-place in the -evening. There was an old bridge over this river, 54 yards long and 1 -1/2 yards wide, which footmen crossed by. According to orders, another -bridge was prepared parallel to this, in length 53 yards and breadth 3 -yards. As the water was deep and swift, they took the elephants across -without loads, and the footmen and horses crossed by the bridge. By -order of my father, a very strong saray of stone and lime was erected -on the top of the ridge overlooking the river. One day before New -Year's Day we had sent Mu`tamid K. forward to select a spot for the -placing of the throne and preparing the New Year's entertainment. This -had to be lofty and choice. By chance, as he crossed the bridge, -there was a ridge overlooking the water, green and pleasant. On the -top of this was a flat place of 50 cubits which one might say the -rulers of fate had specially prepared for such a day. The aforesaid -officer had made ready everything necessary for the New Year's feast -on the top of that ridge, which was much approved. Mu`tamid K. was -much applauded for this. The river Kishan Ganga comes from the south -[287] and flows northwards. The Bihat (Jhelam) comes from the East, -and joining the Kishan Ganga, flows to the North. - - - - - - - - -THE FIFTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -The transit of the sun, that fulfils the hopes of the world, into -his house of honour in Aries, took place on Friday, the 15th of the -month of Rabi`u-s-sani in the Hijri year 1029, (10 March), 1620, -after 12 1/2 gharis, or 5 sidereal hours, [288] had passed, and -the 15th year of the reign of this suppliant at the throne of Allah -commenced happily and auspiciously. On Saturday, the 2nd (Farwardin), -having marched 4 1/2 koss, I halted at the village of Bakkar. On this -road there was no hill-pass (kotal), but it was rather stony. I saw -peacocks, black partridges, and monkeys (langur), such as exist in -the Garmsir country (Afghanistan). It is evident that these can also -exist in cold countries. From this place to Kashmir the road is along -the bank of the river Bihat. There are hills on both sides, and in -the bottom of the valley the water flows with great force, boiling -and raging. However large an elephant may be, he cannot hold his feet -firmly in it, but immediately rolls over, and is carried away. There -are also water-dogs [289] in the river. On Sunday, the 3rd, marching -4 1/2 koss, I pitched at Musaran. On the eve of Friday the merchants -who live in the pargana of Bara Mula came and paid their respects. I -asked the reason of the name of Bara mula, and they represented that -in the Hindi language they call a boar Barah (Varaha) and mula a -place--that is, the boars' place. Among the incarnations that belong -to the religion of the Hindus, one is the boar incarnation, and Barah -mula by constant use has become Bara mula. On Monday, the 4th, marching -2 1/2 koss, I pitched at Bhulbas. As they said these hills were very -narrow and difficult (to pass), and they could be crossed by a crowd -of men only with great trouble, I gave orders to Mu`tamid K. that, -with the exception of Asaf K. and a few of the necessary attendants, -no one should be allowed to march along with the prosperous stirrup -(with the king personally), and the camp should be kept one stage -behind. By chance, before this order was given, he had sent on his own -tent. After this he wrote to his men that this order had been given -with regard to him, and they should halt at whatever spot they had -reached. His brothers heard this at the foot of the kotal of Bhulbas, -[290] and pitched their own tent there. When the royal host reached -the place, snow and rain began to fall. One plain of the road had -not been crossed when his tent became visible. Looking on this as a -gift from the hidden world, I and the ladies alighted, and remained -protected from the cold and snow and rain. His brothers, according to -orders, sent someone in haste to summon him. When the news reached -him that the elephants and the advance camp had arrived at the top -of the kotal, and blocked up the road, as it was impossible to ride, -with great zeal, he, not knowing his head from his feet, traversed a -distance of 2 1/2 koss on foot in two hours, and came to wait on me, -and repeated this couplet with the tongue of gesture. [291] - - - VERSE. - - "At midnight came the thought of thee. I was ashamed and - resigned my life. - The poor man was abashed when suddenly the guest arrived." - - -All that was in his store (bisat) in the way of money and goods, -of live stock or dead, he offered for me to tread upon. I gave them -all back, and said: "What do worldly goods appear worth to the eye of -our magnanimity? We buy the jewel of loyalty at a high figure. Such -an event arising out of his devotion should be reckoned as the rising -of his good star, in that a king like me with the people of his harem -should remain in his house in comfort and at ease for a night and a -day. It would be a cause of honour to him among his contemporaries and -comrades." On Tuesday, the 5th, having traversed 2 koss, I alighted at -the village of Kaha'i. [292] I presented the dress (sar u pay) I had -on to Mu`tamid K., and an order was given assigning him the mansab -of 1,500 personal and l,500 [293] horse. From this stage we entered -within the boundary of Kashmir. In the same kotal of Bhulbas, Ya`qub, -s. Yusuf K. Kashmiri, fought with the victorious army of my father, -of which Raja Bhagwan Das, father of Raja Man Singh, was the leader. - -On this day, the news came that Suhrab K., s. Rustam Mirza, had been -drowned in the Jhelam. The details are as follows: He, according -to orders, was coming up one stage in the rear, and on the road it -came into his mind that he would have a bathe in the river, though -warm water was ready. The people forbade him, and said that when the -air was so cold, unnecessarily to get into a river so agitated and -bloodthirsty that it would roll over a war-elephant, was contrary to -the dictates of caution. He was not restrained by their words, and -as the unavoidable destined time had arrived, got in. From excessive -self-will and pride and carelessness, in reliance on his powers of -swimming, in which art he was unequalled, he was more determined than -ever, and with a khidmatiyya (Blochmann 252) and another servant, both -of whom could swim, mounted a rock on the river bank and threw himself -in. Immediately he fell, from the violent movement of the waves, he -could not pull himself together or try to swim; to fall in and go were -the same thing, and Suhrab K. [294] and the khidmatiyya thus gave away -the goods of their lives to the flood of destruction. The boatman, -[295] with a hundred difficulties, brought the boat of his being -(himself) in safety to the shore. Mirza Rustam was much attached to -this son. On hearing of this fatal news on the Punch road, he rent the -robe of patience, and showed great agitation. With all his dependants, -clothed in mourning garments, with head and feet bare, he came to -wait on me. What shall I write of the grief of the mother? Although -the Mirza has other sons, his heart was bound up in this one. His age -was twenty-six years. In shooting with a gun he was an excellent pupil -of his father, and knew well how to drive elephants and carriages. On -the expedition to Gujarat he was often ordered to ride on the front -part of my private elephant, and he was an active soldier. [296] - -On Wednesday, the 6th, marching 3 koss, I pitched at the village -of Riwand. On Thursday, the 7th, crossing the kotal of Kuwarmat, -[297] which is the most difficult on this road (MS.), I alighted at -the village of Wachaha (MS. and print differ). The distance of this -stage is 4 1/4 koss. The kotal of Kuwarmat (Kulamat in the MS.) is a -difficult one, and is the last of the kotals on the road. On Friday, -the 8th, having traversed nearly 4 koss, I halted at the village -of Baltar. [298] There was no kotal on this road. It was broad, and -plain after plain, and mead after mead, of flowers. Sweet-smelling -plants of narcissus, violet, and strange flowers that grow in this -country, came to view. Among these flowers I saw (noticed especially) -one extraordinary one. It had five or six orange flowers blooming with -their heads downwards. From the middle of the flowers there came out -some green leaves, as in the case [299] of the pineapple (?). This is -the bulanik [300] flower. There is another flower like the puy (?), -round which are small flowers of the shape and colour of the jessamine, -some blue in colour and some red, with yellow points in the middle, -exceedingly pretty in appearance: its name is "ladar push." They -call it push-i-`aliyyu-l-`umum [301] (the common push?). There are -many yellow arghawan (Judas-trees) on the road as well. The flowers -of Kashmir are beyond counting and calculation. Which shall I write -of? And how many can I describe? I have only mentioned the most -remarkable. There is a waterfall on this road, very high and fine. It -flows down from a high place. No other waterfall of such beauty was -seen on the road. I delayed a moment at it, and filled my eye and heart -with gazing on it from a high spot. On Saturday, the 9th, I marched 4 -3/4 koss, and crossed over at Baramula. [302] It is one of the noted -towns of Kashmir, and 14 koss [303] distant from the city, situated on -the bank of the Bihat. A number of the merchants of Kashmir live in it, -and have built houses and mosques on the bank of the river, and spend -their days in ease and contentment. According to orders, before the -arrival of the host of prosperity, they had prepared decorated boats -at the place. As [304] the hour for entry (into Srinagar) had been -fixed for Monday, when two watches of the day had passed, on Sunday, -the 10th, I entered Shihabu-d-din-pur. On this day Dilawar K. Kakar, -the Governor of Kashmir, came from Kishtwar, [305] and had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold. He was exalted with various royal -favours and all kinds of imperial gratifications. He had done his duty -here in an acceptable manner, and it is hoped that the great Giver -of favours may light up the foreheads of all my servants with honour. - -Kishtwar is to the south of Kashmir. From the city of Kashmir -(Srinagar) to the stage of Alkah (?), [306] which is the capital -of Kishtwar, the distance is 60 koss by measurement. On the 10th -of the Ilahi month of Shahriwar, in my 14th year, Dilawar K., with -10,000 horse and foot, determined to conquer Kishtwar. He appointed -his son, Hasan by name, with Gird `Ali Mir-bahr (admiral) to guard -the city and administer the territory. And as Gohar Chak and Aiba -Chak laid claim to Kashmir as heirs, and were stirring up strife in -Kishtwar, and were wandering in the valley of confusion and ruin, -he left Haibat, one of his brothers, with a force at Desu, which is -near the kotal of Pir Panjal, by way of caution, and, dividing his -forces at that place, he himself hastened with a force by the road -of Sanginpur, sending his son Jalal, with Nasru-llah `Arab, and `Ali -Malik Kashmiri, and a band of Jahangiri servants by another road, and -his elder son Jamal with a band of zealous young men as an advanced -guard to his own force. At the same time he placed two other forces -to move forward on his right and left. As no horses could go on the -road, by way of precaution he took some with him, but left nearly -[307] all his sipahis' horses behind, and sent them to Kashmir (i.e., -Srinagar). The young men girded the belt of duty on their waists, -and went up the hills on foot. The ghazis of the army of Islam fought -from post to post with the ill-fated unbelievers as far as Narkot, -which was one of the enemy's strongholds. There the corps of Jalal and -Jamal, which had been sent by different roads, met, and the enemy, -not having the power to oppose them, took to flight. The brave ones -who offered their lives traversed many ups and downs with the courage -of determination, and hastened on to the Maru river. On the bank of -that river the fire of slaughter was lighted, and the ghazis of the -army of Islam displayed approved activity. The ill-fated Aiba Chak, -with many of the people of ruin, were slain. By the death of Aiba the -Raja became powerless and without heart, and took the road of flight, -and, crossing by the bridge, stopped at Bhandarkot, which is on the -other side. A band of the brave ones (bahaduran) quickly advanced, -wishing to cross the bridge. A great fight took place at its head, and -some of the young men attained to martyrdom. In this way for twenty -days and nights the servants of the Court tried to cross the river, -and the unbelievers of darkened fortune did not fail to attack and try -to drive them back, until Dilawar K., after establishing thanas and -arranging for the commissariat, arrived with his army. The Raja, by -way of stratagem and vulpine trickery, sent his Vakils to Dilawar K., -and begged that he might send his brother with offerings to the Court, -so that when his offences obtained pardon, and his mind were freed -from fear and trouble, he could also himself proceed to the Court, the -refuge of the world, and kiss the threshold. Dilawar K. did not lend -his ear to these deceitful words, and did not throw away from his hand -the coin of opportunity. He dismissed the envoys of the Raja without -the attainment of their object, and made every exertion to cross the -bridge. His eldest son Jamal, with a band of the crocodiles of the -sea of bravery and valour, went up the river, and by bravely swimming -it although swollen crossed over, and engaged in a fierce battle with -the enemy. The devoted servants of the Court made an attack from the -other side, and made matters tight for these ruined people. These, -when they found they had no longer the strength to oppose them, broke -down the planking of the bridge, and took to flight. The victorious -servants made the bridge strong again, and transported the remainder -of the army. Dilawar Khan drew up his forces at Bhandarkot. From the -aforesaid river (the Maru) to the Chenab, which is a strong support of -these unfortunate people, is a distance of two bow-shots, and on the -bank of the Chenab there is a lofty hill. The crossing of the water is -a difficult matter, and, with a view to the coming and going of people -on foot, they attach strong ropes, and place planks of the width of a -cubit between two ropes, and fasten one rope's end to the top of the -hill, and the other on the other side of the water. Then they attach -two other ropes a gaz higher than these, that foot-passengers may -place their feet on the planks, and, taking hold of the upper ropes, -may descend from the top of the hill to the bottom, and so cross the -river. This bridge they call zampa, in the language of the people -of the hill country. Wherever they apprehended that a rope bridge -might be constructed, they stationed musketeers and archers and -men-at-arms, and so felt secure. Dilawar K. made rafts (jhala), and, -placing on them eighty of his valiant young men, sent them across -the river at night. As the water was flowing with great violence, the -rafts were carried down by the flood of destruction, and sixty-eight -of these gallant men were drowned in the sea of non-existence, and -obtained the renown of martyrdom, whilst ten, by the aid of swimming, -reached the shore of safety (i.e., returned), and two on the other -side became prisoners in the hands of the infidels. In short, for -four months and ten days Dilawar Khan, having planted the foot of -courage at Bhandarkot, made endeavours to cross over; but the arrow -of stratagem did not reach the target of intent until a Zamindar -pointed out a place which the enemy had no idea of. There, having -constructed a zampah, in the heart of night, Jalal, Dilawar K.'s son, -with some of the servants of the Court and a band of Afghans, about -200 in number, crossed over in safety, made unawares in the morning -an attack on the Raja, and blew loudly the trumpets of victory. A -few who were around and before the Raja rushed out, bewildered, half -asleep and half awake, and most of them became the harvest of the -blood-drinking sword, while the rest quickly withdrew themselves from -that whirlpool of calamity. In that encounter one of the soldiers came -upon the Raja, and wished to finish him with a sword. He called out: -"I am the Raja; take me alive to Dilawar Khan." The men rushed on -him and made him prisoner. After the Raja was made prisoner, his -people all fled. When Dilawar Khan heard this good news of victory, -he prostrated himself in thankfulness to Allah, and, having crossed -the river with the victorious army, came to Mandal Badr, [308] which -was the capital of the country, and is 3 koss from the river. The -daughter [309] of Sangram Raja of Jammu, and the daughter of the -abandoned Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, were in the Raja's house (i.e., -married to him). By Sangram's daughter he had children. Before the -victory he had, by way of caution, sent his family for refuge to -the Raja of Jaswal and other Zamindars. When my victorious retinue -approached, Dilawar Khan, according to order, took the Raja with him, -and came to kiss the threshold, leaving Nasru-llah `Arab with a body -of horse and foot to guard the country. - -In Kishtwar there are produced much wheat, barley, lentils, millet, -and pulse. Differing from Kashmir, it produces little rice. Its saffron -is finer than that of Kashmir. About a hundred hawks and falcons are -caught there (annually). Oranges, citrons, and water-melons of the -finest kind are obtained. Its melons are of the same kind as those of -Kashmir, and other fruits, such as grapes, apricots, peaches, and sour -pears, are grown. If they were cultivated, it is possible they would -improve. A coin [310] of the name of sanhasi [311] is a relic of the -old rulers of Kashmir, one and a half of which equal a rupee. In their -business transactions they reckon fifteen sanhasi, or ten rupees, -as one padshahi muhar. They call two seers of Hindustani weight a -man (maund). It is not the custom for the Raja to take revenue from -cultivation; he takes annually six sanhasi--that is, four rupees--from -each house. All the saffron is assigned, as pay, to a body of Rajputs -and to 700 musketeers (tupchi) who are old retainers. When the saffron -is sold, four rupees per maund, or two seers, are taken from the -purchaser. The whole income of the Raja consists of fines, and for a -small offence he takes a heavy sum. From whomsoever is wealthy and in -comfortable circumstances the Raja, on some pretext, clears out all -that he has. From all sources his income is about Rs. 100,000. In time -of war 6,000 or 7,000 men on foot collect together; there are but few -horses among them. The Raja and the chief men have about fifty between -them. I bestowed a year's revenue on Dilawar K. by way of reward. By -conjecture, his jagir was worth about 1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -according to the Jahangiri rules. When the chief diwans calculate -the allowances to the jagirdars, the exact amount will be ascertained. - -On Monday, the 11th, after two watches and four gharis had passed, -the royal cortege alighted auspiciously and happily at the buildings -lately erected on the bank of the lake (the Dal lake). By order of my -father, a very strong fort of stone and lime had been built. It is not -quite completed, one side being unfinished. It is hoped that hereafter -it will be completed. From Hasan Abdal to Kashmir by the road I came -is a distance of 75 koss; this was accomplished in nineteen marches -and six halts--that is, in twenty-five days. From Agra to Kashmir, -in the space of 168 days, a distance of 376 koss was traversed in -102 marches and 63 halts. By land [312] and the ordinary route the -distance is 304 1/2 koss. - -On Tuesday, the 12th, Dilawar K., according to order, brought the Raja -[313] of Kishtwar, chained, into my presence, and did homage. He (the -Raja) is not wanting in dignity. His dress is after the Indian fashion, -and he knows both the Hindi and the Kashmiri languages. Contrary to -other Zamindars of these regions, he looked like the inhabitant of -a town. I told him that, notwithstanding his offences, if he would -bring his sons to Court, he should be released from confinement, and -might live at ease under the shadow of the eternal State, or else he -would be imprisoned in one of the forts of Hindustan. He said that -he would bring his people, his family, and his sons to wait on me, -and was hopeful of my clemency. - -I shall now give a brief account of the country of Kashmir and of -its peculiarities. - -Kashmir [314] belongs to the fourth climate. Its latitude is 35 deg. -N., and its longitude, from the White Islands, 105 deg.. In old times -the country was in the possession of Rajas. Their dynasty lasted for -4,000 years. An account of them, and a list of their names, are given -in the Raja-tarang, which, by my father's order, was translated [315] -from the Sanskrit (Hindi in text) into Persian. In the Hijri year 712 -(1312-13) Kashmir was illumined by the religion of Islam. Thirty-two -Muhammadan princes reigned over it for 282 years, until, in 994 -(1586), my father conquered it. From that date till now, being a -period of thirty-five years, the country has been in the possession -of the Crown. Kashmir, from the Pass of Buliyasa [316] to Qambarbar, -is 56 Jahangiri koss long, and its breadth is never more than 27 -koss, or less than 10 koss. Shaikh Abu-l-Fazl has, in the Akbar-nama, -stated, by guess and conjecture, that the length of Kashmir from the -Kishan Ganga to Qambarbar is 120 koss, and its breadth from 10 to 25 -koss. I, out of prudence and caution, appointed a number of trustworthy -and intelligent men to measure the length and breadth with ropes -(tanab). The result was that what the Shaikh wrote as 120 koss came -out as 67. As it is agreed that the boundary of a country is the place -up to which people speak the language of that country, it follows -that the boundary of Kashmir is Buliyasa, which is 11 koss on this -side (i.e., east) of the Kishan Ganga. So, according to the preceding -figures, the length of Kashmir is 56 (67 - 11) koss. The variations in -breadth were found to be not more than 2 koss. The koss [317] which -is in use during my reign is that prescribed by my father. That is, -a koss is 5,000 yards, and the yard is 2 shar`i yards, each of the -latter (yards) being 24 digits [318] (angusht). Wherever the koss or -gaz is mentioned, the reference is to the above koss and the above -gaz. The name of the city is Srinagar, and the Bihat river flows -through the midst of it. They call its fountain-head Vir-nag. [319] -It is 14 koss to the south. By my order they have made a building and -a garden at that source. There have been built in the city four very -strong stone and wooden bridges, over which people come and go. They -call a bridge in the language of this country kadal. There is a -very lofty mosque in the city, one of the marks of Sultan Sikandar, -[320] made in 795 (1393). After a time it was burnt, but was rebuilt -by Sultan Husain. It had not been completed when the mansion of his -life fell down. In 909 (1503-04) Ibrahim Maqri, Vizier of Sultan -Husain, finished it handsomely. From that day till now it is 120 -years since it has been in existence. From the Mihrab to the eastern -wall it is 145 yards, and its breadth is 144 yards, containing four -(taq) alcoves. On all sides of the hall they have erected beautiful -cloisters and pillars. In short, no better memorial of the rulers -of Kashmir has been left than this. Mir Sayyid `Ali of Hamadan (may -his grave be sanctified!) was for some time in this city. There is -a monastery [321] to his memory. Near the city there are two [322] -large lakes full of water all the year round. Their flavour [323] -does not vary; they are the means for coming and going of the people, -and for the conveyance of grain and firewood on boats. In the city -and parganas there are 5,700 boats, with 7,400 [324] boatmen. The -country of Kashmir has thirty-eight parganas. It is divided into two -provinces; the territory on the upper part of the river they call -Marraj, and that on the lower Kamraj. It is not the custom to use -gold and silver for payment of the revenue from land or in commerce, -except for a portion of the cesses (sa'ir-jihat). [325] They reckon -the value of things in kharwars of rice, each kharwar being three -maunds and eight seers of the current weight. The Kashmiris reckon -two seers as one maund, and four maunds, or eight seers, make one -tark. The revenue of Kashmir is 30,63,050 kharwars and 11 tarks, which -in cash represents 7,46,70,000 dams. Ordinarily it maintains 8,500 -horse. It is very difficult to enter Kashmir. The routes by Bhimbhar -[326] and Pakli are the best. Though that by Bhimbhar is the shorter, -yet if one wishes to find spring in Kashmir, he is confined to the -road by Pakli, for the other roads at this season are blocked with -snow. If one were to take to praise Kashmir, whole books would have -to be written. Accordingly a mere summary will be recorded. - -Kashmir is a garden [327] of eternal spring, or an iron fort to -a palace of kings--a delightful flower-bed, and a heart-expanding -heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and enchanting cascades -are beyond all description. There are running streams and fountains -beyond count. Wherever the eye reaches, there are verdure and -running water. The red rose, the violet, and the narcissus grow of -themselves; in the fields, there are all kinds of flowers and all -sorts of sweet-scented herbs more than can be calculated. In the -soul-enchanting spring the hills and plains are filled with blossoms; -the gates, the walls, the courts, the roofs, are lighted up by the -torches of banquet-adorning tulips. What shall we say of these things -or of the wide meadows (julgaha) and the fragrant trefoil? - - - VERSE. - - "The garden-nymphs [328] were brilliant, - Their cheeks shone like lamps; - There were fragrant buds on their stems (or 'under their rind'), - Like dark amulets on the arms of the beloved. - The wakeful, ode-rehearsing nightingale - Whetted the desires of wine-drinkers; - At each fountain the duck dipped his beak - Like golden scissors cutting silk; - There were flower-carpets and fresh rosebuds, - The wind fanned the lamps of the roses, - The violet braided her locks, - The buds tied a knot in the heart." - - -The finest inflorescence is that of the almond and the peach. Outside -the hill-country the commencement of blossoming is the 1st -Isfandarmuz (February 10). In the territory of Kashmir it is 1st -Farwardin (March 10), and in the city gardens it is the 9th and -10th of that month, and the end of their blooming joins on to -the commencement of that of the blue jessamine. In attendance on -my revered father I frequently went round the saffron fields, and -beheld the spectacle of the autumn. Thank God that on this occasion -I beheld the beauties [329] of the spring. The beauties of the -autumn shall be described in their place. The buildings of Kashmir -are all of wood; they make them two-, three-, and four-storied, and -covering the roofs with earth, they plant bulbs of the chaughashi -[330] tulip, which blooms year after year in the spring season, -and is exceedingly beautiful. This custom is peculiar to the -people of Kashmir. This year, in the little garden [331] of the -palace and on the roof of the chief mosque, the tulips blossomed -luxuriantly. There are many blue jessamines in the gardens, and -the white jessamines that the people of India call chambili are -sweet-scented. Another kind is of the colour of sandal-wood, and -this is also very sweet-scented. This is special to Kashmir. I -saw several sorts of red roses: one is specially sweet-scented, -and another is a flower of the colour of sandal (light yellow), -with an exceedingly delicate scent. It (the scent?) is of the -nature of (that of) the red rose, and its stem is like that -of the red rose. There are two kinds of lilies. That which is -grown in gardens is vigorous (balida) and fresh (lit. green) -coloured, the other is a wild kind. Although the latter has less -colour it is very sweet-scented. The flower of the Ja`fari [332] -(a yellow flower) is large and sweet-scented; its stem is above a -man's height, but in some years, when it has grown large and has -flowered, a worm is produced, and spreads over the flower a kind -of spider's web, and destroys it and dries up its stem. This year -it has so happened. The flowers that are seen in the territories -of Kashmir are beyond all calculation. Those that Nadiru-l-`asri -Ustad Mansur, [333] has painted are more than 100. Before my -father's time there were no shah-alu (cherries). [334] Muhammad -[335] Quli Afshar brought them from Kabul and planted them, -and there are now ten or fifteen fruit-bearing trees. There were -also some apricot-trees. The aforesaid made them known in this -country, and now there are many of them. In fact, the apricot [336] -of Kashmir is good. There was a tree in the Shahr-ara garden at -Kabul, called Mirza'i, better fruit than which I had not eaten, -but in Kashmir there are trees equal to this in the gardens. There -are pears (nashpati) of the best kind, better than those of Kabul, -or Badakhshan, and nearly equal to those of Samarkand. The apples -of Kashmir are celebrated for their goodness. The guavas (amrud) -are middling. Grapes are plentiful, but most of them are harsh and -inferior, and the pomegranates are not worth much. Water-melons -of the best kind can be obtained. The melons are very sweet -and creased, (? shikananda) [337], but for the most part when -they become ripe a worm is found in them that spoils them. If -by chance they are preserved from this misfortune they are -very delicate. There are no shah-tut [338] (some kind of large -mulberry), but there are other (tut) mulberries everywhere. From -the foot of every mulberry-tree a vine-creeper grows [339] up. In -fact, the mulberries of Kashmir are not fit to eat, with the -exception of some on trees grown in gardens, but the leaves are -used to feed the silkworm. They bring the silkworms' eggs from -Gilgit and Tibet. There is plenty of wine and vinegar, but the -wine is sour and inferior, and in the Kashmir language is called -mas. After they take cups of it some heat of head ensues. They make -various pickles with the vinegar. As the garlic of Kashmir is good, -the best pickle is that of garlic. There are all kinds of crops -except peas. If they sow peas, they give a crop the first year, -in the second they are inferior, and in the third year they are -like mushang. [340] Rice is the principal crop. Probably there are -three parts under rice and one under all other grains. The chief -food of the people of Kashmir is rice, but it is inferior. They -boil it fresh, [341] and allow it to get cold, and then eat it, and -call it batha. It is not usual to take their food warm, but people -of small means keep a portion of the batha for a night, and eat -it next day. Salt is brought from India. It is not the custom to -put salt into the batha. They boil vegetables in water, and throw -in a little salt in order to alter the flavour, and then eat them -along with the batha. Those who want to have something tasty put -a little walnut-oil into the vegetables. Walnut-oil soon becomes -bitter and evil-flavoured. They also use cow-oil (raughan--i.e., -ghi), but this is taken fresh, and fresh from newly-made butter -(maska). They throw this into the food, and call it "sada-pak" -in the Kashmiri language. As the atmosphere is cold and damp, -it becomes altered by being kept for three or four days. There -are no buffaloes, and the cattle are small and inferior. The -wheat [342] is small and of little substance (kam maghz). It -is not the custom to eat bread (nan). There are tailless sheep, -resembling the kadi [343] (or gaddi) of India. They are called -handu, and their flesh is not without flavour. Fowls, geese, -and ducks (murghabi)--golden and others--are plentiful. There -are all kinds of fish, both with and without scales, but they are -inferior. The woollen cloths are well known. Men and women wear a -woollen tunic (kurta), and call it pattu. If they do not put on -a tunic, they believe that the air affects them, and even that -it is impossible to digest their food without it. The shawls of -Kashmir, to which my father gave the name of parm-narm, are very -famous: there is no need to praise them. Another kind is taharma -(naharma in the printed version); it is thicker than a shawl, and -soft. [344] Another is called darma. It is like a jul-i-khirsak, -[345] and is put over carpets. With the exception of shawls they make -other woollen materials better in Tibet. Though they bring the wool -for the shawls from Tibet they do not make them there. The wool for -shawls comes from a goat which is peculiar to Tibet. In Kashmir they -weave the pattu shawl from wool, and sewing two shawls together they -smooth them into a kind of saqarlat (broad-cloth), which is not bad -for a rain-coat. The men of Kashmir shave the head and put on a round -turban, and the common women do not wear clean, washed clothes. They -use a tunic of pattu for three or four years; they bring it unwashed -from the house of the weaver, and sew it into a tunic, and it does -not reach the water till it falls to pieces. It is considered wrong -to wear drawers (izar); they wear the tunic long and ample as far -as the head and falling down to the feet, and they also wear [346] -a belt. Although most of the houses are on the river-bank not a drop -of water touches their bodies. In short, they are as dirty outside -as inside, without any cleanliness. In the time of Mirza Haidar there -were many skilled people there. They were skilled in music, and their -lutes, dulcimers, harps, drums, and flutes were celebrated. In former -times they had a musical instrument like a lute, and used to sing in -the Kashmiri language compositions according to Hindi musical modes, -there being even two or three modes combined together. Moreover, -many sing together in chorus. In fact, Kashmir is much indebted to -Mirza Haidar for its excellencies. Before the reign of my father the -chief method by which the people of these parts rode was on gunts -(ponies). They had no large horses, but used to bring `Iraq and Turki -horses by way of rare gifts for their rulers. Gunt means a yabu [347] -(pony). They have thick shoulders, and are low in the body. They -are common in other of the hill-countries of India. For the most -part they are vicious [348] and hard-mouthed. When this God-created -flower-garden acquired eternal beauty under the auspices of the State, -and by the blessing of the teaching of the Alexander-minded Khaqan, -many of the Aimaqs (cavalry) were presented with jagirs in this Subah, -and herds of `Iraqi and Turki horses were given them to breed from -(kih kurra bagirand). The soldiers also brought horses [349] on -their own account, and in a short time horses were obtainable, so -that many Kashmiri horses were bought and sold for 200 and Rs. 300, -and even for Rs. 1,000. - -The merchants and artificers of this country are mostly Sunnis, -while the soldiers are Imamiyya Shias. There is also the sect -of Nur-bakhshis. [350] There is also a body of Faqirs whom they -call Rishis. [351] Though they have not religious knowledge or -learning of any sort, yet they possess simplicity, and are without -pretence. They abuse no one, they restrain the tongue of desire, -and the foot of seeking; they eat no flesh, they have no wives, -and always plant fruit-bearing trees in the fields, so that men may -benefit by them, themselves deriving no advantage. There are about -2,000 of these people. There is also a body of brahmans living from of -old in this country, who still remain there and talk in the Kashmiri -tongue. Outwardly one cannot distinguish them from Mussulmans. They -have, however, books in the Sanskrit language, and read them. They -carry into practice whatever relates to the worship of idols. Sanskrit -is a language in which the learned of India have composed books, and -esteem them greatly. The lofty idol temples which were built before -the manifestation of Islam are still in existence, and are all built -of stones, which from foundation to roof are large, and weigh 30 or 40 -maunds, placed one on the other. Near the city there is a small hill -which they call Kuh-i-Maran [352] ("The Wicked Hill," Lawrence, 298), -as well as Hari Parbat. On the east side of the hill there is the -Dal Lake, which measures round a little more than 6 1/2 koss. [353] -My father (may the lights of Allah be his testimony!) gave an order -that they should build in this place a very strong fort of stone -and lime; this has been nearly completed during the reign of this -suppliant, so that the little hill has been brought into the midst -of the fortifications, and the wall of the fort built round it. The -lake is close to the fort, and the palace overlooks the water. In -the palace there was a little garden, with a small building in it -in which my revered father used constantly to sit. At this period it -appeared to me to be very much out of order and ruinous. As it was the -place where that veritable qibla (place turned towards in prayer) and -visible Deity used to sit, and it is really a place of prostration for -this suppliant, therefore its neglected state did not appear right to -me. I ordered Mu`tamid K., who is a servant who knows my temperament, -to make every effort to put the little garden in order and repair the -buildings. In a short space of time, through his great assiduity, -it acquired new beauty. In the garden he put up a lofty terrace 32 -yards square, in three divisions (qit'a), and having repaired the -building he adorned it with pictures by masterhands, and so made it -the envy of the picture gallery of China. I called this garden Nur-afza -(light increasing). - -On Friday, the 15th of the Divine month of Farwardin, two qutas oxen, -out of the offerings of the Zamindar of Tibet, were brought before -me. In form and appearance they closely resemble the buffalo. All the -limbs are covered with wool which properly belongs to animals in a cold -country. For instance, the rang goats (ibex), which they brought from -the country of Bhakkar (Sind) and the hill-country of the Garmsir (in -Afghanistan) were very handsome, and had but little wool, and those -that are met with in these hills, on account of the excessive cold -and snow, are covered with hair and ugly. The Kashmiris call the rang -kapal. [354] On this day they brought a musk deer as an offering. As -I had not tasted its flesh, I ordered it to be cooked; it appeared -very tasteless and bad for food. The flesh of no other wild animal -is so inferior. The musk-bag when fresh has no scent, but when it is -left for some days and becomes dry, it is sweet-scented. The female -has no musk-bag. In these two or three days I frequently embarked in -a boat, and was delighted to go [355] round and look at the flowers of -Phak and Shalamar. Phak is the name of a pargana situated on the other -side of the lake. Shalamar is near the lake. It has a pleasant stream, -which comes down from the hills, and flows into the Dal Lake. I bade -my son Khurram dam it up and make a waterfall, which it would be a -pleasure to behold. This place is one of the sights of Kashmir. - -On Sunday, the 17th, a strange affair took place. Shah Shuja` -was playing in the buildings of the palace. By chance there was a -window with a screen in front of it looking towards the river. They -had put a screen in front, but had not fastened the door, and the -prince in play went towards the window to look out. As soon as -he arrived there he fell headlong. By chance they had laid down a -carpet below the wall, and a farrash (carpet-spreader) was sitting -near it. The child's head fell on this carpet, and his feet on the -back and shoulders of the farrash, and so came to the ground. Though -the height was 7 yards [356] (dara`), the compassion of God, the -Great and Glorious, came to his aid, and the carpet and the farrash -became the means of saving his life. God forbid, but if it had not -been so it would have been a serious matter for him. At the time Ray -Man, the head of the Khidmatiyya [357] piyadas, was standing below -the jharoka. He immediately ran and picked him up, and holding him -in his arms, was taking him upstairs. In that condition he asked: -"Whither are you carrying me?" He replied: "Into the presence of His -Majesty." Then weakness overcame him, and he could speak no more. I -was lying down when this alarming news reached me, and ran out in a -state of bewilderment. When I saw him in this state my senses forsook -me, and for a long time holding him in my affectionate embrace I was -distracted with this favour from Allah. When a child of four years of -age falls headlong from a place ten ordinary (shar`i) gaz in height, -and no harm happens to his limbs, it is a cause for amazement. Having -performed my prostrations for this fresh act of goodness, I distributed -alms, and ordered that deserving people and the poor who lived in the -city should be brought before me in order that I might assure them -their means of livelihood. A strange thing was that three or four -months before this event Jotik Ray, the astrologer, who is one of -the most skilled of the class in astrology, had represented to me, -without any intermediary, that it was predicted from the Prince's -horoscope that these three or four months were unpropitious to him, -and it was possible he might fall down from some high place, but that -the dust of calamity would not settle on the skirt of his life. As -his prognostications had repeatedly proved correct, this dread dwelt -in my mind, and on these dangerous roads and difficult mountain -passes I was never for a moment forgetful of that nursling of the -parterre of Fortune. I continually kept him in sight, and took the -greatest precautions with regard to him. When I arrived in Kashmir -this unavoidable [358] catastrophe occurred. His nurses (anagaha) -and wet-nurses must have been very careless. God be praised that it -ended well! - -In the garden of `Aishabad [359] (abode of pleasure) I saw a tree -which had numerous [360] blossoms. They were very large and beautiful, -but the apples that the tree produced were bitter. - -As excellent service had been done by Dilawar K. Kakar, I promoted him -to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and also conferred -mansabs on his sons. Shaikh Farid, s. Qutbu-d-din K. was raised to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. The mansab of Sar-barah -K. was ordered to be 700 personal and 250 horse, and I promoted -Nuru-llah Kurkiraq (in charge of furriery?) to that of 600 personal -and 100 horse, bestowing on him the title of Tashrif K. The offerings -of Thursday, the 21st, were handed over as a reward to Qiyam K., the -chief huntsman. As Allah-dad Afghan, s. the Tariki, [361] had repented -of his evil deeds and come to Court at the request of I`tmadu-d-daula -I pardoned his offences; the signs of disgrace and shame were evident -on his forehead and, according to the previous arrangement, I bestowed -on him the mansab of 2,500 and 200 horse. Mirak Jalayir, one of the -auxiliaries of Bengal, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 400 horse. - -As it was reported that the jughasi (i.e., black) tulips were in -good bloom on the roof of the Jami` mosque, on Saturday, the 23rd, -I went to see them. In truth, one side of that flower-garden was -very beautiful. The parganas of Mau [362] and Mihri (?) (text has -Maud Mihri), which previously to this had been granted to Raja Baso, -and afterwards continued to his rebel son Suraj Mal, were now bestowed -on Jagat Singh, his brother, who had not obtained the tika (mark of -royal succession), and I gave the pargana of Jammu to Raja Sangram. On -Monday, the 1st of Urdibihisht, I went to the house of Khurram, -and entered his bath-house, and when I came out he presented his -offerings. Of these I accepted a trifle in order to please him. On -Thursday, the 4th, Mir Jumla was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 300 horse. On Sunday, the 7th, I rode to the village of -Chardara, [363] which is the native country of Haidar Malik, to hunt -partridges. In truth this is a very pleasant spot of ground, and has -flowing streams and lofty plane-trees. At his request I gave it the -name of Nurpur [364] (city of light). On the road there was a tree -[365] called halthal; when one takes one of the branches and shakes it, -the whole of the tree comes into movement. The common people believe -that this movement is peculiar to that tree. By chance in the said -village I saw another tree of the same kind, which was in similar -movement, and I ascertained that it was common to that species of -tree, and not confined to one tree. In the village of Rawalpur, -2 1/2 koss from the city towards Hindustan, there is a plane-tree, -burnt in the inside. Twenty-five years before this, when I myself was -riding on a horse, with five other saddled horses and two eunuchs, -we went inside it. Whenever I had chanced to mention this people were -surprised. This time I again ordered some of the men to go inside, -and what I had in my mind came to pass in the same manner. It has -been noted in the Akbar-nama that my father took [366] thirty-four -people inside and made them stand close to each other. - -On this day it was represented to me that Prithi-chand, s. Ray -Manohar, who was one of the auxiliaries of the army against Kangra, -had sacrificed his life in a useless (bi-sarfa [367]) battle with -the enemy. - -On Thursday, the 11th, certain servants of the State were promoted -in the following manner: Tatar K. to 2,000 personal and 500 horse; -`Abdu-l-`Aziz K. to 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse; Debi Chand of -Gwalior to 1,500 personal and 500 horse; Mir Khan, s. Abu-l-Qasim -K. Namakin to 1,000 personal and 600 horse; Mirza Muhammad to 700 -personal and 300 horse; Lutfu-llah to 300 personal and 500 horse; -Nasru-llah `Arab to 500 personal and 250 horse; and Tahawwur K. was -appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat. On Thursday, the 25th, Sayyid -Bayazid Bukhari, faujdar of Bhakkar, raised his head of honour with -the Subadarship of Sind, and his mansab, original and increased, was -fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and he was also presented -with a standard. Shaja`at K. `Arab obtained the honour of exaltation -to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 2,000 horse. Anira'i Singh-dalan, -at the request of Mahabat K., was appointed to Bangash. Jan-sipar -K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. - -At this time, on the representation of the Commander-in-Chief, -Khan-Khanan, and all the loyal people, it was shown to me that `Ambar, -the black-fated one (he was an Abyssinian), had again placed his foot -beyond the bounds of good behaviour, and had, according to his nature, -laid a foundation for trouble and sedition, and as the victorious army -had proceeded to a distant part of the country, he, considering it a -good opportunity, had broken the pledges he had given to the servants -of the Court, and had stretched out his hand to take possession of -royal territory. It is hoped that he will soon be entangled in the -disgrace of his deeds. As he (the Commander-in-Chief) had asked -for treasure, it was ordered that the diwans of Agra should send -Rs. 20,00,000 to the Commander-in-Chief. Close upon this news came that -the Amirs had left their posts, and come together to Darab K., and that -the Bargis [368] (the Mahrattas) were surrounding his camp, and that -Khanjar K. had taken refuge in Ahmadnagar. Two or three battles had -already taken place between the rebels and the servants of the Court, -and each time the enemy had been defeated, and many of them killed. On -the last occasion Darab K., taking with him well-mounted young men, -attacked the rebels' camp. A fierce battle ensued, and the enemy being -defeated turned the face of ruin towards the valley of flight. Their -camp had been plundered, and the victorious army had returned in safety -to their camp. As difficulty and distress had fallen on the victorious -army, those who were loyal came to the conclusion that they should -go down by the Pass of Rohangarh [369] and remain below the ghat, -so that forage and grain might be easily obtained, and the men not -incur any labour or distress. Having no choice, they prepared the -army of prosperity at Balapur, and the rebels of black fortune, with -impertinence and importunity, appeared near Balapur. Raja Bir Singh -Deo, with some of the devoted servants, plucking up courage in order -to beat back the enemy, slew many of them. An Abyssinian of the name of -Mansur, who was in the rebel army, fell into their hands, and although -they wished to put him on an elephant (see Iqbal-nama 161, the text -wrongly has zir "under"), he would not agree, and was insolent. [370] -Raja Bir Singh Deo ordered them to separate his head from his body. It -is hoped that the circling sphere will lay the recompense of improper -deeds on the skirt of life of all who do not recognize the right. - -On the 3rd Urdibihisht I rode to see the Sukh Nag. [371] It is a -beautiful summer residence (ilaq). This waterfall is in the midst -of a valley, and flows down from a lofty place. There was still ice -on its sides. The entertainment of Thursday was arranged for in that -flower-land, and I was delighted at drinking my usual cups on the edge -of the water. In this stream I saw a bird like a saj. [372] A saj is -of a black colour and has white spots, while this bird is of the same -colour as a bulbul with white spots, and it dives and remains for -a long time underneath, and then comes up from a different place. I -ordered them to catch and bring two or three of these birds, that I -might ascertain whether they were waterfowl and were web-footed, or -had open feet like land birds. They caught two and brought them. One -died immediately, and the other lived for a day. Its feet were not -webbed like a duck's. I ordered Nadiru-l-`asr Ustad Mansur to draw -its likeness. The Kashmiris call it galkar [373]--that is, "water saj." - -On this day the Qazi and the Chief Justice represented to me that -`Abdu-l-Wahhab, the son of Hakim `Ali, claimed Rs. 80,000 from -the Sayyids of Lahore, and produced a bond with the seal of Qazi -Nuru-llah. He said that his father had placed that sum in deposit -with Sayyid Wali, the father of these men, who denied it. [374] If -an order were given, the Hakim's son, by way of caution, [375] would -swear an oath on the Qoran, and would take what was his due from -them. I told them to do whatever was right by the Divine Law. The -next day Mu`tamid Khan represented that the Sayyids showed great -humility and submissiveness. The matter was a complicated [376] -one. The greater reflection shown in ascertaining the truth in the -matter the better. I accordingly ordered that Asaf K. should take -exceeding trouble and forethought in ascertaining the truth of this -quarrel, and point out such a way (of unravelling it) that no doubt -whatever should remain. With all this, if it could not be cleared -up, I would examine them in my own presence. Immediately he heard -these words, the Hakim's son lost both his hands and his heart in the -affair, and made a number of his friends intercessors, and proposed -a withdrawal. His representation was that if the Sayyids would not -[377] refer the matter to Asaf K. he would give a release, and that -hereafter he would have no right against nor claim from them. Whenever -Asaf K. sent to fetch him, as he was a low deceiver, he passed his -time in making excuses, and did not appear until he handed over the -deed of release to one of his friends, and the true state of affairs -became evident to Asaf K. They brought him by force into the place -of examination, and, having no choice, he confessed that the deed had -been prepared by one of his servants, who himself witnessed it, and had -misled him. He gave a writing to this effect. When Asaf K. informed -me of the real state of matters, I took away his mansab and jagir, -and cast him out of my presence, and gave the Sayyids leave to return -to Lahore in all honour and respect. