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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..348ff1e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #53716 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53716) diff --git a/old/53716-8.txt b/old/53716-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 49f6adf..0000000 --- a/old/53716-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11998 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir -(volume 2 of 2), by Alexander Roger and Henry Beveridge and Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir (volume 2 of 2) - -Author: Alexander Roger - Henry Beveridge - Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -Release Date: December 11, 2016 [EBook #53716] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - - - - - - - - - THE - TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI - - Or - Memoirs of Jahangir - - Volume II - - - Translated by - Alexander Rogers - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - Edited by - Henry Beveridge - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - - - - - - -PREFACE - - -After an interval of about five years, the second volume of -Mr. Alexander Rogers' translation of Jahangir's Memoirs has been -published by the Royal Asiatic Society. It is a smaller work than -the first volume, for it only extends over six years of the reign, -as against the twelve years of its predecessor. Even then it does not -include the whole of the reign, for that lasted twenty-two years. The -two volumes, however, contain all that Jahangir wrote or supervised. It -will be found, I think, that the present volume is fully as interesting -as its predecessor. The accounts of the Zodiacal coinage (pp. 6 and -7), and of the comet, or new star (p. 48), the notice of the Plague -in Agra (pp. 65-67), and the elaborate description of Kashmir, under -the chronicle of the 15th year, are valuable, and a word should be -said for the pretty story of the King and the Gardener's daughter -(p. 50), and for the allusions to painters and pictures. - -If Babur, who was the founder of the Moghul Empire in India, was -the Cæsar of the East, and if the many-sided Akbar was an epitome -of all the great Emperors, including Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, -Marcus Aurelius, Julian, and Justinian. Jahangir was certainly of -the type of the Emperor Claudius, and so bore a close resemblance -to our James I. All three were weak men, and under the influence -of their favourites, and all three were literary, and at least two -of them were fond of dabbling in theology. All three were in their -wrong places as rulers. Had James I. (and VI. of Scotland) been, as -he half wished, the Keeper of the Bodleian, and Jahangir been head -of a Natural History Museum, they would have been better and happier -men. Jahangir's best points were his love of nature and powers of -observation, and his desire to do justice. Unfortunately, the last of -these merits was vitiated by a propensity for excessive and recondite -punishments. Like his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, -he was addicted to drugs and alcohol, and he shortened his life in -this way. He made no addition to the imperial territories, but, on -the contrary, diminished them by losing Qandahar to the Persians. But -possibly his peaceful temper, or his laziness, was an advantage, for it -saved much bloodshed. His greatest fault as a king was his subservience -to his wife, Nur-Jahan, and the consequent quarrel with his son, -Shah Jahan, who was the ablest and best of his male children. The -last years of his reign were especially melancholy, for he suffered -from asthma and other diseases; and he had to endure the ignominy -of being for a while a captive to one of his own servants--Mahabat -Khan. He died on the borders of Kashmir, when on his way to Lahore, -in October, 1627, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, and was buried -at Shahdara, near Lahore, where his widow, Nur-Jahan, and her brother -are also interred. At the time of his death his son Shah Jahan was at -Junair in the Deccan, and there the news was conveyed in a wonderfully -short time by a Hindu courier. Jahangir was succeeded by Shah Jahan, -who lost no time in getting rid of his relatives, for, like the Turk, -he bore no kinsman near the throne. Indeed, he is strongly suspected -of having killed his elder brother, Khusrau, several years before. - -I am indebted to Mr. Ellis, of the India Office, for revising the -proofs. - - - - -NOTE. - -In the Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, -Dublin, p. 416, mention is made of a history of Hindustan during the -reign of Jahangir, in two volumes, with paintings (Ouseley MSS.). I -have recently ascertained that the MS. is only a modern copy of -the Iqbal-nama. - - -H. Beveridge. - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - - The Thirteenth New Year's Feast 1 - The Fourteenth New Year's Feast from the Auspicious Accession 78 - The Fifteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 130 - The Sixteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 199 - The Seventeenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 230 - The Eighteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 253 - The Nineteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 294 - Index 301 - - - - - - - - -THE THIRTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST - - -On the eve of Wednesday, the 23rd Rabi`u-l-awwal, 1027 (March 10, -1618), after the lapse of fourteen and a half gharis, the entrance of -the Sun--that is, H.M. the Great Light--the Benefactor of the Universe, -into the constellation of the Ram, took place. Twelve years had now -passed from the august Accession of this suppliant at the throne of -God, in prosperity, and the New Year began in joy and thanksgiving. On -Thursday, 2 Farwardin, Divine month, the festival of my Lunar weighment -took place, and the fifty-first [1] year of the age of this suppliant -at God's throne began with rejoicings. I trust that my life will be -spent in the doing of God's Will, and that not a breath of it will -pass without remembering Him. After the weighment had been finished, -a fresh feast of joy was arranged, and my domestic servants celebrated -the day with brimming cups. - -On this day Asaf K. (Nur-Jahan's brother), who held the rank of -5,000 with 3,000 horse, was favoured by the grant of 4,000 two-horsed -and three-horsed troopers, and Sabit K. was raised to the office of -Examiner of Petitions. I bestowed the post of the Artillery on Mu`tamid -K. A Kachh (Cutch) horse had been brought as an offering by the son -of Dilawar K. No horse so good as this had come into my establishment -till I encamped in Gujarat, and as M. Rustam showed a great liking for -it, I presented it to him. On the Jam were conferred four rings--viz., -diamond, ruby, emerald, and sapphire--and two hawks. I also gave four -rings--viz., ruby, cat's-eye, emerald, and sapphire--to Raja Lachmi -Narayan (of Kuch Bihar). Muruwwat K. had sent three elephants from -Bengal, and two of them were included in my private stud. On the eve -of Friday I ordered lamps to be placed round the tank, and this had a -very good appearance. On Sunday Haji Rafiq came from `Iraq, and had -the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and laid before me a letter -which my brother Shah `Abbas had sent with him. The aforesaid person -is a slave of Mir Muhammad Amin K., the caravan leader, and the Mir -had brought him up from his childhood. In truth, he is an excellent -servant. He frequently visited `Iraq, and became intimate with my -brother Shah `Abbas. This time he had brought tipchaq [2] horses and -fine cloth-stuffs, such that of the horses some were put into the -private stables. As he is a skilful slave, and a servant worthy of -favour, I honoured him with the title of Maliku-t-tujjar (King of -Merchants). On Monday I gave Raja Lachmi Narayan a special sword, -a jewelled rosary, and four pearls for ear-rings. On Mubarak-shamba -(Thursday) I increased by 500 horse the mansab of 5,000 personal -and 1,000 horse held by Mirza Rustam; I`tiqad K. was promoted to a -mansab of 4,000 and 1,000 horse; Sarfaraz K. was promoted to a mansab -of 2,500 and 1,400 horse; Mu`tamid K. to the rank of 1,000 with 350 -horse. On Anira'i Singh-dalan and Fida'i K., horses worth 100 muhars -were conferred. As the guarding and administration of the Punjab had -been entrusted to I`timadu-d-daula, I, at his request, promoted to -the government (hukumat) of the said Subah, Mir Qasim, the Bakhshi -of the Ahadis, who is related to him, and bestowed on him a mansab -of 1,000 personal with 400 horse and the title of Qasim K. Before -this I had given Raja Lachmi Narayan an `Iraq horse. On this day I -conferred on him an elephant and a Turki horse, and gave him leave -to go to Bengal. The Jam was dismissed to his native country with -a present of a jewelled waist-sword, a jewelled rosary, two horses, -one from `Iraq and the other a Turki, and a dress of honour. Salih, -brother's son of the deceased Asaf Khan, [3] was promoted to a mansab -of 1,000 with 300 horse, and allowed to go to Bengal, and a horse -was conferred on him. On this date Mir Jumla [4] came from Persia, -and had the good fortune to pay his respects. The aforesaid is one -of the respectable Sayyids of Isfahan and his family have always -been held in honour in Persia, and now his brother's son, Mir Riza, -is in the service of my brother, Shah `Abbas, and has the rank of -Sadr, and the Shah has married him to his own daughter. Mir Jumla -had left Persia fourteen years before this, and gone to Golconda to -Muhammad Quli Qutbu-l-mulk. His name is Muhammad Amin. Qutbu-l-mulk -gave him the title of Mir Jumla. For ten years he had been his Mudar -`Alaihi (Centre of Affairs) and his Sahib Saman (factotum). After -Qutbu-l-mulk died, and the rule came to his brother's son, the latter -did not treat the Mir properly, and so he took leave and hastened to -his native country. The Shah, on account of his connection with Mir -Riza, and the respect which he had for men [5] of merit, showed much -consideration for and kindness to him. He (the Mir) also presented -fitting offerings, and passed three or four years in Persia, and -amassed properties (estates?). [6] As he several times represented -that he wished to enter the service of this Court, I sent a farman and -invited him. Immediately the farman arrived he severed his connections -there, and set the face of loyalty towards this Court. This day he -attained the honour of kissing the carpet, and produced as offering -twelve horses, nine tuquz [7] of silk cloths, and two rings. As -he had come with devotion and sincerity, I conferred favours and -kindness on him, and presented him with 20,000 darbs (Rs. 10,000) -for his expenses and a dress of honour. On the same day I gave the -post of Bakhshi of the Ahadis to `Inayat K. in place of Qasim K. I -honoured Khwaja `Aqil, who is one of the old servants, with the title -of `Aqil K., and presented him with a horse. On Friday, Dilawar K., -coming from the Deccan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and presented an offering of 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000. Baqir K., -Faujdar of Multan, was promoted to a mansab of 800 personal and 300 -horse. Tijarat K. and Bahu'i, [8] Zamindar of Multan, were honoured -with the gift of elephants. On Saturday, the 11th, marching from -Dohad with the intention of hunting elephants, I pitched at the -village of Kara Bara (Garbara ?). On Sunday, the 12th, the village -of Sajara (Sajwara ?) became the place of alighting. It is 8 koss -from this place to Dohad, and 1 1/2 koss to the hunting-ground. On -the morning of Monday, the 13th, I went to hunt elephants with a body -of my private servants. As the grazing-place of the elephants is in a -hilly country, with elevations and depressions, a passage is obtained -with difficulty by one on foot. Before this, a large body of horse -and foot had surrounded the jungle after the manner of a qamurgha, -and outside the jungle, on a tree, they had prepared a wooden platform -for me. On all sides of this they had arranged seats on other trees for -the Amirs. They had got ready 200 male elephants with strong nooses, -and many female elephants. On each elephant there were seated two -elephant-drivers of the tribe of Jarga, [9] whose special employment -is the hunting of elephants, and it had been arranged that they -should bring the wild elephants from the jungle into my presence, -that I might witness the hunt. It happened that at the time when the -men from all sides entered the jungle, in consequence of the thickness -of the forest and the heights and hollows, the chain was broken, and -the order of the qamurgha did not remain perfect. The wild elephants in -bewilderment turned in every direction, but twelve male and female came -to this side (where J. was). As the fear was that they might escape, -they drove in the tame elephants and tied them (the wild elephants) -up wherever they found them. Although many elephants were not caught, -at least two excellent ones were captured, very handsome in shape, -of good breed, and perfect marks. As there is a hill in the jungle in -which the elephants were, called Rakas (Rakshas) Pahar, [10] or demon -hill, I called these two elephants Ravan Sar and Pavan Sar, these -being the names of two demons. On Tuesday, the 14th, and Kam-shamba -(Wednesday), the 15th, I halted. - -On the eve of Thursday, the 16th, I marched, and halted at the stage of -Kara Bara. Hakim Beg, [11] who is one of the household of the Court, -was honoured with the title of Hakim K., and a sum of Rs. 3,000 was -given to Sangram, a Zamindar of the hill country of the Panjab. As -the heat was very great, and marching by day was to be avoided, -I marched by night. On Saturday, the 18th, a halt was made in the -parganah of Dohad. On Sunday, the 19th, the sun that bestows favour -on the world attained the highest point in the constellation of -Aries. On this day a great entertainment was held, and I sat on the -throne. I promoted Shah-nawaz K., who held a mansab of 5,000, with the -favour of 2,000 horse, of two and three horses. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -the Chief Bakhshi, was given a mansab, original and increased, of -4,000 with 2,000 horse. As Ahmad Beg K., of Kabul, who had obtained -the governorship of Kashmir, had promised that he would conquer in -the space of two years Tibet and Kishtwar, and the promised time -had elapsed, and he had not fulfilled this service, I removed him, -and promoted Dilawar K. Kakar to the Government of Kashmir. I gave -him a dress of honour and an elephant, and sent him off. He also -made a promise in writing that in the course of two years he would -conquer Tibet and Kishtwar. Badi'u-z-Zaman, s. Shahrukh M. came from -the jagir he held in Sultanpur, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. Having at this time honoured Qasim K. with a jewelled dagger -and an elephant, I dismissed him to the Government of the Punjab. - -On the night of Tuesday, the 21st, I marched from the stage mentioned, -and turned the reins of the army of prosperity towards Ahmadabad. As -in consequence of the great heat and the corruption of the air I would -have had to undergo much hardship, and would have had to traverse a -long distance before reaching Agra, it occurred to me not to proceed -at this hot season to the capital. As I heard much praise of the rainy -season in Gujarat, and there was no report about the evil reputation -of Ahmadabad (see infra for account of epidemic there), I finally -conceived the idea of remaining there. Inasmuch as the protection and -guardianship of God (to Him be praise) was in all places and at all -times extended to this suppliant, just at this crisis news arrived -that signs of the plague (waba) had shown themselves again at Agra, -and many people were dying, my intention of not going to Agra, -which had thrown its rays on my mind through Divine inspiration, -was confirmed. The entertainment of Thursday, the 23rd, was held at -the station of Jalod. [12] - -Previously to this, the rule of coinage was that on one face of -the metal they stamped my name, and on the reverse the name of the -place, and the month and year of the reign. At this time it entered -my mind that in place of the month they should substitute the figure -of the constellation which belonged to that month; for instance, in -the month of Farwardin the figure of a ram, and in Urdibihisht the -figure of a bull. Similarly, in each month that a coin was struck, -the figure of the constellation was to be on one face, as if the -sun were emerging from it. This usage is my own, and has never been -practised until now. [13] - -On this day I`tiqad K. was promoted to the dignity of a standard, -and a standard was also conferred on Muruwwat K., who was attached to -Bengal. On the night of Monday, [14] the 27th, the camp was pitched in -the village of Badrwala, in the parganah of Sahra. [15] At this stage -was heard the voice of the koel (koyal). The koel is a bird of the -crow tribe, but smaller. The crow's eyes are black, and those of the -koel red. The female has white spots, but the male is all black. The -male has a very pleasant voice, quite unlike that of the female. It -is in reality the nightingale of India. Just as the nightingale is -agitated and noisy in the spring, so is the cry of the koel at the -approach of the rainy season, which is the spring of Hindustan. Its -cry is exceedingly pleasant and penetrating, and the bird begins its -exhilaration (masti) when the mangoes ripen. It frequently sits on -the mango-trees, and is delighted with the colour and scent of the -mango. A strange thing about the koel is that it does not bring up its -young from the egg, but, finding the nest of the crow unguarded at the -time of laying, it breaks the crow's eggs with its beak, throws them -out, and lays its own in the place of them, and flies off. The crow, -thinking the eggs its own, hatches the young and brings them up. I -have myself seen this strange affair at Allahabad. - -On the night of Kamshamba (Wednesday), the 29th, the camp was on -the bank of the Mahi, and the entertainment of Mubarakshamba was -held there. Two springs appeared on the bank of the Mahi, that had -very clear water, so much so that if a poppy-seed fell into them the -whole of it was visible. All that day I passed with the ladies. As -it was a pleasant place to walk about in, I ordered them to build a -raised seat round each of the springs. On Friday I fished in the Mahi, -and large fish with scales fell into the net. I first told my son, -Shah-Jahan, to try his sword on them. After this I ordered the Amirs -to strike them with the swords they had in their belts. My son's -sword cut better than all of theirs. These fish were divided among -the servants who were present. On the eve of Saturday, the 1st of -Urdibihisht, marching from the above-mentioned stage, I ordered [16] -the mace-bearers (yasawulan) and tawachiyan to collect the widows and -poor people from the villages on the road and near it, and bring them -before me, so that I might bestow charity on them with my own hand, -which would be an occupation, and the helpless ones might also find -grace. What better occupation could there be than this? On Monday, -the 3rd, Shaja`at K. `Arab, and Himmat K., and other servants who -belonged to the Deccan and Gujarat, had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. The holy men and the possessors of blessing (faqirs, -etc.) who lived at Ahmadabad paid their respects to me. On Tuesday, -the 4th, the bank of the river at Mahmudabad became the alighting -place. Rustam K., whom my son, Shah-Jahan, had left in the Government -of Gujarat, was honoured by paying his respects. The entertainment of -Thursday, the 6th, was held on the bank of the Kankriya tank. Nahir -K., according to order, came from the Deccan and raised the head of -honour with the good fortune of prostrating himself before me. - -A diamond ring was presented to my son, Shah-Jahan, as part of the -offering of Qutbu-l-mulk. It was of the value of 1,000 muhars, and on -it there appeared three letters of equal size and of good form, such -that they made the word Lillahi (for God). This diamond had been sent, -as it was reckoned one of the marvels of the world. In fact, veins and -scratches are flaws in precious stones, but it was generally thought -that the marks on this one were fabricated. Moreover, the diamond -did not come from any celebrated mine. As my son, Shah-Jahan, wished -that it should be sent to my brother, Shah `Abbas, as a souvenir of -the conquest of the Deccan it was sent to the Shah along with other -gifts. [17] - -On this day I presented Brikha Ray bad-farush (panegyrist) with -Rs. 1,000. He is a Gujarati by origin, and is fully versed in the -chronicles and circumstances of that country. His name was Bunta--that -is, a sapling (nihal). It seemed to me that it was anomalous to call -an old man Bunta, especially now that he had become verdant (sar-sabz) -and fruit-bearing through the irrigation (sahab, literally, cloud, or -mirage) of our kindness. I therefore ordered that henceforth he should -be called Brikha Ray. Brikha means "tree" in Hindi. On Friday, the -7th of the aforesaid month, corresponding with the 1st Jumada-l-awwal, -at a chosen propitious hour, I entered the city of Ahmadabad with all -enjoyment. At the time of mounting, my son of prosperous fortune, -Shah-Jahan, had brought 20,000 charan, or Rs. 5,000, for the nisar -(scattering), and I scattered them as I hastened to the palace. When I -alighted there he laid before me by way of an offering a jewelled turra -(aigrette) of the value of Rs. 25,000, and those of his officers whom -he had left in this Subah also presented offerings. They altogether -amounted to nearly Rs. 40,000. As it was represented to me that Khwaja -Beg Mirza Safawi had reached the neighbourhood of the forgiveness of -God--i.e., had died--at Ahmadnagar, I promoted to a mansab of 2,000 -personal and horse, original and increased, Khanjar K., whom he had -adopted as his son, and, indeed, held dearer than a son of his loins, -and who was in truth, an intelligent, ambitious youth, and a servant -worthy of patronage, and entrusted him with the charge of the fort -of Ahmadnagar. - -In these days, in consequence of the great heat and the corruption -of the air, sickness had broken out among the people, and of those -in the city and the camp there were few who for two or three days had -not been ill. Inflammatory fever or pains in the limbs attacked them, -and in the course of two or three days they became exceedingly ill--so -much so that even after recovery they remained for a long time weak -and languid. They mostly at last recovered, so that but few were in -danger of their lives. I heard from old men who resided in this country -that thirty years before this the same kind of fever prevailed, and -passed away happily. Anyhow, there appeared some deterioration in the -climate of Gujarat, and I much regretted having come here. I trust -that the great and glorious God, in His mercy and grace, will lift -up this burden, which is a source of uneasiness to my mind, from off -the people. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 13th, Badi`u-z-zaman, -s. Mirza Shahrukh, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal -and horse, and presented with a standard, and appointed faujdar of -Sarkar Patan. Sayyid Nizam, faujdar of Sarkar Lucknow, was raised to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 700 horse. The mansab of `Ali Quli -Darman, who was attached to the province of Qandahar, at the request -of Bahadur K., the governor thereof, was ordered to be 1,000 personal -and 700 horse. Sayyid Hizbar K. Barha was dignified with the mansab -of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. I promoted Zabardast K. to the rank -of 800 personal and 350 horse. On this day Qasim Khwaja of Dihbid [18] -had sent from Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxiana) by the hand of one of his -tribesmen by way of supplication five tuyghun (white) falcons. One died -on the road, and four arrived at Ujjain in safety. I ordered them to -hand over the sum of Rs. 5,000 to someone among them, that he might -purchase and take with him whatever things would be agreeable to the -Khwaja, and gave a reward of Rs. 1,000 to himself. At this time Khan -`Alam, who had been sent as ambassador to the ruler of Persia, sent -an ashyani falcon (bird from the nest), which in the Persian language -they call ukna. [19] Outwardly one cannot distinguish between these -and baz dami [20] falcons by any particular mark, but after they -have been flown the difference is clear. On Thursday, the 20th, Mir -Abu-s-Salih, a relation (? son-in-law) of the deceased Mirza Yusuf -K., came from the Deccan by order, and enjoyed the good fortune of -kissing the threshold. He presented as an offering 100 muhars [21] -and a jewelled plume (kalgi). Mirza Yusuf K. [22] was one of the -Rizawi Sayyids of Mashhad, and his family was always held in great -honour in Khurasan, and just now my brother Shah `Abbas has given -his daughter in marriage to the younger brother of the aforesaid -Abu-s-Salih. His father, Mirza Atagh, [23] was the head of the -attendants of the mausoleum of Riza, the 8th Imam. Mirza Yusuf Khan, -by means of the patronage of H.M. (Akbar), had risen to nobility, and -attained to the mansab of 5,000. Without doubt he was a good Mir, and -held his many servants in good order. A number of relations gathered -round him. He died [24] in the Deccan. Although he left many sons, -who obtained favours in consideration of former services, special -attention was paid to the development of his eldest son. In a short -time I advanced him to the rank of nobility. Certainly there is a -great difference between him and his father. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 27th, I presented Hakim -Masihu-z-zaman with 20,000 darbs (8 anna pieces), and to Hakim -Ruhu-llah 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000. As he had thoroughly diagnosed -my constitution, he perceived that the climate of Gujarat was very -inimical to it. He said: "As soon as you moderate your habit of taking -wine and opium, all these troubles of yours will disappear." Indeed, -when I in one day diminished (the quantity I took of) both of them, -there was a great gain on that first day. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), -the 3rd Khurdad, Qizilbash K. was promoted to the mansab, original and -increased, of 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse. A report was received -from Gajpat K., superintendent of the elephant stables, and Baluch -K., chief huntsman (Qarawul Beg), that up to this time sixty-nine -elephants, male and female, had been caught. Whatever took place after -this would be reported. I ordered them to beware not to take old or -small elephants; but with this exception they should catch all they -saw, male or female. On Monday, the 14th, [25] the sum of Rs. 2,000 -was presented for Shah `Alam's anniversary, to Sayyid Muhammad, -his representative. A special Kachh horse, one of the good horses of -the Jam which had been presented to me, was given to Raja Bir Singh -Deo. I made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Baluch K., the chief huntsman, -who is engaged in capturing elephants. On Tuesday, 15th, I found I had -a severe headache, which at last ended in fever. At night I did not -drink my usual number of cups, and after midnight crop-sickness [26] -was added to my fever, and till morning I rolled about on my couch. On -Wednesday, the 16th, at the end of the day, the fever diminished, -and, after asking the advice of my doctors, I took my usual number of -cups on the third night. Although they urged me to take some broth of -pulse and rice, I could not make up my mind to do so. Since I arrived -at the age of discretion, I never remember having taken bughan [27] -broth, and hope that I may not want it in future. When they brought -food for me this day, I had no inclination for it. In short, for -three days and two nights I remained fasting. Though I had fever for -a day and a night, and my weakness was such that it appeared as if -I had been confined to bed for a long time, I had no appetite left, -and had no inclination towards food. - -I [28] am amazed to think what pleasure or goodness the founder of -this city could have seen in a spot so devoid of the favour (of God) -as to build a city on it. After him, others, too, have passed their -lives in precious trouble in this dustbin. Its air is poisonous, and -its soil has little water, and is of sand and dust, as has already [29] -been described. Its water is very bad and unpalatable, and the river, -which is by the side of the city, is always dry except in the rainy -season. Its wells are mostly salt and bitter, and the tanks in the -neighbourhood of the city have become like buttermilk from washermen's -soap. The upper classes who have some property have made reservoirs -in their houses, which they fill with rainwater in the rainy season, -and they drink that water until the next year. The evils of water to -which the air never penetrates, and which has no way for the vapour to -come out by, are evident. Outside the city, in place of green grass -and flowers, all is an open plain full of thorn-brakes (zaqqum), and -as for the breeze that blows off the thorns, its excellence is known: - - - "[30]O thou, compendium of goodness, by which of thy names shall - I call thee? - I had already called Ahmadabad Gardabad (the abode of dust)." - - -Now, I do not know whether to call it Samumistan (the place of the -samum or simoom) or Bimaristan (abode of sickness), or Zaqqum-zar -(the thorn-bed), or Jahannamabad (the house of Hell), for it contains -all these varieties. If the rainy season had not prevented me, I would -not have delayed one day in this abode of trouble, but, like Solomon, -would have seated myself on the throne of the wind, and hastened -out, and released the people of God from this pain and trouble. As -the men of this city are exceedingly weak-hearted and wretched, in -order to guard against any of the men from the camp entering their -houses with a view to oppress them, or interfering with the affairs -of the poor and miserable: and lest the Qazi and Mir `Adl (judge) -should, from fear of the face of men (ru-didagi), temporize and not -stop such oppression, I, from the date on which I entered the city, -notwithstanding the heat of the air, every day, after completing the -midday prayer, went and sat in the Jharoka. It was towards the river, -and had no impediment in the shape of gate, or wall, or watch-men -(yasawul), or chobdars (mace-bearers). For the sake of administering -justice, I sat there for two or three sidereal hours and listened -to the cries for redress, and ordered punishments on the oppressors -according to their faults and crimes. Even in the time of weakness I -have gone every day to the jharoka, though in great pain and sorrow, -according to my fixed custom, and have looked on ease of body as -something unlawful [31] (haram) for me. - - - "For the care of the people of God - At night I make not mine eyes acquainted with sleep; - For the ease of the bodies of all - I approve of pain for my own body." - - -By the grace of Allah, it has become my habit not to surrender -the nychthemeron, for more than two or three sidereal hours of -the coin of Time, to the plundering of sleep. In this there are two -advantages--one, the knowledge of the kingdom; the other, wakefulness -of heart in calling God to mind. God forbid that this life of a few -days should pass in carelessness. As a heavy sleep is in front, I must -reckon as a gain this time of my wakefulness, which I shall not see -again in sleep, and must not be careless of recollecting God for a -single wink. "Be wakeful, for a wondrous [32] sleep is ahead." On the -same day that I contracted fever, my son Shah-Jahan, who is close to -my heart, also contracted it. His attack lasted a long time, and for -ten days he could not come to pay his respects. He came on Thursday, -the 24th, and waited on me, and appeared very weak and powerless, -so much so that if anyone had not explained the matter, one might -have supposed he had been ill for a month or more. I am grateful -that at last all ended well. On Thursday, the 31st, Mir Jumla, who -had come from Iran--a summary of what had happened to him has been -already written--was honoured with the mansab of 1,500 personal and -200 horse. On this day, in consequence of the weakness I suffered -from, I bestowed as alms on deserving people an elephant, a horse, -and varieties of quadrupeds, with a quantity of gold and silver and -other valuable things. Most of my servants also brought alms according -to their means. I told them that if their object was to parade their -loyalty, their proceeding was not acceptable, and if they were acting -from genuine piety there was no need for bringing their alms into -the Presence; they could secretly and personally distribute them -to the poor and needy. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 7th Tir, -Divine month, Sadiq K. Bakhshi was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and horse, original and increased; Iradat K., the Mir Saman, -to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Mir Abu Salih Rizawi to the mansab -of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, with the title of Rizawi Khan, and, being -honoured with a standard and an elephant, he took leave for the Deccan. - -At this time it was represented to me that the Commander-in-Chief, -the Ataliq Khan-khanan, as a sequel to the celebrated line, "For every -rose one must bear the pain of a hundred thorns," had written an ode, -and that Mirza Rustam Safawi and Mirza Murad, his son, had also tried -their skill. An impromptu opening couplet came into my mind: - - - "A cup of wine should be poured [33] on the cheek of the rosebud. - There are many clouds, much wine should be poured." - - -Of those who were present at the entertainment who had the poetic -temperament each composed an ode, and presented it. It became known -that the hemistich was from Maulana `Abdu-r-Rahman Jami. I looked at -the whole of his ode (or odes). Except this hemistich, which like a -proverb has become famous over the world, he has not written anything -epigrammatic. All is very simple and smooth. [34] On this day arrived -the news of the death of Ahmad Beg K., governor of Kashmir. His sons, -who were of the house-born ones of the Court, and on whose foreheads -the signs of intelligence and zeal were manifest, obtained suitable -mansabs, and were sent to do duty in the Suba of Bangash and Kabul. His -mansab was that of 2,500; his eldest son obtained that of 3,000 (?), -[35] and three other sons that of 900 each. On Thursday, the 14th, -Khwaja Baqi K., who was adorned with the high qualities of dignity, -honour, generosity, and valour, under whose rule was one of the thanas -of the country of Berar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 -horse, original and increased, and the title of Baqi K. Ray Kahnur -(Kunwar?), who was formerly Diwan of Gujarat, was chosen for the -diwanship of Malwa. - -At this time the pairing of the saras, which I had never seen before, -and is reported never to have been seen by man, was witnessed -by me. The saras is a creature of the crane genus, but somewhat -larger. [36] On the top of the head it has no feathers, and the -skin is drawn over the bones of the head. From the back of the eye -to six finger-breadths of the neck it is red. They mostly live in -pairs on the plains, but are occasionally seen in flocks. People -bring a pair in from the fields, and keep them in their houses, -and they become familiar with men. In fact, there was a pair of -saras in my establishment to which I had given the names of Laila -and Majnun. One day a eunuch informed me that (the) two had paired -in his presence. I ordered that if they showed an inclination to -pair again they should inform me. At dawn he came and told me that -they were about to pair again. I immediately hastened to look on. The -female having straightened its legs bent down a little: the male then -lifted up one of its feet from the ground and placed it on her back, -and afterwards the second foot, and, immediately seating himself -on her back, paired with her. He then came down, and, stretching -out his neck, put his beak to the ground, and walked once round -the female. It is possible they may have an egg and produce a young -one. Many strange tales of the affection of the saras for its mate -have been heard. The following case has been recorded because it is -very strange. Qiyam K., who is one of the khanazads (houseborn ones) -of this Court, and is well acquainted with the arts of hunting and -scouting, informed me that one day he had gone out to hunt, and found -a saras sitting. When he approached, it got up and went off. From its -manner of walking he perceived signs of weakness and pain. He went to -the place where it had been sitting, and saw some bones and a handful -of feathers on which it had been sitting. He threw a net round it, -and drew himself into a corner, and it tried to go and sit in the -same place. Its foot was caught in the net, and he went forward and -seized it. It appeared extremely light, and when he looked minutely -he saw there were no feathers on its breast and belly: its flesh -and skin had separated, and there were maggots. Moreover, there was -no sign of flesh left on any of its members: a handful of feathers -and bone came into his hand. It was clear that its mate had died, -and that it had sate there from the day it lost its companion. - - - "My burning heart hath melted my body with separation's pang; - A soul-consuming sigh burnt me, as 'twere a lamp. - The day of my joy became black like the night of grief, - Separation from thee hath made my day like this." - - -Himmat K., who is one of my best servants, and whose word is worthy -of reliance, told me that in the Dohad [37] pargana he had seen a -pair of saras on the bank of a tank. One of his gunners shot one -of them, and in the same place cut off its head and stripped [38] -it of its feathers (?). By chance we halted two or three days at -that place, and its mate continually walked round it, and uttered -cries and lamentation. "My heart," he said, "ached at its distress, -but there was no remedy for it save regret." By chance, twenty-five -days afterwards, he passed by the same spot, and asked the inhabitants -what had become of that saras. They said it died on the same day, -and there were still remains of feathers and bones on the spot. He -went there himself, and saw it was as they said. There are many tales -of this kind among the people, which it would take too long to tell. - -On Saturday, the 16th, there came the news of the death of Rawat -Shankar, who was one of those on duty in Bihar. Man Singh, his -eldest son, was raised to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 600 horse: -his other sons and connections were also raised in mansab, and were -directed to obey him. On Thursday, the 21st, the elephant Bavan, [39] -the pick of my catch, which had been left in the pargana of Dohad to be -tamed, was brought to Court. I ordered him to be kept near the jharoka -on the river side, that he might be constantly under my eye. In the -elephant-stables of H.M. Akbar the largest elephant I saw was Durjan -Sal. It was long the premier elephant. Its height was 4 yards (dara` -[40]), and 3 1/2 quarters of the Ilahi gaz, which is 8 yards and 3 -fingers of the ordinary gaz. At present, among the elephants of my -establishment, the largest athlete is `Alam-Gajraj, which H.M. Akbar -himself had caught. It is the chief of my special elephants. Its -height is 4 1/8 yards, or 7 yards and 7 fingers [41] of the ordinary -yard. The ordinary gaz has been fixed at 24 fingers' breadth of an -average-sized man, and the Ilahi gaz is 40 fingers' breadth. - -On this day Muzaffar K., who had been promoted to the Subadarship of -Thatta (Sind), had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He presented -100 muhars and Rs. 100 as nazr, and the equivalent of Rs. 100,000 in -jewels and jewelled things. At this time news came that God Almighty -had bestowed on my son Parwiz a son [42] by the daughter of Shah Murad, -deceased. It is to be hoped that his coming will be of good omen to -this State. - -On Sunday, the 24th, Ray Bihari [43] had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold: there is not a greater Zamindar than this in the country of -Gujarat. His country is close to the sea. Bihari and the Jam are from -one stem. They were united ten generations ago. As far as territory and -forces go, the standing of Bihari is greater than that of the Jam. They -say that he never came to see any of the Sultans of Gujarat. Sultan -Mahmud had sent an army against him, but in the fight the army of -Mahmud was defeated. At the time when Khan A`zam went to conquer the -fort of Junagarh in the country of Surat, Nannu, who was called Sultan -Muzaffar, and gave himself out as heir to the kingdom, was passing his -days in a state of misery under the protection of the zamindars. After -this the Jam was defeated in battle with the victorious (Royal) army, -and Nannu took refuge with Ray Bihari. Khan A`zam demanded Nannu from -Ray Bihari, and as he could not oppose the Royal army, he gave him up, -and by this piece of loyalty was saved from the blows of the victorious -army. At the time [44] when Ahmadabad was adorned by the presence of -the retinue of fortune for a short time, he did not come to wait on -me. His country was somewhat distant, and time did not admit of the -appointing of a force (against him). When it happened that I returned -there, my son Shah-Jahan appointed Raja Bikramajit with an army (for -this purpose), and he, seeing his own safety in coming in hastened -to receive the honour of kissing the threshold, giving 200 muhars -and Rs. 2,000 as nazr, and 100 horses. However, there was not one of -his horses that I approved of. His age appeared to me to be more than -eighty [45] years, and he himself said he was ninety. In his senses -and powers there was no appearance of decay. Among his men there was -an old man with white beard, moustaches, and eyebrows. He said that -Ray Bihari remembered him when he (the old man) was a child (infant), -and that he had grown up from childhood in his service. - -On this day Abu-l-Hasan, [46] the painter, who has been honoured -with the title of Nadiru-z-zaman, drew the picture of my accession -as the frontispiece to the Jahangir-nama, and brought it to me. As -it was worthy of all praise, he received endless favours. His work -was perfect, and his picture is one of the chefs d'oeuvre of the -age. At the present time he has no rival or equal. If at this day the -masters `Abdu-l-Hayy and Bihzad were alive, they would have done him -justice. His father, Aqa Riza'i, of Herat, [47] at the time when I -was Prince, joined my service. He (Abu-l-Hasan) was a khanazad of my -Court. There is, however, no comparison between his work and that of -his father (i.e., he is far better than his father). One cannot put -them into the same category. My connection was based on my having -reared him. From his earliest years up to the present time I have -always looked after him, till his art has arrived at this rank. Truly -he has become Nadira-i-zaman ("the wonder of the age"). Also, Ustad -Mansur [48] has become such a master in painting that he has the -title of Nadiru-l-`Asr, and in the art of drawing is unique in his -generation. In the time of my father's reign and my own these two -have had no third. As regards myself, my liking for painting and my -practice in judging it have arrived at such a point that when any work -is brought before me, either of deceased artists or of those of the -present day, without the names being told me, I say on the spur of -the moment that it is the work of such and such a man. And if there -be a picture containing many portraits, and each face be the work of -a different master, I can discover which face is the work of each of -them. If any other person has put in the eye and eyebrow of a face, -I can perceive whose work the original face is, and who has painted -the eye and eyebrows. - -On the eve of Sunday, the 31st of the month of Tir, heavy rain fell, -and it went on raining with great violence till Tuesday, the 1st -of Amurdad. [49] For sixteen days there were constantly clouds and -(? or) rain. As this is a sandy country, and the buildings in it are -weak, many houses fell, and many lives were lost. I heard from the -inhabitants of the city that they remembered no rain like that of -this year. Although the channel of the Sabarmati [50] appears full -of water, it is in most places fordable, and elephants can always -cross it. If for a day there has been no rain, horses and men can -ford it. The fountain head of this river is in the hill-country -of the Rana. It comes out from the ravine of Kokra(?), [51] and, -having traversed 1 1/2 koss, passes below Mirpur, [52] and in this -place they call it the Wakal (?). After passing 3 koss beyond Mirpur, -they call it the Sabarmati. - -On Thursday, the 10th, Ray Bihari was exalted with the favour of a -male and a female elephant, a jewelled dagger, and four rings, of -red ruby and yellow ruby (topaz), sapphire, and emerald. Before this, -the Ataliq Jan-sipar (life-jeoparding), Khan-khanan (`Abdu-r-Rahim), -Commander-in-Chief, by order, had sent a force under the leadership -of his son Amru-llah [53] towards Gondwana, in order to seize the -diamond mine of Barakar [54] (?) that was in the possession of Panju, -a Zamindar of Khandesh. On this day a report came from him that the -aforesaid Zamindar, knowing that opposition to the victorious army -was beyond his power, had made an offering of the mine, and a royal -superintendent had been appointed to manage it. The diamonds of that -place are superior in kind and beauty to all other kinds of diamonds, -and much esteemed by jewellers. They are of good shape, and larger, -and superior. Of the second rank is the mine of Kokhra, [55] which -is on the borders of Bihar; but the diamonds of that place are not -obtained from the mine, but from a river which in the rainy season -comes down in flood from the hills. Before that they dam it up, and -when the flood has passed over the dam and there is little water, -a number of men who are skilled in this art go into the river bed -and bring out the diamonds. It is now three years since this country -came into the possession of the State. The Zamindar of the place is -in confinement. The climate of that land is excessively poisonous, -and strangers cannot live there. The third place is in the province -of the Karnatik (Carnatic), near the frontier of Qutbu-l-mulk. At a -distance of 50 koss [56] there are four mines. Many very fine [57] -diamonds are obtained there. - -On Thursday, the 10th, Nahir K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 1,000 horse, and he was presented with an elephant. Maktub -K., superintendent of the Kutub-khana (library), was given the mansab -of 1,500 personal. As I had ordered that on the Shab-i-Barat they -should place lamps round the Kankriya tank, at the end of the day on -Monday, the 14th Sha`ban, I went out to look at them. The buildings -all round the tank they had arranged with lanterns of different -colours and all kinds of artifices that are practicable with lamps, -and fireworks. Although at this season there were continually clouds -and rain, by God's favour from the beginning of the night the air -had become clear, and not a trace of cloud remained, and the lights -shone just as one could wish. My domestic servants were regaled with -the cups of joy. I ordered them to light lamps in the same manner on -the eve of Friday, and a strange thing was that at the close of the -day of Thursday, the 17th, it continually rained (muttasil baridagi), -but at the time of lighting the lamps the rain ceased, and the show -was well seen. On this day I`timadu-d-daula presented an offering of -a qutbi (?) sapphire exceedingly delicate, and an elephant without -tusks with silver housings. As it was handsome-looking and of good -shape, it was put among my private elephants. On the bank of the -Kankriya tank a sanyasi, one of the most austere sects of Hindus, -had made a hut after the dervish manner, and lived as a hermit. As I -was always inclined to associate with dervishes, I hastened without -ceremony to interview him, and for a while enjoyed his society. He -was not wanting in information and reasonableness, and was well -informed according to the rules of his own faith in the doctrines of -Sufism. He had conformed to the ways of people of religious poverty -and mortification, and given up all desires and ambitions. One might -say that a better than he of his class was never seen. - -On Monday, the 21st (Amurdad), the saras, the pairing of which -has been related in the preceding pages, collected together some -straw and rubbish in the little garden, and laid first of all one -egg. On the third day (afterwards) it laid a second egg. This pair -of saras were caught when they were a month old, [58] and had been -in my establishment for five years. After five and a half years they -paired, and continued doing so for a month; on the 21st of the month -of Amurdad, which the Hindus call Sawan (Sravan) the hen laid the -eggs. The female used to sit on the eggs the whole night alone, and the -male stood near her on guard. It was so alert that it was impossible -for any living thing to pass near her. Once a large weasel made its -appearance, and he ran at it with the greatest impetuosity, and did -not stop until the weasel got into a hole. When the sun illuminated -the world with his rays, the male went to the female and pecked her -back with his beak. The female then rose, and the male sate in her -place. She returned, and in the same manner made him rise, and seated -herself. In short, the female sits the whole night, and takes care -of the eggs, and by day the male and female sit by turns. When they -rise and sit down they take great precautions that no harm shall come -to the eggs. - -During this season, as there was still some of the hunting time left, -Gajpat K., the darogha, and Baluch K., the head huntsman, had been left -to hunt elephants, to catch as many as they possibly could. In the same -manner the huntsmen of my son, Shah-Jahan, had also been employed. On -this day they came and waited on me. Altogether 185 elephants had been -caught, male and female: of these, 73 were males and 112 females. Out -of these, 47 males and 75 females, or 122, the imperial huntsmen and -faujdars had secured, while the huntsmen and elephant-drivers of my -son, Shah-Jahan, had taken 26 males and 37 females, or 63 altogether. - -On Thursday, the 24th, I went to see the Bagh-i-Fath, [59] and -spent two days there in enjoyment and pleasure. At the end of the -day on Saturday I returned to the palace. As Asaf K. had represented -that his hawili (house) garden was exceedingly green and pleasant, -and all sorts of flowers and scented plants had bloomed there, at his -request I went to it on Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 31st. In truth, -it was a very nice villa, and I was much pleased. His offering of -jewels and jewelled things, and cloth, of the value of Rs. 35,000, -was accepted. Muzaffar K. was favoured with a dress of honour and -an elephant, and, as before, was entrusted with the charge of the -government of Thatta (Sind). My brother Shah `Abbas sent a letter -with some trifling presents by `Abdu-l-Karim of Gilan, who had come -with merchandise from Iran. On this day I presented him with a dress -of honour and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, and sent an -answer to the Shah's letter with a memorandum. Khan `Alam was also -honoured with a gracious farman and a special dress of honour. Friday -was the 1st of the month of Shahriwar. From Sunday, the 3rd, till -the eve of Thursday (the 7th) rain fell. It is strange that on other -days the pair of saras sate on the eggs five or six times in turn, -but during this twenty-four hours, when there was constant rain and -the air was somewhat cold, the male, in order to keep the eggs warm, -sate from early in the morning until midday, and from that time until -the next morning the female sat without an interval, for fear that -in rising and sitting again the cold air should affect them, and the -eggs become wet and be spoilt. Briefly, men are led by the guidance -of Reason, and animals according to the Divine wisdom implanted in -them by Nature. Stranger still is it that at first they keep their -eggs together underneath the breast, and after fourteen or fifteen -days have passed they leave a little space between them, for fear the -heat should become too great from their contact with each other. Many -become addled in consequence of (too great) heat. - -On Thursday, the 7th, with great joy and congratulation, the advance -camp was started towards Agra. The astrologers and astronomers had -already fixed the auspicious hour for the march. As excessive rain -fell, the main camp could not cross the river of Mahmudabad (the -Vatrak) and the Mahi at this hour. Out of necessity, the advanced -camp was started at the appointed hour, and the 21st Shahriwar [60] -was fixed for the march of the main camp. - -My son Shah-Jahan took upon himself the responsibility of the conquest -of the fort of Kangra, over which the noose of victory had not been -thrown by any of the Sultans of lofty dignity, and an army under the -leadership of Raja Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, and Taqi, who was one of -his attached servants, had before this been sent for that purpose. It -was now clear that the conquest could not be achieved by the force -that had been previously appointed. Raja Bikramajit, [61] who was -one of his principal officers, with 2,000 horse who were present of -his private attendants, and a force of Jahangiri servants, such as -Shah-baz K. Lodi, Hardi Narayan Hada, Ray Prithi Chand, and the sons -of Ram Chand, with 200 mounted musketeers and 500 foot-musketeers -(topchi, perhaps cannoniers), in addition to the force that had -previously been sent, were appointed to the duty. As the hour for -departure was fixed on this day, the aforesaid (Bikramajit) presented -as an offering a rosary of emeralds of the value of Rs. 10,000. He -was honoured with the gift of a dress of honour and a sword, and -took his leave for this duty. As he had not a jagir in that Subah, -my son Shah-Jahan asked for him as a jagir the pargana of Barhana (?), -[62] the revenue of which was 2,200,000 of dams, which [63] he himself -(? Shah-Jahan) held in in`am. [64] Khwaja Taqi, the Diwan-i-Buyutat, -who had been appointed to the Diwani of the Deccan, was honoured with -the title of Mu`taqid [65] K., a dress of honour, and an elephant. I -appointed Himmat K. to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Bharuch -(Broach) and that neighbourhood, with the gift of a horse and a -special parm narm (shawl), and despatched him. The pargana of Bharuch -(Broach) was also bestowed on him as jagir. Ray Prithi Chand, who -had been nominated for service at Kangra, was promoted to the rank -of 700 and 450 horse. As the anniversary of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus -[66] had arrived, I gave his sons 1,000 darbs (Rs. 500) for its -expense. Muzaffar, s. Bahaduru-l-mulk, who was attached to the Deccan, -was given the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. - -As the events of twelve years of Jahangir-nama have been recorded, -I ordered [67] the clerks of my private library to make one volume -of these twelve years, and to prepare a number of copies so that I -might give them to my special servants, and that they might be sent -to the various cities, so that administrators (arbab-i-daulat) and -the auspicious might adopt them as their code. On Friday, the 8th, -[68] one of the news-writers had written the whole and made a volume, -which he produced to me. As it was the first copy that had been -prepared, I gave it to my son Shah-Jahan, whom I consider to be in -all respects the first of my sons. On the back of it I wrote with my -own hand that I had given it him on a certain day and at a certain -place. I hope that the favour of the receipt of those writings which -are intended for the satisfaction of the creature and for supplication -to the Creator may be a cause of good fortune. - -On Tuesday, the 12th, Subhan Quli, huntsman, was brought to -punishment. The details of this are that he is the son of Haji -Jamal Baluch, who was my father's best huntsman, and after his -(the King's) death, he entered the service of Islam K., and went -with him to Bengal. Islam Khan, on account of his (Subhan Quli's) -connection with this Court, showed him proper consideration, and -considering him trustworthy always kept him near him when travelling -or hunting. `Usman, the Afghan, who for many years passed his days -in that Subah in disobedience and stubbornness, and the end of whose -affairs has been recorded in the preceding pages, being much troubled -by Islam Khan, sent someone to this wretch, and made proposals -for his murdering Islam. He undertook the business, and associated -two or three other men with himself. By chance, before the futile -idea of this ungrateful fellow was carried into execution, one of -them came and informed him (Islam K.). Islam K. immediately seized -and imprisoned the scoundrel. After the latter's death he came to -Court. As his brothers and relatives were included among the huntsmen, -he was also ordered to be enrolled among them. At this time the son -(Ikram K.) of Islam K. represented in an enigmatical way that he was -unworthy of service near my person. After explanation it appeared what -the charge was. Notwithstanding this, as his brothers strenuously -represented that there was only suspicion, and Baluch K., the head -huntsman, became security for him, I forbore to put him to death, -and ordered him to do duty with Baluch K. In spite of this grace and -the gift of his life, without cause or motive he fled from the Court, -and went to Agra and that neighbourhood. Baluch K., having become -his security, was ordered to produce him. He sent people to inquire -for him. In one of the villages of Agra, which was not wanting in -sedition, and is called Jahanda, [69] the brother of Baluch Khan, who -had gone to make inquiries, found him, and although he endeavoured -to bring him by persuasion to Court, he would in no way consent, -and the people rose to assist him. - -Being without remedy, he (the brother) went to Khwaja Jahan at Agra, -and told him the circumstances. He sent a detachment against that -village to take him by force and bring him. The people of the village, -seeing their own ruin in the mirror of the case, handed him over to -him. This day he came to Court in chains. I gave an order for his -execution. The man of wrath (the executioner) took him to the place of -punishment with all haste. After a while, through the intercession of -one of the courtiers, I gave him his life, and ordered his feet to be -cut off, but according to his destiny (what was written on his head) -before the order arrived he had been punished. Although that doomed -man was deserving of punishment, yet I regretted [70] the circumstance, -and directed that whenever an order was given for anyone's execution, -notwithstanding that the command were imperative, they should wait -till sunset before putting him to death. If up to that time no order -for release arrived, he should without fail be capitally punished. - -On Sunday there was a great commotion in the River Mahi, and very large -waves were visible. Although there formerly had been (great) rains, -yet such violence, or even the half of it, had never been known. From -the beginning of the day the flood began to come, and at the end of -the day began to decrease. Old inhabitants of this city represented -that once, during the government of Murtaza K. (Farid Bukhari), a -similar great flood had occurred. But with that exception they did -not remember another such flood. - -In these days mention was made of an ode by Mu`izzi, [71] the -panegyrist of Sultan Sanjar, and his Poet-laureate. It is a very -smooth and equable [72] composition. It begins thus: - - - "O thou whose commands heaven obeys - Ancient Saturn is the slave of thy young Fortune." - - -Sa`ida, [73] the chief goldsmith, has a poetical temperament and he -imitated this ode, and presented his paraphrase to me. It was very -well composed. The following are some verses from it: - - - "O thou, of whose threshold the nine spheres are an examplar - Aged Time hath grown young in thy reign - Thy heart is bounteous as the Sun, and like it needs no cause - (for bounty). - All lives are devoted to thy gracious heart - Heaven is but a green [74] orange from the garden of Power - Tossed by thy gardener into the atmosphere, - O God, Thy essence has shone from eternity - The souls of all the saints receive light from Thine, - O king, may the world ever be at thy beck, - May thy Shah-Jahan ever rejoice in thy shade - O Shadow of God, may the world be filled with thy light - May the Light of God ever be thy canopy." - - -On Mubarak-shamba, the 14th, in reward for this ode, I ordered Sa`ida -to be weighed against money (zar, perhaps gold). At the end of the day -I went to walk about the garden of Rustam-bari, [75] which appeared -to me very green and pleasant. Sitting in a boat in the evening, -I returned to the palace. - -On Friday, the 15th, a Mulla of the name of Amiri, an old man, came -from Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxiana), and had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. He represented to me that he was one of the ancient -(servants) of `Abdu-llah Khan Uzbeg, and from the days of infancy -[76] and youth was brought up by the Khan until his death. He had -been included among his old servants, and had been a confidential -friend. [77] After the death of the Khan until now he had passed his -days respected in that country. He had left his native country with -a view to visit the blessed house (Mecca), and had come to pay his -respects to me. I made him free to remain or go. He asked to remain in -attendance on me for some days. Rs. 1,000 for expenses and a dress of -honour were given him. He is an old man of very pleasing face, and -full of talk and anecdote. My son Shah-Jahan also gave him Rs. 500 -and a robe of honour. - -In the middle of the garden of Khurram (Shah-Jahan's) residence -there is a bench and a reservoir. On one side [78] of that bench -there is a Mulsari-tree (Mimusops elengi) against which to lean the -back. As in one side of its trunk there was a hollow to the extent -of three-fourths of a yard, it had an ugly look. I ordered them to -cut a tablet of marble and fix it firmly in that place, so that one -could lean one's back on it and sit there. At this time an impromptu -couplet came to my tongue, and I ordered the stone-cutters to engrave -it on that stone, that it might remain as a memento on the page of -time. This is the couplet: - - - "The seat of the Shah of the seven worlds (kishwar), - Jahangir, son of Akbar Shahinshah. - - -On the eve of Tuesday, [79] the 19th, a bazaar was arranged in the -private palace. Up to this time the custom has been for the people -of the bazaar and the artificers of the city in every place to bring -their shops according to order into the courtyard of the palace (royal -abode, whether in camp or elsewhere), and bring jewels and jewelled -things and various kinds of cloth and other goods such as are sold in -the bazaar. It occurred to me that if a bazaar were prepared in the -night-time, and a number of lamps were arranged in front of the shops, -it would look well. Undoubtedly it came off well and was unusual. Going -round all the shops, whatever jewels and jewelled things pleased me -I bought. I gave some present from each shop to Mulla Amiri, and he -received so many things that he was unable to hold them. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) the 21st of the Divine month of Shahriwar, -in the thirteenth year from my accession, corresponding with the -22nd Ramazan (September 2, 1618), in the Hijri year 1027, when two -and a half hours of day had passed, in prosperity and happiness, -the standards of purpose turned towards the capital of Agra. From the -palace as far as the Kankriya tank, the place of alighting, I passed -along in the usual manner, scattering money (nisar-kunan). On the -same day the feast of my solar weighment took place, and according -to solar reckoning the fiftieth year of the age of his suppliant at -the throne of God commenced auspiciously. According to my usual rule I -weighed myself against gold and other valuables. I scattered pearls and -golden roses, and looking at night at the show of lamps passed my time -in the private apartments of the royal abode in enjoyment. On Friday, -the 22nd, I ordered that all the Shaikhs and men of piety who lived in -the city should be brought in order that they might break their fast -[80] in attendance on me. Three nights were passed after this manner, -and every night at the end of the meeting I stood up and recited with -the tongue of ecstasy: - - - "Thou art the mighty One, O Lord, - Thou art the cherisher of rich and poor; - I'm not a world-conqueror or law-giver, - I'm one of the beggars at this gate. - Help me in what is good and right, - Else what good comes from me to any one? - I'm a master [81] to my servants, - To the Lord I'm a loyal servant." - - -All the Faqirs who as yet had not waited on me prayed for -allowances. According to their merits I gave to each of them land or -money for expenses, and gratified them. - -On the eve of Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) the 21st, the saras hatched -one young one, and on the eve of Monday, the 25th, a second: that -is, one young one was hatched after thirty-four [82] days, and the -other after thirty-six days. One might say that they were one-tenth -[83] larger than the young of a goose, or equal to the young of the -peafowl at the age of a month. Their skin was of a blue colour. On -the first day they ate nothing, and from the second day the mother, -taking small locusts (or grasshoppers) in her mouth, sometimes fed them -like a pigeon, or sometimes like a fowl threw them before them for them -to pick up of themselves. If the locust were small, it went off well, -but if it were large, she sometimes made two or three pieces of it so -that the young ones might eat it with ease. As I had a great liking -for seeing them I ordered them to be brought before me with every -precaution that no harm might happen to them. After I had seen them -I ordered them to be taken back to the same little garden inside the -royal enclosure, and to be preserved with the greatest care, and that -they should be brought to me again whenever they were able to walk. - -On this day Hakim Ruhu-llah was exalted with the gift of -Rs. 1,000. Badi`u-z-zaman, s. M. Shahrukh, came from his jagir and -waited on me. On Tuesday, the 26th, marching from the Kankriya tank, -I halted at the village of Kaj. [84] On Wednesday, the 27th, I pitched -my camp on the bank of the river at Mahmudabad called the Izak [85] -(now called Meshva). As the water and air of Ahmadabad were very bad, -Mahmud Bigara, by the advice of his physicians, founded a city on -the bank of the aforesaid river and lived there. After he conquered -Champaner, he made that place his capital, and until the time of Mahmud -the martyred [86] the rulers of Gujarat chiefly lived there. This -Mahmud was the last of the Sultans of Gujarat, and he took up his -residence at Mahmudabad. Undoubtedly the water and air of Mahmudabad -have no resemblance to those of Ahmadabad. By way of testing this I -ordered them to hang up a sheep on the bank of the Kankriya tank after -taking off its skin, and at the same time one at Mahmudabad, that the -difference of the air might be ascertained. It happened that after -seven gharis of day had passed in that place (Ahmadabad) they hung up -the sheep. When three gharis of day remained it became so changed and -putrid that it was difficult to pass near it. They hung up the sheep -at Mahmudabad in the morning, and it was altogether unchanged until -the evening, and began to be putrid when one and a half watches of -night had passed. Briefly, in the neighbourhood of Ahmadabad it became -putrid in eight sidereal hours, and in Mahmudabad in fourteen hours. - -On Thursday, the 28th, Rustam K., whom my son of prosperous fortune, -Shah-Jahan, had appointed to the charge and government of Gujarat, -was honoured with the gift of an elephant, a horse, and a special -parm narm (shawl), and given leave to depart, and the Jahangiri -officers who were attached to that Subah were presented with horses -and dresses of honour according to the rank and standing of each. On -Friday, 29th Shahriwar, corresponding with 1st Shawwal, Ray Bihari was -honoured with the bestowal of a dress of honour, a jewelled sword and -a special horse, and took leave to go to his native place. His sons -were also honoured with horses and dresses of honour. On Saturday I -ordered Sayyid Muhammad, grandson [87] (?) of Shah `Alam, to ask for -whatever he desired without concealment, and I took an oath on the -Qoran to this effect. He said that as I had sworn on the Qoran he -would ask for a Qoran that he might always have it by him, and that -the merit of reading it might accrue to His Majesty. Accordingly, -I gave the Mir a Qoran in Yaqut's [88] handwriting. It was a small, -elegant [89] volume, and was the wonder of the age. On the back of -it I wrote with my own hand that I had made this gift on a certain -day and in a certain place to Sayyid Muhammad. The real reason for -this is that the Mir is of an exceedingly good disposition, endowed -with personal nobility and acquired excellencies, of good manners and -approved ways, with a very pleasing face and open forehead. I have -never seen a man of this country of such a pleasing disposition as the -Mir. I told him to translate this Qoran into plain language without -ornament, and that without occupying himself with explanations or -fine language he [90] should translate the Qoran in simple language -(lughat-i-rikhta) word by word into Persian, and should not add one -letter to its exact purport. After he had completed it he should -send it by his son Jalalu-d-din Sayyid to the Court. The Mir's son -is also a young man of external and internal intelligence. The signs -of piety and blessedness are distinct on his forehead. The Mir is -proud of his son, and in truth he is worthy, as he is an excellent -youth. As I had repeatedly shown kindness to the holy men of Gujarat, -according to their merits, I again bestowed on each cash and jewels, -and dismissed them to their homes. - -As the climate [91] of this country was not suited to my temperament, -the physicians thought it right that I should decrease somewhat my -usual number of cups. According to their advice I began to decrease -their number, and in the course of a week reduced them by the weight -of one cup. At first it was six cups every evening, each cup being -7 1/2 tola, or altogether 45 tolas. The wine was usually mixed with -water. Now I drank six cups, each of which was 6 tolas and 3 mashas, -[92] altogether 37 1/2 tolas. - -Sixteen or seventeen years ago I had vowed with my God at Allahabad -that when I reached fifty I would give up shooting with gun and bullet, -and would injure no living thing with my own hand. Muqarrab K., who -was one of my confidants, knew of my determination. At this date -I have reached the commencement of my fiftieth year, and one day, -in consequence of excessive fever (dud u bukhar) my breath was short -and I was very unwell. While in this condition the compact I had made -with my God came, by Divine inspiration, into my mind, and I resolved -that when my fiftieth year was completed and the period of fulfilling -my vow had arrived, I would, on the day [93] on which I visited my -father's tomb--may the light of God be his testimony--by God's help, -seek the confirmation of my resolve from my father's holy elements, -and renounce the practice (of shooting). As soon as this thought -occurred to me, my illness and trouble disappeared. I revived, and -opened my mouth to praise God, and tasted the joy of thanksgiving -for His mercies. I hope that I shall be sustained. - - - "How well said Firdusi of pure nature - May mercy rest on that (his) pure tomb. - - "Ah! spare yon emmet [94] rich in hoarded grain, - He lives with pleasure, and he dies with pain." - - -On Thursday, the 4th of the Divine month, Sayyid Kabir and Bakhtar K., -the Wakils of `Adil K., who had brought his offering to the exalted -Court, obtained leave to return. Sayyid Kabir was honoured with a -dress of honour, a horse, and a jewelled dagger, and Bakhtar K. with -a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled urbasi, [95] which the -people of that country (the Deccan?) wear round their necks, and a -present of 6,000 darbs was given to each of them for expenses. - -As `Adil K. was constantly asking for a likeness of myself through my -prosperous son Shah-Jahan, I sent him one with a ruby of great value -and a special elephant. A gracious farman was issued that he should -be presented with whatever territory of Nizamu-l-mulk or Qutbu-l-mulk -he might get into his possession, and whenever he should require -any support and assistance, Shah-nawaz K. should prepare an army and -appoint it to assist him. In former days Nizamu-l-mulk was the largest -of the rulers of the Deccan, a superior whom all acknowledged, and -whom they considered as their eldest brother. At this period `Adil -K. did approved service, and was honoured with the exalted title of -"son." I appointed him the head and leader of the whole country of -the Deccan, and wrote this quatrain on the portrait with my own hand: - - - "O thou towards whom is always (turned) the eye of my kindness - Repose at ease under the shadow of my fortune. - I have sent thee my own portrait, - That thou mayest see me spiritually from my picture." - - -My son Shah-Jahan sent Hakim Khush-hal, son of Hakim Humam, who was -one of the excellent house-born ones of this Court, and from his -early years had been in my son's service, in company with the Wakils -of `Adil K. to convey to him the good news of the Jahangiri favour -towards him. On the same day Mir Jumla was honoured with the duty of -`Arz-mukarrir. As Kifayat K., the Diwan of Gujarat, at the time when -he was employed in the Diwani of Bengal, in consequence of certain -accidents, had lost property (az saman uftada), a sum of Rs. 15,000 -was presented to him. - -At this time two copies of the Jahangir-nama that had been prepared -were laid before me. One of these I had some days previously given -to the Madaru-l-mulk (centre of the kingdom), I`timadu-d-daula, and -the other I on this day bestowed on my (adopted) son (farzandi), -Asaf K. On Friday, the 5th, Bahram, son of Jahangir Quli Khan, -came from the province of Bihar, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. He laid before me some diamonds he had obtained from the mine -of Kokra. Approved service had not been performed in that province by -Jahangir Quli K., and it was also frequently reported that certain of -his brothers and sons-in-law had stretched out the hand of tyranny in -that country, and were oppressing the servants of God (the people), -and that each of them, cutting out a governorship for himself, did not -regard the authority of Jahangir Quli. On this account a farman written -with my own hand was given to Muqarrab K., one of my confidential old -servants, stating that he