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 8th of Khurdad, I`tiqad Khan was -promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sadiq -Khan to that of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. Zainu-l-`abidin, -son of the deceased Asaf Khan (Ja`far), was promoted to be Bakhshi -of Ahadis. Raja Bir Singh Deo Bandila raised his head of honour with -the high mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. - -In Kashmir the most juicy(?) fruit is the ashkan(?) (askami in the -MSS.). It is subacid (mai-khush), smaller than the alu balu (sour -cherry), much better flavoured, and more delicate. When drinking -wine, one cannot eat more than three or four alu balu, but of these -one can take as many as a hundred in twenty-four hours, especially -of the paiwandi(?) sort. I ordered that the ashkan should hereafter -be called the khushkan. It grows in the hills of Badakhshan and in -Khurasan; the people there call it jamdami. The largest of them weigh -1/2 misqal. The shah-alu (cherry), on the 4th Urdibihisht, appeared -of the size of a grain of pulse; on the 27th it reddened, and on the -15th Khurdad it was ripe, and new fruit (nau-bar) had formed(?). The -shah-alu (cherry), to my taste, is better than most fruits. Four -trees had borne fruit in the Nur-afza garden. I called one of these -Shirin-bar, the second Khush-guwar, the third, which bore the most -fruit, Pur-bar, and the fourth, which had less, Kam-bar. One tree in -Khurram's garden had also borne fruit, and I called it Shahwar. There -was a young plant in the little garden of `Ishrat-afza (joy enhancing), -and this I called Nau-bar (new fruit). Every day I plucked with my own -hand sufficient to give a flavour to my cups. Although they sent them -by runners from Kabul as well, yet to pick them oneself from one's -home garden gave additional sweetness. The shah-alu of Kashmir is -not inferior to that of Kabul; it is even better grown. The largest -of them weighed one tank, five surkhs. - -On Tuesday, the 21st, Padshah [378] Banu Begam died (became a -sitter in the bridal chamber of the permanent world), and grief for -this heart-rending event laid a heavy load on my mind. I hope that -Almighty God may give her a place near his own forgiveness. A strange -thing is--that Jotik Ray, the astrologer, two months before this, -had informed some of my servants that one of the chief sitters in the -harem of chastity would hasten to the hidden abode of non-existence. He -had discovered this from the horoscope of my destiny, and it fell -out accordingly. - -One of the events (that now took place) was the martyrdom of Sayyid -`Izzat [379] K. and of Jalal K. Gakhar in the army of Bangash. The -particulars of this are that when the season for the collection -of revenue arrived, Mahabat K. appointed a force to go into the -hill-country to eat up the crops of the Afghans, and not omit one -tittle of raiding and plundering, and killing and binding. When the -servants of the Court arrived at the foot of the Pass the ill-fated -Afghans attacked them from all sides, and took the head of the Pass, -and fortified it. Jalal K., who was an experienced man, and an old man -that had undergone labours, thought it better to delay for a few days, -so that the Afghans might expend the few days' provisions they had -brought with them on their backs, and necessarily disperse of their -own accord; that then his men would be able to cross with ease over the -head of the difficult Pass. When he once passed the head of the defile -they would be unable to do any more, and would be punished. `Izzat -K., who was a battle-lighting flame and a foe-burning lightning, did -not fall in with Jalal K.'s idea, and excited the steed of courage -of some of the Sayyids of Barha. The Afghans, swarming round on all -sides, like ants and locusts, attacked him, and caught him in their -midst. Though the battlefield was not fit for cavalry, yet wherever -the forehead of his wrath shone, he consumed many with the fire of -his sword. In the midst of the fighting they hamstringed his horse, -but he fought on foot and as long as he had breath, and at last fell -bravely. At the time when `Izzat K. made his attack, Jalal K. Gakhar -[380] and Mas`ud, s. Ahmad Beg K., and Bizan (or Bizhan), s. Nad -`Ali Maidani, and other servants, lost restraint, and rushed on from -all sides of the pass, and the rebels seized the tops of the hills, -and fought with stones and arrows. The devoted young men, both of -the servants of the Court and the retainers of Mahabat K., performed -the duties of valour, and slaughtered many of the Afghans. In this -contest Jalal K. and Mas`ud, with many other brave men, sacrificed -their lives. Owing to the rashness of `Izzat K. such a disaster as -this befell the Imperial army. - -When Mahabat K. heard this fearful news, he sent a fresh body of -men to assist, and strengthened the posts. Wherever they found a -trace of those ill-fortuned ones, they did not fail to slay or bind -them. When I heard this news, I summoned Akbar Quli, s. Jalal K. who -had been told off for duty in the conquest of the fort of Kangra, to my -presence, and gave him the mansab of 1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and confirmed to him, according to custom, his hereditary territory -(the Gakhar country) in jagir, presented him with a dress of honour -and a horse, and sent him to the support of the army of Bangash. As -`Izzat K. had left a son of very tender years, keeping before my eyes, -that discerned the truth, his life-sacrifice, I gave him (the child) -a mansab and a jagir, so that those left behind should not be scattered -abroad, and others might have increased hope. - -On this day Shaikh Ahmad of Sirhind, who had for some time been -placed in the prison of correction on account of his pretentiousness -(literally, adorning his shop and selling himself) and immoderate -language, was summoned to my presence, and I released him, giving him -a dress of honour and Rs. 1,000 for expenses, and making him free to -go or remain. He justly represented that his punishment had really -been a valuable lesson to him, and that his desire was to wait on me. - -On the 27th Khurdad apricots arrived [381] (from Kabul). The -picture-gallery in the garden had been ordered to be repaired; it -was now adorned with pictures by master hands. In the most honoured -positions were the likenesses of Humayun and of my father opposite -to my own, and that of my brother Shah `Abbas. After them were the -likenesses of Mirza Kamran, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Shah Murad, and -Sultan Daniyal. On the second storey (row?) were the likenesses of -the Amirs and special servants. On walls of the outer hall the stages -of the road to Kashmir were recorded in the order in which I had come -to them. A poet fixed the date by this hemistich: - - - Pictures of kings of Solomon-like glory. [382] - - -On Thursday, the 4th of the Ilahi month of Tir, the Feast of -buriya-kubi [383] took place. On this day the Kashmir cherries came -to an end. From the four trees of the Nur-afza garden, 1,500, and from -other trees 500 had been plucked. I strictly ordered the officials of -Kashmir to plant shah-alu (cherry) trees in all the gardens. On this -day Bhim, s. Rana Amar Singh, was honoured with the title of Raja, -and Dilir K., brother of the brave `Izzat K., was promoted to the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse, Muhammad Sa`id, s. Ahmad -Beg K., to that of 600 personal and 400 horse, and Mukhlis-ullah, -his brother, to that of 500 personal and 250 horse. On Sayyid Ahmad -Sadr the mansab of 1,000, and on Mirza Husain, s. Mirza Rustam Safawi, -that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, were bestowed, and the last-named -was despatched for duty to the Deccan. On Sunday, the 14th of the -Divine month of Tir, Hasan `Ali Turkman was made Governor of Orissa, -and his personal and horse mansab was raised to 3,000. On this day -Bahadur K., Governor of Qandahar, sent offerings of nine Iraq horses, -some nine pieces of gold brocade, some brocaded satin, and some marten -[384] skins, and other things; these were laid before me. - -On Monday, the 15th, I rode to see the summer quarters of Tusi-marg -[385] (?). Arriving in two matches at the foot of the kotal, on -Wednesday, the 17th, I reached the top of the pass. For a distance -of 2 koss very elevated ground was crossed with difficulty. From the -top of the kotal to the Ilaq (summer quarters) was another koss of -high and low land. Although here and there flowers of various colours -had bloomed, yet I did not see so many as they had represented to me, -and as I had expected. I heard that in this neighbourhood there was -a very beautiful valley, and on Thursday, the 18th, I went to see -it. Undoubtedly, whatever praise they might use in speaking of that -flowery land would be permissible. As far as the eye reached flowers of -all colours were blooming. There were picked fifty kinds of flowers in -my presence. Probably there were others that I did not see. At the end -of the day I turned my reins in order to return. That night an account -was given in my presence of the siege of Ahmadnagar. Khan-Jahan told -a strange tale, which I had also heard before, and it is written on -account of its strangeness. At the time when my brother Daniyal was -besieging the fort of Ahmadnagar, one day the garrison laid the gun -Malik-maidan [386] (king of the plain) against the Prince's camp, -and fired it. The ball reached nearly to the Prince's tent; from that -place it bounded (ricocheted), and went to the lodging of Qazi Bayazid, -who was one of the Prince's companions, and fell there. They had tied -up the Qazi's horse at a distance of 3 or 4 gaz. As the ball touched -the ground, the horse's tongue [387] was torn out by the root and fell -on the ground. The ball was of stone, weighing 10 maunds as current -in Hindustan, or 80 Khurasar maunds. The said gun is so large that -a man can sit comfortably in it. - -On this day I promoted Abu-l-Hasan, the chief Bakshi, to the mansab of -5,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Mubariz K. to that of 2,000 personal -and 1,700 horse. Bizan (or Bizhan) s. Nad `Ali, to that of 1,000 -personal and 500 horse, and Amanat K. to that of 2,000 personal -and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 25th, I gave Nawazish K., s. Sa`id -K., the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Himmat K. that -of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sayyid Ya`qub K., s. Sayyid -Kamal Bukhari, that of 800 personal and 500 horse. Mir `Ali `Askar, -[388] s. Mir `Ali Akbar Musawi, was dignified with the title of Musawi -K. As I had repeatedly heard praise of the Ilaq of Kuri-marg, [389] -I felt much disposed to visit it at this time, and on Tuesday, the -7th Amurdad, rode in that direction. How shall I write its praise? As -far as the eye could reach flowers of various hue were blooming, and -in the midst of the flowers and verdure beautiful streams of water -were flowing: one might say it was a page that the painter of destiny -had drawn with the pencil of creation. The buds of hearts break into -flower from beholding it. Undoubtedly there is no comparison between -this and other Ilaqs, and it may be said to be the place most worth -seeing in Kashmir. - -In Hindustan (i.e., Upper India) there is a bird called Papiha, -[390] of a sweet voice, which in the rainy season utters soul-piercing -(jan-suz, lit. soul-burning) laments. As the koyal lays its egg in the -nest of the crow, and the latter brings up its young, so I have seen -in Kashmir that the papiha lays its egg in the nest of the ghaugha'i -[391] (ring-dove?) and the ghaugha'i brings up its young. - -On Thursday, the 17th, Fida'i K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 700 horse. On this day the ambassador of `Izzat [392] -K., ruler of Urganj, by name Muhammad Zahid, came to the Court, -and presented a petition, accompanied with some trifling presents, -and recalled the existence of hereditary relations (lit., shook the -chain of hereditary connection). I distinguished him with the eye of -kindness, and on the spur of the moment gave the ambassador 10,000 -darbs (Rs. 5,000) as a present, and ordered the officials of the -buyutat (household) to prepare and send (by him) such things as he -might ask for. - -At this time a strange act of grace occurred to my son [393] Khan-Jahan -(Lodi). He had become very ill from the madness of wine, and from the -overpowering of this man-destroying intoxication things had come to -such a pass that it threatened his precious life. Suddenly he reformed, -and God directed him, and he made a vow that thereafter he would not -defile the fringe of his lip with wine. Although I warned him that -it was not good to give it up all at once, and that he should leave -it off gradually, he would not consent, but gave it up manfully. - -On the 25th of Amurdad Bahadur K., Governor of Qandahar, was promoted -to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and on the 2nd of -the Divine month of Shahriwar, Man Singh, s. Rawat Shankar, to that of -1,500 and 800 horse, Mir Husamu-d-din to that of 1,500 and 500 horse, -and Karamu-llah, s. `Ali Mardan K. [394] to that of 600 with 300 horse. - -As at this time I was much inclined to parti-coloured [395] veined -teeth, the great Amirs exerted themselves greatly in looking out for -them. Of these, `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi sent a servant of the name -of `Abdu-llah with a letter to Khwaja Hasan and Khwaja `Abdu-r-Rahim, -ss. Khwaja Kalan Juybari, who are to-day the leading holy men of -Transoxiana, containing a request for these things. By chance, Khwaja -Hasan had a perfect tooth, exceedingly delicate, and immediately -sent it with the aforesaid (servant) to the Court, which it reached -this day. I was greatly pleased, and ordered them to send the value -of Rs. 30,000 in choice goods to the Khwajas, a service for which -Mir Baraka Bukhari was fixed upon. On Thursday, the 12th Shahriwar, -Mir Miran obtained leave to take up the faujdarship of Mewat, and -his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 2,000 with 1,500 -horse. I gave him a special horse, with a dress of honour and a sword. - -At this time it was made clear from a report of Sundar [396] that -Jauhar Mal, the rebel, had delivered his soul to the lords of hell -(had died). It was also reported that a force sent against one of the -Zamindars had abandoned the path of caution, and without fortifying -the way of entrance and exit, or taking possession of the hill-tops, -had entered into the fastnesses of the hills, and had fought without -any good result. As the day drew towards its close, they had turned -their reins with their object unaccomplished, and in turning back, -had made every haste. Many people had been killed, especially those -who would not put up with the disgrace of flight. They purchased -martyrdom with their lives. Out of them Shah-baz K. Dalumani [397] -(?), which is a tribe of Lodi Afghans, sacrificed his life with a -band of his servants and tribesmen. In truth he was a good servant, -and had intelligence combined with modesty. Another report was that -Jamal Afghan, Rustam, his brother, Sayyid Nasib Barha, and some -others had come in wounded. It was also reported that the siege (of -Kangra) had become a close one, and the affair was going hard with -the besieged. They had sent (literally thrown out) men as mediators, -and had asked for quarter. It was hoped that by the blessing of -increasing fortune the fort would be subdued. - -On Wednesday, the 18th of the same month (Shahriwar), Dilawar -K. Kakar died a natural death. Beyond all the other Amirs of high -rank, he combined valour with leadership and knowledge of affairs, -and from the time when I was a prince carried away from all the ball -of superiority in my service. He acted constantly with the perfection -of sincerity and the jewel of doing right, and had thus arrived at -the dignity of Amirship. In the end of his life God Almighty bestowed -grace upon him, and the conquest of Kishtwar, which was an exemplary -service, was accomplished by his courage. It is hoped he may be one -of the pardoned. His sons and the others that he left behind him I -exalted with all kinds of favours and patronage, and enrolled those -of his people who were fit for mansabs amongst the servants of the -Court. I ordered the rest, to remain as usual with his sons, so that -his company might not be split up. - -On this day Qur Yasawul came with a diamond that Ibrahim K. Fath-jang -had obtained from the Bengal mine, and waited on me. Wazir K., diwan -of Bengal, who was an old servant of the Court, died a natural death. - -On the night of Thursday, the 19th, the Kashmiris had lined with lamps -both sides of the Bihat. It is an ancient custom that every year on -this day everyone, whether rich or poor, whoever has a house on the -bank of the river, should light lamps as on the Shab-i-barat. I asked -the brahmans the reason of this, and they said that on this day the -fountain-head of the Jhelam was disclosed, and the custom had come -down from old days that on this date must take place the feast of Veth -tarwah. [398] Veth means the Jhelam, and they call thirteen tarwah; -as this day is the 13th of Shawwal, they light lamps. In this way they -call it the Veth tarwah. Undoubtedly the lamp-lighting was good. I -sate in a boat and went round to see it. On this day the feast of -my solar weighing took place, and according to the usual custom, -I weighed myself against gold and other things, which I distributed -among deserving people. The 51st year of the age of this suppliant -at the throne of Allah came to an end; the 52nd year lit up the face -of expectation. It is hoped that the period of my life will be spent -in pleasing God. The entertainment of Thursday, the 26th, was held -in the lodging of Asaf K. (Nur-Jahan's brother), and that pillar -of the Sultanate fulfilled the duties of homage, and of offerings, -and thereby acquired eternal bliss. - -On 1 Shahriwar (about 11 August) ducks (murghabi) appeared on the Wular -lake, and on the 24th of that month they appeared on the Dal lake. The -following is the list of birds which are not met with in Kashmir: - - - LIST. - - 1. Crane [399] (kulang). - 2. Saras (grus Antigone). - 3. Peacock. - 4. Bustard (jarz or charz). - 5. Stork (laglag). - 6. Bustard (tughdari). - 7. Bustard (tughdagh). - 8. Karwanak (kind of crane?). - 9. Zard-tilak (golden oriole?). - 10. Nuqra-pay (silver-foot). - 11. `Azam-pay. - 12. Boza laglag (royal curlew). - 13. Pelican (hawasil). - 14. Makisa (Ardea indica?). - 15. Baghla (paddy-bird). - 16. Goose (qaz). - 17. Konkla (kokila, the black cuckoo?). - 18. Partridge (durraj). - 19. Shavak (starling). - 20. Nol-i-surkh (redbeak, [parrot]?). - 21. Musicha (wood-pigeon?). - 22. Hariyal (green pigeon?). - 23. Dhing (adjutant). - 24. Koyal (Eudynamys Orientalis). - 25. Shakar-khwara (sugar-eater, [parrot]?). - 26. Mahokha (cuculus castaneus?). - 27. Mahirlat (?). - 28. Dhanesh (hornbill). - 29. Gulchari (quail?). - 30. Tatiri, which the Turks call (blank in MSS.) and I have named - bad-awaz, "evil-voiced." (It is perhaps the sandpiper.) - - -As the Persian names of some of these are not known, or rather, -these birds don't exist in Persia (Wilayat), I have written the Hindi -names. [400] The names of the carnivorous and herbivorous animals -that are not in Kashmir are as follows: The tiger, the panther -(yuz), the rhinoceros, [401] the wild buffalo, the black antelope, -the gazelle, the kotah pacha (hog-deer), the nil-gaw, the wild ass, -the hare, the lynx, the wild cat, the mushak-i-karbala'i (?), [402] -the porpoise, and the porcupine. - -On this day peaches came from Kabul by runners. The largest of these -weighed 26 tolas, [403] or 65 misqals. As long as their season lasted, -such a number came that I gave them to most of the Amirs, and to the -private servants fed from the royal table. - -On Friday, [404] the 27th, I went out to see Virnag, [405] the source -of the Bihat. Going up the river 5 koss in a boat, I alighted at the -village of Pampur. - -On this day unpleasant news came from Kishtwar. The details of this -are that when Dilawar K. conquered it and returned to Court, he left -Nasru-llah `Arab, with some of the mansabdars to guard it. Nasru-llah -made two mistakes. One was that he treated the Zamindars and the people -of the place harshly, and did not observe a conciliatory demeanour -towards them. The second was that the forces sent as auxiliaries to -him, in expectation of increase of mansab, asked him for leave to go to -Court and transact their affairs. He yielded to their representations, -[406] and gave them leave one after the other. When only a small -force was left with him, the Zamindars, whose hearts had been wounded -by him, and were on the look out for a disturbance, found their -opportunity and made an attack from all quarters. Having burnt the -bridge by which the army had crossed, and by which assistance could -come, they lighted the fire of disturbance and sedition. Nasru-llah -shut himself up, and for two or three days defended himself with the -greatest difficulty (literally, with a thousand life-extractions). As -he had no provisions, and they had closed the road, he determined to -accept martyrdom, and manfully, with some of those who were with him, -performed the dues of bravery and valour until most of his men were -killed, and some became captives in the hands of destiny. - -When this news reached my ear, I appointed Jalal, s. Dilawar K., -on whose forehead the traces of bravery and ambition were manifest, -and who had done good service in the conquest of Kishtwar, with the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, giving him the attendants -of his father who were enrolled among the servants of the Court, -and an army of the soldiers of Kashmir, with many of the Zamindars -and men on foot with muskets, to assist him in overcoming that mob, -doomed to a vile end. An order was also given that Raja Sangram, the -Zamindar of Jammu, with his own men, should come in by the hill-road -from Jammu. It is hoped that the rebels will quickly obtain the -recompense for their deeds. - -On Saturday, the 28th, I marched 4 1/2 koss. Passing one koss beyond -Kakapur, I came to the bank of the river. The bang [407] (bhang) -of Kakapur is well-known. It grows wild on the bank of the river in -quantities. On Sunday, the 29th, I halted at the village of Panj -Brara. [408] This village [409] has been bestowed on my fortunate -son Shah Parwiz. His Vakils had prepared a small building and a -little garden overlooking the river. In the neighbourhood of Panj -Brara there is a meadow (julga) [410] exceedingly clean and pleasant, -with seven lofty plane-trees in the middle of it, and a stream of the -river flowing round it. The Kashmiris call it Satha Bhuli(?) [411] -It is one of the great resorts of Kashmir. - -On this day arrived the news of the death of Khan Dauran, [412] -who died a natural death at Lahore. He had nearly reached ninety -years of age. He was one of the brave men of the age and valiant in -the battlefield. He combined bravery with leadership. He performed -great services for the dynasty. It is hoped that he will be among -the pardoned ones. He left four sons, but none of them was worthy to -be his son. He left about Rs. 400,000 in cash and goods, which were -given to his sons. - -On Monday, the 30th, I first visited the fountain of Inch. This -village had been given by my father to Ram Das Kachhwaha, [413] and -he had erected buildings and basins at the spring. Undoubtedly, it -is an exceedingly sweet and delightful place. Its water is perfectly -clear and pure, and many fish swim in it. - - - VERSE. - - So clear the water that the grains of sand at bottom - Could be counted at midnight by a blind man. - - -As I gave [414] the village to my son Khan Jahan, he prepared an -entertainment there, and presented offerings. I chose a trifle in order -to please him. Half a koss from this spring, there is a fountain that -they call Machhi Bhawan, [415] above which Ray Bihari Chand, one of -the servants of my father, built an idol-temple. The beauty of this -spring is more than one can describe, and large trees of ancient -years, planes, white and black poplars, have grown up round it. I -passed the night at this place, and on Tuesday, the 31st, pitched -at the fountain of Achval. [416] The water of this spring is more -plentiful than that of the other, and it has a fine waterfall. Around -it lofty plane-trees and graceful white poplars, bringing their heads -together, have made enchanting places to sit in. As far as one could -see, in a beautiful garden, Ja`fari flowers had bloomed, so that one -might say it was a piece of Paradise. On Wednesday, the 1st of Mihr, -marching from Achval, I pitched camp near the fountain of Virnag. [417] -On Thursday, the 2nd, the feast of cups was prepared at the spring. I -gave my private attendants permission to sit down. Filling brimming -cups, I gave them Kabul peaches as a relish, and in the evening they -returned drunk (mastan, exhilarated?) to their abodes. This spring is -the source of the River Bihat, and is situated at the foot of a hill, -the soil of which, from the abundance of trees and the extent of green -and grass, is not seen. When I was a prince, I had given an order that -they should erect a building at this spring suitable to the place. It -was now completed. There was a reservoir of an octagonal shape, -forty-two yards in area and fourteen [418] gaz in depth. Its water, -from the reflection of the grass and plants on the hill, had assumed -a hue of verdure. Many fish swam in it, round it halls with domes -had been erected, and there was a garden in front of them. From the -edge of the pond to the gate [419] of the garden there was a canal 1 -gaz in width and 180 [420] gaz in length, and 2 gaz in depth. Round -the reservoir was a stone walk (khiyaban-i-sang). The water of the -reservoir was so clear that, notwithstanding its 4 gaz of depth, if -a pea had fallen into it, it could have been seen. Of the trimness of -the canal and the verdure of the grass that grew below the fountain, -what can one write? Various [421] sorts of plants and sweet-smelling -herbs grew there in profusion, and among them was seen a stem -(buta), which had exactly the appearance of the variegated tail of -a peacock. It waved about in the ripple, and bore flowers here and -there. In short, in the whole of Kashmir there is no sight of such -beauty and enchanting character. It appears to me that what is upstream -[422] in Kashmir bears no comparison with (i.e., is far superior to) -what is downstream. One should stay some days in these regions, and go -round them so as to enjoy oneself thoroughly. As the hour for marching -was near, and snow was beginning to fall at the head of the passes, -I had not the leisure to linger there, and was obliged to turn my rein -towards the city. I gave an order that plane-trees should be planted -on both sides, on the banks of the canal above mentioned. On Saturday, -the 4th, I encamped at the spring of Loka Bhawan. [423] This spring -is also a pleasant spot. Although at present it is not equal to the -others, if it were to be repaired it would be very good. I ordered -them to construct a building worthy of the place, and to repair the -reservoir in front of it. On the road I passed by a spring which -they call Andha Nag [424] (blind fountain. See Iqbal-nama, 166). It -is well known that the fish in this fountain are blind. I delayed a -while near this spring, and threw in a net and caught twelve of the -fish. Of these, three were blind and nine had eyes. Evidently the -water of this spring has the effect of making them blind. Certainly -this is not devoid of strangeness. On Sunday, the 5th, I again passed -by the springs of Machhi Bhawan and Inch, and went to the city. - -On Wednesday, the 8th, news arrived of the death of Hashim, s. Qasim -K. On Thursday, the 9th, Iradat K. was promoted to the governorship of -Kashmir. Mir Jumla in his place was chosen for the duty of Khansaman, -and Mu`tamid [425] K. to that of `Arz-muqarrir. The mansab of 2,000 -personal and 500 horse was ordered for Mir Jumla. On the night of -Saturday, the 11th, I entered the city. Asaf K. was appointed to the -duty of Diwan of Gujarat. Sangram, Raja of Jammu, was promoted to -the mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. - -On this day I saw an unusual kind of fishing on the part of the -fishermen of Kashmir. In a place where the water was up to a man's -chest, they propelled two boats that were side by side, and so that -at one end they were in contact, and at the other end they were 14 -or 15 yards apart. Two boatmen held long poles in their hands, and -sate on the outside edge of each boat (?) so as to regulate the space -between each boat, and that they should proceed equally. Then ten or -twelve boatmen got down into the water, and laying hold of the ends -of the two boats that were joined [426] together with their hands, -trampled the bottom with their feet, and moved on. The fish which -were between the boats wanted to get out of the narrow space, and -came against the feet of the boatmen. Immediately one of the boatmen -dived, and another one pressed upon his back, and with his two hands -kept him from coming to the surface. The latter caught a fish and -produced it. Some who are skilful in the art catch two fish with their -hands, and bring them to the surface. Among them was an old boatman, -who generally at each dive brought up two fish. This kind of fishing -occurs at Panj Brara, [427] and is peculiar to the Jhelam. It is not -used in ponds or in other streams. It also only takes place in the -spring when the water is not cold or impetuous (gazanda, "biting"?). - -On Monday, the 13th, the feast of the Dasahra took place. According to -the annual custom, they decorated the horses in the special stables, -and those that had been entrusted to Amirs, and brought them out. At -this time I experienced in myself a shortness of breath and difficulty -in breathing. I hope that in the end, please God, it may all go well. - -On Wednesday, the 15th, I went to make an autumn tour in the direction -of Safapur and the valley of Lar, situated downstream of the Kashmir -River. In Safapur there is a fine tank, and on the north side of -it a hill full of trees. It being the beginning of autumn, it had a -wonderful appearance, with trees of all colours, such as the planes, -the apricot, and others, reflected in the middle of the tank, and -very beautiful. Undoubtedly the beauties of autumn are not less than -those of spring. - - - VERSE. - - There's no exhilaration in decay, but to the eye - The glory of autumn is more brilliant than the Spring. - - -As the time was short and the hour of marching near, I took a short -circuit and returned. These few days I passed pleasantly in catching -[428] ducks. One day, in the midst of the sport, a boatman caught and -brought me a young qarqara (the demoiselle crane, Ardea virgo). It was -very thin and miserable. It did not live longer than one night. The -qarqara does not live in Kashmir. This had become ill and thin at -the time of coming from, or going to, Hindustan, and fallen there. - -On Friday news came of the death of Mirza Rahmandad, s. the -Khan-khanan. He died a natural death at Balapur. It appears that he -had been suffering from fever for some days. When he was recovering, -the Deccanis one day appeared with an army. His elder brother, -Darab K., mounted with the intention of fighting. When the news -reached Rahman-dad, with great bravery, notwithstanding his weakness -and failing health, he went to his brother. After he had beaten the -enemy, he returned and in taking off his jubba (quilted waistcoat) -was not sufficiently careful. The wind immediately caught him, and -he was seized with convulsions, and his tongue became powerless to -speak. He remained two or three days in this state and died. He -was a good and brave youth, was fond of sword-play, and was very -zealous. In every place it was his idea to display his skill with the -sword. Although fire burns equally what is green and what is dry, -yet it appeared very grievous to me, and what must it have been to -his broken-hearted old father? Hardly had the wound from the calamity -of Shah-nawaz K. healed, when he received this fresh wound. I trust -that God Almighty may give him patience and resignation. - -On Thursday, the 16th, Khanjar K. was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 -personal and horse, Qasim K. to that of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja Jahan, who held the post of -Bakhshi to the army of Kangra, that of 800 personal and horse. On the -night [429] of Monday, the 27th of the Divine month of Mihr, after -one watch and seven gharis had passed, the royal standards were raised -auspiciously and happily to return towards Hindustan. As the saffron -had blossomed, a march was made from the neighbourhood of the city to -the village of Pampur. [430] In the whole country of Kashmir there is -saffron only in this place. On Thursday, the 30th, the feast of cups -was held in a saffron field. Groves on groves, and plains on plains -were in bloom. The breeze in that place scented one's brain. The stem -is attached (close?) to the ground. The flower has four petals, and -its colour is that of a violet. It is of the size of a champa flower, -and from the middle of it three stigmas of saffron grow. They plant -the bulbs, and in a good year obtain 400 maunds of the current weight -or 3,002 [431] Khurasan maunds. The custom is for half to go to the -government, and half to the cultivators. A seer is bought and sold -for Rs. 10. Occasionally its market price is more or less, and it is -an established custom that they bring the saffron flowers plucked, and -according to the plan they have adopted from of old, they take half its -weight in salt as wages. There is no salt in Kashmir, and they bring -it from Hindustan. Again, among the excellencies of Kashmir are the -plumes of feathers (kalgi) and the hawks (janwar-i-shikari). As much -as 10,700 feathers are yearly obtained. Hawks and falcons are taken -in nets to the number of 260. It has also nest sparrow-hawks (basha), -[432] and the nest sparrow-hawk is not bad. On Friday, the 1st of -the divine month of Aban, marching from Pampur, I pitched my camp at -Khanpur. As it was reported to me that Zambil [433] Beg, ambassador -from my brother Shah `Abbas, had reached the neighbourhood of Lahore, -a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000 for expenses were sent to him by Mir -Husamu-d-din s. `Azudu-d-daula Inju. [434] I ordered that whatever he -might expend on entertaining the ambassador should be sent to him to -the extent of Rs. 5,000. [435] Before this I had directed that from -Kashmir to the end of the hilly country buildings should be erected -at each stage for the accommodation of myself and the ladies, for in -the cold weather one should not be in tents. Although the buildings at -this stage had been completed, as they were still damp and there was -a smell of lime, we put up in tents. On Saturday, the 2nd, I halted -at Kalampur. As it had repeatedly been represented to me that in -the neighbourhood of Hirapur there was a waterfall [436] very high -and wonderful, as it was 3 or 4 koss off on the left of the road, -I hastened there to see it. What can be written in its praise? The -water pours down in three or four gradations(?). I had never seen such -a beautiful waterfall. Without hesitation, it is a sight to be seen, -very strange and wonderful. I passed the time there in enjoyment till -the third watch of the day, and filled my eye and heart with the sight; -but in the cloudy and rainy season it is not devoid of wildness. After -the third watch had passed, in the evening I rode back to Hirapur, -[437] and passed the night at that stage. On Monday, the 4th, crossing -over the kotal of Bari Brari, [438] I chose Pirpanjal, at the head -of the kotal, for a halting-place. Of the roughnesses of the pass and -the difficulties of this road what shall I write? It is difficult for -thought even to cross it. In these last few days snow had repeatedly -fallen, the hills had become white, and in the middle of the path in -some places ice had formed, so that the hoof of a horse had no hold, -and a rider could only pass with difficulty. God Almighty bestowed -upon us His mercy, for it did not snow on this day. The advantage -was for those who went on in front. Those who followed came in for -snow. On Tuesday, the 5th, going by the pass of Pirpanjal the camp -was pitched at Poshana. Although on this side there is a descent, yet -as it is high, most of the people passed it on foot. On Wednesday, -the 6th, we pitched at Bahramgalla. Near this village there is a -waterfall and a very fine spring. According to orders, they had made -a terrace for me to sit upon; indeed, this is a sight to be seen. I -ordered that they should engrave on a stone tablet the date of the -crossing, and place it on the top of the terrace (suffa). Bi-badal -K. [439] composed some couplets, and this mark of my fortune remains -on the path of poetry as a memorial on the tablet of Time(?). There -are two Zamindars on this road in whose charge are the arrangements -for the traffic on it, and they are in reality the keys of the -country of Kashmir. They call one Mahdi Nayak and the other Husain -Nayak. The charge of the road from Hirapur to Bahramgalla is in their -hands. Bahram Nayak, the father of Mahdi Nayak, during the Kashmiri -government, was an important person. When the authority passed to the -imperial servants, Mirza Yusuf K., during his government, made Bahram -Nayak a traveller to the country of non-existence. It is now equally -in the possession and charge of the two. [440] Although outwardly -they are on good terms, they really bear great enmity towards each -other. On this day Shaikh Ibn Yamin, who was one of the old trusted -servants, went to the neighbourhood of God's mercy (died). [441] -On account of my great reliance on him, my opium and drinking water -[442] were in his charge. On the night when we were encamped above -the kotal of Pirpanjal, the tents and furniture had not arrived. He -was rather infirm and the cold affected him, and he became cramped -so that he could not speak. He remained alive for two days in this -state and then died. I gave over the private opium to Khawass K., -and the ab-dar-khana (the water department) to Musawi K. On Thursday, -the 7th, the village of Thana [443] became the encamping place. Many -monkeys (maimun) were seen in Bahramgalla, and from that stage a great -difference was apparent in the climate, the language, the clothing, -the animals, and whatever properly belongs to a warm country. The -people here speak both Persian and Hindi. Evidently Hindi is their real -language, and they have acquired Kashmiri on account of the proximity -of Kashmir. Briefly, one enters India at this place. The women do -not wear woollen clothing, and like Indian women, they wear nose-rings. - -On Friday, the 8th, Rajaur was the camping-ground. The people of -this country were in old times Hindus, and the landholders are called -Rajas. Sultan Firuz made them Muhammadans, but they are still called -Rajas. They still have the marks of the times of ignorance. One of -these is that just as some Hindu women burn themselves along with their -husbands (bodies), so these women (the Rajaur women) are put into the -grave along with their (dead) husbands. I heard that recently they -put alive into the grave a girl of ten or twelve along with her (dead) -husband, who was of the same age. Also, when a daughter is born to a -man without means, they put her to death by strangulation. [444] They -ally themselves with Hindus, and both give and take girls. Taking them -is good, but giving them, God forbid! I gave an order that hereafter -they should not do such things, and whoever was guilty of them, should -be capitally punished. There is a river at Rajaur. Its water during -the rainy season becomes much poisoned. Many of the people there get -a swelling (bughma) under the throat, and are yellow and weak. The -rice of Rajaur is much [445] better than the rice of Kashmir. There -are self-grown and sweet-scented violets in this skirt of the hills. - -On Sunday, the 10th, I encamped at Naushahra. At this place, by order -of my father, they had built a stone fort, and there is constantly -here, by way of a station (thana), a body of men from the governor -of Kashmir. On Monday the camp was at Chauki Hatti. A chela named -Murad had exerted himself to complete the buildings at this place, -and had done it well. In the middle of the royal abode there was -a fine terrace, superior to those of other stages. I increased -his mansab. On Tuesday, the 12th, I halted at Bhimbar. Passing -this day out of kotals and hills, we entered the broad plains of -Hindustan. The hunters had previously been dispatched to form -qamurghas, so as to prepare jirgas (hunting rings) in Bhimbar -and Girjhak [446] and Makhiyala. On Wednesday and Thursday they -drove in the game. On Friday I rejoiced in a hunt. Hill quchqar, -[447] etc., to the number of 56 head were taken. On this day Raja -Sarang Deo, who was one of the intimate attendants, was promoted -to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 horse. On Saturday, the 16th, -I went towards Girjhak, and in five marches encamped on the bank of -the Bihat. On Thursday, the 21st, I hunted in the hunting-ring of -Girjhak. Less game than usual was taken, and I was not satisfied. On -Monday, the 25th, I hunted with much enjoyment in the hunting-ring -of Makhiyala, [448] thence in ten stages I encamped at the stage -of the hunting-place of Jahangirabad. When I was prince, this was -my hunting-place. Afterwards, I founded a village with my own name, -and erecting a small building, placed it in charge of Sikandar Mu`in, -who was one of my best huntsmen. After I came to the throne I made -a pargana of it, and bestowed it as a jagir on him. I gave an order -that they should construct there a building as a royal residence, -with a tank and a minaret [449] (manara). After his death this pargana -was given in jagir to Iradat K., and the charge of the buildings was -given to him. It has now been handsomely completed. Undoubtedly the -tank was very broad, [450] and in the middle there is a delightful -building. Altogether the buildings here cost Rs. 1,50,000. Really it -is a kingly hunting-place. On Thursday and Friday, having halted, -I enjoyed myself with various kinds of sport. Qasim K., who was -honoured with the charge of Lahore, had the good fortune to pay his -respects to me, and presented 50 muhars. - -In one march after this stage I encamped at the garden of Mumin -`Ishq-baz, [451] which is on the bank of the Lahore River (the -Ravi), and has some lofty plane-trees and handsome cypresses. It -is certainly a rare garden. On Monday, the 9th of the Divine month -of Azar, corresponding with the 5th Muharram of A.H. 1030 [452] -(20 November, 1620), mounting an elephant of the name of Indra, I -went towards the city, scattering coin as I proceeded. After three -watches and two gharis of day had passed, at the selected auspicious -hour, having entered the royal residence, I alighted happily and -auspiciously at the building recently brought to completion and -finished handsomely by the exertions of Ma`mur K. Without exaggeration, -charming residences and soul-exciting sitting places had been erected -in great beauty and delicacy, adorned and embellished with paintings -by rare artists. Pleasant green gardens with all kinds of flowers -and sweet-scented herbs deceived the sight. - - - VERSE. [453] - - From head to foot, wherever I look, - A glance plucks at the heart's skirt (saying), - "This is the place" (to stop at). - - -Altogether, there had been expended on these buildings the sum of -Rs. 700,000 or 23,000 current tumans of Persia. [454] - -On this day the joy-enhancing news of the conquest of the fort -of Kangra rejoiced our mind. In thankfulness for this great boon -and important victory, which was one of the renewed favours of the -Bestower of Gifts, I bowed the head of humility at the throne of the -merciful Creator, and beat with loud sounds the drum of gladness -and pleasure. Kangra is an ancient fort to the North of Lahore, -situated in the midst of the hill country, famous for its strength -and the difficulty of conquering it. Who was the founder of this fort -God only knows. The belief of the Zamindars of the province of the -Panjab is that, during this period the said fort has never passed to -any other tribe, and no stranger has stretched out to it the hand of -dominion. Wisdom is from Allah! But certainly from the time when the -voice of Islam and the sound of the established religion of Muhammad -reached Hindustan, not one of the Sultans of lofty dignity has obtained -the victory over it. Sultan Firuz-shah, with all his power and might, -himself went to conquer it, and besieged it for a long time. As he -knew that the strength of the fort was such that as long as the means -for holding it and provisions were with the besieged, victory over -them was unattainable, nolens volens he was contented with the coming -of the Raja to pay his respects to him, and withheld his hand. They -say that the Raja prepared an offering and an entertainment, and at -his request took the Sultan inside the fort. The Sultan, after going -round and inspecting it, said to the Raja that to bring a king like -him inside the fort was not according to the dictates of caution. What -could he do if the body of men who were in attendance were to attack -him and take possession of the fort? The Raja made a sign to his men, -and instantaneously an army of valiant men armed and accoutred, came -out from a concealed place and saluted the Sultan. The Sultan became -suspicious and anxious about an attack from these men, and suspected -some stratagem. The Raja came forward and kissed the ground of service, -and said: "I have no thought but that of service and obedience, but -as has been spoken by the auspicious tongue, I observe far-sighted -caution, for all times are not the same." The Sultan applauded -him. The Raja, having accompanied him for some stages, obtained -leave to return. After this, whoever sat on the throne of Delhi -sent an army to subdue Kangra, but the thing went no further. My -revered father also sent a large army once under the leadership of -Husain Quli K., who, after approved service, was honoured with the -title of Khan Jahan. Whilst the siege was in progress, the outbreak -of Ibrahim Husain Mirza took place. That ingrate fled from Gujarat, -and raised the flag of rebellion and calamity towards the Panjab. Khan -Jahan was compelled to raise the siege, and to turn to extinguish the -flame of his sedition. Thus the acquisition of the fort fell into the -knot of delay. The thought was continually lurking in the royal mind: -"The longed-for Fair one does not show her face from the secret place -of Destiny." When by the Grace of the Glorious God the throne of the -State was adorned by the existence of this suppliant, this was one -of the holy wars which I considered incumbent on me. In the first -instance I dispatched Murtaza K., who was governor of the Panjab, -with a force of brave men skilled in war, to conquer the fort. This -important matter had not been completed when Murtaza K. attained -to the mercy of God (died). After this Jauhar Mal, [455] s. Raja -Baso, undertook this duty. I sent him, giving him the command of the -army. That wicked one, taking to evil revolt and ingratitude, committed -sin, and dispersion found its way into that army, and the acquisition -of the fort fell into the knot of delay. No long time elapsed before -that ingrate received the recompense of his deeds and went to hell, -as has been described in its own place. [456] In fine, at this time -Khurram undertook that duty, and sent his own servant Sundar [457] -with all haste, and many of the royal servants obtained leave to go -to his support. On the 16th Shawwal, A.H. 1029, (5 September, 1620), -the armies, having invested the fort, erected batteries. Looking to the -ways of entrance into and exit from the fort with the eye of caution, -they closed the road for the entrance of provisions. By degrees the -besieged became straitened, and when there remained in the fort no -grain that they could eat, for four months more they boiled dry grasses -[458] with salt and ate it. When destruction was imminent, and no hope -of escape was left, they asked for quarter and surrendered the fort. - -On Thursday, the 1st Muharram, A.H. 1030, [459] Hijri (16 November, -1620), the victory unattainable by all preceding Sultans of lofty -dignity, and which appeared distant to the short-sighted, God Almighty -of His own grace and mercy granted to this suppliant. The troops, -who had displayed praiseworthy activity in this service, were exalted -according to their exertions and fitness by increase of mansab and -dignities. - -On Thursday, the 11th, I went, at the request of Khurram, to his -newly-built house. I took those of his offerings that pleased me. Three -elephants were placed in the private stud. On the same day I appointed -`Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi to the faujdarship of the district of -Kangra, and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. I -gave a private elephant to I`tiqad K. Alf K. Qiyam-khani K. obtained -leave to take charge of the fort of Kangra, and his mansab, original -and increased, was fixed at 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Shaikh -Faizu-llah, son-in-law of Murtaza K., was appointed in company with -him to stay at the top of the fort (bala-i-qil`a). - -On the night of Saturday, the 13th of the same month, a lunar eclipse -took place. Having performed the dues of humility at the throne of the -highest and most powerful God, cash and goods were distributed by way -of charity among the faqirs and poor, and deserving people. On this day -Zambil Beg, ambassador of the ruler of Persia, had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. After performing salutation, he laid before me the -gracious letter of that brother of high degree, containing expressions -of sincerity and perfect friendship. He presented 12 `Abbasi [460] -(coin) as nazar, four horses with trappings, three tuyghun (white) -falcons, five mules, five camels, nine bows, and nine scimitars. The -Shah had given him leave, in company with Khan `Alam, but for certain -necessary matters he could not come with him. On this day he arrived -at Court. I presented him with a superb dress of honour, with a -plume and a jewelled turban fringe, and a jewelled dagger. Wisal Beg -and Haji Ni`mat, who had come with him, were honoured by waiting on -me. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was promoted to the mansab, original -and increased, of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. At the request of Mahabat K., -I added 300 horse to the mansab of Mubariz K. Afghan, and brought it up -to 2,000 personal and 1,700 horse. One hundred horse were also added -to the mansab of Kabak [461] (?). I sent winter dresses of honour to -`Abdu-llah K. and Lashkar K. At the request of Qasim K. I went to -his garden in the neighbourhood of the city, and in the course of -the procession, scattered 10,000 charans (4-anna pieces). Out of his -offerings I selected one ruby and one diamond, and some cloths. - -On the night of Sunday, the 21st, the advanced camp proceeded -auspiciously and happily towards Agra. Barq-andaz K. was appointed -superintendent of artillery with the army of the Deccan. Shaikh Ishaq -(Isaac) was appointed to duty at Kangra. The brother of Allah-dad, the -Afghan, I released from prison, and made him a present of Rs. 10,000. I -gave also a tuyghun falcon to Khurram. On Thursday, the 26th, the -usual entertainment took place. The presents from the ruler of Persia, -which had been sent by Zambil Beg, were laid before me. I gave an -elephant to Sultan Husain, and made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Mulla -Muhammad Kashmiri. [462] The mansab of Sardar Afghan, at the request -of Mahabat K., was fixed at 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As Raja Rup -Chand of Gwalior [463] had been very active in his service at Kangra, -an order was given to the chief diwans to hand over half of his native -place to him in free gift, and the remaining half as a tankhwah jagir. - -On the 3rd I demanded in marriage for my son Shahriyar the daughter's -daughter [464] of Madaru-l-mulk I`timadu-d-daula, and sent Rs. 100,000 -in cash and goods by way of sachaq (dowry given as part of the marriage -rites). Most of the Amirs and the chief servants went to his house -with gifts. He prepared a grand entertainment with much ceremony. It -is hoped that it may be auspicious to him. As that Chief of the State -had erected lofty buildings, and highly decorated bowers in his house, -he invited me to an entertainment. I went there with the ladies. He -had prepared a great feast, and laid before me appropriate offerings -of all kinds. In order to please him, I took such as I approved of. On -this day Rs. 50,000 were presented to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. The -mansab of Zabar-dast K. was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -original and increased. Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was promoted to -the mansab of 500 personal and 300 horse, and Mirza Dakhani, s. Mirza -Rustam, to that of 500 personal and 200 horse. - -At this auspicious time [465] when the standards of victory and -conquest were in Kashmir, the province of eternal spring, happily -employed in sight-seeing and sport, representations constantly -came from the officials in the Southern territories to the effect -that when the victorious standards went to a distance from the -centre of the Khalifate, the rulers of the Deccan, owing to their -wickedness, broke their promises and raised their heads by giving -trouble and exciting sedition, and placing their feet beyond their -own boundary, took possession of many of the districts of Ahmadnagar -and Berar. It was constantly reported that the chief object of these -evil-fortuned ones was to plunder and ruin the cultivated fields and -the grazing-lands. When at the first time the world-opening standards -had proceeded to the conquest of the regions of the south and the -overthrow of that band, and Khurram, with the vanguard, had gone to -Burhanpur, they, by feline tricks suitable to such seditious people, -made him their intercessor and evacuated the royal dominions. They -also sent by way of tribute large sums in cash and goods, and promised -that they would not let loose from their hands the rope of service, -and would not place their feet beyond the boundary of respect, as -has been recorded in the preceding pages. At the request of Khurram, -I had halted for a few days at the Fort of Shadi'abad Mandu, and -at his intercession, and on their humiliation and bewailing, they -were pardoned. - -As they had now broken their agreement through evil disposition -and quarrelsomeness, and had turned back from the way of obedience -and service, I sent off the hosts of good fortune again under his -leadership, that they might receive retribution for their evil deeds, -and be an example to all those of crooked fortune and turned heads. But -as the important business of Kangra had been entrusted to him, he had -sent most of his experienced men there. For some days, accordingly, he -could not arrange the matter. At last, report followed on report one -after another, that the enemy had gathered strength, and that nearly -60,000 vagabond horsemen had collected together and taken possession -of royal territory, and wherever there were posts, had removed them, -and joined together in the town of Mahakar. For three months the -imperialists had passed their days in strife and fighting with their -rascally enemies, and during this time three pitched battles had taken -place, and each time the self-sacrificing servants (of the State) had -proved superior to the evil-fortuned rebels. As grain and provisions -could not reach the camp by any road, and the enemy was plundering -on all sides of the army of good fortune, a great scarcity of grain -resulted, and the animals were in bad plight. Having no choice, they -came down from the Balaghat, and took up their position at Balapur. The -rebels, waxing valiant in their pursuit, engaged in plundering in the -neighbourhood of Balapur. Of the servants of the Court 6,000 or 7,000 -horsemen, well mounted, were selected, and they made an attack on the -enemy's camp. They (the enemy) numbered about 60,000 cavalry. Briefly, -a great fight took place, and their camp was plundered. Having killed -and taken prisoners many of them, they returned in safety and with -plunder. When they turned back those wretches again attacked them from -all sides, and they came on, fighting as far as the camp. On both sides -about 1,000 were killed. After this fight they (the imperialists) -remained about four months at Balapur. When the scarcity of grain -became excessive, many of the qulaqchis (servants) ran away and -joined the enemy, and constantly bands of them, taking to the road -of disloyalty, were enrolled among the rebels. On this account, not -considering it advisable to delay any longer, they (the imperialists) -came to Burhanpur. Again, those wretches followed them and besieged -Burhanpur, and they were six months shut up there. Many parganas of the -provinces of Berar and Khandesh passed into their possession, and they -stretched out the hand of oppression over the cultivators and poor, -and engaged in collecting the revenues. As the army had undergone -great hardships and the animals had fallen into bad condition, they -could not leave the city to inflict substantial punishment. Thus the -pride and conceit of those short-sighted ones became greater. Just -at this time the royal standards returned to the capital, and by the -grace of God Kangra was conquered. - -Accordingly, on Friday, the 4th of Dai, I despatched Khurram in -that direction, bestowing on him a dress of honour, a sword, and an -elephant. Nur Jahan Begam also gave him an elephant. I told him after -he had conquered the province of the Deccan he should take as a reward -two [466] crores of dams from the conquered country. 650 mansabdars, -1,000 Ahadis, 1,000 Turkish musketeers, and 1,000 [467] gunners on -foot, in addition to the 31,000 horse already in that quarter, and -a large force of artillery, and many elephants, were appointed to -accompany him. I also gave him a crore of rupees for the expenses of -the victorious army. The servants (of the Court) who were appointed -on this duty received each, according to his standing as a reward, -horses, elephants, and dresses of honour. - -At the same auspicious hour and favourable time, the standards -of the expedition were turned toward Agra, and a halt was made at -Naushahr. [468] Muhammad Riza Jabiri was appointed Diwan to Bengal, -and Khwaja Mulki to the post of Bakhshi in the same, and were promoted -in mansab. Jagat Singh, s. Rana Karan, came from his native place, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 6th of the -same month the open space on the bank of Raja Todar Mal's tank [469] -became the alighting place of the Court of good fortune. Here I halted -for four days. On this day some of the mansabdars who had obtained -leave to go to the conquest of the Deccan were promoted as follows: -Zahid K. held the mansab of 1,000 and 400 horse; he received that -of 1,000 and 500 horse; Hardi Narayan Hada I promoted to 900 and -600 horse, original and increased; Ya`qub, s. Khan Dauran, was given -that of 800 and 400 horse, and in the same manner a great number of -the servants of the State received increase of mansab according to -their capabilities. Mu`tamid K. was appointed to the post of Bakhshi -and newswriter to the royal army, and was honoured with a tugh. The -offering of Lachmi Chand, Raja of Kumaon, consisting of hawks and -falcons and other hunting animals, was brought before me. Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan, obtained leave to proceed as an auxiliary to the army -of the Deccan, being presented with a private horse and saddle. Raja -Rup Chand, having been honoured with the gift of an elephant and a -horse, took leave to go to his jagir. On the 12th my son Khan Jahan -(Lodi) was made governor of Multan, and was given leave. There were -conferred on him a complete dress together with a nadiri (a robe of -Jahangir's invention), a jewelled dagger, a special elephant with -trappings, a female elephant, a special horse of the name of Khadang -(i.e., Arrow), and a pair of hawks. Sayyid Hizabr K. held the mansab -of 1,000 and 400 horse. Increasing these by 500 and 200 horse, I gave -him leave to accompany Khan Jahan. Muhammad Shafi` was appointed -Bakhshi and newswriter to the Subah of Multan. Bhawal (or Bahwal), -who was one of the old servants, was made Ashraf-i-tup-khana (head of -the artillery?), and received the title of Ray. On the 13th the bank -of the river Gobindwal became the camp of the army of prosperity, and -a halt of four days was made. A special elephant called Jai Singh, -with a female, were given to Mahabat K., and sent to him by Safiyya -his servant. Robes of honour were also forwarded to the Amirs of the -Subah of Bangash by `Isa Beg. - -On the 17th [470] the feast of my lunar weighing took place. As -Mu`tamid K. had been appointed Bakhshi to the army of the Deccan and -given leave, the post of `Arz-muqarrir was given to Khwaja Qasim. Mir -Sharaf was made Bakhshi of the Ahadis, and Fazil Beg made Bakhshi of -the Panjab. As Bahadur K., governor of Qandahar, in consequence of a -disease in his eyes, had requested to be allowed to kiss the threshold, -entrusting the government of Qandahar this day to `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., -an order was issued to Bahadur K., that when he arrived he should -hand over the fort to him and come himself to Court. On the 21st -of the same month I took up my quarters at Nur-saray. [471] At this -spot the Vakils of Nur Jahan Begam had built a lofty house, and made -a royal garden. It was now completed. On this account the Begam, -having begged for an entertainment, prepared a grand feast, and by -way of offering, with great pains produced all kinds of delicate and -rare things. In order to please her, I took what I approved. I halted -two days at this place. It was settled that the officials of the -Panjab should send Rs. 200,000, in addition to the Rs. 60,000 already -ordered for provisions for the fort of Qandahar. Mir Qiwamu-d-din, -the diwan of the Panjab, obtained leave to go to Lahore, and received -a dress of honour. Qasim K., with a view to punish the seditious in -the neighbourhood of Kangra, and to preserve order in those regions, -was given leave to go, and I presented him with a special nadiri, a -horse, a dagger, and an elephant. His mansab, original and increased, -was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse. At his request, I allowed -Raja Sangram (of Jammu) to proceed to that region, conferring on him -a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant. - -On Thursday the camp was pitched outside the town of Sihrind. I halted -one day, and amused myself with going round the garden. On Sunday, -the 4th, Abu-l-Hasan was sent on service for the conquest of the -Deccan. A dress of honour, with a nadiri, a special shawl, an elephant -named Subh-dam (breath of morn), a horsetail banner, and drums, being -given him. I gave leave to Mu`tamid K., presenting him with a dress of -honour, and a special horse called Subh-i-sadiq (the true dawn). On -the 7th of the same month the bank of the river Sarasati (Saraswati) -was the place of encampment of good fortune in the neighbourhood of -the qasba of mustafa'abad. The next day I encamped at Akbarpur, [472] -whence I sat in a boat on the river Jumna, to reach my object. On -this day `Izzat K. Chachi, [473] with the faujdar of that region, -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Giving Muhammad Shafi` -leave to proceed to Multan, I presented him with a horse, a dress -of honour, and a nur-shahi muhar, and sent by him a special turban -(chira) to Khan Jahan, my son (farzand). - -Thence, in five marches, I reached the pargana of Kirana, the native -country of Muqarrab K., and the Court encamped there. By way of -offering, his Vakils laid before me 91 rubies [474] and 4 diamonds, -1,000 gaz of mikhmal (satin) as a pa-andaz (foot-carpet), with a -petition from him, presenting also 100 camels as charity. I ordered -them to be distributed among deserving people. From this place, -in five marches Delhi became the halting-place of the standards of -good fortune I sent It`imadu-d-daula to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz -with a special farji (a dress), for him, and it was settled that he -should return in the space of one month and wait on me. Having halted -for two days at Salimgarh, on Thursday, the 23rd, I passed through -the district of Delhi with the intention of hunting in the pargana -of Palam, and halted on the bank of the Shamsi tank. On the road -I scattered 4,000 charans (Rs. 1,000) with my own hand. Twenty-two -elephants, male and female, had arrived from Bengal as an offering -from Allah-yar, s. Iftikhar K., and were passed before me. - -Zu-l-Qarnain [475] obtained leave to proceed to the faujdarship of -Sambhar. He is the son of Iskandar, the Armenian, and his father -had the good fortune to be in the service of `Arsh-ashyani (Akbar), -who gave him in marriage the daughter of `Abdu-l-Hayy, [476] the -Armenian, who was in service in the royal harem. By her he had two -sons. One was Zu-l-Qarnain, who was intelligent and fond of work, and -to him, during my reign, the chief diwans had entrusted the charge -of the government salt works at Sambhar, a duty which he performed -efficiently. He was now appointed to the faudjarship of that region. He -is an accomplished composer of Hindi songs. His method in this art was -correct, and his compositions were frequently brought to my notice -and were approved. La`l Beg [477] was selected for the daroghahship -of the records in the place of Nuru-d-din Quli. I passed four days -pleasantly in sporting in the neighbourhood of Palam and returned to -Salimgarh. On the 29th, 19 elephants, 2 eunuchs, [478] 1 slave, 41 -[479] fighting cocks, 12 bullocks, and 7 buffaloes were brought before -me as offerings from Ibrahim K. Fath-jang. On Thursday, the 30th, -corresponding with the 25th Rabi`u-l-awwal, the ceremony of my lunar -weighing [480] was performed. I had sent Koka K. to the Khan-khanan, -and forwarded some messages by him. On this day a petition from him -arrived. Mir Miran, who had been appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat, -on this day came and paid his respects, and was dignified with the -governorship of Delhi, in the room of Sayyid Bahwa. - -On this day Aqa Beg and Muhibb `Ali, the envoys of the ruler of -Persia, paid their respects, and presented a loving letter from that -noble brother, together with a black and white plume (kalgi-i-ablaq), -valued by the jewellers at Rs. 50,000. My brother also sent me a ruby -weighing 12 tanks, [481] which had belonged to the jewel-chamber of -M. Ulugh Beg, the successor of M. Shah-rukh. In the course of time, -and by the revolutions of fate, it had come into the hands of the -Safawi family. On this ruby there were engraved in the Naskh [482] -character the words: "Ulugh Beg b. M. Shah-rukh Bahadur b. Mir Timur -Gurgan." My brother, Shah `Abbas, directed that in another corner -they should cut the words: - - - Banda-i-Shah-i-Wilayat [483] `Abbas - "The slave of the King of Holiness, `Abbas." - - -in the Nasta`liq character. He had this ruby inserted in a jigha -(turban ornament), and sent to me as a souvenir. As the ruby bore -the names of my ancestors, I took it as a blessing for myself, -and bade Sa`ida, the superintendent of the goldsmith's department, -engrave in another corner the words "Jahangir Shah b. Akbar Shah," -and the current date. After some days, when the news of the conquest -of the Deccan arrived, I gave that ruby to Khurram, and sent it to him. - -On Saturday, the 1st of Isfandarmuz, I marched from Salimgarh, and -going first to the glorious mausoleum of Humayun (may the lights -of Allah be his testimony!), performed the dues of humility, and -presented 2,000 quarter rupees (charan) to those who sat in seclusion -in that pure cemetery. I encamped twice on the bank of the Jumna in the -environs of the city. Sayyid Hizabr K., [484] who had been appointed -an auxiliary to Khan Jahan, was sent off with the distinction of a -dress of honour, a sword, a dagger, a horse, and a standard. Sayyids -`Alim and `Abdu-l-Hadi, his brothers, were also each honoured with -a horse and a dress of honour. Mir Baraka Bukhari was allowed to go -to Transoxiana. I entrusted Rs. 10,000 to him, 5,000 of them to be -conveyed to Khwaja Salih Dihbidi, who from his fathers was one of the -well-wishers of this State, and the other 5,000 to be divided among the -mujawirs (custodians) attached to the tomb of Timur (may the lights -of Allah be his testimony!). I also gave a special turban (chira) -to Mahabat K., and sent it to him by Mir Baraka. I also ordered Mir -Baraka to make every effort to procure mottled fish-teeth, and to -procure them from any possible quarter, and at any price. - -I went by boat from Delhi, and in six stages reached the plain of -Brindaban. I gave an elephant to Mir Miran, and permitted him to -go to Delhi. Zabar-dast K. was selected to be Mir Tuzuk (master of -ceremonies) in the place of Fida'i K., and I presented him with -a special shawl (parm-narm). Next day, Gokul [485] was the place -of encampment. At this stage, Lashkar K., the governor of Agra, -`Abdu-l-Wahhab Diwan, Raja Nath Mal, Khizr K. Faruqi, ruler (deposed) -of Asir and Burhanpur, Ahmad K., his brother, the Qazi, the Mufti, -and other chief men of the city (of Agra), had the good fortune to wait -[486] on me. On the 11th I halted auspiciously at the Nur-afshan [487] -garden, which is on the opposite side of the Jumna. As the auspicious -hour for entering the city had been fixed for the 14th, I halted here, -and at the selected auspicious hour proceeded to the fort, and entered -the palace happily and victoriously. The propitious journey from -Lahore to Agra was accomplished in the period of two months and two -[488] days, with 49 marches and 21 halts. No day either of marching or -halting, on land or water, passed without sport. 114 deer, 51 duck, -4 heron (karwanak), 10 black partridge (durraj), and 200 bodna [489] -were taken on the way. - -As Lashkar K. had satisfactorily performed his duties at Agra, -I increased his mansab by 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and made -it 4,000 personal and 2,500 horse, and sent him as an auxiliary to -the army of the Deccan. Sa`ida, superintendent of the goldsmith's -department, was dignified with the title of Bi-badal K. Four horses, -some silver ornaments and cloths, which the ruler of Persia had -sent me by Aqa Beg and Muhammad Muhibb `Ali, were produced before -me on this day. The entertainment of Thursday, the 20th, took place -in the Nur-manzil garden. I gave a present of Rs. 1,00,000 to my -son Shahriyar. Muzaffar K., according to order, came from Thatta, -and had the good fortune to wait on me. He offered 100 muhars and -Rs. 100. Lashkar K. produced a ruby as an offering. It was valued -at Rs. 4,000. A special horse of the name of Musahib (companion) -was given to `Abdu-llah K. `Abdu-s-Salam, s. Mu`azzam K., having -arrived from Orissa, had the good fortune to wait on me: 100 muhars -and Rs. 100 were laid before me as his nazar. The mansab of Dust Beg, -s. Tulak K., was fixed at 900 personal and 400 horse. The entertainment -of Thursday, the 27th, was held in the Nur-afshan garden. A special -dress of honour was given to M. Rustam, and a horse to his son, who -was called Dakhani, and a special horse and an elephant to Lashkar K. - -On Friday, the 28th, I went to hunt to the village of Samonagar, -and returned at night. Seven Persian horses, with their trappings, -were laid before me as an offering from Aqa Beg and Muhibb `Ali. I -presented Zambil Beg, the ambassador, with a Nur-jahani muhar of the -weight of 100 tolas, and gave a jewelled penholder to Sadiq K., the -chief Bakhshi. I also gave a village [490] in Agra, by way of in`am, -to Khizr K. Faruqi. In this year 85,000 bighas of land, 3,325 khar-wars -(of rice), 4 villages, 2 ploughs (of land), and a garden, Rs. 2,327, 1 -muhar, 6,200 darbs (half rupees), 7,880 quarter rupees (charan), 1,512 -tolas of gold and silver, and 10,000 dams from the treasury were given, -in my presence, as alms to faqirs and necessitous people. Thirty-eight -elephants, of the value of Rs. 2,41,000, [491] were presented as -offerings, and were placed in the special elephant house, whilst 51 -were presented by me to the great Amirs and the servants of the Court. - - - - - - - - -THE SIXTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On Monday, [492] the 27th Rabi`u-l-akhir, A.H. 1030 (10 March, 1621), -the sun that bestows bounty on the world lit up the abode of fortune -of Aries with his world-illuminating light, and gladdened the world -and its inhabitants. The sixteenth year of the reign of this suppliant -at the throne of Allah commenced with gladness and victory, and at the -auspicious hour and blessed time I sat on the throne of success in the -capital of Agra. On this joy-enhancing day my fortunate son Shahriyar -lifted up his head with the honour of the mansab of 8,000 and 4,000 -horse. My revered father bestowed, for the first time, this mansab -[493] on my brothers. It is hoped that in the shadow of my education -and in carrying out my pleasure, he may reach the extreme of life -and prosperity. On this day Baqir K. arrayed his men and passed them -before me in order. The great Bakhshis recorded (the number as) 1,000 -horse and 2,000 foot, and reported to me. Having promoted him to the -mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, I entrusted the duties of -faujdar of Agra to him. - -On Wednesday, together with the ladies seated in a boat, I went to the -Nur-afshan garden, and rested there at night. As the garden belongs to -the establishment of Nur Jahan B., on Thursday, the 4th, she held the -royal [494] entertainment and presented great offerings. Of jewels, -jewelled ornaments, and all sorts of precious goods, I selected -what I approved of, of the value of Rs. 100,000. During these days, -every day after midday I embarked in a boat, and went to Samonagar, -4 koss distant from the city, for sport, returning to the palace at -night. Sending Raja Sarang Deo to my prosperous son Shah Parwiz, -I sent with him a special dress of honour, with a jewelled belt, -which contained a sapphire [495] and several rubies. As I had -given Behar to that son in the place of Muqarrab K., I started off -a sazawul to conduct him from Allahabad to Behar. Mir Zahid, [496] -son-in-law of Muzaffar K., having come from Thatta, waited on me. As -Mir `Azudu-d-daula [497] had become very old and decrepit, he could -not carry out the duties of the camp and his jagir. I released him -from the trouble of service and active work. I ordered that he should -receive Rs. 4,000 every month out of the public treasury, and living -at ease and in comfort at Agra or Lahore, or wherever he wished, -should employ himself in prayers for my increased life and welfare. - -On the 9th Farwardin the offering of I`tibar K. was laid before -me. Of jewels, cloths, etc., the value of Rs. 70,000, was accepted, -and I returned the remainder to him. Muhibb `Ali and Aqa Beg, envoys -of the ruler of Persia, presented twenty-four horses, two mules, -three camels, seven greyhounds (sag-i-tazi), twenty-seven pieces -(taq) of brocade, a shamama [498] of ambergris, two pairs of carpets, -and two namad takya [499] (woollen coverlets). Two mares with foals -that my brother had sent with them were also brought before me. - -On Thursday, at the request of Asaf K., I went to his house with the -ladies. Having prepared a grand entertainment, he submitted to me many -delicate gems and wonders in cloths, and rare gifts. Choosing out of -these to the value of Rs. 130,000, I gave the rest to him. Mukarram -K., governor of Orissa, sent by way of offering thirty-two elephants, -male and female, and these had the honour of being accepted. At -this time I saw a wild ass [500] (gur-khar), exceedingly strange in -appearance, exactly like a lion. From the tip of the nose to the end -of the tail, and from the point of the ear to the top of the hoof, -black markings, large or small, suitable to their position, were seen -on it. Round the eyes there was an exceedingly fine black line. One -might say the painter of fate, with a strange brush, had left it -on the page of the world. As it was strange, some people imagined -that it had been coloured. After minute inquiry into the truth, it -became known that the Lord of the world was the Creator thereof. As -it was a rarity, it was included among the royal gifts sent to my -brother Shah `Abbas. Bahadur K. Uzbeg had sent as an offering some -tipchaq horses and cloth stuffs from `Iraq, and they were produced -before me. Dresses of honour for the winter were sent for Ibrahim -K. Fath-jang and the Amirs of Bengal by Mumin Shirazi. On the 15th -the offering of Sadiq K. was produced. It was of all sorts. Having -taken what was worth Rs. 15,000, I gave the remainder to him. Fazil -K. on this day also gave an offering according to his condition. Of -this a trifle was taken. On Thursday (19th Farwardin) the feast of the -culmination was held, and when two watches and one ghari of the day -had passed, I took my seat on the throne. According to the request -of Madar-ul-mulk I`timadu-d-daula, the feast of the culmination was -held in his house. He presented a remarkable offering of rare and -choice things from all countries. Altogether I took the value of -Rs. 138,000. On this day I gave Zambil Beg, the ambassador, a muhar -[501] equal to 200 tolas in weight. At this time Ibrahim K. had sent -some eunuchs from Bengal. One of these was a hermaphrodite. Among -the offerings of the above-mentioned were two boats made in Bengal, -of a very pleasant shape, on the decoration of which a sum of -Rs. 10,000 had been expended. They were really kingly boats. Having -made Shaikh Qasim K. governor of Allahabad, I honoured him with the -title of Muhtashim K. and the mansab of 5,000, and gave an order -that the Diwans should give him an increase to his jagir out of the -unappropriated (mahall-i-ghair-i-`amali) estates. Raja Shyam Singh, -Zamindar of Srinagar (in Garhwal) was given a horse and an elephant. - -At this time it was reported to me that Yusuf K., s. Husain K., [502] -had died in the victorious army of the Deccan a sudden death. The -report said that when he was at his jagir he had become so fat that he -got out of breath with the least exertion. One day when he was paying -his respects to Khurram, in coming and going his breathing [503] -became difficult. When a dress of honour was given him, in putting -it on and saluting he became helpless, and a trembling affected -all his limbs, and with a hundred labours and exertions he saluted -and stumbled out and fell under the shelter of the tent enclosure, -and became unconscious. His servants placed him in a palanquin, -and took him home, and as he arrived, the messenger of death came -also. He received his command, and left his heavy lump of earth in -the perishable dustbin. On 1st Urdibihisht, I gave a special dagger -to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. On the 4th of the same month the feast -of the kar-i-khair (consummation of marriage) of my son Shahriyar -increased the joy of my heart. The Hinna-bandi (putting on henna) -assembly took place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamani. The feast of -the nikah (marriage) was held in the house of I`timadu-d-daula. I -myself went there with the ladies and adorned the feast of joy. After -seven gharis of night had passed, on Friday [504] the marriage took -place with rejoicings. I hope that it will be propitious to this -daily-increasing State. On Tuesday, the 19th, in the Nur-afshan garden, -I presented my son Shahriyar with a jewelled charqab (coat), with a -turban and waist-belt (kamar-band), and two horses, one an `Iraqi, -with a gold saddle, and the other a Turki, with an embroidered saddle. - -In these days Shah Shuja` had an eruption so violent that water would -not go down his throat, and his life was despaired of. As it had been -recorded in his father's horoscope that his son would die this year, -all the astrologers were unanimous that he would not live, but Jotik -Ray said, on the contrary, that the dust of calamity would not settle -on the skirt of his life. I asked: "By what proof?" He said that -in the horoscope of my destiny it was recorded that in this year -no distress or trouble would find its way to the royal mind from -any road, and as I had a great affection for the child, it behoved -that no calamity should happen to him, and some other child would -die. It came to pass as he said, and he carried his life out of this -deadly place, and a son that he (Shah Jahan) had by the daughter of -Shah-nawaz K., died at Burhanpur. Besides this, many of Jotik Ray's -judgments (ahkam) turned out correct. This is not without strangeness, -and it is therefore recorded in these memoirs. I accordingly ordered -him (Jotik Ray) to be weighed against money and the weight came to -Rs. 6,500. This was given him as a reward. - -Muhammad Husain Jabiri was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter of the -Subah of Orissa. The mansab of Lachin Munajjim (astrologer) Qaqshal, -at the request of Mahabat K., was fixed, original and increased, -at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja -Jahan, came from Kangra and waited on me. Having presented an elephant -to Bahadur K. Uzbeg, I sent it with his Vakil. Hurmuz and Hushang, -grandsons of the asylum of pardon Mirza Muhammad Hakim, by reason -of the caution that is fitting to rulers, had been imprisoned in the -fort of Gwalior. At this time, having summoned them into my presence, -I ordered them to remain in Agra, and a daily allowance sufficient for -their expenses was allowed for them. At this time a brahman of the -name of Rudar Bhattacharaj, who was one of the learned ones of this -caste, and was engaged at Benares in teaching, had the good fortune -to pay his respects to me. In truth, he has studied well, both in -the rational and traditional sciences, and is perfect in his own line. - -One of the strange events of this time [505] was that on 30 Farwardin -(about 10 April, 1621) in the present year, in a certain village of the -pargana of Jalandhar, in the morning, a terrible noise arose from the -East, such that its inhabitants, from fright at that terror-increasing -sound, nearly deserted their bodies. Whilst this noise and disturbance -were going on, a light fell from above on the ground, and the people -thought that fire was raining down from heaven. After a moment, when -that noise ceased, and their troubled hearts recovered from their -bewilderment and terror, they sent a quick runner to the collector -(`amil) Muhammad Sa`id, and informed him of what had occurred. He -immediately rode there himself, and went to look at the spot. For ten -or twelve yards in length and breadth the land was so burnt that no -trace of any grass or green was left, and there were still signs of -heat and burning. He ordered them to dig up the soil, and the more -they dug the greater the heat appeared to be till they came to a place -where a piece of heated iron appeared. It was as hot as if it had been -taken out of a furnace. After a while it became cold, and taking it -up, he conveyed it to his house, and placing it in a kharita (cover), -which he sealed, he sent it to Court. I ordered them to weigh it in -my presence, and it came to 160 tolas. I ordered Master (Ustad) Da'ud -[506] to make a sword, a dagger, and a knife of it, and bring them to -me. He represented that it would not stand below the hammer, and fell -to pieces. I told him in that case to mix it with other iron and make -use of it. As I had told him, he mixed three parts of lightning-iron -and one of other iron, and having made two swords, one dagger, and -one knife, brought them to me. From the mixing of other iron he had -brought out its quality (watering). According to the manner of the -excellent swords of Yaman [507] and the South, it could be bent, and -became straight again. I ordered them to test it in my presence. It -cut very well, equal to true swords. I called one the Shamshir-i-qati` -(keen sword) and the other Barq-sirisht (lightning-natured). Bi-badal -K. composed a quatrain which demonstrated [508] these particulars, -and recited it: - - - By Shah Jahangir the world acquired order. - There fell in his reign raw iron from lightning. - From that iron were made by his world-taking command, - A dagger, a knife, and two scimitars. - - -And "Spark of royal lightning" gave the date (A.H. 1030). - -At this time Raja Sarang Deo, who had gone to my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz, came and waited on me. Parwiz represented that he, according -to order, had proceeded from Allahabad to Behar. I hope he will be -prosperous (there). Qasim K. was dignified with the gift of drums. On -this day one `Alimu-d-din, a servant of Khurram, brought a report -from him containing the good news of the victory, with a jewelled -thumbstall (shast, perhaps a ring), which he had sent as nazar. I gave -him leave, sending by him a dress of honour. Amir Beg, brother of Fazil -Beg. K., was appointed Diwan to my son Shahriyar and Muhammad Husain, -brother of Khwaja Jahan, was made Bakhshi, and Ma`sum was appointed -Mir-Saman. Sayyid Haji obtained leave to go as an auxiliary to the -army of the Deccan, and I gave him a horse. Muzaffar K., was also -promoted to the post of Bakhshi. - -As at this time the mother [509] of Imam-quli K., the ruler of Turan, -had sent to Nur Jahan Begam a letter containing expressions of good -will and the dues of acquaintanceship, and sent some rarities from -that country. Khwaja Nasir, who was one of the old servants and -one of my attendants from the time when I was a prince, was sent by -way of embassy on the part of Nur Jahan Begam with a letter, with -choice gifts from this country. At the time when the ladies were -staying in the Nur-afshan garden, a rang (ibex) fawn eight days old, -jumped down from the terrace of the palace, which is 8 gaz in height, -on to the ground, and began to leap about, no sign of injury or pain -being perceptible in it. - -On the 4th of the Divine month [510] of Khurdad, Afzal K., Khurram's -Diwan brought a letter from him containing the good news of his -victory, and kissed the threshold. The details are as follows: -When the victorious army reached Ujain, a band of the servants of -the Court, who were in the fort of Mandu, sent a report that an army -of the rebels, putting forward the foot of audacity, had crossed the -Narbada, and burning several villages that were under [511] the fort, -were busy with rapine and plunder. Madaru-l-mahamm Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -with 5,000 cavalry, were appointed to go in all haste and inflict -punishment on that vain lot of people. The Khwaja made a night march, -and at the dawn of day reached the bank of the Narbada. When the -enemy learnt this, they in one moment threw themselves into the -river and reached the bank of safety. The brave cavalry galloped -after them, and pursued them for nearly 4 koss, [512] and with the -sword of vengeance, made many of them travellers on the road of -non-existence. The ill-fated rebels did not turn back the reins of -haste till they reached Burhanpur. Khurram wrote to Abu-l-Hasan to -remain on that (the South) side of the river till he came. Soon he, -with his army, joined this advanced force, and hastened on, march by -march, till he reached Burhanpur. The graceless rebels were still -keeping [513] their ground, and were encamped round the city. As -the imperial servants had been contending with the rebels for two -years, they had suffered much hardship from want of land (bi-jagiri, -[514] non-possession of fiefs, landlessness) and scarcity of corn, -and their horses were worn out by continued service. Accordingly, -they had to delay nine days in order to recruit. During this period, -thirty lakhs of rupees and many cuirasses [515] were distributed -among the soldiers, and sazawuls had been sent out and had brought -many men out of the city (Burhanpur). The gallant troops had not -yet put their hands to the work, when the black-fated rebels felt -that they could not resist, and scattered like "the daughters of -the Bier" (the stars of the constellation of the Great Bear, which -are dispersed over the heavens, instead of being clustered like the -Pleiades). The brave and swift cavaliers followed them, and with the -sword of vengeance cast many of them upon the earth of perdition. They -gave them no rest, but smiting and slaying them, pursued them as -far as Khirki, which was the residence of the Nizamu-l-mulk and the -other rebels. One day before this the ill-starred one (Malik `Ambar) -had got information of the approach of the imperialists, and had -removed the Nizamu-l-mulk and his family and effects to the fort -of Daulatabad. There he had encamped, with his back resting on the -fort, while in front of him there were marshes and quagmires. [516] -Most of his men became scattered in all directions. The leaders of -the victorious army, with their vengeance-seeking soldiers, halted -three days in the town of Khirki, and so destroyed a city which had -taken twenty years to build, that it is not known if it will regain -its splendour in other twenty years. In fine, after throwing down -its buildings, all agreed in opinion that as an army of rebels was -still besieging Ahmadnagar, they must at once go there, and inflict -condign punishment on the originators of the disturbance, renew the -supplies (of the Ahmadnagar garrison), and leave assistance there, -and then return. With this view they set out, and came as far as the -town of Patan (in Berar, Jarrett II. 233). Meanwhile, the crafty `Ambar -[517] sent agents and officers, and said: "After this I will not drop -the thread of service and loyalty from my hand, nor put out my foot -beyond orders, and will regard whatever tribute and fine be commanded -as a favour, and will send it to the government." It happened that -just then there was great scarcity in the camp in consequence of -the dearness of provisions, and also that news came that the rebel -force which was besieging Ahmadnagar had withdrawn on hearing of the -approach of the imperialists. Accordingly, a force was sent to help -Khanjar K. (the governor of Fort Ahmadnagar), and a sum of money -for his charges. Thereupon the imperialists were relieved from all -anxiety and returned (across the Narbada?). After much entreaty and -lamentation (on the part of `Ambar) it was settled that in addition -to the territory which of old had belonged to the empire, the rebels -should surrender 14 koss of the adjoining country, and should pay -into the public treasury fifty lakhs of rupees as tribute. - -I gave Afzal K. (Shah Jahan's diwan) leave to return, and sent with -him, for Khurram, the ruby plume (kalgi-i-la`li) which the King -of Persia had sent to me, and which has been already described, -and I gave to the aforesaid (Afzal) a dress of honour, an elephant, -an inkpot, and a jewelled pen. Khanjar K., who, when besieged in the -Fort of Ahmadnagar, had performed approved services, and shown proper -activity, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1,000 horse. - -Mukarram K., having come by order from Orissa, had, with his -brothers, the good fortune to wait upon me. He presented a string -of pearls by way of offering. Muzaffaru-l-mulk, s. Bahaduru-l-mulk, -was honoured with the title of Nusrat K. A standard was conferred -on Uda Ram, Dakhani, and to `Azizu-llah, s. Yusuf K., was given -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 21st, -Muqarrab K. arrived from Behar, and had the good fortune to wait upon -me. At this time Aqa `Ali, Muhibb `Ali Beg, Haji Beg, and Fazil Beg, -the envoys of the ruler of Persia, who had come at different times, -were allowed to depart. To Aqa Beg I made a present of a dress of -honour, a jewelled dagger, and Rs. 40,000 in cash; to Muhibb `Ali -Beg a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000; and to the others in the same -way I presented gifts according to their positions. I also sent a -suitable souvenir by them to my brother. On this day Mukarram K. was -appointed Subahdar of Delhi, and faujdar of Mewat. Shaja`at K. `Arab -was dignified with the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,500 horse, -original and increased; Sharza K. with that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse; -Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Kachhwaha, with that of 1,200 and 900 horse. - -On the 29th, Qasim Beg, an envoy of the ruler of Persia, came and -waited on me, bringing a letter from that brother of lofty dignity, -containing expressions of sincerity and friendship. What he had -sent by way of royal gifts was laid before me. On the 1st of Tir, -I sent a special elephant called Gaj Ratan, for my son (farzand) -Khan Jahan. Nazar Beg, a servant of Khurram, laid before me a letter -from him asking for the gift of horses. I ordered Raja Kishan Das, -the mushrif (accountant) to prepare within fifteen days 1,000 horses -from the royal stables, and to send them off with him. I sent to -Khurram as a present a horse of the name of Rum-ratan [518] ("the -jewel of Turkey"), which the ruler of Persia had sent me out of the -spoils of the Turkish camp. - -On this day a servant of Iradat K., of the name of Ghiyasu-d-din, -laid before me a report from him containing the good news of his -victory. In the preceding pages there has been written with the pen of -demonstration an account of the rebellion of the Zamindars of Kishtwar -and of the despatch of Jalal, s. Dilawar K. As this important matter -had not been properly managed by him, an order was given to Iradat -K. to hasten to take up that duty, and to inflict severe punishment -on the rebels, and make such arrangements in the hill-country that the -dust of dispersion and calamity might not settle on its frontiers. He, -as ordered, hastened there and did approved service, and the people of -sedition and disturbance, having turned their heads towards the desert -of exile, escaped half dead. Thus once more was the thorn of calamity -and mischief rooted out of that country, and having established the -officials and established posts, he returned to Kashmir. As a reward -for this service I added 500 horse to his mansab. - -As Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan had done good service and shown proper -activity in the affair of the Deccan, I increased his mansab by 1,000 -horse. Ahmad Beg, nephew of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, being exalted to -the Subahdarship of Orissa, was dignified with the title of Khan, -and had given him a standard and drums. His mansab also was raised -to 2,000 with 500 horse. - -As I had often heard of the virtues and good qualities of Qazi Nasir -of Burhanpur, my truth-seeking mind had a desire for his society. At -this time he came, according to summons, to the Court. Doing honour to -his learning, I paid him great regard. The Qazi is one of the unique of -the age for rational and traditional sciences, and there are few books -that he has not read, but his exterior did not agree with his interior, -and I could not be delighted with his company. As I found him much -devoted to being a dervish and seclusion, I respected his feelings, -and did not give him the trouble of serving me. I gave him Rs. 5,000, -and dismissed him to his native country to pass his days in ease. - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Amurdad Baqir K. was promoted -to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,200 horse, and of the Amirs -and royal servants who had distinguished themselves in the conquest -of the Deccan, thirty-two individuals were exalted by having their -mansabs raised. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi, who had been appointed -to the governorship of Qandahar at the request of my son Khan Jahan, -was promoted to that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 1st -Shahriwar I gave the ambassador Zambil Beg a jewelled sword, and also -presented him with a village under the jurisdiction of the capital, -the revenue of which was Rs. 16,000. - -At this time, knowing that he was unfit for duty on account of his -bad temper and want of knowledge, I dismissed Hakim Rukna, [519] -and told him he might go wherever he wished. As it was reported to -me that Hushang, the brother's son of Khan `Alam, had committed an -unjust murder, having summoned him to my presence, I investigated -the charge, and after it was established, gave an order for his -execution. God forbid that in such affairs I should consider princes, -and far less that I should consider Amirs. I hope that the grace of God -may support me in this. On 1st Shahriwar, at the request of Asaf K., -I went to his house and bathed in the bath-house that he has lately -built. It is beautifully finished. After I had done bathing he laid -before me offerings fit for a nazar. I took what I approved of and -gave him the rest. The Wazifa (pension) of Khizr Khan (late ruler) -of Khandesh, was fixed at Rs. 30,000, [520] original and increased. - -At this time it was reported to me that a blacksmith of the name of -Kalyan was much in love with a woman of his own caste, and was always -laying his head at her feet, and showing symptoms of infatuation. The -woman, though she was a widow, would in no way consent to accept him, -and the love of this wretch who had given his heart to her made no -impression on her. Having summoned both of them into my presence, I -cross-examined them, and however much I advised her to unite herself -to him, she did not agree. At this time the blacksmith said that if -he could make sure that I would [521] give her to him, he would throw -himself down from the Shah-burj of the fort. I said by way of jest: -"Never mind the Shah-burj; if your love be genuine, fling yourself -from the roof of this house, and I'll make her submit herself to -you." I had not ended before he ran like lightning and threw himself -down. When he fell, blood began to flow from his eyes and mouth. I -repented myself greatly of that jest, and was grieved in my mind, -and bade Asaf Khan take him to his house and look after him. As the -cup of his life was brimming over, he died from the injury. - - - VERSE. - - The life-sacrificing lover who stood on that threshold - Gave up his life with joy and regarded death as a trifle. - - -At the request of Mahabat K. the mansab of Lachin Qaqshal, original -and increased, was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. - -It has been mentioned [522] that on the day of the Dasahara festival -in Kashmir, I had perceived in myself a catching and shortness of -breath. Briefly, from excessive rain and the dampness of the air, -a difficulty in drawing breath showed itself on my left side near -the heart. This by degrees increased and became intensified. Of the -physicians who were in waiting on me, Hakim Ruhu-llah first tried -his remedies, and for some time warm, soothing medicines were of use, -for there was evidently a slight diminution (of the symptoms). When I -came down from the hills, they came on again violently. This time for -some days I took goats' milk, and again camel's milk, but I found no -profit whatever from them. About this time Hakim Rukna, who had been -excused from the journey to Kashmir, and whom I had left at Agra, -joined me, and confidently and with a show of power, undertook my -cure, and relied on warm and dry medicines. From his remedies, too, -I derived no advantage; on the contrary, they appeared to increase -the heat and dryness of my brain and temperament, and I became very -weak. The disease increased and the pain was prolonged. At such a -time and in this state, at which a heart of stone would have burnt -(been distressed) about me, Sadra, [523] s. Hakim Mirza Muhammad, -who was one of the chief physicians of Persia (was in attendance on -me). He had come from Persia in the reign of my revered father, and -after the throne of rule had been adorned by this suppliant, as he -was distinguished above all others by natural skill and experience -(tasarruf-i-tabi`at), I was attended to by him, and I distinguished -him with the title of Masihu-z-zaman (Messiah of the Age). I made his -position more honourable than that of the other Court-physicians, with -the idea that at some crisis he would help me. That ungrateful man, -in spite of the claims which I had on him, though he saw me in such -a state, did not give me medicines or treat me. Notwithstanding that -I distinguished him beyond all the physicians who were waiting on me, -he would not undertake my cure. However great attention I showed him -and troubled myself to soothe him, he became more obstinate (sullab), -and said: "I have no such reliance on my knowledge that I can undertake -the cure." It was the same with Hakim Abu-l-Qasim, s. Hakimu-l-mulk, -notwithstanding his being a khanazad, and what was due for his -bringing up; he professed himself suspicious and afraid, and that -considering the matter in his mind, he was terrified and vexed, and -how, then, could he prescribe a remedy? As there was no help for it, -I gave them all up, and weaning my heart from all visible remedies, -gave myself up to the Supreme Physician. As drinking alleviated my -sufferings, I took to it in the daytime, contrary to my habit, and -gradually I carried this to excess. When the weather became hot, the -evil effects of this increased, and my weakness and laboured breathing -were augmented. Nur Jahan Begam, whose skill and experience are greater -than those of the physicians, especially as they are brought to bear -through affection and sympathy, endeavoured to diminish the number of -my cups, and to carry out the remedies that appeared appropriate to -the time, and soothing to the condition. Although previously to this -she had approved of the remedies made use of by the physicians, yet at -this time I relied on her kindness. She, by degrees, lessened my wine, -and kept me from things that did not suit me, and food that disagreed -with me. I hope that the True Physician will grant me perfect recovery -from the hospital of the hidden world. - -On Monday, the 22nd [524] of the same month, corresponding with the -25th of Shawwal, A.H. 1030 (2 September, 1621), the feast of my solar -weighing took place auspiciously and happily. As in the past year -(of my life) I had suffered from severe illness, I had passed it in -continuous pain and trouble. In thankfulness that such a year ended -well and in safety, and that in the commencement of the present year -the signs of health became apparent, Nur Jahan Begam begged that her -Vakils might make the arrangements for the entertainment (of the -solar weighment). In truth, they prepared one which increased the -astonishment of beholders. From the date on which Nur Jahan Begam -entered into the bond of marriage with this suppliant, although in -all weighing entertainments, both solar and lunar, she had made such -arrangements as were becoming to the State, and knew what were the -requirements of good fortune and prosperity; yet on this occasion she -had paid greater attention than ever to adorn the assembly, and arrange -the feast. All the servants of approved service and the domestics who -knew my temperament, who in that time of weakness had constantly been -present and been ready to sacrifice their lives, and had fluttered -round my head like moths, were now honoured with suitable kindnesses, -such as dresses of honour, jewelled sword-belts, jewelled daggers, -horses, elephants, and trays full of money, each according to their -positions. And though the physicians had not done good service, yet -in consideration of the slight contempt [525] with which they had -been treated for two or three days, they received various favours, -and on the occasion of this feast also, they received presents in -jewels and cash. - -After the conclusion of the weighment, trays of gold and silver were -poured out by way of nisar (coin-scattering) into the hope-skirts of -the ministers of amusement (ahl-i-nishat), and of the poor. Jotik -Ray, astrologer, who had given the glad news of my recovery and -restoration to health, I had weighed against muhars and rupees, and -by this method a present was made [526] him of 500 muhars and 7,000 -rupees. At the end of the entertainment the offerings she (Nur Jahan) -had prepared for me were produced. Of the jewels, jewelled ornaments, -cloths and various rarities I selected what I approved of. Altogether -the cost of this great entertainment which Nur Jahan Begam gave was -recorded to be two lacs of rupees, exclusive of what she laid before -me as offerings. In previous years, when I was in health, I weighed -3 maunds and 1 or 2 seers more or less, but this year, as a result -of my weakness and leanness, I was only 2 maunds and 27 seers. - -On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Mihr, I`tiqad K., the -Governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 and 2,500 -horse, and Raja Gaj Singh to that of 4,000 and 3,000 horse. When the -news of my illness reached my son, Shah Parwiz, without waiting for a -farman he came to see me, being unable to restrain himself. On the 14th -[527] of the same month (September 25, 1621), at an auspicious hour -and propitious time, that fortunate son had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold, and went three times round the couch (takht). However -much I adjured him and forbade him to do so, he insisted the more -in lamentation and importunity. I took him by the hand and drew him -towards me, and by way of kindness and affection held him fast in an -embrace, and displayed great love to him. I hope that he may enjoy -a long life with prosperity. - -At this time Rs. 20,00,000 were sent to Khurram for the expenses -of the army of the Deccan by Allah-dad K., who was honoured with an -elephant and a standard. On the 28th Qiyam K., chief huntsman, died -a natural death. He was a confidential servant, and apart from his -skill in hunting, looked over every trifling detail relating to it, -and consulted my pleasure in it. In short, I was much grieved at this -event. I hope that God may grant him forgiveness. - -On the 29th the mother of Nur Jahan Begam died. Of the amiable -qualities of this matron (Kad-banu) of the family of chastity what -can I write? Without exaggeration, in purity of disposition and in -wisdom and the excellencies that are the ornament of women no Mother -of the Age [528] was ever born equal to her, and I did not value -[529] her less than my own mother. With regard to the attachment -that I`timadu-d-daula bore towards her it is certain that no husband -was equal to him. Here one must imagine what had happened to that -grief-stricken old man. Also with regard to the attachment of Nur Jahan -Begam to her mother what can one write? A son like Asaf K., exceedingly -intelligent and clever, rent in pieces his robe of patience and left -off the dress of men of the social state (lit., men of dependence, -or connection). At the sight of his dear son, the grief and sorrow of -the father, wounded at heart, increased more and more. However much -we admonished him, it had no result. On the day on which I went to -condole with him, as the disturbance of his mind and grief of his heart -had commenced, I spoke a few words of admonition by way of affection -and kindness, but did not urge him. I left him until (the sense of) -his calamity should abate. After some days I ministered to his inward -wound the balm of kindness, and brought him back to the position of -sociable beings. Although in order to please me and satisfy my mind -he outwardly controlled himself, and made a show of resignation, yet -with regard to his affection for her what resignation could there be? - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, Sar-buland K., Jan-sipar K., -and Baqi K., were honoured with the gift of drums. `Abdu-llah K. had -gone to his jagir without the leave of the Subahdar [530] of the -Deccan: I accordingly told the Chief Diwans to deprive him of his -jagir, and I`timad Ray was ordered to act as a sazawul, and to send -him back to the Deccan. - -It has been recorded with regard to the case of Masihu-z-zaman (Hakim -Sadra) that, notwithstanding what was due from him for his bringing-up -and my kindness to him, he had not the grace to attend upon me in -such an illness, and more strange still is it that he suddenly threw -off the veil of modesty and asked for leave to undertake a journey -to the Hijaz, and make a pilgrimage to the holy house. Inasmuch -as at all times and under all circumstances the reliance of this -suppliant is on the Lord, that needs no return, and the gracious -Creator, I gave him leave with an open brow. Though he had all kinds -of things (for the journey) I made him a present of Rs. 20,000 in aid -of his expenses, and I hope that the Supreme Physician, without the -assistance of physicians and the means of medicine, may grant this -suppliant complete recovery from the Dispensary of His mercy. - -As the air of Agra, in consequence of the increase of the temperature, -did not agree with me, on Monday, the 13th of the Divine month of -Aban and 16th year (of my reign), the standards were raised to go -towards the hill country of the North, so that if the air of that -quarter should be equable, I might choose some spot of ground on -the bank of the River Ganges, and found a city there, to make a -permanent place of residence for the hot weather, or else turn the -reins of purpose in the direction of Kashmir. Leaving Muzaffar K. to -guard and administer Agra, I dignified him with drums, a horse, and -an elephant. Having appointed his nephew, M. Muhammad faujdar of the -city, I gave him the title of Asad K., and selected him for increase -of mansab. Having exalted Baqir K. to the duty of the Subah of Oudh, -I dismissed him. On the 26th of the said month my prosperous son Shah -Parwiz obtained leave to proceed from Mathura to Bihar and his jagir. I -gave him leave after presenting him with a special dress of honour, -a nadiri, a jewelled dagger, a horse, and an elephant. I hope that -he may enjoy long life. On 4 Azar, Mukarram K., governor of Delhi, -was exalted with the good fortune of paying his respects. On the 6th I -alighted at Delhi, and having halted two days in Salimgarh I employed -myself with the pleasure of sport. At this time it was reported to me -that Jado Ray Kaitha (or Kathiya), who is one of the leading Sardars -of the Deccan, by the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, -had elected for loyalty, and had been enrolled amongst the loyal -servants. Bestowing on him a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, -I sent a gracious farman to him by the hand of Narayan Das Rathor. On -the 1st of the Divine month of Dai, corresponding with the 7th Safar, -A.H. 1031, Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was honoured with the title -of Hashim K. and Hashim Beg Khushi [531] with that of Jan-nisar K. - -On the 7th of the same month the camp was pitched at Hardwar on the -bank of the Ganges. It is one of the most famous places of worship -of the Hindus, and many brahmans and recluses have chosen a corner -of retirement in this place and worship God according to the rule -of their religion. I gave alms in cash and goods to each of them -according to his requirements. As the climate of this skirt of the -hills was not approved by me, and I could not see a spot of ground -on which to make a permanent residence, I proceeded towards the skirt -of the hill country of Jammu and Kangra. - -At this time it was reported to me that Raja Bhao Singh had died in -the Deccan (become a traveller on the road of non-existence). From -excess of wine-drinking he had become very weak and low. Suddenly a -faintness came over him. However much the physicians tried remedies -for him and burnt scars on the top of his head, he did not come to his -senses: for a night and a day he lay without perception, and died the -next day. Two wives and eight concubines burnt themselves in the fire -of fidelity for him. Jagat Singh, his elder brother, and Maha Singh, -his nephew, had spent the coin of their lives in the wine-business, -and the aforesaid, not taking warning from them, sold sweet life for -bitter fluid. He was of very good disposition and sedate. From the -days when I was a prince he was constantly in my service, and by the -blessing of my education had reached the high rank of 5,000. As he -left no son, I dignified the grandson of his elder brother, though of -tender years, with the title of Raja, and gave him the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse. The pargana of Amber, his native place, -was assigned to him as jagir, according to former custom, in order -that his family might not be dispersed. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On the -20th [532] of the same month I halted at the saray of Alwatu. [533] -As I am constantly engaged in the pleasure of hunting, and the flesh -of animals I have killed with my own hand is very much to my taste, in -consequence of the suspicions and caution that I have in such matters, -I order them to be cleaned in my presence, and myself inspect their -stomachs to see what they have eaten and what the food of the animals -is. If by chance I see anything to which I have a dislike I forbear -from eating the flesh. Before this I was not inclined towards any -kind of waterfowl except the sona (golden duck?). When I was at Ajmir -I saw a tame sona duck eating horrible worms. From seeing this, my -taste turned against it, and I gave up eating tame sona ducks until -now, when a duck was caught, and I ordered them to clean it in my -presence. From its crop there first came out a small [534] fish: -after this there appeared a bug [535] so large that I could not -believe till I saw it with my own eye that it could swallow a thing -of such a size. Briefly I this day determined that I would not eat -waterfowl. Khan `Alam represented that the flesh of the white heron -(`uqab-i-safid) was very delicious and tender. I accordingly sent for -a white heron, and ordered them to clean it in my presence. By chance -there came out of its crop ten bugs in a manner disgusting to me, -at the remembrance of which I am distressed and disgusted. - -On the 21st the garden of Sirhind brought joy to my senses, and on -the day of halt there I delighted myself by going round and looking -at it. At this time Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan came from the Deccan, and had -the good fortune to wait on me. He had great favour shown him. On -the 1st of the Divine month of Bahman I halted at Nur-Saray. [536] -The mansab of Mu`'tamid K., original and increased, was ordered to -be 2,000 personal and 600 horse. Khan `Alam was made governor of -Allahabad, [537] and having been presented with a horse, a dress -of honour, and a jewelled sword, took his leave. Muqarrab K. was -selected for the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. On Thursday, -when I was encamped on the bank of the Biyah (Beas), Qasim K. came -from Lahore, and had the good fortune to wait on me. Hashim K., his -brother, with the Zamindars of the country bordering on the hills, -had the honour of kissing the threshold. - -Baso'i, [538] the zamindar of Talwara, brought me a bird, which the -hill-people call jan-bahan. Its tail resembles the tail of the qirqawul -(pheasant), which is also called the tazru, and its colour is exactly -like that of the hen-pheasant, but it is half as large again. The -circle round the eyes of this bird is red, while the orbit of the -pheasant is white. The said Baso'i stated that this bird lived in -the snow-mountains, and that its food was grass and other stuff. I -have kept pheasants and have reared young ones, and have often eaten -the flesh both of young birds and of mature ones. One may say that -there is no comparison between the flesh of the pheasant and this -bird. The flesh of the latter is much more delicate. Among the birds -which I saw in the hill-country one was the phul-paikar, [539] which -the Kashmiris call sonlu. It is one-eighth (nim sawa'i?) less than -a pea-hen. The back, tail, and wings resemble those of the bustard, -and are blackish, with white spots. The breast to the end of the -bosom is black, with white spots, and some red ones. The ends of the -feathers are fiery red, and very lustrous and beautiful. From the end -of the back of the neck it is also brilliantly black. On the top of -its head it has two fleshy horns of a turquoise colour. The skin of -its orbits and round its mouth is red. Below its throat there is skin -round it enough to cover the palms of two hands, and in the middle -of this the skin is of a violet colour of the size of a hand, with -blue spots in the middle. Around it each streak is of a blue colour, -consisting of eight plumes; round the blue streak it is red to the -breadth of two fingers, like the peach flower, and again round its -neck is that blue-coloured streak: it has red legs also. The live -bird, which was weighed, came to 152 tolahs. After it was killed and -cleaned it weighed 139 tolahs. Another bird is of a golden colour: -this the people of Lahore call Shan [540] (?) and the Kashmiris -put. Its colour is like that of a peacock's breast. Above its head -is a tuft (kakul). Its tail of the width of five fingers is yellow, -and is like the long feather (shah-par) of the peacock, and its body as -large as that of a goose. The neck of the goose is long and shapeless: -that of this one is short, and has a shape. - -My brother, Shah `Abbas, had asked for golden birds, [541] and I sent -some to him by his ambassador. On Monday [542] the ceremony of my lunar -weighing took place. At this entertainment Nur Jahan Begam gave dresses -of honour to forty-five of the great Amirs and private servants. On the -14th of the same month the camp was pitched at the village of Bahlwan -[543] belonging to the Siba district. As I constantly longed for the -air of Kangra and the hill-country above-mentioned, I left the large -camp at this place, and proceeded to inspect the said fort with some -of my special servants and attendants. As I`timadu-d-daula was ill -I left him in the camp, and kept Sadiq K., the chief Bakhshi, there -to look after him and guard the camp. The next day news came that his -state had undergone a change, and that the signs of hopelessness were -apparent. I could not bear the agitation of Nur Jahan Begam, and, -considering the affection which I bore towards him, I returned to -the camp. At the end of the day I went to see him. It was the hour of -his death agony. Sometimes he became unconscious and sometimes came -back to his senses. Nur Jahan Begam indicated me, and said: "Do you -recognise (him)?" At such a time he recited this couplet of Anwari: - - - Were a mother-born blind man present - He'd recognise Majesty in the World-Adorner. - - -I was for two hours at his pillow. Whenever he was conscious, -whatever he said was intelligent and rational. In fine, on the 17th -of the said month (Bahman) (about the end of January, 1622), after -three gharis had passed he attained to eternal mercy. What shall I -say about my feelings through this terrible event? He was a wise and -perfect Vizier, and a learned and affectionate companion. - - - VERSE. [544] - - By the reckoning of the eye, there's one frame less: - By Wisdom's reckoning, the lessening is more than thousands. - - -Though the weight of such a kingdom was on his shoulders, and it is -not possible for or within the power of a mortal to make everyone -contented, yet no one ever went to I`timadu-d-daula with a petition -or on business who turned from him in an injured frame of mind. He -showed loyalty to the sovereign, and yet left pleased and hopeful -him who was in need. In fact, this was a speciality of his. From the -day on which his companion (his wife) attained to the mercy of God he -cared no longer for himself, but melted away from day to day. Although -outwardly he looked after the affairs of the kingdom, and taking pains -with the ordering of civil matters, did not withdraw his hand from -business, yet in his heart he grieved at the separation, and at last, -after three months and twenty days, he passed away. The next day I -went to condole with his sons and sons-in-law, and, presenting 41 of -his children and connections and 12 of his dependents with dresses -of honour, I took them out of their mourning garments. - -The next day I marched with the same purpose (as before), and went -to see the fort of Kangra. In four stages the camp was pitched at -the river Banganga. Alf K. and Shaikh Faizu-llah, the guards of the -fort, had the good fortune to pay their respects. At this stage the -offering of the Raja of Chamba [545] was laid before me. His country -is 25 koss beyond Kangra. There is no greater Zamindari in these -hills than this. The country is the asylum of all the Zamindars of -the country. It has passes (`aqabaha) difficult to cross. Until now -he had not obeyed any king nor sent offerings. His brother also was -honoured by paying his respects, and on his part performed the dues of -service and loyalty. He seemed to me to be reasonable and intelligent -and urbane. I exalted him with all kinds of patronage and favour. - -On the 24th [546] of the same month I went to see the fort of -Kangra, and gave an order that the Qazi, the Chief Justice (Mir -`Adl), and other learned men of Islam should accompany me and carry -out in the fort whatever was customary, according to the religion -of Muhammad. Briefly, having traversed about one koss, I went up to -the top of the fort, and by the grace of God, the call to prayer and -the reading of the Khutba and the slaughter of a bullock, which had -not taken place from the commencement of the building of the fort -till now, were carried out in my presence. I prostrated myself in -thanksgiving for this great gift, which no king had hoped to receive, -and ordered a lofty mosque to be built inside the fort. The fort of -Kangra is situated on a high hill, and is so strong that if furnished -with provisions and the necessaries for a fort the hand of force -cannot reach its skirt, and the noose of stratagem must fall short of -it. Although there are heights (sar-kubha) in some places, and guns -and muskets might reach (the fort) from them, yet no harm would accrue -to the garrison, for they could move to another part of the fort, -[547] and be safe. It has 23 bastions and seven gates. Its inner -circumference is 1 koss and 15 ropes, its length is 1/4 koss and 2 -ropes (tanab), its breadth not more than 22 ropes nor less than 15. Its -height is 114 cubits. There are two reservoirs inside the fort, one 2 -ropes long and 1 1/2 broad; the other is of the same length (?). [548] - -After going round the fort I went to see the temple of Durga, which -is known as Bhawan. [549] A world has here wandered in the desert of -error. Setting aside the infidels whose custom is the worship of idols, -crowds on crowds of the people of Islam, traversing long distances, -bring their offerings and pray to the black stone (image). Near the -temple, and on the slope of the hill there is a sulphur-mine (kan), -and its heat causes flames to continually burst forth. They call it -Jwala Mukhi [550] (Flame-Face or Burning Mouth), and regard it as -one of the idol's miracles. In fact, Hindus, while knowing the truth, -[551] deceive the common people. Hindus say [552] that when the life -of Mahadeo's wife came to an end and she drank the draught of death, -Mahadeo, in his great love and attachment to her, took her dead body -on his back, and went about the world carrying her corpse. When some -time had passed in this manner, her form dissolved and dropped asunder, -and each limb fell in a different place: they give honour and dignity -to the place according to the dignity and grace of the member. As -the breast, which when compared with other members has the greatest -dignity, fell in this place, they hold it more precious than any -other. Some maintain that this stone, which is now a place of worship -for the vile infidels, is not the stone which was there originally, -but that a body of the people [553] of Islam came and carried off -the original stone, and threw it into the bottom of the river, with -the intent that no one could get at it. For a long time the tumult -of the infidels and idol-worshippers had died away in the world, -till a lying brahman hid a stone for his own ends, and going to the -Raja of the time said: "I saw Durga in a dream, and she said to me: -'They have thrown me into a certain place: quickly go and take me -up.'" The Raja, in the simplicity of his heart, and greedy for the -offerings of gold that would come to him, accepted the tale of the -brahman, and sent a number of people with him, and brought that stone, -and kept it in this place with honour, and started again the shop of -error and misleading. But God only knows! - -From the temple I went to see the valley which is known as -Kuh-i-Madar. [554] It is a delightful place. From its climate, -the freshness of its verdure, and its delightful position it is a -place of pleasure worthy to be seen. There is a waterfall here which -pours down water from the top of the hill. I ordered them to put up a -symmetrical building there. On the 25th of the month the standards were -turned back to return. Having presented Alf K. and Shaikh Faizu-llah -with horses and elephants I left them to defend the fort. Next day I -encamped at the fort of Nurpur. [555] It was reported to me that in -this neighbourhood there were many jungle fowl. As I had never yet -caught these, I made a halt of another day, and enjoyed myself with -the sport, having caught four. One cannot distinguish them in shape -and colour from domestic fowls. One of the peculiarities of these -birds is that if they are caught by the feet and turned upside down, -wherever they are taken they make no sound, and remain silent, contrary -to the domestic fowl, which makes an outcry. Until the domestic fowl -is plunged into hot water its feathers do not come off easily. The -jungle fowl, like the partridge and podna, [556] can be plucked when -dry. I ordered them to roast them. It was found that the flesh of -the full-grown ones was very tasteless and dry. The chickens had -some juiciness, but were not good to eat. They cannot fly farther -than a bow-shot. The cock [557] is chiefly red, and the hen black -and yellow. There are many in this Nurpur jungle. The ancient name of -Nurpur is Dhameri. [558] Since Raja Baso built the fort and made houses -and gardens they call it Nurpur, after my name. About Rs. 30,000 were -expended on the building. Certes, the buildings Hindus construct after -their fashion, however much they decorate them, are not pleasant. As -the place was fit and the locality enchanting, I ordered them to spend -Rs. 1,00,000 out of the public treasury, and to erect buildings at it, -and to make lofty edifices suited to the spot. - -At this time it was reported to me that there was a Sannyasi Moti -[559] in the neighbourhood who had entirely renounced control over -himself. I ordered them to bring him that I might ascertain the real -state of affairs. They call Hindu devotees Sarb basi. [560] By usage -the word has become San-nyasi (laying down everything). There are -many degrees among them, and there are several orders among the Sarb -basi. Among them there is the Moti order. They put themselves into the -figure of a cross (?) (salb ikhtiyar mikunand) and surrender themselves -(taslim [561] misazand). For instance, they never speak. If for ten -days and nights they stand in one place, they do not move their feet -forwards or backwards; in fact, make no movement at all, and remain -like fossils. When he came into my presence I examined him, and found -a wonderful state of persistence. It occurred to me that in a state -of drunkenness and absence of mind and delirium, some change might -be wrought in him. Accordingly I ordered them to give him some cups -of spirit (`araq) of double strength. This was done in royal fashion -(liberally?), but not the least change took place, and he remained in -the same impassive state. At last his senses left him, and they carried -him out like a corpse. God Almighty granted him mercy so that he did -not lose his life. Certainly there was great persistence in his nature. - -At this time Bi-badal K. presented me with the chronogram of the -conquest of Kangra, and that of the foundation of the mosque which -I had ordered. As he had hit it off well, I here record it: - - - VERSE. - - World-gripper, World-giver, World-holder, World-king, - With the sword of ghazi-ship he conquered this fort. - Wisdom spoke the date "The Jahangiri Fortune opened this fort." - - -He composed the chronogram [562] of the building of the mosque -as follows: - - - VERSE. - - Nuru-d-din Shah Jahangir s. Shah Akbar - Is a king who in the Age hath no equal. - He took Fort Kangra by the aid of God. - A drop from the cloud of his sword is a tempest. - As by his order this illumined mosque was built, - May his forehead shine by his prostration. - A hidden messenger said: "In seeking for the date - (Say) The mosque of Shah Jahangir was illumined." [563] - - -On the first of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz I gave the -establishment and everything belonging to the government and Amirship -of I`timadu-d-daula to Nur Jahan Begam, and ordered that her drums -and orchestra should be sounded after those of the king. On the 4th -of the same month I pitched in the neighbourhood of the pargana -of Kashhuna. [564] On this day Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan was raised to -the lofty dignity of supreme Diwan. I conferred dresses of honour -on 32 individuals of the Deccan Amirs. Abu Sa`id, grandson of -I`timadu-d-daula, was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 -horse. At this time a report came from Khurram that Khusrau, on the -8th [565] (20th) of the month, had died of the disease of colic pains -(qulanj), and gone to the mercy of God. - -On the 19th of the month I pitched on the bank of the Bihat -(Jhelam). Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 -horse. Raja Kishan Das was selected for the duty of faujdar of Delhi, -and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse, original -and increased. Previously to this, huntsmen and yasawulan (guards) -had been ordered to prepare a jarga (hunting-ring) in the shikar-gah -(hunting-place of) Girjhak. When it was reported to me that they -had brought the game into the enclosure, on the 24th of the month I -went out to hunt with some of my special servants. Of hill quchqar -(rams?) and gazelles 124 [566] head were taken. On this day it was -reported that Zafar K. s. Zain K., had died. I promoted Sa`adat Umid, -his son, to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 horse. - - - - - - - - -THE SEVENTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the eve of Monday, the ----, [567] of the month of Jumada-l-awwal, -A.H. 1031, March 10-12, 1622, after one watch, five gharis and a -fraction had passed, the sun that illuminates the world lighted the -mansion of Aries, and the 17th year of the reign of this suppliant -began auspiciously and happily. On this joy-increasing day Asaf K. was -promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and horse. Having given Qasim -K. leave to proceed to the government of the Panjab, I presented him -with a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. Eighty thousand darbs -were given to Zambil Beg, ambassador of the ruler of Persia. On the 6th -of the same month (Farwardin) the royal camp was at Rawalpindi. Fazil -K. was promoted to the post of Bakhshi. Zambil Beg was ordered to -remain at ease in Lahore until the return of the victorious army from -Kashmir. An elephant was conferred on Akbarquli K. Gakkar. - -At this time I frequently heard that the ruler of Persia had hastened -from Khurasan for the purpose of conquering Qandahar. Although looking -to our previous and present connections, it appeared very unlikely, -and beyond all calculation, that such a great king should entertain -such light and crude ideas, and himself come against one of my humble -slaves who was in Qandahar with 300 or 400 [568] servants, yet as -caution is one of the duties of a ruler and becoming to a king, I sent -Zainu-l-`Abidin, Bakhshi of Ahadis, with a gracious farman to Khurram -to come and wait on me with all possible speed with a victorious host, -and elephants of mountain hugeness, and the numerous artillery that -were assigned for his support in that Subah. So that, if these words -should be near the truth, he might come and be despatched with an -innumerable army and countless treasure, in order that he (the king of -Persia) might discover the result of breaking faith and of wrong-doing. - -On the 8th I halted at the fountain of Hasan Abdal. Fida'i K. was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and -Badi`u-z-zaman was appointed Bakhshi of the Ahadis. On Friday, -the 12th, Mahabat K., having come from Kabul, waited on me and had -the good fortune to pay his respects, and became the recipient of -daily-increasing favours. He presented 100 muhrs as a present and -Rs. 10,000 as alms. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan passed his followers before me -in review; 2,500 well-horsed cavalry were enrolled of whom 400 were -matchlock men. At this stage a qamurgha hunt was arranged, and I shot -[569] 33 hill quchqar (mountain sheep), etc. At this time Hakim Mumina, -at the recommendation of the pillar of the State, Mahabat K., had -the good fortune to wait on me. With power and courage he undertook -my cure, and I hope that his coming may prove auspicious to me. The -mansab of Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was fixed at 2,000 personal and -1,800 horse. On the 19th I encamped near Pakhli, and the feast of the -culmination was held there. Having given Mahabat K. leave to return to -Kabul, I gave him a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. The -mansab of I`tibar K. was ordered to be 5,000 personal and 4,000 -horse. As he was an old servant, and had become very weak and old, -I promoted him to the Subah of Agra, and entrusted to him the defence -of the fort and the treasury, and, presenting him with an elephant, -a horse, and a dress of honour, dismissed him. At the Pass of Kunwar -[570] Mast, Iradat K. came from Kashmir, and had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Urdibihisht, -I entered the enchanting region of Kashmir. Mir Miran was promoted to -the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. At this time, in order -to ease the condition of the ryots and soldiery, I did away with the -faujdari cess, and gave an order that in the whole of my dominions -they should not impose anything on account of faujdari. Zabar-dast -K., Master of the Ceremonies (Mir Tuzuk), was promoted to the mansab -of 2,000 personal and 700 horse. On the 13th, by the advice of the -physicians, and especially of Hakim Mumina, I was lightened by being -bled from my left leg. A present of a dress of honour was made to -Muqarrab K., and one of 1,000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. At the request -of Khurram the mansab of `Abdu-llah K. was fixed at 6,000. Sar-faraz -[571] K. was honoured with the gift of drums. Bahadur K. Uzbeg, -having come from Qandahar, had the good fortune to pay his respects: -by way of nazar he gave 100 muhrs, and by way of charity offered -Rs. 4,000. Mustafa K., governor of Thatta, had sent as an offering -a Shah-nama and a Khamsa (quintet) of Shaikh Nizami illustrated -by masters (of painting), along with other presents: these were -laid before me. On the 1st of the Divine month of Khurdad Lashkar -K. was exalted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and -to Mir Jumla was given that of 2,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Some -of the Amirs of the Deccan were similarly honoured with an increase -of mansab. Promotion was also given as follows: Sardar K., 3,000 and -2,500 horse; Sar-buland K., 2,500 personal and 2,200 horse; Baqi K., -2,500 and 2,000 horse; Sharza K., 2,500 and 1,200 horse; Jan-sipar K., -2,000 personal and 2,000 horse; Mirza Wali, 2,500 and 1,000 horse; -Mirza Badi`u-z-zaman s. Mirza Shahrukh, 1,500 personal and horse; -Zahid K., 1,500 and 700 horse; `Aqidat K., 1,200 and 300 horse; -Ibrahim Husain Kashghari, 1,200 and 600 horse; and Zu-l-faqar K., -1,000 personal and 500 horse. Raja Gaj Singh and Himmat K. were -selected for drums. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Tir, Sayyid -Bayazid was honoured with the title of Mustafa K., and was also -presented with drums. At this time Tahawwur K., who is one of the -personal servants, was despatched with a gracious farman to summon -my fortunate son Shah Parwiz. - -Some days before this, petitions came from the officials in Qandahar -reporting the intention of the ruler of Persia to conquer Qandahar, -but my mind, which is actuated by sincerity, looking to past and -present relations, placed no reliance on the truth of this until the -report of my son Khan Jahan arrived that Shah `Abbas, with the armies -of Iraq and Khurasan, had come and besieged Qandahar. I ordered them -to fix an hour for leaving Kashmir. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Diwan, -and Bakhshi Sadiq K. hastened to Lahore in advance of the victorious -army to expedite the arrival of the princes of high degree with the -armies of the Deccan, Gujarat, Bengal, and Behar, and to send on the -Amirs who were present with the victorious stirrups, and those who -one after another should come in from the districts of their jagirs -to my son Khan Jahan at Multan. At the same time the artillery, -with the strings of warlike elephants, and the armoury [572] were to -be prepared and forwarded. As there was little cultivation between -Multan and Qandahar, the despatch of a large army without provisions -was not to be thought of. It was therefore decided to encourage the -grain-sellers, who in the language of India are called banjara, and, -providing them with money, to take them along with the victorious army, -so that there might be no difficulty about supplies. The Banjaras -[573] are a tribe. Some of them have 1,000 bullocks, and some more -or less. They take grain from different districts (bulukat) into the -towns and sell it. They go along with the armies, and with such an -army there would be 100,000 bullocks or more. It is hoped that by the -grace of the Creator, the army will be furnished with numbers and arms -so that there may be no delay or hesitation until it reaches Isfahan, -which is his (the Shah's) capital. A farman was sent to Khan Jahan to -beware and not start in that direction (Qandahar) from Multan before -the arrival of the victorious army, and not be disturbed, but attend -to orders. Bahadur K. Uzbeg was selected to go as an auxiliary to the -army of Qandahar, and favoured with a horse and dress of honour. Fazil -K. was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 750 horse. - -As it had been brought to notice that the poor of Kashmir suffer -hardships in the winter from the excessive cold, and live with -difficulty, I ordered that a village of the rental of Rs. 3,000 or -Rs. 4,000 should be entrusted to Mulla Talib Isfahani, [574] to be -expended in providing clothes for the poor, and for warming water, -for purposes of ablution, in the mosques. - -As it was reported that the Zamindars of Kishtwar had again raised -their heads in disobedience and sin, and engaged in sedition and -disturbance, Iradat K. was ordered to proceed hot-foot, before -they had time to establish themselves firmly, and having inflicted -condign punishment on them to tear up the root of sedition. On this -day Zainu-l-`Abidin, who had been sent to summon Khurram, came and -waited on me, and reported that the stipulation he made was that he -should pass the rainy season in the fort of Mandu, and then come to -Court. His report was read. I [575] did not like the style of its -purport nor the request he made, and, on the contrary, the traces -of disloyalty (bi-daulati) were apparent. There being no remedy, -an order was given that as he proposed to come after the rains, -he should despatch the great Amirs, the servants of the Court who -were employed in assisting him, and especially the Sayyids of Barha -and Bukhara, the Shaikh-zadas, the Afghans, and the Rajputs. Mirza -Rustam and I`tiqad K. were ordered to go to Lahore in advance, and -assist the army of Qandahar. Rs. l,00,000 were given them as advance -of pay, and I also granted drums to `Inayat K. and I`timad K. Iradat -K., who had hastened to punish the rebels of Kishtwar, having killed -many of them and regained the mastery and established himself firmly, -returned to duty. Mu`tamid K. had been appointed Bakhshi to the army -of the Deccan. As that matter was over [576] he was sent for at his own -request. He came on this day, and on his arrival kissed the threshold. - -It is a strange thing that when a pearl of the value of Rs. 14,000 or -15,000 was lost in the harem, Jotik Ray, the astrologer, represented -that it would be found in two or three days. Sadiq K. Rammal -(soothsayer) represented that in the same two or three days it would -come from a place which was perfectly clean and pure, such as the -place of worship or oratory. A female soothsayer represented that it -would soon be found, and that a woman with white skin would bring it -in a state of ecstasy, and give it into the hand of the Hazrat (the -king). It happened that on the third day one of the Turkish girls -found it in the oratory, and all in smiles and in a happy frame of -mind gave it to me. As the words of all three came true each one was -favoured with an acceptable reward. This is written because it is -not devoid of strangeness. - -At this time I appointed Kaukab and Khidmatgar K., and others to the -number of twelve in all, of the familiar servants to be sazawuls of -the Amirs in the Deccan in order that they might exert themselves -and send them forward as soon as possible to Court, so that they -(the Amirs) might be sent to the victorious army at Qandahar. [577] -At this time it was frequently reported to me that Khurram had -taken into his possession some of the estates of the jagir of Nur -Jahan Begam and Shahriyar, and especially the pargana of Dholpur, -which had by the High Diwan been assigned to Shahriyar, and had -sent there an Afghan of the name of Darya, one of his own servants, -with a body of men. Darya fought with Sharifu-l-mulk, a servant of -Shahriyar, who had been appointed to the faujdari of that region, -and many were killed on both sides. Although in consequence of his -(Khurram's) remaining in the fort of Mandu, and the unreasonable -requests made in his letter it appeared that his reason was turned, -yet from hearing this news it became clear that he was unworthy of -all the favours and cherishing I had bestowed on him, and that his -brain had gone wrong. Accordingly I sent Raja Ruz-afzun, who was a -confidential servant, to him, and made inquiries as to the cause of -this boldness. He was ordered hereafter to behave properly, and not -place his foot beyond the path of reasonableness and the high road of -politeness, and content himself with the districts of his own jagir -that he had obtained from the High Diwan. He must also beware not to -form any intention of coming to wait upon me, but to send the body -of the servants of the State I had requisitioned on account of the -disturbance at Qandahar to the Court. If anything contrary to this -order should come to notice, he would repent it. - -At this time Mir Zahiru-d-din, the grandson of Mir Miran, s. the famous -Shah Ni`matu-llah, came from Persia and waited on me, and received as -a present a dress of honour and 8,000 darbs. Ujala Dakhani obtained -leave to go to Raja Bir Singh Deo with a gracious farman in order -that he should act as sazawul and collect the men. Previously to -this, on account of the great regard and abundant affection I bore to -Khurram and his sons, at the time when his son (Shuja`) was very ill, -I had determined that if God Almighty would grant him to me I would -not again sport with a gun, and would inflict no injury on a living -thing with my own hand. Notwithstanding my inclination and love for -hunting, especially with a gun, I had given it up for five years. At -this time, when I was greatly distressed at his unkind behaviour, -I took again to sporting with a gun, and gave orders that nobody -should remain in the palace without one. In a short time most of -the servants took a liking to shooting with guns, and the archers, -[578] in order to perform their duties, became cavalry soldiers. - -On the 25th of the month, corresponding with the 7th Shawwal, at -the favourable hour that had been chosen, I turned towards Lahore -from Kashmir (apparently means Srinagar, the capital). I sent Bihari -Das Brahman with a gracious farman to Rana Karan to the effect that -he should bring his son with a body of men to pay his respects to -me. Mir Zahiru-d-din was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and -400 horse. As he represented to me that he was in debt, I made him -a present of Rs. 10,000. On the 1st of Shahriwar I encamped at the -fountain of Achbal, [579] and on Thursday I had a feast of cups beside -the fountain. [580] On this auspicious day my fortunate son Shahriyar -was appointed to the Qandahar expedition, and was promoted to the -mansab of 12,000 personal and 8,000 horse. A special dress of honour, -with a nadiri with pearl buttons, was also given him. At this time -a merchant had brought two large pearls from the country of Turkey, -one of them weighing 1 1/4 misqals, and the second 1 surkh less. Nur -Jahan Begam bought the two for Rs. 60,000, and presented them to me -as an offering on the same day. On Friday, the 10th, by the advice of -Hakim Mumina, [581] I was relieved by bleeding from the arm. Muqarrab -K., who has great skill in this art, always used to bleed me, and -possibly never failed before, but now failed twice. Afterwards Qasim, -his nephew, bled me. I gave him a dress of honour and Rs. 2,000, -and gave 1,000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. Mir Khan, at the request of -Khan Jahan, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 900 horse. - -On the 21st of the month the feast of my solar weighing took place, -and the 54th year of the age of this suppliant at the throne of God -began auspiciously and happily. I hope that the whole of my life will -be spent in fulfilling the will of God. On the 28th, I went to see -the waterfall of Ashar [582] (?). As this spring is famous for its -sweetness and agreeable flavour, I weighed it in my presence against -Ganges water, and that [583] of the valley of Lar. The water of Ashar -was 3 masha heavier than that of the Ganges, and the latter was 1/2 -masha lighter than that of the valley of Lar. On the 30th the camp was -at Hirapur. Though Iradat K. had done his duty in Kishtwar well, yet -as the ryots and inhabitants of Kashmir complained of his treatment of -them, I promoted I`tiqad K. to the governorship of Kashmir. I bestowed -on him a horse, a dress of honour, and a special enemy-piercing -[584] sword, and appointed Iradat K. to do duty with the army of -Qandahar. Having brought Kunwar Singh, the Raja of Kishtwar, out of -the fortress of Gwalior, where he was imprisoned, I bestowed Kishtwar -on him, and gave him a horse and a dress of honour, with the title of -Raja. I sent Haidar Malik to Kashmir (i.e., Srinagar) to bring a canal -from the valley of Lar to the Nur-afza garden, giving him Rs. 30,000 -for the materials and labour. On the 12th of the month I came down -from the hill country of Jammu, and pitched at Bhimbhar. The next day I -had a qamurqha hunt. To Dawar-bakhsh, s. Khusrau, I gave the mansab of -5,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 24th I crossed the Chenab. [585] -Mirza Rustam came from Lahore, and waited on me. On the same day Afzal -[586] K., Khurram's Diwan, bringing a petition from him, waited on -me. He had clothed his immoderate acts in the garment of apology, -and had sent him with the idea that perhaps he might carry his point -by flattery and smooth speeches, and so correct his improprieties. I -[587] paid no attention, and did not listen to him. The Diwan Khwaja -Abu-l-Hasan and Sadiq K. Bakhshi, who had hastened to Lahore to make -provision for the army of Qandahar, had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. On the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, Amanu-llah, -s. Mahabat K., was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 1,700 -horse. A gracious farman was sent to summon Mahabat K. At this time -`Abdu-llah K., whom I had sent for for service at Qandahar, having come -from the district of his jagir, paid his respects. On the 4th of the -same month I entered the city of Lahore auspiciously and happily. Alf -K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. I gave [588] -an order to the chief Diwans to levy the pay of the force of servants -of the State who had been appointed for service at Qandahar out of -the jagirs of Khurram, which were in the Sarkar of Hisar, and in -the Du-ab and those regions. In the place of these he might take -possession of districts from the Subah of Malwa and the Deccan, and -Gujarat and Khandesh, wherever he wished. Presenting Afzal K. with a -dress of honour I gave him leave to go. An order was passed that the -Subahs of Gujarat, Malwa, the Deccan and Khandesh should be handed -over to him (Khurram), and he might take up a permanent residence -wherever he might wish, and employ himself in the administration -of those regions. He was to send quickly the sazawuls who had been -appointed to bring the servants of the State who had been summoned to -my presence on account of the disturbance at Qandahar. After that he -was to look after his own charge, and not depart from order: otherwise, -he would repent. On this day I gave the best tipchaq horse that was in -my private stable to `Abdu-llah K. On the 26th Haidar Beg and Wali Beg, -envoys of the ruler of Persia, had an audience. After performing the -ceremony of salutation they produced a letter from the Shah. My son -Khan Jahan, according to order, having come post from Multan, waited -on me. He presented as offerings 1,000 muhrs, 1,000 rupees, and 18 -horses. Mahabat K. was promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and -5,000 horse. I gave an elephant to Mirza Rustam. Raja Sarang Deo was -appointed sazawul to Raja Bir Singh Deo. I told him to produce him at -Court as quickly as possible. On [589] the 7th of the Divine month of -Azar the ambassadors of Shah `Abbas, who had come at different times, -were presented with dresses of honour and their expenses, and given -leave to go. The letter he had sent by Haidar Beg making excuses in -the matter of Qandahar has been given in this record of good fortune -(Iqbal-nama) along with my reply. - - - -Letter of the King of Persia. - -(After compliments, and good wishes for that "brother dear as life" -the letter proceeds as follows): - -"You will be aware that after the death of the Nawab Shah Jannat-makan -(Shah Tahmasp) great misfortunes befell Persia. Many territories -which belonged to our saintly family passed out of possession, -but when this suppliant at the throne of Grace became sovereign, -he, by God's help, and the excellent measures of friends, recovered -the hereditary lands which were in the possession of enemies. As -Qandahar was held by the agents of your lofty family, I regarded you -as myself, and did not make any objection. From feelings of unity and -brotherhood we waited, thinking that you would, after the manner of -your ancestors [590] who are in Paradise, voluntarily take the matter -into your consideration. When you neglected to do this, I repeatedly, -by writing and verbal messages, directly and indirectly, asked for the -disposal of the question, thinking that perhaps that petty country -(Qandahar) was not regarded as worthy of your notice. You said -several times that by making over the territory to our family, the -notions of enemies and censurers would be disposed of, and praters, -enviers, and fault-finders would be put to silence. A faction [591] -formerly delayed the settlement of this matter. As the truth of the -affair was known to friends and enemies, and as no clear answer, -either of refusal or concession, came from you, it occurred to me -that I would go to Qandahar to see it, and to hunt. In this way the -agents of my distinguished brother, in accordance with the ties of -friendship which exist between us, might welcome us and wait upon -us. By this means the relationship of union would be renewed, and -would be made evident to the world, and the tongues of the envious -and the evil-speaking be shortened. With this view, I set off without -apparatus for taking forts, and when I came to Farah I sent a rescript -to the governor of Qandahar, mentioning that I intended to see the -place and hunt there. I did this in order that he might treat me -as a guest. We also called the honourable Khwaja Baqi Kurkaraq, -and sent a message to the governor and the other officers in the -fort to the effect that there was no difference between Your Majesty -and ourselves, and that we were aware of each other's territories, -and that we were coming to see the country. Therefore they were not -to act in such a way as to give umbrage or to vex anyone. They did -not receive the conciliatory order and message in the proper way, -but showed obstinacy and a rebellious spirit. When I came to the fort -I again called the honourable aforesaid (K. Baqi), and sent him with -the message that I had directed my troops not to invest the fort till -the lapse of ten days. They did not receive the wholesome advice, -and were stubborn in their opposition. As there was nothing more to -be done, the Persian army set about taking the fort, though it was in -want of appliances, and soon levelled the walls and bastions with the -ground. The garrison became straitened, and asked for quarter. We, -too, maintained the ties of love which had existed from of old -between the two exalted dynasties, and the brotherly relation which -was formed between you and me when you were prince (Mirza), and which -was an object of envy to contemporary sovereigns, and from my innate -kindness forgave their errors and offences. Encompassing them with -favours, I sent them safe and sound to your Court along with Haidar Beg -Qurbashi, who is one of the sincere Sufis of this family. Of a truth, -the foundation of love and union, both inherited and acquired, on the -part of this seeker after affection, has not grown old or decayed, -and is strong so that no rupture in it can take place on account of -any things which may have transpired owing to the action of Fate. - - - VERSE. - - Between us and you there cannot be trouble, - There can be naught but love and trust. - - -"It is hoped that you, too, will preserve your affection for us, and -that you will not approve of certain strange actions, and that if any -suspicion about friendship arise you will endeavour by your innate -goodness and continual love to efface it. May the ever-vernal flower -of union and cordiality remain in bloom, and every effort be made to -strengthen the foundations of concord, and to cleanse the fountains of -agreement which regulate temperaments and territories. You will regard -all our dominions as belonging to you, and will extend your friendship -to everyone (in them?), and will proclaim that it (Qandahar) has been -given up to him (`Abbas) without any objection, and that such trifles -are of no importance, and that though the governor and officers who -were in the fort did some things which were obstacles to friendship, -yet what took place was done by you and me. They performed the duties -of service and life devotion. It is certain, too, that Your Majesty -will be gracious to them, and will treat them with royal kindness, -and will not shame me before them. What more need I write? May thy -star-brushing standards ever be associated with the Divine aids!" - - - -Reply to the Letter of Shah `Abbas. - -"Unfeigned thanks, and pure thanksgivings are due to the sole object of -worship (God) for that the maintenance of the compacts and treaties of -great princes is the cause of the order of Creation and the repose of -mankind. A proof of this is the harmony and unity which existed between -us and the exalted family (of Persia), and which were increased during -our time. These things were the envy of contemporary sovereigns. The -glorious Shah--the star of heaven's army, the ruler of the nations, -the adorner of the Kayani tiara, the fitting occupant of the throne -of Chosroes, the fruitful tree of the gardens of sovereignty, the -splendid nursling of the parterres of prophecy and saintship, the -cream of the Safawi dynasty--hath without ground or reason, engaged -in disturbing the rose-garden of love and friendship and brotherhood -in which for long periods there has been no possibility of a breath -of confusion. Clearly the methods of union and concord among princes -require that they make oaths of friendship to one another, and that -there should be perfect spiritual agreement between them. There -should be no need of physical contact, and still less should there -be any necessity for visiting one another's countries for 'shooting -and spectacle' (sair u shikar). - - - VERSE. - - Alas, a hundred times for the love passing thought! - - -"By the arrival of your loving letter apologizing for the 'spectacle -and shooting' (sair u shikar) of Qandahar, which came with the -honourable Haidar Beg and Wali Beg, I became apprised of the bodily -health of your angelic personality, and the flowers of joy were -scattered over the world. Let it not be hidden from the world-adorning -mind of my exalted and prosperous brother that until the arrival of -the letter and messages brought by Zambil Beg no mention had been made -by you in letters or verbal messages of your wish for Qandahar. At the -time when we were engaged in visiting the delightful land of Kashmir, -the Deccan lords, in their shortsightedness, extended their feet beyond -the limits of obedience, and trod the path of rebellion. Accordingly -it became necessary for me to chastise them. I moved my standards -to Lahore, and appointed my worthy [592] son Shah Jahan to proceed -against them with a victorious army. I myself was proceeding to Agra -when Zambil Beg arrived, and produced your loving letter. I took it -as a good omen, and went off to Agra to put down the enemies and the -rebels. In the jewelled and pearl-dropping letter there was no mention -of a wish for Qandahar. It was mentioned verbally by Zambil Beg. In -reply, I said to him that I made no difficulty with regard to anything -that my brother wished. Please God, after settling the Deccan affair, -I would send him back in a manner suitable to my sovereignty. I also -said that as he had made long marches he should repose for some days -in Lahore, and that I would afterwards send for him. After coming to -Agra, I sent for him and gave him leave to depart. As the favour of -God attaches to this suppliant, I withdrew my mind from victories and -proceeded to the Panjab. My intention was to send him away, but after -disposing of some necessary matters I went to Kashmir on account of -the hot weather. After coming there I sent for Zambil Beg in order -to give him his leave. I also wished to show him something of that -delightful country. Meanwhile news came that my prosperous brother -had come to take Qandahar. This idea had never entered my mind, and I -was entirely astonished. What could there be in a petty village that -he should set out to take it, and that he should shut his eyes to so -much friendship and brotherly feeling? Though truthful reporters sent -the news, I could not credit it! When it became certain I immediately -gave orders to `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. not to transgress in any way the good -pleasure of that prosperous brother. Up to now the relationship of -brotherhood stands firm, and I do not value the world in comparison -therewith, nor do I consider any gift equal to it. But it would have -been right and brotherly that he should have waited till the arrival -of the ambassador. Perhaps he would be successful in the object [593] -and claim for which he had come. When he (`Abbas) takes such steps -before the return of the ambassador, to whom will mankind ascribe the -merit of keeping compacts and of preserving the capital of humanity -and liberality! May God preserve you at all times!" - - - -After I had given leave to the ambassadors, I devoted all my energy -to urging on the Qandahar force, and presented my son Khan Jahan, -who had been sent for for certain matters, with an elephant, a special -horse, a jewelled sword and dagger, and a dress of honour. I sent him -on as an advance guard, and directed him to remain in Multan until the -arrival of Prince Shahriyar with the victorious army. Baqir K., who was -faujdar of Multan, was summoned to Court, and I appointed `Ali-quli -Beg Darman to assist him (Khan Jahan), and raised him to the mansab -of 1,500. In the same manner, having raised M. Rustam to the mansab -of 5,000, I appointed him to the duty of assisting that son with the -(Qandahar) army. Lashkar K. came from the Deccan, and waited on me, and -was also attached to that army. Allah-dad K. Afghan, M. `Isa Tarkhan, -Mukarram K., Ikram K., and other Amirs, who had come from the Deccan -and from their fiefs, after being presented with horses and dresses -of honour, were sent with Khan Jahan. `Umdatu-s-saltana Asaf K. was -sent to Agra to bring to Court the whole of the treasure in muhrs -and rupees which had accumulated from the beginning of the reign of -my father. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 and 1,000 horse. Muhammad Shafi`a, Bakhshi of Multan, had the -title of Khan conferred on him. I gave leave to Sharif, Vakil of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, to go with all possible haste, and bring -my son to wait on me with the army of Behar, and writing a gracious -farman with my own hand I urged him to come. - -On this day Mir Miran, the grandson of Shah Ni`matu-llah, died -suddenly. I hope that he will be among the pardoned. A raging elephant -threw down the huntsman Mirza Beg and killed him: I assigned his -duties to Imam-wirdi. - -As in consequence of the weakness that came over me two years ago -and still continues, heart and brain do not accord. I cannot [594] -make notes of events and occurrences. Now that Mu`tamid K. has come -from the Deccan, and has had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -as he is a servant who knows my temperament and understands my words, -and was also formerly entrusted with this duty, I gave an order that -from the date which I have written he shall hereafter write them with -his own hand, and attach them to my Memoranda. Whatever events may -occur hereafter he should note after the manner of a diary, and submit -them for my verification, and then they should be copied into a book. - - - - -FROM THIS PLACE THE NOTES ARE WRITTEN BY MU`TAMID KHAN. [595] - -As the whole of my world-opening mind was taken up with the preparation -of the Qandahar army, and the remedy for that business, the unpleasant -news that reached me of a change in the condition of Khurram, and his -want of moderation, became a cause for aversion and dissension. I -accordingly sent Musawi K., who is one of the sincere servants who -knows my temperament, to that wretch (bi-daulat) to lay before him the -threatening messages and my wishes, and to give admonitions that might -sharpen his intelligence, so that by the guidance of good fortune he -might awake from the dream of carelessness and pride, and that he -(Musawi) having gained a (true) knowledge of his futile ideas and -aims might hasten to my presence, and carry out whatever appeared to -be necessary. On the 1st of the Divine month of Bahman the feast of -my lunar weighing took place. At this auspicious ceremony Mahabat K., -having come from Kabul, paid his respects, and was the recipient of -special favours. I appointed Ya`qub K. Badakhshi to Kabul, exalting -him with the gift of drums. About this time report came from I`tibar -K. from Agra that Khurram, with the army of adversity, had left -Mandu and started in that direction. He had evidently heard the news -that the treasure had been sent for, and fire had fallen into his -mind, and having let fall from his hand the reins of self-control, -had started (with the idea) that on the road he might lay hold of -the treasure. Accordingly I thought it best to proceed for a tour, -and in order to hunt to the bank of the river of Sultan-pur (the -Beas). If that wretch by the guidance of error should place his -foot in the desert of audacity, I might hasten farther forward and -place the punishment of his unbecoming behaviour in the skirt of his -fortune. If matters turned out in any other way I might take steps -accordingly. With this purpose, on the 17th of the same month, at -an auspicious hour, I marched. Mahabat K. was dignified with a dress -of honour. Rs. 1,00,000 were ordered to be given to Mirza Rustam and -Rs. 2,00,000 to `Abdu-llah K. by way of advance of pay. I sent Mirza -Khan, s. Zain K., with a gracious farman to my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz, and renewed my urgency for his attendance. Raja Sarang Deo -had gone to summon Raja Bir Singh Deo: he came, and having paid his -respects, reported that the Raja, with a proper force and an equipped -army, would join me at Thanesar. At this time constant reports [596] -came from I`tibar K. and other servants of the State from Agra that -Khurram in revolt and disloyalty (bi-daulati) had changed what was -due by him for rearing into undutifulnesses, [597] and having placed -the foot of ruin in the valley of ignorance and error, had started in -that direction. They therefore did not consider it advisable to bring -the treasure, and were engaged in strengthening the towers and gates, -and providing things necessary for the defence of the fort. Similarly -a report came from Asaf K. that the wretch had torn off the veil of -respect, and turned his face towards the valley of ruin, and that the -odour of good came not from the manner of his approach. As it was not -for the advantage of the State to bring the treasure, he had entrusted -it to God, and was himself on the way to wait on me. Accordingly, -having crossed the river at Sultanpur, by successive marches I -proceeded to punish that one of dark fortune, and gave an order -that henceforth they should call him Bi-daulat (wretch). Wherever -in this record of fortune "Bi-daulat" is mentioned it will refer to -him. From the kindnesses and favours bestowed upon him I can say that -up till the present time no king has conferred such on his son. What -my reverend father did for my brothers I have done for his servants, -giving them titles, standards, and drums, as has been recorded in the -preceding pages. It will not be hidden from the readers of this record -of prosperity what affection and interest I have bestowed on him. My -pen's tongue fails in ability to set them forth. What shall I say of -my own sufferings? In pain and weakness, in a warm atmosphere that -is extremely unsuited to my health, I must still ride and be active, -and in this state must proceed against such an undutiful son. Many -servants cherished by me for long years and raised to the dignity of -nobility, whom I ought to employ to-day in war against the Uzbeg or -the Persian, I must punish [598] for his vileness and destroy with -my own hand. Thank God that he has given me such capacity to bear my -burdens that I can put up with all this, and go on in the same path, -and reckon them as light. But that which weighs heavily on my heart, -and places my eager temperament in sorrow is this, that at such a time -when my prosperous sons and loyal officers should be vying with each -other in the service against Qandahar and Khurasan, which would be -to the renown of the Sultanate, this inauspicious one has struck with -an axe the foot of his own dominion, and become a stumbling-block in -the path of the enterprise. The momentous affair of Qandahar must now -be postponed, but I trust that Almighty God will remove these griefs -from my heart. - -At this time it was reported to me that Muhtarim K., the eunuch, -Khalil Beg Zu-l-qadr, and Fida'i K., the Master of the Ceremonies, -had allied themselves with Bi-daulat, and opened the gates of -correspondence with him. As it was no time for mildness and winking at -matters, I imprisoned all three, and as, after making inquiry into the -circumstances, no doubt remained as to their falseness to their salt, -and about the evil designs and malevolence of Khalil and Muhtarim, and -as Amirs like Mirza Rustam swore to the insincerity and malevolence -of Khalil, having no remedy I punished them [599] capitally. Fida'i -K., the dust of whose sincerity was free of suspicion and pure, I -brought out of confinement and promoted. I sent Raja Ruz-afzun by post -(dak-chauki) to my son Shah Parwiz that he might bring him with all -haste to wait on me; so that Bi-daulat might be brought to punishment -for his improper conduct. Jawahir K., the eunuch, was appointed to -the post of Ihtimam-i-darbar-i-mahall (superintendent of the harem). - -On the 1st of Isfandarmuz the royal army arrived at Nur-saray. On this -day a report came from I`tibar K., that Bi-daulat had arrived in all -haste in the neighbourhood of Agra, in the hope that before the fort -was strengthened, the gates of strife and mischief might be opened, -and he might attain his end. When he arrived at Fathpur, he found -the gates closed against him, and, being struck with the disgrace -of ruin, he had halted. The Khan-khanan and his son and many of the -royal Amirs attached to the Deccan and Gujarat had come with him as -companions on the road of rebellion and ingratitude. Musawi K. saw -him at Fathpur, and showed him the royal orders, and it was settled -that he should send his servant Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz with him to Court -to put his requests before me. He sent to Agra his servant Sundar, -[600] who was the ringleader of the people of error and the chief of -the seditious, to take possession of the treasures and hidden wealth -of those servants of the State who were at Agra. Amongst [601] others -he entered the house of Lashkar K., and seized Rs. 9,00,000. In -the same manner, wherever he suspected there was property in the -houses of other servants (of the Court), he stretched out his hand -to seize it, and took possession of all that he found. When nobles -like Khan-khanan, who had been distinguished with the rank of Atalik -and arrived at the age of seventy years, made their faces black with -rebellion and ingratitude, how could one complain of others? It may -be said that his very nature was seditious and ungrateful. His father -(Bairam K.) at the end of his life behaved in the same unbecoming way -towards my reverend father. He, following the example of his father, -at his age made himself accursed and rejected to all eternity. - - - In the end a wolf's cub becomes a wolf - Although he grow up with man. (Sa`di.) - - -On this day Musawi K. arrived with `Abdu-l-`Aziz, the envoy of -Bi-daulat. As his requests were unreasonable, I did not allow him -to speak, but handed him over to Mahabat to be kept in prison. On -the 5th of the month I pitched on the bank of the river of Ludiyana -(the Sutlej). I promoted Khan A`zam to the mansab of 7,000 with 5,000 -horse. Raja Bharat, the Bandila, from the Deccan, and Dayanat K. from -Agra, came and waited on me. I pardoned the offences of Dayanat K., -and gave him the same mansab that he had previously held. Raja Bharat -was raised to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 horse, and Musawi K. to -that of 1,000 and 300 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, in the pargana of -Thanesar, Raja Bir Singh Deo, having waited on me, reviewed his army -and elicited great praise. Raja Sarang Deo was promoted to the mansab -of 1,500 with 600 horse. In Karnal Asaf K., coming from Agra, lifted -up the head of honour in kissing my stirrup. His coming at this time -was the herald of victory. Nawazish K., s. Sa`id K., having arrived -from Gujarat, paid his respects. When Bi-daulat was at Burhanpur, at -his request I had appointed Baqi K. to Junagarh. He had been ordered -to come to Court, and now came and shared in my service. As my march -from Lahore took place without previous notice, and time did not -admit of delay or reflection, I came with the few Amirs who were in -attendance. Until I arrived at Sihrind only a few men had the good -fortune to accompany me, but after passing beyond it, great numbers -of the army came in from all sides and quarters. Before arrival at -Delhi such a force had come together that in any direction in which -one looked the whole plain was occupied by troops. - -As it was reported that Bi-daulat had left Fathpur and was coming -in this direction, and making continuous marches towards Delhi, -I gave the victorious army orders to put on their chiltas (quilted -coats). In this disturbance the pivot of the management of affairs and -the arrangement of the army were entrusted to Mahabat K. The command -of the vanguard was given to `Abdu-llah K. Of the selected young men -and experienced sipahis, whoever was asked for by him was enrolled in -his corps. I ordered him to march a koss ahead of the other forces. He -was also entrusted with the intelligence department and the control -of the routes. I was ignorant of the fact that he was in league with -Bi-daulat, and that the real object of that evil-natured one was to -send news from my army to him. Previously to this he used to bring -long written slips of true and false news, saying that his spies -had sent them from that place. The purport was that they (the spies) -suspected some of my servants of being in league with Bi-daulat, and -of sending him news. Had I been led away by his intrigues and become -alarmed at this time when the wind of disturbance was blowing strongly -I would have been obliged to destroy many of my servants. Although some -faithful servants suspected his evil intentions and untruthfulness, -the time was not one for removing the veil openly from the face of his -deeds. I guarded my eye and tongue from doing anything which might -carry terror into his evil mind, and showed him more attention and -favour than before, with the idea that possibly he would be struck -with shame, and might turn away from his evil deeds, and give up his -evil nature and sedition. That rejected one to all eternity, in whom -a tendency to vileness and falsity was natural, did not fail to do -what was in accordance with himself, as will be related hereafter. - - - The tree [602] that is bitter in its nature - If you plant it in the garden of Paradise, - And water it from the eternal stream thereof, - If you pour on its root pure honey, - In the end it shows its natural quality, - And it bears the same bitter fruit. - - -In fine, when I was near Delhi, Sayyid Bahwa Bukhari, Sadr K., and -Raja Kishan Das came out of the city, and had the good fortune to -kiss my stirrup. Baqir K., faujdar of Oudh, also on this day came to -the victorious camp. On the 25th of the month, passing by Delhi, I -pitched my camp on the bank of the Jumna. Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Darbari, -having come from the Deccan, had the honour to pay his respects. He -was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, and obtained the -title of Raja, and was clothed in a dress of honour. Zabar-dast K., -Master of the Ceremonies, was honoured with a standard. - - - - - - - - -THE EIGHTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the eve of Tuesday, the 20th of Jumada-l-awwal, A.H. 1032 (March 10, -1623), the sun that lights the world entered his house of honour in -Aries, and the eighteenth year from the beginning of my reign commenced -auspiciously and happily. On this day I heard that Bi-daulat, having -gone to the neighbourhood of Mathura, had encamped the army tainted -with ruin in the pargana of Shahpur, and reviewed 27,000 cavalry. It -is hoped that they will soon be subdued and miserable. Raja Jay Singh, -grandson [603] of Raja Man Singh, came from his native country, and had -the good fortune to kiss my stirrup. I dignified Raja Bir Singh Deo, -than whom in the Rajput caste there is no greater Amir, with the title -of Maharaja, and promoted his son Jograj to the mansab of 2,000 with -1,000 horse. Sayyid Bahwa was presented with an elephant. As it was -reported to me that Bi-daulat was coming by the bank of the Jumna, -the march of the victorious army in that direction was also decided -on. The array of the army that resembled the waves of the sea was -divided into the van, the right and left wings, the altmish, the -tarah (reserve), the chandawul (rear), etc., and arranged in a manner -suitable to the circumstances and according to the locality. Close -upon this came the news that Bi-daulat, with the wretch Khan-khanan, -had turned his reins from the right road and gone towards the pargana -Kotila, 20 koss towards the left, along with the brahman Sundar, -who was his guide to the desert of error, with Darab, s. Khan-khanan, -and many of the Amirs who had accompanied him on the road of rebellion -and rascality, such as Himmat K., Sar-buland K., Sharza K. `Abid K., -Jado Ray, Uday Ram, Atash K., Mansur K., and other mansabdars, who -were attached to the Deccan, Gujarat, and Malwa, the recital of whom -would take too long, and all his own servants, such as Raja Bhim, -s. Rana, Rustam K., Bairam Beg, the Afghan Darya, Taqi, and others -whom he had left to confront the royal army. There were five [604] -armies (corps?). Although nominally the command was in the hands of -the wretch (bar-gashta-i-ruzgar) Darab, yet in reality the leader -and centre of the whole affair was Sundar, of evil deeds. These men -of darkened fortune pitched in the neighbourhood of Baluchpur to -their ruin. On the 8th I pitched at Qabulpur. On this day the turn -to take the rear fell upon Baqir K. We had left him behind all the -rest. A body of the rebels attacked him on the march, and stretched -out the hand of plunder. Baqir planted firmly the foot of courage, -and succeeded in beating them back. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan got news of -this, and turned his reins to support him. Before the arrival of the -Khwaja the rebels (mardudan), not being able to stand, had taken -to flight. On Wednesday, the 9th of the month, having separated -25,000 horse under the leadership of Asaf K., Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -and `Abdu-llah K., I sent them to attack the rebels who did not look -to the end of things. Qasim K., Lashkar K., Iradat K., Fida'i K., -and other servants, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to -Asaf K.'s force. Baqir K., Nuru-d-din Quli, Ibrahim Husain Kashghari, -and others, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to support -Abu-l-Hasan. Nawazish K., `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., `Azizu-llah, and many of -the Barha and Amroha Sayyids, were ordered to accompany `Abdu-llah. In -this army 10,000 horse were enrolled. Sundar had arranged the army -of ruin and put forward the foot of shamelessness. At this time I -sent my special quiver by Zabar-dast K., Master of Ceremonies, to -`Abdu-llah K., that it might be the means of animating his zeal. When -the encounter of the two sides took place, that black-faced one -to all eternity, in whom the tendency to rebellion and ingratitude -was innate, taking to flight, joined the rebels. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., -the son of the Khan Dauran, God knows whether knowingly or not, -went off with him. Nawazish K., Zabar-dast K., and Shir-hamla, who -were in the corps of that shameless one (`Abdu-llah K.), planted -firmly the foot of courage, and were not disturbed at his going. As -the aid of Almighty God is ever near this suppliant, at this crisis, -when a leader of the army such as `Abdu-llah K. threw 10,000 cavalry -into confusion and joined the enemy, and there was nearly a great -disaster, a shot from a mysterious hand reached Sundar. At his fall -the pillars of the courage of the rebels shook. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan -also drove before him the army in front of him and defeated it. Asaf -K., when Baqir K. arrived, showing great activity, finished the -affair, and a victory which might be the tughra (sign manual) of -the victories of the age showed its face of purpose from the hidden -world. Zabar-dast K., Shir-hamla, Shir-bacha, his son, and the son -of Asad K., the architect, and Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja -Jahan, and a number of the Sayyids of Barha who were in the corps of -the black-faced `Abdu-llah, having tasted the sweet-flavoured wine of -martyrdom, obtained everlasting life. `Azizu-llah, grandson of Husain -K. (Tukriya), being wounded by a gun-shot, got off safely. Although at -this time the desertion of that rejected hypocrite was a secret help, -yet it is probable that if he had not performed this detestable action -in the crisis of the battle, many of the rebel leaders would have been -killed or captured. It chanced that he was known to the common people -by the title of La`natu-llah (God's curse), and as he had received -this name from the hidden world I also called him by it. Hereafter, -wherever the expression La`natu-llah is used it refers to him. Briefly, -after the rebels, whose end was evil, took to flight from the field of -battle, and turned their faces towards the valley of ruin and could -not reassemble, La`natu-llah, with all the rebels, did not turn his -rein till he reached Bi-daulat, who was at a distance of 20 koss. - -When the news of the victory of the servants of the State reached this -suppliant to God, he prostrated himself in thankfulness for this gift, -which was from the renewed favour of Allah, and summoned the loyal ones -into his presence. On the next day they brought before me the head of -Sundar. It appeared that when the ball struck him he gave up his soul -to the lords of hell, and they took his body to a neighbouring village -to be burnt. When they were about to light the fire, an army appeared -in the distance, and for fear lest they should be taken prisoners, -everyone took to flight. The Muqaddam (head man) of the village cut -off his head, and for his own acquittal took it to Khan A`zam, as it -occurred in his jagir. He was brought to me (with the head): the head -was quite recognizable and had as yet undergone no change, but they -had cut off the ears for the sake of the pearls in them. No one knew -by whose hand he had been shot. In consequence of his destruction, -Bi-daulat did not gird his loins again. One might say his good fortune -and courage and understanding lay in that dog of a Hindu. When, with a -father like me, who in truth am his ostensible creator, and in my own -lifetime have raised him to the great dignity of Sultanship, and denied -him nothing, he acts in this manner, I appeal to the justice of Allah -that He may never again regard him with favour. Those servants who -in this disturbance had done fitting service were honoured with more -and more favours, each according to his degree. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan was -raised to the mansab of 5,000, original and increased, Nawazish K. to -that of 4,000 and 3,000 horse, Baqir K. to that of 3,000 and 500 horse, -with drums, Ibrahim Husain Kashghari to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -`Azizu-llah to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Nuru-d-din Quli to that -of 2,000 and 700 horse, Raja Ram Das to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -Lutfu-llah to that of 1,000 and 500 horse, Parwarish K. to that of -1,000 and 500 horse. If all the servants were to be written in detail -it would take too long. Briefly I remained at that place one day -and marched on the next. Khan `Alam, having marched from Allahabad, -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 12th of the month -I encamped at the village of Jhansa (?). - -On this day Sar-buland Ray came from the Deccan and waited -on me, and was honoured with a special jewelled dagger, with a -phul katara. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. and some of those who had gone with -La`natu-llah released themselves from the hand of Bi-daulat, and paid -their respects, and represented that when La`natu-llah charged, they -thought it was for a cavalry encounter. When they found themselves -in the midst of the rebels they saw nothing for it but to submit and -pay their respects, but now they had found an opportunity and had -obtained the good fortune of kissing the threshold. Though they had -taken 2,000 muhrs from Bi-daulat for their expenses, as the times -were critical I made no inquiry, but accepted [605] their statement. - -On the 19th the Feast of the culmination was held, and many of the -servants of the State were raised in mansab, and had suitable favours -conferred on them. - -Mir `Azudu-d-daulah, having come from Agra, waited on me. He brought a -vocabulary [606] of words that he had prepared. In truth he had taken -much pains, and collected together all the words from the writings -of ancient poets. There is no book like this in the science. - -Raja Jay Singh was raised to the mansab of 3,000 with 1,400 horse, -and a special elephant was presented to my son Shahriyar. The post -of `Arz-mukarrir (examiner of petitions) was conferred on Musawi -K. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was given the title of Khan-zad Khan, -was favoured with a mansab of 4,000 personal and horse, and was -honoured with a flag and drums. - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Urdibihisht I pitched on the -bank of the lake at Fathpur. I`tibar K. came from Agra and waited -on me, and was graciously received. Muzaffar K., Mukarram K., and -his brother also came from Agra, and had the good fortune to wait -on me. As I`tibar K. had done approved service in the charge of -the Agra fort he was dignified with the title of Mumtaz K., and I -gave him the mansab of 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse, and having -bestowed on him a dress of honour, a jewelled sword, a horse, and -a special elephant, I sent him back to his duty. Sayyid Bahwa was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, Mukarram K. to that -of 3,000 and 2,000 horse, and Khwaja Qasim to that of 1,000 with 400 -horse. On the 4th Mansur K. Farangi, whose circumstances have been -recorded [607] in the preceding pages (?), with his brother [608] and -Naubat [609] K. Dakhani, by the guidance of good fortune separated -themselves from Bi-daulat, and came into my service. I sent Khawass -K. to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz. Mirza `Isa Tarkhan, having come -from Multan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. A special -sword was given to Mahabat K. On the 10th the camp was pitched in the -pargana of Hindaun. Mansur K. (the Farangi) was raised to the mansab -of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and that of Naubat [610] K. to -that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse. On the 11th was a halt. As on this -day a meeting with my fortunate son Shah Parwiz had been arranged, -I ordered that the powerful princes and the illustrious Amirs and all -the devoted servants should go out to meet him, and bring him to wait -on me in a fitting manner. After midday had passed, at an auspicious -chosen hour he kissed the ground and illuminated the forehead of -his sincerity. After the usual salutations had been performed and -the customary ceremonies gone through I embraced my fortunate son -with the greatest pleasure and affection, and loaded him with more -and more favours. At this time news came that Bi-daulat, when he -was passing through the township (hawali) of the pargana of Amber, -which was the hereditary abode of Raja Man Singh, had sent a band of -scoundrels and plundered that cultivated spot. - -On the 12th I pitched outside the village of Sarwali. I had previously -sent Habash K. (Abyssinian) to repair the buildings at Ajmir. I -promoted my fortunate son Shah Parwiz to the high mansab of 40,000 -and 30,000 horse. As it was reported that Bi-daulat had sent off -Jagat Singh, s. Raja Baso, to his own country to raise disturbances -in the hills of the Panjab, I promoted Sadiq K., chief Bakhshi, -to the governorship of that province, and ordered him to punish him, -giving him a dress of honour, with a sword and an elephant, and making -up his mansab, original and increased, to 4,000 personal and 3,000 -horse. I also honoured him with a standard (tugh) and drums. - -At this time it was reported to me that the younger brothers of -Mirza Badi`u-z-zaman, s. Mirza Shahrukh, who was known as Fathpuri, -had attacked him unawares and killed him. About this time his brothers -came to Court and paid their respects. His own mother also waited on -me, but did not make a claim, as was proper, for her son's blood, and -(so) proceedings [611] could not be taken according to law. Although -his disposition was so bad that his murder was not to be regretted, but -on the contrary was opportune and advantageous, yet, as these wretches -had shown such audacity with regard to their elder brother, who was to -them in the position of a father, I ordered them to be put in gaol, -and afterwards what was deemed proper should be done to them. On the -21st Raja Gaj Singh and Ray Suraj Singh arrived from their jagirs, -and had the good fortune to kiss my stirrup. Mu`izzu-l-mulk, whom -I had sent to Multan to summon my son Khan Jahan, came and waited -on me, and presented me with a letter about his severe illness and -weakness. He had sent his son Asalat K. with 1,000 horse to wait on me, -and expressed great regret at being deprived of the honour of meeting -me. As his apology was evidently sincere, I accepted it. On the 25th -my fortunate son Prince Parwiz, with the victorious army, was sent -in pursuit to overthrow Bi-daulat. The reins of authority over the -powerful Prince, and the centre of the ordering of the victorious -army, were given into the hand of Mu'taminu-d-daula Mahabat K. Of -the illustrious Amirs and life-sacrificing brave men who were in -attendance on the Prince of lofty fortune, this is the detail. - -Khan `Alam, Maharaja [612] Gaj Singh, Fazil K., Rashid K., Raja -Girdhar, Raja Ram Das Kachhwaha, Khwaja Mir `Abdu-l-`Aziz, `Azizu-llah, -Asad K., Parwarish K., Ikram K., Sayyid Hizbar K., Lutfu-llah, Ray -Narayan Das, and others to the number of 40,000 horse, with much -artillery. Rs. 20,00,000 (twenty lakhs) of treasure were sent with -them. At a propitious hour they were started with my son, and bridle -to bridle with victory. Fazil K. was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter -to the victorious army. A special dress of honour was bestowed on -the Prince, with a nadiri of gold brocade, and pearls on the collar -and skirt worth Rs. 41,000, prepared in the royal establishment, and -a private elephant of the name Ratan Gaj, ten [613] female elephants, -a private horse, and a jewelled sword, the value of the whole of which -was Rs. 77,000. These were all given to the Prince. Nur Jahan Begam -also gave him a dress of honour, a horse, and an elephant, as is the -custom. To Mahabat K. and the other Amirs, according to their standing, -horses, elephants, and dresses of honour were presented. The immediate -attendants of the prince were also honoured with favours. On this -day Muzaffar K. received a dress of honour on appointment to the post -of chief Bakhshi. On the first of the Divine month of Khurdad Prince -Dawar-bakhsh, s. Khusrau, was appointed to Gujarat, and Khan A`zam to -the high dignity of tutor to him. I conferred on the prince a horse, -an elephant, a dress of honour, a private jewelled dagger, a standard -(tugh), and drums. Khan A`zam, Nawazish K. and other servants were -honoured with presents according to their standing. Iradat K. was -appointed Bakhshi in place of Fazil K. Ruknu-s-saltana Asaf K. exalted -his head with the dignity of the Subadarship of Bengal and Orissa. A -special dress of honour, with a jewelled sword, were conferred on -him. Abu Talib (i.e., Shaista K.), his son, was appointed to accompany -him, and promoted to the mansab of 2,000 with 1,000 horse. On Saturday, -the 9th, corresponding with the 19th Rajab, A.H. 1032 (May 9, 1623), -the camp was pitched at the Ana-Sagar lake outside Ajmir. Prince -Dawar-bakhsh, being honoured with the mansab of 8,000, and 3,000 -horse, was granted Rs. 2,00,000 of treasure for the expenses of the -army which accompanied him. Rs. 1,00,000 I also gave as an advance to -Khan A`zam. Allah-yar, s. Iftikhar Beg, who was in the service of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, was at his request granted a standard. Tatar -K. took leave on his appointment to the charge of Fort Gwalior. Raja -Gaj Singh was appointed to the mansab of 5,000, with 4,000 horse. - -On this day news came from Agra that Her Highness (hazrat) -Maryamu-z-zamani, [614] by the decree of God, had died. I trust -that Almighty God will envelop her in the ocean of His mercy. Jagat -Singh, s. Rana Karan, having come from his native place, had the -good fortune to pay his respects. Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, governor -of Bengal, had sent thirty-four elephants by way of offering, and -they were submitted to me. Baqir K. was appointed faujdar of Oudh, -and Sadat K. to the Du-ab. The Mir Mushrif was made Diwan-i-buyutat. - -On the 12th of the Divine month of Tir a report came from the -officials of Gujarat with the good news of victory and conquest. The -particulars of this summary are that I had granted the Subah of -Gujarat, the abode of Sultans of high dignity, to Bi-daulat as a -reward for his victory over the Rana, as has been fully related in the -preceding pages. Sundar, the brahman, administered and protected the -country. When futile ideas entered his ungrateful mind, he sent for -that dog of a Hindu, who was always shaking the chain of enmity and -perversity, along with Himmat K., Sharza K., Sar-afraz K., and many -of the royal servants who were fiefholders in the province. Sundar's -brother Kunhar was appointed in his room. When Sundar was killed, and -Bi-daulat retreated after his defeat to Mandu, the province of Gujarat -was put in the charge of La`natu-llah as his fief, and Kunhar was sent -for along with Safi K., the diwan. At the same time the treasure, the -jewelled throne on which five lakhs had been expended, and the pardala -(belt) on which two lakhs had been spent--and which things had been -prepared as a present for myself--were also sent for. Safi K. was the -brother's son (text says "brother") of Ja`far Beg, who received in my -father's service the title of Asaf K., and was married to a daughter -of Nur Jahan's brother, who by my favour had received the title of -Asaf K. An elder daughter was the wife of Bi-daulat. Both daughters -were by one mother, and Bi-daulat expected that on account of this -connection Safi K. would be on his side. But an eternal decree had -gone forth for Safi K.'s loyalty and prosperity, and that he should -attain to high rank! Accordingly, Almighty God made him loyal and -the performer of good deeds, as will now be described. In short, the -faithless (bi-wafa) La`natu-llah sent his eunuch named Wafa-dar to be -governor of that country, and he, with a few ragamuffins (bi-sar-u-pa) -entered Ahmadabad, and took possession of the city. As Safi K. had made -up his mind to be loyal, he courageously looked after the servants, and -collected a force, and won the hearts of the people. Some days before -Kunhar came out of the city he (Safi) encamped on the bank of the -Kankariya lake, and thence hastened to Mahmudabad, giving out openly -that he was going to Bi-daulat. Secretly, he opened communication -and made arrangements to be loyal with Nahir K., Sayyid Dilir K., -Nanu [615] K., Afghan, and other devoted servants of the State, who -were waiting in their own jagirs. He awaited his opportunity. Salih, -a servant of Bi-daulat, who was faujdar of the Sarkar of Pitlad, and -had a good force with him, heard rumours that Safi K. entertained -other ideas. Kunhar [616] had also discovered this, but as Safi -K. soothed them and was very cautious and careful in his conduct, -they could not move hand or foot. Salih, for fear lest Safi K., -abandoning dissimulation, should stretch his hand towards the treasure, -exercised foresight, and went farther on with the treasure, taking -nearly Rs. 10,00,000 to Bi-daulat at Mandu. Kunhar (or the younger -brother?) also, having seized the jewelled pardala, started after -him, but could not take the throne on account of its weight. Safi K., -knowing this was his opportunity, changed his place from Mahmudabad to -the pargana of Karang, [617] which is to the left of the usual road, -where Nanu K. was, and arranged by letter and verbal messages with -Nahir K. and other loyal servants that each of them should ride from -his jagir with the force that he had, and at the hour of sunrise, -which was the morning of prosperity for people of good fortune, and -the evening of ruin to those who practised villainy, enter the city -by the gate to which each was opposite. He (Safi) left his women in -the aforesaid pargana, and, in company with Nanu (Babu?) K., came at -dawn to the outskirts of the city. He halted for a short time in the -Sha`ban [618] garden until it had become light and friend could be -distinguished from enemy. After the world-illuminating sun of good -fortune (had risen), when he found the gate of prosperity open, -though he could see no trace of Nahir K. and the other loyalists, -yet lest possibly the enemy might obtain information and fasten the -gates of the fort he placed his confidence in God who gives victory, -and entered the city by the Sarangpur gate. About this time Nahir -K. also arrived, and, entering by the gate, came into the city. The -eunuch of La`natu-llah, having ascertained the unfailing good fortune -of (Jahangir), took refuge in the house of Shaikh Haidar, grandson -of Nizam Wajihu-d-din. The royal servants of approved service, -having proclaimed their victory with loud voices, set to work to -strengthen the towers and gates. They sent men to the houses of -Muhammad Taqi, Bi-daulat's diwan, and of Hasan Beg, his Bakhshi, and -seized them. Shaikh Haidar himself came and informed Safi K. that the -eunuch of La`natu-llah was in his house, and they tied his hands to -his neck, and brought him. Having imprisoned a number of Bi-daulat's -servants and dependants, they engaged in keeping order in the city. The -jewelled throne, the cash of Rs. 2,00,000, and the property and effects -of Bi-daulat and his men in the city, came into their possession. When -this news reached Bi-daulat, he sent off La`natu-llah with Himmat K., -Sharza K., Sar-afraz K., Qabil Beg, Rustam Bahadur, Salih Badakhshi, -and other criminals. What with royal servants and his own men, he -had some 5,000 or 6,000 horse. Safi K. and Nahir K., becoming aware -of this, planted firmly the foot of courage, and employed themselves -in encouraging their men and collecting forces. Whatever cash and -valuables they could obtain, even to the throne, which they broke up, -they divided amongst both the old and new troopers as pay. Raja Kalyan, -Zamindar of Idar (printed wrongly "Andur"), and the son of Lal Gopi -(?) [619], and all the Zamindars from every quarter, were summoned -into the city. A good number was thus assembled. La`natu-llah did -not wait for auxiliaries, and in the space of eight days came from -Mandu to Baroda. The loyal party, by the guidance of their courage, -and in reliance on God, came out of the city and encamped on the bank -of the Kankariya Lake. It occurred to La`natu-llah that if he came -on quickly, the rope of order of the loyal might be broken. When he -obtained news of the coming out of the loyal servants, drawing in the -reins of ruin, he delayed in Baroda till the arrival of help. After -the evil-ending criminals collected together at that chief place of -mischief, he put forward the foot of error and deviation from the -right path, and the loyal party, marching from the Kankariya tank, -encamped outside the village of Batoh, near the mausoleum of Qutb -`Alam. La`natu-llah traversed a road of three days in two, [620] -and arrived at Mahmudabad. As Sayyid Dilir K. had seized the women -of Sharza K. and brought them from Baroda to the city, and the -women of Sar-afraz K. were also in the city, Safi K. sent a secret -message to both of them that if by the guidance of good fortune they -would rub off the stain of sin (rebellion) from the tablet of their -foreheads, and would enrol themselves among the loyal servants, their -position in the present and future worlds would approach salvation; -otherwise he would subject their wives and children to all kinds of -indignities. Hearing this, La`natu-llah sent for Sar-afraz K. on some -excuse to his house, and imprisoned him. As Sharza K., Himmat K., -and Salih Badakhshi were in league together, and had alighted at the -same place, he could not get Sharza K. into his hands. Briefly, on -the 21st of Sha`ban, A.H. 1032, June 10, 1623, La`natu-llah mounted -and arrayed the forces tinged with calamity. Those who were loyal -also arrayed their forces and prepared for the fight. It occurred to -La`natu-llah that if he were to go, their foot of courage would not -stand firm, and, without a battle taking place, they would be dispersed -in a miserable condition. When he saw the firm attitude of the loyal, -he could not screw up his courage (tab nayawarda), but turned his rein -towards the left, and gave out that they had hidden gunpowder under the -ground of that plain, and that his men would be destroyed by it--that -it would therefore be better to go into the plain of Sarkhej and -deliver battle there. These futile ideas were due to the aid of good -fortune, for on the turning back of his rein a rumour of his defeat -was spread abroad, and the horsemen of the plain of victory attacked -him in flank, and that ill-omened one was unable to reach Sarkhej, -and halted in the village of Naranja. The loyal party arranged their -forces in the village of Balud, which is nearly three koss off. At -dawn on the next day they went to battle after the approved manner, -their forces being drawn up in this way. In the vanguard were Nahir -K., Raja Kalyan, the Zamindar of Idar, and other valiant men; on the -left wing Sayyid Dilir K., Sayyid Sidu, and other loyal servants were -stationed; and on the right wing Nanu K., Sayyid Ya`qub, Sayyid Ghulam -Muhammad, and the rest of the life-sacrificing devoted ones, whilst in -the centre were Safi K., Kifayat K. Bakhshi, and some other servants -of approved service. It so happened, fortunately, that in the place -where La`natu-llah had halted, the land was undulating, full of thorn -brakes and narrow lanes. The forces, accordingly, were not in compact -order. He had sent on most of the experienced men with Rustam Bahadur, -and Himmat K., and Salih Beg were amongst the foremost in (the ranks -of) error. The army doomed to calamity first of all came in contact -with Nahir K. and Shams K., and a notable fight took place. By chance -Himmat K. fell in the dust of destruction from a gun-shot wound, -and a fight ensued between Salih Beg, and Nanu K., Sayyid Ya`qub, -Sayyid Ghulam Muhammad, and other servants. In the height of the -battle the elephant of Sayyid Ghulam Muhammad came and threw him -(Salih) from his horse; he fell severely wounded to the ground, and -about a hundred of his men were slain. At this moment an elephant -which was in the van of the rebel army turned round at the noise of -the rockets and the lightning of the guns, and got into a narrow lane, -on both sides of which were thorn brakes, and trod down many of the -rebels. By the turning back of the elephant the ranks of the enemy -were disordered. At this moment Sayyid Dilir K. came fighting from -the right wing. La`natu-llah did not know of the killing of Himmat -K. and Salih, and, with the idea of helping them, urged on the steed -of ruin. As the brave ones in the van, having displayed activity, had -been mostly wounded, they could not stand the onset of La`natu-llah, -and turned back their rein, and it nearly happened that there was a -great disaster. At this time the assistance of God displayed itself, -and Safi K. hastened from the centre to the support of the van. Just -then La`natu-llah heard of the killing of Himmat K. and Salih Beg, -and, on the appearance of the centre and the attack of Safi K., his -courage failed him, and he became a vagabond in the desert of defeat -and disaster. Sayyid Dilir K. pursued him for a koss, and made many -of the defeated the harvest of the sword of vengeance. Qabil Beg, -unfaithful to his salt, with a body of rebels, became captives in the -claws of retribution. As La`natu-llah was not sure about Sar-afraz -K., he on the day of battle placed him in chains on an elephant and -put him in charge of one of his slaves, with orders that if a defeat -occurred he should kill him. In like manner he placed in chains on one -of the elephants Bahadur, s. Sultan Ahmad, and gave permission to kill -him. When the fight took place the man in charge of Sultan Ahmad's son -put him to death with a dagger, but Sar-afraz K. threw himself down -off the elephant. The man in charge of him in that confusion aimed a -blow at him in his bewilderment, but it was not effectual. Safi K., -finding him in the fight, sent him into the city. La`natu-llah did not -turn back till he arrived at Baroda. As the women of Sharza K. were -captives of those who were loyal, he was helpless, and came and waited -upon Safi K. Briefly, La`natu-llah hastened from Baroda to Broach. The -sons of Himmat K. were in the fort there. Although they did not admit -him, yet they sent him 5,000 mahmudis by way of maintenance. For three -days he remained outside the fort of Broach in a wretched state, and -on the fourth went to Surat by sea. For nearly two months he remained -there assembling his scattered men. As Surat was in Bi-daulat's jagir, -he took nearly 4 lakhs of mahmudis from his officials there, and took -possession of whatever he could by oppression and injustice. He again -collected together those whose fortune was reversed and whose stars -had been burnt, and betook himself to Bi-daulat at Burhanpur. - -In fine, when this approved service performed by Safi K. and other -loyal servants in Gujarat became known, each one was exalted with -favours and kindnesses. Safi K. held the mansab of 700 personal -and 300 horse: having given him that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 -horse, I honoured him with the title of Saif K. Jahangir-shahi, -and conferred on him a standard and drums. Nahir K. had 1,000 with -200 horse; having given him the mansab of 3,000 with 2,000 horse, -I bestowed on him the title of Shir K., and raised his head of -honour with a horse, an elephant, and a jewelled sword. He is the -(descendant?) grandson of (?) [621], the brother of Puran Mal Lulu -(?), who was governor of Raysin and Chanderi. When Shir K., the -Afghan (i.e., Shir Shah), besieged the fort of Raysin, it is well -known that he killed him (Puran Mal) after promising him quarter, -and that his women burnt themselves, committing "Johar," according to -the Hindu custom, in the fire of fame and modesty, so that the hand -of no unlawful person should touch the skirt of their chastity. His -sons and caste fellows went off to various [622] places. The father -of Nahir K., whose title was Khan Jahan, having gone to Muhammad K., -governor of Asir and Burhanpur, became a Musalman, and when Muhammad -K. died, Hasan, his son, when in tender years, succeeded him. Raja -`Ali K., brother of Muhammad K., put the child in confinement, and -took possession of the government. After some time news reached Raja -`Ali K. that Khan Jahan and a body of the servants of Muhammad K. had -leagued together to attack him, and had determined to take Hasan -K. out of the fort and raise him to power. He was beforehand with -them, and sent Hayat Khan Habashi, with many brave men, to the house -of Khan Jahan, either to take him alive or to kill him. He, planting -his foot firmly on his good fame, took to fighting, and when things -went badly with him committed Johar, and passed from this borrowed -life. At that time Nahir K. was very young. Hayat Khan Abyssinian, -having asked `Ali K.'s permission, adopted him as his son, and made -him a Musalman. After his death Raja `Ali K. brought up Nahir K., -and took good care of him. When my revered father conquered Asir, -Nahir K. joined his service. He (Akbar) discerned the signs of bravery -on his forehead, and raised him to a suitable mansab, and gave him in -jagir the pargana of Muhammadpur in Malwa. In my service he advanced -more and more. Now that the grace of gratitude has been bestowed upon -him, he has found the advantage of doing what was right. - -Sayyid Dilir K. is of the Sayyids of Barha; formerly his name was -Sayyid `Abdu-l-Wahhab. I raised him from the mansab of 1,000 and 800 -horse to 2,000 and 1,200 horse, and presented him with a standard. They -call twelve bara in Hindi. As in the Du-ab there are twelve villages -near each other which are the native country of these Sayyids, they -have become known as the Sayyids of Barha. Some people make remarks -about their lineage, but their bravery is a convincing proof of -their being Sayyids, for there has never been a battle in this reign -in which they have not been conspicuous, and in which some have not -been killed. Mirza `Aziz Koka always said the Sayyids of Barha were -the averters of calamity from this dominion, and such is in reality -the case. - -Nanu K. Afghan held the mansab of 800 personal and horse: it was -ordered to be one of 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse. In the same manner -the other loyal servants, according to their services and sacrifices, -were promoted to high mansabs, and obtained the desire of their -hearts in lofty employments. At this time Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -was deputed to the assistance of my son (grandson) Dawar-bakhsh in -Gujarat, and I sent Nuru-d-din Quli into the Subah to bring Sharza K., -Sar-afraz K., and the other leaders of the rebel army who had been -made captive in the land of retribution, chained, to the Court. - -On this day it was reported to me that Minu-chihr, s. Shah-nawaz -K., had separated himself from Bi-daulat under the guidance of -good fortune, and had joined the service of my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz. I`tiqad K., governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the mansab -of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse. - -As the huntsmen brought news that in this neighbourhood a tiger had -made its appearance, I felt disposed to hunt it. After entering the -forest three other tigers became visible. Having killed all four, -I returned to the palace. I have such a liking for tiger shooting -that whilst I can get it I do not go after other sport. Sultan -Mas`ud, s. Sultan Mahmud (of Ghaznin) (may the lights of Allah be -his testimony!), was also much inclined to tiger shooting. With -regard to his killing of tigers strange tales have been recorded, -especially in the history of Baihaqi, [623] who has kept a diary of -what he saw with his own eyes. Among these things he writes that one -day he (Mas`ud) went to hunt tigers in the borders of Hindustan, and -was riding an elephant. A very large tiger came out from the wood, -and made for the elephant. He threw a javelin (khisht) and struck -the tiger's chest. The tiger, enraged at the pain, came up on the -elephant's back, and the Amir knelt down and struck him such a blow -with his sword that he cut off both the tiger's fore-feet, and the -tiger fell backwards and died. It happened to me once when I was -prince that I had gone out in the Punjab to hunt tigers. A powerful -tiger appeared out of the wood. I fired at him from the elephant -and the tiger in great fury rose and came on the elephant's back, -and I had not time to put down my gun and seize my sword. Inverting -the gun, I knelt, and with both hands struck him with the stock over -the head and face so that he fell on to the ground and died. - -One of the strange things that happened was that one day I was on an -elephant, and was hunting wolves in Aligarh [624] in the Nuh forest. A -wolf appeared, and I struck it with a bullet on its face (mana) near -the lobe of the ear. The bullet penetrated for about a span. From -that bullet it fell and gave up its life. It has often happened in -my presence that powerful (jawanan) men, good shots with the bow, -have shot twenty or thirty arrows at them, and not killed. As it is -not right to write about oneself, I must restrain the tongue of my -pen from saying more. - -On the 29th of the month I presented a string of pearls to Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan. At this time it was reported to me that Sultan Husain, -Zamindar of Pakli, had died. I gave his mansab and jagir to Shadman, -his eldest son. - -On the 7th of the month of Amurdad Ibrahim Husain, a servant of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, came from the victorious army, and brought -news of the victory of the chiefs of the everlasting State. The -report of my son laid before me the particulars of the fight, and -the exertions of the brave and distinguished men in it. I performed -the dues of thanksgiving for this favour, which was of God's grace -alone. The details of this are as follows: When the royal troops in -the army of the prince of high degree crossed the pass of Chanda, -[625] and entered the province of Malwa, Bi-daulat, with 20,000 horse, -300 fighting elephants, and a large force of artillery, left Mandu -in order to fight. He dispatched a body of the Bargis (Mahrattas) -of the Deccan with Jadu Ray and Uday Ram, Alash K., and other rebels -to make a raid (qazzaqi) on the royal camp. Mahabat K. made proper -arrangements. He placed the illustrious prince in the ghaul (centre), -and he himself proceeded with the whole army, and in marching and -in halting observed the conditions of caution. The Bargis kept at -a great distance, and did not put forward the foot of bravery. One -day it was Mansur K. Farangi's turn to be with the rear-guard. At the -time of pitching the camp Mahabat K., by way of caution, was standing -with his army drawn up outside the camp, in order that the men might -fence it in at their ease. As Mansur K. had been drinking on the road, -he was coming to the stage drunk with the wine of pride. It happened -an army was seen in the distance, and the wine put the idea into his -head that he must charge. Without telling his brothers or his men, -he mounted and charged, and drove off two or three Bargis, and came to -where Jadu Ray and Uday Ram were standing with two or three thousand -cavalry drawn up. As was their custom, they attacked him from all -sides and surrounded him. He fought as long as there was breath in -his body, and gave up his life on the path of loyalty. - -During these days Mahabat K. was continually capturing, by messages and -letters, the afflicted hearts of a number of men who out of timidity -and confusion had accompanied Bi-daulat. When men read the lines of -despair on the page of his (Shah Jahan's) condition, letters also came -from that side, asking for agreements (qaul). After Bi-daulat came out -of the fort of Mandu, he in the first instance sent forward a body of -Bargis, and after them he sent Rustam K., Taqi, and Barq-andaz K. with -a body of musketeers. Then he sent Darab K., Bhim, Bairam Beg, and his -other active men. As he could not resolve to give battle in person, -he was continually looking backwards. He crossed the war-elephants -over the Narbadda with the artillery waggons, and went himself -unattended behind Darab and Bhim, turning his face of ruin towards -the battle. On the day when the royal camp was pitched at Kaliyadaha, -Bi-daulat sent his army against the victorious forces, and stationed -himself with Khan-khanan and a few men at the distance of a koss in -the rear. Barq-andaz K., who had made an agreement with Mahabat K., -was lying in wait. When the armies were ranged opposite to each other, -he got his opportunity, and attacked with a body of musketeers, and -joined the royal army, crying out, "Success to King Jahangir!" When he -reached Mahabat K., the latter took him to wait on my fortunate son -Parwiz, who bestowed royal favours upon him. Previously he bore the -name of Baha'u-d-din, and was a servant of Zain K. After the latter's -death he enlisted among the Turkish gunners. As he was active in the -performance of his duty, and had a band of men with him, considering -him worthy of patronage, I gave him the title of Barq-andaz K. When I -sent Bi-daulat to the Deccan, I put him at the head of the artillery, -and sent him with him. Although in the beginning he placed the scar of -curse on the forehead of his obedience, yet in the end he turned out -well and came at a good time. On the same day Rustam, who was one of -his (Shah Jahan's) chief servants and on whom he had perfect reliance, -when he found that Fortune had turned away from him, made a compact -with Mahabat K. By the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, -he, with Muhammad Murad Badakhshi and other mansabdars, left the -ill-fated army, and joined that of the illustrious prince. Bi-daulat's -hand and heart were paralyzed on hearing this news, and he suspected -all his own servants, and still more the royal servants he had with -him, of faithlessness and unreliability. During the night he sent for -the men who were in front, and decided on flight, and in bewilderment -crossed the Narbadda. At this time, again, some of his servants took -the opportunity of separating themselves from him, and joined the -service of my fortunate son. Each of them received favours according -to his condition. On the day that he crossed the river Narbadda, -a letter fell into the hand of one of his men, that Mahabat K. had -written in answer to Zahid's K. letter, making him hopeful of the -royal favour, and urging him to come in. This they sent direct to -Bi-daulat, and he, becoming suspicious of Zahid K., imprisoned him -with his three sons. Zahid K. is s. Shaja`at K., who was one of the -Amirs and trusted servants of my revered father. I had patronized this -wretch in consideration of his claims of service and of his position -as a house-born one (khana-zad), and given him the title of Khan and -the rank of 1,500, and had sent him with Bi-daulat for the conquest -of the Deccan. When I summoned the Amirs of that quarter on account -of the business of Qandahar, although a special farman of urgency -was sent to him, the wretch did not come to Court, and gave himself -out as an adherent and devoted servant of Bi-daulat. After the defeat -near Delhi, he turned back. Though [626] he had not a family, he had -not the good fortune to pay his respects, or to cleanse the dust -of shame and the stain of sin from the tablet of his forehead. At -last the True Recompenser caught him on this day, and his property, -to the extent of one lac and Rs. 30,000, was confiscated by Bi-daulat. - - - When [627] thou hast done evil, think not thyself free of - calamities - For retribution is according to natural law. - - -Briefly, Bi-daulat having quickly crossed the Narbadda, drew all -the boats over to that side, and having secured the fords with men -that he trusted, he left Bairam Beg, his Bakhshi, with a force of -trustworthy men and a body of the Bargis from the Deccan on the bank -of the river. Taking the artillery-waggons, he himself went towards -the fort of Asir and to Burhanpur. Meanwhile Taqi, his servant, -caught the runner whom Khan-khanan had sent to Mahabat K., and took -him to Bi-daulat. This couplet was written on the margin of the letter: - - - Hundreds are watching me - Otherwise I'd fly away from trouble. - - -Bi-daulat sent for him with his sons from his quarters, and showed him -the writing. Although he made excuses, he could give no answer that -could be listened to. In short, he kept him with Darab and his other -sons in surveillance near his own station, and the lot he had himself -drawn--viz., that hundreds were watching him--happened to him. At -this time I gave Ibrahim Husain, the servant of my prosperous son who -had brought the report of the victory, the title of Khush-khabar K., -with a dress of honour, and an elephant, and sent a gracious farman -to the Prince and Mahabat K. by Khawass K. I also sent with him a -pahunchi [628] (bracelet) of great value to my son (Parwiz) and a -jewelled sword to Mahabat K. As Mahabat K. had done approved service, -I gave him the mansab of 7,000 personal and horse. - -Sayyid Salabat K., having come from the Deccan, had the good fortune -to pay his respects, and received special favours. He was one of those -employed in the Deccan. When Bi-daulat, having been defeated near -Delhi, went to the fort of Mandu, he placed his children in independent -territory under the protection of God, and went off by secret routes -to pay his respects (to me). Mirza Hasan, s. Mirza Rustam Safawi, -having obtained leave to proceed to his appointment as faujdar of -Bahraich, was given the mansab of 1,500 personal and 500 horse, -original and increased. Having sent La`l Beg, Superintendent of the -Record Department, to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, I sent with him a -special dress of honour and a nadiri for him, and a turban for Mahabat -K. Khawass K., who had previously been sent to him and had returned, -waited upon me with good news (of him). Khana-zad K., s. Mahabat K., -was given the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. - -At this time I enjoyed myself for a day with hunting nilgaw. Whilst -I was hunting I saw a snake the length of which was 2 1/2 yards, -and its girth equal to three cubits (dast). He had swallowed half -a hare, and was in the act of swallowing the other half. When the -huntsmen picked him up and brought him to me, the hare fell out of -his mouth. I ordered them to put it into its mouth again, but they -could not do it, however much they exerted themselves; but by using -great violence the corner of his mouth was torn to pieces. After this -I ordered them to open its belly. Thereupon another entire hare came -out. They call this kind of snake chital [629] in Hindustan, and it -grows so large that it swallows a hog-deer (kotah-pacha) entire; but -it is not poisonous, and does not bite. One day during the same hunt -I shot a female nilgaw, and two fully formed young ones were found -inside. As I heard that the flesh of nilgaw fawns was delicate and -delicious, I ordered the royal cooks to prepare a du-piyaza [630] -(a kind of rich fricassee). Certainly it was not without flavour. - -On the 15th of the Divine month of Shahriwar Rustam K., Muhammad Murad, -and several other servants of Bi-daulat, who under the guidance of -good luck had separated themselves from him and entered the service -of my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, according to orders came to Court, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Having promoted Rustam -K. to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and Muhammad Murad -to that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, I made them hopeful of daily -increasing favours. Rustam K. by extraction is a Badakhshi. His name -was Yusuf Beg. He is connected with Muhammad-quli of Isfahan, who was -agent for and prime minister of Mirza Sulaiman (of Badakhshan). He was -first of all in the service of the Court, and passed his days mostly -in the Subahs. He was included among the smaller mansabdars. Having -been deprived of his jagir for some reason, he came to Bi-daulat, and -entered his service. He had a perfect knowledge of tiger-hunting. He -also did good service with him, especially in the affair of the -Rana. Bi-daulat selected him out of all his servants, and made him an -Amir. As I bestowed much favour on him (Shah Jahan), at his request -I gave him the title of Khan, with a standard and drums. For some -time he conducted as his agent the government of Gujarat, and did not -manage badly. Muhammad Murad is the son of Maqsud Mir-ab (butler), -who was one of the old servants of Mirza Sulaiman and Mirza Shah-rukh. - -On this day Sayyid Bahwa came from Gujarat, and waited on -me. Nuru-d-din Quli brought in chains to the Court forty-one of the -rebels, who had been taken prisoners at Ahmadabad. Sharza K. and Qabil -Beg, who were ring-leaders of the seditious, I executed by throwing -them under the feet of warlike (mast) elephants. On the 20th of the -same month, corresponding with the 18th of the month of Zi-qa`da, -a daughter was given by the grace of God to my son Shahriyar by the -granddaughter [631] of I`timadu-d-daula. I hope that her advent [632] -will be propitious and blessed to this State. On the 22nd of the month -the feast of my solar weighment took place, and the 55th year of the -age of this suppliant began auspiciously and happily. According to -annual custom, I had myself weighed against gold and other valuables, -and gave them to deserving people. Among these I gave Rs. 2,000 to -Shaikh Ahmad [633] of Sihrind. On the 1st of the Divine month of -Mihr Mir Jumla was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and -300 horse. Muqim, the Bakhshi of Gujarat, was given the title of -Kifayat K. As the innocence of Sar-faraz K. [634] was established to -my satisfaction, I took him out of prison, and allowed him to pay his -respects. At the request of my son Shahriyar, I went to his house. He -had prepared a grand entertainment, and presented suitable offerings, -and gave dresses of honour to most of the servants. - -At this time a report came from my fortunate son Shah Parwiz that -Bi-daulat had crossed the river of Burhanpur (the Tapti), and was -wandering in the desert of error. The particulars are that when -he crossed the Narbadda and drew all the boats to that side, and -fortified the banks of the river and the ferries with cannon and -muskets, he left Bairam Beg on the bank with a large number of the -rebels, and withdrew towards Asir and Burhanpur. The Khan-khanan and -Darab he took with him under surveillance. - -And now, for the sake of enlivening my narrative, a few words must -be said about Asir. The said fort, in its great height and strength, -is not in want of my praise. Before Bi-daulat went to the Deccan it -was in the charge of Khwaja Nasru-llah, s. Khwaja Fathu-llah, who -was one of the household slaves and ancient servants. Afterwards, -at the request of Bi-daulat, it was handed over to Mir Husamu-d-din, -s. Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain. [635] As the daughter of Nur Jahan Begam's -maternal uncle (tagha'i) was married [636] to him, when Bi-daulat, -having been defeated in the neighbourhood of Delhi, turned his rein -towards Malwa and Mandu, Nur Jahan Begam wrote to him and strictly -urged him, saying: "Beware, a thousand times beware, not to allow -Bi-daulat and his men to come near the fort, but strengthen the -towers and gates, and do your duty, and do not act in such a manner -that the stain of a curse and ingratitude for favours should fall on -the honour or the forehead of a Sayyid." In truth, he strengthened -it well, and the arrangements of the fort were not of such a sort -that Bi-daulat's bird of thought could fly up to its border, or the -conquest of it be quickly accomplished. In brief, when Bi-daulat sent -one of his attendants, of the name of Sharifa, to the above-mentioned, -he (Sharifa) seduced him by means of promises and threats, and it -was settled (between Shah Jahan and Sharifa) that when Husamu-d-din -should come down to take the letter and dress of honour which had -been sent, he should not be allowed to go up again. That wretch, -immediately Sharifa arrived, put away on the shelf of forgetfulness -what he owed on account of his bringing up and the favours conferred -on him, and without opposition or effort handed over the fort to -Sharifa, and with his wife [637] and child went to Bi-daulat, who -made him accursed of the Faith and in the world by bestowing on him -the mansab of 4,000 personal, and a standard and drums, and the title -of Murtaza K.--a disgraceful name to all eternity. - -In short, when that one of reversed fortune reached the foot of -the fort of Asir, he took with him Khan-khanan, Darab, and all his -evil-minded offspring up to the fort, and remaining there for three -or four days, and having set his mind at ease about provisions, etc., -handed it over to one Gopal Das, a Rajput, who had formerly been an -attendant of Sar-buland Ray, and entered his service when he went to -the Deccan. He left the women and his superfluous baggage, and took -with him his three wives with their children and some maid-servants. At -first he proposed to imprison Khan-khanan and Darab in the fort, but -at last changed his mind, and bringing them down with him, hastened -to Burhanpur. At this time La`natu-llah, after suffering disgrace -and contempt, came from Surat and joined him. In great perplexity, -Bi-daulat employed Sar-buland Ray, the son of Ray Bhoj Hara, who is -one of the brave Rajput servants, and who is fed from the royal table -(?), as his mediator, and by letters and messages made proposals -of peace. Mahabat K. said that until Khan-khanan came, peace was -impossible. His (Mahabat's) sole purpose was by these means to separate -from him that head of deceivers who was the ring-leader of trouble -and sedition. Being helpless, Bi-daulat brought him (Khan-khanan) -out of prison, and satisfied himself by taking an oath from him on the -Qoran. In order to please him and strengthen his promises and oath, he -took him inside the female apartment and made a confidant [638] of him, -and brought his own wife and son to him, and made use of all kinds of -entreaty and lamentation. The gist of his (Shah Jahan's) remarks was: -"My times are hard, and my position difficult; I make myself over to -you, and make you the guardian of my honour. You must act so that -I no longer undergo contempt and confusion." The Khan-khanan, with -a view to bring about peace, parted from Bi-daulat and proceeded -to the royal army. It was settled that he should remain on the -other side of the river, and arrange matters relating to peace in -writing. According to fate, before Khan-khanan arrived on the bank of -the river, some of the brave warriors and victorious youths one night -found an opportunity and crossed over at a place where the rebels were -careless. On hearing this news the pillars of their courage trembled, -and Bairam Beg could not keep firm the foot of error and ignorance, -or engage in driving them back. Whilst he was in this agitation -[639] many crossed the river, and on the same night the rebels of -evil fortune were separated from each other like the Banatu-n-na`ash, -[640] and took to flight. By the unfailing good fortune (of Jahangir) -the Khan-khanan fell into perplexity (lit. fell into the shash-dar -[641] position), and could neither go nor stay where he was. At this -time again letters arrived from my prosperous son mingling threats -with promises. The Khan-khanan, finding only despair and ruin in -the page of Bi-daulat's affairs, hastened, through the mediation -of Mahabat K., to wait upon my fortunate son. Bi-daulat, on hearing -of the departure of Khan-khanan and the crossing of the Narbadda by -the victorious army and the flight of Bairam Beg, lost courage, and, -notwithstanding a flood in the river and the violence of the rain, -crossed the Tapti in a state of wretchedness, and went off towards -the Deccan. In this confusion many of the royal servants and his own -attendants willingly or unwillingly separated, and did not accompany -him. As the native country of Jado Ray and Uday Ram and Atash K. was -on the route, they thought it better for themselves to keep with him -for some stages, but Jado Ray did not come into his camp, and followed -him at the distance of one stage. He took possession of such property -as the men in this confusion and fear for their lives abandoned. On -the day he (Shah Jahan) started from the other side of the river -(the Tapti) he sent a message by one of his immediate attendants of -the name of Zu-l-faqar K. Turkman, summoning Sar-buland K. Afghan, -with the message that it seemed to him contrary to courage and the -due performance of his engagements that he had as yet not crossed the -river. "Fidelity was the glory of men; the faithlessness of no one -has touched me (Shah Jahan) so much as yours." He (Sar-buland) was -standing on horseback on the river-bank when Zu-l-faqar [642] K. came -and delivered the message. Sar-buland did not give a precise answer, -and was undecided as to whether to stay or go. In his perplexity and by -way of objection he told Zu-l-faqar to let go his bridle. Zu-l-faqar -drew his sword, and struck at his waist. At this crisis an Afghan -interposed a short spear which the people of India call a barchha, -and the blow of the sword caught the shaft, and the point of the sword -did not reach Sar-buland's waist. After swords were drawn, the Afghans -attacked Zu-l-faqar and cut him in pieces. The son of Sultan Muhammad, -the treasurer, who was Bi-daulat's page, for friendship's sake had come -(with Zu-l-faqar) without Bi-daulat's permission, and was also killed. - -Briefly, when the news of his leaving Burhanpur and of the victorious -army's approaching that city reached me, I sent Khawass K. on the -wings of haste to my loyal son, and strongly impressed upon him that -he must not relax his efforts, but must determine either to take him -alive or to drive him out of the imperial territory. It was said that -if things went badly with him on this side, it was probable that he -would throw himself by the road of Qutbu-l-mulk's country into the -provinces of Orissa and Bengal. This, too, was in accordance with -military plans. So out of caution, which is becoming to a ruler, -I appointed Mirza Rustam to be governor of Allahabad and dismissed -him with orders that if such circumstances should so occur (as Shah -Jahan's going to Bengal), he should rectify matters. - -At this time my son (farzand) Khan Jahan came from Multan, and had -the good fortune to pay his respects. By way of nazar he presented -1,000 muhrs and a ruby of the value of Rs. 100,000, a pearl, and -other jewels. I gave an elephant to Rustam K. On the 9th of the -Divine month of Aban Khawass K. brought a report from the prince and -Mahabat K. to the effect that when my son (Parwiz) reached Burhanpur, -though many of his men had remained behind in consequence of the heavy -rains, he, according to orders, without delay had crossed the river -(Tapti), and gone in pursuit of Bi-daulat. Bi-daulat, on hearing -this terrible news, was marching on. On account of the heaviness -of the rain and the excessive quantity of mud and constant marching -his beasts of burden had become exhausted. If any baggage was left -behind no inquiries were made, and he (Shah Jahan) and his children -and dependents thought themselves lucky to save their lives and did -not trouble about their goods. The army of good fortune having come -down the pass of Bhangar, hastened after him as far as the pargana of -Ankot, [643] about forty koss from Burhanpur. Bi-daulat in this state -reached the fort of Mahur, and when he knew that Jado Ray and Uday Ram -and the other Dakhanis would not go with him any farther, he did not -disgrace them, but let them go. Leaving the heavy elephants with the -goods and chattels with Uday Ram in the fort, he himself started for -Qutbu-l-mulk's territory. When his departure from the royal territory -was ascertained, my fortunate son, with the approval of Mahabat K. and -other loyalists, turned rein from that pargana. On the first of the -Divine month of Aban he entered Burhanpur. Raja Sarang Deo was sent -to my son with a gracious farman. - -Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 2,000 -horse. Mirak Mu`in, Bakhshi of Kabul, at the request of Mahabat K., was -honoured with the title of Khan. Alf K. Qiyam-khani, having come from -the Subah of Patna, paid his respects, and was appointed to the charge -of the fort of Kangra. I presented him with a standard. On the 1st of -the Divine month of Azar Baqi K. came from Junagarh and waited on me. - -As I was at ease with regard to the affair of Bi-daulat, and the heat -of Hindustan did not agree with my constitution, on the 2nd of the -month, corresponding with the 1st of Safar [644] my camp started from -Ajmir for a tour and to hunt in the pleasant regions of Kashmir. Before -this I had appointed the chief of the state Asaf K. Subahdar of Bengal, -and gave him leave. As I had taken a great liking to his society, -and he was distinguished above all the other servants for ability and -good disposition and tact, and is moreover unequalled in all kinds of -propriety, and I regretted separation from him, I had broken through -that purpose, and had sent for him to wait upon me. He came on this -day, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan, took leave on his return to his native country, -and was given a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger. Raja Sarang -Deo brought a report from my fortunate son Shah Parwiz and Mahabat -K. Madaru-s-saltana, and kissed the threshold. It was written that -their minds were at ease with regard to the affair of Bi-daulat, -and that the rulers of the Deccan, willingly or unwillingly, were -performing the dues of obedience and submission. His Majesty (Jahangir) -might make his mind at ease about that quarter and enjoy himself in -hunting and travelling in whatever place in the royal dominions he -might approve of and which was good for his health. On the 20th of -the month Mirza Wali, having come from Sironj, waited on me. Hakim -Mumina was raised to the mansab of 1,000. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -according to order, came from Gujarat, and had the good fortune to -pay his respects. - -At this time a report came from `Aqidat K., Bakhshi of the Deccan, -containing the news of Raja Girdhar's having been killed. The -particulars of this event are that one of the brothers of Sayyid -Kabir Barha, who was an attendant of my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, -gave his sword to brighten and put on the wheel (to sharpen) to a -cutler who had a shop close to the house of Raja Girdhar. The next day, -when he came to fetch his sword, a conversation took place as to the -charge for the work, and the people of the Sayyid struck the cutler -some blows with a stick. The Raja's people in supporting him used -their whips on them. By chance two or three young Sayyids of Barha -had lodgings in that neighbourhood, and hearing of this disturbance, -went to the assistance of the aforesaid Sayyid. The fire of strife -was lighted, and a fight took place between the Sayyids and Rajputs, -ending in an encounter with arrows and swords. Sayyid Kabir, becoming -aware of this, came to assist with thirty or forty horsemen, and at -this time Raja Girdhar, with a body of Rajputs and his caste people, -according to the custom of the Hindus, were sitting barebodied and -eating their food. Becoming aware of the coming of Sayyid Kabir and -the violence of the Sayyids, he brought his men inside the house -and firmly closed the door. The Sayyids, setting fire to the door, -forced their way inside and the fight went to such a length that Raja -Girdhar and twenty-six of his servants were killed and forty others -wounded. Four of the Sayyids were also killed. After Raja Girdhar was -killed, Sayyid Kabir took the horses out of his stable to his own house -and returned. The Rajput officers, when informed of the slaying of Raja -Girdhar, came on horseback in great numbers from their houses, and all -the Barha Sayyids came to the aid of Sayyid Kabir. They assembled in -the plain outside the citadel, and the fire of trouble and calamity -increased, and it nearly came to a great disturbance. Mahabat K., -being informed of it, immediately mounted and went there, and bringing -the Sayyids into the citadel, and soothing the Rajputs in a manner -suitable to the occasion, took some of their chief men with him and -went to the house of Khan `Alam, which was near there. He soothed -them down in a proper way, and promised and became security for an -inquiry into the matter. When this news reached the prince he also -went to the quarters of the Khan `Alam, and soothed them with words -appropriate to the state of affairs, and sent the Rajputs to their -own houses. Next day Mahabat K. went to the house of Raja Girdhar, -condoled and sympathized with his sons, and having contrived to get -hold of Sayyid Kabir put him into confinement. As the Rajputs would -not be consoled without his being put to death, after a few days he -executed him. - -On the 23rd I appointed Muhammad Murad faujdar of Ajmir, and sent him -off. On this road I continually enjoyed myself in sporting. One day, -while hunting, a tuyghun (albino) partridge, which till now I had never -seen, came to my sight, and I caught it with a hawk. By chance the -hawk that caught it was also a tuyghun. I ascertained by trial that -the flesh of the black partridge was better than that of the white, -and that the flesh of the large quail (budana), which the people of -India call ghaghar, [645] is better than that of the quail, which -is a fighter. I compared the flesh of a fat kid with that of a lamb; -the flesh of the fat kid is more delicious. By way of test I ordered -them both to be cooked in the same way, so that I might discern the -matter accurately. On this account I have recorded it. - -On the 10th of the month of Dai, in the neighbourhood of the pargana -of Rahimabad, [646] the huntsmen brought in news of a tiger. I -ordered Iradat K. and Fida'i K. to take with them some of the guards -(ahl-i-yatish) and surround the wood, and mounting (an elephant) -I followed them and went towards the hunt. From the number of trees -and thickness of the jungle it could not be well seen. Driving the -elephant forward, the tiger's flank came into view, and with one -wound from my gun he fell and gave up his life. Of all the tigers -I have shot from the time when I was a prince until now I never -saw a tiger like this for size and majesty and the symmetry of its -limbs. I ordered the artists to take its portrait according to its -real form and body. He weighed 8 1/2 Jahangiri maunds; his length, -from the top of his head to the end of his tail, was 3 1/2 cubits -[647] and 2 tassu (1/24 of a yard). - -On the 16th it was reported that Mumtaz [648] K., the governor of Agra, -had died. At first he was in the service of Bahadur K., the brother -of Khan Zaman. After they were killed he entered the service of my -revered father. When I placed my foot in the world of existence that -revered person favoured me with making him the Nazir (Superintendent) -of my establishment. For a period of fifty-six years he served me -sincerely and zealously and in a manner to please me, and at no time -did a speck of dust from him settle on the fringe of my heart. What is -due to him for the excellence of his service is more than a clerk could -write. May God Almighty overwhelm him in the ocean of His forgiveness! - -Having conferred on Muqarrab K., who is one of the old officials, -[649] the government and administration of Agra, I gave him his -leave. In the neighbourhood of Fathpur, Mukarram K. and his brother -`Abdu-s-Salam had the good fortune to pay their respects. On the 22nd -the entertainment for my lunar weighment took place in the town of -Mathura, and the fifty-seventh year of my age began auspiciously and -happily. At Mathura I went on by boat seeing what was to be seen, -and hunting. On the way the huntsmen reported that a tigress with -three cubs had appeared. Disembarking from the boat I engaged in -the pleasure of sport. As the cubs were small I ordered them to be -taken by hand, and killed the mother with my gun. At this time it was -reported to me that the villagers [650] and cultivators on the other -side of the river Jumna had not given up stealing and highway robbery, -and, passing their time in the shelter of thick jungles and difficult -strong places in stubbornness and fearlessness, would not pay their -rents to the jagirdars. I gave an order to Khan Jahan to take a force -of mansabdars with him and give them exemplary punishment, and having -slaughtered, imprisoned, and plundered them, raze to the ground their -strongholds and forts, and tear up from the root their thorn-brakes of -mischief and disturbance. The next day the force crossed the river and -made a hot attack on them. As they had no time for escape by flight -they planted firmly the foot of folly, and showed fight. Many of -them were slaughtered: their women and children were taken prisoners, -and much booty fell into the hands of the victorious army. - -On 1st Bahman, having promoted Rustam K. to the faujdarship of the -Sarkar of Qanauj, I sent him there. - -On the 2nd `Abdu-llah, s. Hakim Nuru-d-din, of Teheran, was ordered -to be capitally punished in my presence. The explanation of this brief -announcement is as follows: When the ruler of Persia, on suspicion of -his having money and other property, tortured his father, the aforesaid -fled from Persia, and with a hundred miseries and adversities threw -himself into Hindustan, and by the patronage of I`timadu-d-daula was -enrolled among the servants of the Court. By the aid of good fortune, -having in a short time become well known, he was included among those -who were in immediate attendance, and obtained a mansab of 500 and -a fertile jagir, but as his capacity was small (lit., his digestion -was narrow) he could not stand such great good fortune, and assumed -ingratitude and unthankfulness and constantly defiled his tongue with -abuse [651] of his lord and master. At this time it was continually -reported to me that as my kindness to him and observance of what -was due to him increased, that ungrateful one blamed and abused me -the more. When I considered the favours I had bestowed upon him, I -could not believe these stories about him, but at last I heard from -impartial and disinterested persons the disrespectful language which -he had used with respect to me in assemblies and companies. The charge -was thus confirmed, and accordingly I summoned him to my presence -and had him executed. [652] - -"A red [653] tongue gives the green head to the winds." As the -huntsmen reported that there was a tigress in this neighbourhood, by -the mischief caused by which the inhabitants were oppressed, I ordered -Fida'i K. to take elephants with him and surround it. Mounting myself, -I followed him into the forest. It soon came to view, and with one -shot from my gun its affairs were finished. One day I was enjoying -myself with sport, and caught a black partridge with a hawk. I ordered -them to open its crop in my presence. A mouse it had swallowed whole -came out of its crop, and which was not yet digested. I was greatly -astonished that the pipe of its gullet, small as it was, should -swallow a whole mouse and how it had done so. Without exaggeration, -if anyone had told me the tale I should not have believed it. As I -saw this myself I have recorded it on account of its strangeness. On -the 6th of the month Delhi became the abode of good fortune. - -As Jagat Singh, s. Raja Baso, at the instigation of Bi-daulat, had -gone out into the hills in the north of the Panjab, which is his -hereditary abode, and raised a disturbance there, I appointed Sadiq -K. to punish him, as has been related in the preceding pages. At this -time Madho Singh, his younger brother, was promoted to the title of -Raja, and given a horse and robe of honour. An order was given for -him to go to Sadiq K. and attack the rebels with him. - -Next day I marched from the outskirts of the city, and alighted at -Salimgarh. As the house of Raja Kishan Das was on the road, and he had -made great efforts and entreated me to do so, I at his request threw -the shadow of prosperity on his dwelling, and gratified the desire -of that old servant. A few of his offerings were accepted in order to -dignify him. Marching on the 20th from Salimgarh, I appointed Sayyid -Bahwa Bukhari to the governorship of Delhi, which is his ordinary -residence. In fact, he had already done this service well, and I had -given him high rank. - -At this time `Ali Muhammad, s. `Ali Ray, [654] ruler of Tibet, by his -father's order came to Court, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. It was clear that `Ali Ray had a great affection for and -attachment to this son, and held him dearer than his other children. He -wished to make him his successor, and he was consequently envied by -his brothers, and disputes arose between them. Abdal, s. `Ali Ray, -who was the eldest of his children, through this jealousy sought -the patronage of the Khan of Kashghar and made him his protector, -so that when `Ali Ray, who was very old and decrepit, should die, -he might, under the protection of the Wali of Kashghar, become ruler -of Tibet. `Ali Ray, suspecting that the brothers might attack `Ali -Muhammad, and a disturbance might arise in his country, sent him to -Court, his desire being that he might be attached to this Court, -and his affairs might prosper by service to and kindness shown by -the Court. - -On the 1st of the Ilahi month of Isfandarmuz I pitched in the pargana -of Umbala. Lashkari, s. Imam-wirdi, who had run away from Bi-daulat, -and joined the service of my auspicious son Shah Parwiz, having come -on this date to Court, kissed the threshold. A report came from my -son and Mahabat K. It contained the recommendation and the offer of -service of `Adil K., with a letter which he had sent to Mahabat, -in which were set forth his submissiveness and loyalty. Lashkari -was sent back to Parwiz with a dress of honour, a nadiri with pearl -buttons for the prince, and a dress of honour for Khan `Alam and -Mahabat K. At the request of my son I wrote a gracious farman to -`Adil K. showing great favour to him, and sent him a robe of honour -with a special nadiri. I gave an order that if they thought fit they -should send the above-mentioned [655] to `Adil K. - -On the 5th I alighted at the garden of Sihrind. On the bank of the -Beas Sadiq K., Mukhtar K., Isfandiyar, Raja Rup Chand of Gwalior, and -other Amirs who had been appointed to support him, having succeeded in -restoring order in the northern hill-country, had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. The facts, briefly, are that Jagat Singh, at the -instigation of Bi-daulat, had taken to the hills above-mentioned, and -engaged in stirring up sedition and strife. As the field was clear -(i.e., there was no one to oppose him) he passed over difficult -mountains and defiles, and by attacking and plundering peasantry -and the weak, heaped misfortune on them until Sadiq K. arrived. He -brought the Zamindars under control by means of fears and hopes, -and made the overthrow of that wretched creature the object of his -exertions. Jagat Singh strengthened the fort of Mau, and was protected -by it. Whenever he found an opportunity he left that fortress and -fought with the royal servants. At last his provisions were exhausted, -and he came to despair of assistance from the other Zamindars. The -elevation of his younger brother became a source of disturbance and -anxiety to him. Helplessly he then sought for patronage, and begged -the protection of Nur Jahan Begam, expressing shame and contrition, -and sought a refuge in her mediation. In order to please and satisfy -her, the pen of pardon was drawn through the record of his faults. - -On this day reports came in from the officials in the Deccan that -Bi-daulat, with La`natu-llah, Darab, and other wretched (with broken -wing and feathers) creatures in miserable condition, with blackened -faces, had gone from the borders of Qutbu-l-mulk's territory towards -Orissa and Bengal. In this journey great loss fell on him and his -companions, many of whom, when a chance offered, with bare heads -and feet, and having washed their hands of life (desperate), took to -flight. Out of these one day Mirza Muhammad, s. Afzal K., his Diwan, -with his mother and his family, ran away during the march, and when -the news reached Bi-daulat, he sent Ja`far and Khan-quli Uzbeg and -some others of his confidential men in pursuit of him, that, if they -could take him alive, well and good, or otherwise they should cut -off his head and bring it into his presence. They with all speed -proceeded and caught him up on the road. Becoming aware of this, -he sent his mother and family into the jungles and hid them there, -and himself with a body of young men whom he relied on as companions, -planted manfully the foot of courage and stood with their bows. In -front of them there was a canal and a swamp (chihla). Sayyid Ja`far -K. wished to approach near him and take him with him by deceiving him, -but however much he tried to persuade him by threatening and holding -out hopes, it had no effect, and he answered him with life-taking -arrows. He made a good fight of it, and sent Khan-quli and some others -of Bi-daulat's men to hell. Sayyid Ja`far also was wounded. Finally -Mirza Muhammad received severe wounds and gambled away the cash of -his life. But as long as he had breath he deprived many thereof. After -he was killed, they cut off his head and took it to Bi-daulat. - -When Bi-daulat was defeated near Delhi and went to Mandu, he sent Afzal -K. to get assistance and support from `Adil K. and others, forwarding -with him an armlet (bazu-band) for `Adil K., and a horse, an elephant, -and a jewelled sword for `Ambar. He first went to `Ambar. After -delivering his message he produced what Bi-daulat had sent for him, -but `Ambar would not accept them, saying he was the servant of `Adil -K., who was at present the head of those in power in the Deccan: he -should go first to him and explain what he desired. If he agreed, his -slave would ally himself to and obey him, and in that case he would -take whatever was sent, otherwise not. Afzal K. went to `Adil K., -who received him very badly, and for a long time kept him outside the -city and did not look into his affair, but put all kinds of slights -upon him, but secretly asked for what Bi-daulat had sent for him and -`Ambar, and took possession of it. The aforesaid (Afzal K.) was there -when he heard the news of the killing of his son and the ruin of his -family, and so fell upon evil days. In short, Bi-daulat, in spite -of all his (original) good fortune and happy auspices, undertook -a long and distant journey, and came to the port of Machhli Patan -(Masulipatam), which belongs to Qutbu-l-mulk. Before reaching this -place, he sent some of his men to Qutbu-l-mulk, and besought him -for all sorts of assistance and companionship. Qutbu-l-mulk sent him -a small amount of cash and goods for his support, and wrote to the -warden of his frontier to conduct him in safety out of his territory, -and encourage the grain-sellers and Zamindars to send grain and all -other necessaries to his camp. - -On the 27th of the month a strange event took place. Returning from -the hunting-place, I had come back to the camp at night. By chance I -crossed a stream of water, the bed of which was very rocky and the -water running violently. One of the servants of the sharbat-khana -(wine-cellar) was conveying a huntsman's relish. He had a gold tray, -which contained a salver and five cups. There were covers to the cups, -and the whole was in a cotton bag. When he was crossing, his foot -slipped and the tray fell out of his hand. As the water was deep and -running rapidly, however much they searched and beat their hands and -feet (exerted themselves), no trace of it could be found. Next day -the state of the case was reported to me, and I ordered a number of -boatmen and huntsmen to go to the place and make a careful search, -and it perhaps might appear. By chance, in the place where it had -fallen it was found, and more strange still, it had not been turned -upside down, and not a drop of water had got into the cups. This -affair is similar to what happened when Hadi was seated on the throne -of the Khalifate. A ruby ring had been inherited by Harun from his -father. Hadi sent a slave to Harun and asked for it. It happened that -at that time Harun was seated on the bank of the Tigris. The slave gave -the message, and Harun, enraged, said: "I have allowed thee [656] to -have the Khalifate, and thou dost not allow me one ring." In his rage -he threw the ring into the Tigris. After some months by the decree -of fate Hadi died, and the turn of the Khalifate came to Harun. He -ordered divers to look for the ring in the place where he had thrown -it. By the chances of destiny, and the aid of good fortune, at the -first dive the ring was found, and brought and given into Harun's hand! - -At this time one day on the hunting ground the chief huntsman -Imam-wirdi brought before me a partridge that had a spur on one leg -and not on the other. As the way to distinguish the female lies in -the spur, by way of testing me he asked whether this was a male or a -female. I said at once "A female." When they opened it an egg appeared -inside (pishina) its belly. The people who were in attendance asked -with surprise by what sign I had discovered this: I said that the head -and beak of the female are shorter than the male's. By investigation -and often seeing (the birds) I had acquired this dexterity. [657] -It is a strange thing that the windpipe in all animals (haiwanat), -which the Turks call halq, [658] is single from the top of the throat -to the crop (china-dan), while in the case of the bustard (jarz) -it is different. In the bustard it is for four finger-breadths from -the top of the throat single and then it divides into two branches -and in this form reaches the crop. Also at the place where it divides -into two branches there is a stoppage (sar-band) and a knot (girih) -is felt by the hand. In the kulang (crane) it is still stranger. In -it the windpipe passes in a serpentine manner between the bones of -the breast to the rump and then turns back from there and joins the -throat. The jarz or charz (bustard) is of two kinds: one is a mottled -black and the other bur (a kind of dun colour). I now [659] discovered -that there are not two kinds, but that which is a mottled black is -the male, and that which is dun-coloured is the female. The proof of -it is this, that in the piebald there are testicles and in the dun -one there are eggs; this has been repeatedly found on examination. - -I have a great liking for fish, and all kinds of good fish are brought -for me; the best fish in Hindustan is the rohu, and after that the -barin. [660] Both have scales, and in appearance and shape are like -each other. Everyone cannot at once distinguish between them. The -difference in their flesh also is very small, but the connoisseur -discovers that the flesh of the rohu is rather more agreeable of -the two. - - - - - - - - -THE NINETEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On Wednesday, the 29th Jumada-l-awwal, A.H. 1033, March 10, 1624, -after one watch and two gharis of day had passed, the sun, that -bestows bounty on the world, passed into its house of honour in -Aries. The royal servants obtained promotions and increase of -mansab. Ahsanu-llah, s. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, received as original -and increase that of 1,000 and 300 horse. Muhammad Sa`id, s. Ahmad -Beg K. Kabuli, the same, Mir Sharaf Diwan-i-buyutat, and Khawass K., -each of them that of 1,000. Sardar K., having come from Kangra, had -the good fortune to pay his respects. At this time I gave orders to -the yasawuls and men of the yasaq (guards) that hereafter at the time -when I came out of the palace they should keep away defective people, -such as the blind, and those whose noses and ears had been cut off, -the leprous and the maimed, and all kinds of sick people, and not -permit them to be seen. On the 19th the feast of the culmination -was held. Ilah-wirdi, the brother of Imam-wirdi, had run away from -Bi-daulat and came to Court, and was honoured with great favours. - -As the news of Bi-daulat's coming to the border of Orissa was -constantly repeated, a farman was issued to the prince and Mahabat -K. and the Amirs who had been sent to the support of my son, that -they should set their minds at ease about the administering the -provinces (of the Deccan), and go quickly to Allahabad and Behar, -and if the Subahdar of Bengal could not forestall him, and he should -put forward the foot of audacity, he must be made a wanderer in the -desert of disappointment by the blows of the victorious army which is -in the shadow of the flag of my son. By way of precaution on the 2nd -Urdibihisht I gave my son Khan Jahan leave to proceed to Agra to remain -in that neighbourhood and wait for a sign. If there should happen to -be any necessity for a particular service and an order should be given -him, he must act as occasion might require. I sent him a special dress -of honour, with a nadiri with pearl buttons, a special jewelled sword, -and to Asalat K., his son, a horse, and a dress of honour. - -On this day a report came from `Aqidat K., Bakhshi of the Deccan. He -wrote that, according to order, my prosperous son Shah Parwiz had -married the sister of Raja Gaj Singh. I hope that her coming will be -auspicious to the State. He also wrote that, having sent for Turkuman -K. from Pattan he had appointed `Azizu-llah in his place. Jan-sipar -K., also by order, came and waited on me. When Bi-daulat crossed -the Burhanpur river and took the road of ruin, Mir Husamu-d-din, -considering his own evil deeds, could not remain at Burhanpur. Taking -his children with him, he conveyed the goods of ruin to the Deccan, in -order that he might pass his days under the protection of `Adil K. By -chance, as he passed by Bir, Jan-sipar K. obtained information, and -sent a body of men to head him off. He seized him and his dependants, -and brought them before Mahabat. Mahabat placed him in confinement, -and took from him Rs. 1,00,000 in cash and goods. (Also) Jado Ray -and Uday Ram had taken the elephants which Bi-daulat had left in -Burhanpur and brought them to the prince (Parwiz). - -Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz, who had come to Delhi from Bi-daulat in order -to state his objects, had not been allowed by me an opportunity to -speak and I had handed him over to Mahabat K. After his (Bi-daulat's) -defeat and ruin Mahabat K. had made him his own servant. As he was an -old friend of `Adil K., and was for some years at Bijapur as Vakil of -Khan Jahan. Mahabat K. now sent him again as his representative [661] -to `Adil Khan, and the leading men of the Deccan, nolentes volentes, -looking to the necessities of the time and the upshot of affairs, -were contented and professed loyalty and desire for service. The rebel -`Ambar sent one of his confidential men of the name of `Ali Shir, -and displayed great humility. He (`Ambar) wrote in the capacity of -a servant to Mahabat K., and engaged that he (`Ambar) should come to -Dewalgaon [662] and wait upon Mahabat. He would make his eldest son -a servant of the State, and keep him in the service of my auspicious -son. About this time there arrived a letter from Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz -that `Adil K. from the bottom of his heart had elected for service -and loyalty, and agreed that he would send Mulla Muhammad Lari, -who was his principal agent and minister, and whom both in spoken -and written messages he called Mulla Baba, with 5,000 horse, that -he might remain continually on duty, and they might know that other -[663] troops would follow (?). Urgent farmans had been sent that -my son should proceed to Allahabad and Behar in order to overthrow -Bi-daulat. At this time news arrived that notwithstanding the rainy -season and the violence of the rain, that son, on the 6th Farwardin -had marched out of Burhanpur with the army of fortune, and had taken -up his quarters in Lal Bagh, [664] and that Mahabat K. was awaiting at -Burhanpur the arrival of Mulla Muhammad Lari, so that when he arrived -he would relieve himself of the care of the maintenance of order in -that neighbourhood, and come with him (Muhammad Lari) to wait on my -son. Lashkar K., Jado Ray, Uday Ram, and other servants of the State -had been ordered to go to the Balaghat (the country above the Ghats), -and remain at Zafarnagar. Having given Jan-sipar K. leave as before, -he (Parwiz) kept Asad K. Ma`muri at Elichpur. Minuchihr, s. Shah-nawaz -K., was appointed to Jalnapur. He sent Rizawi K. to Thalner, to guard -the province of Khandesh. - -On this day news came that Lashkari had taken the farman to `Adil K., -and he, having decorated the city, had gone out four koss to meet -him, and had performed salutations and prostrations for the farman -and the dress of honour. On the 21st I sent dresses of honour for my -son Dawar-bakhsh and Khan A`zam and Safi K. Having appointed Sadiq -K. to the government of Lahore, and given him a dress of honour and an -elephant, I gave him leave. An order was given that he should have the -mansab of 400 personal and 400 horse. Multafat K., s. Mirza Rustam, -raised the head of distinction with the mansab of 1,500 personal and -300 horse. - -One day while hunting it was reported to me that a snake with a -black hood (kafcha) had swallowed another hooded (kafcha?) snake -and gone into a hole. I ordered them to dig up the place and bring -out the snake. Without exaggeration I had never seen a snake of this -size. When, they opened its belly, the hood of the snake that it had -swallowed came out whole. Although this snake was of another kind, -in length and girth little difference was visible. - -At this time it was represented to me in a report [665] by the news -writer of the Deccan that Mahabat K. had ordered `Arif s. Zahid to -be executed, and had put him (i.e., Zahid), with two other sons, -in prison. It appeared that that wretched man had written with his -own hand a petition to Bi-daulat representing on the part of his -father and himself his loyalty, sincerity, repentance, and shame. By -fate that letter fell into the hands of Mahabat K. Having sent for -`Arif into his presence he showed him the letter. As he had written a -decree for his own blood, he could not make any acceptable excuse, and -of necessity he was executed, and his father and brothers imprisoned. - -On the 1st Khurdad it was reported that Shaja`at K. `Arab, had died -a natural death in the Deccan. - -At this time a report came from Ibrahim K. Fath-jang that Bi-daulat had -entered Orissa. The particulars of this are that between the boundary -[666] of Orissa and the Deccan there is a barrier. On one side there -are lofty mountains, and on the other swamps and a river. The ruler -of Golconda had also erected a wall (dar-band) and a fort, and armed -it with muskets and cannon. The passage of men by that closed route -was impracticable without the leave of Qutbu-l-mulk. Bi-daulat, with -the guidance of Qutbu-l-mulk, having passed by that route, entered the -country of Orissa. It happened that at this time Ahmad Beg K., nephew -of Ibrahim K., had attacked the Zamindars of Khurda. At this strange -occurrence, which happened without precedent or news or information, -he became confused and bewildered and without seeing a remedy gave up -his campaign, and came to the village of Bulbuli [667] (Pipli), the -seat of the governor of that Subah (Orissa). He then took his women -with him and hastened to Cuttack, which is 12 koss from Pipli towards -Bengal. As the time was short, he had not leisure to collect troops -and arrange his affairs. He did not feel himself equal to a war with -Bi-daulat, and he had not with him associates such as were necessary, -so he went on from Cuttack to Bardwan, of which Salih, nephew of Asaf -K. deceased, was the Jagirdar. At first Salih was astonished [668], -and did not believe that Bi-daulat was coming, until a letter came from -La`natu-llah to conciliate him. Salih fortified Bardwan and remained -in it. Ibrahim K. was surprised on hearing the terrible news. Though -most of his auxiliaries and soldiers were scattered in the villages -round about and unprocurable, he yet planted the foot of courage firmly -in Akbarnagar (Rajmahal), and set himself to strengthen the fort and -collect troops, and encourage the heads of tribes and retainers. He -prepared the things necessary for his guns and other weapons and for -battle. In the meanwhile a notice came to him from Bi-daulat that by -the decree of God and the ordinances of heaven what was not suitable -to him had appeared from the womb of non-existence. By the revolving -of crooked-moving time and the changes of night and day his passage -towards these regions had come to pass. Although to the view of -manly courage the extent and breadth of that country were not more -than an exercising-ground, or rather than a rubbish-heap (pur-kahi, -"full of straw"), and his aims were higher, yet as he had to pass -by this way, he could not pass for nothing. If it were Ibrahim's -determination to go to the royal Court, he (Shah Jahan) would hold -back the hand of injury from him and his family, and he might go -to Court with an easy mind. If he considered it advisable to stay, -he would bestow upon him any corner of the country he might ask for. - - - - -ADDENDUM BY MIRZA MUHAMMAD HADI, THE WRITER OF THE PREFACE - -The MS. states: "Up to this place is the writing (ta'lif) of the -deceased king Jahangir. The rest, up to the end of the book, is -written by Muhammad Hadi from some trustworthy MS. collected together -to complete the book. - - - - - - - - -ADDENDUM - - -Mr. Berthold Laufer's paper on "Walrus and Narwhal Ivory," reprinted -at Leyden, 1913, from the Toung Pao, throws light on Jahangir's remarks -about fish-tooth dagger-hilts. It now seems certain that they were made -of the canine tooth of the walrus, or the horn of the narwhal. Possibly -one reason why Jahangir attached so much value to the fish-teeth was -because they were supposed to be an antidote to poison. He was fond -of such things, and one day, when he was heir-apparent, Father Jerome -Xavier found him engaged at Fathpur in extracting copper from peacocks' -tails, on account of its supposed antitoxine properties. - -It is stated in Mr. Laufer's paper, pp. 13 and 15, that walrus-teeth -were supposed to be also useful in reducing swellings. As they -were often made into knife-handles, it is not improbable that the -knife which a Rajah of Cochin appears to have sent to Akbar in 1569 -(Akbar-nama, i. 342) was, wholly or in part, made of walrus ivory. The -Rajah said that whenever it was applied to a swelling it reduced it, -and Akbar told Abu-l-Fazl that over 200 persons had benefited by -touching it. - -In the British Museum there is a fascinating set of chessmen made of -walrus or narwhal ivory. They were discovered in the island of Lewis -in 1831, but are supposed to be as old as the twelfth century. - - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] Jahangir was born on Wednesday, 17 Rabi`u-l-awwal 977 A.H., -or August 31, 1569, and so on March 11, 1618, or 23 Rabi`u-l-awwal, -1027, he was in the beginning of his fifty-first lunar year. By solar -computation he was not yet fifty, that is, he was in his fiftieth -year. The text wrongly has 1017 instead of 1027. - -[2] Text wrongly has panchaq. In Turki dictionaries it is spelt -topchaq, and means a large or long-necked horse. See P. de Courteille -Dict., etc. - -[3] Asaf K. III. of Blochmann; his name was Ja`far Beg. - -[4] See "Iqbal-nama," p. 111. etc. He is not the famous Mir Jumla, -who was Aurangzeb's general, though possibly the latter was his -son. According to the "Iqbal-nama, he was the nephew, and not -the uncle, of Mir Riza, but Jahangir's statement agrees with the -`Alam-ara'i (p. 623). Mir Jumla's patron, Muhammad Quli Qutb-Shah, -died in 1612. He himself died in 1637, while Aurangzeb's general died -in 1663. - -[5] Possibly what is meant is that Shah `Abbas was greedy after Mir -Jumla's (Saman) wealth. Kamgar Husaini distinctly says that `Abbas -wanted to get hold of Mir Jumla's goods. - -[6] The Iqbal-nama says that `Abbas only gave Mir Jumla flattering -words, and did not give him any high appointment. See also `Alam-ara'i, -623, and Ma'asiru-l-umara, III. 415. - -[7] Tuquz means "nine," but perhaps it is here only used to express -a gift, and the pieces of cloth were perhaps only nine, and not -eighty-one. See Vullers s.v., who refers to Quatremere. - -[8] The I.O. MSS. have Mamu'i, and the meaning may be "the maternal -uncle of the Zamindar." - -[9] Jariya in No. 181. It seems to be the Jareja tribe of Abu-l-Fazl, -Jarrett II. 250. Compare Blochmann's translation, p. 285 n., of the -corresponding passage in the Iqbal-nama. The tribe is there called -Jhariyah. - -[10] This must be Pavagarh, a hill fort in the Panch `Mahal district, -which is 2,800 feet above the sea. See I.G. XX. 79, and XIX. 380. - -[11] Son-in-law of I`tmadu-d-daula, being married to a sister of -Nur-Jahan. See Ma'asiru-l-umara I. 573. - -[12] Jhalod in the Dohad ta'luqa of the Panch Mahal district, Bombay. - -[13] The text (pp. 227, 228) has drawings of the twelve Zodiacal -coins. See also Tavernier's account of their institution. - -[14] Text wrongly has Saturday. - -[15] Probably the Seyreh of Bayley's map, in the Lunavada State, -E. of Ahmadabad. - -[16] Quoted by Blochmann, Calcutta Review, 1869, p. 128. - -[17] The text has dar zir-i-an ("under it") in mentioning the position -of the letters, but the I.O. MS. No. 181, has dar zabar ("above" -or "on it."). The words khatt-i-muharraf might mean "inverted or -slanting letters," and Mr. Rogers has taken the passage to mean that -two of the letters were on a line with one another, and that the -third was inverted and below the other two. But muhrif, as the word -may also be read, has the meaning of "handsome," and I think this is -the meaning here. Possibly the meaning is that there was a letter or -mark above--viz., the tashdid. Another meaning may be that all three -letters were equal in size, and in a slanting position on the stone. - -[18] Dihbid, "the village of the willow," a well-known place in -Transoxiana. It is Dihband in text. - -[19] Ukna. The word appears to be Arabic, and signifies a nest. It -is commonly written wukna. - -[20] Baz dami apparently means hawks reared in captivity, or it may -mean hawks brought by dealers--dami. Information about hawks may be -found in Blochmann, 293, etc., and in Col. Phillott's recent articles -in the J.A.S.B., May, 1907, etc. - -[21] The I.O. MS. has "rupees." - -[22] Blochmann, 346. - -[23] Ulugh in MSS. - -[24] Blochmann, 346. Yusuf died in November, 1601. His eldest son -was M. Lashkari. - -[25] The MSS. have 24th and 25th for the following day, but 14th and -15th seem right. - -[26] The passage is translated in Elliot, VI. 357, but the mention of -Saturday and of Multan doctors there is a mistake. Text has afzudam, -"I increased my intoxication," but this seems wrong. The MSS. have -afzud. Jahangir means that the stoppage of his wine increased -crapulousness. See Elliot, VI. 357. - -[27] Apparently this should be yughan, which is a Turki word meaning -"thick." - -[28] Elliot, VI. 358. - -[29] See Vol. I., p. 414. - -[30] The Iqbal-nama, 115, has a different reading of this line. - -[31] It should be recorded to Jahangir's credit that he has a -reputation even at the present day for his love of justice. - -[32] `ajabi. The MSS. have `ajsi, "lasting," which seems better. - -[33] Compare Elliot, VI. 359. Rukh-i-gulzar also means the cheek of -the rosebud (i.e., the beloved one). Apparently the conceit is that -the cheek of the fair one is clouded over, so it should be reddened -by pouring wine on it. - -[34] hamwar. Perhaps it means "mediocre" here, but we have the word -a little lower down, p. 240, used in a laudatory sense. - -[35] According to the Ma'asir and Blochmann, 465, it was the second -son who attained the highest rank. - -[36] dah duwazdah, "10, 12"--i.e., it is one-fifth larger. The saras -is the Ardea Antigone of naturalists. - -[37] Two boundaries. The name signifies that it is on the borders of -Malwa and Gujaru, I. G. XI. 366. - -[38] pak sakht. Lit. cleaned it, which may mean also that he -disembowelled it, or even that he cooked it. Probably the gunner -left the body or part of it there, and it was this that the male -circumambulated. - -[39] Apparently this should be Pavan. It was one of those caught in -the elephant hunt. It is written Bavan in the MSS. - -[40] For meaning of dara, "yard," see text (15th year), pp. 298 and -303. For 3 1/2 quarters (pao) the text wrongly has 3 1/2 feet (pa). - -[41] MSS. has 17. Text has 7. According to Elliot, Supplement II., -177, the Ilahi gaz was one of 41 fingers. - -[42] This was not the son who died in the following year. See text, -p. 282. That son was the eldest son, and probably was the one born -in the 9th year. See Tuzuk, p. 137. - -[43] The Zamindar of Cutch, whose residence was at Bhuj. See Jarrett, -II. 250, where it is said that the Jam left his original country 60 -years ago. - -[44] Jahangir is referring to his visit to Gujarat in the 12th year -of his reign. - -[45] MSS. have this 70 or 80. - -[46] Elliot, VI. 359. - -[47] Text "of Merv," but the MSS. have Herat. - -[48] Mansur Naqqash is one of the illustrators to the Babar-nama in -the British Museum. Rieu Supplement, p. 52. There is also a Husain -Naqqash mentioned in the MS. there described. - -[49] Apparently there were 32 days in this Tir. - -[50] The Sabarmati rises in the hills of Mewar. - -[51] I cannot find this Kokra or Gogra. The Sabarmati falls into the -Gulf of Cambay. Possibly Kokra thereby means "mountains." - -[52] Apparently the Mairpur of Bayley's map. - -[53] Blochmann, 339. - -[54] Perhaps this is the Biragam of the A'in A. (Jarrett, -II. 230). Panju Zamindar may be the Bab-jiu, Zamindar of the Gond -tribe, whom Abu-l-Fazl mentions. The word Barakar is omitted in text. - -[55] See Blochmann, 480 n., Elliot, VI. 344, and the Tuzuk, annals -of 10th year. - -[56] Probably the meaning is that the four mines occur within a space -of 50 koss. Tavernier, vol. II., may be consulted. - -[57] Pukhta in text, but the MSS. have not this word. Instead, they -have a word which seems to be tahsina, "beautiful." The R.A.S. MS. also -seems to have tahsina. - -[58] mahagi? Probably it means that they were caught when a month old, -and Elliot's translator so took it. - -[59] This was the garden which `Abdu-r-Rahim made after his victory -over Muzaffar Gujarati. In Price's Jahangir, pp. 115-16, there is an -account of an entertainment given there to Jahangir by `Abdu-r-Rahim's -daughter. - -[60] Or 22 Ramazan, 1027 = September 2, 1618. - -[61] Cf. Iqbal-nama, 117. - -[62] In MSS. written Marhana or Sarhana. Perhaps Harhana in the Bet -Jalandhar Du'ab, Jarrett, II. 317. Though the text says 22 lakhs of -dams, the MSS. only say 22 lakhs, and possibly rupees are meant. - -[63] Khud bi-in`am iltimas namud. "As a favour to himself." It is -not likely that Shah Jahan would ask for the pargana for Bikramajit -if it was already his own. I presume the meaning is that Shah Jahan -asked that this pargana should be given to Bikramajit as a favour to -himself. But perhaps the meaning is "which he (Shah Jahan) had asked -for, for himself." - -[64] In the MSS. the word khud follows in`am instead of preceding -it. Perhaps the meaning is, "which was his own appanage," "and he -requested," etc. - -[65] Text wrongly has Mu`tamid. - -[66] The saint who is buried at Gwalior. He died September 14, 1562. - -[67] Elliot, VI. 360. - -[68] The 8th Shahriwar = August 20, 1618. The departure had been -fixed for the 21st, and having mentioned this, Jahangir goes on to -describe what occurred between the 7th and the 21st. - -[69] So in text, but MSS. give Jahanda as the name of the brother -of Baluch. - -[70] Elliot, VI. 361. - -[71] Text wrongly has Maghribi, who was a much later poet, for he -died in 809 A.H. = 1416. Sultan Sanjar belonged to the sixth century -of the Hijra, and Mu`izzi, who is the poet meant by Jahangir, died -in 542 A.H. (1147-48), having been accidentally killed with an arrow -by Sultan Sanjar. See Rieu, II. 552b. The ode quoted by Jahangir is -to be found at p. 138b of British Museum MS. Add. 10588. - -[72] hamwar used here in a favourable sense, though some pages farther -back, 233 of Persian text, it seems to be used, when speaking of Jami, -in disparagement. - -[73] See Beale art. Sa`ida-i-Gilani. He was styled Bi-badal. The date -1116 in Beale is manifestly wrong. He is the Mulla Shaida of Rieu, -III., 1083e. See also Sprenger's Catalogue, 124; there is a notice -of him in the Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 405. He was the artist of the -Peacock-throne. - -[74] Turunj, rendered by Vullers as "citron." Probably the reference -is to the colour of the sky, which is often spoken of by Orientals as -green. The concluding lines play upon Jahangir's title of Nuru-d-din, -on his son's title of Shah-Jahan, and his name of Khurram. - -[75] Bari is a Hindu word meaning garden. - -[76] ayyam-i-jawani. The MSS. have qazzaqi, "raids." The name of the -Mulla there seems to be Asiri. - -[77] dar khala wa-mala mahram buda. - -[78] MS. 305. "On every side there are Bulsari-trees." Both -I.O. MSS. have Bulsari, for which see Blochmann, 70. Apparently there -was only one tree. - -[79] Elliot, VI. 361. - -[80] This was not the `Id, for the month was not over. It was the -feasting after nightfall usual in the Ramazan. - -[81] khudawandi-gar. For which word see Vullers and the -Bahar-i-`Ajam. Perhaps it means here a locum-tenens or officiating -master. - -[82] Apparently this should be thirty-two. The egg was laid on 21 -Amurdad, see p. 237, and the interval between the hatching of the -two chicks was three or four days. - -[83] Text dah yazdah, ten to eleven. But MS. 305 has dah panzdah, -ten to fifteen, which is more likely. The meaning then would be that -the young of the saras were 50 per cent., or one-half, larger than -goslings. The common expression for one-tenth is dah yak. - -[84] Ganj in No. 181. Perhaps it should be Gajna, see I.G., 17, p. 11. - -[85] MSS. Atrak. It is the Watrak of Bayley's Gujarat, p. 201, and -the Vatrak of I.G., XXI. 344. - -[86] Sultan Mahmud III., killed by Burhan in February, 1554. Bayley's -Gujarat, pp. 449 and 453. Jahangir calls him the last Sultan of -Gujarat, because Ahmad II. and Muzaffar III. were regarded as -spurious. See Ayin-i-Akbari, Jarrett, II. 261. - -[87] Probably great-grandson, for Shah `Alam died in 880 (1475-76), as -Jahangir tells us supra, and he says that he questioned Sayyid Muhammad -about Shah `Alam's raising the dead, and that Sayyid Muhammad said he -had the story from his father and grandfather. The Ma'asiru-l-Umara, -III. 447, says Sayyid Muhammad was five removes from Shah `Alam. - -[88] For Yaqut, see Blochmann, 99-100. He was a famous calligrapher, -and lived in the thirteenth century. It appears, however, that Yaquti -is also the name of a particular kind of writing. - -[89] Ba-qita`-i-matbu`a-i-mukhtasar. Matbu`a is used in modern times to -mean "printed," but here, I think, it means "elegant." It is so used -in the annals of the 12th year, p. 208, line 18, where it is applied -to a building. Qita` probably refers to the shape of the volume, -and mukhtasar to its small size, or to the minuteness of the writing. - -[90] Sayyid Muhammad, the Mir referred to by Jahangir, lived into -Shah-Jahan's reign, not dying till 1045 (1635-36). See Padshah-nama, -I., Part II., p. 329. But we do not hear anything more of his -translation. Perhaps his ill-health prevented him. It is also the -fact that orthodox Muhammadans object to translations of the Qoran, -regarding it as an impossible task. The Mir's son became chief -ecclesiastical officer (Sadr) under Shah-Jahan. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, -III. 447, and Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 328. - -[91] Elliot, V. 361. - -[92] There were twelve mashas in a tola; the six cups, then, of 6 -tolas and a quarter came to 37 1/2 tolas. - -[93] Jahangir visited his father's tomb in the following year (the -14th). The passage describing the renunciation of shooting (not of -hunting) is translated in Elliot, VI. 362. - -[94] The version of the last two lines is by Sir William Jones, -and is given by him in his Tenth Anniversary Discourse, delivered on -February 28, 1793. As my friend Mr Whinfield has pointed out to me, -the quotation comes from the story of Shibli and the ant in the second -chapter of the Bustan. It occurs in the sixth story of the second -book and p. 161 of Graf's edition. Sir William Jones's remark is: -"Nor shall I ever forget the couplet of Firdausi, for which Sadi, who -cites it with applause, pours blessings on his departed spirit." The -quotation from Firdusi occurs on p. 67 of Vol. I. in Macan's edition -of the Shah-nama. - -[95] Urvasi is the name of a celestial nymph. It is also stated by -Forbes to be the name of an ornament worn on the breast. - -[96] Text ba naqsh by mistake for banafsha. - -[97] I.O. MS. 181 has "thirty surkh." - -[98] Perhaps the Moondah of Bayley's map, east of Mahmudabad. - -[99] The text has khAdA khada, "an oar," but the word is perhaps -kharwa, "a sailor." I.O. MS. 181, has kharwa. - -[100] The I.O. MSS. have Albatta. - -[101] The youth who was afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. - -[102] I.O., No. 181, has Ghairat K. - -[103] gam sometimes means a step, but here it seems to mean one -foot-length. The distance mentioned by Jarrett appears to be 90 feet. - -[104] No. 181 has "in three days." - -[105] Compare account in Akbar-nama, II. 150. Akbar was then twenty -years old. There is a picture of the two elephants crossing the bridge -with Akbar on the elephant Hawa'i in the Clarke MS. in the Victoria -and Albert Museum, South Kensington. - -[106] Presumably the other side of the tank; it was the wild male -saras that Jahangir put rings upon. - -[107] The hunting of deer with decoys is described in Blochmann's -Ayin, 291. - -[108] Apparently a metaphorical expression, "fought with fire and -water." - -[109] su'u-l-qinya, "Bad state of the body, cachexy" (Steingass). - -[110] I do not know of any poet with the takhallus Ustad. Possibly -Jami is referred to. The lines are obscure, and I am not certain of -the meaning. The I.O. MSS. omit the negatives in the first two lines. - -[111] Not identified. I.O. MS. 305, seems to have Panib. Can it be -the Manchan or Majham? Possibly we should read Banas. - -[112] The I.O. MSS. have not the words Nau Ruz, "New Year," and I am -not sure what New Year's day is meant. The time was October. Perhaps it -was the first day of Zi-l-Qa`da that was celebrated, or it may be what -is described in Richardson as the New Year's day of the Balance--viz., -the entry of the Sun into the Sign of the Balance. Jahangir may have -had special regard to that Sign as he was born under it. Perhaps all -that is meant is that the feast of 1 Aban was celebrated. Aban was -a sacred month because Akbar was born in it, and it may be that the -feast was celebrated on Thursday the 2nd because the previous day, -Wednesday, was regarded by Jahangir as unlucky, and was always spoken -of as Kam-shamba. But most probably Nau Ruz is simply a mistake of -the text. - -[113] I.O. MS. has 600. - -[114] The name of the stage is not given. - -[115] Literally the mother of children, but explained as meaning a -female demon (larva) who torments children. See Lane's Dictionary, -1650, where it is described as "flatulence." - -[116] See above, p. 243 of text. - -[117] Apparently the vow applied only to shooting. Jahangir was not -at that time fifty-one years of age by solar computation. - -[118] The natural term of life, which some Orientals regarded as -being 120 years. - -[119] The name `Ali is omitted in text. - -[120] qand-i-siyah (? treacle). - -[121] We are not told what was the result of this experiment. - -[122] MSS., as before, have Ghairat instead of `Izzat. - -[123] This son was Aurangzib. See Khafi K., I. 296. Khafi K. has 11th -instead of 15th Zi-l-Qa`da. The 11th Zi-l-Qa`da corresponds to 20th -October, 1618. - -[124] Text has Sunday, but Wednesday must be the correct day, for -immediately after Friday is spoken of as the 17th (Aban). - -[125] Perhaps the Samarni of Jarrett, II. 207. The I.O. MSS. have -Tamarna. - -[126] I have been assisted by the translation in Elliot, VI. 363. See -also Iqbal-nama, 117. The author there expatiates on the calamities -which followed these celestial appearances. Elliot, loc. cit., p. 364, -has eight years, but the text of the Tuzuk and all the MSS. have -"eight nights." The Iqbal-nama has Dai instead of Aban, but probably -Dai is a mistake for Zi-l-(qa`da). Perhaps the first phenomenon was -the Zodiacal Light. - -[127] The MSS. have Sambhalkhera. - -[128] MSS. have Badhnur. Perhaps it is the Badhnawar of Jarrett, II. - -[129] Pargana Nula'i in MSS., and this seems right as Nola'i, is -mentioned in Jarrett, II. 198, as having a brick fort and as being -on the Chambal. - -[130] It seems to be Gambhir in the MSS. - -[131] There seems to be an omission in the recital. We are not told of -the first half, but evidently the meaning is that the mice (or rats) -ate half the crop on the field, and half of what was brought into -the threshing floor. See also Iqbal-nama, p. 118. - -[132] Elliot, VI. 364. - -[133] The word ma`ni, "spiritual," does not occur in the I.O. MSS., -and does not appear to be wanted. - -[134] Also a weight = two barley-grains. Blochmann, 36. - -[135] The line is wanting in some MSS. In I.O. MS. 181, the conjunction -wa is omitted (p. 145b). - -[136] So in text, but Sunday was either the 10th or the -17th. Apparently Sunday is a mistake for Wednesday, as, later on, -Thursday is mentioned as the 14th. - -[137] Iqbal-nama, 119, "Three sons." - -[138] Apparently the meaning is that he carried them off as prisoners. - -[139] Text jada-dusti by mistake for jan-dusti. - -[140] Namak, "salt." See for a similar expression, p. 149, in the -account of Chin Qilij. Perhaps the phrase is a reminiscence of -the answer given by Muhammad Husain M. when asked who had captured -him. "The king's salt," was his reply. - -[141] The Sind is mentioned in Tieffenthaler, I. 184. See also I.G., -new ed., XXII., p. 432. It is one of the chief rivers of Central India. - -[142] The word is shikar. Either the ducks were caught in nets and -not shot, or the shooting was done by others, for Jahangir had vowed -to give up shooting from the time of Shuja`'s illness. - -[143] Akbar really took it in the 14th year of his reign (March, -1569). The siege lasted a month, according to Abu-l-Fazl. Akbar-nama, -II. 339. - -[144] Elliot, VI. 366. - -[145] For notes about the meaning of the word chaukandi, -"four-cornered," see Elliot, V. 347 and 503. - -[146] Text Rustam, but it is Dastam in MS. 181, and it appears from -Blochmann that Dastam or Dostam is the proper spelling. See pp. 398 -and 620. - -[147] Apparently Jahangir spent the night in this summer-house. - -[148] Khila`at, surely used here on account of the alliteration -kharji u Khila`at. At p. 10 of Price's "Jahangir" it is stated that -he released 7,000 prisoners from Gwalior Fort! - -[149] durna, or turna, a crane. It is a Turki word. - -[150] The words diwan-i-buyutat are repeated. It looks as if the -word buyutat in the second place was a mistake, or if some word -implying that Lashkar K. had been appointed director of buildings -(diwan-i-buyutat) had been omitted. Apparently `Abid K. went to the -Deccan as Diwan, and not as Diwan-i-buyutat. Compare Iqbal-nama, 122. - -[151] No. 181 has no conjunction, and makes the meaning "porcelain -from Tartary." - -[152] See Blochmann, 140 and 233. Abu-l-Fazl says the mujannas horses -resemble Persian horses, and are mostly Turki or Persian geldings. - -[153] So in text, but evidently Mandu, or at least Mandu in Malwa -cannot be correct. The MSS. seem to have Hindaun, and possibly -this is the place meant. Or it may be the place called Mandawar or -Hindaun Road (see I.G., new ed., XIII. 135). The position of Hindaun -agrees fairly well with Jahangir's itinerary, for Tieffenthaler, -I., 172, says that Hindaun is 12 leagues--i.e., koss--S.S.-W. from -Biana, and Jahangir gives the distance from Mandu or Hindaun to the -neighbourhood of Bayana as 8 1/4 koss. Bayana is in the Bhartpur State, -and apparently about 21 miles from Hindaun. - -[154] The quatrain which Jahangir describes as that of someone -(shakhsi) is included in `Umar Khayyam's poems, and is thus translated -by Whinfield: - - - "My comrades all are gone, Death, deadly foe, - Hath caught them one by one, and trampled low; - They shared life's feast, and drank its wine with me, - But lost their heads and dropped a while ago." - - (Quatrain 219, p. 148.) - - -FitzGerald has it as Quatrain XXII., and his version is: - - - "For some we loved, the loveliest and the best - That from his Vintage rolling Time hath prest, - Have drunk their Cup a Round or two before, - And one by one crept silently to rest." - - -The quatrain is also quoted by Badayuni, Lowe's translation, -p. 192. The phrase tang-sharab in the third line means "poor -drinkers." Whinfield has ba-yak sharab. But tang-sharab is given in -Johnson's dictionary with the meaning of being easily made drunk, -unable to carry much liquor. - -[155] Bayana (Biana) is described in I.G., new ed., VII. 137. It -is stated there that it used to have a fort with a very high -tower. Bahlul's tomb still exists. It was his brother, M. Ghaus, -who was most known for his skill in incantations, and who wrote a -book on the subject. - -[156] The story is told in the Akbar-nama, Vol. I. Jahangir is -not correct in saying that Humayun had ordered Hindal to remain in -Agra. Hindal went there without permission, and doubtless in order -to rebel. See also Gul-badan Begam's "Memoirs," who, naturally, -tries to excuse her brother. - -[157] This must be the Barmadh Mata mentioned by Beale (see Proceedings -A.S.B. for August, 1873, p. 159). Beale says there is a place of -worship of the Hindus about 1 1/2 koss from Biana in the district -of Bhartpur called Barmadh Mata. In the 7th year of Jahangir, 1022, -1613, Jahangir's mother Maryam-zamani made a garden and a ba'oli -(step-well) here at a cost of Rs. 20,000. The garden has disappeared, -but the building which is over the ba'oli still exists. Beale gives -the inscription. William Finch (Hakluyt Society) speaks of a place -called Menhapur, near Biana, where there was a garden made by the -Queen-Mother. It was a great saray. The pargana Jusat of the text is no -doubt the Chausath of Jarrett, II. 183, and of Elliot's Supp. Gloss., -II., p. 83. Barah may be the Parath or Berath of Jarrett, II. 181. - -[158] Apparently this is the Da'ir or Dabar of Badayuni, II. 171, -and Akbar-nama, III. 145. It is described by Badayuni as being 4 koss -from Fathpur. Da'ir may also be read Dabar in MSS., and it is Dabar -in the map. It is in the Bhartpur State. - -[159] So in the MSS. and the text, but must be a mistake for Ahmadabad, -which Jahangir left on 21 Shahriwar or 22 Ramazan. See also Iqbal-nama, -117. He arrived at the environs of Fathpur on 19 Dai, or about 22 -Muharram, 1028 (end of December, 1618). Apparently he considered -that he arrived at Fathpur on 20 Dai. He remained on the outskirts -and did not enter the town till the 28th (apparently should be 26th -or 27th). The Iqbal-nama 122 makes Jahangir arrive at the outskirts -of Fathpur on 20 Dai, and it gives the date of his entering the town -as 26 Dai or 1 Safar, 1028 (January 8, 1619). See p. 123. - -[160] Viz., the propitious hour of the 28th Dai, which had been -fixed for the entry into Agra, but was now made the time for entering -Fathpur. - -[161] The lake was to the north of the city, and is now dried up. It -had been made by damming up a stream. - -[162] Apparently this lady was relating what had occurred in Agra, for -Jahangir has just told us that the plague did not come to Fathpur. Her -father was the Asaf K., known also as Ja`far K. The ladies seem to -have come out from Agra to welcome Jahangir. His mother came later -from Agra, see infra. - -[163] Tiryaq-i-Faruq. See Lane's Dict., p. 304, col. 3. - -[164] I.O. MSS. have az bala radd u az payan itlaq shud, "there was -vomiting from above and evacuations from below." The text misses out -the words az bala radd. - -[165] 4,000 in No. 181. - -[166] Certainly Thursday was the 27th according to Jahangir. The 28th -must be a copyist's mistake here and previously. - -[167] Jahangir says four ghari are nearly equal to two sidereal -hours. According to Abu-l-Fazl, a ghari is the sixteenth part of -a nychthemeron, or 360 out of the 21,600 breathings which make -up a nychthemeron--i.e., 24 hours. See Jarrett, III. 16 and 17, -and II. 16, n. 4. According to the Bahar-i-`ajam, 2 1/2 ghari = -one sidereal hour, so that, correctly speaking, five ghari = two -sidereal hours. Each ghari is 24 minutes (Jarrett, II. 16, n. 4). Here -it should be noted that there is a mistake in the translation at -p. 17, line 2, of Jarrett, vol. III., due to a faulty reading in the -Bib. Ind. edition of the text. Instead of yaki we should read pali, -as in two MSS. in my possession. Abu-l-Fazl's meaning then becomes -clear. What he says is, a ghari is 360 breathings, consequently (pas) -every pal (already defined as the sixtieth part of a ghari) is 360 -divided by 60, and equal to six breathings (nafas). Jahangir's line, -however, is obscure. In two I.O. MSS. we have ba-tala`i instead of -ba-sa`ati. I think the meaning probably is that the same day which -marked Jahangir's arrival at Fathpur also marked Shah-Jahan's birthday. - -Tawalla is defined in the Bahar-i-`ajam as meaning to have -friendship with anyone. It also says that it is used in the sense of -taqarrub--i.e., nearness. It may be therefore that Jahangir's line -means "At a moment which nearly corresponded to two (hours)." Taqwim -would then mean established or fixed, and not a calendar. Taqwim -kardan is a phrase which means "to adjust, to arrange." - -[168] Shah-Jahan was born on January 5, 1592, so that in January, -1619, he began to be in his 28th year--i.e., he was 27 complete. - -[169] That is, 120 according to Muhammadan idea. - -[170] Afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. - -[171] Text dar`a, MSS. zira`. See text 298, account of fifteenth year, -where a dar`a is defined. The Ilahi gaz or dara` consisted of 40 digits -(fingerbreadths), according to Jahangir. If the Kapur tank be the one -described in the Archaeological Survey Reports, Vol. XVIII., for 1894, -yards seem to be required here, for the tank is mentioned in the Report -as being 95 feet 7 inches square. According to Jahangir, 34 krors -odd of dams--i.e., I presume, fulus, in copper money, and 16 lakhs -and 80,000 rupees in silver were poured into the tank, making a total -of 1 kror and 3 lakhs of rupees, or 3 lakhs 43,000 tumans. Apparently -the tuman, which was a gold coin, was, in Jahangir's time, reckoned as -worth 30 rupees, and Wollaston, in his Dictionary, says it was worth -L3 in Shah `Abbas I.'s time. Jahangir's account of the tank should -be compared with that given in the Akbar-nama, III. 246 and 257, -where the tank is called the Anup-talao, or the "Unequalled Tank." - -In the text, difficulty has, I think, been made by the introduction -of the word kih in p. 260, six lines from foot, and bashad in the -fifth line from the foot. These words make the sense to be that 34 -krors odd of dams were only equal to 16 lakhs odd of rupees. But -this cannot be, for the dam was the fortieth part of a rupee, and -so 34 krors of dams would be not far short of one kror--i.e., 100 -lakhs of rupees. The MSS. have not the kih and bashad in question, -and have only a conjunction after the word dam. Thirty-four krors odd -of copper and 16 lakhs of silver were poured into the tank, making a -total, in round numbers, of 1 kror, 3 lakhs of rupees. According to -Abu-l-Fazl gold was also thrown in. - -[172] Text Yad `Ali, but the MSS. have Nad. See also Blochmann, 508. - -[173] This name is Bairam or Siram in MSS. Chikani may be a trade -designation, and mean embroiderer, or worker in gold thread. - -[174] Kuh-daman, "hill-subduing." - -[175] dibacha. Here meaning the early part of the Memoirs. - -[176] The text has ba by mistake for ya. - -[177] `aurat-i-mustahaqqa. Perhaps "pensioned women." - -[178] These are the opening lines of Jami's Yusuf and Zulaikha (note -by Mr. Rogers). - -[179] Salim Chishti died on 29 Ramazan 979, or February 15, -1572. Jahangir was born on 17 Rabi` 1st, 977; and so he would be -about two years and seven months old at the time of Salim's death. See -Beale and Khazinatu-l-asfiya, I. p. 435. - -[180] The conjunction wa in text, p. 262, line 16, is a mistake. - -[181] This is the Buland Darwaza. It was built many years after the -mosque. For an account of it, see Mr. Edmund Smith's Fathpur Sikri. The -gateway is there said to be 134 feet high from the pavement and 176 -feet from the roadway. The thirty-two steps mentioned in text must -be those from the roadway to the gate. There are two flights of -steps, and the total number, up to the top, is 123. The quadrangle -or court is stated by Keene to be 433 feet by 366. Another statement -(in the Archaeological Report) is 438-9 by 359-10 feet. Salim's tomb -was erected in 1581 (988). It is 47 feet 11 inches each way. - -[182] 4 1/2, Iqbal-nama, 124. - -[183] Text aiwan, but should be alwan, "coloured." See Iqbal-nama, 124. - -[184] Finch says: "Under the courtyard is a good tank of excellent -water." He also speaks of the lake and of its being covered with the -singara (Trapa bicornis). - -[185] That is, Bayazid, a grandson of the saint. Ikram K. is another -name for Hushang. His mother was Abu-l-Fazl's sister. According to -the Ma'asir, I. 120, he was a tyrant. According to local tradition, -Qutbu-d-din is buried in Bardwan near Shir-afgan. - -[186] So in text, but ought to be the 17th. - -[187] Mau was a Himalayan fort. Blochmann, 345. The text has Mau u -shahri, and so have the MSS. The Iqbal-nama has Maud u Mahri, p. 124, -and so has the Ma'asir U., II. 178. Evidently from what follows there -were two places, unless one was the fort and the other the city. See -also Tuzuk, 304, l. 10, which has pargana Maud Mahri. In the Ayin, -Jarrett, II. 319, we have Mau and Nabah, and the next name in the -list is Mahror. Gladwin has Mowd, and possibly we should translate -"Mowd, a city on which he relied." - -[188] The Iqbal-nama, 125, says Rs. 20,000 which would be 40,000 darbs. - -[189] Jagat Singh afterwards became a rebel, joining Shah-Jahan, -as also did Raja Bikramajit, or Sundar. He rebelled also in -Shah-Jahan's reign, but was pardoned, and did good service in Kabul -and Badakhshan. He died in Peshawar in 1055 (1645). See Ma'asir U., -II. 238, and Padishah-nama, II. 481. - -[190] It is hasr in text, but surely this is a mistake for hafr, and -the meaning is that a new pit or well should be made in the middle -of the garden. It appears to be hafr in MSS. The Nur-manzil garden -is the same as the Bagh Dahra, and was near Agra. Blochmann, 499. - -[191] Egyptian. Hitherto this has been read Qutbi, but it really is, -I think, Qibti, "Egyptian." Chardin, IV. 70, ed. 1723, says that -the Persians state that the ruby of the East comes from Egypt. The -etymology, however, is doubtful. - -[192] Possibly the praise of Shah-Jahan's inventive powers refers -to his arrangements for the orchestra. The kuwarga is defined -in the Ain, Blochmann, 50, as a damama--i.e., a large drum. See -illustration in Plate VIII. to Blochmann's Ain. The karana and surna -are wind-instruments, and are also represented in Plate VIII. With -regard to the mursal, Blochmann, p. 51, has: "The mursali, which -is the name of a tune played by the mursil." Apparently the mursal -is the overture, or some introductory strain, and played only by a -portion of the band. - -[193] MS. No. 181 has ten instead of two as the number of elephants -presented by Qutbu-l-mulk, and this seems likely to be correct, else -where do the six now mentioned come from? But six should probably -be eight. - -[194] Kurkaraqs. See Blochmann, 87, n. 2, and p. 616. Kurk means fur, -and kurkaraqan may be translated furriers. - -[195] So in text, but it should be Tatta--i.e., Sind. See Blochmann, -378, n. 2, and also the Tuzuk, infra, p. 275. - -[196] Suwaran-i-khud-mahalla. I do not know the exact force of the -last two words. Possibly they are pleonastic. The word mahalla is -explained in Irvine A. of M. 46. - -[197] The Iqbal-nama, 127, mentions that Parwiz came from Allahabad -to pay his respects. See infra, Tuzuk, 268, and 273. - -[198] Probably this is the friend of Father Jerome Xavier and the -abridger of the Zafar-nama. See Rieu, 177b and 1077a. - -[199] He was of the royal house of Khandesh. - -[200] See Blochmann, 252, and n. 1. Jahangir himself saw 700 antelope -taken, and Ray Man afterwards made a drive of 800 more. - -[201] This was Jodh Ba'i, d. the Mota (fat) Raja. See Blochmann, 619. - -[202] Qulba, ploughs. Here apparently used as a measure of land. But -the expression is obscure. In Wilson's Glossary kulba is stated to be -a measure of land in Sylhet, and equal to 1,008 cubits by 144. The -corresponding Sanskrit word Sir ("a plough") is used to mean land -held by the landholder in his own possession. - -[203] Mahalla. Here used apparently for musters. - -[204] Mr. Rogers corrects this to Miran on the authority of R.A.S., -MS. It is, however, Bizhan in I.O. MS., 181, and as Blochmann points -out, Bizan or Bizhan is twice referred to in the Tuzuk, pp. 307, -309. He was son of Nad `Ali Maidani. - -[205] I.O. MS. has "by favour of my rearing" (tarbiyat) and probably -the words in text rather mean that he was promoted by virtue of -Jahangir's liking for him, than that he was of good disposition. His -real name was `Abdu-r-Rahim. He was the son of Qa'im K., and his -sister Saliha Banu was one of Jahangir's wives, and had the title -of Padishah-Mahall. Blochmann, 371. Before Nur-Jahan she was the -chief wife. - -[206] Mihtar K. was a very old servant, and died in the third year -of Jahangir. Blochmann, 417. - -[207] Text wrongly has Shah Nur. - -[208] This is the ancient Dhafur or Dofar on the south coast of Arabia -now known as Mirbat. The proper spelling was Zafr. See Redhouse's -Annotations to the History of Yemen, published by the Gibb Trust, -Nos. 349, 578, and 836. See also d'Herbelot, 269, and Jarrett, III, 51. - -[209] The description is rather obscure. Apparently Jahangir regards -bamand (dun- or bay-coloured) as equal to red (surkh). - -[210] Text has Mushrif. - -[211] Du manzil kishti must surely mean "tray" here; or perhaps they -were models. Kosha is a well-known Bengali name for a swift boat. - -[212] Apparently Khwaja Hasan died in Badakhshan. Ma'asir, III., 459. - -[213] This S. Ahmad is a well-known man. He is mentioned in -Beale as Ahmad Sirhindi (Shaikh), and as having had the title of -Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Sani, because he believed that he was the man of the -second millenium. In other words, he claimed to be a Mahdi. He was -s. `Abdu-l-Wahid Faruqi, and born in 1503. He died 29 November, 1624, -and is buried at Sirhind. The I.G. new edition, XXIII. 21., says there -are two tombs in Sirhind known as those of the Master and the Disciple, -and it may be that one of them is S. Ahmad's, although the Gazetteer -says they probably belong to the fourteenth century. There is also -a reference to him in Rieu's Catalogue, III. 1058a., fol. 16. He -belonged to the Naqshbandi order, and one of his writings is called -Majmu`atu-t-tasawwuf. There is a very long account of him, and of his -interviews with Jahangir in the Khazinatu-l-Auliya, I. 607, etc. It is -said there that he was imprisoned for two years, and then released, -and that he died on the last day of Safar, 1035, November 20, 1625, -at the age of sixty-three. Jahangir afterwards pardoned S. Ahmad. See -Tuzuk, 308, account of fifteenth year. - -[214] Dandan-i-mahi, explained in dictionary as the canine tooth of the -Walrus (Trichechus rosmarus). But there is nothing black or piebald -about walrus-teeth, and Jahangir would surely not admire greatly a -kind of ivory which was inferior to that of the elephant. I incline -to think that what is here meant is tortoise-shell. Jauhar-dar has two -meanings--it may mean jewelled and also "striated." See Vullers, 542a. - -[215] Apparently Miran is a mistake for Bizhan. See ante and Blochmann, -508, and Tuzuk, 307. It is Bizan in I.O. MS., 181. - -[216] The buildings referred to are the garden-houses made by Khwaja -Jahan in the Nur-manzil garden. - -[217] See Jarrett, II. 323; it was near the Jhelam. See also I.G., -new edition, XV. 297. It is in the Shahpur district. The land-revenue -of it was 24 lakhs of rupees in 1903-1904. 30 lakhs of dams would be -equal to Rs. 75,000. Khan Dauran's name was Shah Beg K. The Ma'asir -says his resignation was not altogether voluntary. See Blochmann, 378. - -[218] In the MSS. the name is written Nardani. - -[219] The route from the South. See Jarrett, II. 347, n. 3. - -[220] I.O. MSS. have Monday. - -[221] The word in text is shashsat. Shast is a thumbstall, but it -may also mean a ring. See Blochmann, 166 and n. 1. - -[222] Khatam-bandi. It also means "inlaying." - -[223] Bandu ban. In I.O. MSS. it is bandu baran. Perhaps "skilful -painter" should be "the Painter of Creation." - -[224] Should be Kara. See Herklots Qanun-i-Islam, Appendix XXIV. - -[225] Nabira here cannot mean grandson, for Suraj Singh, commonly -called Sur Singh, was fifth in descent from Maldeo (Blochmann, -359). Suraj or Sur was s. Ray Ray Singh of Bikaner. See Tod, who says -Sur Singh passed nearly all his life as an alien. - -[226] Tod has much to say about Gaj Singh, but the account seems -hardly trustworthy. - -[227] The text, p. 277, has a representation of one of these milestones -which was outside Delhi. - -[228] Perhaps sib-i-khub is the name of a kind of apple. - -[229] I.O. MS. 181 has Shukr-dara and the name of the village as -Shin-waran. The printed text has Siwaran. - -[230] Mr. Rogers here refers to the R.A.S. MS. The I.O. MSS. are not -clear. Apparently what Jahangir says is: "On this occasion fresh items -of expenditure occurred to me, and the former outlay was greatly -increased." The word tasarrufat ("expenditure") is omitted in the -printed copy. - -[231] The village must be Hilalabad, near Rankatta (Blochmann, 332). - -[232] Jahangir says nothing about the permission that he gave to -Bir Singh Deo--as a reward for murdering Abu-l-Fazl--to build a very -splendid temple at Mathura. It was destroyed by Aurangzib. See Growse's -"Mathura." - -[233] Text halal, which means "weakness," or hulal ("striped -garments"). But according to the MSS., the true reading is khalal, -which means "a crack" and also "corruption." - -[234] The Iqbal-nama, 128, calls him Achadrup, and says that the -Khan A`zam went privately to him and begged him to use his influence -with Jahangir for the release of Khusrau. Achadrup spoke accordingly, -and Khusrau was released and allowed to pay his respects. See infra -for account of his release. After Jadrup removed to Mathura, he was -cruelly beaten by Hakim Beg. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 576. - -[235] Elliot, VI. 367. - -[236] Luqman is the Eastern AEsop, and there is much about him in -D'Herbelot. In the second line the word translated "hollow" is gulugah, -literally "throat place," and the word for bosom is sina, the whole -expression being sina-i-chang. Chang is a harp or lyre, and apparently -the expression refers to the narrowness of the space between the horns -of a lyre (chang, which appears to be the Jew's harp), or the sides -of a harp. The fourth line is obscure, and the version in text seems -corrupt. The words shash bidast du pay seem unintelligible. They, -however, occur in I.O. MS. 181, f. 161a, and in I.O. MS. 305, -f. 225a. The only difference is that they have a conjunction after -bidast. On the other hand, the Iqbal-nama, which inserts the lines -into the record of the eleventh year, has, at p. 95, a different -reading for the fourth line. The words there are khana yak bidast -u sih pay. Bidast is given in Richardson, and the Farhang-i-Rashidi -as meaning a span, so the line as given in the Iqbal-nama may mean -3 feet and 1 span. The author of the Iqbal-nama was so struck with -the verse of Hakim Sana'i and the appearance of Jadrup's dwelling, -that he composed a masnavi on the subject, which he gives at pp. 95, -96. There is a third version in Daulat Shah's anthology, p. 97 of -Professor Browne's edition. There, in the second line we have halqa -("ring"), or perhaps "plectrum" instead of sina. We have also two lines -not given in the Tuzuk or the Iqbal-nama, and the line containing the -noodle's question is given thus: "Kin chih jayast yak pust u du pay." - - - "What place is this, one skin (?) and two feet." - - -As if the meaning was that Luqman lived in a tent propped up by two -sticks. In the first line, also, we have wisaqi instead of kurichi. - -The lines may be versified thus: - - - "Luqman's cell was small and narrow to boot, - Like the throat of a pipe, or the breast of a lute. - A foolish one said to the grand old man-- - 'What house is this--three feet and six span?' - With tears and emotion the sage made reply-- - 'Ample for him whose task is to die.'" - - -In the Nawalkishor edition of Hakim Sana'i's poem the lines -are entered as in the seventh book of the Hadiqa, but in two -B.M. MSS. (Add. 25,329, f. 145a, and Or. 358, f. 172b), they are -placed in the fifth book. Both of these MSS. have bidast, apparently, -and Add. 25,329, has shash ("six"), but Or. 358 has shass. There is -such a word, meaning hard ground. Both MSS. have sih ("three"). Bidast -may properly be bad-pusht ("bad-backed"), or it may be bad-past ("bad -and mean"). The reference in verse may be rather to the curvature of -the chang (Arabic, sanj) than to its narrowness, for Jami speaks of -the back "being bent like a harp." - -[237] Compare Price, 123. - -[238] Ba dusturi kih dar Bangala dasht. - -I think this must mean that his men were allowed the Bengal batta, or -exceptional allowance, which used to be 50 p.c. of pay elsewhere. See -A.N., III. 293, the eighth reason for the rebellion. - -[239] This passage has been translated by Colonel Phillott in the -A.S.B.J. for February, 1907, p. 113. There is something wrong in the -text. Khan `Alam certainly did not die on the road (see Blochmann, -513), for he waited upon Jahangir at Kalan ur (Tuzuk, 284); nor did -the Mir Shikar, for Jahangir says he gave him a present and dismissed -him. I presume, therefore, that the word "aforesaid" refers to Khan -`Alam's hawk. - -[240] Nigah-darad. Perhaps this means that the painter was afterwards -to stuff the bird. - -[241] This is an obscure passage, and Jadrup's reference to the -mention of dams in the Vedas is curious, for dam is said to be -derived from the Greek drachma. However, it appears from the Ayin -(Blochmann, 31), that the dam, though in value only the fortieth -part of a rupee, weighed 5 tanks or 1 tola, 8 mashas, 7 surkhs. The -rupee, we are told there, weighed 11 1/2 mashas--i.e., half a masha -less than a tola. Consequently the dam weighed over 20 mashas, and -so was not far from being equal in weight to 2 rupees. The weight -of a seer varied, and it may be 30 or 36 copper dams were reckoned -as equal to a seer. By dam Jahangir probably meant paisa, or double -paisa. According to Gladwin, 3 1/2 tanks are by jeweller's weights = -one tola, and a tank is 70.112 grs. Troy. - -[242] As stated below, the antelope which were caught all eventually -died. - -[243] Text gul-rang, which seems unintelligible. No. 181 MS. has -kalanak ("somewhat grown-up"). The child was presumably the Sultan -Dur-andish, born at the end of the ninth year (Tuzuk, 137), and so was -now about five years old. Gul-rang occurs in B.M. MS., and may mean -"ruddy." - -[244] Text has Agha-i-Aghaman. The MSS. have Aqa Aqayan ("Agha -of Aghas"). - -[245] Akbar was born in October, 1542, so she was now seventy-seven -years old. - -[246] Sayyid Bahwa is commonly known as Din-dar K. Bukhari, and is -described under that name in the Ma'asir, II. 23. - -[247] Elliot, VI. 366, and Rieu, I. 14 and 355. The book is called -Akhbaru-l-Akhyar, id. - -[248] In Sarkar Saharanpur. Elliot, Supp. Gloss., II. 129. I.G. new -edition, XIV. 287. - -[249] The child was born at Sirhind on Wednesday, 11 Muharram, 1029 -(December 8, 1619), and died at Burhanpur in Rabi`u-s-sani, 1031 -(February-March), 1622. Padishah-nama, I. 392. - -[250] See Erskine's Babur, p. 321. - -[251] Perhaps this is Biru'i in Sambhal, Jarrett, II. 200. Or it may -be the Miyani Nuriya of Jarrett, II. 317. - -[252] To clear the roots? Or is it to let the sap flow? Or is -`iraq-bandi right, meaning footpaths? Jahangir's order then would be -to clear out the brick footpaths. - -[253] Yak-awiz. Defined in Vullers as a short, broad sword, and also -as a two-edged knife. See Vullers, 1519a. The weapon is described in -text as shamshir-i-nimcha-i-yak-awiz. - -[254] Az nilam-i-farang-tarash. It is difficult to suppose that the -hilt was a sapphire. Possibly "nilam" is the European artist's name, -or nilam-i-farang may be some kind of European work or material. Query -niello? - -[255] Buy-i-khwish ("my own scent"). The scent (otto of roses) was -invented by Jahangir's mother-in-law (the mother of Nur-Jahan). She -called it after Jahangir's name. - -[256] The meaning of the clause is obscure. - -[257] The first line is obscure and the MSS. do not help. Possibly the -meaning is Spring thanks thee for robbing his garden, or it may be, -Spring is exhorted to rob thy garden. The quatrain is also given in -the Iqbal-nama, 132. - -[258] Meaning that the lips were so closed that the mouth looked like -a thin scar. - -[259] The collyrium of Solomon was something which enabled one to -see hidden treasures. - -[260] This quatrain is stated in the Iqbal-nama, 133, to be by -Baba Talib Isfahani. He is a quite different person from Talib -Amuli. The same quatrain is given by Abu-l-Fazl, and I am indebted -to Mr. Blochmann, p. 607, for being able to understand it. Baba -Talib Isfahani is not mentioned by Dr. Rieu. At Vol. II., 679b, of -his Catalogue, there is an account of Talib Amuli, who, it is said, -died young. Baba Talib died somewhat later, and at the age of over -100. See Iqbal-nama, loc. cit., and Badayuni, III. 265. - -[261] A Muhammad Shaikh is mentioned in Beale as the author of two -books (see p. 273, col. 2). One of them was the Jam-i-Jahan-numa, -and is perhaps the work mentioned in Rieu, II. 866a, V. - -[262] Some unnecessary details have been omitted here. - -[263] Khwaja Jahan's real name was Dust Muh., and he was from -Kabul. See Blochmann, 424. Jahangir's characterization of him is rather -obscure, and I am not sure if my translation is correct. Jahangir -had married his daughter. Blochmann, 477, n. 2. - -[264] This is the seesee partridge or Ammoperdrix Bonhami of Jerdon, -p. 567 of first edition. Jerdon states that in Afghanistan it is -called the teehoo, and that its flesh is said to be delicious. - -[265] Apparently this is the Hibiscus mutabilis, for which the Bengali -name is thal padma ("land lotus"). - -[266] The word for twenty is omitted in text, and also in Elliot, -VI. 367. - -[267] "On the southern bank of the Harroh River," Elliot, VI. 367. - -[268] Bhim was the younger brother of Karan (Tod). The passage is -translated in Elliot, VI. 367. - -[269] Elliot, VI. 368 and n. 1. - -[270] Elliot, VI. 368, and note. - -[271] Elliot has Hazara Farigh. - -[272] On the eastern bank of the Dhor. Elliot, loc. cit. - -[273] Elliot has: "As far as the eye could reach, the blossoms of -the thal kanwal, and other flowers were glowing between the green -foliage. It was a beautiful scene." - -[274] Salhar in text, but Salhar in Elliot. - -[275] Marsh-mallow of Steingass and Elliot. Query Hollyhock? - -[276] The word violets occurs in MS. 181 and also in Elliot. - -[277] The Bib. Ind. edition, Iqbal-nama, p. 135, changes this into -Pakli. MS. 181 has Bankli (?) apparently. Pakli is probably not right, -for the entrance to it is mentioned lower down. - -[278] Tasadduq shud. This is how Mr. Rogers has translated the -passage, and this seems to me to be right. Elliot has "lost," -but surely Jahangir would not pass over so lightly the loss of 25 -elephants. Tasadduq is often used in the sense of almsgiving, or of -granting a favour. The text 290, line 2, has aksar-i-rah basta bud. The -word basta seems unintelligible, and in the corresponding passage of -the Iqbal-nama, 135, the words are aksar-i-rah ajama bud. This word -perhaps means "muddy," and this would fit the sense. - -[279] Elliot has Tawadkar. - -[280] Achamba. But MS. 305 has ajamat, and this may mean forest, -or woods. Perhaps Elliot's "mud" is a clerical error for wood, but -ajamat means pools as well as woods. Perhaps this is the same word -as occurs in the Iqbal-nama, 135, and means "muddy." - -[281] So in text, but the MSS. ba garaz basta ("loosely tied"), -so that they could be thrown off if any game appeared. - -[282] Elliot has sir. - -[283] Now known as the Kunhar. It rises in Lake Lohusur at the head -of the Kagan glen. See I.G., old edition, VIII. 365, and ditto new -edition, XIV. 272, for Kagan Valley. - -[284] Text Waru. Iqbal-nama 136 has Kuh-i-Wazuh. MS. 181 seems to -have Dard. - -[285] Text shakhdar ("with branches"), but the true reading seems to -be naj ("pine"). Elliot has "sal." - -[286] This is a fanciful derivation. The word is not darang, but -drang, which means a watch-station. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, -p. 84. The Pamba-drang, however, was near the Kishan Ganga, and so -is not the drang mentioned by Stein. - -[287] A mistake. See Elliot, VI. 373, note. - -[288] Each sidereal hour being equal to 2 1/2 gharis. - -[289] Sag-i-abi. Probably otters are meant, as a name for them is -pani kutta ("water-dogs"). But in the dictionaries sag-i-abi is given -as meaning the beaver. The otter occurs in Kashmir, and is known as -wudar. Lawrence, Valley of Kashmir, 111. - -[290] Properly Buliyasa. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, p. 85. It is -the Peliasa of the maps. Later on, Jahangir indicates its position -by saying that it is 11 koss on the Kashmir side of the Kishan Ganga. - -[291] That is, I presume, he did not really utter the words, -but his appearance represented them. The Iqbal-nama has, p. 138, -mihman chu Biga ("a guest such as a Begam"). MS. 181 has nagah chu -Sultan. I.O. MS. 305 has nagah chu mihman. The reading Bega or Begam -certainly seems preferable. The text is wrong as usual, and has mihan -("the great"), unless it is to be read mahan, and taken in the sense -of Moons--i.e., ladies. - -[292] The Iqbal-nama, 139, has Kahta'i. - -[293] The Iqbal-nama, 139, has 500 horse. - -[294] The name of M. Rustam's son, who was drowned. - -[295] Kushtigir, which means a wrestler. But Jahangir puns on the -word as if it were kishtigir ("a boatman"). Perhaps kushtigir was -his name. I presume that the person meant is the other servant. There -was no boat there. The Iqbal-nama has either kishtigir, or kushtigir. - -[296] There is an extraordinary account of the Mirza's death in Price's -"Jahangir" which quite differs from the story told here. See Price, -p. 138. It is also stated there that he had been married six months -before to a daughter of I`timadu-d-daula. There is also an account -of the accident in the Iqbal-nama, p. 139. - -[297] Or Kuwarmast. - -[298] Perhaps we should read Buniyar. See Stein, loc. cit., -p. 87. Jahangir seems to have crossed over to the left bank of the -Jhelam in the course ot his march. Perhaps he did so at Ooriu of the -map (Uri). Buniyar seems to be the Bhaniar of the map. I.O. MS. 181 -has Butiyar. - -[299] The allusion may be to the tuft of leaves at the top of a -pineapple. - -[300] Perhaps bula nik. - -[301] Push means flower in Kashmiri. Does the name mean "flower of -`Ali the Perfect"? - -[302] Baramula is on the left bank of the Jhelam according to the -I.G., new edition. But maps and travellers seem to place it on the -right bank. - -[303] Fourteen koss seem too little. The distance to Srinagar seems -to be 31 miles by the road. The old city Varamula was on the right -bank. Stein, 201. It is 32 miles from Srinagar. - -[304] There is an omission in the text here. The MSS. have: "As Monday -had been fixed for entering Srinagar, I did not think it advisable to -halt at this stage, but immediately entered boats with the ladies and -proceeded on with blessings towards the goal. On Sunday, the 10th, when -two watches of the day had passed, I arrived at Shihabu-d-din-pur." - -[305] See Jarrett, II. 310, n. 7. - -[306] The MSS. have La? Apparently the kah of text is a relative -pronoun and not part of the name. Perhaps Lah in Ladakh is the -place meant. - -[307] Dar kull ("in general, in bulk") (?). - -[308] The MSS. have also Mandal Badr. They have not Mulk after Badr -as in text. - -[309] Sister in MSS. - -[310] Zar here does not, I think, mean gold. - -[311] The silver sasnu of Jarrett, II. 354, and n. 2. - -[312] Jahangir went part of the way by water. - -[313] Perhaps he is the Raja Bhagwan Singh mentioned by Drew in his -book on Kashmir, p. 119. - -[314] Abu-l-Fazl, Jarrett, II. 347, puts Kashmir into the third -and fourth climates, but at Vol. III., p. 89, he puts Kashmir into -the fourth climate. Probably both he and Jahangir mean by Kashmir -Srinagar. The appellation "White Islands" is probably a mistake for -"The Fortunate Islands," safid (white) being written instead of sa`ada, -which is the word in the Iqbal-nama. Jaza'ir-i-Sa`ada ("The Fortunate -Isles") is also the expression used in the Zafar-nama, II. 178, which -is probably the source of the Ayin and the Tuzuk. In the extract from -the Zafar-nama given in the T. Rashidi translation, 430, the longitude -is given as 105 deg. from the "Fortunate Islands." The text of the Ayin, -Bib. Ind. edition, II. 42, gives 105.40 deg. as the longitude. - -[315] See Rieu, I. 296. The translator was Mulla Shah Muh. of -Shahabad. See also Blochmann, 106. - -[316] The Peliasa of the maps and the Bolvasaka of Stein. Qambarbar is -Farutar in text. The Iqbal-nama, 147, has Qambarbar. It is evidently -the Qambarber of Jarrett, II. 347 and 361. It lies in the south-east of -Kashmir. Measured by the compass, Jahangir's 67 is much more correct -than Abu-l-Fazl's 120. The I.G. new edition gives the area of Kashmir -and Jammu as 80,900 square miles. Lawrence states the approximate -length of the valley as 84 miles, and the breadth as from 20 to -25 miles. - -[317] The word used by Jahangir is dara`, which is given by Steingass -as Arabic, and as meaning a yard. Zara` again, is given as equal to a -cubit. Clearly Jahangir uses the word here as equivalent to a gaz or -yard, for he says that there are 5,000 dara` in the koss adopted by -himself and his father, and Abu-l-Fazl in the Ayin (Jarrett, II. 414) -says the koss is 5,000 gaz. The word dara` is also rendered gaz in -the Hindustani translation of the Memoirs. There is an important -discrepancy between the two I.O. MSS. and the printed text of the -Memoirs. The former, instead of saying that the dara` or yard is = -2 shar`i dara`, say that 1 1/4 dara` are = 2 shar`i dara`. In the -Ayin (Jarrett, II. 417) the gaz is given as equal to 24 digits. See -later on, p. 303 of text, where, in describing Shah Shuja's accident, -7 dara` are said to be equal to 10 shar`i, or ordinary, gaz. - -[318] See text (thirteenth year), p. 234, where it is stated that -the Ilahi gaz is 40 finger-breadths. - -[319] Vir is willow, so Vir-nag means Willow-fountain. - -[320] Jarrett, II. 387. The I.G., XXIII. 100, says it was built by -Zainu-l-`abidin. The inscription shows that Zainu-l-`abidin built -it (Lawrence, 290). It is stated there that it was also burnt in -1029. A.H.--i.e., in the year of Jahangir's visit. - -[321] Khanaqahi. Lawrence, 292. - -[322] So in text and MSS., but perhaps du is a mistake for -Dal. However, the I.G. speaks of two lakes, the Dal and the Anchar -(north of Srinagar). See also Lawrence, 20 and 36. - -[323] Probably the meaning is that the water never causes -indigestion. Abu-l-Fazl speaks of the streams being khush-guwar--i.e., -their water is digestible. - -[324] The number of boatmen, when compared with the number of boats, -seems very small, but the figures are the same in the I.O. MSS. and in -the Iqbal-nama, 149. Perhaps the word bist, 20, has been omitted, and -we should read 27,400 boatmen. Lawrence states the number of boatmen -at 33,870, and the boats, exclusive of private ones, at 2,417. The -revenue of Kashmir, as stated by Jahangir, is that mentioned in the -Ayin, Jarrett, II. 366, and is according to the assessment of Qazi -'Ali. In the two I.O. MSS. the corresponding number of dams is given -as 7,46,70,400 (Rs. 1,866,760), being only 11 less than that given -in Jarrett, II. 367, line 3. The figures given in Lawrence, 234, are -taken apparently from the Persian text (compare Bib. Ind. edition, -I. 571), corresponding to Jarrett, II. 368. The pargana Der, which -Lawrence failed to trace, is a mistake for the well-known Ver, dal -having been written or read by mistake for wa. - -[325] Compare Jarrett, II. 366. "Some part of the Sair Jihat cesses -are taken in cash." - -[326] Jarrett, II. 347. - -[327] Compare Jarrett, II. 348, where we have "the country is -enchanting, and might be fittingly called a garden of perpetual spring -surrounding a citadel terraced to the skies." - -[328] That is, the flowers. - -[329] Text jawaniha, but I.O. MSS. have khubiha. - -[330] Apparently the proper spelling is jughashi. See Vullers' -s. v. and Bahar-i-`ajam, 368, col. a. It is a black tulip. Sir George -King thought it might be the Fritillaria imperialis. See Jarrett, -349, and n. 1. - -[331] Nur-afza garden. See infra. - -[332] Tagetes patula. The genda of Bengal? - -[333] Compare text, p. 235. - -[334] Compare Jarrett, II. 349, where the words "Besides plums and -mulberries" should be "except cherries (shah-alu) and shah-tut" -(a large mulberry). - -[335] Blochmann, 411. Abu-l-Fazl, Ayin, Blochmann, 65, speaks of -cherries coming from Kabul. But cherries both sweet and sour are -mentioned in the T. Rashidi as growing in Kashmir (Translation, -p. 425). - -[336] Zard-alu-i-paiwandi. - -[337] Shikananda, query, melting. The word occurs also in Iqbal-nama, -152. Possibly it means "with good markings." - -[338] But see I.G., XV. 124, where shah-tut is mentioned. See also -Lawrence, 348. - -[339] Compare Jarrett, II. 349. - -[340] Mushang or mushanj, a small pea ("pisum arvense"). - -[341] Text khushka-tar. MSS. have khushka narm. Perhaps we should -translate "it is inferior and dry. They boil till it is soft, etc." The -Iqbal-nama has khushka narm mi-pazand. - -[342] The sentence about wheat is omitted in the text. - -[343] Text kuhi ("hill"); but this is opposed to the MSS. and also to -the Ayin-i-Akbari which Jahangir is evidently copying. See Jarrett -II. 350, and n. 3, and Persian text, I. 563. The I.O. MSS. of -Tuzuk have kaddi or gaddi. Gaddi is the name of a pastoral tribe -(see Lawrence, 12), and there is a Turkish word kedi meaning a cat, -and a word gaddi which means "horned." The Iqbal-nama, 153, has -"kadi-i-Hindustan." Jarrett, loc. cit. states that handu in Kashmiri -means a domestic ram. The word for tailless is bi-dumba, and perhaps -means that the sheep have not the enormously thick tails of some -kinds of hill sheep. - -[344] Possibly nahrma ("like a river"), is right, for the garment -is said to be mauj-dar ("having waves"). The word mauj-dar occurs in -the Iqbal-nama, 153, and in the two I.O. MSS. - -[345] Jul is a coverlet, and khirsak means a little bear, but is -applied to a rough woollen coverlet--a drugget. Darma is a name in -Bengal for a reed mat. - -[346] Perhaps "tie it at the waist." But see Lawrence, 252: "The -Panditana wears a girdle, but no drawers." - -[347] The MSS. have tattu. Both they and the text have also the words -chahar shana ba-zamin nazdik. Chahar shana means a dwarf. Literally -it means "four shoulders," and Vullers following, the Bahar-i-`Ajam, -defines it as a man of small stature with thick shoulders. Evidently -the words ba-zamin nazdik are meant as an explanation or addition to -Chahar-shana, and signify that the yabu or tattu has his withers near -the ground. The words also occur in the Iqbal-nama, 154. - -[348] Jangrah u shakh-jilau. Jangrah, however, may refer to their -gait, and may mean that they don't go straight, and very likely we -should read changrah "going crookedly." Shakh-jilau is not in the -dictionaries, and I only guess at the meaning. The phrase is also in -the Iqbal-nama, 154. - -[349] Text ilchi-i-saman. The real word is ilkhi, which is also -spelt ilqi and ilghi, and is a Turki word meaning a horse, and also -a troop of horses. See Pavet de Courteille Dictionary, p. 132, and -Vullers I. 149b, who refers to the Burhan-i-qati`, Appendix. See also -Zenker, p. 152. The Iqbal-nama, p. 155, top line, wrongly has balkhha -(from Balkh?). - -[350] Jarrett, II. 352, and n. 1, also T. Rashidi, translation, -435. But perhaps all that is meant is the followers of the national -saint Shaikh Nuru-d-din. Lawrence, 287. - -[351] Taken from the Ayin, see Jarrett, II. 353. There they are called -brahmans, but this seems to be an error of the Bib. Ind. text. Gladwin -has "Rishi." The Rishis were Muhammadans. See Jarrett, II. 359, where -mention is made of Baba Zainu-d-din Rishi. See also Colonel Newall's -paper on the Rishis or Hermits of Kashmir, A.S.B.J., 1870, p. 265. - -[352] Text Baran. MSS. have Maran, and Eastwick has Koh-i-Mahran. He -calls it an isolated hill 250 feet high. It is on the north outskirts -of the city. See also Lawrence, 184, and n. 2, and Stein, 147-48. - -[353] The Dal Lake is 3.87 miles long and 2.58 broad, the Anchar Dal -is 3.51 miles long and 2.15 broad. Lawrence, 20. - -[354] MSS. have kil, and so has the Iqbal-nama. Kil is given in -Lawrence, 114, as the Kashmir name for the ibex. - -[355] Jarrett, II. 360. - -[356] This is the Ilahi gaz. - -[357] Blochmann, 252, and note. - -[358] So called because in Shuja`'s horoscope. - -[359] A village called `Aish-maqam is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 359, -n. 1, but it is probably not the `Aishabad here mentioned, for -`Aish-maqam was on the Lidar and a long way S.S.E. Srinagar. - -[360] Shigufa-i-sad-barg ("the blossoms of the hundred-leaved rose"?). - -[361] Allah-dad was s. Jalalu-d-din Tariki, also called Raushani, -and he became a distinguished officer of Shah-Jahan under the title -of Rashid K. See Ma'asir, II. 248, and Dabistan, 390. - -[362] There are different readings. No. 181 has Maud and -Mihri. Apparently it is the Mau and Nabah of Jarrett, II. 319, where -also there are various readings. See also Tuzuk, 263, where the text -has Mau u shahra. - -[363] Or Charvara. See Rieu Catalogue, I. 297. Haidar Malik wrote -a history of Kashmir. It was he who protected Nur-Jahan after her -first husband's murder. Stein has Cadura, recte Isadur p. 43; it is -10 miles south of Srinagar. - -[364] An allusion to Nur-Jahan and to Nuru-d-din Jahangir. - -[365] See Akbar-nama, III. 542, and Tabaqat-i-Akbari extract in -Appendix, translation of Tarikh-i-Rashidi, p. 490. The place was -Khanpur or near it. Perhaps the tree is the Adansonia. See also -Jarrett, II. 363. According to Stein, 191, Halthal is the name of the -village, and is a corruption of Salasthala. This agrees with the Ayin -I. 569, but not with Akbar-nama III. 542, where halthal is given as -the name of the tree. - -[366] I have not found this passage in the Akbar-nama. The -Iqbal-nama, 159, says that 70 people stood erect inside of the -trunk. Rawal-pur is marked on the map of Kashmir, a little to the -south of Srinagar. Nizamu-d-din, in his chapter on Kashmir in the -Tabaqat-i-Akbari, speaks of a tree under the shade of which 200 -horsemen could stand. - -[367] Possibly bi-sarfa only means "unsuccessful." But it is used lower -down (text 308, line 8), in the sense of immoderate or unprofitable. - -[368] Text has Turks (Turkiyan). - -[369] Apparently the Rohankhed of I.G., XXI. 304. - -[370] Literally, "raised the foot of ignorance." - -[371] Perhaps Sukh Nag is the Shakar Nag of Jarrett, II. 361. The Sukh -Nag River is mentioned in Lawrence, 16. It may also be the waterfall -mentioned by Bernier, which he says Jahangir visited and levelled a -rock in order to see properly. - -[372] From Dr. Scully's list it appears that this is the sach, the -rose-coloured starling, Pastor roseus. See also Vullers, Dictionary, -s. v. The bird seen by Jahangir may have been a dipper, Lawrence, 153. - -[373] The MSS. have kulhai. - -[374] According to the two I.O. MSS.--which are corroborated by -the Iqbal-nama--the text has here omitted an important part of the -report--presumably a written one--submitted by the Qazi and the -Mir `Adl. After the words "denied it," there comes in the MSS. the -statement: "The Hakim-zada (Hakim's son) produced two witnesses in -court. The Sayyids invalidated (or impeached) the testimony of one of -them, and the Hakim-zada brought a third witness and proved his case -according to law." The Iqbal-nama, p. 161, has not the whole of this, -and it has kharij instead of jarih, but it has the words guwah-i-salis -("a third witness"). - -[375] The meaning seems to be that he would in corroboration and ex -cautela take the oath. He had already proved his claim in the ordinary -way by witnesses and the production of the bond. See the account in -the Iqbal-nama, 160-63, which is fuller than that in text. - -[376] Mu`amala-i-kulli ast. "The case was involved" (like a bud?), -or perhaps "the case was important." - -[377] The text wrongly omits the negative. See Iqbal-nama, I. 62. - -[378] Apparently this was Saliha Banu d. Qa'im K. Blochmann, 371, and -477, n. 2. She had the name of Padshah-mahall. See Hawkins' account -in Purchas, IV. 31, and Khafi K. I. 259. He calls the father Qasim. - -[379] It is Ghairat K. in I.O. MS., 181. - -[380] For Jalal K., see Blochmann, 455 and 486. He was grandson of -Sultan Adam. - -[381] Rasid. See lower down text 308, where it is noted that the -cherries came to an end. - -[382] This represents A.H. 1029, or 1620. - -[383] Mat-treading or beating = house-warming. This was in honour of -the new picture-gallery. - -[384] Danaha-kish. See Vullers, s.v. Kesh. The kish is a marten of -whose skin neckcloths, etc., are made. This note corrects the one at -p. 321 of translation, as also the text there. - -[385] It is Busi-marg in the I.O. MSS. But perhaps the text is right, -and the place is the Tosh Maidan of Lawrence, 16. - -[386] The gun is now at Bijapur, I.G., VIII. 186. - -[387] Compare Iqbal-nama, 163-64. The text has ran ("thigh") instead -of zaban. - -[388] Blochmann, 382. The name of the son is given in the MSS. as Mir -`Ali Asghar. - -[389] Perhaps this is the Gurais Valley of Lawrence, 16, for Kuri -may be read Guri. - -[390] See Jarrett, III. 121 and n. 5. The bird is either the -common hawk-cuckoo of Jerdon (Hierococcyx varius) or his Coccystes -melanoleucos--i.e., the pied-crested cuckoo, for both birds seem -to have the native name of Papiha. The Hierococcyx varius is the -"brain-fever" bird of the Anglo-Indian, I.G., I. 250. The pied-crested -cuckoo occurs in Kashmir, and so also apparently does a bird of the -genus Hierococcyx. Lawrence, pp. 138, 139. - -[391] I am not sure what bird this is. Ghaugha'i means a turtle dove in -Bengal, but I doubt if this be the bird meant by Jahangir. Ghaugha'i -would mean a noisy bird, and perhaps is the Bengal Babbler of Jerdon, -or the Sat Bha'i (seven brothers) of the Indians. It belongs to the -Malacocircus genus, and Jerdon, I. 340, states that the pied-crested -cuckoo generally lays her egg in the nest of the Malacocirci. The -babbling thrushes occur in Kashmir. In Blochmann, 296, there is an -account of how ghaugha'is are caught. - -[392] MS. 305 has Ghairat K., but No. 181 has `Arab K., and this -agrees with Stanley Lane Poole's Muhammadan dynasties (p. 279), -which has 'Arab Muhammad as ruling down to 1623. Urganj is in Khiva. - -[393] Jahangir called Khan-Jahan his farzand (son). - -[394] Not the famous `Ali Mardan, but `Ali Mardan, who was killed in -the Deccan. Blochmann, 496. - -[395] Dandan-i-ablaq-i-jauhar-dar. Jauhar-dar here does not mean -"jewelled," but veined or striped. See Vullers, I. 542a. Walrus-teeth -may be meant by Jahangir, but tortoise-shell is more likely. - -[396] Sundar is another name for Raja Bikramajit, and the reference -must be to the Siege of Kangra. Jauhar Mal was a son of Raja Baso, -and appears to be the same person as Suraj Mal. It is Jauhar in -I.O. MS., 181. - -[397] Deotani in No. 181. Blochmann has the name Dutani, apparently -as a tribal name (p. 504), and Elphinstone speaks in vol. II., p. 82, -of a small tribe called Dumtauny. - -[398] Veth is the Kashmiri name for the Jhelam (Lawrence, 18). It is -contracted from Vitasta. It is curious that the date of the festival -should be given according to a Muhammadan month (Shawwal), which must -recur at different seasons. Apparently the meaning is that the birth -of the Jhelam took place on that day. - -Apparently the festival is not much celebrated nowadays, for it -is not mentioned by Lawrence (264-266), except that in a note to -p. 266 the Vathtrwah is mentioned as a day on which daughters receive -presents. The 19th Shahriwar, the corresponding date mentioned by -Jahangir, would answer to the end of August or beginning of September, -and to the Hindu month of Asin. 13 Shawwal, 1029, would correspond -to 1 September, 1620. Possibly the Shawwal of text is a mistake for -the Hindu month Sawan--i.e., Sravan. The legend of the birth of the -Jhelam is told in Stein, 97. Possibly Shawwal does not here mean the -month, and we should read shaghal-i-chiraghan, "the business of lamps." - -[399] The crane visits Kashmir in winter, but Jahangir was never -there in that season. - -[400] The text wrongly gives this as a list of birds which are found -in Kashmir. The Iqbal-nama 159 and the MSS. show that the text has -omitted a negative, and that the list consists of Indian birds which -are not met with in Kashmir. Several of the names do not occur in -the dictionaries. No 2 (the saras) is described in Babur's Memoirs, -321. No. 4 is the florikan, or Otis Bengalensis. For Nos. 5-7 see -Babur's Memoirs, 321. Karawan is a crane in Arabic, apparently, and so -Karwanak should be a little crane. It is also described as a kind of -partridge. Perhaps the Karwanak is the demoiselle crane. No. 9 may be -the oriole, or mango-bird, but that, too, is common in Kashmir. For -No. 12, which may be the ibis, see Babur's Memoirs, 322. For No. 14 -see Babur's Memoirs, p. 321, and for No. 18 Babur's Memoirs, 320. For -the Sharak (No. 19), see Babur's Memoirs, 319. No 22 may possibly be -the bee-eater (Merops viridis). For No. 23 see Babur's Memoirs, 267 -and 321. No. 25 may be one of the parrots, as Hafiz called the Indian -parrots and poets tutiyan-i-shakar-shikan. See Ayin-i-Akbari, Persian -text, I. 415, and Jarrett, II. 150. The tatiri, No. 30, is apparently -the black partridge Francolinus vulgaris. The names of the birds seem -to be often wrong in the text, and so I have followed the I.O. MSS. - -[401] Kurg, but perhaps Gurg, "the wolf," is meant. The wolf is very -rare in Kashmir (Lawrence, 109). - -[402] Query, mushak-i-kur--i.e., mole. - -[403] According to Wilson's Glossary, the tola is = 180 grains Troy, -and the misqal = 63 1/2 grains Troy. - -[404] Elliot, VI. 373, and Iqbal-nama 165. - -[405] Vernag of Lawrence, 23. - -[406] Text u an; in MSS. u. - -[407] Lawrence, 67. - -[408] Jarrett, II. 356, where it is written Vej Brara. - -[409] Iqbal-nama, 164. - -[410] This must be the Nandimarg of Jarrett II. 357 and of Akbar-nama -III. 551. In the Ayin (Jarrett II. 356), mention is made of a place -where there are seven fountains. Stein, 182, speaks of a spring sacred -to the seven Rishis. Is it possible that chashma in the A.N. (Persian -text, I. 565) is a mistake for chinar? - -[411] Satha phuli? Seven fountains? - -[412] Khan Dauran is the Shah-Beg K. Arghun of Blochmann, 377. - -[413] See Ma'asir, II. 155, and Blochmann, 483, for an account of Ram -Das. Inch is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 356. Perhaps Inch is the Yech -pargana of Stein, 190-191. - -[414] Ram Das had died eight years before this. - -[415] Akbar-nama, III. 725, last line; Lawrence, 298; Stein, loc. cit., -176, 177. - -[416] The Achh Dal of Jarrett, II. 358, and the Achabal of Lawrence, -22. - -[417] Jarrett, II. 361. The Dir Nag of Iqbal-nama, 165. See also -Jarrett, II. 361. The Vernag of Lawrence, 23. Jahangir interpolates -an account of Virnag into the annals of the second year. See p. 92 -of translation. - -[418] So in text, but a few lines lower down the depth is spoken of -as four gaz. The Ibqal-nama has "fourteen yards." - -[419] The Iqbal-nama has "to the end of the garden." - -[420] Iqbal-nama, 165, has "186 yards." - -[421] Compare Iqbal-nama, 166. - -[422] The meaning is that the Maraj (or Marraj), the upper part of -Kashmir, is superior to the lower part, or Kamraj. See Tuzuk, 298. - -[423] Iqbal-nama, 166. Perhaps the Bawan Send of Jarrett, II. 361. Loka -Bhavan (bhavan means "abode") is mentioned in Stein, 180. It is the -Lokapunya of the Rajatarangini. It is five miles south of Achbal. - -[424] Is this a corruption of Anantanag--i.e., Islamabad? - -[425] Author of Iqbal-nama, 166. The appointment was that of examiner -of petitions. - -[426] I presume that the ends laid hold of by the boatmen were -the disengaged ends--i.e., the ends 14 or 15 yards apart. But see -Iqbal-nama, 166-167. - -[427] Text Panj Hazara. The MSS. are not clear. It may be the Sendbrary -of Bernier. - -[428] The word is shikar, but, as he had renounced shooting, netting -is probably what is meant. - -[429] Iqbal-nama, 169. - -[430] Or Pampar, the ancient Padmapura. See Stein, J.A.S.B. for 1899, -p. 167; Elliot, VI. 375. But the passage, as in Elliot, does not come -directly from the Tuzuk or the Iqbal-nama. - -[431] MSS. have 3,200. - -[432] I.e., hawks taken from the nest, and not born in captivity. - -[433] Iqbal-nama, 169. - -[434] This is Mir Jamalu-d-din, the dictionary-maker and friend of -Sir Thomas Roe. - -[435] The sentence appears obscure, but probably it was an order to -the authorities at Lahore to supply Husamu-d-din with the cost of -entertaining the ambassador up to the amount of Rs. 5,000. - -[436] Perhaps the waterfall described by Bernier in his ninth letter, -and mentioned as having been admired by Jahangir. - -[437] Hirapur is Hurapur and the ancient Surapura. - -[438] Mari or Nari Brara in the MSS. - -[439] Bi-badal K. is the name given by Jahangir to Sa`ida or Shaida who -was chief goldsmith. See end of 15th year, p. 326 of text. For Shaida, -who died in Kashmir in 1080 (A.D. 1669-70), see Rieu, III. 1083a, -and I. 251, and Supp. Catalogue, p. 207, and Sprenger's Catalogue 124. - -[440] Text calls them brothers, but the MSS. show that biradar is a -mistake for barabar, "equally." - -[441] The MSS. add: "He was a good youth (jawan) and without guile." - -[442] Ab-i-hayat, "water of life," a name given by Akbar to his -ab-dar-khana, or supply of drinking-water, etc. See Blochmann, 51. - -[443] Text wrongly has Thatta. - -[444] Elliott, VI. 376. Apparently Sati was not practised by burning, -but by burying. - -[445] Bisyar bihtar, MS., 181. - -[446] Girjhak is said to be the Hindu name for Jalalpur, and -the probable site of Bukephala, Jarrett, II. 324. Makhiyala -is also mentioned there. It seems that Mukhyala is the famous -Manikiyala, where the Buddhist tope is which was first described -by Elphinstone. Abu-l-Fazl says in the Ayin that it was a place of -worship. See I.G., new ed., XVII. 182. - -[447] Mountain-sheep. Apparently three rings were made. - -[448] The I.O. MSS. add here 76 head of markhwur, etc., were taken. - -[449] Perhaps the reference is to the tomb he formerly put up over -a favourite deer. - -[450] MSS. have "is very noble." - -[451] Pigeon-fancier. He belonged to Herat, and is mentioned in -Blochmann, 302. - -[452] Text wrongly has 1031. It should be 1030, as in the Iqbal-nama, -171. - -[453] The couplet is given in Iqbal-nama, 171, with some verbal -differences. - -[454] Elliott, VI. 374. - -[455] Jauhar Mal is mentioned at p. 310. Perhaps he was not Suraj Mal, -but it looks as if he was the same person. Cf. corresponding passage -in Iqbal-nama, 173, where he is called Suraj Mal. - -[456] P. 310 of text. - -[457] Raja Bikramajit. See ante, p. 310. - -[458] Text wrongly has ghalla grain, instead of `alafha fodder, -grasses, etc. See MSS. and Iqbal-nama, 174. - -[459] Text wrongly has 1031, but it is 1031 in the MSS. and in Elliot, -VI., 375. See, however, Elliot, VI. 378, and text, 326, which shew -that the 16th year began in 1030. - -[460] The `Abbasi is also the name of a dress. The MSS. have fourteen, -instead of four, horses. Apparently the presents were Zambil's own -offering, not that of his master. See below. - -[461] Mansab-i-kabak. Perhaps we should read katak, and regard the -increase as made to the office of guarding the palace. It is katak, -apparently, in I.O. MSS. It may, however, be Kang or Gang and a -man's name. - -[462] Apparently the translator of the Rajatarangini. - -[463] Doubtless the Gwalior in the Panjab. - -[464] Nur Jahan's daughter by Shir-afgan. The date of the asking is -given in the text as the third, but should be the 30th, as in the -I.O. MSS. - -[465] Elliot, VI. 376. - -[466] The Iqbal-nama, 176, has "ten crores." - -[467] The MSS. have 5,000. The word for "gunners" is tupchi. - -[468] The MSS., instead of Naushahr, have sawad-i-shahr, "the environs -of the city" (cf. Lahore?). - -[469] It was in the vicinity of Lahore. Akbar-nama, III. 569. - -[470] But the next page of text records another feast of the lunar -weighment. Can it be that the lunar weighment refers to Nur Jahan's -birthday, not to Jahangir's? The 17th here mentioned is the 17th -of the solar month of Dai, and corresponded to about December 28, -1620. In the following page (324) we are told that the lunar weighment -took place on 30 Bahman, corresponding to 25 Rabi`u-l-awwal--i.e., -February 8, 1621: Jahangir's birthday was on Rabi`u-l-awwal 17, -so the anniversary fell this year on 22 Bahman. Consequently, if he -celebrated it, as stated on p. 323, on 17 Dai, he did so more than -a month too soon! Evidently there is a mistake somewhere. - -[471] This place is mentioned again in the account of the 16th year, -p. 338. It evidently received its name from Nur Jahan. - -[472] Akbarpur, twelve miles N.W. Mathura. J. Sarkar's India of -Aurangzeb, 171. - -[473] That is, of Chach in Transoxiana, but according to I.O. MS. 181, -the word is Khafi--i.e., from Khaf or Khwaf. - -[474] Ninety-one rubies is surely a mistake. The Iqbal-nama, 177, -only speaks of one. It is, however, 91 yaqut in I.O. MS., 181. - -[475] This is the Armenian of whom so much is said by Father Botelho -and other missionaries. It is mentioned in M. Waris's continuation -of the Padishah-nama, p. 392, of B.M. MS., that Zu-l-Qarnain Farangi -came from Bengal and presented poems which he had composed on Shah -Jahan's name, and got a present of Rs. 4,000. He it was, probably, -who entertained Coryat. The passage in the text seems to show that -Akbar had an Armenian wife. - -[476] He is mentioned in some MSS. of the Akbar-nama, vol. III., -as taking part in the religious discussions. - -[477] Probably this is the La`l Beg who wrote a book about the -Naqshbandi order. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, II., 382. - -[478] The Iqbal-nama has "42 eunuchs." - -[479] The MSS. have 40 cocks, 12 buffaloes, and 7 buffalo-horns. The -text also has shakh, horns, but this has been taken as a pleonasm. - -[480] But there was such a ceremony a few days before (see p. 323 -of text). - -[481] For tank see Blochmann, 16 n. The Iqbal-nama, 178, has "twelve -misqals." - -[482] For the Naskh character see Blochmann, 99-100, and for the -Nasta`liq, 101. See also the elaborate article on Writing in Hughes' -Dictionary of Islam. - -[483] By Shah-i-Wilayat is meant the Caliph `Ali b. Abi Talib. - -[484] The Houshabarchan of Hawkins. - -[485] Mahaban, five or six miles from Mathura. - -[486] They had made an istiqbal, or visit of welcome, from Agra. - -[487] This was Babar's garden. It was on the opposite side of the -Jumna to Agra. - -[488] So in text, but two (du) must be a mistake for "ten," as 2 -months, 2 days = 62, and the marches and halts 49 + 21 amount to 70, -or 8 more. It is 10 in I.O. MSS. - -[489] The budna, or bodna, is a species of quail. See Babar's Memoirs, -Erskine, p. 320, where it is spelt budinah. There is a description -in the Ayin, Blochmann, 296, of the mode of catching them. - -[490] The word "village" is omitted in both the I.O. MSS. - -[491] This gives an average of Rs. 6,342 for each animal. - -[492] The I.O. MSS. have "Saturday." But Monday seems right, as -Thursday was 4 Farwardin. - -[493] In the Ayin, which was composed in the 40th year of Akbar's -reign, Salim's rank is given as 10,000, Murad's as 8,000, and Daniyal's -as 7,000 (p. 308). - -[494] In celebration of the commencement of the 16th year of the reign. - -[495] Yaqut-i-kabud, "a blue ruby." - -[496] The I.O. MSS. have Mirza Muhammad. - -[497] Jamalu-d-din Husain Inju. - -[498] See Vullers, s.v. It is a smelling-bottle or case containing -ambergris. - -[499] Blochmann, 55. - -[500] Apparently a zebra. See Iqbal-nama, 179, where it is stated that -it was brought by sea. The text of the Tuzuk is wrong, as usual. What -we should read is: "It was like a tiger (MS. 181 and Iqbal-nama have -shir, not babar), but the markings on a tiger are black and yellow, -and these were black and white." - -[501] Perhaps this is the muhar now in Germany. - -[502] Husain K. Tukriya. - -[503] Nafs mi-suzad. - -[504] Thursday night or Friday eve is what is meant. - -[505] Elliot, VI. 378. - -[506] King David was said to be a maker of cuirasses. - -[507] Yamani. Elliot has almasi (adamant-like). - -[508] See Blochmann's translation and remarks in Proceedings A.S.B. for -1869, p. 167. It is there stated that the date of the fall of the -meteorite was Friday, April 10, 1621, O.S., and that the weight would -be nearly 5.271 pounds troy. - -[509] A widow of Baqi Muhammad. - -[510] Elliot, VI. 379. - -[511] Elliot, VI. 379, has "in sight of the fort." Perhaps the meaning -is that the villages were in the jurisdiction of the fort. - -[512] The Iqbal-nama, 181, has "fourteen." - -[513] The account of Shah Jahan's spirited attack on the Deccanis -is in some places rather obscurely worded, and the printed edition -is not always correct. Help can be obtained from the Iqbal-nama, -181, etc., and from Elliot, VI. 379. The text has firar, "flight," -and this has been followed by Elliot, who has "on their approach the -rebels took to flight, and removed to a distance from Burhanpur." But -the true reading, as shown by the Iqbal-nama, is qarar, "firmness," -not firar, and the words are bar daur-i-shahr, "round the city," -not bar dur, "far from." The rebels were, as the Iqbal-nama states, -"in the environs of the city," "dar sawad-i-shahr," but apparently not -in such force as to prevent Shah Jahan's sazawuls--i.e., his apparitors -and summoners--from going into the city and bringing out recruits. - -[514] In the I.O. MSS. the word looks like bi-jagari (want of settled -home or residence?). - -[515] Text has chasa. The word may be jushsha, given in Vullers, 516b, -as meaning robes or garments, and this is the meaning given to it by -Elliot, but the Iqbal-nama has jubba, "cuirasses," and this I have -adopted. It is jubba in I.O. No. 181. - -[516] Text, chihla u khamcha. The last word should, I think, be -jamjama. Chihla in Hindustani means a "slimy place." It is jamjama -in I.O. MS., No. 181. - -[517] Text has ghair instead of `Ambar. - -[518] Text wrongly has Rup-ratan. - -[519] Padishah-nama, I., Part II., p. 349. - -[520] The text wrongly has 1,000. - -[521] The Bib. Ind. ed. of Iqbal-nama, 184, inserts a negative here, -but this seems wrong. In a MS. in my possession there is no negative. - -[522] Elliot, VI. 380. - -[523] Elliot, VI. 448, the Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 577, and Padishah-nama -I., Part II., 347. - -[524] Text wrongly has 12th. Jahangir's birthday was on the 18th -Shahriwar. - -[525] Khiffati. I am not sure of the reading. One B.M. MS. seems to -have haqqi, and perhaps the meaning is that the physicians had already -been abundantly recompensed for their labour for two or three days, -haqqi being taken as equal to haqq-i-sa`i. - -[526] A little before his weight came only to Rs. 6,500 (p. 329 of -text). But possibly Jahangir means that he had himself weighed for -Jotik's benefit. - -[527] Elliot, VI. 381. - -[528] Madar-i-dahr. - -[529] Text and MSS. have madar-i-ura, "her mother"(?) Perhaps we should -read ma ura, "we (esteemed) her not less than our own mother." Or -it may be that the "her" means Nur Jahan, and that Jahangir means he -esteemed his mother-in-law as much as his own mother. - -[530] That is, Shah Jahan (see Iqbal-nama, 186). - -[531] The MSS. seem to have Khosti--i.e., of Khost. - -[532] Text 8th, but should be 20th. - -[533] Alwanu in MSS. It appears to be Aluwa, 11m. S.-E. of Sirhind. - -[534] Text pahangi, which seems unintelligible. The MSS. have -mahiki(?)-i-khurd, "a small fish." - -[535] Baqqa. - -[536] Founded by Nur Jahan (see Cunningham, "Archaeological Reports," -XIV. 62). - -[537] Spelt Ilah-bas. - -[538] I have translated this passage from the MSS., which differ -a good deal from the text. Talwara was in the Bari Du'ab Sarkar -(Jarrett, II. 318.) - -[539] Apparently this is the pulpaikar of Babar (Erskine, 320), though -the two descriptions do not altogether agree. Perhaps it is a hornbill. - -[540] The MSS. have sal and lut. Is it the sham of Babar? (Erskine, -320). - -[541] Murgh-i-zarin, goldfinch or golden oriole (?). - -[542] The date and month are not mentioned, but it appears from the -Iqbal-nama, which gives the next entry as 14 Bahman, that the month -was Bahman, and that the date was probably about 20 January, 1622. - -[543] The Bhalon of Jarrett, II. 316. Sibah is mentioned at p. 317, -ibid. The text has Sita. - -[544] The couplet comes from Budags's elegy on Abu-l-Hasan Nahid -Balkhi. See Aufi's Lababu-l-Albab. Browne's ed., Part II., p. 3. - -[545] Text wrongly has Chita. Chamba is N.-W. of Kangra. - -[546] Elliot, VI. 382. - -[547] The fort was destroyed by the earthquake of 1905 (I.G., -XIV. 397). Presumably Jahangir's mosque was also destroyed then. - -[548] The breadth of the second tank is not mentioned in the MSS. - -[549] "The present temple of Bajreswari Devi is at Bhawan, a suburb -of Kangra" (I.G., XIV. 386). - -[550] See I.G., XIV. 86, and Jarrett, II. 314 and n. 1. Jarrett states -that Jwala Mukhi is two days' journey from Kangra. Apparently Jahangir -took his statement from the Ayin, which has the words "in the vicinity" -(Jarrett, ibid.). Jarrett's statement that Jwala Mukhi is two days' -journey from Kangra is taken from Tieffenthaler, I. 108. Tieffenthaler -adds that the distance is 14 to 15 milles (leagues, or kosses). He -speaks of the Fort of Kangra as being only one-fourth of a mille -in circumference. The image, he states, was that of Bhowani, and -represented the lower part of the goddess's body. The head was alleged -to be at Jwala Mukhi. - -[551] I.e., know the physical cause of the flame. The MSS. do not -mention Hindus in this clause. - -[552] See Jarrett, II. 313, and note 2. - -[553] The temple was sacked by Mahmud of Ghaznin. - -[554] This might be Koh-i-Mandar, the hill which was used as a -churning-stick by the gods. There is a hill of this name in Bhagalpur -district which is known as Mandargiri. But probably Kuh-i-Madar here -means the centre-hill, for in the Bib. Ind. text of the Ayin-i-Akbari, -I. 538, two lines from foot, it is said that the place is called -Jalandhari, and a note (7) gives the various reading, "this spot is -regarded as the centre," "sar-i-zamin-ra madar pindarand." Apparently -it is regarded as the central place because the breast fell here, -Jarrett, II. 314, n. According to the list given there the right -breast fell at Jalandhara and the tongue at Jwala Mukhi. - -[555] I.G., new ed., XIX. 232. - -[556] Podna, or budana. The quail. - -[557] Text khirdash, which I presume is a mistake for khurus. - -[558] Dhameri. See I.G., XIX. 232. - -[559] Mauti might mean "dead," but probably the word means "Pearl," and -was the title assumed by a tribe or family among the Sannyasis. See -infra. The statement that this order put themselves into the -figure of a cross doubtless means that they belong to the Urdu bahu -(arms-aloft) sect--i.e., the sect who raise their arms above their -heads, in the figure of a cross. In Tavernier, II. 378, of ed. of -1676, this is the 8th posture of ascetics, and at that page and at -376 there are figures of such ascetics. The I.O. MSS. have salab, -"mourning," instead of salb. - -[560] Sarva vasi means "all-abiding." Perhaps the word should be -Sarva nasi, "all-destroying." - -[561] For taslim, see Hughes' Dict. of Islam. Possibly we should read -taslib, "make the sign of the cross." - -[562] The chronogram of the taking of the fort yields 1029, and that -of the building of the mosque 1031. - -[563] Nurani, "illumined," an allusion to Jahangir's name. - -[564] The MSS. have Kahtuma apparently. ? Kahuta in Rawalpindi -district. - -[565] This should be, I think, the 20th, and though the name of the -month is not given, it should be Bahman. See MSS. and Iqbalnama, -191. Khusrau died in the Deccan, and presumably at Burhanpur or -Asir. 20 Bahman, 1031, corresponds to January 29, 1622, O.S. But the -date of his death has not been quite determined. See J.R.A.S. for 1907, -p. 601. - -[566] The I.O. MSS. have 121 instead of 124, and they add to the -information about Zafar K. that he died in Ghaznin. They also give -his son's name as Sa`adatu-llah. The Iqbal-nama, p. 191, has 121 hill -sheep, markhur and deer. - -[567] Date not given. The Iqbal-nama, 191, has "the 8th." - -[568] The Iqbal-nama, p. 192, speaks of a report of Khan Jahan that -Khwaja `Abdu-l-`Aziz Naqshbandi, the governor of Qandahar, had a -garrison of 3,000 men. - -[569] Jahangir appears on this occasion to have forgotten the vow he -made in the 13th year. See Elliot, VI. 362. Jahangir's words are clear: -"ba tir u tufang andakhtam." - -[570] Apparently this is the Barahmula Pass. It is mentioned in -the Akbar-nama, III. 480-81 and 558, but does not appear on modern -maps. Jahangir refers to it in the account of the 15th year, p. 204, -and says it is the last of the passes. - -[571] Sar-afraz in No. 181. - -[572] The I.O. MS., No. 181, adds "and treasure." - -[573] "Wilson" Glossary, p. 60. Elliot, Supp. Glossary, I. 52. The -word seems connected with barinj, "rice." - -[574] This is the poet Baba Talib Isfahani of Blochmann, 607. - -[575] Elliot, VI. 383. - -[576] Not that the question of the Deccan had been settled, but that -Shah Jahan had left Burhanpur and come to Mandu. See Iqbal-nama, 193. - -[577] Elliot, VI. 383. - -[578] Tarkash-bandan, literally quiver-holders. Apparently the -meaning is that the archers who were footmen (see Blochmann, 254, -about Dakhili troops) lost their vocation when guns came into use, -and became cavalry soldiers. But the meaning in text may be that -the archers took to practising with bows and arrows on horseback. It -appears from a Dasturu-l-`amal in the I.O., No. 1,855 (E. 2736) that -the tarkash-bands were an inferior order of servants receiving 1,000 -dams or less a year. They probably were not necessarily archers. - -[579] The Achh Dal of the Ayin, Jarrett, II. 358. - -[580] No. 181 has "at Virnag." - -[581] Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 349. - -[582] May also be read Uhar and Adhar. It is Adhar or Udhar in -I.O. MSS. - -[583] The Sind River of Kashmir is meant. Jarrett, II. 364. - -[584] This seems a translation of Akbar's word arinas -(enemy-destroying). - -[585] Elliot, VI. 384, where Jhelam is a mistake. - -[586] Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 339. His name was Mulla -Shukru-llah, and he was from Shiraz. He is the Mirza Sorocolla of Roe. - -[587] Compare Iqbal-nama, 194 and 196. It is stated there that Nur -Jahan would not allow Afzal K. to have an audience, and that he was -dismissed without gaining his object. - -[588] See Iqbal-nama, 196, where it is said that these orders were -not really given by Jahangir, but were Nur Jahan's. - -[589] Elliot, VI. 280. - -[590] This alludes to the facts that Humayun promised Shah Tahmasp -that he would restore the fort after he had conquered India, and that -Akbar had acknowledged the justice of Persia's claim. - -[591] The clause is very obscure. Perhaps it is part of what Jahangir -had said. - -[592] Farzand-i-barkhurdar. - -[593] It is noteworthy that Jahangir does not attempt to controvert -the statement of Shah `Abbas that Qandahar rightfully belonged to -Persia. There is a very long account in the `Alam-ara'i of the claims -of Persia to Qandahar, and of the various attempts made to realize -them, until at last it was taken by Shah `Abbas. See the account -of the 35th year in the Teheran lithograph, p. 682, etc. The fort -of Qandahar surrendered on 11 Sha`ban, 1031, or June 11, 1622. The -Shah's letter announcing the fact and explaining his procedure was -presented by Haidar Beg on 26 Aban, 1031--i.e., early in November, -1622. He brought the officers of the garrison with him. See `Alam-ara'i -and the Tuzuk text, 348 (annals of the 17th year). - -[594] Elliot, VI. 280. - -[595] These words do not appear in the I.O. MSS. And what is written -in this chapter about the fates of Khalil and Muhtarim, etc., does -not agree with Mu`tamid's writing in Iqbal-nama. - -[596] Elliot, VI. 384. - -[597] Huquq ba-`uquq, "rights into wrongs." - -[598] I rather think the meaning is "he by his baseness and -illfatedness has capitally punished them, and has (as it were) slain -them by his own hand," the meaning being that they will fall in the -civil war about to take place. - -[599] Compare Iqbal-nama, 199. - -[600] This is the man whom Jahangir had made Raja Bikramajit. - -[601] Elliot, VI. 385. - -[602] The lines come from Firdusi's satire on Mahmud of Ghazni. - -[603] He was the great-grandson, being the son of Maha Singh s. Jagat -Singh s. Man Singh. - -[604] Panj fauj. But perhaps the word is binj, or bikh, "root." Or -it may be pichha fauj, "the hinder army." Apparently the reference -is to the arrangement of the royal army into five divisions. - -[605] "Bought it as if it were genuine." - -[606] The Farhang-i-Jahangiri, Rieu Cat., p. 496 b. - -[607] Where is this account? He is mentioned later, p. 359 of -text. Perhaps he is the Armenian mentioned in the 15th year as -Zu-l-Qarnain. But an Armenian would hardly be called a Farangi. - -[608] The MSS. have "his brother Maghrur." - -[609] The MSS. have a name that is not Naubat, and perhaps is Yunas -or Yunash Khan. - -[610] Yunas or Yunash in MSS. - -[611] Perhaps it means that qisas or retaliation could not -be inflicted. See Ma'asiru-l-umara, III. 335, and Iqbal-nama, -204. Evidently the mother did not want to prosecute. It is probable -that his murderers were only his half-brothers. - -[612] The MSS. have Maharaja Gaj Singh, and they also have the names -Mansur Khan, Sar-buland Ray and Lashkar K. - -[613] "Two" in MSS. - -[614] Jahangir's mother. - -[615] MS. 181 has Baba Khan. - -[616] MS. 181 has Kuhnar or Kunhar, and it seems that it is a name, -and not merely "younger brother." The Iqbal-nama, 205, has Kunhar Das. - -[617] Karij in text. See Jarrett, II. 253. But perhaps it should -be Kaira. - -[618] It is Sha`ban in Nos. 181 and 305. The famous garden of Ahmadabad -is the Shahi, for which see the Bombay Gazetteer, vol. for Ahmadabad, -p. 283. But besides being Sha`ban in the MSS. it is also Sha`ban in the -Iqbal-nama, 207. The Shahi garden lies to the north of Ahmadabad, and -Safi was at the south or south-east of the city. Perhaps the Sha`ban -garden was near the Malik Sha`ban lake, which was east of the city, -and is referred to in Bombay Gazetteer, p. 18. The Bagh Sha`ban is -also referred to in Bayley's Gujarat, 236. - -[619] Name very doubtful. MSS. seem to have Pir Lal Koli, or it may -be Bir Lal. - -[620] The MSS. have "in ten." - -[621] Text, Nar Singh Deo. But the MSS. seem to have another name, -Silhadi Deo (?). The name Lulu is also doubtful. The MSS. seem to -have Bulur. In Elliot, IV. 402, Puran Mal is called Bhaia. - -[622] Har kudam ba-tarafi aftadand. - -[623] Rieu, Cat., I. 158 b. - -[624] Text has Kuh-i-Kul. But the I.O. MSS. show that the true reading -is Kul Nuh ban, and it appears from the Ayin, Jarrett, II. 186, that -Nuh is a district in Kul--i.e., Aligarh. Gurg is a wolf, and Kurag -a rhinoceros, but probably a wolf is here meant. It is not likely -that there were rhinoceros in Aligarh, though Abu-l-Fazl says there -were rhinoceros in Sambhal (Jarrett, II. 281). Tir means an arrow as -well as a bullet. The word mana, "face," is not in text, but occurs -in both the I.O. MSS. - -[625] Chanda Ghat between Ajmere and Malwa. - -[626] Apparently the meaning is that he had no family with Shah -Jahan's army, and so could not be deterred from leaving Shah Jahan -through fear of their fate. See below, the reference to S. Salabat's -arrangements about his family. - -[627] This couplet comes from Nizami's Khusrau u Shirin, and is quoted -by Babur. - -[628] See Ja`far Sharif's Qanun-i-Islam. App., p. xxiv. - -[629] Dhamin, python (?). - -[630] See Blochmann, 60. - -[631] Daughter of Nur Jahan. - -[632] Blochmann, p. 311, calls her Arzani Begam. The Iqbal-nama (306) -calls her Lardili Begam. A MS. of the Iqbal-nama in my possession -calls her Wali Begam. She was born on September 4, 1623. - -[633] The holy man formerly mentioned. - -[634] He had been captured in Gujarat when Safi K. defeated `Abdu-llah. - -[635] The author of the dictionary. - -[636] See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, III. 382. His wife was the sister of Ahmad -Beg, the brother's son of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang. But if so would she not -be the daughter of Sharif and niece of Nur Jahan? See Blochmann, 512. - -[637] I.O. MS., 381, and the Iqbal-nama mention the wife. - -[638] Mahram sakht, "made him one who could enter the Harem." - -[639] The text wrongly has ba-chand instead of ba-jambid. - -[640] Daughters of the Bier--i.e., the constellation of the Plough. - -[641] Shash-dar is the name of an impasse in the game of nard. - -[642] The Muhammad Beg of Roe? - -[643] Jarrett, II. 239. - -[644] 1 Safar, 1033 = November 14, 1623. - -[645] Jerdon states that the black partridge is called ghaghar about -Benares. - -[646] Probably Rahimabad in the Bari Du-ab. Jarrett, II. 332. - -[647] Dara` or zara`, yards? The text gives his weight as 20 1/2, -but bist must be a mistake for hasht. - -[648] He was a eunuch, and originally had the name of I`tibar -K. He received the title of Mumtaz K. in this year. Tuzuk, 359. See -Blochmann, 433. - -[649] Az qadiman u babariyan (properly bairiyan). - -[650] Ganwaran u muzari`an. - -[651] Text ba shukr u shukuh, but the Iqbal-nama, 213, has ba-shakwa, -"with complaints," and this must be correct. `Abdu-llah indulged -in abuse of his lord and master, khuda u khudawand-i-khwish--i.e., -Jahangir. - -[652] Cf. Iqbal-nama, 213-214. - -[653] A proverbial expression. It is quoted by Nizamu-d-din in the -Tabaqat. - -[654] `Ali Ray was ruler of Little Tibet (Baltistan). Jahangir had -married his daughter. Blochmann, 310, and Akbar-nama, III. 603. The -marriage took place in A.H. 1000 (1592). - -[655] That is, Lashkari. - -[656] Hadi was Harunu-r-Rashid's elder brother. - -[657] Text mulka. Perhaps the word may be malka-i-an, "possession of -it"--i.e., possession of such knowledge. The MSS. have an after malka. - -[658] Text hanaq. But the MSS. have merely haqq, and it is said in -the dictionaries that there is a bird called the haqq. - -[659] This corrects a previous statement to the effect that the black -and red bustards were two species. - -[660] The MSS. have either barin or parin. I cannot find the name in -the dictionaries, but my friend Sir K. C. Gupta suggests that the word -may be bans (Labeo calbasa). This fish is also a carp, and resembles -the rohu (L. rohita), but is smaller. It may also be the catla. - -[661] Ba-rism-i-hajabat. - -[662] Dewalgaon is about 60 miles S. of Burhanpur, Elliot, VII. 11. - -[663] Or, perhaps, they might be sure he was coming shortly. - -[664] Lal Bagh was on the outskirts of Burhanpur. Though the rainy -season is spoken of, the date Farwardin is in March. - -[665] Perhaps the meaning is that Mahabat had imprisoned `Arif, the son -of the Zahid whom Jahangir had condemned to death, for in the 18th year -Jahangir speaks of Zahid as a rebel. But the sentence is not clear. - -[666] Elliot, VI. 390. It seems probable that this is the place -mentioned in the Ma'asiru-l-umara, I. 410, in the biography of Baqir -K. Najm Sani, and also in the Padishah-nama, I. 333. It is called -there "the Pass of Chhatar Diwar," and is described as the boundary -between Orissa and Telingana, and is two koss from Khairapara. One -Mansur, a servant of Qutbu-l-mulk, had built a fort there, and called -it Mansur-garh. - -[667] Bulbuli. I had supposed this to be Pipli, but the latter place -is in the Balasore district, and nearer Bengal than Cuttack. Curiously -enough Pipli or Pippli is not given in the I.G. new ed., though it is -given as Pippli in the old. There is also a Pipli in the Puri district -(I.G., new ed., XX. 404). In the Ma'asiru-l-umara, I. 137 and 194, in -the biographies of Ibrahim Fath K. and Ahmad Beg, the place is taken to -be Pipli. It is also Pipli in the Iqbal-nama, 217, where also Cuttack -is described as being 12 koss off, towards Bengal. The maps show a -Pipalgaon between Puri and Cuttack, and about 30 m. from the latter -place. A Pipli in the Puri district is mentioned in the I.G., new ed. - -[668] Text isti`dad, but the true reading is istib`ad. Istib`ad namuda, -"regarded the thing as at a distance," or "was surprised." The -I.O. MSS. end here, their last words being "Till at length there -came a conciliatory letter from La`natu-llah (`Abdu-llah)." The -R.A.S. MS. continues with Muhammad Hadi's supplement. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of -Jahangir (volume 2 of 2), by Alexander Roger and Henry Beveridge and Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI *** - -***** This file should be named 53716.txt or 53716.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/7/1/53716/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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