was appointed Governor of Bihar. I ordered -that immediately on receipt of the farman he should hasten to that -quarter. Some of the diamonds that Ibrahim Fath-jang had sent to -Court after the taking of the mine had been given to the Government -lapidaries to cut. At this time Bahram suddenly came to Agra, and -was going on to the Court (in Gujarat). Khwaja Jahan (the Governor of -Agra) sent along with him some diamonds that were ready. One of them -is of a violet [96] colour, and cannot be outwardly distinguished -from a sapphire. Up to this time I had not seen a diamond of this -colour. It weighed several surkh, [97] and jewellers estimated its -value at Rs. 3,000, and represented that if it had been white (safid) -and had had perfect marks, it would have been worth Rs. 20,000. - -This year I had mangoes up to the 6th Mihr (middle of September). In -this country there is abundance of lemons (limun), and they are large -(balida?). A Hindu brought some from a garden called Kaku (or Gangu), -which were very pleasant and large (balida, perhaps ripe). I ordered -them to weigh the largest of them, and it came to 7 tolas. - -On Saturday, the 6th, the Dasahra festival took place. First, they -decked out my horses, and paraded them before me. After that they -produced the elephants, decorated in a similar way. - -As the Mahi had not become fordable, so that the sublime camp could -cross it, and the climate of Mahmudabad was quite different (i.e., -it was better) from that of other stages, I remained here for ten -more days. On Monday, the 8th, I marched and encamped at Muda. [98] -I had already sent Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan Bakhshi with an active body -of servants, such as boatmen, and also oars, [99] to make a bridge -over the Mahi, with instructions not to wait till it was fordable, -so that the victorious camp might cross at ease. On Tuesday, the 9th, -there was a halt, and on Kamshamba (Wednesday), the 10th, the camp -was at the village of Aina. [100] - -At first the male saras used to hold its young one by its leg upside -down in his beak, and there was a fear that he might be unkind to it -and it might be destroyed. I accordingly ordered them to keep the male -separately, and not allow it near its young ones. I now ordered by way -of experiment that it should be allowed near them, that the real degree -of its unkindness and affection might be ascertained. After allowing -it, he displayed much attachment and kindness, and his affection -was found to be no less than that of the female; I thus knew that -this performance was out of real love. On Thursday, the 11th, there -was a halt, and at the end of the day I went to hunt with cheetahs, -and two black buck, four does, and a chikara were caught. On Sunday, -the 14th, I also went to hunt with cheetahs, and caught fifteen -head of male and female antelopes. I had ordered Rustam and Suhrab -[101] Khan, his son, to go out hunting and shoot as many nilgaw as -they could. The father and son together killed seven head, male and -female. As it was represented to me that there was a tiger in this -neighbourhood, a man-killer that had taken to eating men's flesh, and -the people of God were afflicted by it, I ordered my son Shah-Jahan -to save them from its wickedness. He, as ordered, shot it with his -gun, and brought it to me at night. I ordered them to skin it in my -presence. Although large in appearance, as it was thin, it turned -out less in weight than the large tigers I had myself killed. On -Monday, the 15th, and Tuesday, the 16th, I went to shoot nilgaw, and -on each day shot two blue bulls. On Thursday, the 18th, on the bank -of a tank at which I pitched, a feast of cups was held. Rare lotus -(kanwal) flowers had blossomed on the face of the water. My private -servants enjoyed themselves greatly with cups of wine. Jahangir Quli -had sent twenty elephants from Bihar, and Muruwwat K. eight from -Bengal, and these were brought before me. One of Jahangir Quli's and -two of Muruwwat's were placed in my private stud, and the rest were -divided amongst my followers. Mir K., s. Mirza Abu-l-Qasim Namakin, -who was one of the khanazads of this Court, was promoted to the mansab, -original and increased, of 800 personal and 600 horse. Qiyam K. was -appointed to the duty of chief huntsman, and had given him the rank of -600 personal and 150 horse. `Izzat [102] K., one of the Barha Sayyids, -who was distinguished for bravery and ambition, is attached to the -province of Bangash. At the request of Mahabat K., the Governor of -that Subah, he was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 -horse. Kifayat K., Diwan of Gujarat, had an elephant given him, and -was allowed to depart. I conferred a sword on Safi K., Bakhshi of that -Subah. On Friday, the 19th, I went to hunt, and killed a blue bull. I -do not remember a bullet passing through a large male nilgaw. Many have -passed through females. On this day, at a distance of forty-five paces -(qadam), it went through both skins. In the language of hunters a qadam -means two feet (gam [103]) placed one in front of the other. On Sunday, -the 21st, I enjoyed myself with hawking, and ordered Mirza Rustam, -Darab K., Mir Miran, and other servants to go and shoot as many nilgaw -as they could. They killed nineteen head, male and female. Ten head of -antelope were also caught with cheetahs. Ibrahim K., Bakhshi of the -Deccan, was, at the request of the Commander-in-Chief, Khan Khanan, -promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 200 horse. On Monday, the -22nd, a march was made, and on Tuesday, the 23rd, I again marched. The -huntsmen represented that there had been seen in the neighbourhood -a tigress with three cubs. As it was on the road I went myself after -them and shot all four, and then went on to the next stage. I crossed -the Mahi by the bridge that had been made. Though there were no boats -on this river of which a bridge could be made, and the water was very -deep and flowing rapidly, Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the chief Bakhshi, -had built with great exertions a very strong bridge two or [104] -three days before. Its length was 140 yards and its breadth 4 yards -(dara`). By way of testing it I ordered the elephant Gun Sundar Khass -which is one of the large and strong elephants, with three females, -to be sent across it. It was so firmly built that its supports did -not shake with the weight of elephants of mountainous form. - -From the most honoured lips of my father I heard as follows: "In -early youth I had taken two or three cups (of wine), and had mounted -a full-blooded (mast) elephant. Though I was in my senses, and the -elephant in very good training, and was under my control, I pretended -that I was out of my senses, and that the elephant was refractory and -vicious, and that I was making him charge the people. After that, -I sent for another elephant, and made the two fight. They fought, -and in doing so went to the head of the bridge that had been made -over the Jumna. It happened that the other elephant ran away, and as -there was no other escape, he went towards the bridge. The elephant -I was on pursued him, and although I had him under control, and he -would have halted at the slightest signal, I thought that if I held -him back from the bridge the people would regard those drunken ways -(of mine) as a sham, and would believe that neither was I beside -myself, nor was the elephant violent and headstrong. Such pretences -on the part of kings are disapproved of, and so after imploring the -aid of God--Glory be to Him--I did not restrain my elephant. Both -of them went upon the bridge, and as it was made of boats, whenever -an elephant put his forefeet on the edge of a boat, half of it sank, -and the other half stood up. At each step there came the thought that -the lashings might give way. People on seeing this were overwhelmed -in the sea of perplexity and alarm. As the care and guardianship of -the Great and Glorious God is ever and in all places the protection -of this suppliant, both elephants crossed the bridge in safety." [105] - -On Thursday, the 25th, a wine-feast was held on the banks of the -Mahi, and some of my intimate servants who had admittance to such -assemblies had their hearts delighted by brimming cups and ample -favours. Certainly it was an entrancing halting-ground. I stayed here -four days for two reasons--first, because of the beauty of the spot, -and secondly in order that the people might not be confused in crossing -the river. - -On Sunday, the 28th, I marched from the bank of the Mahi. On Monday -I marched again. On this day a strange sight was witnessed. The pair -of saras that had had young ones had been brought from Ahmadabad on -Thursday (the 25th). In the Court of the royal enclosure, which had -been placed on the bank of a tank, they were walking about with their -young ones. By chance both the male and female raised a cry, and a -pair of wild saras hearing it, and crying out from the other side of -the tank, came flying towards them. The male with the male, and the -female with the female, engaged in a fight, and although some people -were standing about, the birds paid no heed to them. The eunuchs who -had been told off to protect them hastened to seize them. One clung to -the male and the other to the female. He who had caught the male kept -hold of it after much struggling, but the one who seized the female -could not hold her, and she escaped from his hand. I with my own hand -put rings in his beak and on his legs, and set him free. Both went and -settled in their own place. [106] Whenever the domestic saras raised -a cry they responded. I saw a sight of this kind in wild antelopes -when I had gone to hunt in the pargana of Karnal. About thirty of my -huntsmen and servants were in attendance when a black buck with some -does came in sight, and we let loose the decoy-antelope [107] to fight -him. They butted two or three times, and then the decoy came back. A -second time I wanted to put a noose on its horns and to let it go, -that it might capture (the wild one). Meanwhile the wild antelope, in -the excess of its rage, not looking at the crowd of men, ran without -regard to anything, and butting the tame buck two or three times fought -with it till it fled. The wild antelope thereupon made its escape. - -On this day news came of the death of `Inayat K. He was one of my -intimate attendants. As he was addicted to opium, and when he had -the chance, to drinking as well, by degrees he became maddened with -wine. As he was weakly built, he took more than he could digest, and -was attacked by the disease of diarrhoea, and in this weak state he -two or three times fainted. By my order Hakim Rukna applied remedies, -but whatever methods were resorted to gave no profit. At the same -time a strange hunger came over him, and although the doctor exerted -himself in order that he should not eat more than once in twenty-four -hours, he could not restrain himself. He also would throw [108] -himself like a madman on water and fire until he fell into a bad [109] -state of body. At last he became dropsical, and exceedingly low and -weak. Some days before this he had petitioned that he might go to -Agra. I ordered him to come into my presence and obtain leave. They -put him into a palanquin and brought him. He appeared so low and weak -that I was astonished. - - - "He was skin drawn over bones." - - -Or rather his bones, too, had dissolved. Though painters have striven -much in drawing an emaciated face, yet I have never seen anything -like this, nor even approaching to it. Good God, can a son of man -come to such a shape and fashion? These two couplets of Ustad [110] -occurred as appropriate: - - - "If my shadow do not hold my leg - I shall not be able to stand till the Resurrection - Nor, from weakness, does my soul see a refuge - Where it may for a while rest on my lips." - - -As it was a very extraordinary case I directed painters to take his -portrait. In fact, I found him wonderfully changed. I said to him: -"Beware; in your present state do not for a moment forget God, nor -despair of His mercy! If Death grant you quarter (aman), regard the -reprieve as a time for apologizing and for amendment. If your life has -come to its close, consider every moment passed in remembrance of God -as gain. Trouble not your head about those you are leaving behind. A -slight claim of service is a great thing with us." As they had spoken -to me about his poverty, I gave him Rs. 2,000 for road-expenses, -and let him go. Next day he travelled the road of non-existence. - -On Tuesday, the 30th, the bank of the River Manab [111] became the -halting-place for the sublime camp. The New Year's [112] feast of -Thursday was prepared at this place on the 2nd of the Ilahi month -of Aban. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., at his request, was promoted -to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 [113] horse, and Girdhar, -s. Ray Sal, to that of 1,000 personal and 800 horse. `Abdu-llah, -son of Khan A`zam, obtained the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 -horse. Dilir K., who was one of the jagirdars of Gujarat, I presented -with a horse and an elephant. Ran-baz K., s. Shah-baz K. Kambu, came -by order from the Deccan, and was promoted to the post of Bakhshi -and Recorder of the army of Bangash, and his mansab was fixed at -800 personal and 400 horse. I marched on Friday, the 3rd. At this -stage [114] Prince Shuja`, the beloved son (liver-corner) of my son -Shah-Jahan, who was being brought up in the chaste lap of Nur-Jahan -Begam, and towards whom I have so much affection that he is dearer -to me than life, was attacked by a specially infantile disease which -they call "ummu-s-sibyan," [115] and for a long time his senses left -him. Although experienced people devised many remedies, they were -unprofitable, and his insensibility (bi-hushi) took away my senses -(hush). As visible remedies were hopeless, by way of humility and -submission I rubbed the head of supplication on the Court of the -gracious Ruler who cherishes his slaves, and begged for the child's -recovery. In this state it occurred to me that as I had made a -vow [116] to my God that after I had passed my fiftieth year, this -suppliant would give up hunting with bullet and gun, and would injure -no creature with his own hand, if for the sake of his safety I were -to give up shooting from the present date, it were possible that his -life would become the means of preserving the lives of many animals, -and God Almighty might give him to me. In fine, with true purpose, -and sincere belief I vowed [117] to God that I would thenceforward -not harm any living thing with my own hand. By the grace of Allah his -illness diminished. At the time when this suppliant was in his mother's -womb, one day I made no movement after the manner that other children -make. The attendants were amazed, and inquiring into the cause stated -the case to my father (Akbar). At that time my father was engaged in -hunting with cheetahs. As that day was a Friday, for the purpose of -my safety he made a vow that during his life he would not hunt with -cheetahs on a Friday. Till the end of his life he remained firm in -this determination, and I also in obedience to him until now have -never hunted with cheetahs on a Friday. Finally, on account of the -weakness of the light of my eye, Shah Shuja`, for three days I halted -at this stage, that God Almighty might give him his natural [118] life. - -On Tuesday, the 7th, I marched. One day the son of Hakim [119] -`Ali was praising the milk of a camel. It occurred to me that if -I could continue that for some days, it was possible that it might -do some good, and it might prove agreeable to me. Asaf Khan had a -Persian camel in milk, and I took a little of it. Contrary to the -milk of other camels, which is not devoid of saltness, it appeared -to my taste sweet and delicious, and now for a month past I have been -drinking every day a cup of it, equal in quantity to half a water-cup, -and it is clearly advantageous, for it quenches my thirst. It is -strange that two years ago Asaf K. bought this camel, but at that -time it had not a young one, and had no sign of milk. At this time by -chance milk flowed from its dugs. They gave it every day to drink four -seers of cow's milk with five seers of wheat, one seer of black [120] -sugar, and one seer of fennel (badyan), to make its milk delicious, -sweet, and profitable. Certainly it suited me admirably, and was to my -taste. By way of testing it, I sent for some cow's and buffalo's milk, -and tasted all three. There was no comparison in sweetness and flavour -with the milk of this camel. I ordered them to give the same kind of -food to some other female camels, that it might become clear whether -the purity was in consequence of eating good food, or whether it was -due to the natural sweetness of this (particular) camel's milk. [121] - -On Wednesday, the 8th, I marched, and halted on the 9th. The royal -tent was pitched near a large tank. Shah-Jahan presented me with a -boat made after the Kashmir fashion, the sitting-place of which they -had made of silver. At the end of that day I embarked in that boat and -went round the tank. On this day `Abid K., Bakhshi of Bangash, who had -been summoned, came and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and was honoured with the post of Diwan-i-buyutat. Sar-faraz Khan, who -was one of the auxiliaries of Gujarat, received a standard, a private -tipchaq horse, and an elephant, and, overwhelmed with honour, obtained -leave to go. `Izzat [122] Khan, who was one of those attached to the -army of Bangash, was exalted with the gift of a standard. Marching was -ordered on Friday, the 10th. Mir Miran was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 600 horse. On Saturday, the 11th, the auspicious -equipage alighted in the pargana of Dohad. On the eve of Sunday, -the 12th of the Ilahi month of Aban, in the thirteenth year from -my accession, corresponding with the fifteenth Zi-l-Qa`da of the -Hijri year 1027, in the nineteenth degree of Libra, the Giver of -blessings gave my prosperous son Shah-Jahan a precious son by the -daughter of Asaf K. I hope that his [123] advent may be auspicious -and blessed to this everlasting State. Halting for three days at this -place, on Wednesday, [124] the 15th Aban, the camp was pitched at the -village of Samarna. [125] As it was necessary that the Mubarak-shamba -entertainment should as far as possible be arranged for on the bank -of a river and a clean place, and there was in this neighbourhood no -spot which met those requirements, there was no help for it but to -order a start when half of the night of Thursday (i.e., Wednesday), -the 16th, had passed, and when the sun rose the camp was pitched on -the bank of the tank of Bakhur. At the end of the day, the feast of -cups was held and I presented cups to some of my private servants. On -Friday, the 17th, I ordered a march. Kesho Das Maru is a jagirdar -in that neighbourhood. According to orders, he came from the Deccan, -and was honoured by doing homage. - -On Saturday, the 18th (Aban), the camp was at Ramgarh. For some -nights before this there appeared, at three gharis before sunrise, -in the atmosphere, a (luminous) vapour in the shape of a pillar. [126] -At each succeeding night it rose a ghari earlier. When it assumed its -full form, it took the shape of a spear (harba), thin at the two ends, -and thick in the middle. It was curved like a sickle, and had its -back to the south, and its face to the north. It now showed itself a -watch (pahar) before sunrise. Astronomers took its shape and size by -the astrolabe, and ascertained that with differences of appearance -(?) it extended over twenty-four degrees. It moved in high heaven, -but it had a movement of its own, differing from that of high heaven, -for it was first in Scorpio and afterwards in Libra. Its declination -(harakat-i-`arz?) was mainly southerly. Astrologers call such a -phenomenon a spear (harba) in their books, and have written that -its appearance portends weakness to the kings of Arabia, and points -to their enemies prevailing over them. God knows! Sixteen nights -after this phenomenon, a star showed itself in the same quarter. Its -head was luminous, and its tail was two or three yards long, but the -tail was not luminous. It has now appeared for eight nights; when it -disappears, the fact will be noticed, as well as the results of it. - -I halted on Sunday, the 19th, and on Monday I alighted at the village -of Sitalkhera. [127] On Tuesday, the 21st, there was again a halt. I -presented Rashid K., the Afghan, with a robe of honour and an elephant, -sending them to him by Ran-baz K. On Wednesday, the 22nd, the camp -rested in pargana Madanpur. [128] On Thursday, the 23rd, I halted and -had a feast of cups, and Darab K. had a nadiri dress of honour given -to him. Halting on Friday, on Saturday the camp was pitched in the -pargana of Nawari. [129] On Sunday, the 26th, I pitched on the bank -of the River Chambal, and on Monday on the bank of the River Kahnar -[130] (?). On Tuesday, the 28th, the royal standards were raised -in the neighbourhood of the city of Ujain. From Ahmadabad to Ujain -is a distance of ninety-eight kos. It was traversed in twenty-eight -marches and forty-one halts--that is, in two months and nine days. On -Wednesday, the 29th, I had an interview with Jadrup, who is one -of the austere ones of the Hindu religion, and the particulars of -whose circumstances have been described in the preceding pages, and -went with him to see Kaliyadaha. Certainly association with him is -a great privilege. - -On this day it was made known to me in the contents of a report -from Bahadur K., the Governor of Qandahar, that in the Hijri year -1026--that is, last year--the number of mice in Qandahar and the -neighbourhood was so great that they destroyed all the crops and -grain and cultivation and the fruits of the trees of the province, -so that there had been no produce. They (the mice) cut off the ears of -corn and ate them. When the cultivators gathered their crops, before -they were threshed and cleaned, another [131] half was destroyed, -so that perhaps one-fourth of the crops only came to hand. In the -same way no vestige was left of the melons (melon-beds) or garden -produce. After some time the mice disappeared. - -As my son Shah-Jahan had not made a birthday entertainment for his -son (Aurangzib), he petitioned at Ujain, which is the place of his -jagir, that the Thursday entertainment of the 30th should be held -at his abode. Of necessity, having consented to the carrying out of -his wish, the day was passed in enjoyment at his quarters. My private -servants who have the entrée into this kind of parties and assemblies -were delighted with brimming cups. My son Shah-Jahan brought that -auspicious child before me, and, presenting as offerings a tray of -jewels, and jewelled ornaments, and fifty elephants, thirty male and -twenty female, asked me for a name for him. Please God it will be -given him in a favourable hour. Of his elephants seven were included -in my private stud; the rest were distributed among the faujdars. The -value of the offerings that were accepted will be Rs. 200,000. - -On this day `Azudu-d-daula (Jamalu-d-din Husain Anju) came from -his jagir, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave -eighty-one muhars as nazr, and an elephant as an offering. Qasim K., -whom I had dismissed from the government of Bengal, had been sent for, -and having had the good fortune to do homage, presented 1,000 muhars as -nazr. On Friday, the 1st of Azar, I amused myself with hawking. As the -retinue passed along, a field of millet (jwar) was met with. Though -generally a stem has only one head, each of them had twelve. I was -astonished, and at this time the tale of "The King and the Gardener" -occurred to me. - - - -TALE OF "THE KING AND THE GARDENER." [132] - -A King came to the gate of a garden in the heat of the day. He saw -an old gardener standing at the gate, and asked him if there were -any pomegranates in the garden. He said: "There are." He told him -to bring a cup of pomegranate juice. The gardener had a daughter -adorned with grace of person, and beauty of disposition. He made -a sign to her to bring the pomegranate juice. The girl went and at -once brought a cup full of pomegranate juice, and placed some leaves -upon it. The King took it from her hand and drank it. Then he asked -the girl what was her reason for placing leaves on the top of the -juice. She, with an eloquent tongue and a sweet voice, represented -that it was not wise at once to drink off a quantity of liquid when -he was bathed in perspiration, and in such a hot air. On this account -she had placed the leaves on the liquid by way of precaution, so that -he might drink it slowly. The King was greatly pleased with her sweet -ways, and it crossed his mind to admit the girl into his Palace. After -this he asked the gardener: "How much profit do you derive from this -garden every year?" He answered: "Three hundred dinars." The King -asked: "What do you pay the Diwan (tax-collector)?" He answered: -"The King takes nothing from the trees, but takes a tenth of the -cultivated crops." It came into the King's mind that there were in -his dominions many gardens and countless trees. If he were to get -a tenth of the garden produce as well, it would amount to a large -sum, and there would be no great loss to the cultivator. Hereafter -he would order a tax to be levied on garden produce. He said then: -"Bring me a little more pomegranate juice." The girl went, and after -a long time brought a small quantity. The King said: "The first time -thou camest quickly, and broughtest more. This time thou didst stay -a long time, and broughtest less." The girl said: "The first time I -had filled the cup with the juice of one pomegranate, and brought it; -this time I pressed out five or six pomegranates and did not get as -much juice." The astonishment of the King increased. The gardener -represented: "The blessing of produce depends on the goodwill of the -King. It occurs to me that you must be a King. At the time when you -inquired of me the income from the garden, your disposition must have -changed. Consequently the blessing passed away from the fruit." The -Sultan was impressed, and drove that idea out of his heart. He then -said: "Bring me once more a cup of pomegranate juice." The girl went -again, and quickly bringing a cup full to the brim, gave it, smiling -and gladly, into the Sultan's hand. He praised the intelligence of -the gardener, and explained the actual state of affairs, and begged -the girl of him in marriage, and married her. - - - -This true tale of that truth-preserving King has remained as a memento -on the page of time. In truth, the manifestation of such spiritual -(?) [133] results is the mark of good intentions, and the fruit of -justice. Whenever all the energies and purposes of justice-observing -Kings are devoted to the comfort of the people and the contentment of -their subjects, the manifestations of well-being and the productions -of fields and gardens are not far off. God be praised that in this -age-enduring State no tax has ever been levied on the fruit of trees, -and is not levied now. In the whole of the dominion not a dam nor -one grain (habba) [134] on this account enters the public treasury, -or is collected by the State. Moreover, there is an order that whoever -makes a garden on arable land, its produce is exempted. I trust that -God (to whom be glory!) will always incline this suppliant towards -what is good. - - - "When my purpose is good, do Thou grant me good." [135] - - -On Saturday, for the second time, my desire for the company of Jadrup -increased. After performing the midday devotions, I embarked in a boat -and hastened to meet him, and at the close of day I ran and enjoyed his -society in the retirement of his cell. I heard many sublime words of -religious duties and knowledge of divine things. Without immoderate -praise, he sets forth clearly the doctrines of wholesome Sufism, -and one can find delight in his society. He is sixty years old. He -was twenty-two years of age, when, forsaking all external attachments, -he placed the foot of determination on the highroad of asceticism, and -for thirty-eight years he had lived in the garment of nakedness. When -I took leave he said: "In what language can I return thanks for this -gift of Allah that I am engaged in the reign of such a just King in the -worship of my own Deity in ease and contentment, and that the dust of -discomposure from any accident settles not on the skirt of my purpose?" - -On Sunday, the 3rd, marching from Kaliyadaha, I encamped at the village -of Qasimkhera. I employed myself on the road in hawking. By chance a -crane rose, and the tuyghun falcon, of which I am very fond, was let -fly after it. The crane sought to escape, and the falcon soared and -flew so high as to disappear from sight. Although the huntsmen and -the head-beaters ran after it in all directions, they found no trace -of it, and it was impossible for the falcon to be caught in such a -desert. Lashkar Mir Kashmiri, who is the head of the Kashmir huntsmen, -in whose charge the falcon was, ran in a bewildered state through the -desert in all directions without finding a sign or trace. Suddenly he -saw a tree in the distance, and when he went up to it he found the -falcon sitting on the end of a branch. Showing a domestic fowl, he -called to the falcon. Three gharis more had not passed when he brought -it to me. This gift from the hidden world, that had entered into the -thoughts of no one, increased the joy of my mind. Increasing his mansab -as a reward for this service, I gave him a horse and a dress of honour. - -On Monday, the 4th, Tuesday, the 5th, Wednesday, the 6th, I marched -continuously, and, halting on Thursday, the 7th, I arranged a feast -of pleasure on the bank of a tank. Nur-Jahan Begam had been ill for -some time, and the physicians who had the good fortune to be chosen -to attend on her, Musulmans and Hindus, perceived no gain from all -the medicines they gave her, and confessed their helplessness in -treating her. At this time Hakim Ruhu-llah began to wait upon her, -and undertook (to find) a remedy. By the aid of God (Glory be to -His name!), in a short time she quite recovered. In reward for this -excellent service I increased his mansab and bestowed on the Hakim -three villages in his native country as his private property, and -an order was given that he should be weighed against silver, which -should be given him as a reward. From Friday, the 8th, until Sunday, -[136] the 13th, I made successive marches, and every day up to the -end of the stage employed myself in hunting with hawks and falcons -(baz u jurra). Many durraj (partridges) were caught. On last Sunday, -Kunwar Karan, s. Rana Amar Singh, having enjoyed the good fortune of -kissing the ground, presented his congratulations on the conquest of -the Deccan, offering 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000 by way of nazr, and -the value of Rs. 21,000 in jewelled vessels, with some horses and -elephants as pishkash. The horses and elephants I returned to him, -and the rest was accepted. The next day I presented him with a dress -of honour. To Mir Sharif, Vakil of Qutbu-l-mulk, and to Iradat K., -the chief butler, an elephant each was given. Sayyid Hizabr K. was -given the faujdari of Mewat, and his mansab, original and increased, -was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Having selected Sayyid -Mubarak for the charge of the fort of Rohtas, I conferred on him the -mansab of 500 personal and 200 horse. On Thursday, the 14th, the camp -was pitched on the bank of the tank of the village of Sandhara, and -the feast of cups was held, and chosen servants were made happy with -cups of pleasure. The birds of chase, "that had been shut up in Agra to -moult" (ba-kuriz basta budand), were this day brought to me by Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Latif, the Chief Fowler. Picking out those that were fit for -my own use, the rest were given to the Amirs and other servants. - -On this day the news of the revolt and ingratitude for favours -of Raja Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, came to my ear. Baso had several -[137] sons. Although the above-mentioned was the eldest, his father -mostly kept him in confinement on account of his evil thoughts and -mischievous tendencies, and regarded him with displeasure. After his -(Baso's) death, as this wretch was the eldest, and he had no other -capable or intelligent son, I, looking to the services rendered by -Raja Baso, for the purpose of preserving the family of a Zamindar, -and the protection of his hereditary property and country, conferred -on this wretch the title of Raja, with a mansab of 2,000, and gave him -the position and jagir of his father, which the latter had obtained -by his loyalty and good service. I also gave him the sums of money -and goods that his father had collected during long years. When the -deceased Murtaza K. was sent off on the duty of conquering Kangra, as -this wretch was the chief Zamindar of that hill country, he outwardly -displayed zeal in the service and loyalty, and was nominated as an -auxiliary. After he reached the spot, Murtaza K. pressed the siege -tightly against the garrison. This evil-minded fellow discovered -from the appearance of things that he would soon be victorious, -and began to disagree and be troublesome. He took off the veil of -respect from his face, and proceeded to quarrel and be hostile to -Murtaza K.'s men. Murtaza K. read the writing of misery and ruin on -the page of the wretch's forehead, and reported unfavourably of him -to the Court, or rather wrote plainly that the signs of rebellion -and want of loyalty were clear in his conduct. As there was there -such an officer as Murtaza K. and a large army in the hill-country, -the wretch did not find the time convenient for the preparation of -a disturbance. He sent a report to my son Shah-Jahan that Murtaza -K., at the instigation of interested parties, had turned against -him, and desired to overthrow and ruin him, and was accusing him of -wrong-doing and rebellion. He hoped that he would summon him to Court, -and thus provide a means for his escape and (the prolonging of) -his life. Although I had every confidence in the words of Murtaza -K., yet as he (Suraj Mal) begged to be sent for to Court, a doubt -passed into my mind that possibly Murtaza K., at the instigation of -seditious people, might cause a confusion, and might have accused him -without due reflection. Briefly, at the request of my son Shah-Jahan, -passing over his offence, I summoned him (Suraj Mal) to Court. Just -at this time Murtaza K. died, and the conquest of the fort of Kangra -was delayed till the dispatch of another leader. When this seditious -fellow arrived at Court, I, under the pressure of affairs, rapidly -encompassed him with favours and sent him off to do duty with my son -Shah-Jahan in the conquest of the Deccan. After this, when the Deccan -had come into the possession of the servants of the enduring State, -he, having acquired influence in my son's service, was appointed to -superintend the taking of the fort of Kangra. Although the sending -back of this ungrateful and untruthful one into that hill-country -showed a want of caution and care, yet as my son had taken on himself -the responsibility of the undertaking, I was obliged to give in to -his wish and to leave the matter to him. My fortunate son appointed -him, along with one of his own servants of the name of Taqi and a -suitable army of mansabdars, ahadis, and royal musketeers, as has -already been related summarily in these pages. When he arrived at -the place, he began to show enmity and trickery toward Taqi also, -and displayed his natural disposition. He continually reported -unfavourably of him (Taqi), until he wrote plainly that he could -not get on with him, and that Taqi could not do the work. If another -general were appointed, the fort would be quickly conquered. In fine, -he (Shah-Jahan) had no choice but to summon Taqi to Court, and to -appoint Raja Bikramajit, who was one of his chief servants, with an -army of fresh men on this service. When the wretch discovered that his -stratagems could no longer continue, and his deceit go no farther, -he, before the arrival of Bikramajit, gave leave to a number of the -servants of the Court, on the pretence that they had been on service -a long time without proper arrangements (commissariat), to hasten to -their jagirs and provide themselves with their equipments before the -arrival of Raja Bikramajit. As palpably this came to a dispersion of -the forces of the loyal, and most of them left for their own jagirs, -only a few experienced men remained there. Seeing his opportunity, -he showed the signs of revolt and sedition. Sayyid Safi Barha, who -was distinguished for his bravery, with some of his brothers and -relatives, advanced the feet of courage, and tasted the wholesome -draught of martyrdom, and some who were wounded with severe wounds, -which are the adornment of the lions of battle, that rascal took -captive from the field of strife and carried off to his own house -of calamity. [138] Some from love [139] of life hastily withdrew -themselves to the corner of safety. That rascal stretched out the -hand of oppression and possession over the parganas on the skirts of -the hill-country (daman-i-kuh), which mostly belonged to the jagir of -I`timadu-d-daula, and did not abate a hair's breadth from attacking -and plundering. It is hoped that with the same swiftness, he will be -caught with the reward of his deeds and the recompense of his actions, -and that the spirit [140] of this State will do its work, please God! - -On Sunday, the 17th, I crossed Ghati Chanda. On Monday, the 18th, -the Jan-sipar Ataliq Khan-khanan, Commander-in-Chief, had the honour -of kissing the threshold. As he had been absent from my presence for a -long time, and the victorious retinue was passing by near the Sarkars -of Khandesh and Burhanpur, he asked to wait upon me, and an order was -given that if his mind were at ease in all respects, he should come -unattended and return quickly. He accordingly came with all speed, -and had the good fortune to pay his respects on this day, and, having -been exalted by the receipt of all kinds of royal favours and kingly -benefits, he presented an offering of 1,000 muhars and Rs. 1,000. - -As the camp had undergone great hardship in crossing the Ghati, -I ordered a halt for the refreshment of the people on Tuesday, the -19th. I marched on Wednesday, the 20th, and on Thursday, the 21st, -halted again and held a feast of cups on the bank of a river that is -known as the Sind. [141] I gave a special horse, of the name of Sumer, -which was one of the finest horses, to the Khan-khanan. In the Hindi -language they call a hill of gold Sumer (Sumeru), and he was called -by this name on account of his colour and size. On Friday, the 22nd, -and Saturday, the 23rd, two successive marches were made. On this day -a wonderful waterfall was seen. The water is exceedingly clear, and -pours down with boiling and noise from a lofty place. On all sides -of it there are halting places where one may praise God. Certainly -I have not recently seen such another fine waterfall, and it is a -delightful recreation-place. I was delighted with the spectacle for -a while. On Sunday, the 24th, I halted, and, sitting in a boat on a -tank which was in front of the royal enclosure (daulat-khana), were -shot [142] ducks (murghabi). On Monday, the 25th, Tuesday, the 26th, -and Wednesday, the 27th, I marched one after the other. I bestowed on -the Khan-khanan the pustin (sheep-skin coat) I had on my own person, -and seven horses from my stable, on which I always rode, were also -given him. On Sunday, the 2nd of the Ilahi month of Dai, the royal -standards were raised at the fort of Ranthambur. This is one of the -great forts of the Indians. In the time of Sultan `Ala'u-d-din Khalji, -Ray Pitambar Deo was in possession of it. The Sultan besieged it for -a long time, and conquered it with labour and great exertions, and -in the beginning [143] of the reign of H.M. (Akbar)--may the light of -God be his witness!--Ray Surjan Hada had it in his possession. He had -always 6,000 or 7,000 horse in attendance on him. That revered one, -by the aid of the glorious God, conquered it in the space of one -month and twelve days, and Ray Surjan, by the guidance of fortune, -having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, was enrolled -among the number of the loyal, and became one of his respectable and -trusted Amirs. After him his son Ray Bhoj also was included among -the great Amirs. Now his grandson, Sar-buland Ray, is among the chief -officers. On Monday, [144] the 3rd, I went to inspect the fort. There -are two hills close to each other. They call one Ran, and the other -Thanbur. The fort is built on the top of Thanbur, and, putting these -two names together, they have called it Ranthambur. Although the -fort is exceedingly strong, and has plenty of water, the hill of -Ran is a specially strong fortress (in itself), and the capture of -the fortress depends upon the possession of this hill. Accordingly, -my revered father ordered that they should plant cannon on the top of -the hill of Ran, and aim at (majra girand) the buildings inside the -fort. The first gun they fired reached the square building (chaukandi) -[145] of the palace of Ray Surjan. From the fall of that building, -a trembling found its way into the foundations of his courage, and a -great perplexity overpowered his heart, and thinking he would best -consult his own safety in delivering up the fort, he rubbed the -head of worship and humility on the throne of the king of kings, -who forgave faults and accepted excuses. - -I had intended to pass the night in the fort, and the next day to -return to camp. As the buildings inside the fort had been built after -the fashion of the Hindus, and the rooms were without air and with -little space, they did not please me, nor was I disposed to stay -there. I saw a bath house, which one of the servants of Dastam [146] -Khan had built near the wall of the fort. A little garden and a lodging -(nishiman) which overlooks (mushrif) the open space is not wanting in -space and air, and there is no better place in the whole fort. [147] -Dastam K. was one of the Amirs of the late King (Akbar), and from his -early years had been brought up in his service. His connection with -him was confidential and intimate. H.M. had entrusted this fort to -him from his exceeding confidence in him. - -After completing my inspection of the fort and houses, I ordered that -they should bring before me the criminals who were confined in the -fort, so that I might look into the case of each of them and give -an order in accordance with justice. In brief, with the exception of -affairs of murder, and of any person through whose release disturbance -or calamity might ensue in the country, I freed them all, and to -each one in accordance with his circumstances gave his expenses and -dresses [148] of honour. On the eve of Tuesday, the 4th, I returned -to the royal abode after a watch and three gharis had passed. On -Sunday (properly Wednesday), the 5th, having marched nearly 5 koss, -I halted on Thursday, the 6th. On this day the Khan-khanan presented -his offering of jewels, ornamented vessels, cloth, and an elephant. Of -these I chose whatever pleased me, and returned the rest. What was -accepted of his offering was of the value of Rs. 150,000. On Friday, -the 7th, I marched 5 koss. I had before this captured a saras with a -falcon, but until now I had never seen the hunting of a durna [149] -(crane). As my son Shah-Jahan had great pleasure in durna hunting -with the falcon (shahin), and his falcons were well grown, at his -request I rode out early in the morning, and caught one durna myself, -whilst the falcon my son had on his wrist caught another. Certainly, -of all good hunting amusements, this is the best. I was exceedingly -pleased with it. Although the saras is large, it is lazy and heavy on -the wing. The chase of the durna has no resemblance to it. I praise -the heart and courage of the falcon that can seize such strong-bodied -animals, and with the strength of his talons can subdue them. Hasan K., -the chief huntsman of my son, was honoured with an elephant, a horse, -and a dress of honour, as a reward for this exhibition of sport, and -his son also received a horse and a dress of honour. On Saturday, the -8th, having marched 4 1/4 koss, I halted on Sunday, the 9th. On this -day the Khan-khanan, the Commander-in-Chief, having raised the head -of dignity through the gift of a special dress of honour, a jewelled -waist-sword, and a private elephant with trappings, was reappointed -to Khandesh and the Deccan. The mansab of that pillar of the kingdom, -original and increase, was fixed at 7,000 personal and horse. As -he did not get on with Lashkar K., at his request I assigned to -`Abid K. the duty of Diwan-i-buyutat, [150] and having given him -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse, as well as a horse, -an elephant, and a dress of honour, sent him to that Subah. On the -same day Khan Dauran arrived from Kabul, and had the good fortune to -pay his respects, and presented as nazr 1,000 muhars and Rs. 1,000, -as well as an offering of a pearl rosary, fifty horses, ten Persian -male and female camels, and some hawks, and china, [151] and porcelain -(?), and other things. On Monday, the 10th, I marched 3 1/4 koss, and -on Tuesday, the 11th, 5 3/4 koss. On this day the Khan Dauran arranged -his men before me, and passed in review a thousand Mughal cavalry, -most of whom had Turki horses, and some `Iraq and some Mujannas [152] -horses. Though his troopers had been mostly dispersed, some going -into the service of Mahabat K. and remaining in that Subah, whilst -a number left him at Lahore and went into different parts of the -dominion, yet he could show this body of well-mounted men. Certainly -the Khan Dauran for valour and generalship is one of the unique -of the ages, but alas! I found he had become a decrepit old man, -and his sight was very weak. He has two intelligent young sons, who -are not wanting in reasonableness, but it will certainly be a great -and difficult thing for them to show themselves his equals. On this -day I gave him and his sons dresses of honour and swords. On Sunday, -the 12th, traversing 3 1/2 koss, I alighted on the bank of the tank -of Mandu. [153] In the middle of the tank there is a stone building, -and on one of the pillars the quatrain of someone had been engraved. I -saw it, and was amazed. In truth, it is a fine verse: - - - "My congenial friends have left me: - One by one they've fallen into the hands of death. - They were poor drinkers at the banquet of life. - A moment sooner than us they became drunken." [154] - - -At this time I also heard another quatrain of the same description, -which I have recorded because it was very well said: - - - "Alas! that people of intelligence and wisdom have passed away. - They have been forgotten in the minds of their contemporaries. - Those who spoke with a hundred tongues - Ah! what heard they that they became silent." - - -On Thursday, the 13th, I made a halt. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., having come -from Bangash, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Ikram K., -who was in charge of the faujdari of Fathpur and the neighbourhood, -was honoured with waiting on me. Khwaja Ibrahim K., Bakhshi of the -Deccan, was exalted with the title of `Aqidat K. Mir Hajj, who is -one of the auxiliaries attached to that Subah, and one of the brave -young officers, was promoted to the title of Sharza (tiger-whelp) -K., and received a standard. On Friday, the 14th, I marched 5 1/4 -koss. On Saturday, the 15th, having marched 3 koss, I halted in the -neighbourhood of Bayana. [155] There I hastened with the ladies to see -the spectacle of the top of the fort. Muhammad, the Bakhshi of Humayun, -who was entrusted with the charge of the fort, had built a fine house -overlooking the plain, of great height and with fine air. The tomb -of Shaikh Bahlul is also in that neighbourhood, and is not wanting -in excellence. The Shaikh was the elder brother of Shaikh Muhammad -Ghaus, and was much versed in the science of incantations by names -(of God). Humayun had great affection for him, and the most perfect -reliance on him. When he conquered the province of Bengal, he took -up his abode there for some time. Mirza Hindal, by his order, had -remained [156] at Agra. A body of avaricious servants (qulluq-chiyan), -whose character was mischievous and seditious, taking to the way of -faithlessness, came from Bengal to the Mirza, and, working upon his -base nature (shaking the chain of his vile heart), led the Mirza on -the road of rebellion and ingratitude for favours, and of irrecognition -of duty. The thoughtless Mirza had the khutba recited in his own name -(proclaimed himself king), and openly raised the standard of rebellion -and strife. When the royal ear heard what had taken place from the -reports of those who were loyal, he sent Shaikh Bahlul to admonish the -Mirza, and to turn him back from his vain purpose, and to establish -his feet on the highroad of sincerity and concord. As these wretches -had made the flavour of royalty sweet to the Mirza's palate, he became -imbued with futile ideas, and would not be loyal. At the instigation of -these seditious people he made Shaikh Bahlul a martyr with the sword of -recklessness at the Charbagh (garden) which H.M. Babar had made on the -bank of the Jumna. As Muhammad Bakhshi was a disciple of the Shaikh, -he carried the body into the fort of Bayana, and buried it there. - -On Sunday, the 16th, marching 4 1/2 koss, I came to the stage of -Barah. [157] As the garden and well which had been built by the order -of Maryam-zamani (Jahangir's mother) in the pargana of Jusat was on -the road, I went to inspect them. Certainly the ba'oli (step-well) was -a grand building, and had been built exceedingly well. I ascertained -from the officials that a sum of Rs. 20,000 had been expended on this -well. As there was much game in this neighbourhood, I halted on Monday, -the 17th. - -On Tuesday, the 18th, marching 3 1/8 koss, the host of prosperity -halted at the village of Dayarm'a'u. [158] On Wednesday, the 19th, -marching 2 1/2 koss, the victorious standards were raised on the bank -of the Lake of Fathpur. As at the time when the conquest of the Deccan -was meditated, the stages and distances from Ranthambur to Ujain were -recorded, it appears unnecessary to repeat them. From Ranthambur [159] -to Fathpur by the road by which I came was a distance of 234 koss, -in sixty-three marches and fifty-six halts, traversed in 119 days, -or, according to solar reckoning, in one day under four months, -and by lunar four full months. From the date on which the army of -fortune started from the capital for the conquest of the Rana and the -acquisition of the Deccan until now, when the victorious and prosperous -standards have been planted again in the centre of the empire, it is -five years and four months. The astrologers and astronomers chose the -day of Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 28th of the Divine month of Dai, -in my thirteenth year, corresponding with the last day of the Muharram -in the Hijri year 1028 (January 7, 1619), as the proper time at which -to enter the capital of Agra. - -At this time, again, it appeared from the reports of the loyal that -the disease of the plague was prevalent in Agra, so that daily about -100 people, more or less, were dying of it. Under the armpits, or in -the groin, or below the throat, buboes formed, and they died. This is -the third year that it has raged in the cold weather, and disappeared -in the commencement of the hot season. It is a strange thing that -in these three years the infection has spread to all the towns and -villages in the neighbourhood of Agra, while there has been no trace -of it at Fathpur. It has come as far as Amanabad, which is 2 1/2 koss -from Fathpur, and the people of that place (Amanabad) have forsaken -their homes and gone to other villages. There being no choice, and -considering the observance of caution necessary, it was decided that -at this propitious [160] hour the victorious army should enter the -inhabited part of Fathpur in all joy and auspiciousness, and after -the sickness and scarcity had subsided and another auspicious hour -had been chosen, I should enter the capital, please the Almighty and -most holy Allah! - -The Thursday entertainment took place on the bank of the Lake of -Fathpur. As the time for entering the town (of Fathpur) was fixed for -the 28th, I halted eight days in this place. I ordered them to measure -the circumference of the lake, [161] and it came to 7 koss. At this -stage, with the exception of the revered Maryam-zamani, who had become -very weak, all the Begams and inhabitants of the enclosure of chastity -and all the palace employés came out to meet me (istiqbal). The -daughter [162] of Asaf K., deceased, who is in the house of `Abdu-llah -K. (i.e., is married to `Abdu-llah), s. Khan A`zam, told me a strange -and wonderful tale, and strongly insisted upon its truth. I write it -on account of its strangeness. She said: "One day in the courtyard of -the house I saw a mouse rising and falling in a distracted state. It -was running about in every direction after the manner of drunkards, -and did not know where to go. I said to one of my girls: 'Take it by -the tail and throw it to the cat!' The cat was delighted, and jumped up -from its place and seized it in its mouth, but immediately dropped it -and showed disgust. By degrees an expression of pain and trouble showed -itself in its face. The next day it was nearly dead, when it entered -into my mind to give it a little treacle [163] (tiryaq, opium?). When -its mouth was opened, the palate and tongue appeared black. It passed -three days in a state of misery, and on the fourth day came to its -senses. After this the grain (dana) of the plague (buboes) appeared -in the girl, and from excess of temperature and increase of pain she -had no rest. Her colour became changed--it was yellow inclining to -black--and the fever was high (tap muhriq gardid). The next day she -vomited [164] and had motions, and died. Seven or eight people in that -household died in the same way, and so many were ill that I went to -the garden from that lodging. Those who were ill died in the garden, -but in that place there were no buboes. In brief, in the space of -eight or nine days seventeen people became travellers on the road of -annihilation." She also said: "Those in whom the buboes appeared, if -they called another person for water to drink or wash in, the latter -also caught the infection (sirayat), and at last it came to such a -pass that through excessive apprehension no one would come near them." - -On Saturday, the 22nd, Khwaja Jahan, who had had the charge of Agra, -having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, presented 500 muhars -by way of nazr, and Rs. 400 [165] as charity. On Monday, the 24th, a -special dress of honour was conferred on him. On Mubarak-shamba [166] -(Thursday), the 28th (? 27th), after four ghari [167] or nearly two -sidereal hours (sa`at), had passed, - - - "In an hour which agreed with two almanacs (?) (or which marked - two events)," - - -the royal standards auspiciously and happily entered the inhabited -part of Fathpur. At the same hour the entertainment (of weighing) -for my prosperous and noble son, Shah-Jahan, was held. I ordered him -to be weighed against gold and other things, and his twenty-eighth -year according to the solar [168] months began auspiciously. It -is hoped that he may reach the natural [169] limit of life. On the -same day H.M. the revered Maryam-zamani (his mother) came from Agra, -and I acquired eternal good fortune from the blessing of waiting on -her. I hope that the shadow of her bringing up and affection may be -perennial on the head of this suppliant. As Ikram K., s. Islam K., -had performed the duties of faujdar of this neighbourhood in a proper -manner, I bestowed on him the mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse, -original and increased. Suhrab [170] K., s. Mirza Rustam Safavi, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 horse. - -On this day, going over in detail the buildings of the palace of the -late King (Akbar), I showed them to my son, Shah-Jahan. Inside of them -a large and very clear reservoir of cut stone has been constructed, -and is called the Kapur-talao (camphor tank). It is a square of 36 -yards by 36, [171] with a depth of 4 1/2 yards. By the order of that -revered one, the officials of the public treasury had filled it with -fulus (copper coins) and rupees. It came to 34 krors, and 48 lakhs, -and 46,000 dams, and 1,679,400 rupees, or a total of 10,300,000 (one -kror and three lakhs) according to Hindustani reckoning, and 343,000 -tuman according to Persian. For a long time the thirsty-lipped ones -of the desert of desire were satisfied from that fountain of benignity. - -On Sunday, the 1st Bahman, a reward of 1,000 darb (Rs. 500) was given -to Hafiz Nad `Ali, [172] the reciter. For a long time past Muhibb -`Ali, s. Budagh [173] K. Chikani, and Abu-l-Qasim Gilani, whom the -Ruler of Iran had blinded and driven into the desert of exile, have -passed their days in ease under the refuge of this State. To each of -them, according to his condition, an allowance for living had been -granted. On this day they came from Agra, and had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold, and each of them was presented with Rs. 1,000. The -Mubarak-shamba entertainment was held in state in the palace, and my -private servants were gladdened with cups of pleasure. Nasru-llah, whom -my son, Sultan Parwiz, had sent to Court with the elephant Kuh-daman, -[174] took his leave and returned. A copy (jild) of the Jahangir-nama, -together with a special tipchaq horse, were given to him to take to -my son. On Sunday, the 8th, Kunwar Karan, son of Rana Amar Singh, was -presented with a horse, an elephant, a dress of honour, a jewelled -khapwa, and a phul-katara. I gave him leave to go to his jagir, -and sent a horse with him for the Rana. On the same day I went out -sporting to Amanabad. As there was an order that no one should kill -the antelope of that region, in the course of six years many antelope -had come together, and they had grown very tame. On Thursday, the -12th, I returned to the palace, and on that day, according to custom, -a feast of cups was prepared. - -On the eve of Friday, the 13th (Bahman), I went to the mausoleum of -the refuge of pardon, Shaikh Salim Chishti, a little concerning whose -blessed qualities has been written in the preface [175] to this record -of prosperity, and the fatiha was recited. Although the manifestation -of miracles and wonders is not approved by the elect of the throne -of God, and from humility and a feeling of their low rank (as saints) -they avoid such display, yet occasionally in the excitement of ecstasy -an appearance is manifested unintentionally and without control, [176] -or for the sake of teaching someone the exhibition is made. Among these -was this, that he before my birth gave my father the good news of the -advent of this suppliant and of my two brothers. Again, one day my -father incidentally asked him how old he was, and when would he depart -to the abiding regions. He replied: "The glorious God knows what is -secret and hidden." After much urgency he indicated this suppliant -(Prince Salim), and said: "When the Prince, by the instruction of -a teacher or in any other way, shall commit something to memory -and shall recite it, this will be a sign of my union with God." In -consequence of this, His Majesty gave strict orders to all who were -in attendance on me that no one should teach me anything in prose -or verse. At length when two years and seven months had passed away, -it happened one day that one of the privileged [177] women was in the -palace. She used to burn rue constantly in order to avert the evil eye, -and on this pretext had access to me. She used to partake of the alms -and charities. She found me alone and regardless of (or ignorant of) -what had been said (by Akbar), she taught me this couplet: - - - "O God, open the rosebud of hope - Display a flower from the everlasting garden." [178] - - -I went to the Shaikh and repeated this couplet. He involuntarily -rose up and hastened to wait on the King, and informed him of what -had occurred. In accordance with Fate, the same night the traces -of fever appeared, and the next day he sent someone to the King -(with the request) to call Tan Sen Kalawant, who was unequalled as a -singer. Tan Sen, having gone to wait upon him, began to sing. After -this he sent some one to call the King. When H.M. came, he said: -"The promised time of union has come, and I must take leave of -you." Taking his turban from his head, he placed it on mine, and said: -"We have made Sultan Salim our successor, and have made him over to -God, the protector and preserver." Gradually his weakness increased, -and the signs of passing [179] away became more evident, till he -attained union with the "True Beloved." - -One of the greatest monuments of my father's reign is this mosque -and cemetery (rauza). Certainly they are exceedingly lofty and solid -buildings. There is nothing like this mosque in any other country. It -is all built of beautiful stone, and five lakhs of rupees were -expended from the public treasury upon it. Qutbu-d-din K. Kokaltash -made the marble railing (mahjar) round [180] the cemetery, the flooring -(farsh) of the dome and portico, and these are not included in the five -lakhs. The mosque has two great gateways. The one [181] towards the -south is extremely lofty, and is very beautiful. The archway (pishtaq) -is 12 yards broad, 16 long, and 52 high. One must mount thirty-two -steps to get to the top of it. The other gateway is smaller, and is -towards the east. The length of the mosque from east to west, including -the width of the walls, is 212 yards. Out of this, the Maqsura (the -chancel) is 25 1/2 yards, the middle is 15 yards by 15, the portico -(pishtaq) is 7 yards broad, 14 yards long, and 25 yards high. On each -side of the large dome are two smaller domes 10 yards by 10. Then -there is a veranda (aiwan) which is pillared. The breadth of the mosque -from north to south is 172 yards. Round it are ninety verandas (aiwan) -and eighty-four cells. The breadth of each cell is 4 yards, [182] and -the length 5 yards. The verandas are 7 1/2 yards broad. The courtyard -(sahn) of the mosque, exclusive of the maqsura, and the verandas, and -the gates, is 169 yards long and 143 yards broad. Above the verandas, -the gates, and the mosque, small domes have been constructed, and on -the eves of anniversaries and on holy days lamps are placed in these, -and they are enveloped in coloured [183] cloths, so that they look -like lamp-shades (?). Under the courtyard they have made a well, and -they fill this with rainwater. As Fathpur has little water, and what -there is is bad, this well [184] yields a sufficient supply for the -whole year for the members of the family (of Salim Chishti) and for -the dervishes who are the mujawirs (caretakers) of the mosque. Opposite -the great entrance and towards the north-north-east is the tomb of the -Shaikh. The middle dome is 7 yards, and round the dome is a portico -of marble, and on the front side of this is a marble lattice. It is -very beautiful. Opposite this tomb on the west, at a little distance, -is another dome, in which are laid to rest the sons-in-law and sons -of the Shaikh, such as Qutbu-d-din K., Islam K., Mu`azzam K., [185] -and others, who were all connected with this family, and rose to the -position of Amirs and to lofty rank. Accordingly, the circumstances -of each have been recorded in their places. At present the son of -Islam K., who is distinguished by the title of Ikram K., is the lord -of the prayer-carpet. The signs of auspiciousness are manifest in him; -I am much inclined to cherish him. - -On Thursday, the 19th, I promoted `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and nominated him to the duty of taking -the fort of Kangra, and the overthrow of the ungrateful Suraj Mal. I -bestowed on him an elephant, a horse, and a dress of honour. Tursun -Bahadur was also dispatched on this duty, and his mansab was fixed -at 1,200 personal and 450 horse. He was given a horse, and took his -leave. As the house of I`timadu-d-daula was on the bank of a tank, -and people praised it greatly as a delightful place and enchanting -residence, at his request on Thursday, the 26th, an entertainment -was held there. That pillar of the kingdom engaged in the dues of -prostration and offerings, and prepared a grand meeting. At night, -after eating food, I returned to the palace. On Thursday, the 3rd -of the Divine month of Isfand-armuz, Sayyid `Abdu-l-Wahhab Barha, -who had done active service in Gujarat, was promoted to the mansab of -1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was honoured with the title of Dilir -K. On Saturday, the 12th, I went out to Amanabad for sport, and until -Sunday, with the ladies, employed myself in the pleasure of hunting. On -the eve of Thursday, the 27th [186] (17th), I returned to the palace. - -By chance, on Tuesday, during the hunting, a string of pearls and -rubies that Nur-Jahan Begam had on her neck was broken, and a ruby of -the value of Rs. 10,000 and a pearl worth Rs. 1,000 were lost. Although -the huntsmen made every search for it on Wednesday, it did not fall -into their hands. It occurred to me that as the name of the day was -Kam-shamba, it was impossible to find it on that day. On the contrary, -as Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) was always a lucky day for me, and had -been blessed to me, the huntsmen on that day with but a little search -found both in that track-less place (without head or foundation) -and brought them to me. The best of coincidences was that on the same -propitious day the entertainment for my lunar weighing and the feast -of Basant-bari (Spring festival) also took place, and the good news of -the conquest of the fort of Mau and the defeat of that evil-fortuned -Suraj Mal arrived. - -The particulars of this are that when Raja Bikramajit with the -victorious army arrived in that region, the ill-fated Suraj Mal -desired to delay him for some days by trickery and babblement, but the -aforesaid knew the real state of the case and did not pay attention to -his words, but advanced with the foot of valour. That abandoned one, -letting fall from his hand the thread of plan, neither planted the foot -of intrepidity firmly for battle nor had the courage to defend the -fort. After a slight struggle, and when many of his people had been -slaughtered, he took to flight, and the forts of Mau [187] and Mahri -(?), which were the chief reliance of that ill-fated man, were both -taken without difficulty. A country which he had held by hereditary -right from his fathers was trodden under foot by the victorious troops, -and he became a wanderer and a vagabond. He retired to the ravines -of the hills, and cast the dust of ruin and contempt on the head of -his Fortune. Raja Bikramajit, leaving his country behind, hastened -in pursuit of him with the victorious army. When the state of affairs -reached the royal ears, in reward for this becoming service I ordered -drums for the Raja, and a fateful farman was issued from the Sovereign -of Wrath that they should overthrow from their foundation the fort and -buildings that had been erected by Suraj Mal's father and himself, -and leave not a trace of them on the face of the earth. A strange -thing is that the unfortunate Suraj Mal had a brother called Jagat -Singh. When I promoted Suraj Mal to the title of Raja, and made him -an Amir, and gave him dominion, etc., without a partner or sharer, -I, in order to please him, gave a small mansab to Jagat Singh, who -did not get on well with him, and sent him to Bengal. This wretched -one was passing his days in a poor condition far from his home, -in contempt, and to the delight of his enemies, and waiting for -some hidden aid, until by his good fortune this affair took place, -and that unblessed one struck an axe on his own foot. Summoning Jagat -Singh in all haste to Court, I honoured him with the title of Raja and -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and bestowed 20,000 darbs -[188] on him out of the public treasury for his expenses. Giving him -a jewelled khapwa, a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant, I sent -him to Raja Bikramajit, and issued a farman that if the aforesaid, by -the guidance of a good destiny, should perform laudable service, and -display loyalty, that country should be given over into his hand. [189] - -As the praise of the garden of Nur-manzil and the buildings that -had been newly-erected there continually reached me, I on Monday -mounted my steed, and went to the stage of Bustan-saray, and passed -Tuesday in pleasure and at ease in that entrancing rose-garden. On -the eve of Wednesday the garden of Nur-manzil (the abode of light) -was adorned by the alighting of the hosts of prosperity. This garden -contains 330 jaribs (bighas), according to the Ilahi gaz. Around it -there has been built a wall, lofty and broad, of bricks and cement, -exceedingly strong. In the garden there is a lofty building and a -residence, highly decorated. Pleasant reservoirs have been constructed, -and outside the gate a large well has been made, from which thirty-two -pairs of bullocks continually draw water. The canal passes through the -garden, and pours water into the reservoirs. Besides this, there are -other wells, the water of which is distributed to the reservoirs and -plots. The beauty is increased by all kinds of fountains and cascades -and there is a tank in the exact middle of the garden which is filled -by rainwater. If by chance its water should fail in the extreme heat, -they supplement it by water from the wells, so that it may always -be full to the brim. Nearly Rs. 150,000 have been spent up to now -on this garden, and it is still unfinished, and large sums will be -expended in making avenues and laying down plants. It has also been -settled that the middle garden shall be newly walled [190] round, -and the channels for the coming and going of the water shall be made -so strong that it may always remain full of water and the water shall -not leak out in any way, and no damage accrue. It is possible that -before it is complete nearly Rs. 200,000 will have been spent on it. - -On Thursday, the 24th, Khwaja Jahan presented an offering of jewels, -jewelled vessels, cloths, an elephant, and a horse, of the value -of Rs. 150,000. Having made a selection from them, I gave him the -remainder. Until Saturday I passed my time in that garden of delight -in enjoyment. On the eve of Sunday, the 27th, I inclined the reins of -returning towards Fathpur, and an order was given that the great Amirs, -according to annual custom, should decorate the palace. On Monday, -the 28th, I found that something had gone wrong with my eye. As it -arose from too much blood, I ordered `Ali Akbar, the surgeon, to open -a vein. On the next day the benefit of this was apparent. I bestowed -Rs. 1,000 on him. On Tuesday, the 29th, Muqarrab K. came from his -native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and I -favoured him with many sorts of kindness. - - - - - - - - -THE FOURTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST FROM THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the morning of Thursday, the 4th of the month of Rabi`u-l-akhir, -Hijri 1028 (March 10, 1619), the world-enlightening sun entered his -house of honour in Aries, and the fourteenth year of the reign of this -suppliant commenced in all prosperity and happiness. On Thursday, -the 1st of the New Year, my prosperous son, Shah-Jahan, who is the -star of the forehead of accomplished desires, and the brilliancy of -the brow of prosperity, prepared a grand entertainment, and presented -me as offerings with a selection of the precious things of the age, -and rareties and curiosities of every country. One of these is a ruby, -weighing 22 surkhs, of good colour, and water, and shape. The jewellers -have valued it at Rs. 40,000. Another is a Qutbi [191] (?) ruby, -in weight 3 tanks, and very delicate, valued at Rs. 40,000. Further, -six pearls, one of them 1 tank and 8 surkhs in weight. The Vakils of -my son had bought it in Gujarat for Rs. 25,000, and the five others for -Rs. 33,000. Also one diamond, the price of which was Rs. 18,000. Also a -jewelled parda (sash), a sword-hilt made in his own goldsmith's shop; -most of the jewels he had himself set and cut. He had brought great -dexterity to bear on the design. Its value was fixed as Rs. 50,000. The -designs [192] were his own; no one else had up to this day thought of -them. Undoubtedly it was a fine piece of workmanship. There was also -a pair of drums made of gold for playing the mursal (overture?) with a -whole orchestra--viz., kuwarga, naqqara, karana, surna, etc.--whatever -was required for the naqqara-khana (music-hall) of great princes, -and all made of silver. At the auspicious hour at which I had seated -myself on the throne of success these were all sounded. The whole of -them came to a value of Rs. 65,000. Another was a seat for riding -an elephant, called by moderns a howdah (hauda), made of gold, -worth Rs. 30,000. Beside this there were two large elephants and -five elephant-trappings of the offerings of Qutbu-l-mulk, ruler -of Golconda. The first elephant was named Dad-i-Ilahi (the gift of -God). As it entered the private elephant-house on New Year's Day, -I gave it the name of Nur-i-Nauruz (the Light of New Year's Day). In -truth he is a grand elephant, and lacks nothing of size, beauty, -and dignity. As he looked well to my eye, I mounted him and rode him -into the courtyard of the palace. His value was fixed at Rs. 80,000, -and the value of six [193] others at Rs. 20,000. Its golden trappings, -consisting of golden chains, etc., my son had had made for the elephant -Nur-i-Nauruz, were worth Rs. 30,000. The second elephant, with silver -housings, was also presented, with Rs. 10,000 more in various choice -jewels. The kurkaraqs [194] of my son had also prepared and sent -delicate cloths from Gujarat. If all details were to be written, -it would take too long. Briefly, the whole of his offerings was of -the value of Rs. 450,000. It is hoped that he will eat the fruit of -long life and prosperity. - -On Friday, the 2nd, Shaja`at K. `Arab, and Nuru-d-din Quli, the kotwal, -laid their offerings before me. On Saturday, the 3rd, Darab K., son -of the Khan-khanan, and on Sunday, the 4th, Khan Jahan, prayed to -be allowed to entertain me. Out of the latter's offerings I accepted -one pearl, bought for Rs. 20,000, with other rareties, altogether of -the value of Rs. 130,000, and presented him with the rest. On Monday, -the 5th, Raja Kishan Das and Hakim K., on Tuesday, the 6th, Sardar K., -and on Wednesday, the 7th, Mustafa K. and Amanat K., presented their -offerings. From each of these I took a trifle in order to dignify -them. On Thursday, the 8th, I`timadu-d-daula, Madar-ul-mulk (the -pivot of the country), having prepared a royal entertainment, begged -to be allowed to receive me. In accepting this request his standing -was raised. In fact, in decorating the assembly and the largeness -of his offering, he had exceeded himself, and made many decorations, -and illuminated all sides of the lake as far as the eye could reach, -and decorated the streets both near and far with all kinds of lights -and coloured lanterns. Among the offerings of that Madar-us-saltana -there was a throne of gold and silver, much ornamented and decorated, -the supports of which were in the form of tigers. It had been completed -with great assiduity in the space of three years, and was made at the -cost of Rs. 450,000. This throne had been made by a skilful European -of the name of Hunarmand (skilful), who had no rival in the arts of a -goldsmith and a jeweller, and in all sorts of skill (hunarmandi). He -had made it very well, and I gave him this name. In addition to the -offerings he had brought for me, he offered the value of Rs. 100,000 -in jewelled ornaments and cloths to the Begams and other ladies of -the Palace. Without exaggeration, from the beginning of the reign -of the late king (may the light of Allah be his testimony!) until -now, which is the fourteenth year of the rule of this suppliant, -not one of the great Amirs has presented such offerings. In fact, -what comparison is there between him and others? - -On this day Ikram K., s. Islam K. was honoured with the mansab, -original and increased, of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and Anira'i -Singh-dalan with that of 2,000 personal and 1,600 horse, original -and increased. On Friday, the 9th, I`tibar K. presented his offering, -and on the same day Khan Dauran, having been presented with a horse -and an elephant, took leave to go to the government of Patna. [195] -His mansab, according to a previous rule, was fixed at 6,000 personal -and 5,000 horse. On Saturday, the 10th, Fazil K., on Sunday, the 11th, -Mir Miran, on Monday, the 12th, I`tiqad K. on Tuesday, the 13th, -Tatar K. and Anira'i Singh-dalan, and on Wednesday, the 14th, Mirza -Raja Bhao Singh, presented their offerings. Selecting from them what -was delicate and new, I gave the remainder to them. On Thursday, the -15th, Asaf Khan prepared a grand assembly and a royal entertainment in -his own house, which is a very fine and pleasant place, and begged to -be allowed to receive me. At his request, giving him the dignity of -acceptance, I went there with the ladies. That pillar of the kingdom -looked on this as a bounty from the secret Giver, and in the increase -of his offering and preparation of the entertainment displayed great -magnificence. Of jewels of great price and delicate gold brocades -and all sorts of gifts, that which was approved was selected, and -I presented him with the remainder. Among the offerings was a ruby -weighing 12 1/2 tanks, which was bought for Rs. 125,000. The value of -the offerings that were accepted was Rs. 167,000. On this day Khwaja -Jahan was raised to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 2,500 horse. - -Lashkar K., having come, by order, from the Deccan, had the honour of -waiting on me. As I had determined, after the rainy season had passed -and in the beginning of the good weather, to go to the perpetual -spring garden of Kashmir under the favour of Almighty God, it seemed -right to me that the guardianship and administration of the fort and -city of Agra and the faujdarship of the district, after the manner in -which they had been held by Khan Jahan, should be entrusted to Lashkar -K., and I honoured him with the good news. Amanat K. was entrusted -with the duty of superintendent of branding (of horses) and of -parading the troopers. [196] On Friday, the 16th, Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -Chief Bakhshi, on Saturday, the 17th, Sadiq K. Bakhshi, on Sunday, -the 18th, Iradat K., Chief Butler, and on Monday, the 19th, which -was the day of the sun's culmination, `Azudu-d-daula K., presented -offerings, and I accepted from each of them, by way of exalting their -dignity, what I approved. At this New Year the value of the accepted -offerings of the servants of the Court came to Rs. 2,000,000. On the -day of culmination I conferred on my auspicious son Sultan Parwiz -[197] the mansab of 20,000 personal and 10,000 horse, original and -increased. I`timadu-d-daula was promoted to that of 7,000 personal -and horse. I selected `Azudu-d-daula for the duty of tutor to the -pupil of the eye of the Sultanate, Shah Shuja`. I hope that he (the -latter) may endure for his natural term of life and may be one of the -prosperous ones. Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 1,500 personal -and 500 horse, and Baqir K. to that of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As -Mahabat K. had asked for reinforcements, I appointed 500 Ahadi horse -to Bangash, and presented `Izzat K., who had done approved service -in that province, with a horse and a jewelled khapwa. At this time -`Abdu-s-Sattar [198] presented as an offering a compendium in the -handwriting of the late king Humayun (may the lights of Allah be his -testimony!), containing some prayers, an introduction to the science of -astronomy, and other marvellous things, most of which he had studied -and carried into practice. After reverently inspecting his auspicious -handwriting, I felt a joy such as I had seldom experienced. I was -exceedingly rejoiced, for, by God, no precious thing I have can be -compared with this. In return I increased his mansab beyond what he -had imagined possible, and gave him a present of Rs. 1,000. Hunarmand, -the European who had made the jewelled throne, I presented with 3,000 -darb, a horse and an elephant. I gave Rs. 1,000 to Khwaja Khawand -Mahmud, who is a pilgrim of the Path of the Khwajas, and is not void -of dervishism and spirituality. Lashkar K. was promoted to the mansab -of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Ma`mur K. to that of 900 personal -and 450 horse, Khwajagi Tahir to that of 800 personal and 300 horse, -and Sayyid Ahmad Qadiri to that of 800 and 60 horse. On Raja Sarang -Deo was conferred the mansab of 700 personal and 30 horse, on Mir -Khalil-u-llah, s. `Azudu-d-daula, that of 600 personal and 250 horse, -on the eunuch Firuz K., that of 600 and 150 horse, on Khidmat Khan -that of 550 and 130 horse, on Mahram K. that of 500 and 120 horse, on -`Izzat K. that of 600 personal and 100 horse, on Ray Newali Das, the -accountant of the elephant department, that of 600 personal and 120 -horse, on Ray Mani Das, the superintendent of the Palace, that of 600 -personal and 100 horse, on Nathmal and Jagmal, sons of Kishan Singh, -that of 500 and 225 horse each. If the increase of mansab given to -those of less than 500 were to be written in full it would be too -long. Rs. 2,000 were given to Khizr K., who belonged [199] to Khandesh. - -On Wednesday, the 21st, I went to Amanabad for the purpose of -sport. Some days before this, in accordance with orders, Khwaja -Jahan, and Qiyam K., the head huntsman, had chosen a wide plain for a -qamargha hunt, and drawn an enclosure round it, and driven within it -many antelope from the neighbouring plains. As I had vowed that I would -hereafter not kill any living thing with my own hand, it occurred to me -to take them all alive, and place them within the Chaugan (polo-ground) -of Fathpur, so that I might both enjoy the pleasure of sport and -that at the same time no harm should happen to them. I accordingly -took 700 head and sent them to Fathpur. As the hour for entering the -capital was near, I ordered Ray Man, khidmatiyya, [200] to put up a -screen on two sides, like a lane, from the hunting-place to the plain -of Fathpur, and to drive the antelope there. About 800 antelope were -sent in this way, or altogether 1,500. On the night of Wednesday, -the 28th, marching from Amanabad, I halted in Bustan Saray, and on -the eve of Thursday, the 29th, I halted at the Nur-manzil garden. - -On Friday, the 30th, the mother [201] of Shah-Jahan attained the mercy -of God. The next day I myself went to the house of that precious son, -and having condoled with him in every way, took him with me to the -palace. On Sunday, the 1st Urdibihisht, at the auspicious hour chosen -by the astrologers and astronomers, I mounted a special elephant -of the name of Dilir, and in all prosperity and happiness entered -the city. A great crowd of people, men and women, had collected -together in the streets and bazaars, and at the gates and walls, -expecting me. According to custom, I went on, scattering money on -the way, to inside the palace. From the date on which the army of -prosperity started for this happily terminated journey until now, -when I returned in happiness and good fortune, it was five years, -seven months, and nine days. At this time I ordered my son Sultan -Parwiz that, as a long time had passed during which he had been -deprived of waiting on me personally, or had been fortunate enough to -pay his respects, if he were desirous of meeting me, he should come -to Court. On the arrival of the gracious farman, that son, considering -the manifestation of this favour a gift from the hidden world, turned -the face of his hope towards the sphere-resembling Court. At this time -I gave away, as a means of livelihood, to Faqirs and deserving people -44,786 bighas of land, and two entire villages, with 320 ass-loads -(kharwar, a weight) of grain from Kashmir, and seven ploughs [202] -of land in Kabul. I hope that the Grace of the Bestower of desires -and benevolence may be their daily lot. - -One of the occurrences of this time is the revolt of Allahdad, -son of Jalal, the Afghan. The details of this are that when Mahabat -K. obtained leave to go and take possession of Bangash and overthrow -the Afghans, from an idea that that wretch would do some service in -return for the favours and kindness I had conferred on him, he prayed -that he might take him with him. As the natural tendency of such -ungrateful men who do not recognize what is right, tends to enmity -and malevolence, by way of precaution it was decided to send his son -and brother to the Court that they might be as hostages. After the -arrival there of his son and brother, I, by way of comforting them, -did them all kinds of kindness, but, as they have said: - - - "The blanket of fortune of anyone that has been woven black - Cannot be whitened even by the waters of Zamzam and Kausar." - - -From the day on which he arrived in that country the signs of rascality -and want of recognition of the right began to be apparent on the -cheeks of his affairs, and Mahabat K., in order to control matters, -did not loose from his hand the rope of forbearance until, at this -time, he sent a force under the leadership of his son against a band -of Afghans, and sent Allahdad with him. When they reached the purposed -place, from the enmity and malevolence of the aforesaid, that attack -did not succeed, and they returned with their aim uncompleted. The -evil-dispositioned Allahdad, from a suspicion lest this time Mahabat -K. should abandon his method of conciliation, and ascertain the real -state of affairs, and that he should be caught in recompense for his -evil deeds, lifted up the veil of reverence, and betrayed involuntarily -the faithlessness to his salt, which he had till then concealed. When -I heard from Mahabat K.'s letter the true state of affairs, I ordered -them to imprison his son and brother in the fort of Gwalior. As it -had happened (Jalal Tariki), the father of this wretch had also fled -from the service of the late king, and for years passed his time in -thieving and highway robbery, until he was caught in the recompense -of his own evil deeds. It is hoped that this rascal will also soon -obtain the reward of his bad actions. - -On Thursday, the 5th, Man Singh, s. Rawat Shankar, who was one of the -auxiliaries of Bihar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 600 horse. I sent off `Aqil K. to look after the cavalry, [203] -and inquire into the corps of the mansabdars who had been appointed -for duty in Bangash, and gave him an elephant. I sent as a gift -to Mahabat K. a private dagger made after the Mazandaran fashion, -along with Dust Beg. The offering of Monday was given as a present -to Mahmud Ab-dar, who from the time when I was a prince and the days -of my childhood had served me. Miran (not Bizan, [204] as in the -printed book), son-in-law of Payanda K. Moghul, was promoted to the -mansab of 700 personal and 450 horse. Muhammad Husain, brother of -Khwaja Jahan, who was Bakhshi of Kangra, was promoted to the mansab -of 600 personal and 450 horse. On this day Tarbiyat K., who is one -of the hereditary houseborn ones of this Court, and had been enrolled -among the Amirs by reason [205] of his good disposition, died. He was -not devoid of sluggishness (na-muradi, literally want of desires) -and self-indulgence (salamat-i-nafs), and was a young man fond of -pleasure (`ayyash-tabi`at). He wished to pass his whole life at ease, -and was devoted to Hindu music and did not understand it badly. He -was a man void of evil. Raja Suraj Singh was raised to the mansab of -2,000 personal and horse. To Karamu-llah, s. `Ali Mardan K. Bahadur, -Baqir K., Faujdar of Multan, Malik Muhibb Afghan, and Maktub K. were -given elephants. Sayyid Bayazid Bhakkari, to whom was entrusted the -charge of the fort of Bhakkar and the faujdarship of that region, -was also honoured with an elephant. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K. was -distinguished with the gift of a jewelled dagger. I gave elephants -to Shaikh Ahmad Hansi, Shaikh `Abdu-l-Latif Sambhali, the eunuch -Firasat K., and Ray Kunwar Chand Mustaufi (auditor). Muhammad Shafi` -Bakhshi of the Panjab, was raised to the mansab of 500 personal and 300 -horse. The mansab of 500 personal and 150 horse was conferred on Munis, -s. Mihtar [206] K. He (Munis) had charge of the fort of Kalinjar. - -On this day arrived the news of the death of Shah-nawaz K. s. the -Commander-in-Chief Khan Khanan. It was the cause of distress of -mind to me. At the time when that Ataliq (Khan Khanan) took leave -from waiting on me, it had been strictly impressed upon him that, -as it had been repeatedly brought to my ear that Shah-nawaz K. had -been maddened with wine and drank immoderately, if there was truth -in this it was a pity that he should destroy himself at his age. It -was necessary that he should not leave him to his own way, but look -after his case properly. If he could not leave his charge himself, -he should write a clear report, so that, having summoned him into -my presence, I might give the best order practicable under the -circumstances. When he arrived at Burhanpur, having found Shah-nawaz -Khan very weak and low, he tried to make some remedy for him. After -some days' confinement to bed (literally, lord of the carpet) he -fell on the couch of powerlessness. Whatever remedies and plans the -physicians employed were of no avail, and in the best time of his -youth and prosperity, in the thirty-third year of his age, to the -sorrow and grief of the world, he went to the place of the mercy and -pardon of God. On hearing this unpleasant news I was greatly grieved, -for in truth he was an intelligent youth and born in the house. He -would have performed important services in this State, and left great -traces behind him. Although this road is before all and there is no -escape for anyone out of the command of destiny, yet it appears sad -to depart in this fashion. It is hoped he will be among those who are -pardoned. I sent Raja Sarang Deo, who was one of my close attendants -and is a tactful person, to the Ataliq, and favoured and consoled him -in every way. The mansab of 5,000 held by Shah-nawaz I added on to -those of his brothers and sons. To Darab, his younger brother, I gave -the mansab of 5,000 personal, original and increased, and presented -him with a dress of honour, an elephant, a horse, and a jewelled sword, -and gave him leave to go to his father to fill, in place of Shah-nawaz, -the post of governor of Berar and Ahmadnagar. Rahman-dad, another -brother, I promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 800 horse. Manuchahr, -s. Shah-nawaz, was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 -horse. Taghzal (Toghril?), s. Shah-nawaz [207] K. was promoted to the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, Qasim -K., son-in-law of I`timadu-d-daula, was honoured with the favour of a -standard. Asadu-llah, s. Sayyid Haji, who had come with the intention -of obtaining service, had the mansab bestowed on him of 500 personal -and 100 horse. Sadr Jahan, son-in-law of the deceased Murtaza K., -received that of 700 personal and 600 horse, and was appointed to the -faujdarship of Sambhal, and, having had an elephant bestowed on him, -I gave him leave. Bharat Bandila was also presented with the mansab -of 600 personal and 400 horse, and had an elephant given him, and an -elephant was bestowed on Sangram, the Raja of Jammu. - -In Ahmadabad I had two male markhur goats. As I had not a female in -my establishment to pair with them, it occurred to me that if I could -pair them with Barbary goats, which they bring from Arabia, especially -from the port of the city of Darkhar, [208] young of their form and -qualities might be obtained. In short, I paired them with seven Barbary -ewes, and after six months had elapsed each of the latter had a young -one at Fathpur: there were four females and three males, very pleasing -in appearance, of good shape and good colour. In their colour, those -(kids) which resembled the male (taka, not baka, as in the printed -copy) were dun-coloured with black stripes on their backs. Red, [209] -indeed, appears to me a more pleasing colour than any other, and it is -the mark of a better breed. Of their liveliness and laughable ways and -their manner of gamboling and leaping, what can be written? Some of -their ways are such that the mind derived uncontrolled pleasure from -looking at them. It is notorious that painters cannot draw properly -the motions of a kid. Granting that they may chance to draw the -movements of an ordinary kid after a fashion, they certainly would -have to acknowledge themselves at a loss how to draw the motions -of these kids. When one month, or even twenty days old, they would -leap up upon high places and throw themselves on to the ground in a -way that if any other but a kid were to do so, not one limb would be -left whole. As it pleased me, I ordered them always to be kept near -me, and I gave each of them an appropriate name. I am much delighted -with them, and pay great attention to bringing together markhur males -and well-bred she-goats. I desire to have many young ones from them, -and that they may become well known among men. After their young shall -have paired, most probably more delicate ones will be obtained. One of -their peculiarities is that ordinary kids immediately they are born, -and until they begin to suck, make a great bleating, whilst these, -on the contrary, make no sound, and stand quite contented and without -wailing. Perhaps their flesh would be very pleasant to the taste. - -Before this, an order had been given that Muqarrab K., having been -appointed to Bihar, should hasten off there. He came to Court in -order to pay his respects before he repaired to his destination, and -accordingly, on Thursday, the 2nd Khurdad, an elephant with trappings, -two horses, and a jewelled khapwa were conferred on him, and he took -leave. Rs. 50,000 were given him as an advance of pay. On the same day -Sardar Khan received a dress of honour, an elephant, and a horse, and -obtained the Sarkar of Monghyr, which is in the province of Bihar and -Bengal, and took leave. Mir Sharif, [210] the Vakil of Qutbu-l-mulk, -who was at Court, took leave. My fortunate son, Shah-Jahan, sent -with him the brother of Afzal K., his Diwan. As Qutbu-l-mulk had -shown attachment and desire to please, and repeatedly importuned me -for a portrait, I presented him, at his request, with my likeness, -a jewelled khapwa, and a phul katara. 24,000 darb, a jewelled dagger, -a horse, and a dress of honour were also given to the aforesaid Mir -Sharif. Fazil K., director of buildings, was advanced to the mansab -of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Hakim Ragho Nath to that of -600 personal and 60 horse. As at this time the anniversary of the -late king (Akbar) occurred, Rs. 5,000 were handed over to some of -my chief servants to divide among poor and deserving people. Hasan -`Ali K., jagirdar of the Sarkar of Monghyr, was honoured with the -mansab of 2,500 personal and horse, and sent to the assistance of -Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, governor of the province of Bengal, and he -was presented with a sword. As Mirza Sharafu-d-din Husain Kashghari -sacrificed his life on duty in Bangash, I promoted his son Ibrahim -Husain to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. At this time -Ibrahim K. constructed two boats, [211] which in the language of the -country they call Kosha, one of gold and the other of silver, and sent -them to me by way of offering. Undoubtedly, of their own kind they are -the finest. One of these I gave to my son Shah-Jahan. On Thursday, -the 9th, Sadat K. was granted the mansab of 1,000 personal and 60 -horse. On this day `Azudu-d-daula and Shaja`at K. `Arab took leave -for their jagirs. On this Thursday I presented Asaf K. with a jewelled -khapwa and a phul katara. As my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz proposed -to come to Court, he asked for a special nadiri dress of honour, a -chira, and a fota, so that he might wear them and be distinguished -on the day of meeting me and of having the good fortune to pay his -respects. According to his request, I sent by the hand of his Vakil, -Sharif, a sumptuous dress of honour with a chira and a special sash. On -Thursday, the 23rd, Mirza Wali, son of the aunt of this suppliant, -came by order from the Deccan, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. His father, Khwaja Hasan Khaldar (the freckled?), was one -of the Naqshbandi Khwajas. My uncle, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, gave his -sister in marriage to the Khwaja. I heard much praise of the Khwaja -from people: he had both good family and got on well with every one, -and for a long time the management of the affairs of my uncle Mirza -Muhammad Hakim had been in his hands, and he was on very good terms -with him. Before the Mirza's death he had himself delivered [212] -over the deposit of his life. Two sons survived him--viz., Mirza -Badi`u-z-zaman and Mirza Wali. M. Badi`u-z-zaman, after the death of -the Mirza, ran away, and went to Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxania), and in -that exile became a traveller on the road of non-existence. The Begam -and Mirza Wali came to the glorious Court, and H.M. (Akbar) behaved -very kindly to the Begam. The Mirza also is a steady and sedate young -man, not devoid of reasonableness and understanding. He is very skilled -in the science of music. At this time it occurred to me to marry the -daughter of the deceased Prince Daniyal to the Mirza, and my reason -for sending for the Mirza to Court was this. This girl (Bulaqi Begam) -is the offspring of the daughter of Qilij Muhammad K. It is hoped that -the grace of striving to please and to serve, which is the means of -good fortune and prosperity, may be his (M. Wali's) lot and fortune. - -On this day Sarbuland Ray, who had been sent on duty to the Deccan, -was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,500 horse. - -At this time it was reported to me that a Shayyad (a loud talker, -a cheat) of the name of Shaikh [213] Ahmad had spread the net -of hypocrisy and deceit in Sirhind, and caught in it many of the -apparent worshippers without spirituality, and had sent into every -city and country one of his disciples, whom he called his deputy -(khalifa), and whom he considered more skilled than others in the -adorning of shops (of deceit) and selling of religious knowledge, -and in deceiving men. He had also written a number of idle tales to -his disciples and his believers, and had made them into a book which -he called Maktubat (letters). In that album (Jung) of absurdities -many unprofitable things had been written that drag (people) into -infidelity and impiety. Amongst these he had written in a letter -as follows: "In the course of my travels I had come to the dwelling -of the Two Lights (the Sun and Moon), and saw a very lofty and very -splendid building. From there I passed to the abode of Discrimination -(Faruq), and from there I passed to the abode of Truth (Siddiq), and -to each I wrote a suitable explanation (or perhaps, of each I wrote -a suitable description). From there I reached the abode of Love, and -I beheld a brilliant dwelling. It had divers colours and lights and -reflected glories. That is to say (God forgive us!--an exclamation -of Jahangir's), I passed from the abode of the Vicegerents (khulafa) -and attained to the highest rank." There were other presumptuous -expressions which it would be too long to write, and would be contrary -to good manners. I accordingly gave an order that they should bring him -to the Court that is based on justice. According to order he came to -pay his respects. To all that I asked him he could give no reasonable -answer, and appeared to me to be extremely proud and self-satisfied, -with all his ignorance. I considered the best thing for him would -be that he should remain some time in the prison of correction until -the heat of his temperament and confusion of his brain were somewhat -quenched, and the excitement of the people also should subside. He -was accordingly handed over to Anira'i Singh-dalan to be imprisoned -in Gwalior fort. - -On Saturday, the 25th Khurdad, my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz came -from Allahabad, and with prostration at the threshold of the Khalifate -illuminated the forehead of sincerity. After he had performed the -ceremony of kissing the ground and been honoured with special favour, -I bade him sit. He presented 2,000 muhars and 2,000 rupees by way -of nazr, and made an offering of a diamond. As his elephants had -not yet arrived, he would produce them on another occasion. He had -brought with him to the Court, which is the asylum of the world, Raja -Kalyan, Zamindar of Ratanpur, against whom this my son had by order -sent an army, and had taken from him as an offering 80 elephants and -Rs. 100,000. My son brought him with him, and he had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold. Wazir K., my son's Diwan who is one of the old -servants of the Court, having had the good fortune to pay his respects -to me, presented as offerings 28 elephants, male and female. Of these -nine were accepted, and the rest bestowed on him. - -As it had been represented to me that Muruwwat K., s. Iftikhar K., -who was one born and bred up at this Court, had fought with a band of -Maghs on the borders of Bengal and had sacrificed his life, I promoted -Allah-yar, his brother, to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -and another brother to that of 400 personal and horse, so that those -he had left behind should not be distressed. On Monday, the 3rd of -the Divine month of Tir, in the neighbourhood of the city four black -bucks, a doe, and a fawn were taken. As I passed by the house of my -fortunate son, Sultan Parwiz, he presented two tusked elephants with -their trappings by way of offering; both were ordered to be placed -in the private elephant-stud. - -On Thursday, the 13th, Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador of my happy -brother, Shah `Abbas, ruler of Persia, having had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold, produced a letter, together with a crystal -drinking-cup, on the cover of which was a ruby. As it was given from -excessive friendship and sincerity it was the cause of the increase -of amity and good fellowship. On this day Fida'i K. was promoted -to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Nasru-llah, -s. Fathu-llah, in whose charge was the fort of Ambar, that of 1,500 -personal and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 20th, Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat -K., was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 horse. Having -conferred on Wazir K. the Diwanship of Bengal, I gave him a horse, -a dress of honour, and a jewelled dagger. Elephants were given to -Mir Husamu-d-din and Zabar-dast K. On this day Hafiz Hasan, a servant -of Khan `Alam, came to Court with a precious letter from my brother -Shah `Abbas, and a report from that pillar of the Sultanate (Khan -`Alam). He laid before me a dagger the hilt of which was made of a -fish's [214] tooth spotted with black, that my brother had given to -Khan `Alam. As it was a great rarity, he (Khan `Alam) had sent it to -me. I greatly approved of it; in fact, it is a rare present. I had -never seen a spotted one until now, and I was much pleased. - -On Thursday, the 27th, M. Wali was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. On the 24th, I gave 1,000 darbs -as a present to Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador, and an elephant to -`Abdu-llah K. Bahadur Firuz-jang. On Thursday, the 2nd of the Divine -month of Amurdad, a horse was presented to I`tibar K. `Aqil K. was -promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse. - -On the night of Saturday, the 4th of the Ilahi month of Amurdad, -corresponding with 15 Sha`ban, was the feast of the Shab-i-barat. By -order, they decorated and brought before me on the river, boats -with lamps and all kinds of fireworks. In truth, the lamps they -had arranged appeared very pretty, and for a long time I enjoyed -myself in going round and looking at them. On Tuesday, Miran, [215] -s. Nad `Ali Maidani, who was one of the well-brought-up khanazads, -was selected for the mansab of 700 personal and 500 horse, and -Khwaja Zainu-d-din for that of 700 personal and 300 horse, and -Khwaja Muhsin for that of 700 personal and 100 horse. On Thursday, -the 9th, I went to hunt at the village of Samunagar. Passing my time -pleasantly in going round and hunting on that pleasant plain until -Monday, I returned on the eve of Tuesday to the palace. On Thursday, -the 16th, Bishutan, grandson of Shaikh Abu-l-Fazl (the author), was -promoted to the mansab of 700 personal and 350 horse. On this day -I went round to see the garden of Gul-afshan, which is on the bank -of the Jumna. On the way rain fell heavily and filled the mead with -freshness and greenness. Pineapples had arrived at perfection, and I -made a thorough inspection. Of the buildings that overlooked the river -none [216] that I saw were without the charm of verdure and flowing -water. These verses of Anwari appeared appropriate to the place: - - - VERSE. - - "'Tis a day of mirth and jollity, - A daily market of flowers and odours; - The earth-heaps are suffused with ambergris, - The zephyr sheds rose-water from his skirt, - From contact with the morning breeze the pool - Is roughened and pointed, like the edge of a file." - - -As this garden is in the charge of Khwaja Jahan, he presented me -as offerings with some pieces of brocade of a new fashion they had -lately brought for him from `Iraq. Selecting what I approved of, -I presented the remainder to him. He had arranged the garden well, -and his mansab was ordered to be raised to 5,000 personal and 3,000 -horse, original and increased. - -A strange circumstance was that I was so much delighted with a jewelled -dagger-hilt of piebald teeth which Khan `Alam had got from Shah -`Abbas and sent to me (see ante), that I appointed several skilful -men to go to Iran and Turan to look for them and to be consistently -searching for them, and to bring some from anywhere and any person, -anyhow, and at any price. Many of my servants who knew my disposition, -and dignified Amirs in the course of their duty, engaged in the -search. It happened that in this city a stupid stranger bought in -the open bazaar a coloured tooth of great beauty and delicacy for a -trifle; he believed that some time or other it had fallen into the -fire, and that the black on it was the mark of burning! After some -time he showed it to one of the carpenters on the establishment -of my prosperous son Shah-Jahan, desiring that he should take off -a piece of the tooth in order to make a ring (shast), and pointed -out that he should remove the marks of burning and the blacknesses, -being ignorant that the blackness enhanced the value and price of the -whiteness. Those moles and patches were what the tirewoman of destiny -had given as an adornment of its beauty. The carpenter at once went -to the Superintendent of his workshop, and gave him the good news -that such a rare and precious thing, in search of which people were -wandering and going long distances, and hastening to all corners and -in all directions in various countries, had fallen for nothing into -the hands of an ignorant man, who did not know its value. It could -be easily and cheaply obtained from him. The Superintendent went -off with him and immediately procured it, and next day produced it -before my son. When my son Shah-Jahan came to wait on me, he at first -showed great delight, and after his brain had become free from the -intoxication of the wine of joy, produced it, and greatly pleased me-- - - - VERSE. - - "Thy Time is happy in that thou hast made mine happy." - - -I invoked so many blessings on him that if one of them out of a -hundred obtain acceptance, it will suffice for his spiritual and -material well-being. - -On this day Bahlim K., one of the chief servants of `Adil K. came and -waited on me. As he had chosen my service out of sincerity, I bestowed -on him unstinted favours, and presented him with a dress of honour, a -horse, a sword, and 10,000 darbs, with the mansab of 1,000 personal and -500 horse. At this time a petition came from Khan Dauran, stating that: -"Your Majesty, from the perfection of kindness and knowledge of his -worth, had appointed to the government of Thatta (Sind) an old slave, -notwithstanding his great age and weak sight. As this weak old man was -exceedingly bent and decrepit, and had not in him the ability to exert -himself or to ride, he prays that he may be excused military service, -and that he may be enrolled in the army of prayer." At his request, -I ordered the chief Diwans to confirm him in the pargana of Khushab, -[217] with a revenue of 3,000,000 of dams, and which he for a long -time had held as a tankhwah jagir, and which had become peopled and -cultivated, by way of providing for his expenses, so that he might -pass his time in easy circumstances. His eldest son, by name Shah -Muhammad, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, -his second son, Ya`qub Beg, obtaining that of 700 personal and 350 -horse. The third son, Asad Beg, was promoted to the mansab of 300 -personal and 50 horse. - -On Saturday, the 1st of the Divine month of Shahriwar, I sent dresses -of honour for the rainy season to the Ataliq Commander-in-Chief -Khan-khanan Jan-sipar and the other great Amirs, who had been sent -on duty to the Deccan, by the hand of Yazdan. [218] - -As the purpose of visiting the eternal spring of the rose-garden of -Kashmir was settled in my mind, I sent off Nuru-d-din Quli to hasten -on before, to repair as far as was possible the ups and downs of the -Punch [219] route to it, and to prepare it, so that the passage of -laden beasts over difficult hilltops might be accomplished with ease, -and that the men should not undergo labour and hardship. A large number -of artificers, such as stone-cutters, carpenters, spadesmen, etc., were -despatched with him, to whom an elephant was also given. On the eve of -Thursday, the 13th, having gone to the garden of Nur-manzil, I passed -the time in enjoyment in that rose-garden of delight until Sunday, the -16th. Raja Bikramajit Baghela came from the fort of Mandpur, which is -his native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and -by way of offering presented an elephant and a jewelled plume. Maqsud -K. was honoured with the mansab of 1,000 personal and 130 horse. On -Thursday, the 20th, my son Shah Parwiz produced two elephants as an -offering, and they were ordered to be included in the private stud. On -the 24th of the aforesaid month the feast of the solar weighing took -place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamani, and my 51st year according -to the solar months began in gladness and victory. It is hoped that -the period of my life may be passed in obedience to God (to whom be -glory!). To Sayyid Jalal, s. Sayyid Muhammad, the grandson (?) of Shah -`Alam Bukhari, an account of whom has been written among the events -of my Gujarat expedition, I gave leave to return. I gave him a female -elephant for his riding, as well as his expenses. On the eve of Sunday, -[220] the 30th, corresponding with the 14th Shawwal, when the disk of -the moon was perfect (at full moon) a moonlight feast was prepared -in the buildings of the garden which overlook the River Jumna, and -a very pleasant entertainment took place. On the 1st of the Divine -month, out of the veined (jauhar-dar) spotted tooth (walrus) which -my son Shah-Jahan had given me as an offering, I ordered to be cut -off sufficient for two dagger-hilts and a thumb-stall: [221] it came -out of a beautiful colour and was very choice. I ordered the Ustads -(masters) Puran and Kalyan, who had no rivals in the art of engraving, -[222] to make dagger-hilts of a shape that was approved at this time, -and has become known as the Jahangiri fashion. At the same time the -blade and the sheath and fastenings were given to skilful men, each of -whom was unique in his age in his art. Truly, it was all carried out -according to my wish. One hilt came out coloured in such a way as to -create astonishment. It turned out of all the seven colours, and some -of the flowers looked as if a skilful painter [223] had depicted them -in black lines round it with a wonder-working pencil. In short, it was -so delicate that I never wish it to be apart from me for a moment. Of -all the gems of great price that are in the treasury I consider it -the most precious. On Thursday I girded it auspiciously and with joy -round my waist, and the masters who in their completion had exercised -great skill and taken great pains were rewarded, Ustad Puran with the -gift of an elephant, a dress of honour, and a golden bracelet for the -wrist, which the people of India call Kara, [224] and Kalyan with the -title of `Aja'ib-dast (wondrous hand), and increased mansab, a dress -of honour, and a jewelled bracelet (pahunchi), and in the same way -every one according to his circumstances and skill received favours. - -As it had been represented to me that Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., -having fought with the rebel Ahdad, had defeated his army, and had -made many of the Afghans--who are black-faced and black-hearted--the -harvest of his blood-drinking sword, I sent him a special sword in -order to dignify him. - -On Saturday the 5th, news came of the death of Raja Suraj Singh, -who had died a natural death in the Deccan. He was the descendant -of Maldeo, who was one of the principal Zamindars of Hindustan, -and had a zamindari which equalled that of the Rana, and he had even -overcome him in one battle. There is a full account of him (Maldeo) -in the Akbar-nama. Raja Suraj Singh, through the advantage of his being -brought up by the late king (Akbar), and this suppliant at the throne -of God, reached high rank and great dignities. His territory surpassed -that of his father or grandfather. [225] He had a son called Gaj Singh, -[226] whom he entrusted with all his administrative affairs. As I knew -him to be capable and worthy of favour, I promoted him to the mansab -of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, with a standard and the title of -Raja, and his younger brother to that of 500 personal and 250 horse, -and gave him a jagir in his native country. - -On Thursday, the 10th of Mihr, at the request of Asaf K., I went to -his house built on the bank of the Jumna. He has erected a very fine -bath-house (hammam), with which I was much delighted. After bathing, -a feast of cups was held, and my private servants were made happy with -cups of delight. Having chosen out of his offerings what I approved, -I gave the remainder to him. What I took of his offering might be of -the value of Rs. 30,000. Baqir K., faujdar of Multan, was honoured -with a standard. - -Previously to this, according to order, they had planted trees on -both sides from Agra as far as the River of Attock (the Indus), and -had made an avenue, and in the same way from Agra to Bengal. I now -ordered that from Agra to Lahore they should put up a pillar [227] -(mil) at every koss, to be the sign of a koss, and at every three koss -make a well, so that wayfarers might travel in ease and contentment, -and not endure hardships from thirst or the heat of the sun. - -On Thursday, the 24th of Mihr, the festival of the Dasahra was -held. After the custom of India, they decorated the horses and produced -them before me. After I had seen the horses they brought some of the -elephants. As Mu`tamid K. on last New Year's Day had not made any -offering, at this festival he presented a golden tablet (takht), a -ruby ring, a piece of coral (bussad), and other items. The tablet was -beautifully made. The total value of the offering was Rs. 16,000. As -he had brought the things from pure sincerity and loyalty, they were -accepted. On this day Zabar-dast K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 400 horse. As the day of the Dasahra had been fixed as -the time of starting, I embarked on a boat with all happy omens and -pleasure in the evening, and went on to my goal. I halted for eight -days at the first stage that the men might come on, after making all -preparations at leisure. Mahabat K. had sent apples from Bangash by -runners (dak-choki). They arrived very fresh, and were of excellent -flavour. I was greatly pleased in eating them. They cannot be compared -with the sib-i-khub ("the good [228] apples"?) of Kabul which I ate -there, or with the Samarkand apples that they bring every year. For -sweetness and delicacy of flavour they cannot be compared with either -of the latter (i.e., the Bangash apples were far better). I had until -now never seen such delicate and delicious apples. They say that in -Upper Bangash, near Lashkar-dara, [229] there is a village called Siv -Ram, in which there are three trees of this apple, and although they -have made many trials, they have never found so good ones in any other -place. I gave Sayyid Hasan, ambassador of my brother Shah `Abbas, a -dish of these apples in order that he might tell me if there were any -better apples in `Iraq. He said: "In the whole of Persia the apples -of Isfahan are preferred, and they are of the same quality as these." - -On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, I went on pilgrimage -to the mausoleum of the late king (Akbar) (may the lights of Allah be -his testimony!), and rubbed the head of supplication on the threshold, -the abode of angels, and presented 100 muhars as nazar. All the -Begams and other ladies, having sought the blessing of circulating -round that shrine, which is the circling-place of angels, presented -offerings. On the eve of Friday a lofty assembly was held of the -holy men (Masha'ikh), the turbaned people (arbab-i-`ama'im--i.e., -ecclesiastics, etc.), Huffaz (those who recite the Qoran), and -singing people, assembled in numbers, and practised ecstasies and -religious dancing (wajd and sama`), to each of whom, according to -the circumstances of his merit and skill, I gave a dress of honour, -a farji, and a shawl. The buildings of this blessed mausoleum have -been made very lofty. At this time the money expended satisfied me, -and was far more than it had previously been. (The MS. [230] here is -clear, and the printed words wrong.) - -On the 3rd, after four gharis of day had passed, I marched on from -that stage, and having traversed 5 1/2 koss by the river at four -gharis of the day, arrived at the next stage. After midday I left -the boat and caught seven partridges (durraj). At the end of the day -I gave Rs. 20,000 to Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador (of Persia), as a -present, and a dress of honour of gold brocade with a jewelled jigha -(turban-ornament), and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, -and sent for my brother with him a jewelled jug made in the shape -of a cock, which could hold my usual stint of wine. It is hoped that -it may reach its destination in safety. I gave leave to Lashkar K., -who had been appointed to the defence and government of Agra, with a -gift of a dress of honour, a horse, an elephant, drums, and a jewelled -dagger. Ikram K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and -1,500 horse, and to the duty of faujdar of the Sarkar of Mewat. He is -s. Islam K., who was the grandson of the venerable asylum of pardon -Shaikh Salim, whose excellency of person and approved disposition -and connection in blessing with this illustrious family have been -described in these pages with the pen of sincerity. - -At this time I heard from a certain person whose words are adorned with -the light of truth that at the time when I was sick and weak at Ajmir, -before this evil news arrived in the province of Bengal, one day Islam -K. was sitting in private, when he suddenly became unconscious. When -he came to himself he said to one of his confidants, of the name of -Bhikan, that it had been shown him from the world of mysteries that -the holy person of the Emperor had been attacked by sickness, and -that the remedy for it was to sacrifice for him something that was -exceedingly dear and precious to himself. It at first occurred to him -to sacrifice for the head of the revered one his own son Hushang, but -as he was young in years and as yet had derived no profit from life, -and not attained to the desire of his heart, he had compassion on him, -and would sacrifice himself for his lord and master. He hoped that as -this was from the bottom of his heart, and the sincerity of his being, -it would be accepted at the throne of Allah. The arrow of prayer -at once reached the target of acceptance, and he perceived himself -afflicted with weakness and disease. Verily, verily, the disease -increased till he reached the neighbourhood of the compassion of God -(he died). The Great Physician bestowed from the hidden dispensary -complete recovery on this suppliant. Although the late king (the lights -of Allah be his testimony!), was much attached to the children and -grandchildren of the Shaikhu-l-Islam, and bestowed favours on them all -according to the capacity and aptitude of each, yet when the turn of -rule came to this suppliant, they received great kindnesses in order -to perform what was due to that revered one (Salim Chishti), and many -of them attained to the high nobility, and were advanced to the posts -of head of Subahs, as has been brought to record each in its own place. - -As in this village the eunuch Hilal K., [231] who was one of my -attendants from the time when I was prince, had built a saray, and made -a garden, he made an offering to me. In order to dignify him I took a -trifle from him. After marching four stages from this halting-place, -the army of prosperity encamped outside Mathura. On Thursday, the 8th, -I went to see Bindraban and the idol temples of that place. Although -[232] in the time of the late king the Rajput nobles had built temples -after their fashion, and ornamented them highly on the outside, inside -them bats and owls (ababil) had made their abode to such an extent, -that on account of the malodours one could not breathe. - - - VERSE. - - "Outside, like an infidel's grave, full of cracks, [233] - Inside, the anger of God, the honoured and glorious." - - -On this day Mukhlis K., according to order, came from Bengal, and -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave 100 muhars and -100 rupees as nazar, and by way of offering, a ruby and jewelled -aigrette (turra). On Friday, the 9th, Rs. 600,000 of treasure for -the maintenance (zakhira) of the fort of Asir were sent to the -Commander-in-Chief, Khan-khanan. - -In the foregoing pages, something has been written about Gosa'in -Jadrup, [234] who lived as a hermit in Ujain. At this time he changed -his residence to Mathura, which is one of the greatest places of -worship of the Hindus, and employed himself in the worship of the true -God on the bank of the Jumna. As I valued his society, I hastened -to wait on him, and for a long time enjoyed his company without the -presence of any stranger. In truth, his existence is a great gain to -me: one can be greatly benefited and delighted. - -On Saturday, the 10th, the huntsmen represented that there was in -that neighbourhood a tiger that greatly troubled and injured the -ryots and wayfarers. I immediately ordered them to bring together -a number of elephants and surround the forest and at the end of the -day myself rode out with my ladies. As I had vowed that I would not -injure any living thing with my own hand, I told Nur-Jahan [235] -to shoot at him. An elephant is not at ease when it smells a tiger, -and is continually in movement, and to hit with a gun from a litter -(`imari) is a very difficult matter, insomuch that Mirza Rustam, who, -after me, is unequalled in shooting, has several times missed three -or four shots from an elephant. Yet Nur-Jahan B. so hit the tiger -with one shot that it was immediately killed. - -On Monday, the 12th, my desire to see the Gosa'in Jadrup again -increased, and hastening to his hut, without ceremony, I enjoyed -his society. Sublime words were spoken between us. God Almighty -has granted him an unusual grace, a lofty understanding, an exalted -nature, and sharp intellectual powers, with a God-given knowledge -and a heart free from the attachments of the world, so that, putting -behind his back the world and all that is in it, he sits content in -the corner of solitude and without wants. He has chosen of worldly -goods half a gaz of old cotton (kirpas) like a woman's veil, and a -piece of earthenware from which to drink water, and in winter and -summer and the rainy season lives naked and with his head and feet -bare. He has made a hole in which he can turn round with a hundred -difficulties and tortures, with a passage such that a suckling could -hardly be put through it. These two or three couplets of Hakim Sana'i -(may God have mercy on him!) appeared appropriate: - - - VERSE. [236] - - "Luqman had a narrow hut, - Like the hollow of a flute or the bosom of a harp. - A noodle put the question to him-- - 'What is this house--two feet and a span?' - Hotly and with tears the sage replied-- - 'Ample for him who has to die.'" - - -On Wednesday, the 14th, I again went to visit the Gosa'in and bade -him good-bye. Undoubtedly parting from him weighed upon my mind, that -desires the truth. On Thursday the 15th, I marched and pitched near -Brindaban. At this stage my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz took leave -of me for Allahabad, and went to his jagir. I had intended that he -should accompany me on this expedition, but as he had already shown -symptoms of distress, I could not avoid letting him go. I presented -him with a tipchaq horse, a waist dagger with a veined (jauhar-dar) -walrus-tooth (hilt), and a sword and special shield. I hope he will -come again soon, and have the good fortune of my presence. As the -period of Khusrau's imprisonment had been a long one, it seemed to -me that to keep him longer in confinement and deprive him of the good -fortune of waiting on me, would be wanting in kindness. I accordingly -sent [237] for him and bade him salute me. Once again the marks of -his offences were washed with the pure water of forgiveness, and the -dust of disgrace and humiliation was rubbed off his brow. I hope that -the blessing of pleasing me, and the grace of service may be his lot. - -On Friday, the 16th, I gave leave to Mukhlis K., whom I had sent for -to take up the duties of diwan to Shah Parwiz, and I gave him the rank -he had [238] had in Bengal--viz., 2,000 with 700 horse. On Saturday -I halted. At this stage Sayyid Nizam s. Mir Miran Sadr Jahan, who -was faujdar of Kanauj, waited upon me, and presented two elephants, -and some hawks. I accepted one elephant and a pair of hawks. On -Sunday, the 18th, we marched. At this time the King of Persia had -sent with Pari Beg Mir Shikar (chief huntsman) one falcon (shunqar) -of good colour. There was another which had been given to the Khan -`Alam. This one was sent along with the Shahi falcon (i.e., the one -intended for Jahangir), and it died on the road. The Shahi falcon, too, -got mauled by a cat owing to the carelessness of the Mir Shikar. Though -it was brought to Court, it did not live more than a week. What can -I write [239] of the beauty and colour of this falcon? There were -many beautiful black markings on each wing, and back, and sides. As -it was something out of the common, I ordered Ustad Mansur, who has -the title of Nadiru-l-`asr (wonder of the age) to paint and preserve -[240] its likeness. I gave the Mir Shikar Rs. 2,000 and dismissed him. - -In my father's reign (the light of God be his testimony!) the weight -of the seer was 30 dams. [241] About this time it came into my mind: -"Why should I act contrary to his rules?" It would be better to have -it still of 30 dams. One day Gosa'in Jadrup said that in the book of -the Vedas, which the lords of his faith had written, the weight of -the sir was 36 dams. "As from the coincidences of the hidden world -your order has fallen in with what is laid down in our book, if it -be fixed at 36 dams, it will be well." It was ordered that hereafter -throughout the whole territory it should be 36 dams. - -On Monday, the 19th, I marched. A horse and dress of honour were -given to Raja Bhao Singh, who had been ordered to the support of -the army of the Deccan. From this day, till Wednesday, the 28th, -I made successive marches. On Thursday, the 29th, Delhi, the abode -of blessings, was adorned by the alighting of the army of good -fortune. At first I hastened with my children and the ladies on a -visit to the enlightened shrine of Humayun (may the lights of God -be his testimony!), and having made our offerings there, went off -to circumambulate the blessed mausoleum of the king of holy men -(Shaikh Nizamu-d-din Chishti), and strengthened my courage, and at -the end of the day alighted at the palace, which had been got ready -in Salimgarh. On Friday, the 30th, I halted. As they had at this -time preserved the hunting-place of the pargana of Palam, according -to order, it was represented that a great number of antelope had -collected there. Accordingly, on the 1st of the Divine month of Azar -I started to hunt [242] with cheetahs. At the end of the day, during -the hunt, much hail fell of the size of apples, and made the air very -cold. On this day three antelope were caught. On Sunday, the 2nd, -I hunted 46 antelope, and on Monday, the 3rd, 24 antelope were caught -with cheetahs. My son Shah-Jahan killed two antelope with his gun. On -Tuesday, the 4th, five antelope were caught. On Wednesday, the 5th, -27 antelope were caught. On Thursday, the 6th, Sayyid Bahwa Bukhari, -who was in charge of the government of Delhi, made an offering of -three elephants and eighteen horses, and other things. One elephant -and other things were accepted, and I gave the rest to him. Hashim of -Khost, faujdar of some parganas in Mewat, had the honour of kissing the -threshold. I employed myself within the limits of Palam until Thursday, -the 13th, in hunting with cheetahs. In the space of twelve days 426 -antelopes were caught, and I returned to Delhi. I had heard, when in -attendance on my father, that it is impossible for an antelope that has -escaped from the grasp of a cheetah to live, although it has not been -injured by its claws. In this hunt I, in order to ascertain the fact, -released several antelopes of handsome appearance and strong bodies, -before they had received any wounds from teeth or claws, and ordered -them to be kept in my presence, and that they should be taken the -greatest care of. For a whole day and night they remained at ease in -their natural conditions: on the second day a change was observed, and -they threw about their legs as if they were drunk, without any reason, -and fell down and rose up. However much tiryaq-i-faruqi (preparation -of opium) and other suitable medicines were administered to them, -they had no effect, and when one watch had passed in this condition, -they died. - -On this day the bad news arrived that the eldest son of Shah Parwiz had -died at Agra. As he was somewhat grown-up, [243] and was very attached -and affectionate towards his father, the latter was exceedingly grieved -and wounded at heart at this event, and great bewilderment and weakness -manifested themselves in him. In order to console and please him, I -sent him gracious letters, and covered over the deadly wound of his -heart with the balm of affection and kindness. I hope that God, the -great and glorious, may grant him patience and resignation, for in -this kind of calamities there can be no better driver away of grief -than endurance and resignation. - -On Friday, the 14th, at the request of Aqa [244] Aqayan, I went to -her house. On account of her previous service and her hereditary -attachment to this illustrious family, when the late king made me -a married man, he took her from my sister Shah-zada Khanam, and -placed her in charge of my Zanana. It is 33 years from that date -that she has been in my service, and I esteem her greatly, for she -has served me with sincerity. In no journey or expedition had she -of her own will remained absent from attendance on me. When she felt -her increasing age, she requested me to order her to remain at Delhi, -and to spend the remainder of her life in prayer for me, for she had -no longer the power to move about, and found it a great hardship and -trouble to come and go (as she used). One of her felicities was that -she was of the same age [245] as `Arsh-ashyani (Akbar). In brief, -with a view to giving her rest, I ordered her to remain at Delhi, -and in that place she had made for herself a garden, a saray, and -a tomb, in the constructing which she has employed herself for some -time past. In short, to please this ancient servitor, I went to her -house, and strictly ordered Sayyid Bahwa, the governor of the city, -to serve and guard her in such a manner that no dust from any road -of vexation might settle on the hem of her contentment. - -On this day Raja Kishan Das was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 300 horse, original and increased. As Sayyid Bahwa [246] -had performed satisfactorily the duties of faujdar of Delhi, and the -people of the place were much pleased with his excellent conduct, -according to previous custom, the protection and administration of -the city of Delhi and the faujdarship of the surrounding country -were entrusted to him, and he was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 600 horse, original and increased, and he was presented -with an elephant, and allowed to take leave. On Saturday, the 15th, -I honoured Mirza Wali with the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -and presenting him with a standard and an elephant, appointed him to -the Deccan. Shaikh `Abdu-l-Haqq Dihlawi, [247] who was a pious and -estimable man, had the good fortune to pay his respects to me. He had -composed a book containing the biographies of the Shaikhs of India, -and produced it to me. He had endured some hardships, and for a long -time had lived in Delhi in seclusion, and the practice of reliance on -God, and of asceticism. He is a very worthy man, and his company is -not without pleasure (for me). Bestowing various kinds of kindnesses -on him, I dismissed him. - -On Sunday, the 16th, I marched from Delhi, and on Friday, the 21st, -halted in the pargana of Kairana. [248] This pargana is the native -place of Muqarrab K. Its climate is equable and its soil good. Muqarrab -had made buildings and gardens there. As I had often heard praise -of his garden, I wished much to see it. On Saturday, the 22nd, -I and my ladies were much pleased in going round it. Truly, it is -a very fine and enjoyable garden. Within a masonry (pukhta, pucca) -wall, flower-beds have been laid out to the extent of 140 bighas. In -the middle of the garden he has constructed a pond, in length 220 -yards, and in breadth 200 yards. In the middle of the pond is a -mah-tab terrace (for use in moonlight) 22 yards square. There is no -kind of tree belonging to a warm or cold climate that is not to be -found in it. Of fruit-bearing trees belonging to Persia I saw green -pistachio-trees, and cypresses of graceful form, such as I have never -seen before. I ordered the cypresses to be counted, and they came to -300. All round the pond suitable buildings have been begun and are -in progress. - -On Monday, the 24th, Khanjar K., in whose charge is the Fort -of Ahmadnagar, was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and -1,600 horse. On Wednesday, the 26th, the Giver of Bounties gave my -son Shah-Jahan a son by the daughter of Asaf Khan. He presented an -offering of 1,000 muhars, and begged for a name for him. I gave him -the name of Umid-bakhsh (bestower of hope). I hope his advent [249] -may be auspicious to this State. On Thursday, the 27th, I halted. In -these few days I was delighted with hawking the jarz [250] (bustard -or florican) and tugh-dari (also a kind of bustard). I ordered -the jarz-i-bur (the red bustard?) to be weighed. It came to 2 1/4 -Jahangiri sirs, and the variegated (ablaq) one to 2 1/8 sirs. The large -tugh-dari was 1/4 sir heavier than the jarz-i-bur. On Thursday, the -5th of the Divine month of Day, I left the boat at Akbarpur, and the -victorious army then marched by land. From Agra to this halting-place, -which is situated within two koss of the pargana of Buriya, [251] is -by river 123 koss or 91 koss by road. I did it in 34 marches and 17 -halts. In addition to this I delayed a week in leaving the city, and -12 days in sporting in Palam: altogether (I took) 70 days. On this day -Jahangir Quli K. came from Bihar, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. He presented 100 muhars and Rs. 100. From the last Thursday -to Wednesday, the 11th, I marched every day. On Thursday, the 12th, -I was pleased with going round to see the garden of Sirhind. It is one -of the old gardens, and has old trees in it. It has not the freshness -it formerly had, but it is still valuable. Khwaja Waisi, who is well -acquainted with agriculture and buildings, was appointed the karori -of Sirhind for the purpose of keeping the garden in order. I had sent -him off from Agra before I marched from the capital, and he had put -it somewhat in order. I strictly enjoined him again that he should -remove all the old trees that had no freshness in them, and put in -fresh plants, to clean up the `irqbandi [252] (it is `iraq-bandi -in the text. The word does not occur in the B.M. MS. but is in the -I.O. MS.), and repair the old buildings, and erect other buildings in -the shape of baths, etc., in fitting places. On this date Dust Beg, -who was one of the auxiliaries of `Abdu-llah K., was promoted to the -mansab of 700 personal and 50 horse, Muzaffar Husain, s. Wazir K., -to that of 600 personal and 300 horse. Shaikh Qasim was sent to duty -in the Deccan. On Thursday, the 19th, at the request of my auspicious -son Shah-Jahan, I went to his house. On account of the birth of the son -that God Almighty had bestowed on him a grand entertainment was given, -and he presented offerings. Among these was a short, broad sword [253] -(shamshir-i-nimcha), which was of Venetian workmanship. The hilt and -fastenings were made of a sapphire [254] cut in Europe: in short, it -had been beautifully made. Another offering was an elephant which the -Raja of Baglana had presented to my son in Burhanpur. As that elephant -was handsome and well-behaved, it was ordered to be included among -the private elephants. The value of the offerings that were accepted -was Rs. 130,000, and he offered about Rs. 4,000 to his mothers and -benefactors. On this day Sayyid Bayazid Bukhari, faujdar of Bhakkar, -sent as an offering a rang (ibex), which he had brought from the -hills when it was small and brought up in his house. It pleased -me greatly. Of mar-khur and hill sheep I have seen many brought -up in the house, but I never saw a rang (tame). I ordered them to -keep it with the Barbary goats, in order that they might pair and -produce young ones. Without doubt, it is not allied to the mar-khur -or the quchqar. Sayyid Bayazid was raised to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 700 horse. On Monday, the 23rd, having honoured Muqim -K. with a robe of honour, a horse, an elephant, and jewelled khapwa, -I appointed him to Bihar. On Sunday, the 29th, a feast was prepared -for my auspicious son Shah-Jahan on the bank of the Biya (Beas), -and on the same day Raja Bikramajit, who was employed in the siege of -Kangra, came to Court, by order, to represent certain requirements, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On Monday, the 30th, -my son Shah-Jahan took ten days' leave, and hastened to Lahore in -order to see the palace buildings lately erected. Raja Bikramajit -was presented with a special dagger, a robe of honour, and a horse, -and returned to duty on the siege of Kangra. On Wednesday, the 2nd -of the Divine month of Bahman, the garden of Kalanaur was honoured -by my halting there. At this place my father had ascended the throne. - -When the news of the speedy arrival of Khan `Alam reached the Court, -every day I sent one of my servants to meet him. I loaded him with all -kinds of favours and kindnesses, and added to his rank and dignity, -and I decked the headings of the farmans sent to him with an impromptu -hemistich or couplet suitable to the occasion, and so filled him -with favours. Once I sent him some Jahangiri (otto of roses), and -this opening verse came on my tongue: - - - VERSE. [255] - - "To thee I've sent the scent of myself. - That I may bring thee the more quickly to myself." - - -On Thursday, the 3rd (Bahman), at the garden of Kalanaur, Khan `Alam -was honoured by kissing the threshold. By way of nazar he brought 100 -muhars and Rs. 1,000, and (stated that he) would present his offerings -in due course. Zambil Beg, the ambassador of my brother Shah `Abbas, -was following him with the royal letter and the rarities of that -country (Persia), which he had sent as presents. Of the favours and -kindness conferred by my brother on Khan `Alam, if I were to write of -them in detail, I should be accused of exaggeration. In conversation -he always gave him the title of Khan `Alam, and never had him out -of his presence. If he ever voluntarily stayed in his own quarter, -he (`Abbas) would go there without ceremony, and show him more and -more favour. One day there was a qamurgha hunt at Farrukhabad, and he -ordered Khan `Alam to shoot with a bow. Out of good manners he brought -a bow with two arrows (only). The Shah gave him 50 other arrows from -his own quiver. It happened that 50 of these arrows struck the game, -and two arrows missed. Then he ordered some of his attendants who had -the entrée at feasts and assemblies to shoot with arrows. Most shot -well. Among them Muhammad Yusuf (qarawul), shot an arrow which went -through two boars, and those who were standing by broke out without -control into applause. At the time Khan `Alam took his leave, he seized -him in the embrace of honour, and showed him great affection. After -he had left the city, he went to his halting-place, and made many -apologies and bade him farewell. As for the beautiful and costly -things that the Khan `Alam brought, it was indeed the assistance of -his destiny that gave such rare things into his hand. Among them was -the picture of the fight of Sahib Qiran (Timur) with Tuqtamish K., -and the likenesses of him and his glorious children and the great -Amirs who had the good fortune to be with him in that fight, and -near each figure was written whose portrait it was. In this picture -there were 240 figures. The painter had written his name as Khalil -Mirza Shahrukhi (in the MS. it is Savaj and not Shahrukhi). The work -was very complete and grand, and resembled greatly the paint-brush of -Ustad Bihzad. If the name of the painter had not been written, the work -would have been believed to be his. As it was executed before Bihzad's -date it is probable that the latter was one of Khalil Mirza's pupils, -and had adopted his style. This precious relic had been obtained from -the illustrious library of Shah Isma`il (the 1st), or had come to my -brother Shah `Abbas from Shah Tahmasp. A person of the name of Sadiqi, -a librarian of his, had stolen it, and sold it to someone. By chance -(the painting) fell into the hands of Khan `Alam at Isfahan. The -Shah heard that he had found such a rare prize, and asked it of him -on the pretence of looking at it. Khan `Alam tried to evade this by -artful stratagems, but when he repeatedly insisted on it, he sent it -to him. The Shah recognized it immediately he saw it. He kept it by -him for a day, but at last, as he knew how great was our liking for -such rarities, he--God be praised--made no request [256] whatever for -it, but told the facts of the case (about its being stolen) to Khan -`Alam, and made the picture over to him. - -At the time when I sent Khan `Alam to Persia, I had sent with him a -painter of the name of Bishan Das, who was unequalled in his age for -taking likenesses, to take the portraits of the Shah and the chief -men of his State, and bring them. He had drawn the likenesses of -most of them, and especially had taken that of my brother the Shah -exceedingly well, so that when I showed it to any of his servants, -they said it was exceedingly well drawn. - -On the same day Qasim K., with the Bakhshi and Diwan of Lahore, had the -good fortune to do homage. Bishan Das, the painter, was honoured with -the gift of an elephant. Baba Khwaja, who was one of the auxiliaries of -Qandahar, was accorded the mansab of 1,000 personal and 550 horse. On -Tuesday, the 3rd, Madaru-l-mahammi (centre of important affairs) -I`timadu-d-daula made ready his army. Inasmuch as the charge of the -Panjab is entrusted to his agents, and he has also various jagirs -in Hindustan, he held a review of 5,000 horsemen. As the area of -Kashmir is not such that its produce may suffice for the expenses of -the force that is always on service with the servants of the army of -prosperity, and as, in consequence of the report (of the approach) -of the glorious and victorious standards, the price of grains and -vegetables had risen very high, an order was given, for the comfort -of the public, that those servants who were in attendance on the royal -stirrup should arrange their retinues, and only taking with them those -who were indispensable, should send the remainder to their jagirs, -and in the same way should take every precaution to reduce as far -as possible the number of their beasts and followers. On Thursday, -the 10th, my fortunate son, Shah-Jahan returned from Lahore, and -had the good fortune to do homage. Having honoured Jahangir Quli -K. with a dress of honour, a horse and an elephant, I gave him leave -to proceed with his brothers and sons to the Deccan. On this day -Talib Amuli received the title of Maliku-sh-shu`ara (king of poets), -and was clothed in a dress of honour. His origin was from Amul. For -some time he was with I`timadu-d-daula. As the merits of his style -surpassed that of his contemporaries, he was enrolled among the poets -of the throne. The following couplets are by him: - - - VERSE. [257] - - "Spring longs to rifle thy parterre. - For the flowers in thy hand are fresher than those on his - branch. - I've so closed my lips from speech that you'd say - 'His mouth is but a scar on his face.'" [258] - - - VERSE. - - "Both first and last, Love is aye music and joy-- - A pleasant wine both when fresh and when mellow. - - - VERSE. - - "Were I glass instead of body, - I'd reveal thee to thyself without thy unveiling. - Two lips have I; one for drinking, - And one to apologize for drunkenness." - - -On Monday, the 14th, Husaini s. Sultan Qiwam produced this quatrain: - - - QUATRAIN. - - "A speck of dust sprinkled on thee from thy skirt - Becomes Solomon's collyrium; from the moisture of thy face [259] - Were the earth at thy door examined, - The sweat of kings' brows would exude." - - -At this time Mu`tamid K. repeated a quatrain which greatly pleased me, -and which I entered in my common-place book: - - - QUATRAIN. [260] - - "You give me the poison of parting to taste, (and say) 'What - matters it?' - You shed my blood and expel me (and say), 'What matters it?' - O, heedless of what your dividing sword can do, - Sift my dust and then you'll know." - - -Talib (i.e., Baba Talib) is by family an Isfahani. In his early youth -he went to Kashmir clothed as an ascetic and calendar, and from the -beauty of the place and the pleasantness of the climate set his heart -on the country and settled there. After the conquest of Kashmir he -joined the service of the late king (Akbar), and became enrolled -among the servants of the Presence. His age is now nearly 100 years, -and he is now with his sons and dependants in Kashmir, engaged in -praying for the everlasting State. - -As it was reported to me that in Lahore one Miyan Shaikh Muhammad -Mir by name, who was a Darvish, a Sindi by origin, very eloquent, -virtuous, austere, of auspicious temperament, a lord of ecstasy, had -seated himself in the corner of reliance upon God and retirement, and -was rich in his poverty and independent of the world, my truth-seeking -mind was not at rest without meeting him, and my desire to see him -increased. As it was impossible to go to Lahore, I wrote a note to -him, and explained to him the desire of my heart, and that saint, -notwithstanding his great age and weakness, took the trouble to come. I -sate with him for a long time alone, and enjoyed a thorough interview -with him. Truly he is a noble personage, and in this Age he is a great -gain and a delightful existence. This suppliant for Grace was taken -out of himself by companionship with him, [261] and heard from him -sublime words of truth and religious knowledge. Although I desired to -make him some gift, I found that his spirit was too high for this, and -so did not express my wish. I left him the skin of a white antelope to -pray upon, and he immediately bade me farewell and went back to Lahore. - -On Wednesday, the 23rd, I pitched my camp at Daulatabad. A daughter -of a gardener was brought before me who had a moustache and a thick -beard as big as the hilt of a sword. Her appearance was like that of -a man. There was hair in the middle of her chest as well, but she had -no breasts. [262] I discovered by her appearance that she ought not to -have children. I told some women to take her aside and examine her, -as perhaps she might be a hermaphrodite. They found she was in no -way different from other women. I have recorded this in this volume -on account of its strangeness. - -On Thursday, the 24th, Baqir K., having come from Multan, had the -good fortune to pay his respects. In the preceding pages it has -been recorded that Allah-dad, s. Jalala Tariki, had deserted from -the victorious army and taken the road to ruin. He now repented, -and through Baqir K. petitioned I`timadu-d-daula for pardon. At the -latter's request I ordered that if he repented of what he had done, -and turned his face in hope towards the Court, his crimes would be -forgiven. On this day Baqir K. brought him to Court, and at the -intercession of I`timadu-d-daula, the traces of disgrace and the -dust of sorrow were washed off his forehead with the pure water of -pardon. Sangram, Zamindar of Jammu, was honoured with the title of -Raja and the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was exalted -with the gift of an elephant and a dress of honour. Ghairat K., -faujdar of the Du-ab, was promoted to the mansab of 800 personal -and 500 horse. Khwaja Qasim received the rank of 700 and 250 horse, -and Taham-tan Beg, s. Qasim Koka, received that of 500 personal and -300 horse. I gave Khan `Alam a private elephant with trappings. From -this stage, having given Baqir K. the mansab of 1,500 personal and -500 horse, I dismissed him again to his Subadarship. - -On Monday, the 28th, I pitched in the pargana of Karohi, which is -on the bank of the Bihat (Jhelam). As this hilly country is one of -the established hunting-places, the huntsmen, according to order, -had come on in advance and prepared a jarga (ring in which game is -enclosed). On Wednesday, the 1st of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz, -they drove in the game from six koss. On Thursday, the 2nd, they -brought them into the enclosure, where 101 head of mountain sheep -and gazelles were taken. As Mahabat K. had been prevented from the -good fortune of coming before me for a long time, I ordered, at his -request, that if he was satisfied with the order of affairs, and was -not troubled with regard to any occurrence, he should leave his forces -at their posts (thanas), and come to Court unattended. On this day he -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and presented 100 muhars -as nazar. Khan `Alam was promoted to the mansab of 5,000 personal and -3,000 horse. About this time a written report came from Nuru-d-din -Quli that he had repaired the Punch road, and levelled the defiles -as far as possible, but that snow fell for some days and nights, and -lay on the kotals to the depth of three cubits. It was still falling, -and if I would delay outside the hills for a month, I could cross -by that route, otherwise it appeared difficult. As my intention in -this undertaking was to see the spring and the sprouting of bloom, -my chance of seeing this was lost by this delay, and I necessarily -turned my rein, and the royal standards proceeded by the way of Pakli -and Damtur. On Friday, the 3rd, I crossed the River Bihat (Jhelam), -although the water was waist-deep. As it was running very fast, and -men crossed with great trouble, I ordered them to take 200 elephants -to the fords, and cross the effects of the people over, and take -across as well those who were weak and feeble, so that there might -be no loss of life or goods. - -On this day news arrived of the death of Khwaja Jahan. He was one of -the old servants, and from the time when I was prince. Although at -last he left my service, and was for some time in that of my father, -yet as he had not gone to any strange place, this did not weigh heavily -on my mind. Accordingly, after my accession, I did him such kindness -as he had never conceived possible, and gave him the mansab of 5,000 -personal and 3,000 horse. I take this opportunity to record in this -volume an account of his idiosyncrasy. He became practised in great -affairs and acquired a wonderful skill in business. His capabilities -were the result of labour, and he was void of natural ability, and -of the other qualities which are the adornment of men's nature. On -this journey he suffered from heart-failure, but for some days, in -spite of illness and breakdown, he kept up with the march. When his -weakness increased, he was allowed to go back at Kalanaur, and went -to Lahore, and there died a natural death. [263] - -On Saturday, the 4th of the aforesaid month, the camp was pitched at -the Fort of Rohtas (in the Panjab). I favoured Qasim K. with a horse, -a sword, and a special shawl (parm-narm, literally very soft, and -Akbar's name for a shawl, see Blochmann, 90). I gave him leave to go -to Lahore. There was a small garden by the roadside, and I inspected -the blossoms. - -At this stage tihu [264] were obtained. The flesh of the tihu is -better than that of the partridge (kabak). - -On Sunday, the 5th, M. Hasan s. Mirza Rustam, was promoted to the -rank of 1,000 with 400 horse, and was appointed to the Deccan. Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Latif, the chief fowler, also received the rank of 1,000 -with 400 horse. At this place I saw a flower, white inside, and red -outside, while some of them were red inside and yellow outside. In -Persian they call it La`la-i-bigana, and in Hindi thal kanal. Thal -means land, and as the lotus (kanal) is an aquatic plant, they have -called this land-lotus. [265] - -On Thursday, the 9th, a report came from Dilawar K., Governor of -Kashmir, containing the good news of the conquest of Kishtwar. Details -will be recorded by the pen of the newswriter after he (Dilawar) -comes to the foot of the throne. I sent him a gracious farman with a -special dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, and granted him the -revenue of the conquered province for a year, as a reward for this -acceptable service. On Tuesday, the 14th, I halted at Hasan Abdal. As -the occurrences on this road and particulars of the stages have been -related in detail in the account of the expedition to Kabul, I shall -not repeat them. From this place as far as Kashmir, they will be -written stage by stage, please Almighty God. From the date on which, -disembarking from a boat, I reached Akbarpur in safety and prosperity, -up to Hasan Abdal, a distance of 178 koss, I took 69 days in 48 marches -and 21 halts. [266] As at this place there is a spring full of water, -and a cascade, and a very beautiful reservoir, I halted here two -days, and on Thursday, the 16th (Isfandarmuz), the feast of my lunar -weighing took place. The 53rd year, according to lunar calculation, -of this suppliant at the throne commenced auspiciously. As beyond -this stage, hills, passes, and many ups and downs were before us, the -passage of the camp appeared a difficult matter, and it was settled -that H. M. Maryamu-z-zamani and the other Begams should delay for -some days, and come on at leisure. Madaru-l-mulk I`timadu-d-daula -al-Khaqani, Sadiq K. Bakhshi, and Iradat K. Mir-Saman, with the -directors of the buildings and other offices, should attend to -their transit. At the same time Rustam Mirza Safawi, Khan-A`zam, -and a number of other servants, obtained leave to go by the Punch -road, while the royal retinue went on with some privileged courtiers -(manzuran-i-bisat-i-qarb) and the necessary servants. On Friday, -the 17th, we marched 3 1/2 koss, and halted at the village of -Sultanpur. [267] On this day came the news of the death of Rana Amar -Singh, who had died a natural death at Udaipur (become a traveller on -the road of non-existence). Jagat Singh, his grandson, and Bhim, [268] -his son, who were in attendance on me, were presented with dresses -of honour, and an order was given that Raja Kishan Das should proceed -with a gracious farman conferring the title of Rana, a dress of honour, -a horse, and a private elephant for Kunar Karan, to perform the dues -of condolence and congratulation. I heard [269] from people of this -country that when it is not the rainy season, and there is no sign -of a cloud or lightning, a noise like the voice of the clouds comes -from this hill, which they called Garj (thunder). This noise is heard -every year or at least every two years. I had repeatedly heard of this -also when I was in attendance on the late king. I have written this as -it is not devoid of strangeness, [270] but wisdom is from Allah. On -Saturday, the 18th, marching 4 1/2 koss, I halted at the village of -Sanji. From this stage I entered the pargana of Hazara Qarlugh. [271] -On Sunday, the 19th, marching 3 3/4 koss, I halted at the village -of Naushahra. [272] From this place we entered Dhantur. As far as -the eye could reach there were green meadows [273] interspersed with -the thal-kanwal (hibiscus) and other flowers in bloom. It was a very -beautiful sight. On Monday, the 20th, marching 3 1/2 koss, the camp -was pitched at the village of Salhar. [274] Mahabat K. presented as -offerings jewels and inlaid vessels to the value of Rs. 60,000. In -this country I saw a flower of the redness of fire, of the shape of -gul-i-khatmi, [275] but smaller, and several flowers blooming together -in one place, looked from a distance as if they were one flower. Its -stem is of the size of the apricot-tree. On the hill-slopes here there -are many wild violets, [276] with a very sweet scent, but paler than -the violet. On Tuesday, the 21st, marching 3 koss, I halted at the -village of Malgalli. [277] On this day I dismissed Mahabat K. to his -duty in Bangash, and conferred on him a special elephant and dress of -honour with a pustin (sheepskin coat). This day there was a drizzling -rain till the end of the march. On the eve of Wednesday, the 22nd, -also there was rain. In the morning snow fell, and as most of the roads -had become very slippery, the weak animals fell in every place, and -could not rise again, and 25 of my own elephants were lent to assist -[278] them. I halted for two days on account of the snow. On Thursday, -the 23rd, Sultan Husain, Zamindar of Pakli, had the good fortune to -pay his respects: this is the entrance to the Pakli country. It is a -strange thing that when H. M. Akbar came here it snowed at this stage, -and it has now snowed as well. For many years no snow has fallen, and -there has even been little rain. On Friday, the 24th, I marched 4 koss -and pitched at the village of Sawadnagar. [279] On this road, too there -was much mud. [280] Apricot and peach trees were blooming on all sides, -and fir-trees like cypresses rejoiced the eye. On Saturday, the 25th, -having marched nearly 3 1/2 koss, the camp was pitched near Pakli. On -Sunday, the 26th, I rode out to hunt partridges (kabak), and at the -end of the day, at the request of Sultan Husain, went to his house, and -increased his dignity among his equals and neighbours. H. M. Akbar had -also gone to his house. He offered several kinds of horses, daggers, -hawks, and falcons. I presented him with the horses and daggers. I -ordered the hawks and falcons to be got ready [281] (kamar bar basta), -and shown everything that might fly up. The Sarkar of Pakli is 35 koss -in length and 25 in breadth. On the east, on two sides, is the hill -country of Kashmir; on the west, Atak Benares (Atak); on the north, -Kator; and on the south, the Gakkar country. At the time when Timur, -after conquering Hindustan, turned his rein backwards towards the -capital of Turan, they say that he placed in these regions this body -of people, who were in attendance on the victorious stirrup. They -say themselves that they are Qarlughs, but do not know for certain -who was their leader at that time. In fact, they are pure Lahauris, -and speak the same language. The people of Dhantur think the same -thing. In the time of my father, one of the name of Shahrukh was -Zamindar of Dhantur; now it is Bahadur, his son. Although they are -all related to one another, there are always disputes, as is usual -with Zamindars, about boundaries. They have always been loyal. Sultan -Mahmud, the father of Sultan Husain and Shahrukh, both came to wait -on me when I was prince. Although Sultan Husain is seventy years old, -to all outward appearance there is no diminution in his powers, and -he can still ride and be as active as possible. In this country they -make buza (a beverage) from bread and rice, which they call sar. [282] -It is much stronger than buza, and the older it is the better. This -sar is their chief sustenance. They put this sar into a jar, and -fastening it up, keep it for two or three years in the house. Then -they take off the scum and call the liquor achhi. The achhi can be -kept for ten years, and according to them, the older it is the better, -and the shortest time in which they use it is a year. Sultan Mahmud -used to take cup after cup of this sar; nay! he would drink a jar -of it. Sultan Husain is also addicted to it, and brought me some -of his choicest quality. I took some in order to try it. I had also -drunk it before. Its intoxicating effects are aphrodisiac, but its -taste is harsh. It appeared that they mix some bhang (bang) with it, -which increases its intoxicating power. If there were no wine, it -could in case of necessity be used as a substitute. The fruits are -apricots, peaches, and pears (?) (amrud). As they do not cultivate -them, but they spring up of themselves, they are harsh-flavoured and -unpleasant. Their blossoms are a joy. Their houses are of wood, and -are built after the Kashmiri fashion. They have hawks, and horses, -camels, cattle, and buffaloes, and many goats and fowls. Their mules -are small and are not fit for heavy loads. As it was represented -to me that some stages farther on the cultivation was not such as -to provide sufficient grain for the royal camp, I gave an order -that they should only take a small advanced camp, sufficient for -our needs and the necessary establishments, and diminish the number -of elephants, and take with them provisions for three or four days; -that they should take with them only some of the immediate attendants -on the royal stirrup, and that the rest of the men should come on some -stages behind under the command of Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Bakhshi. In -spite of precautions and injunctions, it was found necessary to have -700 elephants for the advanced camp and the establishments. - -The mansab of Sultan Husain was 400 personal and 300 horse; I now -promoted him to 600 personal and 350 horse, and conferred on him a -robe of honour, a jewelled dagger, and an elephant. Bahadur Dhanturi -was an auxiliary of the army of Bangash. An order was given that -he should hold the mansab, original and increased, of 200 personal -and 100 horse. On Wednesday, the 27th, having marched 5 1/4 koss, and -crossing by bridges the Nainsukh, [283] I chose a halting-place. This -Nainsukh (repose of the eyes) flows from the North, and comes down -from the hills of Dard [284] (?), which is between the country of -Badakhshan and Tibet. As at this place it forms two branches, they had, -according to order, prepared two wooden bridges for the crossing of -the victorious army, one 18 cubits and the other 14 cubits in length, -with a breadth each of 5 cubits. The way in which they make bridges in -this country is to throw pine-trees [285] on the surface of the water, -and fasten the two ends strongly to rocks, and having thrown on to -these thick planks of wood, make them firm with pegs and ropes, -and these, with a little repair, last for years. Briefly, they -made the elephants ford, whilst the horsemen and foot passed over -by the bridge. Sultan Mahmud called this river Nainsukh--that is, -"Repose of the eye." On Thursday, the 30th, having marched about 3 -1/2 koss, a halt was made on the bank of the Kishan Ganga. On this -road there is a kotal of great height, the ascent being 1 koss, and -the descent 1 1/2 koss, which they call Pim darang. The reason for -this name is that in the language of Kashmir they call cotton (pamba) -pim. As the rulers of Kashmir had placed a superintendent there, who -took duties from loads of cotton, and delay takes place here for the -collection of the duty, it has become known as the Pim darang [286] -(cotton delay). After traversing the pass, there is a very fine -and clear waterfall. Having drunk my usual cups on the edge of the -water in the shade of the trees, I went on to my halting-place in the -evening. There was an old bridge over this river, 54 yards long and 1 -1/2 yards wide, which footmen crossed by. According to orders, another -bridge was prepared parallel to this, in length 53 yards and breadth 3 -yards. As the water was deep and swift, they took the elephants across -without loads, and the footmen and horses crossed by the bridge. By -order of my father, a very strong saray of stone and lime was erected -on the top of the ridge overlooking the river. One day before New -Year's Day we had sent Mu`tamid K. forward to select a spot for the -placing of the throne and preparing the New Year's entertainment. This -had to be lofty and choice. By chance, as he crossed the bridge, -there was a ridge overlooking the water, green and pleasant. On the -top of this was a flat place of 50 cubits which one might say the -rulers of fate had specially prepared for such a day. The aforesaid -officer had made ready everything necessary for the New Year's feast -on the top of that ridge, which was much approved. Mu`tamid K. was -much applauded for this. The river Kishan Ganga comes from the south -[287] and flows northwards. The Bihat (Jhelam) comes from the East, -and joining the Kishan Ganga, flows to the North. - - - - - - - - -THE FIFTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -The transit of the sun, that fulfils the hopes of the world, into -his house of honour in Aries, took place on Friday, the 15th of the -month of Rabi`u-s-sani in the Hijri year 1029, (10 March), 1620, -after 12 1/2 gharis, or 5 sidereal hours, [288] had passed, and -the 15th year of the reign of this suppliant at the throne of Allah -commenced happily and auspiciously. On Saturday, the 2nd (Farwardin), -having marched 4 1/2 koss, I halted at the village of Bakkar. On this -road there was no hill-pass (kotal), but it was rather stony. I saw -peacocks, black partridges, and monkeys (langur), such as exist in -the Garmsir country (Afghanistan). It is evident that these can also -exist in cold countries. From this place to Kashmir the road is along -the bank of the river Bihat. There are hills on both sides, and in -the bottom of the valley the water flows with great force, boiling -and raging. However large an elephant may be, he cannot hold his feet -firmly in it, but immediately rolls over, and is carried away. There -are also water-dogs [289] in the river. On Sunday, the 3rd, marching -4 1/2 koss, I pitched at Musaran. On the eve of Friday the merchants -who live in the pargana of Bara Mula came and paid their respects. I -asked the reason of the name of Bara mula, and they represented that -in the Hindi language they call a boar Barah (Varaha) and mula a -place--that is, the boars' place. Among the incarnations that belong -to the religion of the Hindus, one is the boar incarnation, and Barah -mula by constant use has become Bara mula. On Monday, the 4th, marching -2 1/2 koss, I pitched at Bhulbas. As they said these hills were very -narrow and difficult (to pass), and they could be crossed by a crowd -of men only with great trouble, I gave orders to Mu`tamid K. that, -with the exception of Asaf K. and a few of the necessary attendants, -no one should be allowed to march along with the prosperous stirrup -(with the king personally), and the camp should be kept one stage -behind. By chance, before this order was given, he had sent on his own -tent. After this he wrote to his men that this order had been given -with regard to him, and they should halt at whatever spot they had -reached. His brothers heard this at the foot of the kotal of Bhulbas, -[290] and pitched their own tent there. When the royal host reached -the place, snow and rain began to fall. One plain of the road had -not been crossed when his tent became visible. Looking on this as a -gift from the hidden world, I and the ladies alighted, and remained -protected from the cold and snow and rain. His brothers, according to -orders, sent someone in haste to summon him. When the news reached -him that the elephants and the advance camp had arrived at the top -of the kotal, and blocked up the road, as it was impossible to ride, -with great zeal, he, not knowing his head from his feet, traversed a -distance of 2 1/2 koss on foot in two hours, and came to wait on me, -and repeated this couplet with the tongue of gesture. [291] - - - VERSE. - - "At midnight came the thought of thee. I was ashamed and - resigned my life. - The poor man was abashed when suddenly the guest arrived." - - -All that was in his store (bisat) in the way of money and goods, -of live stock or dead, he offered for me to tread upon. I gave them -all back, and said: "What do worldly goods appear worth to the eye of -our magnanimity? We buy the jewel of loyalty at a high figure. Such -an event arising out of his devotion should be reckoned as the rising -of his good star, in that a king like me with the people of his harem -should remain in his house in comfort and at ease for a night and a -day. It would be a cause of honour to him among his contemporaries and -comrades." On Tuesday, the 5th, having traversed 2 koss, I alighted at -the village of Kaha'i. [292] I presented the dress (sar u pay) I had -on to Mu`tamid K., and an order was given assigning him the mansab -of 1,500 personal and l,500 [293] horse. From this stage we entered -within the boundary of Kashmir. In the same kotal of Bhulbas, Ya`qub, -s. Yusuf K. Kashmiri, fought with the victorious army of my father, -of which Raja Bhagwan Das, father of Raja Man Singh, was the leader. - -On this day, the news came that Suhrab K., s. Rustam Mirza, had been -drowned in the Jhelam. The details are as follows: He, according -to orders, was coming up one stage in the rear, and on the road it -came into his mind that he would have a bathe in the river, though -warm water was ready. The people forbade him, and said that when the -air was so cold, unnecessarily to get into a river so agitated and -bloodthirsty that it would roll over a war-elephant, was contrary to -the dictates of caution. He was not restrained by their words, and -as the unavoidable destined time had arrived, got in. From excessive -self-will and pride and carelessness, in reliance on his powers of -swimming, in which art he was unequalled, he was more determined than -ever, and with a khidmatiyya (Blochmann 252) and another servant, both -of whom could swim, mounted a rock on the river bank and threw himself -in. Immediately he fell, from the violent movement of the waves, he -could not pull himself together or try to swim; to fall in and go were -the same thing, and Suhrab K. [294] and the khidmatiyya thus gave away -the goods of their lives to the flood of destruction. The boatman, -[295] with a hundred difficulties, brought the boat of his being -(himself) in safety to the shore. Mirza Rustam was much attached to -this son. On hearing of this fatal news on the Punch road, he rent the -robe of patience, and showed great agitation. With all his dependants, -clothed in mourning garments, with head and feet bare, he came to -wait on me. What shall I write of the grief of the mother? Although -the Mirza has other sons, his heart was bound up in this one. His age -was twenty-six years. In shooting with a gun he was an excellent pupil -of his father, and knew well how to drive elephants and carriages. On -the expedition to Gujarat he was often ordered to ride on the front -part of my private elephant, and he was an active soldier. [296] - -On Wednesday, the 6th, marching 3 koss, I pitched at the village -of Riwand. On Thursday, the 7th, crossing the kotal of Kuwarmat, -[297] which is the most difficult on this road (MS.), I alighted at -the village of Wachaha (MS. and print differ). The distance of this -stage is 4 1/4 koss. The kotal of Kuwarmat (Kulamat in the MS.) is a -difficult one, and is the last of the kotals on the road. On Friday, -the 8th, having traversed nearly 4 koss, I halted at the village -of Baltar. [298] There was no kotal on this road. It was broad, and -plain after plain, and mead after mead, of flowers. Sweet-smelling -plants of narcissus, violet, and strange flowers that grow in this -country, came to view. Among these flowers I saw (noticed especially) -one extraordinary one. It had five or six orange flowers blooming with -their heads downwards. From the middle of the flowers there came out -some green leaves, as in the case [299] of the pineapple (?). This is -the bulanik [300] flower. There is another flower like the puy (?), -round which are small flowers of the shape and colour of the jessamine, -some blue in colour and some red, with yellow points in the middle, -exceedingly pretty in appearance: its name is "ladar push." They -call it push-i-`aliyyu-l-`umum [301] (the common push?). There are -many yellow arghawan (Judas-trees) on the road as well. The flowers -of Kashmir are beyond counting and calculation. Which shall I write -of? And how many can I describe? I have only mentioned the most -remarkable. There is a waterfall on this road, very high and fine. It -flows down from a high place. No other waterfall of such beauty was -seen on the road. I delayed a moment at it, and filled my eye and heart -with gazing on it from a high spot. On Saturday, the 9th, I marched 4 -3/4 koss, and crossed over at Baramula. [302] It is one of the noted -towns of Kashmir, and 14 koss [303] distant from the city, situated on -the bank of the Bihat. A number of the merchants of Kashmir live in it, -and have built houses and mosques on the bank of the river, and spend -their days in ease and contentment. According to orders, before the -arrival of the host of prosperity, they had prepared decorated boats -at the place. As [304] the hour for entry (into Srinagar) had been -fixed for Monday, when two watches of the day had passed, on Sunday, -the 10th, I entered Shihabu-d-din-pur. On this day Dilawar K. Kakar, -the Governor of Kashmir, came from Kishtwar, [305] and had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold. He was exalted with various royal -favours and all kinds of imperial gratifications. He had done his duty -here in an acceptable manner, and it is hoped that the great Giver -of favours may light up the foreheads of all my servants with honour. - -Kishtwar is to the south of Kashmir. From the city of Kashmir -(Srinagar) to the stage of Alkah (?), [306] which is the capital -of Kishtwar, the distance is 60 koss by measurement. On the 10th -of the Ilahi month of Shahriwar, in my 14th year, Dilawar K., with -10,000 horse and foot, determined to conquer Kishtwar. He appointed -his son, Hasan by name, with Gird `Ali Mir-bahr (admiral) to guard -the city and administer the territory. And as Gohar Chak and Aiba -Chak laid claim to Kashmir as heirs, and were stirring up strife in -Kishtwar, and were wandering in the valley of confusion and ruin, -he left Haibat, one of his brothers, with a force at Desu, which is -near the kotal of Pir Panjal, by way of caution, and, dividing his -forces at that place, he himself hastened with a force by the road -of Sanginpur, sending his son Jalal, with Nasru-llah `Arab, and `Ali -Malik Kashmiri, and a band of Jahangiri servants by another road, and -his elder son Jamal with a band of zealous young men as an advanced -guard to his own force. At the same time he placed two other forces -to move forward on his right and left. As no horses could go on the -road, by way of precaution he took some with him, but left nearly -[307] all his sipahis' horses behind, and sent them to Kashmir (i.e., -Srinagar). The young men girded the belt of duty on their waists, -and went up the hills on foot. The ghazis of the army of Islam fought -from post to post with the ill-fated unbelievers as far as Narkot, -which was one of the enemy's strongholds. There the corps of Jalal and -Jamal, which had been sent by different roads, met, and the enemy, -not having the power to oppose them, took to flight. The brave ones -who offered their lives traversed many ups and downs with the courage -of determination, and hastened on to the Maru river. On the bank of -that river the fire of slaughter was lighted, and the ghazis of the -army of Islam displayed approved activity. The ill-fated Aiba Chak, -with many of the people of ruin, were slain. By the death of Aiba the -Raja became powerless and without heart, and took the road of flight, -and, crossing by the bridge, stopped at Bhandarkot, which is on the -other side. A band of the brave ones (bahaduran) quickly advanced, -wishing to cross the bridge. A great fight took place at its head, and -some of the young men attained to martyrdom. In this way for twenty -days and nights the servants of the Court tried to cross the river, -and the unbelievers of darkened fortune did not fail to attack and try -to drive them back, until Dilawar K., after establishing thanas and -arranging for the commissariat, arrived with his army. The Raja, by -way of stratagem and vulpine trickery, sent his Vakils to Dilawar K., -and begged that he might send his brother with offerings to the Court, -so that when his offences obtained pardon, and his mind were freed -from fear and trouble, he could also himself proceed to the Court, the -refuge of the world, and kiss the threshold. Dilawar K. did not lend -his ear to these deceitful words, and did not throw away from his hand -the coin of opportunity. He dismissed the envoys of the Raja without -the attainment of their object, and made every exertion to cross the -bridge. His eldest son Jamal, with a band of the crocodiles of the -sea of bravery and valour, went up the river, and by bravely swimming -it although swollen crossed over, and engaged in a fierce battle with -the enemy. The devoted servants of the Court made an attack from the -other side, and made matters tight for these ruined people. These, -when they found they had no longer the strength to oppose them, broke -down the planking of the bridge, and took to flight. The victorious -servants made the bridge strong again, and transported the remainder -of the army. Dilawar Khan drew up his forces at Bhandarkot. From the -aforesaid river (the Maru) to the Chenab, which is a strong support of -these unfortunate people, is a distance of two bow-shots, and on the -bank of the Chenab there is a lofty hill. The crossing of the water is -a difficult matter, and, with a view to the coming and going of people -on foot, they attach strong ropes, and place planks of the width of a -cubit between two ropes, and fasten one rope's end to the top of the -hill, and the other on the other side of the water. Then they attach -two other ropes a gaz higher than these, that foot-passengers may -place their feet on the planks, and, taking hold of the upper ropes, -may descend from the top of the hill to the bottom, and so cross the -river. This bridge they call zampa, in the language of the people -of the hill country. Wherever they apprehended that a rope bridge -might be constructed, they stationed musketeers and archers and -men-at-arms, and so felt secure. Dilawar K. made rafts (jhala), and, -placing on them eighty of his valiant young men, sent them across -the river at night. As the water was flowing with great violence, the -rafts were carried down by the flood of destruction, and sixty-eight -of these gallant men were drowned in the sea of non-existence, and -obtained the renown of martyrdom, whilst ten, by the aid of swimming, -reached the shore of safety (i.e., returned), and two on the other -side became prisoners in the hands of the infidels. In short, for -four months and ten days Dilawar Khan, having planted the foot of -courage at Bhandarkot, made endeavours to cross over; but the arrow -of stratagem did not reach the target of intent until a Zamindar -pointed out a place which the enemy had no idea of. There, having -constructed a zampah, in the heart of night, Jalal, Dilawar K.'s son, -with some of the servants of the Court and a band of Afghans, about -200 in number, crossed over in safety, made unawares in the morning -an attack on the Raja, and blew loudly the trumpets of victory. A -few who were around and before the Raja rushed out, bewildered, half -asleep and half awake, and most of them became the harvest of the -blood-drinking sword, while the rest quickly withdrew themselves from -that whirlpool of calamity. In that encounter one of the soldiers came -upon the Raja, and wished to finish him with a sword. He called out: -"I am the Raja; take me alive to Dilawar Khan." The men rushed on -him and made him prisoner. After the Raja was made prisoner, his -people all fled. When Dilawar Khan heard this good news of victory, -he prostrated himself in thankfulness to Allah, and, having crossed -the river with the victorious army, came to Mandal Badr, [308] which -was the capital of the country, and is 3 koss from the river. The -daughter [309] of Sangram Raja of Jammu, and the daughter of the -abandoned Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, were in the Raja's house (i.e., -married to him). By Sangram's daughter he had children. Before the -victory he had, by way of caution, sent his family for refuge to -the Raja of Jaswal and other Zamindars. When my victorious retinue -approached, Dilawar Khan, according to order, took the Raja with him, -and came to kiss the threshold, leaving Nasru-llah `Arab with a body -of horse and foot to guard the country. - -In Kishtwar there are produced much wheat, barley, lentils, millet, -and pulse. Differing from Kashmir, it produces little rice. Its saffron -is finer than that of Kashmir. About a hundred hawks and falcons are -caught there (annually). Oranges, citrons, and water-melons of the -finest kind are obtained. Its melons are of the same kind as those of -Kashmir, and other fruits, such as grapes, apricots, peaches, and sour -pears, are grown. If they were cultivated, it is possible they would -improve. A coin [310] of the name of sanhasi [311] is a relic of the -old rulers of Kashmir, one and a half of which equal a rupee. In their -business transactions they reckon fifteen sanhasi, or ten rupees, -as one padshahi muhar. They call two seers of Hindustani weight a -man (maund). It is not the custom for the Raja to take revenue from -cultivation; he takes annually six sanhasi--that is, four rupees--from -each house. All the saffron is assigned, as pay, to a body of Rajputs -and to 700 musketeers (tupchi) who are old retainers. When the saffron -is sold, four rupees per maund, or two seers, are taken from the -purchaser. The whole income of the Raja consists of fines, and for a -small offence he takes a heavy sum. From whomsoever is wealthy and in -comfortable circumstances the Raja, on some pretext, clears out all -that he has. From all sources his income is about Rs. 100,000. In time -of war 6,000 or 7,000 men on foot collect together; there are but few -horses among them. The Raja and the chief men have about fifty between -them. I bestowed a year's revenue on Dilawar K. by way of reward. By -conjecture, his jagir was worth about 1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -according to the Jahangiri rules. When the chief diwans calculate -the allowances to the jagirdars, the exact amount will be ascertained. - -On Monday, the 11th, after two watches and four gharis had passed, -the royal cortege alighted auspiciously and happily at the buildings -lately erected on the bank of the lake (the Dal lake). By order of my -father, a very strong fort of stone and lime had been built. It is not -quite completed, one side being unfinished. It is hoped that hereafter -it will be completed. From Hasan Abdal to Kashmir by the road I came -is a distance of 75 koss; this was accomplished in nineteen marches -and six halts--that is, in twenty-five days. From Agra to Kashmir, -in the space of 168 days, a distance of 376 koss was traversed in -102 marches and 63 halts. By land [312] and the ordinary route the -distance is 304 1/2 koss. - -On Tuesday, the 12th, Dilawar K., according to order, brought the Raja -[313] of Kishtwar, chained, into my presence, and did homage. He (the -Raja) is not wanting in dignity. His dress is after the Indian fashion, -and he knows both the Hindi and the Kashmiri languages. Contrary to -other Zamindars of these regions, he looked like the inhabitant of -a town. I told him that, notwithstanding his offences, if he would -bring his sons to Court, he should be released from confinement, and -might live at ease under the shadow of the eternal State, or else he -would be imprisoned in one of the forts of Hindustan. He said that -he would bring his people, his family, and his sons to wait on me, -and was hopeful of my clemency. - -I shall now give a brief account of the country of Kashmir and of -its peculiarities. - -Kashmir [314] belongs to the fourth climate. Its latitude is 35° -N., and its longitude, from the White Islands, 105°. In old times -the country was in the possession of Rajas. Their dynasty lasted for -4,000 years. An account of them, and a list of their names, are given -in the Raja-tarang, which, by my father's order, was translated [315] -from the Sanskrit (Hindi in text) into Persian. In the Hijri year 712 -(1312-13) Kashmir was illumined by the religion of Islam. Thirty-two -Muhammadan princes reigned over it for 282 years, until, in 994 -(1586), my father conquered it. From that date till now, being a -period of thirty-five years, the country has been in the possession -of the Crown. Kashmir, from the Pass of Buliyasa [316] to Qambarbar, -is 56 Jahangiri koss long, and its breadth is never more than 27 -koss, or less than 10 koss. Shaikh Abu-l-Fazl has, in the Akbar-nama, -stated, by guess and conjecture, that the length of Kashmir from the -Kishan Ganga to Qambarbar is 120 koss, and its breadth from 10 to 25 -koss. I, out of prudence and caution, appointed a number of trustworthy -and intelligent men to measure the length and breadth with ropes -(tanab). The result was that what the Shaikh wrote as 120 koss came -out as 67. As it is agreed that the boundary of a country is the place -up to which people speak the language of that country, it follows -that the boundary of Kashmir is Buliyasa, which is 11 koss on this -side (i.e., east) of the Kishan Ganga. So, according to the preceding -figures, the length of Kashmir is 56 (67 - 11) koss. The variations in -breadth were found to be not more than 2 koss. The koss [317] which -is in use during my reign is that prescribed by my father. That is, -a koss is 5,000 yards, and the yard is 2 shar`i yards, each of the -latter (yards) being 24 digits [318] (angusht). Wherever the koss or -gaz is mentioned, the reference is to the above koss and the above -gaz. The name of the city is Srinagar, and the Bihat river flows -through the midst of it. They call its fountain-head Vir-nag. [319] -It is 14 koss to the south. By my order they have made a building and -a garden at that source. There have been built in the city four very -strong stone and wooden bridges, over which people come and go. They -call a bridge in the language of this country kadal. There is a -very lofty mosque in the city, one of the marks of Sultan Sikandar, -[320] made in 795 (1393). After a time it was burnt, but was rebuilt -by Sultan Husain. It had not been completed when the mansion of his -life fell down. In 909 (1503-04) Ibrahim Maqri, Vizier of Sultan -Husain, finished it handsomely. From that day till now it is 120 -years since it has been in existence. From the Mihrab to the eastern -wall it is 145 yards, and its breadth is 144 yards, containing four -(taq) alcoves. On all sides of the hall they have erected beautiful -cloisters and pillars. In short, no better memorial of the rulers -of Kashmir has been left than this. Mir Sayyid `Ali of Hamadan (may -his grave be sanctified!) was for some time in this city. There is -a monastery [321] to his memory. Near the city there are two [322] -large lakes full of water all the year round. Their flavour [323] -does not vary; they are the means for coming and going of the people, -and for the conveyance of grain and firewood on boats. In the city -and parganas there are 5,700 boats, with 7,400 [324] boatmen. The -country of Kashmir has thirty-eight parganas. It is divided into two -provinces; the territory on the upper part of the river they call -Marraj, and that on the lower Kamraj. It is not the custom to use -gold and silver for payment of the revenue from land or in commerce, -except for a portion of the cesses (sa'ir-jihat). [325] They reckon -the value of things in kharwars of rice, each kharwar being three -maunds and eight seers of the current weight. The Kashmiris reckon -two seers as one maund, and four maunds, or eight seers, make one -tark. The revenue of Kashmir is 30,63,050 kharwars and 11 tarks, which -in cash represents 7,46,70,000 dams. Ordinarily it maintains 8,500 -horse. It is very difficult to enter Kashmir. The routes by Bhimbhar -[326] and Pakli are the best. Though that by Bhimbhar is the shorter, -yet if one wishes to find spring in Kashmir, he is confined to the -road by Pakli, for the other roads at this season are blocked with -snow. If one were to take to praise Kashmir, whole books would have -to be written. Accordingly a mere summary will be recorded. - -Kashmir is a garden [327] of eternal spring, or an iron fort to -a palace of kings--a delightful flower-bed, and a heart-expanding -heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and enchanting cascades -are beyond all description. There are running streams and fountains -beyond count. Wherever the eye reaches, there are verdure and -running water. The red rose, the violet, and the narcissus grow of -themselves; in the fields, there are all kinds of flowers and all -sorts of sweet-scented herbs more than can be calculated. In the -soul-enchanting spring the hills and plains are filled with blossoms; -the gates, the walls, the courts, the roofs, are lighted up by the -torches of banquet-adorning tulips. What shall we say of these things -or of the wide meadows (julgaha) and the fragrant trefoil? - - - VERSE. - - "The garden-nymphs [328] were brilliant, - Their cheeks shone like lamps; - There were fragrant buds on their stems (or 'under their rind'), - Like dark amulets on the arms of the beloved. - The wakeful, ode-rehearsing nightingale - Whetted the desires of wine-drinkers; - At each fountain the duck dipped his beak - Like golden scissors cutting silk; - There were flower-carpets and fresh rosebuds, - The wind fanned the lamps of the roses, - The violet braided her locks, - The buds tied a knot in the heart." - - -The finest inflorescence is that of the almond and the peach. Outside -the hill-country the commencement of blossoming is the 1st -Isfandarmuz (February 10). In the territory of Kashmir it is 1st -Farwardin (March 10), and in the city gardens it is the 9th and -10th of that month, and the end of their blooming joins on to -the commencement of that of the blue jessamine. In attendance on -my revered father I frequently went round the saffron fields, and -beheld the spectacle of the autumn. Thank God that on this occasion -I beheld the beauties [329] of the spring. The beauties of the -autumn shall be described in their place. The buildings of Kashmir -are all of wood; they make them two-, three-, and four-storied, and -covering the roofs with earth, they plant bulbs of the chaughashi -[330] tulip, which blooms year after year in the spring season, -and is exceedingly beautiful. This custom is peculiar to the -people of Kashmir. This year, in the little garden [331] of the -palace and on the roof of the chief mosque, the tulips blossomed -luxuriantly. There are many blue jessamines in the gardens, and -the white jessamines that the people of India call chambili are -sweet-scented. Another kind is of the colour of sandal-wood, and -this is also very sweet-scented. This is special to Kashmir. I -saw several sorts of red roses: one is specially sweet-scented, -and another is a flower of the colour of sandal (light yellow), -with an exceedingly delicate scent. It (the scent?) is of the -nature of (that of) the red rose, and its stem is like that -of the red rose. There are two kinds of lilies. That which is -grown in gardens is vigorous (balida) and fresh (lit. green) -coloured, the other is a wild kind. Although the latter has less -colour it is very sweet-scented. The flower of the Ja`fari [332] -(a yellow flower) is large and sweet-scented; its stem is above a -man's height, but in some years, when it has grown large and has -flowered, a worm is produced, and spreads over the flower a kind -of spider's web, and destroys it and dries up its stem. This year -it has so happened. The flowers that are seen in the territories -of Kashmir are beyond all calculation. Those that Nadiru-l-`asri -Ustad Mansur, [333] has painted are more than 100. Before my -father's time there were no shah-alu (cherries). [334] Muhammad -[335] Quli Afshar brought them from Kabul and planted them, -and there are now ten or fifteen fruit-bearing trees. There were -also some apricot-trees. The aforesaid made them known in this -country, and now there are many of them. In fact, the apricot [336] -of Kashmir is good. There was a tree in the Shahr-ara garden at -Kabul, called Mirza'i, better fruit than which I had not eaten, -but in Kashmir there are trees equal to this in the gardens. There -are pears (nashpati) of the best kind, better than those of Kabul, -or Badakhshan, and nearly equal to those of Samarkand. The apples -of Kashmir are celebrated for their goodness. The guavas (amrud) -are middling. Grapes are plentiful, but most of them are harsh and -inferior, and the pomegranates are not worth much. Water-melons -of the best kind can be obtained. The melons are very sweet -and creased, (? shikananda) [337], but for the most part when -they become ripe a worm is found in them that spoils them. If -by chance they are preserved from this misfortune they are -very delicate. There are no shah-tut [338] (some kind of large -mulberry), but there are other (tut) mulberries everywhere. From -the foot of every mulberry-tree a vine-creeper grows [339] up. In -fact, the mulberries of Kashmir are not fit to eat, with the -exception of some on trees grown in gardens, but the leaves are -used to feed the silkworm. They bring the silkworms' eggs from -Gilgit and Tibet. There is plenty of wine and vinegar, but the -wine is sour and inferior, and in the Kashmir language is called -mas. After they take cups of it some heat of head ensues. They make -various pickles with the vinegar. As the garlic of Kashmir is good, -the best pickle is that of garlic. There are all kinds of crops -except peas. If they sow peas, they give a crop the first year, -in the second they are inferior, and in the third year they are -like mushang. [340] Rice is the principal crop. Probably there are -three parts under rice and one under all other grains. The chief -food of the people of Kashmir is rice, but it is inferior. They -boil it fresh, [341] and allow it to get cold, and then eat it, and -call it batha. It is not usual to take their food warm, but people -of small means keep a portion of the batha for a night, and eat -it next day. Salt is brought from India. It is not the custom to -put salt into the batha. They boil vegetables in water, and throw -in a little salt in order to alter the flavour, and then eat them -along with the batha. Those who want to have something tasty put -a little walnut-oil into the vegetables. Walnut-oil soon becomes -bitter and evil-flavoured. They also use cow-oil (raughan--i.e., -ghi), but this is taken fresh, and fresh from newly-made butter -(maska). They throw this into the food, and call it "sada-pak" -in the Kashmiri language. As the atmosphere is cold and damp, -it becomes altered by being kept for three or four days. There -are no buffaloes, and the cattle are small and inferior. The -wheat [342] is small and of little substance (kam maghz). It -is not the custom to eat bread (nan). There are tailless sheep, -resembling the kadi [343] (or gaddi) of India. They are called -handu, and their flesh is not without flavour. Fowls, geese, -and ducks (murghabi)--golden and others--are plentiful. There -are all kinds of fish, both with and without scales, but they are -inferior. The woollen cloths are well known. Men and women wear a -woollen tunic (kurta), and call it pattu. If they do not put on -a tunic, they believe that the air affects them, and even that -it is impossible to digest their food without it. The shawls of -Kashmir, to which my father gave the name of parm-narm, are very -famous: there is no need to praise them. Another kind is taharma -(naharma in the printed version); it is thicker than a shawl, and -soft. [344] Another is called darma. It is like a jul-i-khirsak, -[345] and is put over carpets. With the exception of shawls they make -other woollen materials better in Tibet. Though they bring the wool -for the shawls from Tibet they do not make them there. The wool for -shawls comes from a goat which is peculiar to Tibet. In Kashmir they -weave the pattu shawl from wool, and sewing two shawls together they -smooth them into a kind of saqarlat (broad-cloth), which is not bad -for a rain-coat. The men of Kashmir shave the head and put on a round -turban, and the common women do not wear clean, washed clothes. They -use a tunic of pattu for three or four years; they bring it unwashed -from the house of the weaver, and sew it into a tunic, and it does -not reach the water till it falls to pieces. It is considered wrong -to wear drawers (izar); they wear the tunic long and ample as far -as the head and falling down to the feet, and they also wear [346] -a belt. Although most of the houses are on the river-bank not a drop -of water touches their bodies. In short, they are as dirty outside -as inside, without any cleanliness. In the time of Mirza Haidar there -were many skilled people there. They were skilled in music, and their -lutes, dulcimers, harps, drums, and flutes were celebrated. In former -times they had a musical instrument like a lute, and used to sing in -the Kashmiri language compositions according to Hindi musical modes, -there being even two or three modes combined together. Moreover, -many sing together in chorus. In fact, Kashmir is much indebted to -Mirza Haidar for its excellencies. Before the reign of my father the -chief method by which the people of these parts rode was on gunts -(ponies). They had no large horses, but used to bring `Iraq and Turki -horses by way of rare gifts for their rulers. Gunt means a yabu [347] -(pony). They have thick shoulders, and are low in the body. They -are common in other of the hill-countries of India. For the most -part they are vicious [348] and hard-mouthed. When this God-created -flower-garden acquired eternal beauty under the auspices of the State, -and by the blessing of the teaching of the Alexander-minded Khaqan, -many of the Aimaqs (cavalry) were presented with jagirs in this Subah, -and herds of `Iraqi and Turki horses were given them to breed from -(kih kurra bagirand). The soldiers also brought horses [349] on -their own account, and in a short time horses were obtainable, so -that many Kashmiri horses were bought and sold for 200 and Rs. 300, -and even for Rs. 1,000. - -The merchants and artificers of this country are mostly Sunnis, -while the soldiers are Imamiyya Shias. There is also the sect -of Nur-bakhshis. [350] There is also a body of Faqirs whom they -call Rishis. [351] Though they have not religious knowledge or -learning of any sort, yet they possess simplicity, and are without -pretence. They abuse no one, they restrain the tongue of desire, -and the foot of seeking; they eat no flesh, they have no wives, -and always plant fruit-bearing trees in the fields, so that men may -benefit by them, themselves deriving no advantage. There are about -2,000 of these people. There is also a body of brahmans living from of -old in this country, who still remain there and talk in the Kashmiri -tongue. Outwardly one cannot distinguish them from Mussulmans. They -have, however, books in the Sanskrit language, and read them. They -carry into practice whatever relates to the worship of idols. Sanskrit -is a language in which the learned of India have composed books, and -esteem them greatly. The lofty idol temples which were built before -the manifestation of Islam are still in existence, and are all built -of stones, which from foundation to roof are large, and weigh 30 or 40 -maunds, placed one on the other. Near the city there is a small hill -which they call Kuh-i-Maran [352] ("The Wicked Hill," Lawrence, 298), -as well as Hari Parbat. On the east side of the hill there is the -Dal Lake, which measures round a little more than 6 1/2 koss. [353] -My father (may the lights of Allah be his testimony!) gave an order -that they should build in this place a very strong fort of stone -and lime; this has been nearly completed during the reign of this -suppliant, so that the little hill has been brought into the midst -of the fortifications, and the wall of the fort built round it. The -lake is close to the fort, and the palace overlooks the water. In -the palace there was a little garden, with a small building in it -in which my revered father used constantly to sit. At this period it -appeared to me to be very much out of order and ruinous. As it was the -place where that veritable qibla (place turned towards in prayer) and -visible Deity used to sit, and it is really a place of prostration for -this suppliant, therefore its neglected state did not appear right to -me. I ordered Mu`tamid K., who is a servant who knows my temperament, -to make every effort to put the little garden in order and repair the -buildings. In a short space of time, through his great assiduity, -it acquired new beauty. In the garden he put up a lofty terrace 32 -yards square, in three divisions (qit'a), and having repaired the -building he adorned it with pictures by masterhands, and so made it -the envy of the picture gallery of China. I called this garden Nur-afza -(light increasing). - -On Friday, the 15th of the Divine month of Farwardin, two qutas oxen, -out of the offerings of the Zamindar of Tibet, were brought before -me. In form and appearance they closely resemble the buffalo. All the -limbs are covered with wool which properly belongs to animals in a cold -country. For instance, the rang goats (ibex), which they brought from -the country of Bhakkar (Sind) and the hill-country of the Garmsir (in -Afghanistan) were very handsome, and had but little wool, and those -that are met with in these hills, on account of the excessive cold -and snow, are covered with hair and ugly. The Kashmiris call the rang -kapal. [354] On this day they brought a musk deer as an offering. As -I had not tasted its flesh, I ordered it to be cooked; it appeared -very tasteless and bad for food. The flesh of no other wild animal -is so inferior. The musk-bag when fresh has no scent, but when it is -left for some days and becomes dry, it is sweet-scented. The female -has no musk-bag. In these two or three days I frequently embarked in -a boat, and was delighted to go [355] round and look at the flowers of -Phak and Shalamar. Phak is the name of a pargana situated on the other -side of the lake. Shalamar is near the lake. It has a pleasant stream, -which comes down from the hills, and flows into the Dal Lake. I bade -my son Khurram dam it up and make a waterfall, which it would be a -pleasure to behold. This place is one of the sights of Kashmir. - -On Sunday, the 17th, a strange affair took place. Shah Shuja` -was playing in the buildings of the palace. By chance there was a -window with a screen in front of it looking towards the river. They -had put a screen in front, but had not fastened the door, and the -prince in play went towards the window to look out. As soon as -he arrived there he fell headlong. By chance they had laid down a -carpet below the wall, and a farrash (carpet-spreader) was sitting -near it. The child's head fell on this carpet, and his feet on the -back and shoulders of the farrash, and so came to the ground. Though -the height was 7 yards [356] (dara`), the compassion of God, the -Great and Glorious, came to his aid, and the carpet and the farrash -became the means of saving his life. God forbid, but if it had not -been so it would have been a serious matter for him. At the time Ray -Man, the head of the Khidmatiyya [357] piyadas, was standing below -the jharoka. He immediately ran and picked him up, and holding him -in his arms, was taking him upstairs. In that condition he asked: -"Whither are you carrying me?" He replied: "Into the presence of His -Majesty." Then weakness overcame him, and he could speak no more. I -was lying down when this alarming news reached me, and ran out in a -state of bewilderment. When I saw him in this state my senses forsook -me, and for a long time holding him in my affectionate embrace I was -distracted with this favour from Allah. When a child of four years of -age falls headlong from a place ten ordinary (shar`i) gaz in height, -and no harm happens to his limbs, it is a cause for amazement. Having -performed my prostrations for this fresh act of goodness, I distributed -alms, and ordered that deserving people and the poor who lived in the -city should be brought before me in order that I might assure them -their means of livelihood. A strange thing was that three or four -months before this event Jotik Ray, the astrologer, who is one of -the most skilled of the class in astrology, had represented to me, -without any intermediary, that it was predicted from the Prince's -horoscope that these three or four months were unpropitious to him, -and it was possible he might fall down from some high place, but that -the dust of calamity would not settle on the skirt of his life. As -his prognostications had repeatedly proved correct, this dread dwelt -in my mind, and on these dangerous roads and difficult mountain -passes I was never for a moment forgetful of that nursling of the -parterre of Fortune. I continually kept him in sight, and took the -greatest precautions with regard to him. When I arrived in Kashmir -this unavoidable [358] catastrophe occurred. His nurses (anagaha) -and wet-nurses must have been very careless. God be praised that it -ended well! - -In the garden of `Aishabad [359] (abode of pleasure) I saw a tree -which had numerous [360] blossoms. They were very large and beautiful, -but the apples that the tree produced were bitter. - -As excellent service had been done by Dilawar K. Kakar, I promoted him -to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and also conferred -mansabs on his sons. Shaikh Farid, s. Qutbu-d-din K. was raised to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. The mansab of Sar-barah -K. was ordered to be 700 personal and 250 horse, and I promoted -Nuru-llah Kurkiraq (in charge of furriery?) to that of 600 personal -and 100 horse, bestowing on him the title of Tashrif K. The offerings -of Thursday, the 21st, were handed over as a reward to Qiyam K., the -chief huntsman. As Allah-dad Afghan, s. the Tariki, [361] had repented -of his evil deeds and come to Court at the request of I`tmadu-d-daula -I pardoned his offences; the signs of disgrace and shame were evident -on his forehead and, according to the previous arrangement, I bestowed -on him the mansab of 2,500 and 200 horse. Mirak Jalayir, one of the -auxiliaries of Bengal, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 400 horse. - -As it was reported that the jughasi (i.e., black) tulips were in -good bloom on the roof of the Jami` mosque, on Saturday, the 23rd, -I went to see them. In truth, one side of that flower-garden was -very beautiful. The parganas of Mau [362] and Mihri (?) (text has -Maud Mihri), which previously to this had been granted to Raja Baso, -and afterwards continued to his rebel son Suraj Mal, were now bestowed -on Jagat Singh, his brother, who had not obtained the tika (mark of -royal succession), and I gave the pargana of Jammu to Raja Sangram. On -Monday, the 1st of Urdibihisht, I went to the house of Khurram, -and entered his bath-house, and when I came out he presented his -offerings. Of these I accepted a trifle in order to please him. On -Thursday, the 4th, Mir Jumla was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 300 horse. On Sunday, the 7th, I rode to the village of -Chardara, [363] which is the native country of Haidar Malik, to hunt -partridges. In truth this is a very pleasant spot of ground, and has -flowing streams and lofty plane-trees. At his request I gave it the -name of Nurpur [364] (city of light). On the road there was a tree -[365] called halthal; when one takes one of the branches and shakes it, -the whole of the tree comes into movement. The common people believe -that this movement is peculiar to that tree. By chance in the said -village I saw another tree of the same kind, which was in similar -movement, and I ascertained that it was common to that species of -tree, and not confined to one tree. In the village of Rawalpur, -2 1/2 koss from the city towards Hindustan, there is a plane-tree, -burnt in the inside. Twenty-five years before this, when I myself was -riding on a horse, with five other saddled horses and two eunuchs, -we went inside it. Whenever I had chanced to mention this people were -surprised. This time I again ordered some of the men to go inside, -and what I had in my mind came to pass in the same manner. It has -been noted in the Akbar-nama that my father took [366] thirty-four -people inside and made them stand close to each other. - -On this day it was represented to me that Prithi-chand, s. Ray -Manohar, who was one of the auxiliaries of the army against Kangra, -had sacrificed his life in a useless (bi-sarfa [367]) battle with -the enemy. - -On Thursday, the 11th, certain servants of the State were promoted -in the following manner: Tatar K. to 2,000 personal and 500 horse; -`Abdu-l-`Aziz K. to 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse; Debi Chand of -Gwalior to 1,500 personal and 500 horse; Mir Khan, s. Abu-l-Qasim -K. Namakin to 1,000 personal and 600 horse; Mirza Muhammad to 700 -personal and 300 horse; Lutfu-llah to 300 personal and 500 horse; -Nasru-llah `Arab to 500 personal and 250 horse; and Tahawwur K. was -appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat. On Thursday, the 25th, Sayyid -Bayazid Bukhari, faujdar of Bhakkar, raised his head of honour with -the Subadarship of Sind, and his mansab, original and increased, was -fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and he was also presented -with a standard. Shaja`at K. `Arab obtained the honour of exaltation -to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 2,000 horse. Anira'i Singh-dalan, -at the request of Mahabat K., was appointed to Bangash. Jan-sipar -K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. - -At this time, on the representation of the Commander-in-Chief, -Khan-Khanan, and all the loyal people, it was shown to me that `Ambar, -the black-fated one (he was an Abyssinian), had again placed his foot -beyond the bounds of good behaviour, and had, according to his nature, -laid a foundation for trouble and sedition, and as the victorious army -had proceeded to a distant part of the country, he, considering it a -good opportunity, had broken the pledges he had given to the servants -of the Court, and had stretched out his hand to take possession of -royal territory. It is hoped that he will soon be entangled in the -disgrace of his deeds. As he (the Commander-in-Chief) had asked -for treasure, it was ordered that the diwans of Agra should send -Rs. 20,00,000 to the Commander-in-Chief. Close upon this news came that -the Amirs had left their posts, and come together to Darab K., and that -the Bargis [368] (the Mahrattas) were surrounding his camp, and that -Khanjar K. had taken refuge in Ahmadnagar. Two or three battles had -already taken place between the rebels and the servants of the Court, -and each time the enemy had been defeated, and many of them killed. On -the last occasion Darab K., taking with him well-mounted young men, -attacked the rebels' camp. A fierce battle ensued, and the enemy being -defeated turned the face of ruin towards the valley of flight. Their -camp had been plundered, and the victorious army had returned in safety -to their camp. As difficulty and distress had fallen on the victorious -army, those who were loyal came to the conclusion that they should -go down by the Pass of Rohangarh [369] and remain below the ghat, -so that forage and grain might be easily obtained, and the men not -incur any labour or distress. Having no choice, they prepared the -army of prosperity at Balapur, and the rebels of black fortune, with -impertinence and importunity, appeared near Balapur. Raja Bir Singh -Deo, with some of the devoted servants, plucking up courage in order -to beat back the enemy, slew many of them. An Abyssinian of the name of -Mansur, who was in the rebel army, fell into their hands, and although -they wished to put him on an elephant (see Iqbal-nama 161, the text -wrongly has zir "under"), he would not agree, and was insolent. [370] -Raja Bir Singh Deo ordered them to separate his head from his body. It -is hoped that the circling sphere will lay the recompense of improper -deeds on the skirt of life of all who do not recognize the right. - -On the 3rd Urdibihisht I rode to see the Sukh Nag. [371] It is a -beautiful summer residence (ilaq). This waterfall is in the midst -of a valley, and flows down from a lofty place. There was still ice -on its sides. The entertainment of Thursday was arranged for in that -flower-land, and I was delighted at drinking my usual cups on the edge -of the water. In this stream I saw a bird like a saj. [372] A saj is -of a black colour and has white spots, while this bird is of the same -colour as a bulbul with white spots, and it dives and remains for -a long time underneath, and then comes up from a different place. I -ordered them to catch and bring two or three of these birds, that I -might ascertain whether they were waterfowl and were web-footed, or -had open feet like land birds. They caught two and brought them. One -died immediately, and the other lived for a day. Its feet were not -webbed like a duck's. I ordered Nadiru-l-`asr Ustad Mansur to draw -its likeness. The Kashmiris call it galkar [373]--that is, "water saj." - -On this day the Qazi and the Chief Justice represented to me that -`Abdu-l-Wahhab, the son of Hakim `Ali, claimed Rs. 80,000 from -the Sayyids of Lahore, and produced a bond with the seal of Qazi -Nuru-llah. He said that his father had placed that sum in deposit -with Sayyid Wali, the father of these men, who denied it. [374] If -an order were given, the Hakim's son, by way of caution, [375] would -swear an oath on the Qoran, and would take what was his due from -them. I told them to do whatever was right by the Divine Law. The -next day Mu`tamid Khan represented that the Sayyids showed great -humility and submissiveness. The matter was a complicated [376] -one. The greater reflection shown in ascertaining the truth in the -matter the better. I accordingly ordered that Asaf K. should take -exceeding trouble and forethought in ascertaining the truth of this -quarrel, and point out such a way (of unravelling it) that no doubt -whatever should remain. With all this, if it could not be cleared -up, I would examine them in my own presence. Immediately he heard -these words, the Hakim's son lost both his hands and his heart in the -affair, and made a number of his friends intercessors, and proposed -a withdrawal. His representation was that if the Sayyids would not -[377] refer the matter to Asaf K. he would give a release, and that -hereafter he would have no right against nor claim from them. Whenever -Asaf K. sent to fetch him, as he was a low deceiver, he passed his -time in making excuses, and did not appear until he handed over the -deed of release to one of his friends, and the true state of affairs -became evident to Asaf K. They brought him by force into the place -of examination, and, having no choice, he confessed that the deed had -been prepared by one of his servants, who himself witnessed it, and had -misled him. He gave a writing to this effect. When Asaf K. informed -me of the real state of matters, I took away his mansab and jagir, -and cast him out of my presence, and gave the Sayyids leave to return -to Lahore in all honour and respect. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 8th of Khurdad, I`tiqad Khan was -promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sadiq -Khan to that of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. Zainu-l-`abidin, -son of the deceased Asaf Khan (Ja`far), was promoted to be Bakhshi -of Ahadis. Raja Bir Singh Deo Bandila raised his head of honour with -the high mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. - -In Kashmir the most juicy(?) fruit is the ashkan(?) (askami in the -MSS.). It is subacid (mai-khush), smaller than the alu balu (sour -cherry), much better flavoured, and more delicate. When drinking -wine, one cannot eat more than three or four alu balu, but of these -one can take as many as a hundred in twenty-four hours, especially -of the paiwandi(?) sort. I ordered that the ashkan should hereafter -be called the khushkan. It grows in the hills of Badakhshan and in -Khurasan; the people there call it jamdami. The largest of them weigh -1/2 misqal. The shah-alu (cherry), on the 4th Urdibihisht, appeared -of the size of a grain of pulse; on the 27th it reddened, and on the -15th Khurdad it was ripe, and new fruit (nau-bar) had formed(?). The -shah-alu (cherry), to my taste, is better than most fruits. Four -trees had borne fruit in the Nur-afza garden. I called one of these -Shirin-bar, the second Khush-guwar, the third, which bore the most -fruit, Pur-bar, and the fourth, which had less, Kam-bar. One tree in -Khurram's garden had also borne fruit, and I called it Shahwar. There -was a young plant in the little garden of `Ishrat-afza (joy enhancing), -and this I called Nau-bar (new fruit). Every day I plucked with my own -hand sufficient to give a flavour to my cups. Although they sent them -by runners from Kabul as well, yet to pick them oneself from one's -home garden gave additional sweetness. The shah-alu of Kashmir is -not inferior to that of Kabul; it is even better grown. The largest -of them weighed one tank, five surkhs. - -On Tuesday, the 21st, Padshah [378] Banu Begam died (became a -sitter in the bridal chamber of the permanent world), and grief for -this heart-rending event laid a heavy load on my mind. I hope that -Almighty God may give her a place near his own forgiveness. A strange -thing is--that Jotik Ray, the astrologer, two months before this, -had informed some of my servants that one of the chief sitters in the -harem of chastity would hasten to the hidden abode of non-existence. He -had discovered this from the horoscope of my destiny, and it fell -out accordingly. - -One of the events (that now took place) was the martyrdom of Sayyid -`Izzat [379] K. and of Jalal K. Gakhar in the army of Bangash. The -particulars of this are that when the season for the collection -of revenue arrived, Mahabat K. appointed a force to go into the -hill-country to eat up the crops of the Afghans, and not omit one -tittle of raiding and plundering, and killing and binding. When the -servants of the Court arrived at the foot of the Pass the ill-fated -Afghans attacked them from all sides, and took the head of the Pass, -and fortified it. Jalal K., who was an experienced man, and an old man -that had undergone labours, thought it better to delay for a few days, -so that the Afghans might expend the few days' provisions they had -brought with them on their backs, and necessarily disperse of their -own accord; that then his men would be able to cross with ease over the -head of the difficult Pass. When he once passed the head of the defile -they would be unable to do any more, and would be punished. `Izzat -K., who was a battle-lighting flame and a foe-burning lightning, did -not fall in with Jalal K.'s idea, and excited the steed of courage -of some of the Sayyids of Barha. The Afghans, swarming round on all -sides, like ants and locusts, attacked him, and caught him in their -midst. Though the battlefield was not fit for cavalry, yet wherever -the forehead of his wrath shone, he consumed many with the fire of -his sword. In the midst of the fighting they hamstringed his horse, -but he fought on foot and as long as he had breath, and at last fell -bravely. At the time when `Izzat K. made his attack, Jalal K. Gakhar -[380] and Mas`ud, s. Ahmad Beg K., and Bizan (or Bizhan), s. Nad -`Ali Maidani, and other servants, lost restraint, and rushed on from -all sides of the pass, and the rebels seized the tops of the hills, -and fought with stones and arrows. The devoted young men, both of -the servants of the Court and the retainers of Mahabat K., performed -the duties of valour, and slaughtered many of the Afghans. In this -contest Jalal K. and Mas`ud, with many other brave men, sacrificed -their lives. Owing to the rashness of `Izzat K. such a disaster as -this befell the Imperial army. - -When Mahabat K. heard this fearful news, he sent a fresh body of -men to assist, and strengthened the posts. Wherever they found a -trace of those ill-fortuned ones, they did not fail to slay or bind -them. When I heard this news, I summoned Akbar Quli, s. Jalal K. who -had been told off for duty in the conquest of the fort of Kangra, to my -presence, and gave him the mansab of 1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and confirmed to him, according to custom, his hereditary territory -(the Gakhar country) in jagir, presented him with a dress of honour -and a horse, and sent him to the support of the army of Bangash. As -`Izzat K. had left a son of very tender years, keeping before my eyes, -that discerned the truth, his life-sacrifice, I gave him (the child) -a mansab and a jagir, so that those left behind should not be scattered -abroad, and others might have increased hope. - -On this day Shaikh Ahmad of Sirhind, who had for some time been -placed in the prison of correction on account of his pretentiousness -(literally, adorning his shop and selling himself) and immoderate -language, was summoned to my presence, and I released him, giving him -a dress of honour and Rs. 1,000 for expenses, and making him free to -go or remain. He justly represented that his punishment had really -been a valuable lesson to him, and that his desire was to wait on me. - -On the 27th Khurdad apricots arrived [381] (from Kabul). The -picture-gallery in the garden had been ordered to be repaired; it -was now adorned with pictures by master hands. In the most honoured -positions were the likenesses of Humayun and of my father opposite -to my own, and that of my brother Shah `Abbas. After them were the -likenesses of Mirza Kamran, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Shah Murad, and -Sultan Daniyal. On the second storey (row?) were the likenesses of -the Amirs and special servants. On walls of the outer hall the stages -of the road to Kashmir were recorded in the order in which I had come -to them. A poet fixed the date by this hemistich: - - - Pictures of kings of Solomon-like glory. [382] - - -On Thursday, the 4th of the Ilahi month of Tir, the Feast of -buriya-kubi [383] took place. On this day the Kashmir cherries came -to an end. From the four trees of the Nur-afza garden, 1,500, and from -other trees 500 had been plucked. I strictly ordered the officials of -Kashmir to plant shah-alu (cherry) trees in all the gardens. On this -day Bhim, s. Rana Amar Singh, was honoured with the title of Raja, -and Dilir K., brother of the brave `Izzat K., was promoted to the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse, Muhammad Sa`id, s. Ahmad -Beg K., to that of 600 personal and 400 horse, and Mukhlis-ullah, -his brother, to that of 500 personal and 250 horse. On Sayyid Ahmad -Sadr the mansab of 1,000, and on Mirza Husain, s. Mirza Rustam Safawi, -that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, were bestowed, and the last-named -was despatched for duty to the Deccan. On Sunday, the 14th of the -Divine month of Tir, Hasan `Ali Turkman was made Governor of Orissa, -and his personal and horse mansab was raised to 3,000. On this day -Bahadur K., Governor of Qandahar, sent offerings of nine Iraq horses, -some nine pieces of gold brocade, some brocaded satin, and some marten -[384] skins, and other things; these were laid before me. - -On Monday, the 15th, I rode to see the summer quarters of Tusi-marg -[385] (?). Arriving in two matches at the foot of the kotal, on -Wednesday, the 17th, I reached the top of the pass. For a distance -of 2 koss very elevated ground was crossed with difficulty. From the -top of the kotal to the Ilaq (summer quarters) was another koss of -high and low land. Although here and there flowers of various colours -had bloomed, yet I did not see so many as they had represented to me, -and as I had expected. I heard that in this neighbourhood there was -a very beautiful valley, and on Thursday, the 18th, I went to see -it. Undoubtedly, whatever praise they might use in speaking of that -flowery land would be permissible. As far as the eye reached flowers of -all colours were blooming. There were picked fifty kinds of flowers in -my presence. Probably there were others that I did not see. At the end -of the day I turned my reins in order to return. That night an account -was given in my presence of the siege of Ahmadnagar. Khan-Jahan told -a strange tale, which I had also heard before, and it is written on -account of its strangeness. At the time when my brother Daniyal was -besieging the fort of Ahmadnagar, one day the garrison laid the gun -Malik-maidan [386] (king of the plain) against the Prince's camp, -and fired it. The ball reached nearly to the Prince's tent; from that -place it bounded (ricocheted), and went to the lodging of Qazi Bayazid, -who was one of the Prince's companions, and fell there. They had tied -up the Qazi's horse at a distance of 3 or 4 gaz. As the ball touched -the ground, the horse's tongue [387] was torn out by the root and fell -on the ground. The ball was of stone, weighing 10 maunds as current -in Hindustan, or 80 Khurasar maunds. The said gun is so large that -a man can sit comfortably in it. - -On this day I promoted Abu-l-Hasan, the chief Bakshi, to the mansab of -5,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Mubariz K. to that of 2,000 personal -and 1,700 horse. Bizan (or Bizhan) s. Nad `Ali, to that of 1,000 -personal and 500 horse, and Amanat K. to that of 2,000 personal -and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 25th, I gave Nawazish K., s. Sa`id -K., the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Himmat K. that -of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sayyid Ya`qub K., s. Sayyid -Kamal Bukhari, that of 800 personal and 500 horse. Mir `Ali `Askar, -[388] s. Mir `Ali Akbar Musawi, was dignified with the title of Musawi -K. As I had repeatedly heard praise of the Ilaq of Kuri-marg, [389] -I felt much disposed to visit it at this time, and on Tuesday, the -7th Amurdad, rode in that direction. How shall I write its praise? As -far as the eye could reach flowers of various hue were blooming, and -in the midst of the flowers and verdure beautiful streams of water -were flowing: one might say it was a page that the painter of destiny -had drawn with the pencil of creation. The buds of hearts break into -flower from beholding it. Undoubtedly there is no comparison between -this and other Ilaqs, and it may be said to be the place most worth -seeing in Kashmir. - -In Hindustan (i.e., Upper India) there is a bird called Papiha, -[390] of a sweet voice, which in the rainy season utters soul-piercing -(jan-suz, lit. soul-burning) laments. As the koyal lays its egg in the -nest of the crow, and the latter brings up its young, so I have seen -in Kashmir that the papiha lays its egg in the nest of the ghaugha'i -[391] (ring-dove?) and the ghaugha'i brings up its young. - -On Thursday, the 17th, Fida'i K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 700 horse. On this day the ambassador of `Izzat [392] -K., ruler of Urganj, by name Muhammad Zahid, came to the Court, -and presented a petition, accompanied with some trifling presents, -and recalled the existence of hereditary relations (lit., shook the -chain of hereditary connection). I distinguished him with the eye of -kindness, and on the spur of the moment gave the ambassador 10,000 -darbs (Rs. 5,000) as a present, and ordered the officials of the -buyutat (household) to prepare and send (by him) such things as he -might ask for. - -At this time a strange act of grace occurred to my son [393] Khan-Jahan -(Lodi). He had become very ill from the madness of wine, and from the -overpowering of this man-destroying intoxication things had come to -such a pass that it threatened his precious life. Suddenly he reformed, -and God directed him, and he made a vow that thereafter he would not -defile the fringe of his lip with wine. Although I warned him that -it was not good to give it up all at once, and that he should leave -it off gradually, he would not consent, but gave it up manfully. - -On the 25th of Amurdad Bahadur K., Governor of Qandahar, was promoted -to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and on the 2nd of -the Divine month of Shahriwar, Man Singh, s. Rawat Shankar, to that of -1,500 and 800 horse, Mir Husamu-d-din to that of 1,500 and 500 horse, -and Karamu-llah, s. `Ali Mardan K. [394] to that of 600 with 300 horse. - -As at this time I was much inclined to parti-coloured [395] veined -teeth, the great Amirs exerted themselves greatly in looking out for -them. Of these, `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi sent a servant of the name -of `Abdu-llah with a letter to Khwaja Hasan and Khwaja `Abdu-r-Rahim, -ss. Khwaja Kalan Juybari, who are to-day the leading holy men of -Transoxiana, containing a request for these things. By chance, Khwaja -Hasan had a perfect tooth, exceedingly delicate, and immediately -sent it with the aforesaid (servant) to the Court, which it reached -this day. I was greatly pleased, and ordered them to send the value -of Rs. 30,000 in choice goods to the Khwajas, a service for which -Mir Baraka Bukhari was fixed upon. On Thursday, the 12th Shahriwar, -Mir Miran obtained leave to take up the faujdarship of Mewat, and -his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 2,000 with 1,500 -horse. I gave him a special horse, with a dress of honour and a sword. - -At this time it was made clear from a report of Sundar [396] that -Jauhar Mal, the rebel, had delivered his soul to the lords of hell -(had died). It was also reported that a force sent against one of the -Zamindars had abandoned the path of caution, and without fortifying -the way of entrance and exit, or taking possession of the hill-tops, -had entered into the fastnesses of the hills, and had fought without -any good result. As the day drew towards its close, they had turned -their reins with their object unaccomplished, and in turning back, -had made every haste. Many people had been killed, especially those -who would not put up with the disgrace of flight. They purchased -martyrdom with their lives. Out of them Shah-baz K. Dalumani [397] -(?), which is a tribe of Lodi Afghans, sacrificed his life with a -band of his servants and tribesmen. In truth he was a good servant, -and had intelligence combined with modesty. Another report was that -Jamal Afghan, Rustam, his brother, Sayyid Nasib Barha, and some -others had come in wounded. It was also reported that the siege (of -Kangra) had become a close one, and the affair was going hard with -the besieged. They had sent (literally thrown out) men as mediators, -and had asked for quarter. It was hoped that by the blessing of -increasing fortune the fort would be subdued. - -On Wednesday, the 18th of the same month (Shahriwar), Dilawar -K. Kakar died a natural death. Beyond all the other Amirs of high -rank, he combined valour with leadership and knowledge of affairs, -and from the time when I was a prince carried away from all the ball -of superiority in my service. He acted constantly with the perfection -of sincerity and the jewel of doing right, and had thus arrived at -the dignity of Amirship. In the end of his life God Almighty bestowed -grace upon him, and the conquest of Kishtwar, which was an exemplary -service, was accomplished by his courage. It is hoped he may be one -of the pardoned. His sons and the others that he left behind him I -exalted with all kinds of favours and patronage, and enrolled those -of his people who were fit for mansabs amongst the servants of the -Court. I ordered the rest, to remain as usual with his sons, so that -his company might not be split up. - -On this day Qur Yasawul came with a diamond that Ibrahim K. Fath-jang -had obtained from the Bengal mine, and waited on me. Wazir K., diwan -of Bengal, who was an old servant of the Court, died a natural death. - -On the night of Thursday, the 19th, the Kashmiris had lined with lamps -both sides of the Bihat. It is an ancient custom that every year on -this day everyone, whether rich or poor, whoever has a house on the -bank of the river, should light lamps as on the Shab-i-barat. I asked -the brahmans the reason of this, and they said that on this day the -fountain-head of the Jhelam was disclosed, and the custom had come -down from old days that on this date must take place the feast of Veth -tarwah. [398] Veth means the Jhelam, and they call thirteen tarwah; -as this day is the 13th of Shawwal, they light lamps. In this way they -call it the Veth tarwah. Undoubtedly the lamp-lighting was good. I -sate in a boat and went round to see it. On this day the feast of -my solar weighing took place, and according to the usual custom, -I weighed myself against gold and other things, which I distributed -among deserving people. The 51st year of the age of this suppliant -at the throne of Allah came to an end; the 52nd year lit up the face -of expectation. It is hoped that the period of my life will be spent -in pleasing God. The entertainment of Thursday, the 26th, was held -in the lodging of Asaf K. (Nur-Jahan's brother), and that pillar -of the Sultanate fulfilled the duties of homage, and of offerings, -and thereby acquired eternal bliss. - -On 1 Shahriwar (about 11 August) ducks (murghabi) appeared on the Wular -lake, and on the 24th of that month they appeared on the Dal lake. The -following is the list of birds which are not met with in Kashmir: - - - LIST. - - 1. Crane [399] (kulang). - 2. Saras (grus Antigone). - 3. Peacock. - 4. Bustard (jarz or charz). - 5. Stork (laglag). - 6. Bustard (tughdari). - 7. Bustard (tughdagh). - 8. Karwanak (kind of crane?). - 9. Zard-tilak (golden oriole?). - 10. Nuqra-pay (silver-foot). - 11. `Azam-pay. - 12. Boza laglag (royal curlew). - 13. Pelican (hawasil). - 14. Makisa (Ardea indica?). - 15. Baghla (paddy-bird). - 16. Goose (qaz). - 17. Konkla (kokila, the black cuckoo?). - 18. Partridge (durraj). - 19. Shavak (starling). - 20. Nol-i-surkh (redbeak, [parrot]?). - 21. Musicha (wood-pigeon?). - 22. Hariyal (green pigeon?). - 23. Dhing (adjutant). - 24. Koyal (Eudynamys Orientalis). - 25. Shakar-khwara (sugar-eater, [parrot]?). - 26. Mahokha (cuculus castaneus?). - 27. Mahirlat (?). - 28. Dhanesh (hornbill). - 29. Gulchari (quail?). - 30. Tatiri, which the Turks call (blank in MSS.) and I have named - bad-awaz, "evil-voiced." (It is perhaps the sandpiper.) - - -As the Persian names of some of these are not known, or rather, -these birds don't exist in Persia (Wilayat), I have written the Hindi -names. [400] The names of the carnivorous and herbivorous animals -that are not in Kashmir are as follows: The tiger, the panther -(yuz), the rhinoceros, [401] the wild buffalo, the black antelope, -the gazelle, the kotah pacha (hog-deer), the nil-gaw, the wild ass, -the hare, the lynx, the wild cat, the mushak-i-karbala'i (?), [402] -the porpoise, and the porcupine. - -On this day peaches came from Kabul by runners. The largest of these -weighed 26 tolas, [403] or 65 misqals. As long as their season lasted, -such a number came that I gave them to most of the Amirs, and to the -private servants fed from the royal table. - -On Friday, [404] the 27th, I went out to see Virnag, [405] the source -of the Bihat. Going up the river 5 koss in a boat, I alighted at the -village of Pampur. - -On this day unpleasant news came from Kishtwar. The details of this -are that when Dilawar K. conquered it and returned to Court, he left -Nasru-llah `Arab, with some of the mansabdars to guard it. Nasru-llah -made two mistakes. One was that he treated the Zamindars and the people -of the place harshly, and did not observe a conciliatory demeanour -towards them. The second was that the forces sent as auxiliaries to -him, in expectation of increase of mansab, asked him for leave to go to -Court and transact their affairs. He yielded to their representations, -[406] and gave them leave one after the other. When only a small -force was left with him, the Zamindars, whose hearts had been wounded -by him, and were on the look out for a disturbance, found their -opportunity and made an attack from all quarters. Having burnt the -bridge by which the army had crossed, and by which assistance could -come, they lighted the fire of disturbance and sedition. Nasru-llah -shut himself up, and for two or three days defended himself with the -greatest difficulty (literally, with a thousand life-extractions). As -he had no provisions, and they had closed the road, he determined to -accept martyrdom, and manfully, with some of those who were with him, -performed the dues of bravery and valour until most of his men were -killed, and some became captives in the hands of destiny. - -When this news reached my ear, I appointed Jalal, s. Dilawar K., -on whose forehead the traces of bravery and ambition were manifest, -and who had done good service in the conquest of Kishtwar, with the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, giving him the attendants -of his father who were enrolled among the servants of the Court, -and an army of the soldiers of Kashmir, with many of the Zamindars -and men on foot with muskets, to assist him in overcoming that mob, -doomed to a vile end. An order was also given that Raja Sangram, the -Zamindar of Jammu, with his own men, should come in by the hill-road -from Jammu. It is hoped that the rebels will quickly obtain the -recompense for their deeds. - -On Saturday, the 28th, I marched 4 1/2 koss. Passing one koss beyond -Kakapur, I came to the bank of the river. The bang [407] (bhang) -of Kakapur is well-known. It grows wild on the bank of the river in -quantities. On Sunday, the 29th, I halted at the village of Panj -Brara. [408] This village [409] has been bestowed on my fortunate -son Shah Parwiz. His Vakils had prepared a small building and a -little garden overlooking the river. In the neighbourhood of Panj -Brara there is a meadow (julga) [410] exceedingly clean and pleasant, -with seven lofty plane-trees in the middle of it, and a stream of the -river flowing round it. The Kashmiris call it Satha Bhuli(?) [411] -It is one of the great resorts of Kashmir. - -On this day arrived the news of the death of Khan Dauran, [412] -who died a natural death at Lahore. He had nearly reached ninety -years of age. He was one of the brave men of the age and valiant in -the battlefield. He combined bravery with leadership. He performed -great services for the dynasty. It is hoped that he will be among -the pardoned ones. He left four sons, but none of them was worthy to -be his son. He left about Rs. 400,000 in cash and goods, which were -given to his sons. - -On Monday, the 30th, I first visited the fountain of Inch. This -village had been given by my father to Ram Das Kachhwaha, [413] and -he had erected buildings and basins at the spring. Undoubtedly, it -is an exceedingly sweet and delightful place. Its water is perfectly -clear and pure, and many fish swim in it. - - - VERSE. - - So clear the water that the grains of sand at bottom - Could be counted at midnight by a blind man. - - -As I gave [414] the village to my son Khan Jahan, he prepared an -entertainment there, and presented offerings. I chose a trifle in order -to please him. Half a koss from this spring, there is a fountain that -they call Machhi Bhawan, [415] above which Ray Bihari Chand, one of -the servants of my father, built an idol-temple. The beauty of this -spring is more than one can describe, and large trees of ancient -years, planes, white and black poplars, have grown up round it. I -passed the night at this place, and on Tuesday, the 31st, pitched -at the fountain of Achval. [416] The water of this spring is more -plentiful than that of the other, and it has a fine waterfall. Around -it lofty plane-trees and graceful white poplars, bringing their heads -together, have made enchanting places to sit in. As far as one could -see, in a beautiful garden, Ja`fari flowers had bloomed, so that one -might say it was a piece of Paradise. On Wednesday, the 1st of Mihr, -marching from Achval, I pitched camp near the fountain of Virnag. [417] -On Thursday, the 2nd, the feast of cups was prepared at the spring. I -gave my private attendants permission to sit down. Filling brimming -cups, I gave them Kabul peaches as a relish, and in the evening they -returned drunk (mastan, exhilarated?) to their abodes. This spring is -the source of the River Bihat, and is situated at the foot of a hill, -the soil of which, from the abundance of trees and the extent of green -and grass, is not seen. When I was a prince, I had given an order that -they should erect a building at this spring suitable to the place. It -was now completed. There was a reservoir of an octagonal shape, -forty-two yards in area and fourteen [418] gaz in depth. Its water, -from the reflection of the grass and plants on the hill, had assumed -a hue of verdure. Many fish swam in it, round it halls with domes -had been erected, and there was a garden in front of them. From the -edge of the pond to the gate [419] of the garden there was a canal 1 -gaz in width and 180 [420] gaz in length, and 2 gaz in depth. Round -the reservoir was a stone walk (khiyaban-i-sang). The water of the -reservoir was so clear that, notwithstanding its 4 gaz of depth, if -a pea had fallen into it, it could have been seen. Of the trimness of -the canal and the verdure of the grass that grew below the fountain, -what can one write? Various [421] sorts of plants and sweet-smelling -herbs grew there in profusion, and among them was seen a stem -(buta), which had exactly the appearance of the variegated tail of -a peacock. It waved about in the ripple, and bore flowers here and -there. In short, in the whole of Kashmir there is no sight of such -beauty and enchanting character. It appears to me that what is upstream -[422] in Kashmir bears no comparison with (i.e., is far superior to) -what is downstream. One should stay some days in these regions, and go -round them so as to enjoy oneself thoroughly. As the hour for marching -was near, and snow was beginning to fall at the head of the passes, -I had not the leisure to linger there, and was obliged to turn my rein -towards the city. I gave an order that plane-trees should be planted -on both sides, on the banks of the canal above mentioned. On Saturday, -the 4th, I encamped at the spring of Loka Bhawan. [423] This spring -is also a pleasant spot. Although at present it is not equal to the -others, if it were to be repaired it would be very good. I ordered -them to construct a building worthy of the place, and to repair the -reservoir in front of it. On the road I passed by a spring which -they call Andha Nag [424] (blind fountain. See Iqbal-nama, 166). It -is well known that the fish in this fountain are blind. I delayed a -while near this spring, and threw in a net and caught twelve of the -fish. Of these, three were blind and nine had eyes. Evidently the -water of this spring has the effect of making them blind. Certainly -this is not devoid of strangeness. On Sunday, the 5th, I again passed -by the springs of Machhi Bhawan and Inch, and went to the city. - -On Wednesday, the 8th, news arrived of the death of Hashim, s. Qasim -K. On Thursday, the 9th, Iradat K. was promoted to the governorship of -Kashmir. Mir Jumla in his place was chosen for the duty of Khansaman, -and Mu`tamid [425] K. to that of `Arz-muqarrir. The mansab of 2,000 -personal and 500 horse was ordered for Mir Jumla. On the night of -Saturday, the 11th, I entered the city. Asaf K. was appointed to the -duty of Diwan of Gujarat. Sangram, Raja of Jammu, was promoted to -the mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. - -On this day I saw an unusual kind of fishing on the part of the -fishermen of Kashmir. In a place where the water was up to a man's -chest, they propelled two boats that were side by side, and so that -at one end they were in contact, and at the other end they were 14 -or 15 yards apart. Two boatmen held long poles in their hands, and -sate on the outside edge of each boat (?) so as to regulate the space -between each boat, and that they should proceed equally. Then ten or -twelve boatmen got down into the water, and laying hold of the ends -of the two boats that were joined [426] together with their hands, -trampled the bottom with their feet, and moved on. The fish which -were between the boats wanted to get out of the narrow space, and -came against the feet of the boatmen. Immediately one of the boatmen -dived, and another one pressed upon his back, and with his two hands -kept him from coming to the surface. The latter caught a fish and -produced it. Some who are skilful in the art catch two fish with their -hands, and bring them to the surface. Among them was an old boatman, -who generally at each dive brought up two fish. This kind of fishing -occurs at Panj Brara, [427] and is peculiar to the Jhelam. It is not -used in ponds or in other streams. It also only takes place in the -spring when the water is not cold or impetuous (gazanda, "biting"?). - -On Monday, the 13th, the feast of the Dasahra took place. According to -the annual custom, they decorated the horses in the special stables, -and those that had been entrusted to Amirs, and brought them out. At -this time I experienced in myself a shortness of breath and difficulty -in breathing. I hope that in the end, please God, it may all go well. - -On Wednesday, the 15th, I went to make an autumn tour in the direction -of Safapur and the valley of Lar, situated downstream of the Kashmir -River. In Safapur there is a fine tank, and on the north side of -it a hill full of trees. It being the beginning of autumn, it had a -wonderful appearance, with trees of all colours, such as the planes, -the apricot, and others, reflected in the middle of the tank, and -very beautiful. Undoubtedly the beauties of autumn are not less than -those of spring. - - - VERSE. - - There's no exhilaration in decay, but to the eye - The glory of autumn is more brilliant than the Spring. - - -As the time was short and the hour of marching near, I took a short -circuit and returned. These few days I passed pleasantly in catching -[428] ducks. One day, in the midst of the sport, a boatman caught and -brought me a young qarqara (the demoiselle crane, Ardea virgo). It was -very thin and miserable. It did not live longer than one night. The -qarqara does not live in Kashmir. This had become ill and thin at -the time of coming from, or going to, Hindustan, and fallen there. - -On Friday news came of the death of Mirza Rahmandad, s. the -Khan-khanan. He died a natural death at Balapur. It appears that he -had been suffering from fever for some days. When he was recovering, -the Deccanis one day appeared with an army. His elder brother, -Darab K., mounted with the intention of fighting. When the news -reached Rahman-dad, with great bravery, notwithstanding his weakness -and failing health, he went to his brother. After he had beaten the -enemy, he returned and in taking off his jubba (quilted waistcoat) -was not sufficiently careful. The wind immediately caught him, and -he was seized with convulsions, and his tongue became powerless to -speak. He remained two or three days in this state and died. He -was a good and brave youth, was fond of sword-play, and was very -zealous. In every place it was his idea to display his skill with the -sword. Although fire burns equally what is green and what is dry, -yet it appeared very grievous to me, and what must it have been to -his broken-hearted old father? Hardly had the wound from the calamity -of Shah-nawaz K. healed, when he received this fresh wound. I trust -that God Almighty may give him patience and resignation. - -On Thursday, the 16th, Khanjar K. was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 -personal and horse, Qasim K. to that of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja Jahan, who held the post of -Bakhshi to the army of Kangra, that of 800 personal and horse. On the -night [429] of Monday, the 27th of the Divine month of Mihr, after -one watch and seven gharis had passed, the royal standards were raised -auspiciously and happily to return towards Hindustan. As the saffron -had blossomed, a march was made from the neighbourhood of the city to -the village of Pampur. [430] In the whole country of Kashmir there is -saffron only in this place. On Thursday, the 30th, the feast of cups -was held in a saffron field. Groves on groves, and plains on plains -were in bloom. The breeze in that place scented one's brain. The stem -is attached (close?) to the ground. The flower has four petals, and -its colour is that of a violet. It is of the size of a champa flower, -and from the middle of it three stigmas of saffron grow. They plant -the bulbs, and in a good year obtain 400 maunds of the current weight -or 3,002 [431] Khurasan maunds. The custom is for half to go to the -government, and half to the cultivators. A seer is bought and sold -for Rs. 10. Occasionally its market price is more or less, and it is -an established custom that they bring the saffron flowers plucked, and -according to the plan they have adopted from of old, they take half its -weight in salt as wages. There is no salt in Kashmir, and they bring -it from Hindustan. Again, among the excellencies of Kashmir are the -plumes of feathers (kalgi) and the hawks (janwar-i-shikari). As much -as 10,700 feathers are yearly obtained. Hawks and falcons are taken -in nets to the number of 260. It has also nest sparrow-hawks (basha), -[432] and the nest sparrow-hawk is not bad. On Friday, the 1st of -the divine month of Aban, marching from Pampur, I pitched my camp at -Khanpur. As it was reported to me that Zambil [433] Beg, ambassador -from my brother Shah `Abbas, had reached the neighbourhood of Lahore, -a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000 for expenses were sent to him by Mir -Husamu-d-din s. `Azudu-d-daula Inju. [434] I ordered that whatever he -might expend on entertaining the ambassador should be sent to him to -the extent of Rs. 5,000. [435] Before this I had directed that from -Kashmir to the end of the hilly country buildings should be erected -at each stage for the accommodation of myself and the ladies, for in -the cold weather one should not be in tents. Although the buildings at -this stage had been completed, as they were still damp and there was -a smell of lime, we put up in tents. On Saturday, the 2nd, I halted -at Kalampur. As it had repeatedly been represented to me that in -the neighbourhood of Hirapur there was a waterfall [436] very high -and wonderful, as it was 3 or 4 koss off on the left of the road, -I hastened there to see it. What can be written in its praise? The -water pours down in three or four gradations(?). I had never seen such -a beautiful waterfall. Without hesitation, it is a sight to be seen, -very strange and wonderful. I passed the time there in enjoyment till -the third watch of the day, and filled my eye and heart with the sight; -but in the cloudy and rainy season it is not devoid of wildness. After -the third watch had passed, in the evening I rode back to Hirapur, -[437] and passed the night at that stage. On Monday, the 4th, crossing -over the kotal of Bari Brari, [438] I chose Pirpanjal, at the head -of the kotal, for a halting-place. Of the roughnesses of the pass and -the difficulties of this road what shall I write? It is difficult for -thought even to cross it. In these last few days snow had repeatedly -fallen, the hills had become white, and in the middle of the path in -some places ice had formed, so that the hoof of a horse had no hold, -and a rider could only pass with difficulty. God Almighty bestowed -upon us His mercy, for it did not snow on this day. The advantage -was for those who went on in front. Those who followed came in for -snow. On Tuesday, the 5th, going by the pass of Pirpanjal the camp -was pitched at Poshana. Although on this side there is a descent, yet -as it is high, most of the people passed it on foot. On Wednesday, -the 6th, we pitched at Bahramgalla. Near this village there is a -waterfall and a very fine spring. According to orders, they had made -a terrace for me to sit upon; indeed, this is a sight to be seen. I -ordered that they should engrave on a stone tablet the date of the -crossing, and place it on the top of the terrace (suffa). Bi-badal -K. [439] composed some couplets, and this mark of my fortune remains -on the path of poetry as a memorial on the tablet of Time(?). There -are two Zamindars on this road in whose charge are the arrangements -for the traffic on it, and they are in reality the keys of the -country of Kashmir. They call one Mahdi Nayak and the other Husain -Nayak. The charge of the road from Hirapur to Bahramgalla is in their -hands. Bahram Nayak, the father of Mahdi Nayak, during the Kashmiri -government, was an important person. When the authority passed to the -imperial servants, Mirza Yusuf K., during his government, made Bahram -Nayak a traveller to the country of non-existence. It is now equally -in the possession and charge of the two. [440] Although outwardly -they are on good terms, they really bear great enmity towards each -other. On this day Shaikh Ibn Yamin, who was one of the old trusted -servants, went to the neighbourhood of God's mercy (died). [441] -On account of my great reliance on him, my opium and drinking water -[442] were in his charge. On the night when we were encamped above -the kotal of Pirpanjal, the tents and furniture had not arrived. He -was rather infirm and the cold affected him, and he became cramped -so that he could not speak. He remained alive for two days in this -state and then died. I gave over the private opium to Khawass K., -and the ab-dar-khana (the water department) to Musawi K. On Thursday, -the 7th, the village of Thana [443] became the encamping place. Many -monkeys (maimun) were seen in Bahramgalla, and from that stage a great -difference was apparent in the climate, the language, the clothing, -the animals, and whatever properly belongs to a warm country. The -people here speak both Persian and Hindi. Evidently Hindi is their real -language, and they have acquired Kashmiri on account of the proximity -of Kashmir. Briefly, one enters India at this place. The women do -not wear woollen clothing, and like Indian women, they wear nose-rings. - -On Friday, the 8th, Rajaur was the camping-ground. The people of -this country were in old times Hindus, and the landholders are called -Rajas. Sultan Firuz made them Muhammadans, but they are still called -Rajas. They still have the marks of the times of ignorance. One of -these is that just as some Hindu women burn themselves along with their -husbands (bodies), so these women (the Rajaur women) are put into the -grave along with their (dead) husbands. I heard that recently they -put alive into the grave a girl of ten or twelve along with her (dead) -husband, who was of the same age. Also, when a daughter is born to a -man without means, they put her to death by strangulation. [444] They -ally themselves with Hindus, and both give and take girls. Taking them -is good, but giving them, God forbid! I gave an order that hereafter -they should not do such things, and whoever was guilty of them, should -be capitally punished. There is a river at Rajaur. Its water during -the rainy season becomes much poisoned. Many of the people there get -a swelling (bughma) under the throat, and are yellow and weak. The -rice of Rajaur is much [445] better than the rice of Kashmir. There -are self-grown and sweet-scented violets in this skirt of the hills. - -On Sunday, the 10th, I encamped at Naushahra. At this place, by order -of my father, they had built a stone fort, and there is constantly -here, by way of a station (thana), a body of men from the governor -of Kashmir. On Monday the camp was at Chauki Hatti. A chela named -Murad had exerted himself to complete the buildings at this place, -and had done it well. In the middle of the royal abode there was -a fine terrace, superior to those of other stages. I increased -his mansab. On Tuesday, the 12th, I halted at Bhimbar. Passing -this day out of kotals and hills, we entered the broad plains of -Hindustan. The hunters had previously been dispatched to form -qamurghas, so as to prepare jirgas (hunting rings) in Bhimbar -and Girjhak [446] and Makhiyala. On Wednesday and Thursday they -drove in the game. On Friday I rejoiced in a hunt. Hill quchqar, -[447] etc., to the number of 56 head were taken. On this day Raja -Sarang Deo, who was one of the intimate attendants, was promoted -to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 horse. On Saturday, the 16th, -I went towards Girjhak, and in five marches encamped on the bank of -the Bihat. On Thursday, the 21st, I hunted in the hunting-ring of -Girjhak. Less game than usual was taken, and I was not satisfied. On -Monday, the 25th, I hunted with much enjoyment in the hunting-ring -of Makhiyala, [448] thence in ten stages I encamped at the stage -of the hunting-place of Jahangirabad. When I was prince, this was -my hunting-place. Afterwards, I founded a village with my own name, -and erecting a small building, placed it in charge of Sikandar Mu`in, -who was one of my best huntsmen. After I came to the throne I made -a pargana of it, and bestowed it as a jagir on him. I gave an order -that they should construct there a building as a royal residence, -with a tank and a minaret [449] (manara). After his death this pargana -was given in jagir to Iradat K., and the charge of the buildings was -given to him. It has now been handsomely completed. Undoubtedly the -tank was very broad, [450] and in the middle there is a delightful -building. Altogether the buildings here cost Rs. 1,50,000. Really it -is a kingly hunting-place. On Thursday and Friday, having halted, -I enjoyed myself with various kinds of sport. Qasim K., who was -honoured with the charge of Lahore, had the good fortune to pay his -respects to me, and presented 50 muhars. - -In one march after this stage I encamped at the garden of Mumin -`Ishq-baz, [451] which is on the bank of the Lahore River (the -Ravi), and has some lofty plane-trees and handsome cypresses. It -is certainly a rare garden. On Monday, the 9th of the Divine month -of Azar, corresponding with the 5th Muharram of A.H. 1030 [452] -(20 November, 1620), mounting an elephant of the name of Indra, I -went towards the city, scattering coin as I proceeded. After three -watches and two gharis of day had passed, at the selected auspicious -hour, having entered the royal residence, I alighted happily and -auspiciously at the building recently brought to completion and -finished handsomely by the exertions of Ma`mur K. Without exaggeration, -charming residences and soul-exciting sitting places had been erected -in great beauty and delicacy, adorned and embellished with paintings -by rare artists. Pleasant green gardens with all kinds of flowers -and sweet-scented herbs deceived the sight. - - - VERSE. [453] - - From head to foot, wherever I look, - A glance plucks at the heart's skirt (saying), - "This is the place" (to stop at). - - -Altogether, there had been expended on these buildings the sum of -Rs. 700,000 or 23,000 current tumans of Persia. [454] - -On this day the joy-enhancing news of the conquest of the fort -of Kangra rejoiced our mind. In thankfulness for this great boon -and important victory, which was one of the renewed favours of the -Bestower of Gifts, I bowed the head of humility at the throne of the -merciful Creator, and beat with loud sounds the drum of gladness -and pleasure. Kangra is an ancient fort to the North of Lahore, -situated in the midst of the hill country, famous for its strength -and the difficulty of conquering it. Who was the founder of this fort -God only knows. The belief of the Zamindars of the province of the -Panjab is that, during this period the said fort has never passed to -any other tribe, and no stranger has stretched out to it the hand of -dominion. Wisdom is from Allah! But certainly from the time when the -voice of Islam and the sound of the established religion of Muhammad -reached Hindustan, not one of the Sultans of lofty dignity has obtained -the victory over it. Sultan Firuz-shah, with all his power and might, -himself went to conquer it, and besieged it for a long time. As he -knew that the strength of the fort was such that as long as the means -for holding it and provisions were with the besieged, victory over -them was unattainable, nolens volens he was contented with the coming -of the Raja to pay his respects to him, and withheld his hand. They -say that the Raja prepared an offering and an entertainment, and at -his request took the Sultan inside the fort. The Sultan, after going -round and inspecting it, said to the Raja that to bring a king like -him inside the fort was not according to the dictates of caution. What -could he do if the body of men who were in attendance were to attack -him and take possession of the fort? The Raja made a sign to his men, -and instantaneously an army of valiant men armed and accoutred, came -out from a concealed place and saluted the Sultan. The Sultan became -suspicious and anxious about an attack from these men, and suspected -some stratagem. The Raja came forward and kissed the ground of service, -and said: "I have no thought but that of service and obedience, but -as has been spoken by the auspicious tongue, I observe far-sighted -caution, for all times are not the same." The Sultan applauded -him. The Raja, having accompanied him for some stages, obtained -leave to return. After this, whoever sat on the throne of Delhi -sent an army to subdue Kangra, but the thing went no further. My -revered father also sent a large army once under the leadership of -Husain Quli K., who, after approved service, was honoured with the -title of Khan Jahan. Whilst the siege was in progress, the outbreak -of Ibrahim Husain Mirza took place. That ingrate fled from Gujarat, -and raised the flag of rebellion and calamity towards the Panjab. Khan -Jahan was compelled to raise the siege, and to turn to extinguish the -flame of his sedition. Thus the acquisition of the fort fell into the -knot of delay. The thought was continually lurking in the royal mind: -"The longed-for Fair one does not show her face from the secret place -of Destiny." When by the Grace of the Glorious God the throne of the -State was adorned by the existence of this suppliant, this was one -of the holy wars which I considered incumbent on me. In the first -instance I dispatched Murtaza K., who was governor of the Panjab, -with a force of brave men skilled in war, to conquer the fort. This -important matter had not been completed when Murtaza K. attained -to the mercy of God (died). After this Jauhar Mal, [455] s. Raja -Baso, undertook this duty. I sent him, giving him the command of the -army. That wicked one, taking to evil revolt and ingratitude, committed -sin, and dispersion found its way into that army, and the acquisition -of the fort fell into the knot of delay. No long time elapsed before -that ingrate received the recompense of his deeds and went to hell, -as has been described in its own place. [456] In fine, at this time -Khurram undertook that duty, and sent his own servant Sundar [457] -with all haste, and many of the royal servants obtained leave to go -to his support. On the 16th Shawwal, A.H. 1029, (5 September, 1620), -the armies, having invested the fort, erected batteries. Looking to the -ways of entrance into and exit from the fort with the eye of caution, -they closed the road for the entrance of provisions. By degrees the -besieged became straitened, and when there remained in the fort no -grain that they could eat, for four months more they boiled dry grasses -[458] with salt and ate it. When destruction was imminent, and no hope -of escape was left, they asked for quarter and surrendered the fort. - -On Thursday, the 1st Muharram, A.H. 1030, [459] Hijri (16 November, -1620), the victory unattainable by all preceding Sultans of lofty -dignity, and which appeared distant to the short-sighted, God Almighty -of His own grace and mercy granted to this suppliant. The troops, -who had displayed praiseworthy activity in this service, were exalted -according to their exertions and fitness by increase of mansab and -dignities. - -On Thursday, the 11th, I went, at the request of Khurram, to his -newly-built house. I took those of his offerings that pleased me. Three -elephants were placed in the private stud. On the same day I appointed -`Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi to the faujdarship of the district of -Kangra, and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. I -gave a private elephant to I`tiqad K. Alf K. Qiyam-khani K. obtained -leave to take charge of the fort of Kangra, and his mansab, original -and increased, was fixed at 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Shaikh -Faizu-llah, son-in-law of Murtaza K., was appointed in company with -him to stay at the top of the fort (bala-i-qil`a). - -On the night of Saturday, the 13th of the same month, a lunar eclipse -took place. Having performed the dues of humility at the throne of the -highest and most powerful God, cash and goods were distributed by way -of charity among the faqirs and poor, and deserving people. On this day -Zambil Beg, ambassador of the ruler of Persia, had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. After performing salutation, he laid before me the -gracious letter of that brother of high degree, containing expressions -of sincerity and perfect friendship. He presented 12 `Abbasi [460] -(coin) as nazar, four horses with trappings, three tuyghun (white) -falcons, five mules, five camels, nine bows, and nine scimitars. The -Shah had given him leave, in company with Khan `Alam, but for certain -necessary matters he could not come with him. On this day he arrived -at Court. I presented him with a superb dress of honour, with a -plume and a jewelled turban fringe, and a jewelled dagger. Wisal Beg -and Haji Ni`mat, who had come with him, were honoured by waiting on -me. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was promoted to the mansab, original -and increased, of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. At the request of Mahabat K., -I added 300 horse to the mansab of Mubariz K. Afghan, and brought it up -to 2,000 personal and 1,700 horse. One hundred horse were also added -to the mansab of Kabak [461] (?). I sent winter dresses of honour to -`Abdu-llah K. and Lashkar K. At the request of Qasim K. I went to -his garden in the neighbourhood of the city, and in the course of -the procession, scattered 10,000 charans (4-anna pieces). Out of his -offerings I selected one ruby and one diamond, and some cloths. - -On the night of Sunday, the 21st, the advanced camp proceeded -auspiciously and happily towards Agra. Barq-andaz K. was appointed -superintendent of artillery with the army of the Deccan. Shaikh Ishaq -(Isaac) was appointed to duty at Kangra. The brother of Allah-dad, the -Afghan, I released from prison, and made him a present of Rs. 10,000. I -gave also a tuyghun falcon to Khurram. On Thursday, the 26th, the -usual entertainment took place. The presents from the ruler of Persia, -which had been sent by Zambil Beg, were laid before me. I gave an -elephant to Sultan Husain, and made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Mulla -Muhammad Kashmiri. [462] The mansab of Sardar Afghan, at the request -of Mahabat K., was fixed at 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As Raja Rup -Chand of Gwalior [463] had been very active in his service at Kangra, -an order was given to the chief diwans to hand over half of his native -place to him in free gift, and the remaining half as a tankhwah jagir. - -On the 3rd I demanded in marriage for my son Shahriyar the daughter's -daughter [464] of Madaru-l-mulk I`timadu-d-daula, and sent Rs. 100,000 -in cash and goods by way of sachaq (dowry given as part of the marriage -rites). Most of the Amirs and the chief servants went to his house -with gifts. He prepared a grand entertainment with much ceremony. It -is hoped that it may be auspicious to him. As that Chief of the State -had erected lofty buildings, and highly decorated bowers in his house, -he invited me to an entertainment. I went there with the ladies. He -had prepared a great feast, and laid before me appropriate offerings -of all kinds. In order to please him, I took such as I approved of. On -this day Rs. 50,000 were presented to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. The -mansab of Zabar-dast K. was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -original and increased. Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was promoted to -the mansab of 500 personal and 300 horse, and Mirza Dakhani, s. Mirza -Rustam, to that of 500 personal and 200 horse. - -At this auspicious time [465] when the standards of victory and -conquest were in Kashmir, the province of eternal spring, happily -employed in sight-seeing and sport, representations constantly -came from the officials in the Southern territories to the effect -that when the victorious standards went to a distance from the -centre of the Khalifate, the rulers of the Deccan, owing to their -wickedness, broke their promises and raised their heads by giving -trouble and exciting sedition, and placing their feet beyond their -own boundary, took possession of many of the districts of Ahmadnagar -and Berar. It was constantly reported that the chief object of these -evil-fortuned ones was to plunder and ruin the cultivated fields and -the grazing-lands. When at the first time the world-opening standards -had proceeded to the conquest of the regions of the south and the -overthrow of that band, and Khurram, with the vanguard, had gone to -Burhanpur, they, by feline tricks suitable to such seditious people, -made him their intercessor and evacuated the royal dominions. They -also sent by way of tribute large sums in cash and goods, and promised -that they would not let loose from their hands the rope of service, -and would not place their feet beyond the boundary of respect, as -has been recorded in the preceding pages. At the request of Khurram, -I had halted for a few days at the Fort of Shadi'abad Mandu, and -at his intercession, and on their humiliation and bewailing, they -were pardoned. - -As they had now broken their agreement through evil disposition -and quarrelsomeness, and had turned back from the way of obedience -and service, I sent off the hosts of good fortune again under his -leadership, that they might receive retribution for their evil deeds, -and be an example to all those of crooked fortune and turned heads. But -as the important business of Kangra had been entrusted to him, he had -sent most of his experienced men there. For some days, accordingly, he -could not arrange the matter. At last, report followed on report one -after another, that the enemy had gathered strength, and that nearly -60,000 vagabond horsemen had collected together and taken possession -of royal territory, and wherever there were posts, had removed them, -and joined together in the town of Mahakar. For three months the -imperialists had passed their days in strife and fighting with their -rascally enemies, and during this time three pitched battles had taken -place, and each time the self-sacrificing servants (of the State) had -proved superior to the evil-fortuned rebels. As grain and provisions -could not reach the camp by any road, and the enemy was plundering -on all sides of the army of good fortune, a great scarcity of grain -resulted, and the animals were in bad plight. Having no choice, they -came down from the Balaghat, and took up their position at Balapur. The -rebels, waxing valiant in their pursuit, engaged in plundering in the -neighbourhood of Balapur. Of the servants of the Court 6,000 or 7,000 -horsemen, well mounted, were selected, and they made an attack on the -enemy's camp. They (the enemy) numbered about 60,000 cavalry. Briefly, -a great fight took place, and their camp was plundered. Having killed -and taken prisoners many of them, they returned in safety and with -plunder. When they turned back those wretches again attacked them from -all sides, and they came on, fighting as far as the camp. On both sides -about 1,000 were killed. After this fight they (the imperialists) -remained about four months at Balapur. When the scarcity of grain -became excessive, many of the qulaqchis (servants) ran away and -joined the enemy, and constantly bands of them, taking to the road -of disloyalty, were enrolled among the rebels. On this account, not -considering it advisable to delay any longer, they (the imperialists) -came to Burhanpur. Again, those wretches followed them and besieged -Burhanpur, and they were six months shut up there. Many parganas of the -provinces of Berar and Khandesh passed into their possession, and they -stretched out the hand of oppression over the cultivators and poor, -and engaged in collecting the revenues. As the army had undergone -great hardships and the animals had fallen into bad condition, they -could not leave the city to inflict substantial punishment. Thus the -pride and conceit of those short-sighted ones became greater. Just -at this time the royal standards returned to the capital, and by the -grace of God Kangra was conquered. - -Accordingly, on Friday, the 4th of Dai, I despatched Khurram in -that direction, bestowing on him a dress of honour, a sword, and an -elephant. Nur Jahan Begam also gave him an elephant. I told him after -he had conquered the province of the Deccan he should take as a reward -two [466] crores of dams from the conquered country. 650 mansabdars, -1,000 Ahadis, 1,000 Turkish musketeers, and 1,000 [467] gunners on -foot, in addition to the 31,000 horse already in that quarter, and -a large force of artillery, and many elephants, were appointed to -accompany him. I also gave him a crore of rupees for the expenses of -the victorious army. The servants (of the Court) who were appointed -on this duty received each, according to his standing as a reward, -horses, elephants, and dresses of honour. - -At the same auspicious hour and favourable time, the standards -of the expedition were turned toward Agra, and a halt was made at -Naushahr. [468] Muhammad Riza Jabiri was appointed Diwan to Bengal, -and Khwaja Mulki to the post of Bakhshi in the same, and were promoted -in mansab. Jagat Singh, s. Rana Karan, came from his native place, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 6th of the -same month the open space on the bank of Raja Todar Mal's tank [469] -became the alighting place of the Court of good fortune. Here I halted -for four days. On this day some of the mansabdars who had obtained -leave to go to the conquest of the Deccan were promoted as follows: -Zahid K. held the mansab of 1,000 and 400 horse; he received that -of 1,000 and 500 horse; Hardi Narayan Hada I promoted to 900 and -600 horse, original and increased; Ya`qub, s. Khan Dauran, was given -that of 800 and 400 horse, and in the same manner a great number of -the servants of the State received increase of mansab according to -their capabilities. Mu`tamid K. was appointed to the post of Bakhshi -and newswriter to the royal army, and was honoured with a tugh. The -offering of Lachmi Chand, Raja of Kumaon, consisting of hawks and -falcons and other hunting animals, was brought before me. Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan, obtained leave to proceed as an auxiliary to the army -of the Deccan, being presented with a private horse and saddle. Raja -Rup Chand, having been honoured with the gift of an elephant and a -horse, took leave to go to his jagir. On the 12th my son Khan Jahan -(Lodi) was made governor of Multan, and was given leave. There were -conferred on him a complete dress together with a nadiri (a robe of -Jahangir's invention), a jewelled dagger, a special elephant with -trappings, a female elephant, a special horse of the name of Khadang -(i.e., Arrow), and a pair of hawks. Sayyid Hizabr K. held the mansab -of 1,000 and 400 horse. Increasing these by 500 and 200 horse, I gave -him leave to accompany Khan Jahan. Muhammad Shafi` was appointed -Bakhshi and newswriter to the Subah of Multan. Bhawal (or Bahwal), -who was one of the old servants, was made Ashraf-i-tup-khana (head of -the artillery?), and received the title of Ray. On the 13th the bank -of the river Gobindwal became the camp of the army of prosperity, and -a halt of four days was made. A special elephant called Jai Singh, -with a female, were given to Mahabat K., and sent to him by Safiyya -his servant. Robes of honour were also forwarded to the Amirs of the -Subah of Bangash by `Isa Beg. - -On the 17th [470] the feast of my lunar weighing took place. As -Mu`tamid K. had been appointed Bakhshi to the army of the Deccan and -given leave, the post of `Arz-muqarrir was given to Khwaja Qasim. Mir -Sharaf was made Bakhshi of the Ahadis, and Fazil Beg made Bakhshi of -the Panjab. As Bahadur K., governor of Qandahar, in consequence of a -disease in his eyes, had requested to be allowed to kiss the threshold, -entrusting the government of Qandahar this day to `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., -an order was issued to Bahadur K., that when he arrived he should -hand over the fort to him and come himself to Court. On the 21st -of the same month I took up my quarters at Nur-saray. [471] At this -spot the Vakils of Nur Jahan Begam had built a lofty house, and made -a royal garden. It was now completed. On this account the Begam, -having begged for an entertainment, prepared a grand feast, and by -way of offering, with great pains produced all kinds of delicate and -rare things. In order to please her, I took what I approved. I halted -two days at this place. It was settled that the officials of the -Panjab should send Rs. 200,000, in addition to the Rs. 60,000 already -ordered for provisions for the fort of Qandahar. Mir Qiwamu-d-din, -the diwan of the Panjab, obtained leave to go to Lahore, and received -a dress of honour. Qasim K., with a view to punish the seditious in -the neighbourhood of Kangra, and to preserve order in those regions, -was given leave to go, and I presented him with a special nadiri, a -horse, a dagger, and an elephant. His mansab, original and increased, -was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse. At his request, I allowed -Raja Sangram (of Jammu) to proceed to that region, conferring on him -a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant. - -On Thursday the camp was pitched outside the town of Sihrind. I halted -one day, and amused myself with going round the garden. On Sunday, -the 4th, Abu-l-Hasan was sent on service for the conquest of the -Deccan. A dress of honour, with a nadiri, a special shawl, an elephant -named Subh-dam (breath of morn), a horsetail banner, and drums, being -given him. I gave leave to Mu`tamid K., presenting him with a dress of -honour, and a special horse called Subh-i-sadiq (the true dawn). On -the 7th of the same month the bank of the river Sarasati (Saraswati) -was the place of encampment of good fortune in the neighbourhood of -the qasba of mustafa'abad. The next day I encamped at Akbarpur, [472] -whence I sat in a boat on the river Jumna, to reach my object. On -this day `Izzat K. Chachi, [473] with the faujdar of that region, -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Giving Muhammad Shafi` -leave to proceed to Multan, I presented him with a horse, a dress -of honour, and a nur-shahi muhar, and sent by him a special turban -(chira) to Khan Jahan, my son (farzand). - -Thence, in five marches, I reached the pargana of Kirana, the native -country of Muqarrab K., and the Court encamped there. By way of -offering, his Vakils laid before me 91 rubies [474] and 4 diamonds, -1,000 gaz of mikhmal (satin) as a pa-andaz (foot-carpet), with a -petition from him, presenting also 100 camels as charity. I ordered -them to be distributed among deserving people. From this place, -in five marches Delhi became the halting-place of the standards of -good fortune I sent It`imadu-d-daula to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz -with a special farji (a dress), for him, and it was settled that he -should return in the space of one month and wait on me. Having halted -for two days at Salimgarh, on Thursday, the 23rd, I passed through -the district of Delhi with the intention of hunting in the pargana -of Palam, and halted on the bank of the Shamsi tank. On the road -I scattered 4,000 charans (Rs. 1,000) with my own hand. Twenty-two -elephants, male and female, had arrived from Bengal as an offering -from Allah-yar, s. Iftikhar K., and were passed before me. - -Zu-l-Qarnain [475] obtained leave to proceed to the faujdarship of -Sambhar. He is the son of Iskandar, the Armenian, and his father -had the good fortune to be in the service of `Arsh-ashyani (Akbar), -who gave him in marriage the daughter of `Abdu-l-Hayy, [476] the -Armenian, who was in service in the royal harem. By her he had two -sons. One was Zu-l-Qarnain, who was intelligent and fond of work, and -to him, during my reign, the chief diwans had entrusted the charge -of the government salt works at Sambhar, a duty which he performed -efficiently. He was now appointed to the faudjarship of that region. He -is an accomplished composer of Hindi songs. His method in this art was -correct, and his compositions were frequently brought to my notice -and were approved. La`l Beg [477] was selected for the daroghahship -of the records in the place of Nuru-d-din Quli. I passed four days -pleasantly in sporting in the neighbourhood of Palam and returned to -Salimgarh. On the 29th, 19 elephants, 2 eunuchs, [478] 1 slave, 41 -[479] fighting cocks, 12 bullocks, and 7 buffaloes were brought before -me as offerings from Ibrahim K. Fath-jang. On Thursday, the 30th, -corresponding with the 25th Rabi`u-l-awwal, the ceremony of my lunar -weighing [480] was performed. I had sent Koka K. to the Khan-khanan, -and forwarded some messages by him. On this day a petition from him -arrived. Mir Miran, who had been appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat, -on this day came and paid his respects, and was dignified with the -governorship of Delhi, in the room of Sayyid Bahwa. - -On this day Aqa Beg and Muhibb `Ali, the envoys of the ruler of -Persia, paid their respects, and presented a loving letter from that -noble brother, together with a black and white plume (kalgi-i-ablaq), -valued by the jewellers at Rs. 50,000. My brother also sent me a ruby -weighing 12 tanks, [481] which had belonged to the jewel-chamber of -M. Ulugh Beg, the successor of M. Shah-rukh. In the course of time, -and by the revolutions of fate, it had come into the hands of the -Safawi family. On this ruby there were engraved in the Naskh [482] -character the words: "Ulugh Beg b. M. Shah-rukh Bahadur b. Mir Timur -Gurgan." My brother, Shah `Abbas, directed that in another corner -they should cut the words: - - - Banda-i-Shah-i-Wilayat [483] `Abbas - "The slave of the King of Holiness, `Abbas." - - -in the Nasta`liq character. He had this ruby inserted in a jigha -(turban ornament), and sent to me as a souvenir. As the ruby bore -the names of my ancestors, I took it as a blessing for myself, -and bade Sa`ida, the superintendent of the goldsmith's department, -engrave in another corner the words "Jahangir Shah b. Akbar Shah," -and the current date. After some days, when the news of the conquest -of the Deccan arrived, I gave that ruby to Khurram, and sent it to him. - -On Saturday, the 1st of Isfandarmuz, I marched from Salimgarh, and -going first to the glorious mausoleum of Humayun (may the lights -of Allah be his testimony!), performed the dues of humility, and -presented 2,000 quarter rupees (charan) to those who sat in seclusion -in that pure cemetery. I encamped twice on the bank of the Jumna in the -environs of the city. Sayyid Hizabr K., [484] who had been appointed -an auxiliary to Khan Jahan, was sent off with the distinction of a -dress of honour, a sword, a dagger, a horse, and a standard. Sayyids -`Alim and `Abdu-l-Hadi, his brothers, were also each honoured with -a horse and a dress of honour. Mir Baraka Bukhari was allowed to go -to Transoxiana. I entrusted Rs. 10,000 to him, 5,000 of them to be -conveyed to Khwaja Salih Dihbidi, who from his fathers was one of the -well-wishers of this State, and the other 5,000 to be divided among the -mujawirs (custodians) attached to the tomb of Timur (may the lights -of Allah be his testimony!). I also gave a special turban (chira) -to Mahabat K., and sent it to him by Mir Baraka. I also ordered Mir -Baraka to make every effort to procure mottled fish-teeth, and to -procure them from any possible quarter, and at any price. - -I went by boat from Delhi, and in six stages reached the plain of -Brindaban. I gave an elephant to Mir Miran, and permitted him to -go to Delhi. Zabar-dast K. was selected to be Mir Tuzuk (master of -ceremonies) in the place of Fida'i K., and I presented him with -a special shawl (parm-narm). Next day, Gokul [485] was the place -of encampment. At this stage, Lashkar K., the governor of Agra, -`Abdu-l-Wahhab Diwan, Raja Nath Mal, Khizr K. Faruqi, ruler (deposed) -of Asir and Burhanpur, Ahmad K., his brother, the Qazi, the Mufti, -and other chief men of the city (of Agra), had the good fortune to wait -[486] on me. On the 11th I halted auspiciously at the Nur-afshan [487] -garden, which is on the opposite side of the Jumna. As the auspicious -hour for entering the city had been fixed for the 14th, I halted here, -and at the selected auspicious hour proceeded to the fort, and entered -the palace happily and victoriously. The propitious journey from -Lahore to Agra was accomplished in the period of two months and two -[488] days, with 49 marches and 21 halts. No day either of marching or -halting, on land or water, passed without sport. 114 deer, 51 duck, -4 heron (karwanak), 10 black partridge (durraj), and 200 bodna [489] -were taken on the way. - -As Lashkar K. had satisfactorily performed his duties at Agra, -I increased his mansab by 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and made -it 4,000 personal and 2,500 horse, and sent him as an auxiliary to -the army of the Deccan. Sa`ida, superintendent of the goldsmith's -department, was dignified with the title of Bi-badal K. Four horses, -some silver ornaments and cloths, which the ruler of Persia had -sent me by Aqa Beg and Muhammad Muhibb `Ali, were produced before -me on this day. The entertainment of Thursday, the 20th, took place -in the Nur-manzil garden. I gave a present of Rs. 1,00,000 to my -son Shahriyar. Muzaffar K., according to order, came from Thatta, -and had the good fortune to wait on me. He offered 100 muhars and -Rs. 100. Lashkar K. produced a ruby as an offering. It was valued -at Rs. 4,000. A special horse of the name of Musahib (companion) -was given to `Abdu-llah K. `Abdu-s-Salam, s. Mu`azzam K., having -arrived from Orissa, had the good fortune to wait on me: 100 muhars -and Rs. 100 were laid before me as his nazar. The mansab of Dust Beg, -s. Tulak K., was fixed at 900 personal and 400 horse. The entertainment -of Thursday, the 27th, was held in the Nur-afshan garden. A special -dress of honour was given to M. Rustam, and a horse to his son, who -was called Dakhani, and a special horse and an elephant to Lashkar K. - -On Friday, the 28th, I went to hunt to the village of Samonagar, -and returned at night. Seven Persian horses, with their trappings, -were laid before me as an offering from Aqa Beg and Muhibb `Ali. I -presented Zambil Beg, the ambassador, with a Nur-jahani muhar of the -weight of 100 tolas, and gave a jewelled penholder to Sadiq K., the -chief Bakhshi. I also gave a village [490] in Agra, by way of in`am, -to Khizr K. Faruqi. In this year 85,000 bighas of land, 3,325 khar-wars -(of rice), 4 villages, 2 ploughs (of land), and a garden, Rs. 2,327, 1 -muhar, 6,200 darbs (half rupees), 7,880 quarter rupees (charan), 1,512 -tolas of gold and silver, and 10,000 dams from the treasury were given, -in my presence, as alms to faqirs and necessitous people. Thirty-eight -elephants, of the value of Rs. 2,41,000, [491] were presented as -offerings, and were placed in the special elephant house, whilst 51 -were presented by me to the great Amirs and the servants of the Court. - - - - - - - - -THE SIXTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On Monday, [492] the 27th Rabi`u-l-akhir, A.H. 1030 (10 March, 1621), -the sun that bestows bounty on the world lit up the abode of fortune -of Aries with his world-illuminating light, and gladdened the world -and its inhabitants. The sixteenth year of the reign of this suppliant -at the throne of Allah commenced with gladness and victory, and at the -auspicious hour and blessed time I sat on the throne of success in the -capital of Agra. On this joy-enhancing day my fortunate son Shahriyar -lifted up his head with the honour of the mansab of 8,000 and 4,000 -horse. My revered father bestowed, for the first time, this mansab -[493] on my brothers. It is hoped that in the shadow of my education -and in carrying out my pleasure, he may reach the extreme of life -and prosperity. On this day Baqir K. arrayed his men and passed them -before me in order. The great Bakhshis recorded (the number as) 1,000 -horse and 2,000 foot, and reported to me. Having promoted him to the -mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, I entrusted the duties of -faujdar of Agra to him. - -On Wednesday, together with the ladies seated in a boat, I went to the -Nur-afshan garden, and rested there at night. As the garden belongs to -the establishment of Nur Jahan B., on Thursday, the 4th, she held the -royal [494] entertainment and presented great offerings. Of jewels, -jewelled ornaments, and all sorts of precious goods, I selected -what I approved of, of the value of Rs. 100,000. During these days, -every day after midday I embarked in a boat, and went to Samonagar, -4 koss distant from the city, for sport, returning to the palace at -night. Sending Raja Sarang Deo to my prosperous son Shah Parwiz, -I sent with him a special dress of honour, with a jewelled belt, -which contained a sapphire [495] and several rubies. As I had -given Behar to that son in the place of Muqarrab K., I started off -a sazawul to conduct him from Allahabad to Behar. Mir Zahid, [496] -son-in-law of Muzaffar K., having come from Thatta, waited on me. As -Mir `Azudu-d-daula [497] had become very old and decrepit, he could -not carry out the duties of the camp and his jagir. I released him -from the trouble of service and active work. I ordered that he should -receive Rs. 4,000 every month out of the public treasury, and living -at ease and in comfort at Agra or Lahore, or wherever he wished, -should employ himself in prayers for my increased life and welfare. - -On the 9th Farwardin the offering of I`tibar K. was laid before -me. Of jewels, cloths, etc., the value of Rs. 70,000, was accepted, -and I returned the remainder to him. Muhibb `Ali and Aqa Beg, envoys -of the ruler of Persia, presented twenty-four horses, two mules, -three camels, seven greyhounds (sag-i-tazi), twenty-seven pieces -(taq) of brocade, a shamama [498] of ambergris, two pairs of carpets, -and two namad takya [499] (woollen coverlets). Two mares with foals -that my brother had sent with them were also brought before me. - -On Thursday, at the request of Asaf K., I went to his house with the -ladies. Having prepared a grand entertainment, he submitted to me many -delicate gems and wonders in cloths, and rare gifts. Choosing out of -these to the value of Rs. 130,000, I gave the rest to him. Mukarram -K., governor of Orissa, sent by way of offering thirty-two elephants, -male and female, and these had the honour of being accepted. At -this time I saw a wild ass [500] (gur-khar), exceedingly strange in -appearance, exactly like a lion. From the tip of the nose to the end -of the tail, and from the point of the ear to the top of the hoof, -black markings, large or small, suitable to their position, were seen -on it. Round the eyes there was an exceedingly fine black line. One -might say the painter of fate, with a strange brush, had left it -on the page of the world. As it was strange, some people imagined -that it had been coloured. After minute inquiry into the truth, it -became known that the Lord of the world was the Creator thereof. As -it was a rarity, it was included among the royal gifts sent to my -brother Shah `Abbas. Bahadur K. Uzbeg had sent as an offering some -tipchaq horses and cloth stuffs from `Iraq, and they were produced -before me. Dresses of honour for the winter were sent for Ibrahim -K. Fath-jang and the Amirs of Bengal by Mumin Shirazi. On the 15th -the offering of Sadiq K. was produced. It was of all sorts. Having -taken what was worth Rs. 15,000, I gave the remainder to him. Fazil -K. on this day also gave an offering according to his condition. Of -this a trifle was taken. On Thursday (19th Farwardin) the feast of the -culmination was held, and when two watches and one ghari of the day -had passed, I took my seat on the throne. According to the request -of Madar-ul-mulk I`timadu-d-daula, the feast of the culmination was -held in his house. He presented a remarkable offering of rare and -choice things from all countries. Altogether I took the value of -Rs. 138,000. On this day I gave Zambil Beg, the ambassador, a muhar -[501] equal to 200 tolas in weight. At this time Ibrahim K. had sent -some eunuchs from Bengal. One of these was a hermaphrodite. Among -the offerings of the above-mentioned were two boats made in Bengal, -of a very pleasant shape, on the decoration of which a sum of -Rs. 10,000 had been expended. They were really kingly boats. Having -made Shaikh Qasim K. governor of Allahabad, I honoured him with the -title of Muhtashim K. and the mansab of 5,000, and gave an order -that the Diwans should give him an increase to his jagir out of the -unappropriated (mahall-i-ghair-i-`amali) estates. Raja Shyam Singh, -Zamindar of Srinagar (in Garhwal) was given a horse and an elephant. - -At this time it was reported to me that Yusuf K., s. Husain K., [502] -had died in the victorious army of the Deccan a sudden death. The -report said that when he was at his jagir he had become so fat that he -got out of breath with the least exertion. One day when he was paying -his respects to Khurram, in coming and going his breathing [503] -became difficult. When a dress of honour was given him, in putting -it on and saluting he became helpless, and a trembling affected -all his limbs, and with a hundred labours and exertions he saluted -and stumbled out and fell under the shelter of the tent enclosure, -and became unconscious. His servants placed him in a palanquin, -and took him home, and as he arrived, the messenger of death came -also. He received his command, and left his heavy lump of earth in -the perishable dustbin. On 1st Urdibihisht, I gave a special dagger -to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. On the 4th of the same month the feast -of the kar-i-khair (consummation of marriage) of my son Shahriyar -increased the joy of my heart. The Hinna-bandi (putting on henna) -assembly took place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamani. The feast of -the nikah (marriage) was held in the house of I`timadu-d-daula. I -myself went there with the ladies and adorned the feast of joy. After -seven gharis of night had passed, on Friday [504] the marriage took -place with rejoicings. I hope that it will be propitious to this -daily-increasing State. On Tuesday, the 19th, in the Nur-afshan garden, -I presented my son Shahriyar with a jewelled charqab (coat), with a -turban and waist-belt (kamar-band), and two horses, one an `Iraqi, -with a gold saddle, and the other a Turki, with an embroidered saddle. - -In these days Shah Shuja` had an eruption so violent that water would -not go down his throat, and his life was despaired of. As it had been -recorded in his father's horoscope that his son would die this year, -all the astrologers were unanimous that he would not live, but Jotik -Ray said, on the contrary, that the dust of calamity would not settle -on the skirt of his life. I asked: "By what proof?" He said that -in the horoscope of my destiny it was recorded that in this year -no distress or trouble would find its way to the royal mind from -any road, and as I had a great affection for the child, it behoved -that no calamity should happen to him, and some other child would -die. It came to pass as he said, and he carried his life out of this -deadly place, and a son that he (Shah Jahan) had by the daughter of -Shah-nawaz K., died at Burhanpur. Besides this, many of Jotik Ray's -judgments (ahkam) turned out correct. This is not without strangeness, -and it is therefore recorded in these memoirs. I accordingly ordered -him (Jotik Ray) to be weighed against money and the weight came to -Rs. 6,500. This was given him as a reward. - -Muhammad Husain Jabiri was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter of the -Subah of Orissa. The mansab of Lachin Munajjim (astrologer) Qaqshal, -at the request of Mahabat K., was fixed, original and increased, -at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja -Jahan, came from Kangra and waited on me. Having presented an elephant -to Bahadur K. Uzbeg, I sent it with his Vakil. Hurmuz and Hushang, -grandsons of the asylum of pardon Mirza Muhammad Hakim, by reason -of the caution that is fitting to rulers, had been imprisoned in the -fort of Gwalior. At this time, having summoned them into my presence, -I ordered them to remain in Agra, and a daily allowance sufficient for -their expenses was allowed for them. At this time a brahman of the -name of Rudar Bhattacharaj, who was one of the learned ones of this -caste, and was engaged at Benares in teaching, had the good fortune -to pay his respects to me. In truth, he has studied well, both in -the rational and traditional sciences, and is perfect in his own line. - -One of the strange events of this time [505] was that on 30 Farwardin -(about 10 April, 1621) in the present year, in a certain village of the -pargana of Jalandhar, in the morning, a terrible noise arose from the -East, such that its inhabitants, from fright at that terror-increasing -sound, nearly deserted their bodies. Whilst this noise and disturbance -were going on, a light fell from above on the ground, and the people -thought that fire was raining down from heaven. After a moment, when -that noise ceased, and their troubled hearts recovered from their -bewilderment and terror, they sent a quick runner to the collector -(`amil) Muhammad Sa`id, and informed him of what had occurred. He -immediately rode there himself, and went to look at the spot. For ten -or twelve yards in length and breadth the land was so burnt that no -trace of any grass or green was left, and there were still signs of -heat and burning. He ordered them to dig up the soil, and the more -they dug the greater the heat appeared to be till they came to a place -where a piece of heated iron appeared. It was as hot as if it had been -taken out of a furnace. After a while it became cold, and taking it -up, he conveyed it to his house, and placing it in a kharita (cover), -which he sealed, he sent it to Court. I ordered them to weigh it in -my presence, and it came to 160 tolas. I ordered Master (Ustad) Da'ud -[506] to make a sword, a dagger, and a knife of it, and bring them to -me. He represented that it would not stand below the hammer, and fell -to pieces. I told him in that case to mix it with other iron and make -use of it. As I had told him, he mixed three parts of lightning-iron -and one of other iron, and having made two swords, one dagger, and -one knife, brought them to me. From the mixing of other iron he had -brought out its quality (watering). According to the manner of the -excellent swords of Yaman [507] and the South, it could be bent, and -became straight again. I ordered them to test it in my presence. It -cut very well, equal to true swords. I called one the Shamshir-i-qati` -(keen sword) and the other Barq-sirisht (lightning-natured). Bi-badal -K. composed a quatrain which demonstrated [508] these particulars, -and recited it: - - - By Shah Jahangir the world acquired order. - There fell in his reign raw iron from lightning. - From that iron were made by his world-taking command, - A dagger, a knife, and two scimitars. - - -And "Spark of royal lightning" gave the date (A.H. 1030). - -At this time Raja Sarang Deo, who had gone to my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz, came and waited on me. Parwiz represented that he, according -to order, had proceeded from Allahabad to Behar. I hope he will be -prosperous (there). Qasim K. was dignified with the gift of drums. On -this day one `Alimu-d-din, a servant of Khurram, brought a report -from him containing the good news of the victory, with a jewelled -thumbstall (shast, perhaps a ring), which he had sent as nazar. I gave -him leave, sending by him a dress of honour. Amir Beg, brother of Fazil -Beg. K., was appointed Diwan to my son Shahriyar and Muhammad Husain, -brother of Khwaja Jahan, was made Bakhshi, and Ma`sum was appointed -Mir-Saman. Sayyid Haji obtained leave to go as an auxiliary to the -army of the Deccan, and I gave him a horse. Muzaffar K., was also -promoted to the post of Bakhshi. - -As at this time the mother [509] of Imam-quli K., the ruler of Turan, -had sent to Nur Jahan Begam a letter containing expressions of good -will and the dues of acquaintanceship, and sent some rarities from -that country. Khwaja Nasir, who was one of the old servants and -one of my attendants from the time when I was a prince, was sent by -way of embassy on the part of Nur Jahan Begam with a letter, with -choice gifts from this country. At the time when the ladies were -staying in the Nur-afshan garden, a rang (ibex) fawn eight days old, -jumped down from the terrace of the palace, which is 8 gaz in height, -on to the ground, and began to leap about, no sign of injury or pain -being perceptible in it. - -On the 4th of the Divine month [510] of Khurdad, Afzal K., Khurram's -Diwan brought a letter from him containing the good news of his -victory, and kissed the threshold. The details are as follows: -When the victorious army reached Ujain, a band of the servants of -the Court, who were in the fort of Mandu, sent a report that an army -of the rebels, putting forward the foot of audacity, had crossed the -Narbada, and burning several villages that were under [511] the fort, -were busy with rapine and plunder. Madaru-l-mahamm Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -with 5,000 cavalry, were appointed to go in all haste and inflict -punishment on that vain lot of people. The Khwaja made a night march, -and at the dawn of day reached the bank of the Narbada. When the -enemy learnt this, they in one moment threw themselves into the -river and reached the bank of safety. The brave cavalry galloped -after them, and pursued them for nearly 4 koss, [512] and with the -sword of vengeance, made many of them travellers on the road of -non-existence. The ill-fated rebels did not turn back the reins of -haste till they reached Burhanpur. Khurram wrote to Abu-l-Hasan to -remain on that (the South) side of the river till he came. Soon he, -with his army, joined this advanced force, and hastened on, march by -march, till he reached Burhanpur. The graceless rebels were still -keeping [513] their ground, and were encamped round the city. As -the imperial servants had been contending with the rebels for two -years, they had suffered much hardship from want of land (bi-jagiri, -[514] non-possession of fiefs, landlessness) and scarcity of corn, -and their horses were worn out by continued service. Accordingly, -they had to delay nine days in order to recruit. During this period, -thirty lakhs of rupees and many cuirasses [515] were distributed -among the soldiers, and sazawuls had been sent out and had brought -many men out of the city (Burhanpur). The gallant troops had not -yet put their hands to the work, when the black-fated rebels felt -that they could not resist, and scattered like "the daughters of -the Bier" (the stars of the constellation of the Great Bear, which -are dispersed over the heavens, instead of being clustered like the -Pleiades). The brave and swift cavaliers followed them, and with the -sword of vengeance cast many of them upon the earth of perdition. They -gave them no rest, but smiting and slaying them, pursued them as -far as Khirki, which was the residence of the Nizamu-l-mulk and the -other rebels. One day before this the ill-starred one (Malik `Ambar) -had got information of the approach of the imperialists, and had -removed the Nizamu-l-mulk and his family and effects to the fort -of Daulatabad. There he had encamped, with his back resting on the -fort, while in front of him there were marshes and quagmires. [516] -Most of his men became scattered in all directions. The leaders of -the victorious army, with their vengeance-seeking soldiers, halted -three days in the town of Khirki, and so destroyed a city which had -taken twenty years to build, that it is not known if it will regain -its splendour in other twenty years. In fine, after throwing down -its buildings, all agreed in opinion that as an army of rebels was -still besieging Ahmadnagar, they must at once go there, and inflict -condign punishment on the originators of the disturbance, renew the -supplies (of the Ahmadnagar garrison), and leave assistance there, -and then return. With this view they set out, and came as far as the -town of Patan (in Berar, Jarrett II. 233). Meanwhile, the crafty `Ambar -[517] sent agents and officers, and said: "After this I will not drop -the thread of service and loyalty from my hand, nor put out my foot -beyond orders, and will regard whatever tribute and fine be commanded -as a favour, and will send it to the government." It happened that -just then there was great scarcity in the camp in consequence of -the dearness of provisions, and also that news came that the rebel -force which was besieging Ahmadnagar had withdrawn on hearing of the -approach of the imperialists. Accordingly, a force was sent to help -Khanjar K. (the governor of Fort Ahmadnagar), and a sum of money -for his charges. Thereupon the imperialists were relieved from all -anxiety and returned (across the Narbada?). After much entreaty and -lamentation (on the part of `Ambar) it was settled that in addition -to the territory which of old had belonged to the empire, the rebels -should surrender 14 koss of the adjoining country, and should pay -into the public treasury fifty lakhs of rupees as tribute. - -I gave Afzal K. (Shah Jahan's diwan) leave to return, and sent with -him, for Khurram, the ruby plume (kalgi-i-la`li) which the King -of Persia had sent to me, and which has been already described, -and I gave to the aforesaid (Afzal) a dress of honour, an elephant, -an inkpot, and a jewelled pen. Khanjar K., who, when besieged in the -Fort of Ahmadnagar, had performed approved services, and shown proper -activity, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1,000 horse. - -Mukarram K., having come by order from Orissa, had, with his -brothers, the good fortune to wait upon me. He presented a string -of pearls by way of offering. Muzaffaru-l-mulk, s. Bahaduru-l-mulk, -was honoured with the title of Nusrat K. A standard was conferred -on Uda Ram, Dakhani, and to `Azizu-llah, s. Yusuf K., was given -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 21st, -Muqarrab K. arrived from Behar, and had the good fortune to wait upon -me. At this time Aqa `Ali, Muhibb `Ali Beg, Haji Beg, and Fazil Beg, -the envoys of the ruler of Persia, who had come at different times, -were allowed to depart. To Aqa Beg I made a present of a dress of -honour, a jewelled dagger, and Rs. 40,000 in cash; to Muhibb `Ali -Beg a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000; and to the others in the same -way I presented gifts according to their positions. I also sent a -suitable souvenir by them to my brother. On this day Mukarram K. was -appointed Subahdar of Delhi, and faujdar of Mewat. Shaja`at K. `Arab -was dignified with the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,500 horse, -original and increased; Sharza K. with that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse; -Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Kachhwaha, with that of 1,200 and 900 horse. - -On the 29th, Qasim Beg, an envoy of the ruler of Persia, came and -waited on me, bringing a letter from that brother of lofty dignity, -containing expressions of sincerity and friendship. What he had -sent by way of royal gifts was laid before me. On the 1st of Tir, -I sent a special elephant called Gaj Ratan, for my son (farzand) -Khan Jahan. Nazar Beg, a servant of Khurram, laid before me a letter -from him asking for the gift of horses. I ordered Raja Kishan Das, -the mushrif (accountant) to prepare within fifteen days 1,000 horses -from the royal stables, and to send them off with him. I sent to -Khurram as a present a horse of the name of Rum-ratan [518] ("the -jewel of Turkey"), which the ruler of Persia had sent me out of the -spoils of the Turkish camp. - -On this day a servant of Iradat K., of the name of Ghiyasu-d-din, -laid before me a report from him containing the good news of his -victory. In the preceding pages there has been written with the pen of -demonstration an account of the rebellion of the Zamindars of Kishtwar -and of the despatch of Jalal, s. Dilawar K. As this important matter -had not been properly managed by him, an order was given to Iradat -K. to hasten to take up that duty, and to inflict severe punishment -on the rebels, and make such arrangements in the hill-country that the -dust of dispersion and calamity might not settle on its frontiers. He, -as ordered, hastened there and did approved service, and the people of -sedition and disturbance, having turned their heads towards the desert -of exile, escaped half dead. Thus once more was the thorn of calamity -and mischief rooted out of that country, and having established the -officials and established posts, he returned to Kashmir. As a reward -for this service I added 500 horse to his mansab. - -As Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan had done good service and shown proper -activity in the affair of the Deccan, I increased his mansab by 1,000 -horse. Ahmad Beg, nephew of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, being exalted to -the Subahdarship of Orissa, was dignified with the title of Khan, -and had given him a standard and drums. His mansab also was raised -to 2,000 with 500 horse. - -As I had often heard of the virtues and good qualities of Qazi Nasir -of Burhanpur, my truth-seeking mind had a desire for his society. At -this time he came, according to summons, to the Court. Doing honour to -his learning, I paid him great regard. The Qazi is one of the unique of -the age for rational and traditional sciences, and there are few books -that he has not read, but his exterior did not agree with his interior, -and I could not be delighted with his company. As I found him much -devoted to being a dervish and seclusion, I respected his feelings, -and did not give him the trouble of serving me. I gave him Rs. 5,000, -and dismissed him to his native country to pass his days in ease. - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Amurdad Baqir K. was promoted -to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,200 horse, and of the Amirs -and royal servants who had distinguished themselves in the conquest -of the Deccan, thirty-two individuals were exalted by having their -mansabs raised. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi, who had been appointed -to the governorship of Qandahar at the request of my son Khan Jahan, -was promoted to that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 1st -Shahriwar I gave the ambassador Zambil Beg a jewelled sword, and also -presented him with a village under the jurisdiction of the capital, -the revenue of which was Rs. 16,000. - -At this time, knowing that he was unfit for duty on account of his -bad temper and want of knowledge, I dismissed Hakim Rukna, [519] -and told him he might go wherever he wished. As it was reported to -me that Hushang, the brother's son of Khan `Alam, had committed an -unjust murder, having summoned him to my presence, I investigated -the charge, and after it was established, gave an order for his -execution. God forbid that in such affairs I should consider princes, -and far less that I should consider Amirs. I hope that the grace of God -may support me in this. On 1st Shahriwar, at the request of Asaf K., -I went to his house and bathed in the bath-house that he has lately -built. It is beautifully finished. After I had done bathing he laid -before me offerings fit for a nazar. I took what I approved of and -gave him the rest. The Wazifa (pension) of Khizr Khan (late ruler) -of Khandesh, was fixed at Rs. 30,000, [520] original and increased. - -At this time it was reported to me that a blacksmith of the name of -Kalyan was much in love with a woman of his own caste, and was always -laying his head at her feet, and showing symptoms of infatuation. The -woman, though she was a widow, would in no way consent to accept him, -and the love of this wretch who had given his heart to her made no -impression on her. Having summoned both of them into my presence, I -cross-examined them, and however much I advised her to unite herself -to him, she did not agree. At this time the blacksmith said that if -he could make sure that I would [521] give her to him, he would throw -himself down from the Shah-burj of the fort. I said by way of jest: -"Never mind the Shah-burj; if your love be genuine, fling yourself -from the roof of this house, and I'll make her submit herself to -you." I had not ended before he ran like lightning and threw himself -down. When he fell, blood began to flow from his eyes and mouth. I -repented myself greatly of that jest, and was grieved in my mind, -and bade Asaf Khan take him to his house and look after him. As the -cup of his life was brimming over, he died from the injury. - - - VERSE. - - The life-sacrificing lover who stood on that threshold - Gave up his life with joy and regarded death as a trifle. - - -At the request of Mahabat K. the mansab of Lachin Qaqshal, original -and increased, was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. - -It has been mentioned [522] that on the day of the Dasahara festival -in Kashmir, I had perceived in myself a catching and shortness of -breath. Briefly, from excessive rain and the dampness of the air, -a difficulty in drawing breath showed itself on my left side near -the heart. This by degrees increased and became intensified. Of the -physicians who were in waiting on me, Hakim Ruhu-llah first tried -his remedies, and for some time warm, soothing medicines were of use, -for there was evidently a slight diminution (of the symptoms). When I -came down from the hills, they came on again violently. This time for -some days I took goats' milk, and again camel's milk, but I found no -profit whatever from them. About this time Hakim Rukna, who had been -excused from the journey to Kashmir, and whom I had left at Agra, -joined me, and confidently and with a show of power, undertook my -cure, and relied on warm and dry medicines. From his remedies, too, -I derived no advantage; on the contrary, they appeared to increase -the heat and dryness of my brain and temperament, and I became very -weak. The disease increased and the pain was prolonged. At such a -time and in this state, at which a heart of stone would have burnt -(been distressed) about me, Sadra, [523] s. Hakim Mirza Muhammad, -who was one of the chief physicians of Persia (was in attendance on -me). He had come from Persia in the reign of my revered father, and -after the throne of rule had been adorned by this suppliant, as he -was distinguished above all others by natural skill and experience -(tasarruf-i-tabi`at), I was attended to by him, and I distinguished -him with the title of Masihu-z-zaman (Messiah of the Age). I made his -position more honourable than that of the other Court-physicians, with -the idea that at some crisis he would help me. That ungrateful man, -in spite of the claims which I had on him, though he saw me in such -a state, did not give me medicines or treat me. Notwithstanding that -I distinguished him beyond all the physicians who were waiting on me, -he would not undertake my cure. However great attention I showed him -and troubled myself to soothe him, he became more obstinate (sullab), -and said: "I have no such reliance on my knowledge that I can undertake -the cure." It was the same with Hakim Abu-l-Qasim, s. Hakimu-l-mulk, -notwithstanding his being a khanazad, and what was due for his -bringing up; he professed himself suspicious and afraid, and that -considering the matter in his mind, he was terrified and vexed, and -how, then, could he prescribe a remedy? As there was no help for it, -I gave them all up, and weaning my heart from all visible remedies, -gave myself up to the Supreme Physician. As drinking alleviated my -sufferings, I took to it in the daytime, contrary to my habit, and -gradually I carried this to excess. When the weather became hot, the -evil effects of this increased, and my weakness and laboured breathing -were augmented. Nur Jahan Begam, whose skill and experience are greater -than those of the physicians, especially as they are brought to bear -through affection and sympathy, endeavoured to diminish the number of -my cups, and to carry out the remedies that appeared appropriate to -the time, and soothing to the condition. Although previously to this -she had approved of the remedies made use of by the physicians, yet at -this time I relied on her kindness. She, by degrees, lessened my wine, -and kept me from things that did not suit me, and food that disagreed -with me. I hope that the True Physician will grant me perfect recovery -from the hospital of the hidden world. - -On Monday, the 22nd [524] of the same month, corresponding with the -25th of Shawwal, A.H. 1030 (2 September, 1621), the feast of my solar -weighing took place auspiciously and happily. As in the past year -(of my life) I had suffered from severe illness, I had passed it in -continuous pain and trouble. In thankfulness that such a year ended -well and in safety, and that in the commencement of the present year -the signs of health became apparent, Nur Jahan Begam begged that her -Vakils might make the arrangements for the entertainment (of the -solar weighment). In truth, they prepared one which increased the -astonishment of beholders. From the date on which Nur Jahan Begam -entered into the bond of marriage with this suppliant, although in -all weighing entertainments, both solar and lunar, she had made such -arrangements as were becoming to the State, and knew what were the -requirements of good fortune and prosperity; yet on this occasion she -had paid greater attention than ever to adorn the assembly, and arrange -the feast. All the servants of approved service and the domestics who -knew my temperament, who in that time of weakness had constantly been -present and been ready to sacrifice their lives, and had fluttered -round my head like moths, were now honoured with suitable kindnesses, -such as dresses of honour, jewelled sword-belts, jewelled daggers, -horses, elephants, and trays full of money, each according to their -positions. And though the physicians had not done good service, yet -in consideration of the slight contempt [525] with which they had -been treated for two or three days, they received various favours, -and on the occasion of this feast also, they received presents in -jewels and cash. - -After the conclusion of the weighment, trays of gold and silver were -poured out by way of nisar (coin-scattering) into the hope-skirts of -the ministers of amusement (ahl-i-nishat), and of the poor. Jotik -Ray, astrologer, who had given the glad news of my recovery and -restoration to health, I had weighed against muhars and rupees, and -by this method a present was made [526] him of 500 muhars and 7,000 -rupees. At the end of the entertainment the offerings she (Nur Jahan) -had prepared for me were produced. Of the jewels, jewelled ornaments, -cloths and various rarities I selected what I approved of. Altogether -the cost of this great entertainment which Nur Jahan Begam gave was -recorded to be two lacs of rupees, exclusive of what she laid before -me as offerings. In previous years, when I was in health, I weighed -3 maunds and 1 or 2 seers more or less, but this year, as a result -of my weakness and leanness, I was only 2 maunds and 27 seers. - -On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Mihr, I`tiqad K., the -Governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 and 2,500 -horse, and Raja Gaj Singh to that of 4,000 and 3,000 horse. When the -news of my illness reached my son, Shah Parwiz, without waiting for a -farman he came to see me, being unable to restrain himself. On the 14th -[527] of the same month (September 25, 1621), at an auspicious hour -and propitious time, that fortunate son had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold, and went three times round the couch (takht). However -much I adjured him and forbade him to do so, he insisted the more -in lamentation and importunity. I took him by the hand and drew him -towards me, and by way of kindness and affection held him fast in an -embrace, and displayed great love to him. I hope that he may enjoy -a long life with prosperity. - -At this time Rs. 20,00,000 were sent to Khurram for the expenses -of the army of the Deccan by Allah-dad K., who was honoured with an -elephant and a standard. On the 28th Qiyam K., chief huntsman, died -a natural death. He was a confidential servant, and apart from his -skill in hunting, looked over every trifling detail relating to it, -and consulted my pleasure in it. In short, I was much grieved at this -event. I hope that God may grant him forgiveness. - -On the 29th the mother of Nur Jahan Begam died. Of the amiable -qualities of this matron (Kad-banu) of the family of chastity what -can I write? Without exaggeration, in purity of disposition and in -wisdom and the excellencies that are the ornament of women no Mother -of the Age [528] was ever born equal to her, and I did not value -[529] her less than my own mother. With regard to the attachment -that I`timadu-d-daula bore towards her it is certain that no husband -was equal to him. Here one must imagine what had happened to that -grief-stricken old man. Also with regard to the attachment of Nur Jahan -Begam to her mother what can one write? A son like Asaf K., exceedingly -intelligent and clever, rent in pieces his robe of patience and left -off the dress of men of the social state (lit., men of dependence, -or connection). At the sight of his dear son, the grief and sorrow of -the father, wounded at heart, increased more and more. However much -we admonished him, it had no result. On the day on which I went to -condole with him, as the disturbance of his mind and grief of his heart -had commenced, I spoke a few words of admonition by way of affection -and kindness, but did not urge him. I left him until (the sense of) -his calamity should abate. After some days I ministered to his inward -wound the balm of kindness, and brought him back to the position of -sociable beings. Although in order to please me and satisfy my mind -he outwardly controlled himself, and made a show of resignation, yet -with regard to his affection for her what resignation could there be? - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, Sar-buland K., Jan-sipar K., -and Baqi K., were honoured with the gift of drums. `Abdu-llah K. had -gone to his jagir without the leave of the Subahdar [530] of the -Deccan: I accordingly told the Chief Diwans to deprive him of his -jagir, and I`timad Ray was ordered to act as a sazawul, and to send -him back to the Deccan. - -It has been recorded with regard to the case of Masihu-z-zaman (Hakim -Sadra) that, notwithstanding what was due from him for his bringing-up -and my kindness to him, he had not the grace to attend upon me in -such an illness, and more strange still is it that he suddenly threw -off the veil of modesty and asked for leave to undertake a journey -to the Hijaz, and make a pilgrimage to the holy house. Inasmuch -as at all times and under all circumstances the reliance of this -suppliant is on the Lord, that needs no return, and the gracious -Creator, I gave him leave with an open brow. Though he had all kinds -of things (for the journey) I made him a present of Rs. 20,000 in aid -of his expenses, and I hope that the Supreme Physician, without the -assistance of physicians and the means of medicine, may grant this -suppliant complete recovery from the Dispensary of His mercy. - -As the air of Agra, in consequence of the increase of the temperature, -did not agree with me, on Monday, the 13th of the Divine month of -Aban and 16th year (of my reign), the standards were raised to go -towards the hill country of the North, so that if the air of that -quarter should be equable, I might choose some spot of ground on -the bank of the River Ganges, and found a city there, to make a -permanent place of residence for the hot weather, or else turn the -reins of purpose in the direction of Kashmir. Leaving Muzaffar K. to -guard and administer Agra, I dignified him with drums, a horse, and -an elephant. Having appointed his nephew, M. Muhammad faujdar of the -city, I gave him the title of Asad K., and selected him for increase -of mansab. Having exalted Baqir K. to the duty of the Subah of Oudh, -I dismissed him. On the 26th of the said month my prosperous son Shah -Parwiz obtained leave to proceed from Mathura to Bihar and his jagir. I -gave him leave after presenting him with a special dress of honour, -a nadiri, a jewelled dagger, a horse, and an elephant. I hope that -he may enjoy long life. On 4 Azar, Mukarram K., governor of Delhi, -was exalted with the good fortune of paying his respects. On the 6th I -alighted at Delhi, and having halted two days in Salimgarh I employed -myself with the pleasure of sport. At this time it was reported to me -that Jado Ray Kaitha (or Kathiya), who is one of the leading Sardars -of the Deccan, by the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, -had elected for loyalty, and had been enrolled amongst the loyal -servants. Bestowing on him a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, -I sent a gracious farman to him by the hand of Narayan Das Rathor. On -the 1st of the Divine month of Dai, corresponding with the 7th Safar, -A.H. 1031, Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was honoured with the title -of Hashim K. and Hashim Beg Khushi [531] with that of Jan-nisar K. - -On the 7th of the same month the camp was pitched at Hardwar on the -bank of the Ganges. It is one of the most famous places of worship -of the Hindus, and many brahmans and recluses have chosen a corner -of retirement in this place and worship God according to the rule -of their religion. I gave alms in cash and goods to each of them -according to his requirements. As the climate of this skirt of the -hills was not approved by me, and I could not see a spot of ground -on which to make a permanent residence, I proceeded towards the skirt -of the hill country of Jammu and Kangra. - -At this time it was reported to me that Raja Bhao Singh had died in -the Deccan (become a traveller on the road of non-existence). From -excess of wine-drinking he had become very weak and low. Suddenly a -faintness came over him. However much the physicians tried remedies -for him and burnt scars on the top of his head, he did not come to his -senses: for a night and a day he lay without perception, and died the -next day. Two wives and eight concubines burnt themselves in the fire -of fidelity for him. Jagat Singh, his elder brother, and Maha Singh, -his nephew, had spent the coin of their lives in the wine-business, -and the aforesaid, not taking warning from them, sold sweet life for -bitter fluid. He was of very good disposition and sedate. From the -days when I was a prince he was constantly in my service, and by the -blessing of my education had reached the high rank of 5,000. As he -left no son, I dignified the grandson of his elder brother, though of -tender years, with the title of Raja, and gave him the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse. The pargana of Amber, his native place, -was assigned to him as jagir, according to former custom, in order -that his family might not be dispersed. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On the -20th [532] of the same month I halted at the saray of Alwatu. [533] -As I am constantly engaged in the pleasure of hunting, and the flesh -of animals I have killed with my own hand is very much to my taste, in -consequence of the suspicions and caution that I have in such matters, -I order them to be cleaned in my presence, and myself inspect their -stomachs to see what they have eaten and what the food of the animals -is. If by chance I see anything to which I have a dislike I forbear -from eating the flesh. Before this I was not inclined towards any -kind of waterfowl except the sona (golden duck?). When I was at Ajmir -I saw a tame sona duck eating horrible worms. From seeing this, my -taste turned against it, and I gave up eating tame sona ducks until -now, when a duck was caught, and I ordered them to clean it in my -presence. From its crop there first came out a small [534] fish: -after this there appeared a bug [535] so large that I could not -believe till I saw it with my own eye that it could swallow a thing -of such a size. Briefly I this day determined that I would not eat -waterfowl. Khan `Alam represented that the flesh of the white heron -(`uqab-i-safid) was very delicious and tender. I accordingly sent for -a white heron, and ordered them to clean it in my presence. By chance -there came out of its crop ten bugs in a manner disgusting to me, -at the remembrance of which I am distressed and disgusted. - -On the 21st the garden of Sirhind brought joy to my senses, and on -the day of halt there I delighted myself by going round and looking -at it. At this time Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan came from the Deccan, and had -the good fortune to wait on me. He had great favour shown him. On -the 1st of the Divine month of Bahman I halted at Nur-Saray. [536] -The mansab of Mu`'tamid K., original and increased, was ordered to -be 2,000 personal and 600 horse. Khan `Alam was made governor of -Allahabad, [537] and having been presented with a horse, a dress -of honour, and a jewelled sword, took his leave. Muqarrab K. was -selected for the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. On Thursday, -when I was encamped on the bank of the Biyah (Beas), Qasim K. came -from Lahore, and had the good fortune to wait on me. Hashim K., his -brother, with the Zamindars of the country bordering on the hills, -had the honour of kissing the threshold. - -Baso'i, [538] the zamindar of Talwara, brought me a bird, which the -hill-people call jan-bahan. Its tail resembles the tail of the qirqawul -(pheasant), which is also called the tazru, and its colour is exactly -like that of the hen-pheasant, but it is half as large again. The -circle round the eyes of this bird is red, while the orbit of the -pheasant is white. The said Baso'i stated that this bird lived in -the snow-mountains, and that its food was grass and other stuff. I -have kept pheasants and have reared young ones, and have often eaten -the flesh both of young birds and of mature ones. One may say that -there is no comparison between the flesh of the pheasant and this -bird. The flesh of the latter is much more delicate. Among the birds -which I saw in the hill-country one was the phul-paikar, [539] which -the Kashmiris call sonlu. It is one-eighth (nim sawa'i?) less than -a pea-hen. The back, tail, and wings resemble those of the bustard, -and are blackish, with white spots. The breast to the end of the -bosom is black, with white spots, and some red ones. The ends of the -feathers are fiery red, and very lustrous and beautiful. From the end -of the back of the neck it is also brilliantly black. On the top of -its head it has two fleshy horns of a turquoise colour. The skin of -its orbits and round its mouth is red. Below its throat there is skin -round it enough to cover the palms of two hands, and in the middle -of this the skin is of a violet colour of the size of a hand, with -blue spots in the middle. Around it each streak is of a blue colour, -consisting of eight plumes; round the blue streak it is red to the -breadth of two fingers, like the peach flower, and again round its -neck is that blue-coloured streak: it has red legs also. The live -bird, which was weighed, came to 152 tolahs. After it was killed and -cleaned it weighed 139 tolahs. Another bird is of a golden colour: -this the people of Lahore call Shan [540] (?) and the Kashmiris -put. Its colour is like that of a peacock's breast. Above its head -is a tuft (kakul). Its tail of the width of five fingers is yellow, -and is like the long feather (shah-par) of the peacock, and its body as -large as that of a goose. The neck of the goose is long and shapeless: -that of this one is short, and has a shape. - -My brother, Shah `Abbas, had asked for golden birds, [541] and I sent -some to him by his ambassador. On Monday [542] the ceremony of my lunar -weighing took place. At this entertainment Nur Jahan Begam gave dresses -of honour to forty-five of the great Amirs and private servants. On the -14th of the same month the camp was pitched at the village of Bahlwan -[543] belonging to the Siba district. As I constantly longed for the -air of Kangra and the hill-country above-mentioned, I left the large -camp at this place, and proceeded to inspect the said fort with some -of my special servants and attendants. As I`timadu-d-daula was ill -I left him in the camp, and kept Sadiq K., the chief Bakhshi, there -to look after him and guard the camp. The next day news came that his -state had undergone a change, and that the signs of hopelessness were -apparent. I could not bear the agitation of Nur Jahan Begam, and, -considering the affection which I bore towards him, I returned to -the camp. At the end of the day I went to see him. It was the hour of -his death agony. Sometimes he became unconscious and sometimes came -back to his senses. Nur Jahan Begam indicated me, and said: "Do you -recognise (him)?" At such a time he recited this couplet of Anwari: - - - Were a mother-born blind man present - He'd recognise Majesty in the World-Adorner. - - -I was for two hours at his pillow. Whenever he was conscious, -whatever he said was intelligent and rational. In fine, on the 17th -of the said month (Bahman) (about the end of January, 1622), after -three gharis had passed he attained to eternal mercy. What shall I -say about my feelings through this terrible event? He was a wise and -perfect Vizier, and a learned and affectionate companion. - - - VERSE. [544] - - By the reckoning of the eye, there's one frame less: - By Wisdom's reckoning, the lessening is more than thousands. - - -Though the weight of such a kingdom was on his shoulders, and it is -not possible for or within the power of a mortal to make everyone -contented, yet no one ever went to I`timadu-d-daula with a petition -or on business who turned from him in an injured frame of mind. He -showed loyalty to the sovereign, and yet left pleased and hopeful -him who was in need. In fact, this was a speciality of his. From the -day on which his companion (his wife) attained to the mercy of God he -cared no longer for himself, but melted away from day to day. Although -outwardly he looked after the affairs of the kingdom, and taking pains -with the ordering of civil matters, did not withdraw his hand from -business, yet in his heart he grieved at the separation, and at last, -after three months and twenty days, he passed away. The next day I -went to condole with his sons and sons-in-law, and, presenting 41 of -his children and connections and 12 of his dependents with dresses -of honour, I took them out of their mourning garments. - -The next day I marched with the same purpose (as before), and went -to see the fort of Kangra. In four stages the camp was pitched at -the river Banganga. Alf K. and Shaikh Faizu-llah, the guards of the -fort, had the good fortune to pay their respects. At this stage the -offering of the Raja of Chamba [545] was laid before me. His country -is 25 koss beyond Kangra. There is no greater Zamindari in these -hills than this. The country is the asylum of all the Zamindars of -the country. It has passes (`aqabaha) difficult to cross. Until now -he had not obeyed any king nor sent offerings. His brother also was -honoured by paying his respects, and on his part performed the dues of -service and loyalty. He seemed to me to be reasonable and intelligent -and urbane. I exalted him with all kinds of patronage and favour. - -On the 24th [546] of the same month I went to see the fort of -Kangra, and gave an order that the Qazi, the Chief Justice (Mir -`Adl), and other learned men of Islam should accompany me and carry -out in the fort whatever was customary, according to the religion -of Muhammad. Briefly, having traversed about one koss, I went up to -the top of the fort, and by the grace of God, the call to prayer and -the reading of the Khutba and the slaughter of a bullock, which had -not taken place from the commencement of the building of the fort -till now, were carried out in my presence. I prostrated myself in -thanksgiving for this great gift, which no king had hoped to receive, -and ordered a lofty mosque to be built inside the fort. The fort of -Kangra is situated on a high hill, and is so strong that if furnished -with provisions and the necessaries for a fort the hand of force -cannot reach its skirt, and the noose of stratagem must fall short of -it. Although there are heights (sar-kubha) in some places, and guns -and muskets might reach (the fort) from them, yet no harm would accrue -to the garrison, for they could move to another part of the fort, -[547] and be safe. It has 23 bastions and seven gates. Its inner -circumference is 1 koss and 15 ropes, its length is 1/4 koss and 2 -ropes (tanab), its breadth not more than 22 ropes nor less than 15. Its -height is 114 cubits. There are two reservoirs inside the fort, one 2 -ropes long and 1 1/2 broad; the other is of the same length (?). [548] - -After going round the fort I went to see the temple of Durga, which -is known as Bhawan. [549] A world has here wandered in the desert of -error. Setting aside the infidels whose custom is the worship of idols, -crowds on crowds of the people of Islam, traversing long distances, -bring their offerings and pray to the black stone (image). Near the -temple, and on the slope of the hill there is a sulphur-mine (kan), -and its heat causes flames to continually burst forth. They call it -Jwala Mukhi [550] (Flame-Face or Burning Mouth), and regard it as -one of the idol's miracles. In fact, Hindus, while knowing the truth, -[551] deceive the common people. Hindus say [552] that when the life -of Mahadeo's wife came to an end and she drank the draught of death, -Mahadeo, in his great love and attachment to her, took her dead body -on his back, and went about the world carrying her corpse. When some -time had passed in this manner, her form dissolved and dropped asunder, -and each limb fell in a different place: they give honour and dignity -to the place according to the dignity and grace of the member. As -the breast, which when compared with other members has the greatest -dignity, fell in this place, they hold it more precious than any -other. Some maintain that this stone, which is now a place of worship -for the vile infidels, is not the stone which was there originally, -but that a body of the people [553] of Islam came and carried off -the original stone, and threw it into the bottom of the river, with -the intent that no one could get at it. For a long time the tumult -of the infidels and idol-worshippers had died away in the world, -till a lying brahman hid a stone for his own ends, and going to the -Raja of the time said: "I saw Durga in a dream, and she said to me: -'They have thrown me into a certain place: quickly go and take me -up.'" The Raja, in the simplicity of his heart, and greedy for the -offerings of gold that would come to him, accepted the tale of the -brahman, and sent a number of people with him, and brought that stone, -and kept it in this place with honour, and started again the shop of -error and misleading. But God only knows! - -From the temple I went to see the valley which is known as -Kuh-i-Madar. [554] It is a delightful place. From its climate, -the freshness of its verdure, and its delightful position it is a -place of pleasure worthy to be seen. There is a waterfall here which -pours down water from the top of the hill. I ordered them to put up a -symmetrical building there. On the 25th of the month the standards were -turned back to return. Having presented Alf K. and Shaikh Faizu-llah -with horses and elephants I left them to defend the fort. Next day I -encamped at the fort of Nurpur. [555] It was reported to me that in -this neighbourhood there were many jungle fowl. As I had never yet -caught these, I made a halt of another day, and enjoyed myself with -the sport, having caught four. One cannot distinguish them in shape -and colour from domestic fowls. One of the peculiarities of these -birds is that if they are caught by the feet and turned upside down, -wherever they are taken they make no sound, and remain silent, contrary -to the domestic fowl, which makes an outcry. Until the domestic fowl -is plunged into hot water its feathers do not come off easily. The -jungle fowl, like the partridge and podna, [556] can be plucked when -dry. I ordered them to roast them. It was found that the flesh of -the full-grown ones was very tasteless and dry. The chickens had -some juiciness, but were not good to eat. They cannot fly farther -than a bow-shot. The cock [557] is chiefly red, and the hen black -and yellow. There are many in this Nurpur jungle. The ancient name of -Nurpur is Dhameri. [558] Since Raja Baso built the fort and made houses -and gardens they call it Nurpur, after my name. About Rs. 30,000 were -expended on the building. Certes, the buildings Hindus construct after -their fashion, however much they decorate them, are not pleasant. As -the place was fit and the locality enchanting, I ordered them to spend -Rs. 1,00,000 out of the public treasury, and to erect buildings at it, -and to make lofty edifices suited to the spot. - -At this time it was reported to me that there was a Sannyasi Moti -[559] in the neighbourhood who had entirely renounced control over -himself. I ordered them to bring him that I might ascertain the real -state of affairs. They call Hindu devotees Sarb basi. [560] By usage -the word has become San-nyasi (laying down everything). There are -many degrees among them, and there are several orders among the Sarb -basi. Among them there is the Moti order. They put themselves into the -figure of a cross (?) (salb ikhtiyar mikunand) and surrender themselves -(taslim [561] misazand). For instance, they never speak. If for ten -days and nights they stand in one place, they do not move their feet -forwards or backwards; in fact, make no movement at all, and remain -like fossils. When he came into my presence I examined him, and found -a wonderful state of persistence. It occurred to me that in a state -of drunkenness and absence of mind and delirium, some change might -be wrought in him. Accordingly I ordered them to give him some cups -of spirit (`araq) of double strength. This was done in royal fashion -(liberally?), but not the least change took place, and he remained in -the same impassive state. At last his senses left him, and they carried -him out like a corpse. God Almighty granted him mercy so that he did -not lose his life. Certainly there was great persistence in his nature. - -At this time Bi-badal K. presented me with the chronogram of the -conquest of Kangra, and that of the foundation of the mosque which -I had ordered. As he had hit it off well, I here record it: - - - VERSE. - - World-gripper, World-giver, World-holder, World-king, - With the sword of ghazi-ship he conquered this fort. - Wisdom spoke the date "The Jahangiri Fortune opened this fort." - - -He composed the chronogram [562] of the building of the mosque -as follows: - - - VERSE. - - Nuru-d-din Shah Jahangir s. Shah Akbar - Is a king who in the Age hath no equal. - He took Fort Kangra by the aid of God. - A drop from the cloud of his sword is a tempest. - As by his order this illumined mosque was built, - May his forehead shine by his prostration. - A hidden messenger said: "In seeking for the date - (Say) The mosque of Shah Jahangir was illumined." [563] - - -On the first of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz I gave the -establishment and everything belonging to the government and Amirship -of I`timadu-d-daula to Nur Jahan Begam, and ordered that her drums -and orchestra should be sounded after those of the king. On the 4th -of the same month I pitched in the neighbourhood of the pargana -of Kashhuna. [564] On this day Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan was raised to -the lofty dignity of supreme Diwan. I conferred dresses of honour -on 32 individuals of the Deccan Amirs. Abu Sa`id, grandson of -I`timadu-d-daula, was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 -horse. At this time a report came from Khurram that Khusrau, on the -8th [565] (20th) of the month, had died of the disease of colic pains -(qulanj), and gone to the mercy of God. - -On the 19th of the month I pitched on the bank of the Bihat -(Jhelam). Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 -horse. Raja Kishan Das was selected for the duty of faujdar of Delhi, -and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse, original -and increased. Previously to this, huntsmen and yasawulan (guards) -had been ordered to prepare a jarga (hunting-ring) in the shikar-gah -(hunting-place of) Girjhak. When it was reported to me that they -had brought the game into the enclosure, on the 24th of the month I -went out to hunt with some of my special servants. Of hill quchqar -(rams?) and gazelles 124 [566] head were taken. On this day it was -reported that Zafar K. s. Zain K., had died. I promoted Sa`adat Umid, -his son, to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 horse. - - - - - - - - -THE SEVENTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the eve of Monday, the ----, [567] of the month of Jumada-l-awwal, -A.H. 1031, March 10-12, 1622, after one watch, five gharis and a -fraction had passed, the sun that illuminates the world lighted the -mansion of Aries, and the 17th year of the reign of this suppliant -began auspiciously and happily. On this joy-increasing day Asaf K. was -promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and horse. Having given Qasim -K. leave to proceed to the government of the Panjab, I presented him -with a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. Eighty thousand darbs -were given to Zambil Beg, ambassador of the ruler of Persia. On the 6th -of the same month (Farwardin) the royal camp was at Rawalpindi. Fazil -K. was promoted to the post of Bakhshi. Zambil Beg was ordered to -remain at ease in Lahore until the return of the victorious army from -Kashmir. An elephant was conferred on Akbarquli K. Gakkar. - -At this time I frequently heard that the ruler of Persia had hastened -from Khurasan for the purpose of conquering Qandahar. Although looking -to our previous and present connections, it appeared very unlikely, -and beyond all calculation, that such a great king should entertain -such light and crude ideas, and himself come against one of my humble -slaves who was in Qandahar with 300 or 400 [568] servants, yet as -caution is one of the duties of a ruler and becoming to a king, I sent -Zainu-l-`Abidin, Bakhshi of Ahadis, with a gracious farman to Khurram -to come and wait on me with all possible speed with a victorious host, -and elephants of mountain hugeness, and the numerous artillery that -were assigned for his support in that Subah. So that, if these words -should be near the truth, he might come and be despatched with an -innumerable army and countless treasure, in order that he (the king of -Persia) might discover the result of breaking faith and of wrong-doing. - -On the 8th I halted at the fountain of Hasan Abdal. Fida'i K. was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and -Badi`u-z-zaman was appointed Bakhshi of the Ahadis. On Friday, -the 12th, Mahabat K., having come from Kabul, waited on me and had -the good fortune to pay his respects, and became the recipient of -daily-increasing favours. He presented 100 muhrs as a present and -Rs. 10,000 as alms. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan passed his followers before me -in review; 2,500 well-horsed cavalry were enrolled of whom 400 were -matchlock men. At this stage a qamurgha hunt was arranged, and I shot -[569] 33 hill quchqar (mountain sheep), etc. At this time Hakim Mumina, -at the recommendation of the pillar of the State, Mahabat K., had -the good fortune to wait on me. With power and courage he undertook -my cure, and I hope that his coming may prove auspicious to me. The -mansab of Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was fixed at 2,000 personal and -1,800 horse. On the 19th I encamped near Pakhli, and the feast of the -culmination was held there. Having given Mahabat K. leave to return to -Kabul, I gave him a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. The -mansab of I`tibar K. was ordered to be 5,000 personal and 4,000 -horse. As he was an old servant, and had become very weak and old, -I promoted him to the Subah of Agra, and entrusted to him the defence -of the fort and the treasury, and, presenting him with an elephant, -a horse, and a dress of honour, dismissed him. At the Pass of Kunwar -[570] Mast, Iradat K. came from Kashmir, and had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Urdibihisht, -I entered the enchanting region of Kashmir. Mir Miran was promoted to -the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. At this time, in order -to ease the condition of the ryots and soldiery, I did away with the -faujdari cess, and gave an order that in the whole of my dominions -they should not impose anything on account of faujdari. Zabar-dast -K., Master of the Ceremonies (Mir Tuzuk), was promoted to the mansab -of 2,000 personal and 700 horse. On the 13th, by the advice of the -physicians, and especially of Hakim Mumina, I was lightened by being -bled from my left leg. A present of a dress of honour was made to -Muqarrab K., and one of 1,000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. At the request -of Khurram the mansab of `Abdu-llah K. was fixed at 6,000. Sar-faraz -[571] K. was honoured with the gift of drums. Bahadur K. Uzbeg, -having come from Qandahar, had the good fortune to pay his respects: -by way of nazar he gave 100 muhrs, and by way of charity offered -Rs. 4,000. Mustafa K., governor of Thatta, had sent as an offering -a Shah-nama and a Khamsa (quintet) of Shaikh Nizami illustrated -by masters (of painting), along with other presents: these were -laid before me. On the 1st of the Divine month of Khurdad Lashkar -K. was exalted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and -to Mir Jumla was given that of 2,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Some -of the Amirs of the Deccan were similarly honoured with an increase -of mansab. Promotion was also given as follows: Sardar K., 3,000 and -2,500 horse; Sar-buland K., 2,500 personal and 2,200 horse; Baqi K., -2,500 and 2,000 horse; Sharza K., 2,500 and 1,200 horse; Jan-sipar K., -2,000 personal and 2,000 horse; Mirza Wali, 2,500 and 1,000 horse; -Mirza Badi`u-z-zaman s. Mirza Shahrukh, 1,500 personal and horse; -Zahid K., 1,500 and 700 horse; `Aqidat K., 1,200 and 300 horse; -Ibrahim Husain Kashghari, 1,200 and 600 horse; and Zu-l-faqar K., -1,000 personal and 500 horse. Raja Gaj Singh and Himmat K. were -selected for drums. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Tir, Sayyid -Bayazid was honoured with the title of Mustafa K., and was also -presented with drums. At this time Tahawwur K., who is one of the -personal servants, was despatched with a gracious farman to summon -my fortunate son Shah Parwiz. - -Some days before this, petitions came from the officials in Qandahar -reporting the intention of the ruler of Persia to conquer Qandahar, -but my mind, which is actuated by sincerity, looking to past and -present relations, placed no reliance on the truth of this until the -report of my son Khan Jahan arrived that Shah `Abbas, with the armies -of Iraq and Khurasan, had come and besieged Qandahar. I ordered them -to fix an hour for leaving Kashmir. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Diwan, -and Bakhshi Sadiq K. hastened to Lahore in advance of the victorious -army to expedite the arrival of the princes of high degree with the -armies of the Deccan, Gujarat, Bengal, and Behar, and to send on the -Amirs who were present with the victorious stirrups, and those who -one after another should come in from the districts of their jagirs -to my son Khan Jahan at Multan. At the same time the artillery, -with the strings of warlike elephants, and the armoury [572] were to -be prepared and forwarded. As there was little cultivation between -Multan and Qandahar, the despatch of a large army without provisions -was not to be thought of. It was therefore decided to encourage the -grain-sellers, who in the language of India are called banjara, and, -providing them with money, to take them along with the victorious army, -so that there might be no difficulty about supplies. The Banjaras -[573] are a tribe. Some of them have 1,000 bullocks, and some more -or less. They take grain from different districts (bulukat) into the -towns and sell it. They go along with the armies, and with such an -army there would be 100,000 bullocks or more. It is hoped that by the -grace of the Creator, the army will be furnished with numbers and arms -so that there may be no delay or hesitation until it reaches Isfahan, -which is his (the Shah's) capital. A farman was sent to Khan Jahan to -beware and not start in that direction (Qandahar) from Multan before -the arrival of the victorious army, and not be disturbed, but attend -to orders. Bahadur K. Uzbeg was selected to go as an auxiliary to the -army of Qandahar, and favoured with a horse and dress of honour. Fazil -K. was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 750 horse. - -As it had been brought to notice that the poor of Kashmir suffer -hardships in the winter from the excessive cold, and live with -difficulty, I ordered that a village of the rental of Rs. 3,000 or -Rs. 4,000 should be entrusted to Mulla Talib Isfahani, [574] to be -expended in providing clothes for the poor, and for warming water, -for purposes of ablution, in the mosques. - -As it was reported that the Zamindars of Kishtwar had again raised -their heads in disobedience and sin, and engaged in sedition and -disturbance, Iradat K. was ordered to proceed hot-foot, before -they had time to establish themselves firmly, and having inflicted -condign punishment on them to tear up the root of sedition. On this -day Zainu-l-`Abidin, who had been sent to summon Khurram, came and -waited on me, and reported that the stipulation he made was that he -should pass the rainy season in the fort of Mandu, and then come to -Court. His report was read. I [575] did not like the style of its -purport nor the request he made, and, on the contrary, the traces -of disloyalty (bi-daulati) were apparent. There being no remedy, -an order was given that as he proposed to come after the rains, -he should despatch the great Amirs, the servants of the Court who -were employed in assisting him, and especially the Sayyids of Barha -and Bukhara, the Shaikh-zadas, the Afghans, and the Rajputs. Mirza -Rustam and I`tiqad K. were ordered to go to Lahore in advance, and -assist the army of Qandahar. Rs. l,00,000 were given them as advance -of pay, and I also granted drums to `Inayat K. and I`timad K. Iradat -K., who had hastened to punish the rebels of Kishtwar, having killed -many of them and regained the mastery and established himself firmly, -returned to duty. Mu`tamid K. had been appointed Bakhshi to the army -of the Deccan. As that matter was over [576] he was sent for at his own -request. He came on this day, and on his arrival kissed the threshold. - -It is a strange thing that when a pearl of the value of Rs. 14,000 or -15,000 was lost in the harem, Jotik Ray, the astrologer, represented -that it would be found in two or three days. Sadiq K. Rammal -(soothsayer) represented that in the same two or three days it would -come from a place which was perfectly clean and pure, such as the -place of worship or oratory. A female soothsayer represented that it -would soon be found, and that a woman with white skin would bring it -in a state of ecstasy, and give it into the hand of the Hazrat (the -king). It happened that on the third day one of the Turkish girls -found it in the oratory, and all in smiles and in a happy frame of -mind gave it to me. As the words of all three came true each one was -favoured with an acceptable reward. This is written because it is -not devoid of strangeness. - -At this time I appointed Kaukab and Khidmatgar K., and others to the -number of twelve in all, of the familiar servants to be sazawuls of -the Amirs in the Deccan in order that they might exert themselves -and send them forward as soon as possible to Court, so that they -(the Amirs) might be sent to the victorious army at Qandahar. [577] -At this time it was frequently reported to me that Khurram had -taken into his possession some of the estates of the jagir of Nur -Jahan Begam and Shahriyar, and especially the pargana of Dholpur, -which had by the High Diwan been assigned to Shahriyar, and had -sent there an Afghan of the name of Darya, one of his own servants, -with a body of men. Darya fought with Sharifu-l-mulk, a servant of -Shahriyar, who had been appointed to the faujdari of that region, -and many were killed on both sides. Although in consequence of his -(Khurram's) remaining in the fort of Mandu, and the unreasonable -requests made in his letter it appeared that his reason was turned, -yet from hearing this news it became clear that he was unworthy of -all the favours and cherishing I had bestowed on him, and that his -brain had gone wrong. Accordingly I sent Raja Ruz-afzun, who was a -confidential servant, to him, and made inquiries as to the cause of -this boldness. He was ordered hereafter to behave properly, and not -place his foot beyond the path of reasonableness and the high road of -politeness, and content himself with the districts of his own jagir -that he had obtained from the High Diwan. He must also beware not to -form any intention of coming to wait upon me, but to send the body -of the servants of the State I had requisitioned on account of the -disturbance at Qandahar to the Court. If anything contrary to this -order should come to notice, he would repent it. - -At this time Mir Zahiru-d-din, the grandson of Mir Miran, s. the famous -Shah Ni`matu-llah, came from Persia and waited on me, and received as -a present a dress of honour and 8,000 darbs. Ujala Dakhani obtained -leave to go to Raja Bir Singh Deo with a gracious farman in order -that he should act as sazawul and collect the men. Previously to -this, on account of the great regard and abundant affection I bore to -Khurram and his sons, at the time when his son (Shuja`) was very ill, -I had determined that if God Almighty would grant him to me I would -not again sport with a gun, and would inflict no injury on a living -thing with my own hand. Notwithstanding my inclination and love for -hunting, especially with a gun, I had given it up for five years. At -this time, when I was greatly distressed at his unkind behaviour, -I took again to sporting with a gun, and gave orders that nobody -should remain in the palace without one. In a short time most of -the servants took a liking to shooting with guns, and the archers, -[578] in order to perform their duties, became cavalry soldiers. - -On the 25th of the month, corresponding with the 7th Shawwal, at -the favourable hour that had been chosen, I turned towards Lahore -from Kashmir (apparently means Srinagar, the capital). I sent Bihari -Das Brahman with a gracious farman to Rana Karan to the effect that -he should bring his son with a body of men to pay his respects to -me. Mir Zahiru-d-din was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and -400 horse. As he represented to me that he was in debt, I made him -a present of Rs. 10,000. On the 1st of Shahriwar I encamped at the -fountain of Achbal, [579] and on Thursday I had a feast of cups beside -the fountain. [580] On this auspicious day my fortunate son Shahriyar -was appointed to the Qandahar expedition, and was promoted to the -mansab of 12,000 personal and 8,000 horse. A special dress of honour, -with a nadiri with pearl buttons, was also given him. At this time -a merchant had brought two large pearls from the country of Turkey, -one of them weighing 1 1/4 misqals, and the second 1 surkh less. Nur -Jahan Begam bought the two for Rs. 60,000, and presented them to me -as an offering on the same day. On Friday, the 10th, by the advice of -Hakim Mumina, [581] I was relieved by bleeding from the arm. Muqarrab -K., who has great skill in this art, always used to bleed me, and -possibly never failed before, but now failed twice. Afterwards Qasim, -his nephew, bled me. I gave him a dress of honour and Rs. 2,000, -and gave 1,000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. Mir Khan, at the request of -Khan Jahan, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 900 horse. - -On the 21st of the month the feast of my solar weighing took place, -and the 54th year of the age of this suppliant at the throne of God -began auspiciously and happily. I hope that the whole of my life will -be spent in fulfilling the will of God. On the 28th, I went to see -the waterfall of Ashar [582] (?). As this spring is famous for its -sweetness and agreeable flavour, I weighed it in my presence against -Ganges water, and that [583] of the valley of Lar. The water of Ashar -was 3 masha heavier than that of the Ganges, and the latter was 1/2 -masha lighter than that of the valley of Lar. On the 30th the camp was -at Hirapur. Though Iradat K. had done his duty in Kishtwar well, yet -as the ryots and inhabitants of Kashmir complained of his treatment of -them, I promoted I`tiqad K. to the governorship of Kashmir. I bestowed -on him a horse, a dress of honour, and a special enemy-piercing -[584] sword, and appointed Iradat K. to do duty with the army of -Qandahar. Having brought Kunwar Singh, the Raja of Kishtwar, out of -the fortress of Gwalior, where he was imprisoned, I bestowed Kishtwar -on him, and gave him a horse and a dress of honour, with the title of -Raja. I sent Haidar Malik to Kashmir (i.e., Srinagar) to bring a canal -from the valley of Lar to the Nur-afza garden, giving him Rs. 30,000 -for the materials and labour. On the 12th of the month I came down -from the hill country of Jammu, and pitched at Bhimbhar. The next day I -had a qamurqha hunt. To Dawar-bakhsh, s. Khusrau, I gave the mansab of -5,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 24th I crossed the Chenab. [585] -Mirza Rustam came from Lahore, and waited on me. On the same day Afzal -[586] K., Khurram's Diwan, bringing a petition from him, waited on -me. He had clothed his immoderate acts in the garment of apology, -and had sent him with the idea that perhaps he might carry his point -by flattery and smooth speeches, and so correct his improprieties. I -[587] paid no attention, and did not listen to him. The Diwan Khwaja -Abu-l-Hasan and Sadiq K. Bakhshi, who had hastened to Lahore to make -provision for the army of Qandahar, had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. On the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, Amanu-llah, -s. Mahabat K., was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 1,700 -horse. A gracious farman was sent to summon Mahabat K. At this time -`Abdu-llah K., whom I had sent for for service at Qandahar, having come -from the district of his jagir, paid his respects. On the 4th of the -same month I entered the city of Lahore auspiciously and happily. Alf -K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. I gave [588] -an order to the chief Diwans to levy the pay of the force of servants -of the State who had been appointed for service at Qandahar out of -the jagirs of Khurram, which were in the Sarkar of Hisar, and in -the Du-ab and those regions. In the place of these he might take -possession of districts from the Subah of Malwa and the Deccan, and -Gujarat and Khandesh, wherever he wished. Presenting Afzal K. with a -dress of honour I gave him leave to go. An order was passed that the -Subahs of Gujarat, Malwa, the Deccan and Khandesh should be handed -over to him (Khurram), and he might take up a permanent residence -wherever he might wish, and employ himself in the administration -of those regions. He was to send quickly the sazawuls who had been -appointed to bring the servants of the State who had been summoned to -my presence on account of the disturbance at Qandahar. After that he -was to look after his own charge, and not depart from order: otherwise, -he would repent. On this day I gave the best tipchaq horse that was in -my private stable to `Abdu-llah K. On the 26th Haidar Beg and Wali Beg, -envoys of the ruler of Persia, had an audience. After performing the -ceremony of salutation they produced a letter from the Shah. My son -Khan Jahan, according to order, having come post from Multan, waited -on me. He presented as offerings 1,000 muhrs, 1,000 rupees, and 18 -horses. Mahabat K. was promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and -5,000 horse. I gave an elephant to Mirza Rustam. Raja Sarang Deo was -appointed sazawul to Raja Bir Singh Deo. I told him to produce him at -Court as quickly as possible. On [589] the 7th of the Divine month of -Azar the ambassadors of Shah `Abbas, who had come at different times, -were presented with dresses of honour and their expenses, and given -leave to go. The letter he had sent by Haidar Beg making excuses in -the matter of Qandahar has been given in this record of good fortune -(Iqbal-nama) along with my reply. - - - -Letter of the King of Persia. - -(After compliments, and good wishes for that "brother dear as life" -the letter proceeds as follows): - -"You will be aware that after the death of the Nawab Shah Jannat-makan -(Shah Tahmasp) great misfortunes befell Persia. Many territories -which belonged to our saintly family passed out of possession, -but when this suppliant at the throne of Grace became sovereign, -he, by God's help, and the excellent measures of friends, recovered -the hereditary lands which were in the possession of enemies. As -Qandahar was held by the agents of your lofty family, I regarded you -as myself, and did not make any objection. From feelings of unity and -brotherhood we waited, thinking that you would, after the manner of -your ancestors [590] who are in Paradise, voluntarily take the matter -into your consideration. When you neglected to do this, I repeatedly, -by writing and verbal messages, directly and indirectly, asked for the -disposal of the question, thinking that perhaps that petty country -(Qandahar) was not regarded as worthy of your notice. You said -several times that by making over the territory to our family, the -notions of enemies and censurers would be disposed of, and praters, -enviers, and fault-finders would be put to silence. A faction [591] -formerly delayed the settlement of this matter. As the truth of the -affair was known to friends and enemies, and as no clear answer, -either of refusal or concession, came from you, it occurred to me -that I would go to Qandahar to see it, and to hunt. In this way the -agents of my distinguished brother, in accordance with the ties of -friendship which exist between us, might welcome us and wait upon -us. By this means the relationship of union would be renewed, and -would be made evident to the world, and the tongues of the envious -and the evil-speaking be shortened. With this view, I set off without -apparatus for taking forts, and when I came to Farah I sent a rescript -to the governor of Qandahar, mentioning that I intended to see the -place and hunt there. I did this in order that he might treat me -as a guest. We also called the honourable Khwaja Baqi Kurkaraq, -and sent a message to the governor and the other officers in the -fort to the effect that there was no difference between Your Majesty -and ourselves, and that we were aware of each other's territories, -and that we were coming to see the country. Therefore they were not -to act in such a way as to give umbrage or to vex anyone. They did -not receive the conciliatory order and message in the proper way, -but showed obstinacy and a rebellious spirit. When I came to the fort -I again called the honourable aforesaid (K. Baqi), and sent him with -the message that I had directed my troops not to invest the fort till -the lapse of ten days. They did not receive the wholesome advice, -and were stubborn in their opposition. As there was nothing more to -be done, the Persian army set about taking the fort, though it was in -want of appliances, and soon levelled the walls and bastions with the -ground. The garrison became straitened, and asked for quarter. We, -too, maintained the ties of love which had existed from of old -between the two exalted dynasties, and the brotherly relation which -was formed between you and me when you were prince (Mirza), and which -was an object of envy to contemporary sovereigns, and from my innate -kindness forgave their errors and offences. Encompassing them with -favours, I sent them safe and sound to your Court along with Haidar Beg -Qurbashi, who is one of the sincere Sufis of this family. Of a truth, -the foundation of love and union, both inherited and acquired, on the -part of this seeker after affection, has not grown old or decayed, -and is strong so that no rupture in it can take place on account of -any things which may have transpired owing to the action of Fate. - - - VERSE. - - Between us and you there cannot be trouble, - There can be naught but love and trust. - - -"It is hoped that you, too, will preserve your affection for us, and -that you will not approve of certain strange actions, and that if any -suspicion about friendship arise you will endeavour by your innate -goodness and continual love to efface it. May the ever-vernal flower -of union and cordiality remain in bloom, and every effort be made to -strengthen the foundations of concord, and to cleanse the fountains of -agreement which regulate temperaments and territories. You will regard -all our dominions as belonging to you, and will extend your friendship -to everyone (in them?), and will proclaim that it (Qandahar) has been -given up to him (`Abbas) without any objection, and that such trifles -are of no importance, and that though the governor and officers who -were in the fort did some things which were obstacles to friendship, -yet what took place was done by you and me. They performed the duties -of service and life devotion. It is certain, too, that Your Majesty -will be gracious to them, and will treat them with royal kindness, -and will not shame me before them. What more need I write? May thy -star-brushing standards ever be associated with the Divine aids!" - - - -Reply to the Letter of Shah `Abbas. - -"Unfeigned thanks, and pure thanksgivings are due to the sole object of -worship (God) for that the maintenance of the compacts and treaties of -great princes is the cause of the order of Creation and the repose of -mankind. A proof of this is the harmony and unity which existed between -us and the exalted family (of Persia), and which were increased during -our time. These things were the envy of contemporary sovereigns. The -glorious Shah--the star of heaven's army, the ruler of the nations, -the adorner of the Kayani tiara, the fitting occupant of the throne -of Chosroes, the fruitful tree of the gardens of sovereignty, the -splendid nursling of the parterres of prophecy and saintship, the -cream of the Safawi dynasty--hath without ground or reason, engaged -in disturbing the rose-garden of love and friendship and brotherhood -in which for long periods there has been no possibility of a breath -of confusion. Clearly the methods of union and concord among princes -require that they make oaths of friendship to one another, and that -there should be perfect spiritual agreement between them. There -should be no need of physical contact, and still less should there -be any necessity for visiting one another's countries for 'shooting -and spectacle' (sair u shikar). - - - VERSE. - - Alas, a hundred times for the love passing thought! - - -"By the arrival of your loving letter apologizing for the 'spectacle -and shooting' (sair u shikar) of Qandahar, which came with the -honourable Haidar Beg and Wali Beg, I became apprised of the bodily -health of your angelic personality, and the flowers of joy were -scattered over the world. Let it not be hidden from the world-adorning -mind of my exalted and prosperous brother that until the arrival of -the letter and messages brought by Zambil Beg no mention had been made -by you in letters or verbal messages of your wish for Qandahar. At the -time when we were engaged in visiting the delightful land of Kashmir, -the Deccan lords, in their shortsightedness, extended their feet beyond -the limits of obedience, and trod the path of rebellion. Accordingly -it became necessary for me to chastise them. I moved my standards -to Lahore, and appointed my worthy [592] son Shah Jahan to proceed -against them with a victorious army. I myself was proceeding to Agra -when Zambil Beg arrived, and produced your loving letter. I took it -as a good omen, and went off to Agra to put down the enemies and the -rebels. In the jewelled and pearl-dropping letter there was no mention -of a wish for Qandahar. It was mentioned verbally by Zambil Beg. In -reply, I said to him that I made no difficulty with regard to anything -that my brother wished. Please God, after settling the Deccan affair, -I would send him back in a manner suitable to my sovereignty. I also -said that as he had made long marches he should repose for some days -in Lahore, and that I would afterwards send for him. After coming to -Agra, I sent for him and gave him leave to depart. As the favour of -God attaches to this suppliant, I withdrew my mind from victories and -proceeded to the Panjab. My intention was to send him away, but after -disposing of some necessary matters I went to Kashmir on account of -the hot weather. After coming there I sent for Zambil Beg in order -to give him his leave. I also wished to show him something of that -delightful country. Meanwhile news came that my prosperous brother -had come to take Qandahar. This idea had never entered my mind, and I -was entirely astonished. What could there be in a petty village that -he should set out to take it, and that he should shut his eyes to so -much friendship and brotherly feeling? Though truthful reporters sent -the news, I could not credit it! When it became certain I immediately -gave orders to `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. not to transgress in any way the good -pleasure of that prosperous brother. Up to now the relationship of -brotherhood stands firm, and I do not value the world in comparison -therewith, nor do I consider any gift equal to it. But it would have -been right and brotherly that he should have waited till the arrival -of the ambassador. Perhaps he would be successful in the object [593] -and claim for which he had come. When he (`Abbas) takes such steps -before the return of the ambassador, to whom will mankind ascribe the -merit of keeping compacts and of preserving the capital of humanity -and liberality! May God preserve you at all times!" - - - -After I had given leave to the ambassadors, I devoted all my energy -to urging on the Qandahar force, and presented my son Khan Jahan, -who had been sent for for certain matters, with an elephant, a special -horse, a jewelled sword and dagger, and a dress of honour. I sent him -on as an advance guard, and directed him to remain in Multan until the -arrival of Prince Shahriyar with the victorious army. Baqir K., who was -faujdar of Multan, was summoned to Court, and I appointed `Ali-quli -Beg Darman to assist him (Khan Jahan), and raised him to the mansab -of 1,500. In the same manner, having raised M. Rustam to the mansab -of 5,000, I appointed him to the duty of assisting that son with the -(Qandahar) army. Lashkar K. came from the Deccan, and waited on me, and -was also attached to that army. Allah-dad K. Afghan, M. `Isa Tarkhan, -Mukarram K., Ikram K., and other Amirs, who had come from the Deccan -and from their fiefs, after being presented with horses and dresses -of honour, were sent with Khan Jahan. `Umdatu-s-saltana Asaf K. was -sent to Agra to bring to Court the whole of the treasure in muhrs -and rupees which had accumulated from the beginning of the reign of -my father. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 and 1,000 horse. Muhammad Shafi`a, Bakhshi of Multan, had the -title of Khan conferred on him. I gave leave to Sharif, Vakil of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, to go with all possible haste, and bring -my son to wait on me with the army of Behar, and writing a gracious -farman with my own hand I urged him to come. - -On this day Mir Miran, the grandson of Shah Ni`matu-llah, died -suddenly. I hope that he will be among the pardoned. A raging elephant -threw down the huntsman Mirza Beg and killed him: I assigned his -duties to Imam-wirdi. - -As in consequence of the weakness that came over me two years ago -and still continues, heart and brain do not accord. I cannot [594] -make notes of events and occurrences. Now that Mu`tamid K. has come -from the Deccan, and has had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -as he is a servant who knows my temperament and understands my words, -and was also formerly entrusted with this duty, I gave an order that -from the date which I have written he shall hereafter write them with -his own hand, and attach them to my Memoranda. Whatever events may -occur hereafter he should note after the manner of a diary, and submit -them for my verification, and then they should be copied into a book. - - - - -FROM THIS PLACE THE NOTES ARE WRITTEN BY MU`TAMID KHAN. [595] - -As the whole of my world-opening mind was taken up with the preparation -of the Qandahar army, and the remedy for that business, the unpleasant -news that reached me of a change in the condition of Khurram, and his -want of moderation, became a cause for aversion and dissension. I -accordingly sent Musawi K., who is one of the sincere servants who -knows my temperament, to that wretch (bi-daulat) to lay before him the -threatening messages and my wishes, and to give admonitions that might -sharpen his intelligence, so that by the guidance of good fortune he -might awake from the dream of carelessness and pride, and that he -(Musawi) having gained a (true) knowledge of his futile ideas and -aims might hasten to my presence, and carry out whatever appeared to -be necessary. On the 1st of the Divine month of Bahman the feast of -my lunar weighing took place. At this auspicious ceremony Mahabat K., -having come from Kabul, paid his respects, and was the recipient of -special favours. I appointed Ya`qub K. Badakhshi to Kabul, exalting -him with the gift of drums. About this time report came from I`tibar -K. from Agra that Khurram, with the army of adversity, had left -Mandu and started in that direction. He had evidently heard the news -that the treasure had been sent for, and fire had fallen into his -mind, and having let fall from his hand the reins of self-control, -had started (with the idea) that on the road he might lay hold of -the treasure. Accordingly I thought it best to proceed for a tour, -and in order to hunt to the bank of the river of Sultan-pur (the -Beas). If that wretch by the guidance of error should place his -foot in the desert of audacity, I might hasten farther forward and -place the punishment of his unbecoming behaviour in the skirt of his -fortune. If matters turned out in any other way I might take steps -accordingly. With this purpose, on the 17th of the same month, at -an auspicious hour, I marched. Mahabat K. was dignified with a dress -of honour. Rs. 1,00,000 were ordered to be given to Mirza Rustam and -Rs. 2,00,000 to `Abdu-llah K. by way of advance of pay. I sent Mirza -Khan, s. Zain K., with a gracious farman to my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz, and renewed my urgency for his attendance. Raja Sarang Deo -had gone to summon Raja Bir Singh Deo: he came, and having paid his -respects, reported that the Raja, with a proper force and an equipped -army, would join me at Thanesar. At this time constant reports [596] -came from I`tibar K. and other servants of the State from Agra that -Khurram in revolt and disloyalty (bi-daulati) had changed what was -due by him for rearing into undutifulnesses, [597] and having placed -the foot of ruin in the valley of ignorance and error, had started in -that direction. They therefore did not consider it advisable to bring -the treasure, and were engaged in strengthening the towers and gates, -and providing things necessary for the defence of the fort. Similarly -a report came from Asaf K. that the wretch had torn off the veil of -respect, and turned his face towards the valley of ruin, and that the -odour of good came not from the manner of his approach. As it was not -for the advantage of the State to bring the treasure, he had entrusted -it to God, and was himself on the way to wait on me. Accordingly, -having crossed the river at Sultanpur, by successive marches I -proceeded to punish that one of dark fortune, and gave an order -that henceforth they should call him Bi-daulat (wretch). Wherever -in this record of fortune "Bi-daulat" is mentioned it will refer to -him. From the kindnesses and favours bestowed upon him I can say that -up till the present time no king has conferred such on his son. What -my reverend father did for my brothers I have done for his servants, -giving them titles, standards, and drums, as has been recorded in the -preceding pages. It will not be hidden from the readers of this record -of prosperity what affection and interest I have bestowed on him. My -pen's tongue fails in ability to set them forth. What shall I say of -my own sufferings? In pain and weakness, in a warm atmosphere that -is extremely unsuited to my health, I must still ride and be active, -and in this state must proceed against such an undutiful son. Many -servants cherished by me for long years and raised to the dignity of -nobility, whom I ought to employ to-day in war against the Uzbeg or -the Persian, I must punish [598] for his vileness and destroy with -my own hand. Thank God that he has given me such capacity to bear my -burdens that I can put up with all this, and go on in the same path, -and reckon them as light. But that which weighs heavily on my heart, -and places my eager temperament in sorrow is this, that at such a time -when my prosperous sons and loyal officers should be vying with each -other in the service against Qandahar and Khurasan, which would be -to the renown of the Sultanate, this inauspicious one has struck with -an axe the foot of his own dominion, and become a stumbling-block in -the path of the enterprise. The momentous affair of Qandahar must now -be postponed, but I trust that Almighty God will remove these griefs -from my heart. - -At this time it was reported to me that Muhtarim K., the eunuch, -Khalil Beg Zu-l-qadr, and Fida'i K., the Master of the Ceremonies, -had allied themselves with Bi-daulat, and opened the gates of -correspondence with him. As it was no time for mildness and winking at -matters, I imprisoned all three, and as, after making inquiry into the -circumstances, no doubt remained as to their falseness to their salt, -and about the evil designs and malevolence of Khalil and Muhtarim, and -as Amirs like Mirza Rustam swore to the insincerity and malevolence -of Khalil, having no remedy I punished them [599] capitally. Fida'i -K., the dust of whose sincerity was free of suspicion and pure, I -brought out of confinement and promoted. I sent Raja Ruz-afzun by post -(dak-chauki) to my son Shah Parwiz that he might bring him with all -haste to wait on me; so that Bi-daulat might be brought to punishment -for his improper conduct. Jawahir K., the eunuch, was appointed to -the post of Ihtimam-i-darbar-i-mahall (superintendent of the harem). - -On the 1st of Isfandarmuz the royal army arrived at Nur-saray. On this -day a report came from I`tibar K., that Bi-daulat had arrived in all -haste in the neighbourhood of Agra, in the hope that before the fort -was strengthened, the gates of strife and mischief might be opened, -and he might attain his end. When he arrived at Fathpur, he found -the gates closed against him, and, being struck with the disgrace -of ruin, he had halted. The Khan-khanan and his son and many of the -royal Amirs attached to the Deccan and Gujarat had come with him as -companions on the road of rebellion and ingratitude. Musawi K. saw -him at Fathpur, and showed him the royal orders, and it was settled -that he should send his servant Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz with him to Court -to put his requests before me. He sent to Agra his servant Sundar, -[600] who was the ringleader of the people of error and the chief of -the seditious, to take possession of the treasures and hidden wealth -of those servants of the State who were at Agra. Amongst [601] others -he entered the house of Lashkar K., and seized Rs. 9,00,000. In -the same manner, wherever he suspected there was property in the -houses of other servants (of the Court), he stretched out his hand -to seize it, and took possession of all that he found. When nobles -like Khan-khanan, who had been distinguished with the rank of Atalik -and arrived at the age of seventy years, made their faces black with -rebellion and ingratitude, how could one complain of others? It may -be said that his very nature was seditious and ungrateful. His father -(Bairam K.) at the end of his life behaved in the same unbecoming way -towards my reverend father. He, following the example of his father, -at his age made himself accursed and rejected to all eternity. - - - In the end a wolf's cub becomes a wolf - Although he grow up with man. (Sa`di.) - - -On this day Musawi K. arrived with `Abdu-l-`Aziz, the envoy of -Bi-daulat. As his requests were unreasonable, I did not allow him -to speak, but handed him over to Mahabat to be kept in prison. On -the 5th of the month I pitched on the bank of the river of Ludiyana -(the Sutlej). I promoted Khan A`zam to the mansab of 7,000 with 5,000 -horse. Raja Bharat, the Bandila, from the Deccan, and Dayanat K. from -Agra, came and waited on me. I pardoned the offences of Dayanat K., -and gave him the same mansab that he had previously held. Raja Bharat -was raised to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 horse, and Musawi K. to -that of 1,000 and 300 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, in the pargana of -Thanesar, Raja Bir Singh Deo, having waited on me, reviewed his army -and elicited great praise. Raja Sarang Deo was promoted to the mansab -of 1,500 with 600 horse. In Karnal Asaf K., coming from Agra, lifted -up the head of honour in kissing my stirrup. His coming at this time -was the herald of victory. Nawazish K., s. Sa`id K., having arrived -from Gujarat, paid his respects. When Bi-daulat was at Burhanpur, at -his request I had appointed Baqi K. to Junagarh. He had been ordered -to come to Court, and now came and shared in my service. As my march -from Lahore took place without previous notice, and time did not -admit of delay or reflection, I came with the few Amirs who were in -attendance. Until I arrived at Sihrind only a few men had the good -fortune to accompany me, but after passing beyond it, great numbers -of the army came in from all sides and quarters. Before arrival at -Delhi such a force had come together that in any direction in which -one looked the whole plain was occupied by troops. - -As it was reported that Bi-daulat had left Fathpur and was coming -in this direction, and making continuous marches towards Delhi, -I gave the victorious army orders to put on their chiltas (quilted -coats). In this disturbance the pivot of the management of affairs and -the arrangement of the army were entrusted to Mahabat K. The command -of the vanguard was given to `Abdu-llah K. Of the selected young men -and experienced sipahis, whoever was asked for by him was enrolled in -his corps. I ordered him to march a koss ahead of the other forces. He -was also entrusted with the intelligence department and the control -of the routes. I was ignorant of the fact that he was in league with -Bi-daulat, and that the real object of that evil-natured one was to -send news from my army to him. Previously to this he used to bring -long written slips of true and false news, saying that his spies -had sent them from that place. The purport was that they (the spies) -suspected some of my servants of being in league with Bi-daulat, and -of sending him news. Had I been led away by his intrigues and become -alarmed at this time when the wind of disturbance was blowing strongly -I would have been obliged to destroy many of my servants. Although some -faithful servants suspected his evil intentions and untruthfulness, -the time was not one for removing the veil openly from the face of his -deeds. I guarded my eye and tongue from doing anything which might -carry terror into his evil mind, and showed him more attention and -favour than before, with the idea that possibly he would be struck -with shame, and might turn away from his evil deeds, and give up his -evil nature and sedition. That rejected one to all eternity, in whom -a tendency to vileness and falsity was natural, did not fail to do -what was in accordance with himself, as will be related hereafter. - - - The tree [602] that is bitter in its nature - If you plant it in the garden of Paradise, - And water it from the eternal stream thereof, - If you pour on its root pure honey, - In the end it shows its natural quality, - And it bears the same bitter fruit. - - -In fine, when I was near Delhi, Sayyid Bahwa Bukhari, Sadr K., and -Raja Kishan Das came out of the city, and had the good fortune to -kiss my stirrup. Baqir K., faujdar of Oudh, also on this day came to -the victorious camp. On the 25th of the month, passing by Delhi, I -pitched my camp on the bank of the Jumna. Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Darbari, -having come from the Deccan, had the honour to pay his respects. He -was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, and obtained the -title of Raja, and was clothed in a dress of honour. Zabar-dast K., -Master of the Ceremonies, was honoured with a standard. - - - - - - - - -THE EIGHTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the eve of Tuesday, the 20th of Jumada-l-awwal, A.H. 1032 (March 10, -1623), the sun that lights the world entered his house of honour in -Aries, and the eighteenth year from the beginning of my reign commenced -auspiciously and happily. On this day I heard that Bi-daulat, having -gone to the neighbourhood of Mathura, had encamped the army tainted -with ruin in the pargana of Shahpur, and reviewed 27,000 cavalry. It -is hoped that they will soon be subdued and miserable. Raja Jay Singh, -grandson [603] of Raja Man Singh, came from his native country, and had -the good fortune to kiss my stirrup. I dignified Raja Bir Singh Deo, -than whom in the Rajput caste there is no greater Amir, with the title -of Maharaja, and promoted his son Jograj to the mansab of 2,000 with -1,000 horse. Sayyid Bahwa was presented with an elephant. As it was -reported to me that Bi-daulat was coming by the bank of the Jumna, -the march of the victorious army in that direction was also decided -on. The array of the army that resembled the waves of the sea was -divided into the van, the right and left wings, the altmish, the -tarah (reserve), the chandawul (rear), etc., and arranged in a manner -suitable to the circumstances and according to the locality. Close -upon this came the news that Bi-daulat, with the wretch Khan-khanan, -had turned his reins from the right road and gone towards the pargana -Kotila, 20 koss towards the left, along with the brahman Sundar, -who was his guide to the desert of error, with Darab, s. Khan-khanan, -and many of the Amirs who had accompanied him on the road of rebellion -and rascality, such as Himmat K., Sar-buland K., Sharza K. `Abid K., -Jado Ray, Uday Ram, Atash K., Mansur K., and other mansabdars, who -were attached to the Deccan, Gujarat, and Malwa, the recital of whom -would take too long, and all his own servants, such as Raja Bhim, -s. Rana, Rustam K., Bairam Beg, the Afghan Darya, Taqi, and others -whom he had left to confront the royal army. There were five [604] -armies (corps?). Although nominally the command was in the hands of -the wretch (bar-gashta-i-ruzgar) Darab, yet in reality the leader -and centre of the whole affair was Sundar, of evil deeds. These men -of darkened fortune pitched in the neighbourhood of Baluchpur to -their ruin. On the 8th I pitched at Qabulpur. On this day the turn -to take the rear fell upon Baqir K. We had left him behind all the -rest. A body of the rebels attacked him on the march, and stretched -out the hand of plunder. Baqir planted firmly the foot of courage, -and succeeded in beating them back. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan got news of -this, and turned his reins to support him. Before the arrival of the -Khwaja the rebels (mardudan), not being able to stand, had taken -to flight. On Wednesday, the 9th of the month, having separated -25,000 horse under the leadership of Asaf K., Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -and `Abdu-llah K., I sent them to attack the rebels who did not look -to the end of things. Qasim K., Lashkar K., Iradat K., Fida'i K., -and other servants, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to -Asaf K.'s force. Baqir K., Nuru-d-din Quli, Ibrahim Husain Kashghari, -and others, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to support -Abu-l-Hasan. Nawazish K., `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., `Azizu-llah, and many of -the Barha and Amroha Sayyids, were ordered to accompany `Abdu-llah. In -this army 10,000 horse were enrolled. Sundar had arranged the army -of ruin and put forward the foot of shamelessness. At this time I -sent my special quiver by Zabar-dast K., Master of Ceremonies, to -`Abdu-llah K., that it might be the means of animating his zeal. When -the encounter of the two sides took place, that black-faced one -to all eternity, in whom the tendency to rebellion and ingratitude -was innate, taking to flight, joined the rebels. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., -the son of the Khan Dauran, God knows whether knowingly or not, -went off with him. Nawazish K., Zabar-dast K., and Shir-hamla, who -were in the corps of that shameless one (`Abdu-llah K.), planted -firmly the foot of courage, and were not disturbed at his going. As -the aid of Almighty God is ever near this suppliant, at this crisis, -when a leader of the army such as `Abdu-llah K. threw 10,000 cavalry -into confusion and joined the enemy, and there was nearly a great -disaster, a shot from a mysterious hand reached Sundar. At his fall -the pillars of the courage of the rebels shook. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan -also drove before him the army in front of him and defeated it. Asaf -K., when Baqir K. arrived, showing great activity, finished the -affair, and a victory which might be the tughra (sign manual) of -the victories of the age showed its face of purpose from the hidden -world. Zabar-dast K., Shir-hamla, Shir-bacha, his son, and the son -of Asad K., the architect, and Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja -Jahan, and a number of the Sayyids of Barha who were in the corps of -the black-faced `Abdu-llah, having tasted the sweet-flavoured wine of -martyrdom, obtained everlasting life. `Azizu-llah, grandson of Husain -K. (Tukriya), being wounded by a gun-shot, got off safely. Although at -this time the desertion of that rejected hypocrite was a secret help, -yet it is probable that if he had not performed this detestable action -in the crisis of the battle, many of the rebel leaders would have been -killed or captured. It chanced that he was known to the common people -by the title of La`natu-llah (God's curse), and as he had received -this name from the hidden world I also called him by it. Hereafter, -wherever the expression La`natu-llah is used it refers to him. Briefly, -after the rebels, whose end was evil, took to flight from the field of -battle, and turned their faces towards the valley of ruin and could -not reassemble, La`natu-llah, with all the rebels, did not turn his -rein till he reached Bi-daulat, who was at a distance of 20 koss. - -When the news of the victory of the servants of the State reached this -suppliant to God, he prostrated himself in thankfulness for this gift, -which was from the renewed favour of Allah, and summoned the loyal ones -into his presence. On the next day they brought before me the head of -Sundar. It appeared that when the ball struck him he gave up his soul -to the lords of hell, and they took his body to a neighbouring village -to be burnt. When they were about to light the fire, an army appeared -in the distance, and for fear lest they should be taken prisoners, -everyone took to flight. The Muqaddam (head man) of the village cut -off his head, and for his own acquittal took it to Khan A`zam, as it -occurred in his jagir. He was brought to me (with the head): the head -was quite recognizable and had as yet undergone no change, but they -had cut off the ears for the sake of the pearls in them. No one knew -by whose hand he had been shot. In consequence of his destruction, -Bi-daulat did not gird his loins again. One might say his good fortune -and courage and understanding lay in that dog of a Hindu. When, with a -father like me, who in truth am his ostensible creator, and in my own -lifetime have raised him to the great dignity of Sultanship, and denied -him nothing, he acts in this manner, I appeal to the justice of Allah -that He may never again regard him with favour. Those servants who -in this disturbance had done fitting service were honoured with more -and more favours, each according to his degree. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan was -raised to the mansab of 5,000, original and increased, Nawazish K. to -that of 4,000 and 3,000 horse, Baqir K. to that of 3,000 and 500 horse, -with drums, Ibrahim Husain Kashghari to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -`Azizu-llah to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Nuru-d-din Quli to that -of 2,000 and 700 horse, Raja Ram Das to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -Lutfu-llah to that of 1,000 and 500 horse, Parwarish K. to that of -1,000 and 500 horse. If all the servants were to be written in detail -it would take too long. Briefly I remained at that place one day -and marched on the next. Khan `Alam, having marched from Allahabad, -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 12th of the month -I encamped at the village of Jhansa (?). - -On this day Sar-buland Ray came from the Deccan and waited -on me, and was honoured with a special jewelled dagger, with a -phul katara. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. and some of those who had gone with -La`natu-llah released themselves from the hand of Bi-daulat, and paid -their respects, and represented that when La`natu-llah charged, they -thought it was for a cavalry encounter. When they found themselves -in the midst of the rebels they saw nothing for it but to submit and -pay their respects, but now they had found an opportunity and had -obtained the good fortune of kissing the threshold. Though they had -taken 2,000 muhrs from Bi-daulat for their expenses, as the times -were critical I made no inquiry, but accepted [605] their statement. - -On the 19th the Feast of the culmination was held, and many of the -servants of the State were raised in mansab, and had suitable favours -conferred on them. - -Mir `Azudu-d-daulah, having come from Agra, waited on me. He brought a -vocabulary [606] of words that he had prepared. In truth he had taken -much pains, and collected together all the words from the writings -of ancient poets. There is no book like this in the science. - -Raja Jay Singh was raised to the mansab of 3,000 with 1,400 horse, -and a special elephant was presented to my son Shahriyar. The post -of `Arz-mukarrir (examiner of petitions) was conferred on Musawi -K. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was given the title of Khan-zad Khan, -was favoured with a mansab of 4,000 personal and horse, and was -honoured with a flag and drums. - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Urdibihisht I pitched on the -bank of the lake at Fathpur. I`tibar K. came from Agra and waited -on me, and was graciously received. Muzaffar K., Mukarram K., and -his brother also came from Agra, and had the good fortune to wait -on me. As I`tibar K. had done approved service in the charge of -the Agra fort he was dignified with the title of Mumtaz K., and I -gave him the mansab of 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse, and having -bestowed on him a dress of honour, a jewelled sword, a horse, and -a special elephant, I sent him back to his duty. Sayyid Bahwa was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, Mukarram K. to that -of 3,000 and 2,000 horse, and Khwaja Qasim to that of 1,000 with 400 -horse. On the 4th Mansur K. Farangi, whose circumstances have been -recorded [607] in the preceding pages (?), with his brother [608] and -Naubat [609] K. Dakhani, by the guidance of good fortune separated -themselves from Bi-daulat, and came into my service. I sent Khawass -K. to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz. Mirza `Isa Tarkhan, having come -from Multan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. A special -sword was given to Mahabat K. On the 10th the camp was pitched in the -pargana of Hindaun. Mansur K. (the Farangi) was raised to the mansab -of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and that of Naubat [610] K. to -that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse. On the 11th was a halt. As on this -day a meeting with my fortunate son Shah Parwiz had been arranged, -I ordered that the powerful princes and the illustrious Amirs and all -the devoted servants should go out to meet him, and bring him to wait -on me in a fitting manner. After midday had passed, at an auspicious -chosen hour he kissed the ground and illuminated the forehead of -his sincerity. After the usual salutations had been performed and -the customary ceremonies gone through I embraced my fortunate son -with the greatest pleasure and affection, and loaded him with more -and more favours. At this time news came that Bi-daulat, when he -was passing through the township (hawali) of the pargana of Amber, -which was the hereditary abode of Raja Man Singh, had sent a band of -scoundrels and plundered that cultivated spot. - -On the 12th I pitched outside the village of Sarwali. I had previously -sent Habash K. (Abyssinian) to repair the buildings at Ajmir. I -promoted my fortunate son Shah Parwiz to the high mansab of 40,000 -and 30,000 horse. As it was reported that Bi-daulat had sent off -Jagat Singh, s. Raja Baso, to his own country to raise disturbances -in the hills of the Panjab, I promoted Sadiq K., chief Bakhshi, -to the governorship of that province, and ordered him to punish him, -giving him a dress of honour, with a sword and an elephant, and making -up his mansab, original and increased, to 4,000 personal and 3,000 -horse. I also honoured him with a standard (tugh) and drums. - -At this time it was reported to me that the younger brothers of -Mirza Badi`u-z-zaman, s. Mirza Shahrukh, who was known as Fathpuri, -had attacked him unawares and killed him. About this time his brothers -came to Court and paid their respects. His own mother also waited on -me, but did not make a claim, as was proper, for her son's blood, and -(so) proceedings [611] could not be taken according to law. Although -his disposition was so bad that his murder was not to be regretted, but -on the contrary was opportune and advantageous, yet, as these wretches -had shown such audacity with regard to their elder brother, who was to -them in the position of a father, I ordered them to be put in gaol, -and afterwards what was deemed proper should be done to them. On the -21st Raja Gaj Singh and Ray Suraj Singh arrived from their jagirs, -and had the good fortune to kiss my stirrup. Mu`izzu-l-mulk, whom -I had sent to Multan to summon my son Khan Jahan, came and waited -on me, and presented me with a letter about his severe illness and -weakness. He had sent his son Asalat K. with 1,000 horse to wait on me, -and expressed great regret at being deprived of the honour of meeting -me. As his apology was evidently sincere, I accepted it. On the 25th -my fortunate son Prince Parwiz, with the victorious army, was sent -in pursuit to overthrow Bi-daulat. The reins of authority over the -powerful Prince, and the centre of the ordering of the victorious -army, were given into the hand of Mu'taminu-d-daula Mahabat K. Of -the illustrious Amirs and life-sacrificing brave men who were in -attendance on the Prince of lofty fortune, this is the detail. - -Khan `Alam, Maharaja [612] Gaj Singh, Fazil K., Rashid K., Raja -Girdhar, Raja Ram Das Kachhwaha, Khwaja Mir `Abdu-l-`Aziz, `Azizu-llah, -Asad K., Parwarish K., Ikram K., Sayyid Hizbar K., Lutfu-llah, Ray -Narayan Das, and others to the number of 40,000 horse, with much -artillery. Rs. 20,00,000 (twenty lakhs) of treasure were sent with -them. At a propitious hour they were started with my son, and bridle -to bridle with victory. Fazil K. was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter -to the victorious army. A special dress of honour was bestowed on -the Prince, with a nadiri of gold brocade, and pearls on the collar -and skirt worth Rs. 41,000, prepared in the royal establishment, and -a private elephant of the name Ratan Gaj, ten [613] female elephants, -a private horse, and a jewelled sword, the value of the whole of which -was Rs. 77,000. These were all given to the Prince. Nur Jahan Begam -also gave him a dress of honour, a horse, and an elephant, as is the -custom. To Mahabat K. and the other Amirs, according to their standing, -horses, elephants, and dresses of honour were presented. The immediate -attendants of the prince were also honoured with favours. On this -day Muzaffar K. received a dress of honour on appointment to the post -of chief Bakhshi. On the first of the Divine month of Khurdad Prince -Dawar-bakhsh, s. Khusrau, was appointed to Gujarat, and Khan A`zam to -the high dignity of tutor to him. I conferred on the prince a horse, -an elephant, a dress of honour, a private jewelled dagger, a standard -(tugh), and drums. Khan A`zam, Nawazish K. and other servants were -honoured with presents according to their standing. Iradat K. was -appointed Bakhshi in place of Fazil K. Ruknu-s-saltana Asaf K. exalted -his head with the dignity of the Subadarship of Bengal and Orissa. A -special dress of honour, with a jewelled sword, were conferred on -him. Abu Talib (i.e., Shaista K.), his son, was appointed to accompany -him, and promoted to the mansab of 2,000 with 1,000 horse. On Saturday, -the 9th, corresponding with the 19th Rajab, A.H. 1032 (May 9, 1623), -the camp was pitched at the Ana-Sagar lake outside Ajmir. Prince -Dawar-bakhsh, being honoured with the mansab of 8,000, and 3,000 -horse, was granted Rs. 2,00,000 of treasure for the expenses of the -army which accompanied him. Rs. 1,00,000 I also gave as an advance to -Khan A`zam. Allah-yar, s. Iftikhar Beg, who was in the service of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, was at his request granted a standard. Tatar -K. took leave on his appointment to the charge of Fort Gwalior. Raja -Gaj Singh was appointed to the mansab of 5,000, with 4,000 horse. - -On this day news came from Agra that Her Highness (hazrat) -Maryamu-z-zamani, [614] by the decree of God, had died. I trust -that Almighty God will envelop her in the ocean of His mercy. Jagat -Singh, s. Rana Karan, having come from his native place, had the -good fortune to pay his respects. Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, governor -of Bengal, had sent thirty-four elephants by way of offering, and -they were submitted to me. Baqir K. was appointed faujdar of Oudh, -and Sadat K. to the Du-ab. The Mir Mushrif was made Diwan-i-buyutat. - -On the 12th of the Divine month of Tir a report came from the -officials of Gujarat with the good news of victory and conquest. The -particulars of this summary are that I had granted the Subah of -Gujarat, the abode of Sultans of high dignity, to Bi-daulat as a -reward for his victory over the Rana, as has been fully related in the -preceding pages. Sundar, the brahman, administered and protected the -country. When futile ideas entered his ungrateful mind, he sent for -that dog of a Hindu, who was always shaking the chain of enmity and -perversity, along with Himmat K., Sharza K., Sar-afraz K., and many -of the royal servants who were fiefholders in the province. Sundar's -brother Kunhar was appointed in his room. When Sundar was killed, and -Bi-daulat retreated after his defeat to Mandu, the province of Gujarat -was put in the charge of La`natu-llah as his fief, and Kunhar was sent -for along with Safi K., the diwan. At the same time the treasure, the -jewelled throne on which five lakhs had been expended, and the pardala -(belt) on which two lakhs had been spent--and which things had been -prepared as a present for myself--were also sent for. Safi K. was the -brother's son (text says "brother") of Ja`far Beg, who received in my -father's service the title of Asaf K., and was married to a daughter -of Nur Jahan's brother, who by my favour had received the title of -Asaf K. An elder daughter was the wife of Bi-daulat. Both daughters -were by one mother, and Bi-daulat expected that on account of this -connection Safi K. would be on his side. But an eternal decree had -gone forth for Safi K.'s loyalty and prosperity, and that he should -attain to high rank! Accordingly, Almighty God made him loyal and -the performer of good deeds, as will now be described. In short, the -faithless (bi-wafa) La`natu-llah sent his eunuch named Wafa-dar to be -governor of that country, and he, with a few ragamuffins (bi-sar-u-pa) -entered Ahmadabad, and took possession of the city. As Safi K. had made -up his mind to be loyal, he courageously looked after the servants, and -collected a force, and won the hearts of the people. Some days before -Kunhar came out of the city he (Safi) encamped on the bank of the -Kankariya lake, and thence hastened to Mahmudabad, giving out openly -that he was going to Bi-daulat. Secretly, he opened communication -and made arrangements to be loyal with Nahir K., Sayyid Dilir K., -Nanu [615] K., Afghan, and other devoted servants of the State, who -were waiting in their own jagirs. He awaited his opportunity. Salih, -a servant of Bi-daulat, who was faujdar of the Sarkar of Pitlad, and -had a good force with him, heard rumours that Safi K. entertained -other ideas. Kunhar [616] had also discovered this, but as Safi -K. soothed them and was very cautious and careful in his conduct, -they could not move hand or foot. Salih, for fear lest Safi K., -abandoning dissimulation, should stretch his hand towards the treasure, -exercised foresight, and went farther on with the treasure, taking -nearly Rs. 10,00,000 to Bi-daulat at Mandu. Kunhar (or the younger -brother?) also, having seized the jewelled pardala, started after -him, but could not take the throne on account of its weight. Safi K., -knowing this was his opportunity, changed his place from Mahmudabad to -the pargana of Karang, [617] which is to the left of the usual road, -where Nanu K. was, and arranged by letter and verbal messages with -Nahir K. and other loyal servants that each of them should ride from -his jagir with the force that he had, and at the hour of sunrise, -which was the morning of prosperity for people of good fortune, and -the evening of ruin to those who practised villainy, enter the city -by the gate to which each was opposite. He (Safi) left his women in -the aforesaid pargana, and, in company with Nanu (Babu?) K., came at -dawn to the outskirts of the city. He halted for a short time in the -Sha`ban [618] garden until it had become light and friend could be -distinguished from enemy. After the world-illuminating sun of good -fortune (had risen), when he found the gate of prosperity open, -though he could see no trace of Nahir K. and the other loyalists, -yet lest possibly the enemy might obtain information and fasten the -gates of the fort he placed his confidence in God who gives victory, -and entered the city by the Sarangpur gate. About this time Nahir -K. also arrived, and, entering by the gate, came into the city. The -eunuch of La`natu-llah, having ascertained the unfailing good fortune -of (Jahangir), took refuge in the house of Shaikh Haidar, grandson -of Nizam Wajihu-d-din. The royal servants of approved service, -having proclaimed their victory with loud voices, set to work to -strengthen the towers and gates. They sent men to the houses of -Muhammad Taqi, Bi-daulat's diwan, and of Hasan Beg, his Bakhshi, and -seized them. Shaikh Haidar himself came and informed Safi K. that the -eunuch of La`natu-llah was in his house, and they tied his hands to -his neck, and brought him. Having imprisoned a number of Bi-daulat's -servants and dependants, they engaged in keeping order in the city. The -jewelled throne, the cash of Rs. 2,00,000, and the property and effects -of Bi-daulat and his men in the city, came into their possession. When -this news reached Bi-daulat, he sent off La`natu-llah with Himmat K., -Sharza K., Sar-afraz K., Qabil Beg, Rustam Bahadur, Salih Badakhshi, -and other criminals. What with royal servants and his own men, he -had some 5,000 or 6,000 horse. Safi K. and Nahir K., becoming aware -of this, planted firmly the foot of courage, and employed themselves -in encouraging their men and collecting forces. Whatever cash and -valuables they could obtain, even to the throne, which they broke up, -they divided amongst both the old and new troopers as pay. Raja Kalyan, -Zamindar of Idar (printed wrongly "Andur"), and the son of Lal Gopi -(?) [619], and all the Zamindars from every quarter, were summoned -into the city. A good number was thus assembled. La`natu-llah did -not wait for auxiliaries, and in the space of eight days came from -Mandu to Baroda. The loyal party, by the guidance of their courage, -and in reliance on God, came out of the city and encamped on the bank -of the Kankariya Lake. It occurred to La`natu-llah that if he came -on quickly, the rope of order of the loyal might be broken. When he -obtained news of the coming out of the loyal servants, drawing in the -reins of ruin, he delayed in Baroda till the arrival of help. After -the evil-ending criminals collected together at that chief place of -mischief, he put forward the foot of error and deviation from the -right path, and the loyal party, marching from the Kankariya tank, -encamped outside the village of Batoh, near the mausoleum of Qutb -`Alam. La`natu-llah traversed a road of three days in two, [620] -and arrived at Mahmudabad. As Sayyid Dilir K. had seized the women -of Sharza K. and brought them from Baroda to the city, and the -women of Sar-afraz K. were also in the city, Safi K. sent a secret -message to both of them that if by the guidance of good fortune they -would rub off the stain of sin (rebellion) from the tablet of their -foreheads, and would enrol themselves among the loyal servants, their -position in the present and future worlds would approach salvation; -otherwise he would subject their wives and children to all kinds of -indignities. Hearing this, La`natu-llah sent for Sar-afraz K. on some -excuse to his house, and imprisoned him. As Sharza K., Himmat K., -and Salih Badakhshi were in league together, and had alighted at the -same place, he could not get Sharza K. into his hands. Briefly, on -the 21st of Sha`ban, A.H. 1032, June 10, 1623, La`natu-llah mounted -and arrayed the forces tinged with calamity. Those who were loyal -also arrayed their forces and prepared for the fight. It occurred to -La`natu-llah that if he were to go, their foot of courage would not -stand firm, and, without a battle taking place, they would be dispersed -in a miserable condition. When he saw the firm attitude of the loyal, -he could not screw up his courage (tab nayawarda), but turned his rein -towards the left, and gave out that they had hidden gunpowder under the -ground of that plain, and that his men would be destroyed by it--that -it would therefore be better to go into the plain of Sarkhej and -deliver battle there. These futile ideas were due to the aid of good -fortune, for on the turning back of his rein a rumour of his defeat -was spread abroad, and the horsemen of the plain of victory attacked -him in flank, and that ill-omened one was unable to reach Sarkhej, -and halted in the village of Naranja. The loyal party arranged their -forces in the village of Balud, which is nearly three koss off. At -dawn on the next day they went to battle after the approved manner, -their forces being drawn up in this way. In the vanguard were Nahir -K., Raja Kalyan, the Zamindar of Idar, and other valiant men; on the -left wing Sayyid Dilir K., Sayyid Sidu, and other loyal servants were -stationed; and on the right wing Nanu K., Sayyid Ya`qub, Sayyid Ghulam -Muhammad, and the rest of the life-sacrificing devoted ones, whilst in -the centre were Safi K., Kifayat K. Bakhshi, and some other servants -of approved service. It so happened, fortunately, that in the place -where La`natu-llah had halted, the land was undulating, full of thorn -brakes and narrow lanes. The forces, accordingly, were not in compact -order. He had sent on most of the experienced men with Rustam Bahadur, -and Himmat K., and Salih Beg were amongst the foremost in (the ranks -of) error. The army doomed to calamity first of all came in contact -with Nahir K. and Shams K., and a notable fight took place. By chance -Himmat K. fell in the dust of destruction from a gun-shot wound, -and a fight ensued between Salih Beg, and Nanu K., Sayyid Ya`qub, -Sayyid Ghulam Muhammad, and other servants. In the height of the -battle the elephant of Sayyid Ghulam Muhammad came and threw him -(Salih) from his horse; he fell severely wounded to the ground, and -about a hundred of his men were slain. At this moment an elephant -which was in the van of the rebel army turned round at the noise of -the rockets and the lightning of the guns, and got into a narrow lane, -on both sides of which were thorn brakes, and trod down many of the -rebels. By the turning back of the elephant the ranks of the enemy -were disordered. At this moment Sayyid Dilir K. came fighting from -the right wing. La`natu-llah did not know of the killing of Himmat -K. and Salih, and, with the idea of helping them, urged on the steed -of ruin. As the brave ones in the van, having displayed activity, had -been mostly wounded, they could not stand the onset of La`natu-llah, -and turned back their rein, and it nearly happened that there was a -great disaster. At this time the assistance of God displayed itself, -and Safi K. hastened from the centre to the support of the van. Just -then La`natu-llah heard of the killing of Himmat K. and Salih Beg, -and, on the appearance of the centre and the attack of Safi K., his -courage failed him, and he became a vagabond in the desert of defeat -and disaster. Sayyid Dilir K. pursued him for a koss, and made many -of the defeated the harvest of the sword of vengeance. Qabil Beg, -unfaithful to his salt, with a body of rebels, became captives in the -claws of retribution. As La`natu-llah was not sure about Sar-afraz -K., he on the day of battle placed him in chains on an elephant and -put him in charge of one of his slaves, with orders that if a defeat -occurred he should kill him. In like manner he placed in chains on one -of the elephants Bahadur, s. Sultan Ahmad, and gave permission to kill -him. When the fight took place the man in charge of Sultan Ahmad's son -put him to death with a dagger, but Sar-afraz K. threw himself down -off the elephant. The man in charge of him in that confusion aimed a -blow at him in his bewilderment, but it was not effectual. Safi K., -finding him in the fight, sent him into the city. La`natu-llah did not -turn back till he arrived at Baroda. As the women of Sharza K. were -captives of those who were loyal, he was helpless, and came and waited -upon Safi K. Briefly, La`natu-llah hastened from Baroda to Broach. The -sons of Himmat K. were in the fort there. Although they did not admit -him, yet they sent him 5,000 mahmudis by way of maintenance. For three -days he remained outside the fort of Broach in a wretched state, and -on the fourth went to Surat by sea. For nearly two months he remained -there assembling his scattered men. As Surat was in Bi-daulat's jagir, -he took nearly 4 lakhs of mahmudis from his officials there, and took -possession of whatever he could by oppression and injustice. He again -collected together those whose fortune was reversed and whose stars -had been burnt, and betook himself to Bi-daulat at Burhanpur. - -In fine, when this approved service performed by Safi K. and other -loyal servants in Gujarat became known, each one was exalted with -favours and kindnesses. Safi K. held the mansab of 700 personal -and 300 horse: having given him that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 -horse, I honoured him with the title of Saif K. Jahangir-shahi, -and conferred on him a standard and drums. Nahir K. had 1,000 with -200 horse; having given him the mansab of 3,000 with 2,000 horse, -I bestowed on him the title of Shir K., and raised his head of -honour with a horse, an elephant, and a jewelled sword. He is the -(descendant?) grandson of (?) [621], the brother of Puran Mal Lulu -(?), who was governor of Raysin and Chanderi. When Shir K., the -Afghan (i.e., Shir Shah), besieged the fort of Raysin, it is well -known that he killed him (Puran Mal) after promising him quarter, -and that his women burnt themselves, committing "Johar," according to -the Hindu custom, in the fire of fame and modesty, so that the hand -of no unlawful person should touch the skirt of their chastity. His -sons and caste fellows went off to various [622] places. The father -of Nahir K., whose title was Khan Jahan, having gone to Muhammad K., -governor of Asir and Burhanpur, became a Musalman, and when Muhammad -K. died, Hasan, his son, when in tender years, succeeded him. Raja -`Ali K., brother of Muhammad K., put the child in confinement, and -took possession of the government. After some time news reached Raja -`Ali K. that Khan Jahan and a body of the servants of Muhammad K. had -leagued together to attack him, and had determined to take Hasan -K. out of the fort and raise him to power. He was beforehand with -them, and sent Hayat Khan Habashi, with many brave men, to the house -of Khan Jahan, either to take him alive or to kill him. He, planting -his foot firmly on his good fame, took to fighting, and when things -went badly with him committed Johar, and passed from this borrowed -life. At that time Nahir K. was very young. Hayat Khan Abyssinian, -having asked `Ali K.'s permission, adopted him as his son, and made -him a Musalman. After his death Raja `Ali K. brought up Nahir K., -and took good care of him. When my revered father conquered Asir, -Nahir K. joined his service. He (Akbar) discerned the signs of bravery -on his forehead, and raised him to a suitable mansab, and gave him in -jagir the pargana of Muhammadpur in Malwa. In my service he advanced -more and more. Now that the grace of gratitude has been bestowed upon -him, he has found the advantage of doing what was right. - -Sayyid Dilir K. is of the Sayyids of Barha; formerly his name was -Sayyid `Abdu-l-Wahhab. I raised him from the mansab of 1,000 and 800 -horse to 2,000 and 1,200 horse, and presented him with a standard. They -call twelve bara in Hindi. As in the Du-ab there are twelve villages -near each other which are the native country of these Sayyids, they -have become known as the Sayyids of Barha. Some people make remarks -about their lineage, but their bravery is a convincing proof of -their being Sayyids, for there has never been a battle in this reign -in which they have not been conspicuous, and in which some have not -been killed. Mirza `Aziz Koka always said the Sayyids of Barha were -the averters of calamity from this dominion, and such is in reality -the case. - -Nanu K. Afghan held the mansab of 800 personal and horse: it was -ordered to be one of 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse. In the same manner -the other loyal servants, according to their services and sacrifices, -were promoted to high mansabs, and obtained the desire of their -hearts in lofty employments. At this time Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -was deputed to the assistance of my son (grandson) Dawar-bakhsh in -Gujarat, and I sent Nuru-d-din Quli into the Subah to bring Sharza K., -Sar-afraz K., and the other leaders of the rebel army who had been -made captive in the land of retribution, chained, to the Court. - -On this day it was reported to me that Minu-chihr, s. Shah-nawaz -K., had separated himself from Bi-daulat under the guidance of -good fortune, and had joined the service of my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz. I`tiqad K., governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the mansab -of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse. - -As the huntsmen brought news that in this neighbourhood a tiger had -made its appearance, I felt disposed to hunt it. After entering the -forest three other tigers became visible. Having killed all four, -I returned to the palace. I have such a liking for tiger shooting -that whilst I can get it I do not go after other sport. Sultan -Mas`ud, s. Sultan Mahmud (of Ghaznin) (may the lights of Allah be -his testimony!), was also much inclined to tiger shooting. With -regard to his killing of tigers strange tales have been recorded, -especially in the history of Baihaqi, [623] who has kept a diary of -what he saw with his own eyes. Among these things he writes that one -day he (Mas`ud) went to hunt tigers in the borders of Hindustan, and -was riding an elephant. A very large tiger came out from the wood, -and made for the elephant. He threw a javelin (khisht) and struck -the tiger's chest. The tiger, enraged at the pain, came up on the -elephant's back, and the Amir knelt down and struck him such a blow -with his sword that he cut off both the tiger's fore-feet, and the -tiger fell backwards and died. It happened to me once when I was -prince that I had gone out in the Punjab to hunt tigers. A powerful -tiger appeared out of the wood. I fired at him from the elephant -and the tiger in great fury rose and came on the elephant's back, -and I had not time to put down my gun and seize my sword. Inverting -the gun, I knelt, and with both hands struck him with the stock over -the head and face so that he fell on to the ground and died. - -One of the strange things that happened was that one day I was on an -elephant, and was hunting wolves in Aligarh [624] in the Nuh forest. A -wolf appeared, and I struck it with a bullet on its face (mana) near -the lobe of the ear. The bullet penetrated for about a span. From -that bullet it fell and gave up its life. It has often happened in -my presence that powerful (jawanan) men, good shots with the bow, -have shot twenty or thirty arrows at them, and not killed. As it is -not right to write about oneself, I must restrain the tongue of my -pen from saying more. - -On the 29th of the month I presented a string of pearls to Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan. At this time it was reported to me that Sultan Husain, -Zamindar of Pakli, had died. I gave his mansab and jagir to Shadman, -his eldest son. - -On the 7th of the month of Amurdad Ibrahim Husain, a servant of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, came from the victorious army, and brought -news of the victory of the chiefs of the everlasting State. The -report of my son laid before me the particulars of the fight, and -the exertions of the brave and distinguished men in it. I performed -the dues of thanksgiving for this favour, which was of God's grace -alone. The details of this are as follows: When the royal troops in -the army of the prince of high degree crossed the pass of Chanda, -[625] and entered the province of Malwa, Bi-daulat, with 20,000 horse, -300 fighting elephants, and a large force of artillery, left Mandu -in order to fight. He dispatched a body of the Bargis (Mahrattas) -of the Deccan with Jadu Ray and Uday Ram, Alash K., and other rebels -to make a raid (qazzaqi) on the royal camp. Mahabat K. made proper -arrangements. He placed the illustrious prince in the ghaul (centre), -and he himself proceeded with the whole army, and in marching and -in halting observed the conditions of caution. The Bargis kept at -a great distance, and did not put forward the foot of bravery. One -day it was Mansur K. Farangi's turn to be with the rear-guard. At the -time of pitching the camp Mahabat K., by way of caution, was standing -with his army drawn up outside the camp, in order that the men might -fence it in at their ease. As Mansur K. had been drinking on the road, -he was coming to the stage drunk with the wine of pride. It happened -an army was seen in the distance, and the wine put the idea into his -head that he must charge. Without telling his brothers or his men, -he mounted and charged, and drove off two or three Bargis, and came to -where Jadu Ray and Uday Ram were standing with two or three thousand -cavalry drawn up. As was their custom, they attacked him from all -sides and surrounded him. He fought as long as there was breath in -his body, and gave up his life on the path of loyalty. - -During these days Mahabat K. was continually capturing, by messages and -letters, the afflicted hearts of a number of men who out of timidity -and confusion had accompanied Bi-daulat. When men read the lines of -despair on the page of his (Shah Jahan's) condition, letters also came -from that side, asking for agreements (qaul). After Bi-daulat came out -of the fort of Mandu, he in the first instance sent forward a body of -Bargis, and after them he sent Rustam K., Taqi, and Barq-andaz K. with -a body of musketeers. Then he sent Darab K., Bhim, Bairam Beg, and his -other active men. As he could not resolve to give battle in person, -he was continually looking backwards. He crossed the war-elephants -over the Narbadda with the artillery waggons, and went himself -unattended behind Darab and Bhim, turning his face of ruin towards -the battle. On the day when the royal camp was pitched at Kaliyadaha, -Bi-daulat sent his army against the victorious forces, and stationed -himself with Khan-khanan and a few men at the distance of a koss in -the rear. Barq-andaz K., who had made an agreement with Mahabat K., -was lying in wait. When the armies were ranged opposite to each other, -he got his opportunity, and attacked with a body of musketeers, and -joined the royal army, crying out, "Success to King Jahangir!" When he -reached Mahabat K., the latter took him to wait on my fortunate son -Parwiz, who bestowed royal favours upon him. Previously he bore the -name of Baha'u-d-din, and was a servant of Zain K. After the latter's -death he enlisted among the Turkish gunners. As he was active in the -performance of his duty, and had a band of men with him, considering -him worthy of patronage, I gave him the title of Barq-andaz K. When I -sent Bi-daulat to the Deccan, I put him at the head of the artillery, -and sent him with him. Although in the beginning he placed the scar of -curse on the forehead of his obedience, yet in the end he turned out -well and came at a good time. On the same day Rustam, who was one of -his (Shah Jahan's) chief servants and on whom he had perfect reliance, -when he found that Fortune had turned away from him, made a compact -with Mahabat K. By the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, -he, with Muhammad Murad Badakhshi and other mansabdars, left the -ill-fated army, and joined that of the illustrious prince. Bi-daulat's -hand and heart were paralyzed on hearing this news, and he suspected -all his own servants, and still more the royal servants he had with -him, of faithlessness and unreliability. During the night he sent for -the men who were in front, and decided on flight, and in bewilderment -crossed the Narbadda. At this time, again, some of his servants took -the opportunity of separating themselves from him, and joined the -service of my fortunate son. Each of them received favours according -to his condition. On the day that he crossed the river Narbadda, -a letter fell into the hand of one of his men, that Mahabat K. had -written in answer to Zahid's K. letter, making him hopeful of the -royal favour, and urging him to come in. This they sent direct to -Bi-daulat, and he, becoming suspicious of Zahid K., imprisoned him -with his three sons. Zahid K. is s. Shaja`at K., who was one of the -Amirs and trusted servants of my revered father. I had patronized this -wretch in consideration of his claims of service and of his position -as a house-born one (khana-zad), and given him the title of Khan and -the rank of 1,500, and had sent him with Bi-daulat for the conquest -of the Deccan. When I summoned the Amirs of that quarter on account -of the business of Qandahar, although a special farman of urgency -was sent to him, the wretch did not come to Court, and gave himself -out as an adherent and devoted servant of Bi-daulat. After the defeat -near Delhi, he turned back. Though [626] he had not a family, he had -not the good fortune to pay his respects, or to cleanse the dust -of shame and the stain of sin from the tablet of his forehead. At -last the True Recompenser caught him on this day, and his property, -to the extent of one lac and Rs. 30,000, was confiscated by Bi-daulat. - - - When [627] thou hast done evil, think not thyself free of - calamities - For retribution is according to natural law. - - -Briefly, Bi-daulat having quickly crossed the Narbadda, drew all -the boats over to that side, and having secured the fords with men -that he trusted, he left Bairam Beg, his Bakhshi, with a force of -trustworthy men and a body of the Bargis from the Deccan on the bank -of the river. Taking the artillery-waggons, he himself went towards -the fort of Asir and to Burhanpur. Meanwhile Taqi, his servant, -caught the runner whom Khan-khanan had sent to Mahabat K., and took -him to Bi-daulat. This couplet was written on the margin of the letter: - - - Hundreds are watching me - Otherwise I'd fly away from trouble. - - -Bi-daulat sent for him with his sons from his quarters, and showed him -the writing. Although he made excuses, he could give no answer that -could be listened to. In short, he kept him with Darab and his other -sons in surveillance near his own station, and the lot he had himself -drawn--viz., that hundreds were watching him--happened to him. At -this time I gave Ibrahim Husain, the servant of my prosperous son who -had brought the report of the victory, the title of Khush-khabar K., -with a dress of honour, and an elephant, and sent a gracious farman -to the Prince and Mahabat K. by Khawass K. I also sent with him a -pahunchi [628] (bracelet) of great value to my son (Parwiz) and a -jewelled sword to Mahabat K. As Mahabat K. had done approved service, -I gave him the mansab of 7,000 personal and horse. - -Sayyid Salabat K., having come from the Deccan, had the good fortune -to pay his respects, and received special favours. He was one of those -employed in the Deccan. When Bi-daulat, having been defeated near -Delhi, went to the fort of Mandu, he placed his children in independent -territory under the protection of God, and went off by secret routes -to pay his respects (to me). Mirza Hasan, s. Mirza Rustam Safawi, -having obtained leave to proceed to his appointment as faujdar of -Bahraich, was given the mansab of 1,500 personal and 500 horse, -original and increased. Having sent La`l Beg, Superintendent of the -Record Department, to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, I sent with him a -special dress of honour and a nadiri for him, and a turban for Mahabat -K. Khawass K., who had previously been sent to him and had returned, -waited upon me with good news (of him). Khana-zad K., s. Mahabat K., -was given the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. - -At this time I enjoyed myself for a day with hunting nilgaw. Whilst -I was hunting I saw a snake the length of which was 2 1/2 yards, -and its girth equal to three cubits (dast). He had swallowed half -a hare, and was in the act of swallowing the other half. When the -huntsmen picked him up and brought him to me, the hare fell out of -his mouth. I ordered them to put it into its mouth again, but they -could not do it, however much they exerted themselves; but by using -great violence the corner of his mouth was torn to pieces. After this -I ordered them to open its belly. Thereupon another entire hare came -out. They call this kind of snake chital [629] in Hindustan, and it -grows so large that it swallows a hog-deer (kotah-pacha) entire; but -it is not poisonous, and does not bite. One day during the same hunt -I shot a female nilgaw, and two fully formed young ones were found -inside. As I heard that the flesh of nilgaw fawns was delicate and -delicious, I ordered the royal cooks to prepare a du-piyaza [630] -(a kind of rich fricassee). Certainly it was not without flavour. - -On the 15th of the Divine month of Shahriwar Rustam K., Muhammad Murad, -and several other servants of Bi-daulat, who under the guidance of -good luck had separated themselves from him and entered the service -of my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, according to orders came to Court, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Having promoted Rustam -K. to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and Muhammad Murad -to that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, I made them hopeful of daily -increasing favours. Rustam K. by extraction is a Badakhshi. His name -was Yusuf Beg. He is connected with Muhammad-quli of Isfahan, who was -agent for and prime minister of Mirza Sulaiman (of Badakhshan). He was -first of all in the service of the Court, and passed his days mostly -in the Subahs. He was included among the smaller mansabdars. Having -been deprived of his jagir for some reason, he came to Bi-daulat, and -entered his service. He had a perfect knowledge of tiger-hunting. He -also did good service with him, especially in the affair of the -Rana. Bi-daulat selected him out of all his servants, and made him an -Amir. As I bestowed much favour on him (Shah Jahan), at his request -I gave him the title of Khan, with a standard and drums. For some -time he conducted as his agent the government of Gujarat, and did not -manage badly. Muhammad Murad is the son of Maqsud Mir-ab (butler), -who was one of the old servants of Mirza Sulaiman and Mirza Shah-rukh. - -On this day Sayyid Bahwa came from Gujarat, and waited on -me. Nuru-d-din Quli brought in chains to the Court forty-one of the -rebels, who had been taken prisoners at Ahmadabad. Sharza K. and Qabil -Beg, who were ring-leaders of the seditious, I executed by throwing -them under the feet of warlike (mast) elephants. On the 20th of the -same month, corresponding with the 18th of the month of Zi-qa`da, -a daughter was given by the grace of God to my son Shahriyar by the -granddaughter [631] of I`timadu-d-daula. I hope that her advent [632] -will be propitious and blessed to this State. On the 22nd of the month -the feast of my solar weighment took place, and the 55th year of the -age of this suppliant began auspiciously and happily. According to -annual custom, I had myself weighed against gold and other valuables, -and gave them to deserving people. Among these I gave Rs. 2,000 to -Shaikh Ahmad [633] of Sihrind. On the 1st of the Divine month of -Mihr Mir Jumla was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and -300 horse. Muqim, the Bakhshi of Gujarat, was given the title of -Kifayat K. As the innocence of Sar-faraz K. [634] was established to -my satisfaction, I took him out of prison, and allowed him to pay his -respects. At the request of my son Shahriyar, I went to his house. He -had prepared a grand entertainment, and presented suitable offerings, -and gave dresses of honour to most of the servants. - -At this time a report came from my fortunate son Shah Parwiz that -Bi-daulat had crossed the river of Burhanpur (the Tapti), and was -wandering in the desert of error. The particulars are that when -he crossed the Narbadda and drew all the boats to that side, and -fortified the banks of the river and the ferries with cannon and -muskets, he left Bairam Beg on the bank with a large number of the -rebels, and withdrew towards Asir and Burhanpur. The Khan-khanan and -Darab he took with him under surveillance. - -And now, for the sake of enlivening my narrative, a few words must -be said about Asir. The said fort, in its great height and strength, -is not in want of my praise. Before Bi-daulat went to the Deccan it -was in the charge of Khwaja Nasru-llah, s. Khwaja Fathu-llah, who -was one of the household slaves and ancient servants. Afterwards, -at the request of Bi-daulat, it was handed over to Mir Husamu-d-din, -s. Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain. [635] As the daughter of Nur Jahan Begam's -maternal uncle (tagha'i) was married [636] to him, when Bi-daulat, -having been defeated in the neighbourhood of Delhi, turned his rein -towards Malwa and Mandu, Nur Jahan Begam wrote to him and strictly -urged him, saying: "Beware, a thousand times beware, not to allow -Bi-daulat and his men to come near the fort, but strengthen the -towers and gates, and do your duty, and do not act in such a manner -that the stain of a curse and ingratitude for favours should fall on -the honour or the forehead of a Sayyid." In truth, he strengthened -it well, and the arrangements of the fort were not of such a sort -that Bi-daulat's bird of thought could fly up to its border, or the -conquest of it be quickly accomplished. In brief, when Bi-daulat sent -one of his attendants, of the name of Sharifa, to the above-mentioned, -he (Sharifa) seduced him by means of promises and threats, and it -was settled (between Shah Jahan and Sharifa) that when Husamu-d-din -should come down to take the letter and dress of honour which had -been sent, he should not be allowed to go up again. That wretch, -immediately Sharifa arrived, put away on the shelf of forgetfulness -what he owed on account of his bringing up and the favours conferred -on him, and without opposition or effort handed over the fort to -Sharifa, and with his wife [637] and child went to Bi-daulat, who -made him accursed of the Faith and in the world by bestowing on him -the mansab of 4,000 personal, and a standard and drums, and the title -of Murtaza K.--a disgraceful name to all eternity. - -In short, when that one of reversed fortune reached the foot of -the fort of Asir, he took with him Khan-khanan, Darab, and all his -evil-minded offspring up to the fort, and remaining there for three -or four days, and having set his mind at ease about provisions, etc., -handed it over to one Gopal Das, a Rajput, who had formerly been an -attendant of Sar-buland Ray, and entered his service when he went to -the Deccan. He left the women and his superfluous baggage, and took -with him his three wives with their children and some maid-servants. At -first he proposed to imprison Khan-khanan and Darab in the fort, but -at last changed his mind, and bringing them down with him, hastened -to Burhanpur. At this time La`natu-llah, after suffering disgrace -and contempt, came from Surat and joined him. In great perplexity, -Bi-daulat employed Sar-buland Ray, the son of Ray Bhoj Hara, who is -one of the brave Rajput servants, and who is fed from the royal table -(?), as his mediator, and by letters and messages made proposals -of peace. Mahabat K. said that until Khan-khanan came, peace was -impossible. His (Mahabat's) sole purpose was by these means to separate -from him that head of deceivers who was the ring-leader of trouble -and sedition. Being helpless, Bi-daulat brought him (Khan-khanan) -out of prison, and satisfied himself by taking an oath from him on the -Qoran. In order to please him and strengthen his promises and oath, he -took him inside the female apartment and made a confidant [638] of him, -and brought his own wife and son to him, and made use of all kinds of -entreaty and lamentation. The gist of his (Shah Jahan's) remarks was: -"My times are hard, and my position difficult; I make myself over to -you, and make you the guardian of my honour. You must act so that -I no longer undergo contempt and confusion." The Khan-khanan, with -a view to bring about peace, parted from Bi-daulat and proceeded -to the royal army. It was settled that he should remain on the -other side of the river, and arrange matters relating to peace in -writing. According to fate, before Khan-khanan arrived on the bank of -the river, some of the brave warriors and victorious youths one night -found an opportunity and crossed over at a place where the rebels were -careless. On hearing this news the pillars of their courage trembled, -and Bairam Beg could not keep firm the foot of error and ignorance, -or engage in driving them back. Whilst he was in this agitation -[639] many crossed the river, and on the same night the rebels of -evil fortune were separated from each other like the Banatu-n-na`ash, -[640] and took to flight. By the unfailing good fortune (of Jahangir) -the Khan-khanan fell into perplexity (lit. fell into the shash-dar -[641] position), and could neither go nor stay where he was. At this -time again letters arrived from my prosperous son mingling threats -with promises. The Khan-khanan, finding only despair and ruin in -the page of Bi-daulat's affairs, hastened, through the mediation -of Mahabat K., to wait upon my fortunate son. Bi-daulat, on hearing -of the departure of Khan-khanan and the crossing of the Narbadda by -the victorious army and the flight of Bairam Beg, lost courage, and, -notwithstanding a flood in the river and the violence of the rain, -crossed the Tapti in a state of wretchedness, and went off towards -the Deccan. In this confusion many of the royal servants and his own -attendants willingly or unwillingly separated, and did not accompany -him. As the native country of Jado Ray and Uday Ram and Atash K. was -on the route, they thought it better for themselves to keep with him -for some stages, but Jado Ray did not come into his camp, and followed -him at the distance of one stage. He took possession of such property -as the men in this confusion and fear for their lives abandoned. On -the day he (Shah Jahan) started from the other side of the river -(the Tapti) he sent a message by one of his immediate attendants of -the name of Zu-l-faqar K. Turkman, summoning Sar-buland K. Afghan, -with the message that it seemed to him contrary to courage and the -due performance of his engagements that he had as yet not crossed the -river. "Fidelity was the glory of men; the faithlessness of no one -has touched me (Shah Jahan) so much as yours." He (Sar-buland) was -standing on horseback on the river-bank when Zu-l-faqar [642] K. came -and delivered the message. Sar-buland did not give a precise answer, -and was undecided as to whether to stay or go. In his perplexity and by -way of objection he told Zu-l-faqar to let go his bridle. Zu-l-faqar -drew his sword, and struck at his waist. At this crisis an Afghan -interposed a short spear which the people of India call a barchha, -and the blow of the sword caught the shaft, and the point of the sword -did not reach Sar-buland's waist. After swords were drawn, the Afghans -attacked Zu-l-faqar and cut him in pieces. The son of Sultan Muhammad, -the treasurer, who was Bi-daulat's page, for friendship's sake had come -(with Zu-l-faqar) without Bi-daulat's permission, and was also killed. - -Briefly, when the news of his leaving Burhanpur and of the victorious -army's approaching that city reached me, I sent Khawass K. on the -wings of haste to my loyal son, and strongly impressed upon him that -he must not relax his efforts, but must determine either to take him -alive or to drive him out of the imperial territory. It was said that -if things went badly with him on this side, it was probable that he -would throw himself by the road of Qutbu-l-mulk's country into the -provinces of Orissa and Bengal. This, too, was in accordance with -military plans. So out of caution, which is becoming to a ruler, -I appointed Mirza Rustam to be governor of Allahabad and dismissed -him with orders that if such circumstances should so occur (as Shah -Jahan's going to Bengal), he should rectify matters. - -At this time my son (farzand) Khan Jahan came from Multan, and had -the good fortune to pay his respects. By way of nazar he presented -1,000 muhrs and a ruby of the value of Rs. 100,000, a pearl, and -other jewels. I gave an elephant to Rustam K. On the 9th of the -Divine month of Aban Khawass K. brought a report from the prince and -Mahabat K. to the effect that when my son (Parwiz) reached Burhanpur, -though many of his men had remained behind in consequence of the heavy -rains, he, according to orders, without delay had crossed the river -(Tapti), and gone in pursuit of Bi-daulat. Bi-daulat, on hearing -this terrible news, was marching on. On account of the heaviness -of the rain and the excessive quantity of mud and constant marching -his beasts of burden had become exhausted. If any baggage was left -behind no inquiries were made, and he (Shah Jahan) and his children -and dependents thought themselves lucky to save their lives and did -not trouble about their goods. The army of good fortune having come -down the pass of Bhangar, hastened after him as far as the pargana of -Ankot, [643] about forty koss from Burhanpur. Bi-daulat in this state -reached the fort of Mahur, and when he knew that Jado Ray and Uday Ram -and the other Dakhanis would not go with him any farther, he did not -disgrace them, but let them go. Leaving the heavy elephants with the -goods and chattels with Uday Ram in the fort, he himself started for -Qutbu-l-mulk's territory. When his departure from the royal territory -was ascertained, my fortunate son, with the approval of Mahabat K. and -other loyalists, turned rein from that pargana. On the first of the -Divine month of Aban he entered Burhanpur. Raja Sarang Deo was sent -to my son with a gracious farman. - -Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 2,000 -horse. Mirak Mu`in, Bakhshi of Kabul, at the request of Mahabat K., was -honoured with the title of Khan. Alf K. Qiyam-khani, having come from -the Subah of Patna, paid his respects, and was appointed to the charge -of the fort of Kangra. I presented him with a standard. On the 1st of -the Divine month of Azar Baqi K. came from Junagarh and waited on me. - -As I was at ease with regard to the affair of Bi-daulat, and the heat -of Hindustan did not agree with my constitution, on the 2nd of the -month, corresponding with the 1st of Safar [644] my camp started from -Ajmir for a tour and to hunt in the pleasant regions of Kashmir. Before -this I had appointed the chief of the state Asaf K. Subahdar of Bengal, -and gave him leave. As I had taken a great liking to his society, -and he was distinguished above all the other servants for ability and -good disposition and tact, and is moreover unequalled in all kinds of -propriety, and I regretted separation from him, I had broken through -that purpose, and had sent for him to wait upon me. He came on this -day, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan, took leave on his return to his native country, -and was given a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger. Raja Sarang -Deo brought a report from my fortunate son Shah Parwiz and Mahabat -K. Madaru-s-saltana, and kissed the threshold. It was written that -their minds were at ease with regard to the affair of Bi-daulat, -and that the rulers of the Deccan, willingly or unwillingly, were -performing the dues of obedience and submission. His Majesty (Jahangir) -might make his mind at ease about that quarter and enjoy himself in -hunting and travelling in whatever place in the royal dominions he -might approve of and which was good for his health. On the 20th of -the month Mirza Wali, having come from Sironj, waited on me. Hakim -Mumina was raised to the mansab of 1,000. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -according to order, came from Gujarat, and had the good fortune to -pay his respects. - -At this time a report came from `Aqidat K., Bakhshi of the Deccan, -containing the news of Raja Girdhar's having been killed. The -particulars of this event are that one of the brothers of Sayyid -Kabir Barha, who was an attendant of my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, -gave his sword to brighten and put on the wheel (to sharpen) to a -cutler who had a shop close to the house of Raja Girdhar. The next day, -when he came to fetch his sword, a conversation took place as to the -charge for the work, and the people of the Sayyid struck the cutler -some blows with a stick. The Raja's people in supporting him used -their whips on them. By chance two or three young Sayyids of Barha -had lodgings in that neighbourhood, and hearing of this disturbance, -went to the assistance of the aforesaid Sayyid. The fire of strife -was lighted, and a fight took place between the Sayyids and Rajputs, -ending in an encounter with arrows and swords. Sayyid Kabir, becoming -aware of this, came to assist with thirty or forty horsemen, and at -this time Raja Girdhar, with a body of Rajputs and his caste people, -according to the custom of the Hindus, were sitting barebodied and -eating their food. Becoming aware of the coming of Sayyid Kabir and -the violence of the Sayyids, he brought his men inside the house -and firmly closed the door. The Sayyids, setting fire to the door, -forced their way inside and the fight went to such a length that Raja -Girdhar and twenty-six of his servants were killed and forty others -wounded. Four of the Sayyids were also killed. After Raja Girdhar was -killed, Sayyid Kabir took the horses out of his stable to his own house -and returned. The Rajput officers, when informed of the slaying of Raja -Girdhar, came on horseback in great numbers from their houses, and all -the Barha Sayyids came to the aid of Sayyid Kabir. They assembled in -the plain outside the citadel, and the fire of trouble and calamity -increased, and it nearly came to a great disturbance. Mahabat K., -being informed of it, immediately mounted and went there, and bringing -the Sayyids into the citadel, and soothing the Rajputs in a manner -suitable to the occasion, took some of their chief men with him and -went to the house of Khan `Alam, which was near there. He soothed -them down in a proper way, and promised and became security for an -inquiry into the matter. When this news reached the prince he also -went to the quarters of the Khan `Alam, and soothed them with words -appropriate to the state of affairs, and sent the Rajputs to their -own houses. Next day Mahabat K. went to the house of Raja Girdhar, -condoled and sympathized with his sons, and having contrived to get -hold of Sayyid Kabir put him into confinement. As the Rajputs would -not be consoled without his being put to death, after a few days he -executed him. - -On the 23rd I appointed Muhammad Murad faujdar of Ajmir, and sent him -off. On this road I continually enjoyed myself in sporting. One day, -while hunting, a tuyghun (albino) partridge, which till now I had never -seen, came to my sight, and I caught it with a hawk. By chance the -hawk that caught it was also a tuyghun. I ascertained by trial that -the flesh of the black partridge was better than that of the white, -and that the flesh of the large quail (budana), which the people of -India call ghaghar, [645] is better than that of the quail, which -is a fighter. I compared the flesh of a fat kid with that of a lamb; -the flesh of the fat kid is more delicious. By way of test I ordered -them both to be cooked in the same way, so that I might discern the -matter accurately. On this account I have recorded it. - -On the 10th of the month of Dai, in the neighbourhood of the pargana -of Rahimabad, [646] the huntsmen brought in news of a tiger. I -ordered Iradat K. and Fida'i K. to take with them some of the guards -(ahl-i-yatish) and surround the wood, and mounting (an elephant) -I followed them and went towards the hunt. From the number of trees -and thickness of the jungle it could not be well seen. Driving the -elephant forward, the tiger's flank came into view, and with one -wound from my gun he fell and gave up his life. Of all the tigers -I have shot from the time when I was a prince until now I never -saw a tiger like this for size and majesty and the symmetry of its -limbs. I ordered the artists to take its portrait according to its -real form and body. He weighed 8 1/2 Jahangiri maunds; his length, -from the top of his head to the end of his tail, was 3 1/2 cubits -[647] and 2 tassu (1/24 of a yard). - -On the 16th it was reported that Mumtaz [648] K., the governor of Agra, -had died. At first he was in the service of Bahadur K., the brother -of Khan Zaman. After they were killed he entered the service of my -revered father. When I placed my foot in the world of existence that -revered person favoured me with making him the Nazir (Superintendent) -of my establishment. For a period of fifty-six years he served me -sincerely and zealously and in a manner to please me, and at no time -did a speck of dust from him settle on the fringe of my heart. What is -due to him for the excellence of his service is more than a clerk could -write. May God Almighty overwhelm him in the ocean of His forgiveness! - -Having conferred on Muqarrab K., who is one of the old officials, -[649] the government and administration of Agra, I gave him his -leave. In the neighbourhood of Fathpur, Mukarram K. and his brother -`Abdu-s-Salam had the good fortune to pay their respects. On the 22nd -the entertainment for my lunar weighment took place in the town of -Mathura, and the fifty-seventh year of my age began auspiciously and -happily. At Mathura I went on by boat seeing what was to be seen, -and hunting. On the way the huntsmen reported that a tigress with -three cubs had appeared. Disembarking from the boat I engaged in -the pleasure of sport. As the cubs were small I ordered them to be -taken by hand, and killed the mother with my gun. At this time it was -reported to me that the villagers [650] and cultivators on the other -side of the river Jumna had not given up stealing and highway robbery, -and, passing their time in the shelter of thick jungles and difficult -strong places in stubbornness and fearlessness, would not pay their -rents to the jagirdars. I gave an order to Khan Jahan to take a force -of mansabdars with him and give them exemplary punishment, and having -slaughtered, imprisoned, and plundered them, raze to the ground their -strongholds and forts, and tear up from the root their thorn-brakes of -mischief and disturbance. The next day the force crossed the river and -made a hot attack on them. As they had no time for escape by flight -they planted firmly the foot of folly, and showed fight. Many of -them were slaughtered: their women and children were taken prisoners, -and much booty fell into the hands of the victorious army. - -On 1st Bahman, having promoted Rustam K. to the faujdarship of the -Sarkar of Qanauj, I sent him there. - -On the 2nd `Abdu-llah, s. Hakim Nuru-d-din, of Teheran, was ordered -to be capitally punished in my presence. The explanation of this brief -announcement is as follows: When the ruler of Persia, on suspicion of -his having money and other property, tortured his father, the aforesaid -fled from Persia, and with a hundred miseries and adversities threw -himself into Hindustan, and by the patronage of I`timadu-d-daula was -enrolled among the servants of the Court. By the aid of good fortune, -having in a short time become well known, he was included among those -who were in immediate attendance, and obtained a mansab of 500 and -a fertile jagir, but as his capacity was small (lit., his digestion -was narrow) he could not stand such great good fortune, and assumed -ingratitude and unthankfulness and constantly defiled his tongue with -abuse [651] of his lord and master. At this time it was continually -reported to me that as my kindness to him and observance of what -was due to him increased, that ungrateful one blamed and abused me -the more. When I considered the favours I had bestowed upon him, I -could not believe these stories about him, but at last I heard from -impartial and disinterested persons the disrespectful language which -he had used with respect to me in assemblies and companies. The charge -was thus confirmed, and accordingly I summoned him to my presence -and had him executed. [652] - -"A red [653] tongue gives the green head to the winds." As the -huntsmen reported that there was a tigress in this neighbourhood, by -the mischief caused by which the inhabitants were oppressed, I ordered -Fida'i K. to take elephants with him and surround it. Mounting myself, -I followed him into the forest. It soon came to view, and with one -shot from my gun its affairs were finished. One day I was enjoying -myself with sport, and caught a black partridge with a hawk. I ordered -them to open its crop in my presence. A mouse it had swallowed whole -came out of its crop, and which was not yet digested. I was greatly -astonished that the pipe of its gullet, small as it was, should -swallow a whole mouse and how it had done so. Without exaggeration, -if anyone had told me the tale I should not have believed it. As I -saw this myself I have recorded it on account of its strangeness. On -the 6th of the month Delhi became the abode of good fortune. - -As Jagat Singh, s. Raja Baso, at the instigation of Bi-daulat, had -gone out into the hills in the north of the Panjab, which is his -hereditary abode, and raised a disturbance there, I appointed Sadiq -K. to punish him, as has been related in the preceding pages. At this -time Madho Singh, his younger brother, was promoted to the title of -Raja, and given a horse and robe of honour. An order was given for -him to go to Sadiq K. and attack the rebels with him. - -Next day I marched from the outskirts of the city, and alighted at -Salimgarh. As the house of Raja Kishan Das was on the road, and he had -made great efforts and entreated me to do so, I at his request threw -the shadow of prosperity on his dwelling, and gratified the desire -of that old servant. A few of his offerings were accepted in order to -dignify him. Marching on the 20th from Salimgarh, I appointed Sayyid -Bahwa Bukhari to the governorship of Delhi, which is his ordinary -residence. In fact, he had already done this service well, and I had -given him high rank. - -At this time `Ali Muhammad, s. `Ali Ray, [654] ruler of Tibet, by his -father's order came to Court, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. It was clear that `Ali Ray had a great affection for and -attachment to this son, and held him dearer than his other children. He -wished to make him his successor, and he was consequently envied by -his brothers, and disputes arose between them. Abdal, s. `Ali Ray, -who was the eldest of his children, through this jealousy sought -the patronage of the Khan of Kashghar and made him his protector, -so that when `Ali Ray, who was very old and decrepit, should die, -he might, under the protection of the Wali of Kashghar, become ruler -of Tibet. `Ali Ray, suspecting that the brothers might attack `Ali -Muhammad, and a disturbance might arise in his country, sent him to -Court, his desire being that he might be attached to this Court, -and his affairs might prosper by service to and kindness shown by -the Court. - -On the 1st of the Ilahi month of Isfandarmuz I pitched in the pargana -of Umbala. Lashkari, s. Imam-wirdi, who had run away from Bi-daulat, -and joined the service of my auspicious son Shah Parwiz, having come -on this date to Court, kissed the threshold. A report came from my -son and Mahabat K. It contained the recommendation and the offer of -service of `Adil K., with a letter which he had sent to Mahabat, -in which were set forth his submissiveness and loyalty. Lashkari -was sent back to Parwiz with a dress of honour, a nadiri with pearl -buttons for the prince, and a dress of honour for Khan `Alam and -Mahabat K. At the request of my son I wrote a gracious farman to -`Adil K. showing great favour to him, and sent him a robe of honour -with a special nadiri. I gave an order that if they thought fit they -should send the above-mentioned [655] to `Adil K. - -On the 5th I alighted at the garden of Sihrind. On the bank of the -Beas Sadiq K., Mukhtar K., Isfandiyar, Raja Rup Chand of Gwalior, and -other Amirs who had been appointed to support him, having succeeded in -restoring order in the northern hill-country, had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. The facts, briefly, are that Jagat Singh, at the -instigation of Bi-daulat, had taken to the hills above-mentioned, and -engaged in stirring up sedition and strife. As the field was clear -(i.e., there was no one to oppose him) he passed over difficult -mountains and defiles, and by attacking and plundering peasantry -and the weak, heaped misfortune on them until Sadiq K. arrived. He -brought the Zamindars under control by means of fears and hopes, -and made the overthrow of that wretched creature the object of his -exertions. Jagat Singh strengthened the fort of Mau, and was protected -by it. Whenever he found an opportunity he left that fortress and -fought with the royal servants. At last his provisions were exhausted, -and he came to despair of assistance from the other Zamindars. The -elevation of his younger brother became a source of disturbance and -anxiety to him. Helplessly he then sought for patronage, and begged -the protection of Nur Jahan Begam, expressing shame and contrition, -and sought a refuge in her mediation. In order to please and satisfy -her, the pen of pardon was drawn through the record of his faults. - -On this day reports came in from the officials in the Deccan that -Bi-daulat, with La`natu-llah, Darab, and other wretched (with broken -wing and feathers) creatures in miserable condition, with blackened -faces, had gone from the borders of Qutbu-l-mulk's territory towards -Orissa and Bengal. In this journey great loss fell on him and his -companions, many of whom, when a chance offered, with bare heads -and feet, and having washed their hands of life (desperate), took to -flight. Out of these one day Mirza Muhammad, s. Afzal K., his Diwan, -with his mother and his family, ran away during the march, and when -the news reached Bi-daulat, he sent Ja`far and Khan-quli Uzbeg and -some others of his confidential men in pursuit of him, that, if they -could take him alive, well and good, or otherwise they should cut -off his head and bring it into his presence. They with all speed -proceeded and caught him up on the road. Becoming aware of this, -he sent his mother and family into the jungles and hid them there, -and himself with a body of young men whom he relied on as companions, -planted manfully the foot of courage and stood with their bows. In -front of them there was a canal and a swamp (chihla). Sayyid Ja`far -K. wished to approach near him and take him with him by deceiving him, -but however much he tried to persuade him by threatening and holding -out hopes, it had no effect, and he answered him with life-taking -arrows. He made a good fight of it, and sent Khan-quli and some others -of Bi-daulat's men to hell. Sayyid Ja`far also was wounded. Finally -Mirza Muhammad received severe wounds and gambled away the cash of -his life. But as long as he had breath he deprived many thereof. After -he was killed, they cut off his head and took it to Bi-daulat. - -When Bi-daulat was defeated near Delhi and went to Mandu, he sent Afzal -K. to get assistance and support from `Adil K. and others, forwarding -with him an armlet (bazu-band) for `Adil K., and a horse, an elephant, -and a jewelled sword for `Ambar. He first went to `Ambar. After -delivering his message he produced what Bi-daulat had sent for him, -but `Ambar would not accept them, saying he was the servant of `Adil -K., who was at present the head of those in power in the Deccan: he -should go first to him and explain what he desired. If he agreed, his -slave would ally himself to and obey him, and in that case he would -take whatever was sent, otherwise not. Afzal K. went to `Adil K., -who received him very badly, and for a long time kept him outside the -city and did not look into his affair, but put all kinds of slights -upon him, but secretly asked for what Bi-daulat had sent for him and -`Ambar, and took possession of it. The aforesaid (Afzal K.) was there -when he heard the news of the killing of his son and the ruin of his -family, and so fell upon evil days. In short, Bi-daulat, in spite -of all his (original) good fortune and happy auspices, undertook -a long and distant journey, and came to the port of Machhli Patan -(Masulipatam), which belongs to Qutbu-l-mulk. Before reaching this -place, he sent some of his men to Qutbu-l-mulk, and besought him -for all sorts of assistance and companionship. Qutbu-l-mulk sent him -a small amount of cash and goods for his support, and wrote to the -warden of his frontier to conduct him in safety out of his territory, -and encourage the grain-sellers and Zamindars to send grain and all -other necessaries to his camp. - -On the 27th of the month a strange event took place. Returning from -the hunting-place, I had come back to the camp at night. By chance I -crossed a stream of water, the bed of which was very rocky and the -water running violently. One of the servants of the sharbat-khana -(wine-cellar) was conveying a huntsman's relish. He had a gold tray, -which contained a salver and five cups. There were covers to the cups, -and the whole was in a cotton bag. When he was crossing, his foot -slipped and the tray fell out of his hand. As the water was deep and -running rapidly, however much they searched and beat their hands and -feet (exerted themselves), no trace of it could be found. Next day -the state of the case was reported to me, and I ordered a number of -boatmen and huntsmen to go to the place and make a careful search, -and it perhaps might appear. By chance, in the place where it had -fallen it was found, and more strange still, it had not been turned -upside down, and not a drop of water had got into the cups. This -affair is similar to what happened when Hadi was seated on the throne -of the Khalifate. A ruby ring had been inherited by Harun from his -father. Hadi sent a slave to Harun and asked for it. It happened that -at that time Harun was seated on the bank of the Tigris. The slave gave -the message, and Harun, enraged, said: "I have allowed thee [656] to -have the Khalifate, and thou dost not allow me one ring." In his rage -he threw the ring into the Tigris. After some months by the decree -of fate Hadi died, and the turn of the Khalifate came to Harun. He -ordered divers to look for the ring in the place where he had thrown -it. By the chances of destiny, and the aid of good fortune, at the -first dive the ring was found, and brought and given into Harun's hand! - -At this time one day on the hunting ground the chief huntsman -Imam-wirdi brought before me a partridge that had a spur on one leg -and not on the other. As the way to distinguish the female lies in -the spur, by way of testing me he asked whether this was a male or a -female. I said at once "A female." When they opened it an egg appeared -inside (pishina) its belly. The people who were in attendance asked -with surprise by what sign I had discovered this: I said that the head -and beak of the female are shorter than the male's. By investigation -and often seeing (the birds) I had acquired this dexterity. [657] -It is a strange thing that the windpipe in all animals (haiwanat), -which the Turks call halq, [658] is single from the top of the throat -to the crop (china-dan), while in the case of the bustard (jarz) -it is different. In the bustard it is for four finger-breadths from -the top of the throat single and then it divides into two branches -and in this form reaches the crop. Also at the place where it divides -into two branches there is a stoppage (sar-band) and a knot (girih) -is felt by the hand. In the kulang (crane) it is still stranger. In -it the windpipe passes in a serpentine manner between the bones of -the breast to the rump and then turns back from there and joins the -throat. The jarz or charz (bustard) is of two kinds: one is a mottled -black and the other bur (a kind of dun colour). I now [659] discovered -that there are not two kinds, but that which is a mottled black is -the male, and that which is dun-coloured is the female. The proof of -it is this, that in the piebald there are testicles and in the dun -one there are eggs; this has been repeatedly found on examination. - -I have a great liking for fish, and all kinds of good fish are brought -for me; the best fish in Hindustan is the rohu, and after that the -barin. [660] Both have scales, and in appearance and shape are like -each other. Everyone cannot at once distinguish between them. The -difference in their flesh also is very small, but the connoisseur -discovers that the flesh of the rohu is rather more agreeable of -the two. - - - - - - - - -THE NINETEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On Wednesday, the 29th Jumada-l-awwal, A.H. 1033, March 10, 1624, -after one watch and two gharis of day had passed, the sun, that -bestows bounty on the world, passed into its house of honour in -Aries. The royal servants obtained promotions and increase of -mansab. Ahsanu-llah, s. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, received as original -and increase that of 1,000 and 300 horse. Muhammad Sa`id, s. Ahmad -Beg K. Kabuli, the same, Mir Sharaf Diwan-i-buyutat, and Khawass K., -each of them that of 1,000. Sardar K., having come from Kangra, had -the good fortune to pay his respects. At this time I gave orders to -the yasawuls and men of the yasaq (guards) that hereafter at the time -when I came out of the palace they should keep away defective people, -such as the blind, and those whose noses and ears had been cut off, -the leprous and the maimed, and all kinds of sick people, and not -permit them to be seen. On the 19th the feast of the culmination -was held. Ilah-wirdi, the brother of Imam-wirdi, had run away from -Bi-daulat and came to Court, and was honoured with great favours. - -As the news of Bi-daulat's coming to the border of Orissa was -constantly repeated, a farman was issued to the prince and Mahabat -K. and the Amirs who had been sent to the support of my son, that -they should set their minds at ease about the administering the -provinces (of the Deccan), and go quickly to Allahabad and Behar, -and if the Subahdar of Bengal could not forestall him, and he should -put forward the foot of audacity, he must be made a wanderer in the -desert of disappointment by the blows of the victorious army which is -in the shadow of the flag of my son. By way of precaution on the 2nd -Urdibihisht I gave my son Khan Jahan leave to proceed to Agra to remain -in that neighbourhood and wait for a sign. If there should happen to -be any necessity for a particular service and an order should be given -him, he must act as occasion might require. I sent him a special dress -of honour, with a nadiri with pearl buttons, a special jewelled sword, -and to Asalat K., his son, a horse, and a dress of honour. - -On this day a report came from `Aqidat K., Bakhshi of the Deccan. He -wrote that, according to order, my prosperous son Shah Parwiz had -married the sister of Raja Gaj Singh. I hope that her coming will be -auspicious to the State. He also wrote that, having sent for Turkuman -K. from Pattan he had appointed `Azizu-llah in his place. Jan-sipar -K., also by order, came and waited on me. When Bi-daulat crossed -the Burhanpur river and took the road of ruin, Mir Husamu-d-din, -considering his own evil deeds, could not remain at Burhanpur. Taking -his children with him, he conveyed the goods of ruin to the Deccan, in -order that he might pass his days under the protection of `Adil K. By -chance, as he passed by Bir, Jan-sipar K. obtained information, and -sent a body of men to head him off. He seized him and his dependants, -and brought them before Mahabat. Mahabat placed him in confinement, -and took from him Rs. 1,00,000 in cash and goods. (Also) Jado Ray -and Uday Ram had taken the elephants which Bi-daulat had left in -Burhanpur and brought them to the prince (Parwiz). - -Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz, who had come to Delhi from Bi-daulat in order -to state his objects, had not been allowed by me an opportunity to -speak and I had handed him over to Mahabat K. After his (Bi-daulat's) -defeat and ruin Mahabat K. had made him his own servant. As he was an -old friend of `Adil K., and was for some years at Bijapur as Vakil of -Khan Jahan. Mahabat K. now sent him again as his representative [661] -to `Adil Khan, and the leading men of the Deccan, nolentes volentes, -looking to the necessities of the time and the upshot of affairs, -were contented and professed loyalty and desire for service. The rebel -`Ambar sent one of his confidential men of the name of `Ali Shir, -and displayed great humility. He (`Ambar) wrote in the capacity of -a servant to Mahabat K., and engaged that he (`Ambar) should come to -Dewalgaon [662] and wait upon Mahabat. He would make his eldest son -a servant of the State, and keep him in the service of my auspicious -son. About this time there arrived a letter from Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz -that `Adil K. from the bottom of his heart had elected for service -and loyalty, and agreed that he would send Mulla Muhammad Lari, -who was his principal agent and minister, and whom both in spoken -and written messages he called Mulla Baba, with 5,000 horse, that -he might remain continually on duty, and they might know that other -[663] troops would follow (?). Urgent farmans had been sent that -my son should proceed to Allahabad and Behar in order to overthrow -Bi-daulat. At this time news arrived that notwithstanding the rainy -season and the violence of the rain, that son, on the 6th Farwardin -had marched out of Burhanpur with the army of fortune, and had taken -up his quarters in Lal Bagh, [664] and that Mahabat K. was awaiting at -Burhanpur the arrival of Mulla Muhammad Lari, so that when he arrived -he would relieve himself of the care of the maintenance of order in -that neighbourhood, and come with him (Muhammad Lari) to wait on my -son. Lashkar K., Jado Ray, Uday Ram, and other servants of the State -had been ordered to go to the Balaghat (the country above the Ghats), -and remain at Zafarnagar. Having given Jan-sipar K. leave as before, -he (Parwiz) kept Asad K. Ma`muri at Elichpur. Minuchihr, s. Shah-nawaz -K., was appointed to Jalnapur. He sent Rizawi K. to Thalner, to guard -the province of Khandesh. - -On this day news came that Lashkari had taken the farman to `Adil K., -and he, having decorated the city, had gone out four koss to meet -him, and had performed salutations and prostrations for the farman -and the dress of honour. On the 21st I sent dresses of honour for my -son Dawar-bakhsh and Khan A`zam and Safi K. Having appointed Sadiq -K. to the government of Lahore, and given him a dress of honour and an -elephant, I gave him leave. An order was given that he should have the -mansab of 400 personal and 400 horse. Multafat K., s. Mirza Rustam, -raised the head of distinction with the mansab of 1,500 personal and -300 horse. - -One day while hunting it was reported to me that a snake with a -black hood (kafcha) had swallowed another hooded (kafcha?) snake -and gone into a hole. I ordered them to dig up the place and bring -out the snake. Without exaggeration I had never seen a snake of this -size. When, they opened its belly, the hood of the snake that it had -swallowed came out whole. Although this snake was of another kind, -in length and girth little difference was visible. - -At this time it was represented to me in a report [665] by the news -writer of the Deccan that Mahabat K. had ordered `Arif s. Zahid to -be executed, and had put him (i.e., Zahid), with two other sons, -in prison. It appeared that that wretched man had written with his -own hand a petition to Bi-daulat representing on the part of his -father and himself his loyalty, sincerity, repentance, and shame. By -fate that letter fell into the hands of Mahabat K. Having sent for -`Arif into his presence he showed him the letter. As he had written a -decree for his own blood, he could not make any acceptable excuse, and -of necessity he was executed, and his father and brothers imprisoned. - -On the 1st Khurdad it was reported that Shaja`at K. `Arab, had died -a natural death in the Deccan. - -At this time a report came from Ibrahim K. Fath-jang that Bi-daulat had -entered Orissa. The particulars of this are that between the boundary -[666] of Orissa and the Deccan there is a barrier. On one side there -are lofty mountains, and on the other swamps and a river. The ruler -of Golconda had also erected a wall (dar-band) and a fort, and armed -it with muskets and cannon. The passage of men by that closed route -was impracticable without the leave of Qutbu-l-mulk. Bi-daulat, with -the guidance of Qutbu-l-mulk, having passed by that route, entered the -country of Orissa. It happened that at this time Ahmad Beg K., nephew -of Ibrahim K., had attacked the Zamindars of Khurda. At this strange -occurrence, which happened without precedent or news or information, -he became confused and bewildered and without seeing a remedy gave up -his campaign, and came to the village of Bulbuli [667] (Pipli), the -seat of the governor of that Subah (Orissa). He then took his women -with him and hastened to Cuttack, which is 12 koss from Pipli towards -Bengal. As the time was short, he had not leisure to collect troops -and arrange his affairs. He did not feel himself equal to a war with -Bi-daulat, and he had not with him associates such as were necessary, -so he went on from Cuttack to Bardwan, of which Salih, nephew of Asaf -K. deceased, was the Jagirdar. At first Salih was astonished [668], -and did not believe that Bi-daulat was coming, until a letter came from -La`natu-llah to conciliate him. Salih fortified Bardwan and remained -in it. Ibrahim K. was surprised on hearing the terrible news. Though -most of his auxiliaries and soldiers were scattered in the villages -round about and unprocurable, he yet planted the foot of courage firmly -in Akbarnagar (Rajmahal), and set himself to strengthen the fort and -collect troops, and encourage the heads of tribes and retainers. He -prepared the things necessary for his guns and other weapons and for -battle. In the meanwhile a notice came to him from Bi-daulat that by -the decree of God and the ordinances of heaven what was not suitable -to him had appeared from the womb of non-existence. By the revolving -of crooked-moving time and the changes of night and day his passage -towards these regions had come to pass. Although to the view of -manly courage the extent and breadth of that country were not more -than an exercising-ground, or rather than a rubbish-heap (pur-kahi, -"full of straw"), and his aims were higher, yet as he had to pass -by this way, he could not pass for nothing. If it were Ibrahim's -determination to go to the royal Court, he (Shah Jahan) would hold -back the hand of injury from him and his family, and he might go -to Court with an easy mind. If he considered it advisable to stay, -he would bestow upon him any corner of the country he might ask for. - - - - -ADDENDUM BY MIRZA MUHAMMAD HADI, THE WRITER OF THE PREFACE - -The MS. states: "Up to this place is the writing (ta'lif) of the -deceased king Jahangir. The rest, up to the end of the book, is -written by Muhammad Hadi from some trustworthy MS. collected together -to complete the book. - - - - - - - - -ADDENDUM - - -Mr. Berthold Laufer's paper on "Walrus and Narwhal Ivory," reprinted -at Leyden, 1913, from the Toung Pao, throws light on Jahangir's remarks -about fish-tooth dagger-hilts. It now seems certain that they were made -of the canine tooth of the walrus, or the horn of the narwhal. Possibly -one reason why Jahangir attached so much value to the fish-teeth was -because they were supposed to be an antidote to poison. He was fond -of such things, and one day, when he was heir-apparent, Father Jerome -Xavier found him engaged at Fathpur in extracting copper from peacocks' -tails, on account of its supposed antitoxine properties. - -It is stated in Mr. Laufer's paper, pp. 13 and 15, that walrus-teeth -were supposed to be also useful in reducing swellings. As they -were often made into knife-handles, it is not improbable that the -knife which a Rajah of Cochin appears to have sent to Akbar in 1569 -(Akbar-nama, i. 342) was, wholly or in part, made of walrus ivory. The -Rajah said that whenever it was applied to a swelling it reduced it, -and Akbar told Abu-l-Fazl that over 200 persons had benefited by -touching it. - -In the British Museum there is a fascinating set of chessmen made of -walrus or narwhal ivory. They were discovered in the island of Lewis -in 1831, but are supposed to be as old as the twelfth century. - - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] Jahangir was born on Wednesday, 17 Rabi`u-l-awwal 977 A.H., -or August 31, 1569, and so on March 11, 1618, or 23 Rabi`u-l-awwal, -1027, he was in the beginning of his fifty-first lunar year. By solar -computation he was not yet fifty, that is, he was in his fiftieth -year. The text wrongly has 1017 instead of 1027. - -[2] Text wrongly has panchaq. In Turki dictionaries it is spelt -topchaq, and means a large or long-necked horse. See P. de Courteille -Dict., etc. - -[3] Asaf K. III. of Blochmann; his name was Ja`far Beg. - -[4] See "Iqbal-nama," p. 111. etc. He is not the famous Mir Jumla, -who was Aurangzeb's general, though possibly the latter was his -son. According to the "Iqbal-nama, he was the nephew, and not -the uncle, of Mir Riza, but Jahangir's statement agrees with the -`Alam-ara'i (p. 623). Mir Jumla's patron, Muhammad Quli Qutb-Shah, -died in 1612. He himself died in 1637, while Aurangzeb's general died -in 1663. - -[5] Possibly what is meant is that Shah `Abbas was greedy after Mir -Jumla's (Saman) wealth. Kamgar Husaini distinctly says that `Abbas -wanted to get hold of Mir Jumla's goods. - -[6] The Iqbal-nama says that `Abbas only gave Mir Jumla flattering -words, and did not give him any high appointment. See also `Alam-ara'i, -623, and Ma'asiru-l-umara, III. 415. - -[7] Tuquz means "nine," but perhaps it is here only used to express -a gift, and the pieces of cloth were perhaps only nine, and not -eighty-one. See Vullers s.v., who refers to Quatremere. - -[8] The I.O. MSS. have Mamu'i, and the meaning may be "the maternal -uncle of the Zamindar." - -[9] Jariya in No. 181. It seems to be the Jareja tribe of Abu-l-Fazl, -Jarrett II. 250. Compare Blochmann's translation, p. 285 n., of the -corresponding passage in the Iqbal-nama. The tribe is there called -Jhariyah. - -[10] This must be Pavagarh, a hill fort in the Panch `Mahal district, -which is 2,800 feet above the sea. See I.G. XX. 79, and XIX. 380. - -[11] Son-in-law of I`tmadu-d-daula, being married to a sister of -Nur-Jahan. See Ma'asiru-l-umara I. 573. - -[12] Jhalod in the Dohad ta'luqa of the Panch Mahal district, Bombay. - -[13] The text (pp. 227, 228) has drawings of the twelve Zodiacal -coins. See also Tavernier's account of their institution. - -[14] Text wrongly has Saturday. - -[15] Probably the Seyreh of Bayley's map, in the Lunavada State, -E. of Ahmadabad. - -[16] Quoted by Blochmann, Calcutta Review, 1869, p. 128. - -[17] The text has dar zir-i-an ("under it") in mentioning the position -of the letters, but the I.O. MS. No. 181, has dar zabar ("above" -or "on it."). The words khatt-i-muharraf might mean "inverted or -slanting letters," and Mr. Rogers has taken the passage to mean that -two of the letters were on a line with one another, and that the -third was inverted and below the other two. But muhrif, as the word -may also be read, has the meaning of "handsome," and I think this is -the meaning here. Possibly the meaning is that there was a letter or -mark above--viz., the tashdid. Another meaning may be that all three -letters were equal in size, and in a slanting position on the stone. - -[18] Dihbid, "the village of the willow," a well-known place in -Transoxiana. It is Dihband in text. - -[19] Ukna. The word appears to be Arabic, and signifies a nest. It -is commonly written wukna. - -[20] Baz dami apparently means hawks reared in captivity, or it may -mean hawks brought by dealers--dami. Information about hawks may be -found in Blochmann, 293, etc., and in Col. Phillott's recent articles -in the J.A.S.B., May, 1907, etc. - -[21] The I.O. MS. has "rupees." - -[22] Blochmann, 346. - -[23] Ulugh in MSS. - -[24] Blochmann, 346. Yusuf died in November, 1601. His eldest son -was M. Lashkari. - -[25] The MSS. have 24th and 25th for the following day, but 14th and -15th seem right. - -[26] The passage is translated in Elliot, VI. 357, but the mention of -Saturday and of Multan doctors there is a mistake. Text has afzudam, -"I increased my intoxication," but this seems wrong. The MSS. have -afzud. Jahangir means that the stoppage of his wine increased -crapulousness. See Elliot, VI. 357. - -[27] Apparently this should be yughan, which is a Turki word meaning -"thick." - -[28] Elliot, VI. 358. - -[29] See Vol. I., p. 414. - -[30] The Iqbal-nama, 115, has a different reading of this line. - -[31] It should be recorded to Jahangir's credit that he has a -reputation even at the present day for his love of justice. - -[32] `ajabi. The MSS. have `ajsi, "lasting," which seems better. - -[33] Compare Elliot, VI. 359. Rukh-i-gulzar also means the cheek of -the rosebud (i.e., the beloved one). Apparently the conceit is that -the cheek of the fair one is clouded over, so it should be reddened -by pouring wine on it. - -[34] hamwar. Perhaps it means "mediocre" here, but we have the word -a little lower down, p. 240, used in a laudatory sense. - -[35] According to the Ma'asir and Blochmann, 465, it was the second -son who attained the highest rank. - -[36] dah duwazdah, "10, 12"--i.e., it is one-fifth larger. The saras -is the Ardea Antigone of naturalists. - -[37] Two boundaries. The name signifies that it is on the borders of -Malwa and Gujaru, I. G. XI. 366. - -[38] pak sakht. Lit. cleaned it, which may mean also that he -disembowelled it, or even that he cooked it. Probably the gunner -left the body or part of it there, and it was this that the male -circumambulated. - -[39] Apparently this should be Pavan. It was one of those caught in -the elephant hunt. It is written Bavan in the MSS. - -[40] For meaning of dara, "yard," see text (15th year), pp. 298 and -303. For 3 1/2 quarters (pao) the text wrongly has 3 1/2 feet (pa). - -[41] MSS. has 17. Text has 7. According to Elliot, Supplement II., -177, the Ilahi gaz was one of 41 fingers. - -[42] This was not the son who died in the following year. See text, -p. 282. That son was the eldest son, and probably was the one born -in the 9th year. See Tuzuk, p. 137. - -[43] The Zamindar of Cutch, whose residence was at Bhuj. See Jarrett, -II. 250, where it is said that the Jam left his original country 60 -years ago. - -[44] Jahangir is referring to his visit to Gujarat in the 12th year -of his reign. - -[45] MSS. have this 70 or 80. - -[46] Elliot, VI. 359. - -[47] Text "of Merv," but the MSS. have Herat. - -[48] Mansur Naqqash is one of the illustrators to the Babar-nama in -the British Museum. Rieu Supplement, p. 52. There is also a Husain -Naqqash mentioned in the MS. there described. - -[49] Apparently there were 32 days in this Tir. - -[50] The Sabarmati rises in the hills of Mewar. - -[51] I cannot find this Kokra or Gogra. The Sabarmati falls into the -Gulf of Cambay. Possibly Kokra thereby means "mountains." - -[52] Apparently the Mairpur of Bayley's map. - -[53] Blochmann, 339. - -[54] Perhaps this is the Biragam of the A'in A. (Jarrett, -II. 230). Panju Zamindar may be the Bab-jiu, Zamindar of the Gond -tribe, whom Abu-l-Fazl mentions. The word Barakar is omitted in text. - -[55] See Blochmann, 480 n., Elliot, VI. 344, and the Tuzuk, annals -of 10th year. - -[56] Probably the meaning is that the four mines occur within a space -of 50 koss. Tavernier, vol. II., may be consulted. - -[57] Pukhta in text, but the MSS. have not this word. Instead, they -have a word which seems to be tahsina, "beautiful." The R.A.S. MS. also -seems to have tahsina. - -[58] mahagi? Probably it means that they were caught when a month old, -and Elliot's translator so took it. - -[59] This was the garden which `Abdu-r-Rahim made after his victory -over Muzaffar Gujarati. In Price's Jahangir, pp. 115-16, there is an -account of an entertainment given there to Jahangir by `Abdu-r-Rahim's -daughter. - -[60] Or 22 Ramazan, 1027 = September 2, 1618. - -[61] Cf. Iqbal-nama, 117. - -[62] In MSS. written Marhana or Sarhana. Perhaps Harhana in the Bet -Jalandhar Du'ab, Jarrett, II. 317. Though the text says 22 lakhs of -dams, the MSS. only say 22 lakhs, and possibly rupees are meant. - -[63] Khud bi-in`am iltimas namud. "As a favour to himself." It is -not likely that Shah Jahan would ask for the pargana for Bikramajit -if it was already his own. I presume the meaning is that Shah Jahan -asked that this pargana should be given to Bikramajit as a favour to -himself. But perhaps the meaning is "which he (Shah Jahan) had asked -for, for himself." - -[64] In the MSS. the word khud follows in`am instead of preceding -it. Perhaps the meaning is, "which was his own appanage," "and he -requested," etc. - -[65] Text wrongly has Mu`tamid. - -[66] The saint who is buried at Gwalior. He died September 14, 1562. - -[67] Elliot, VI. 360. - -[68] The 8th Shahriwar = August 20, 1618. The departure had been -fixed for the 21st, and having mentioned this, Jahangir goes on to -describe what occurred between the 7th and the 21st. - -[69] So in text, but MSS. give Jahanda as the name of the brother -of Baluch. - -[70] Elliot, VI. 361. - -[71] Text wrongly has Maghribi, who was a much later poet, for he -died in 809 A.H. = 1416. Sultan Sanjar belonged to the sixth century -of the Hijra, and Mu`izzi, who is the poet meant by Jahangir, died -in 542 A.H. (1147-48), having been accidentally killed with an arrow -by Sultan Sanjar. See Rieu, II. 552b. The ode quoted by Jahangir is -to be found at p. 138b of British Museum MS. Add. 10588. - -[72] hamwar used here in a favourable sense, though some pages farther -back, 233 of Persian text, it seems to be used, when speaking of Jami, -in disparagement. - -[73] See Beale art. Sa`ida-i-Gilani. He was styled Bi-badal. The date -1116 in Beale is manifestly wrong. He is the Mulla Shaida of Rieu, -III., 1083e. See also Sprenger's Catalogue, 124; there is a notice -of him in the Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 405. He was the artist of the -Peacock-throne. - -[74] Turunj, rendered by Vullers as "citron." Probably the reference -is to the colour of the sky, which is often spoken of by Orientals as -green. The concluding lines play upon Jahangir's title of Nuru-d-din, -on his son's title of Shah-Jahan, and his name of Khurram. - -[75] Bari is a Hindu word meaning garden. - -[76] ayyam-i-jawani. The MSS. have qazzaqi, "raids." The name of the -Mulla there seems to be Asiri. - -[77] dar khala wa-mala mahram buda. - -[78] MS. 305. "On every side there are Bulsari-trees." Both -I.O. MSS. have Bulsari, for which see Blochmann, 70. Apparently there -was only one tree. - -[79] Elliot, VI. 361. - -[80] This was not the `Id, for the month was not over. It was the -feasting after nightfall usual in the Ramazan. - -[81] khudawandi-gar. For which word see Vullers and the -Bahar-i-`Ajam. Perhaps it means here a locum-tenens or officiating -master. - -[82] Apparently this should be thirty-two. The egg was laid on 21 -Amurdad, see p. 237, and the interval between the hatching of the -two chicks was three or four days. - -[83] Text dah yazdah, ten to eleven. But MS. 305 has dah panzdah, -ten to fifteen, which is more likely. The meaning then would be that -the young of the saras were 50 per cent., or one-half, larger than -goslings. The common expression for one-tenth is dah yak. - -[84] Ganj in No. 181. Perhaps it should be Gajna, see I.G., 17, p. 11. - -[85] MSS. Atrak. It is the Watrak of Bayley's Gujarat, p. 201, and -the Vatrak of I.G., XXI. 344. - -[86] Sultan Mahmud III., killed by Burhan in February, 1554. Bayley's -Gujarat, pp. 449 and 453. Jahangir calls him the last Sultan of -Gujarat, because Ahmad II. and Muzaffar III. were regarded as -spurious. See Ayin-i-Akbari, Jarrett, II. 261. - -[87] Probably great-grandson, for Shah `Alam died in 880 (1475-76), as -Jahangir tells us supra, and he says that he questioned Sayyid Muhammad -about Shah `Alam's raising the dead, and that Sayyid Muhammad said he -had the story from his father and grandfather. The Ma'asiru-l-Umara, -III. 447, says Sayyid Muhammad was five removes from Shah `Alam. - -[88] For Yaqut, see Blochmann, 99-100. He was a famous calligrapher, -and lived in the thirteenth century. It appears, however, that Yaquti -is also the name of a particular kind of writing. - -[89] Ba-qita`-i-matbu`a-i-mukhtasar. Matbu`a is used in modern times to -mean "printed," but here, I think, it means "elegant." It is so used -in the annals of the 12th year, p. 208, line 18, where it is applied -to a building. Qita` probably refers to the shape of the volume, -and mukhtasar to its small size, or to the minuteness of the writing. - -[90] Sayyid Muhammad, the Mir referred to by Jahangir, lived into -Shah-Jahan's reign, not dying till 1045 (1635-36). See Padshah-nama, -I., Part II., p. 329. But we do not hear anything more of his -translation. Perhaps his ill-health prevented him. It is also the -fact that orthodox Muhammadans object to translations of the Qoran, -regarding it as an impossible task. The Mir's son became chief -ecclesiastical officer (Sadr) under Shah-Jahan. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, -III. 447, and Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 328. - -[91] Elliot, V. 361. - -[92] There were twelve mashas in a tola; the six cups, then, of 6 -tolas and a quarter came to 37 1/2 tolas. - -[93] Jahangir visited his father's tomb in the following year (the -14th). The passage describing the renunciation of shooting (not of -hunting) is translated in Elliot, VI. 362. - -[94] The version of the last two lines is by Sir William Jones, -and is given by him in his Tenth Anniversary Discourse, delivered on -February 28, 1793. As my friend Mr Whinfield has pointed out to me, -the quotation comes from the story of Shibli and the ant in the second -chapter of the Bustan. It occurs in the sixth story of the second -book and p. 161 of Graf's edition. Sir William Jones's remark is: -"Nor shall I ever forget the couplet of Firdausi, for which Sadi, who -cites it with applause, pours blessings on his departed spirit." The -quotation from Firdusi occurs on p. 67 of Vol. I. in Macan's edition -of the Shah-nama. - -[95] Urvasi is the name of a celestial nymph. It is also stated by -Forbes to be the name of an ornament worn on the breast. - -[96] Text ba naqsh by mistake for banafsha. - -[97] I.O. MS. 181 has "thirty surkh." - -[98] Perhaps the Moondah of Bayley's map, east of Mahmudabad. - -[99] The text has khAdA khada, "an oar," but the word is perhaps -kharwa, "a sailor." I.O. MS. 181, has kharwa. - -[100] The I.O. MSS. have Albatta. - -[101] The youth who was afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. - -[102] I.O., No. 181, has Ghairat K. - -[103] gam sometimes means a step, but here it seems to mean one -foot-length. The distance mentioned by Jarrett appears to be 90 feet. - -[104] No. 181 has "in three days." - -[105] Compare account in Akbar-nama, II. 150. Akbar was then twenty -years old. There is a picture of the two elephants crossing the bridge -with Akbar on the elephant Hawa'i in the Clarke MS. in the Victoria -and Albert Museum, South Kensington. - -[106] Presumably the other side of the tank; it was the wild male -saras that Jahangir put rings upon. - -[107] The hunting of deer with decoys is described in Blochmann's -Ayin, 291. - -[108] Apparently a metaphorical expression, "fought with fire and -water." - -[109] su'u-l-qinya, "Bad state of the body, cachexy" (Steingass). - -[110] I do not know of any poet with the takhallus Ustad. Possibly -Jami is referred to. The lines are obscure, and I am not certain of -the meaning. The I.O. MSS. omit the negatives in the first two lines. - -[111] Not identified. I.O. MS. 305, seems to have Panib. Can it be -the Manchan or Majham? Possibly we should read Banas. - -[112] The I.O. MSS. have not the words Nau Ruz, "New Year," and I am -not sure what New Year's day is meant. The time was October. Perhaps it -was the first day of Zi-l-Qa`da that was celebrated, or it may be what -is described in Richardson as the New Year's day of the Balance--viz., -the entry of the Sun into the Sign of the Balance. Jahangir may have -had special regard to that Sign as he was born under it. Perhaps all -that is meant is that the feast of 1 Aban was celebrated. Aban was -a sacred month because Akbar was born in it, and it may be that the -feast was celebrated on Thursday the 2nd because the previous day, -Wednesday, was regarded by Jahangir as unlucky, and was always spoken -of as Kam-shamba. But most probably Nau Ruz is simply a mistake of -the text. - -[113] I.O. MS. has 600. - -[114] The name of the stage is not given. - -[115] Literally the mother of children, but explained as meaning a -female demon (larva) who torments children. See Lane's Dictionary, -1650, where it is described as "flatulence." - -[116] See above, p. 243 of text. - -[117] Apparently the vow applied only to shooting. Jahangir was not -at that time fifty-one years of age by solar computation. - -[118] The natural term of life, which some Orientals regarded as -being 120 years. - -[119] The name `Ali is omitted in text. - -[120] qand-i-siyah (? treacle). - -[121] We are not told what was the result of this experiment. - -[122] MSS., as before, have Ghairat instead of `Izzat. - -[123] This son was Aurangzib. See Khafi K., I. 296. Khafi K. has 11th -instead of 15th Zi-l-Qa`da. The 11th Zi-l-Qa`da corresponds to 20th -October, 1618. - -[124] Text has Sunday, but Wednesday must be the correct day, for -immediately after Friday is spoken of as the 17th (Aban). - -[125] Perhaps the Samarni of Jarrett, II. 207. The I.O. MSS. have -Tamarna. - -[126] I have been assisted by the translation in Elliot, VI. 363. See -also Iqbal-nama, 117. The author there expatiates on the calamities -which followed these celestial appearances. Elliot, loc. cit., p. 364, -has eight years, but the text of the Tuzuk and all the MSS. have -"eight nights." The Iqbal-nama has Dai instead of Aban, but probably -Dai is a mistake for Zi-l-(qa`da). Perhaps the first phenomenon was -the Zodiacal Light. - -[127] The MSS. have Sambhalkhera. - -[128] MSS. have Badhnur. Perhaps it is the Badhnawar of Jarrett, II. - -[129] Pargana Nula'i in MSS., and this seems right as Nola'i, is -mentioned in Jarrett, II. 198, as having a brick fort and as being -on the Chambal. - -[130] It seems to be Gambhir in the MSS. - -[131] There seems to be an omission in the recital. We are not told of -the first half, but evidently the meaning is that the mice (or rats) -ate half the crop on the field, and half of what was brought into -the threshing floor. See also Iqbal-nama, p. 118. - -[132] Elliot, VI. 364. - -[133] The word ma`ni, "spiritual," does not occur in the I.O. MSS., -and does not appear to be wanted. - -[134] Also a weight = two barley-grains. Blochmann, 36. - -[135] The line is wanting in some MSS. In I.O. MS. 181, the conjunction -wa is omitted (p. 145b). - -[136] So in text, but Sunday was either the 10th or the -17th. Apparently Sunday is a mistake for Wednesday, as, later on, -Thursday is mentioned as the 14th. - -[137] Iqbal-nama, 119, "Three sons." - -[138] Apparently the meaning is that he carried them off as prisoners. - -[139] Text jada-dusti by mistake for jan-dusti. - -[140] Namak, "salt." See for a similar expression, p. 149, in the -account of Chin Qilij. Perhaps the phrase is a reminiscence of -the answer given by Muhammad Husain M. when asked who had captured -him. "The king's salt," was his reply. - -[141] The Sind is mentioned in Tieffenthaler, I. 184. See also I.G., -new ed., XXII., p. 432. It is one of the chief rivers of Central India. - -[142] The word is shikar. Either the ducks were caught in nets and -not shot, or the shooting was done by others, for Jahangir had vowed -to give up shooting from the time of Shuja`'s illness. - -[143] Akbar really took it in the 14th year of his reign (March, -1569). The siege lasted a month, according to Abu-l-Fazl. Akbar-nama, -II. 339. - -[144] Elliot, VI. 366. - -[145] For notes about the meaning of the word chaukandi, -"four-cornered," see Elliot, V. 347 and 503. - -[146] Text Rustam, but it is Dastam in MS. 181, and it appears from -Blochmann that Dastam or Dostam is the proper spelling. See pp. 398 -and 620. - -[147] Apparently Jahangir spent the night in this summer-house. - -[148] Khila`at, surely used here on account of the alliteration -kharji u Khila`at. At p. 10 of Price's "Jahangir" it is stated that -he released 7,000 prisoners from Gwalior Fort! - -[149] durna, or turna, a crane. It is a Turki word. - -[150] The words diwan-i-buyutat are repeated. It looks as if the -word buyutat in the second place was a mistake, or if some word -implying that Lashkar K. had been appointed director of buildings -(diwan-i-buyutat) had been omitted. Apparently `Abid K. went to the -Deccan as Diwan, and not as Diwan-i-buyutat. Compare Iqbal-nama, 122. - -[151] No. 181 has no conjunction, and makes the meaning "porcelain -from Tartary." - -[152] See Blochmann, 140 and 233. Abu-l-Fazl says the mujannas horses -resemble Persian horses, and are mostly Turki or Persian geldings. - -[153] So in text, but evidently Mandu, or at least Mandu in Malwa -cannot be correct. The MSS. seem to have Hindaun, and possibly -this is the place meant. Or it may be the place called Mandawar or -Hindaun Road (see I.G., new ed., XIII. 135). The position of Hindaun -agrees fairly well with Jahangir's itinerary, for Tieffenthaler, -I., 172, says that Hindaun is 12 leagues--i.e., koss--S.S.-W. from -Biana, and Jahangir gives the distance from Mandu or Hindaun to the -neighbourhood of Bayana as 8 1/4 koss. Bayana is in the Bhartpur State, -and apparently about 21 miles from Hindaun. - -[154] The quatrain which Jahangir describes as that of someone -(shakhsi) is included in `Umar Khayyam's poems, and is thus translated -by Whinfield: - - - "My comrades all are gone, Death, deadly foe, - Hath caught them one by one, and trampled low; - They shared life's feast, and drank its wine with me, - But lost their heads and dropped a while ago." - - (Quatrain 219, p. 148.) - - -FitzGerald has it as Quatrain XXII., and his version is: - - - "For some we loved, the loveliest and the best - That from his Vintage rolling Time hath prest, - Have drunk their Cup a Round or two before, - And one by one crept silently to rest." - - -The quatrain is also quoted by Badayuni, Lowe's translation, -p. 192. The phrase tang-sharab in the third line means "poor -drinkers." Whinfield has ba-yak sharab. But tang-sharab is given in -Johnson's dictionary with the meaning of being easily made drunk, -unable to carry much liquor. - -[155] Bayana (Biana) is described in I.G., new ed., VII. 137. It -is stated there that it used to have a fort with a very high -tower. Bahlul's tomb still exists. It was his brother, M. Ghaus, -who was most known for his skill in incantations, and who wrote a -book on the subject. - -[156] The story is told in the Akbar-nama, Vol. I. Jahangir is -not correct in saying that Humayun had ordered Hindal to remain in -Agra. Hindal went there without permission, and doubtless in order -to rebel. See also Gul-badan Begam's "Memoirs," who, naturally, -tries to excuse her brother. - -[157] This must be the Barmadh Mata mentioned by Beale (see Proceedings -A.S.B. for August, 1873, p. 159). Beale says there is a place of -worship of the Hindus about 1 1/2 koss from Biana in the district -of Bhartpur called Barmadh Mata. In the 7th year of Jahangir, 1022, -1613, Jahangir's mother Maryam-zamani made a garden and a ba'oli -(step-well) here at a cost of Rs. 20,000. The garden has disappeared, -but the building which is over the ba'oli still exists. Beale gives -the inscription. William Finch (Hakluyt Society) speaks of a place -called Menhapur, near Biana, where there was a garden made by the -Queen-Mother. It was a great saray. The pargana Jusat of the text is no -doubt the Chausath of Jarrett, II. 183, and of Elliot's Supp. Gloss., -II., p. 83. Barah may be the Parath or Berath of Jarrett, II. 181. - -[158] Apparently this is the Da'ir or Dabar of Badayuni, II. 171, -and Akbar-nama, III. 145. It is described by Badayuni as being 4 koss -from Fathpur. Da'ir may also be read Dabar in MSS., and it is Dabar -in the map. It is in the Bhartpur State. - -[159] So in the MSS. and the text, but must be a mistake for Ahmadabad, -which Jahangir left on 21 Shahriwar or 22 Ramazan. See also Iqbal-nama, -117. He arrived at the environs of Fathpur on 19 Dai, or about 22 -Muharram, 1028 (end of December, 1618). Apparently he considered -that he arrived at Fathpur on 20 Dai. He remained on the outskirts -and did not enter the town till the 28th (apparently should be 26th -or 27th). The Iqbal-nama 122 makes Jahangir arrive at the outskirts -of Fathpur on 20 Dai, and it gives the date of his entering the town -as 26 Dai or 1 Safar, 1028 (January 8, 1619). See p. 123. - -[160] Viz., the propitious hour of the 28th Dai, which had been -fixed for the entry into Agra, but was now made the time for entering -Fathpur. - -[161] The lake was to the north of the city, and is now dried up. It -had been made by damming up a stream. - -[162] Apparently this lady was relating what had occurred in Agra, for -Jahangir has just told us that the plague did not come to Fathpur. Her -father was the Asaf K., known also as Ja`far K. The ladies seem to -have come out from Agra to welcome Jahangir. His mother came later -from Agra, see infra. - -[163] Tiryaq-i-Faruq. See Lane's Dict., p. 304, col. 3. - -[164] I.O. MSS. have az bala radd u az payan itlaq shud, "there was -vomiting from above and evacuations from below." The text misses out -the words az bala radd. - -[165] 4,000 in No. 181. - -[166] Certainly Thursday was the 27th according to Jahangir. The 28th -must be a copyist's mistake here and previously. - -[167] Jahangir says four ghari are nearly equal to two sidereal -hours. According to Abu-l-Fazl, a ghari is the sixteenth part of -a nychthemeron, or 360 out of the 21,600 breathings which make -up a nychthemeron--i.e., 24 hours. See Jarrett, III. 16 and 17, -and II. 16, n. 4. According to the Bahar-i-`ajam, 2 1/2 ghari = -one sidereal hour, so that, correctly speaking, five ghari = two -sidereal hours. Each ghari is 24 minutes (Jarrett, II. 16, n. 4). Here -it should be noted that there is a mistake in the translation at -p. 17, line 2, of Jarrett, vol. III., due to a faulty reading in the -Bib. Ind. edition of the text. Instead of yaki we should read pali, -as in two MSS. in my possession. Abu-l-Fazl's meaning then becomes -clear. What he says is, a ghari is 360 breathings, consequently (pas) -every pal (already defined as the sixtieth part of a ghari) is 360 -divided by 60, and equal to six breathings (nafas). Jahangir's line, -however, is obscure. In two I.O. MSS. we have ba-tala`i instead of -ba-sa`ati. I think the meaning probably is that the same day which -marked Jahangir's arrival at Fathpur also marked Shah-Jahan's birthday. - -Tawalla is defined in the Bahar-i-`ajam as meaning to have -friendship with anyone. It also says that it is used in the sense of -taqarrub--i.e., nearness. It may be therefore that Jahangir's line -means "At a moment which nearly corresponded to two (hours)." Taqwim -would then mean established or fixed, and not a calendar. Taqwim -kardan is a phrase which means "to adjust, to arrange." - -[168] Shah-Jahan was born on January 5, 1592, so that in January, -1619, he began to be in his 28th year--i.e., he was 27 complete. - -[169] That is, 120 according to Muhammadan idea. - -[170] Afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. - -[171] Text dar`a, MSS. zira`. See text 298, account of fifteenth year, -where a dar`a is defined. The Ilahi gaz or dara` consisted of 40 digits -(fingerbreadths), according to Jahangir. If the Kapur tank be the one -described in the Archæological Survey Reports, Vol. XVIII., for 1894, -yards seem to be required here, for the tank is mentioned in the Report -as being 95 feet 7 inches square. According to Jahangir, 34 krors -odd of dams--i.e., I presume, fulus, in copper money, and 16 lakhs -and 80,000 rupees in silver were poured into the tank, making a total -of 1 kror and 3 lakhs of rupees, or 3 lakhs 43,000 tumans. Apparently -the tuman, which was a gold coin, was, in Jahangir's time, reckoned as -worth 30 rupees, and Wollaston, in his Dictionary, says it was worth -£3 in Shah `Abbas I.'s time. Jahangir's account of the tank should -be compared with that given in the Akbar-nama, III. 246 and 257, -where the tank is called the Anup-talao, or the "Unequalled Tank." - -In the text, difficulty has, I think, been made by the introduction -of the word kih in p. 260, six lines from foot, and bashad in the -fifth line from the foot. These words make the sense to be that 34 -krors odd of dams were only equal to 16 lakhs odd of rupees. But -this cannot be, for the dam was the fortieth part of a rupee, and -so 34 krors of dams would be not far short of one kror--i.e., 100 -lakhs of rupees. The MSS. have not the kih and bashad in question, -and have only a conjunction after the word dam. Thirty-four krors odd -of copper and 16 lakhs of silver were poured into the tank, making a -total, in round numbers, of 1 kror, 3 lakhs of rupees. According to -Abu-l-Fazl gold was also thrown in. - -[172] Text Yad `Ali, but the MSS. have Nad. See also Blochmann, 508. - -[173] This name is Bairam or Siram in MSS. Chikani may be a trade -designation, and mean embroiderer, or worker in gold thread. - -[174] Kuh-daman, "hill-subduing." - -[175] dibacha. Here meaning the early part of the Memoirs. - -[176] The text has ba by mistake for ya. - -[177] `aurat-i-mustahaqqa. Perhaps "pensioned women." - -[178] These are the opening lines of Jami's Yusuf and Zulaikha (note -by Mr. Rogers). - -[179] Salim Chishti died on 29 Ramazan 979, or February 15, -1572. Jahangir was born on 17 Rabi` 1st, 977; and so he would be -about two years and seven months old at the time of Salim's death. See -Beale and Khazinatu-l-asfiya, I. p. 435. - -[180] The conjunction wa in text, p. 262, line 16, is a mistake. - -[181] This is the Buland Darwaza. It was built many years after the -mosque. For an account of it, see Mr. Edmund Smith's Fathpur Sikri. The -gateway is there said to be 134 feet high from the pavement and 176 -feet from the roadway. The thirty-two steps mentioned in text must -be those from the roadway to the gate. There are two flights of -steps, and the total number, up to the top, is 123. The quadrangle -or court is stated by Keene to be 433 feet by 366. Another statement -(in the Archæological Report) is 438-9 by 359-10 feet. Salim's tomb -was erected in 1581 (988). It is 47 feet 11 inches each way. - -[182] 4 1/2, Iqbal-nama, 124. - -[183] Text aiwan, but should be alwan, "coloured." See Iqbal-nama, 124. - -[184] Finch says: "Under the courtyard is a good tank of excellent -water." He also speaks of the lake and of its being covered with the -singara (Trapa bicornis). - -[185] That is, Bayazid, a grandson of the saint. Ikram K. is another -name for Hushang. His mother was Abu-l-Fazl's sister. According to -the Ma'asir, I. 120, he was a tyrant. According to local tradition, -Qutbu-d-din is buried in Bardwan near Shir-afgan. - -[186] So in text, but ought to be the 17th. - -[187] Mau was a Himalayan fort. Blochmann, 345. The text has Mau u -shahri, and so have the MSS. The Iqbal-nama has Maud u Mahri, p. 124, -and so has the Ma'asir U., II. 178. Evidently from what follows there -were two places, unless one was the fort and the other the city. See -also Tuzuk, 304, l. 10, which has pargana Maud Mahri. In the Ayin, -Jarrett, II. 319, we have Mau and Nabah, and the next name in the -list is Mahror. Gladwin has Mowd, and possibly we should translate -"Mowd, a city on which he relied." - -[188] The Iqbal-nama, 125, says Rs. 20,000 which would be 40,000 darbs. - -[189] Jagat Singh afterwards became a rebel, joining Shah-Jahan, -as also did Raja Bikramajit, or Sundar. He rebelled also in -Shah-Jahan's reign, but was pardoned, and did good service in Kabul -and Badakhshan. He died in Peshawar in 1055 (1645). See Ma'asir U., -II. 238, and Padishah-nama, II. 481. - -[190] It is hasr in text, but surely this is a mistake for hafr, and -the meaning is that a new pit or well should be made in the middle -of the garden. It appears to be hafr in MSS. The Nur-manzil garden -is the same as the Bagh Dahra, and was near Agra. Blochmann, 499. - -[191] Egyptian. Hitherto this has been read Qutbi, but it really is, -I think, Qibti, "Egyptian." Chardin, IV. 70, ed. 1723, says that -the Persians state that the ruby of the East comes from Egypt. The -etymology, however, is doubtful. - -[192] Possibly the praise of Shah-Jahan's inventive powers refers -to his arrangements for the orchestra. The kuwarga is defined -in the Ain, Blochmann, 50, as a damama--i.e., a large drum. See -illustration in Plate VIII. to Blochmann's Ain. The karana and surna -are wind-instruments, and are also represented in Plate VIII. With -regard to the mursal, Blochmann, p. 51, has: "The mursali, which -is the name of a tune played by the mursil." Apparently the mursal -is the overture, or some introductory strain, and played only by a -portion of the band. - -[193] MS. No. 181 has ten instead of two as the number of elephants -presented by Qutbu-l-mulk, and this seems likely to be correct, else -where do the six now mentioned come from? But six should probably -be eight. - -[194] Kurkaraqs. See Blochmann, 87, n. 2, and p. 616. Kurk means fur, -and kurkaraqan may be translated furriers. - -[195] So in text, but it should be Tatta--i.e., Sind. See Blochmann, -378, n. 2, and also the Tuzuk, infra, p. 275. - -[196] Suwaran-i-khud-mahalla. I do not know the exact force of the -last two words. Possibly they are pleonastic. The word mahalla is -explained in Irvine A. of M. 46. - -[197] The Iqbal-nama, 127, mentions that Parwiz came from Allahabad -to pay his respects. See infra, Tuzuk, 268, and 273. - -[198] Probably this is the friend of Father Jerome Xavier and the -abridger of the Zafar-nama. See Rieu, 177b and 1077a. - -[199] He was of the royal house of Khandesh. - -[200] See Blochmann, 252, and n. 1. Jahangir himself saw 700 antelope -taken, and Ray Man afterwards made a drive of 800 more. - -[201] This was Jodh Ba'i, d. the Mota (fat) Raja. See Blochmann, 619. - -[202] Qulba, ploughs. Here apparently used as a measure of land. But -the expression is obscure. In Wilson's Glossary kulba is stated to be -a measure of land in Sylhet, and equal to 1,008 cubits by 144. The -corresponding Sanskrit word Sir ("a plough") is used to mean land -held by the landholder in his own possession. - -[203] Mahalla. Here used apparently for musters. - -[204] Mr. Rogers corrects this to Miran on the authority of R.A.S., -MS. It is, however, Bizhan in I.O. MS., 181, and as Blochmann points -out, Bizan or Bizhan is twice referred to in the Tuzuk, pp. 307, -309. He was son of Nad `Ali Maidani. - -[205] I.O. MS. has "by favour of my rearing" (tarbiyat) and probably -the words in text rather mean that he was promoted by virtue of -Jahangir's liking for him, than that he was of good disposition. His -real name was `Abdu-r-Rahim. He was the son of Qa'im K., and his -sister Saliha Banu was one of Jahangir's wives, and had the title -of Padishah-Mahall. Blochmann, 371. Before Nur-Jahan she was the -chief wife. - -[206] Mihtar K. was a very old servant, and died in the third year -of Jahangir. Blochmann, 417. - -[207] Text wrongly has Shah Nur. - -[208] This is the ancient Dhafur or Dofar on the south coast of Arabia -now known as Mirbat. The proper spelling was Zafr. See Redhouse's -Annotations to the History of Yemen, published by the Gibb Trust, -Nos. 349, 578, and 836. See also d'Herbelot, 269, and Jarrett, III, 51. - -[209] The description is rather obscure. Apparently Jahangir regards -bamand (dun- or bay-coloured) as equal to red (surkh). - -[210] Text has Mushrif. - -[211] Du manzil kishti must surely mean "tray" here; or perhaps they -were models. Kosha is a well-known Bengali name for a swift boat. - -[212] Apparently Khwaja Hasan died in Badakhshan. Ma'asir, III., 459. - -[213] This S. Ahmad is a well-known man. He is mentioned in -Beale as Ahmad Sirhindi (Shaikh), and as having had the title of -Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Sani, because he believed that he was the man of the -second millenium. In other words, he claimed to be a Mahdi. He was -s. `Abdu-l-Wahid Faruqi, and born in 1503. He died 29 November, 1624, -and is buried at Sirhind. The I.G. new edition, XXIII. 21., says there -are two tombs in Sirhind known as those of the Master and the Disciple, -and it may be that one of them is S. Ahmad's, although the Gazetteer -says they probably belong to the fourteenth century. There is also -a reference to him in Rieu's Catalogue, III. 1058a., fol. 16. He -belonged to the Naqshbandi order, and one of his writings is called -Majmu`atu-t-tasawwuf. There is a very long account of him, and of his -interviews with Jahangir in the Khazinatu-l-Auliya, I. 607, etc. It is -said there that he was imprisoned for two years, and then released, -and that he died on the last day of Safar, 1035, November 20, 1625, -at the age of sixty-three. Jahangir afterwards pardoned S. Ahmad. See -Tuzuk, 308, account of fifteenth year. - -[214] Dandan-i-mahi, explained in dictionary as the canine tooth of the -Walrus (Trichechus rosmarus). But there is nothing black or piebald -about walrus-teeth, and Jahangir would surely not admire greatly a -kind of ivory which was inferior to that of the elephant. I incline -to think that what is here meant is tortoise-shell. Jauhar-dar has two -meanings--it may mean jewelled and also "striated." See Vullers, 542a. - -[215] Apparently Miran is a mistake for Bizhan. See ante and Blochmann, -508, and Tuzuk, 307. It is Bizan in I.O. MS., 181. - -[216] The buildings referred to are the garden-houses made by Khwaja -Jahan in the Nur-manzil garden. - -[217] See Jarrett, II. 323; it was near the Jhelam. See also I.G., -new edition, XV. 297. It is in the Shahpur district. The land-revenue -of it was 24 lakhs of rupees in 1903-1904. 30 lakhs of dams would be -equal to Rs. 75,000. Khan Dauran's name was Shah Beg K. The Ma'asir -says his resignation was not altogether voluntary. See Blochmann, 378. - -[218] In the MSS. the name is written Nardani. - -[219] The route from the South. See Jarrett, II. 347, n. 3. - -[220] I.O. MSS. have Monday. - -[221] The word in text is shashsat. Shast is a thumbstall, but it -may also mean a ring. See Blochmann, 166 and n. 1. - -[222] Khatam-bandi. It also means "inlaying." - -[223] Bandu ban. In I.O. MSS. it is bandu baran. Perhaps "skilful -painter" should be "the Painter of Creation." - -[224] Should be Kara. See Herklots Qanun-i-Islam, Appendix XXIV. - -[225] Nabira here cannot mean grandson, for Suraj Singh, commonly -called Sur Singh, was fifth in descent from Maldeo (Blochmann, -359). Suraj or Sur was s. Ray Ray Singh of Bikaner. See Tod, who says -Sur Singh passed nearly all his life as an alien. - -[226] Tod has much to say about Gaj Singh, but the account seems -hardly trustworthy. - -[227] The text, p. 277, has a representation of one of these milestones -which was outside Delhi. - -[228] Perhaps sib-i-khub is the name of a kind of apple. - -[229] I.O. MS. 181 has Shukr-dara and the name of the village as -Shin-waran. The printed text has Siwaran. - -[230] Mr. Rogers here refers to the R.A.S. MS. The I.O. MSS. are not -clear. Apparently what Jahangir says is: "On this occasion fresh items -of expenditure occurred to me, and the former outlay was greatly -increased." The word tasarrufat ("expenditure") is omitted in the -printed copy. - -[231] The village must be Hilalabad, near Rankatta (Blochmann, 332). - -[232] Jahangir says nothing about the permission that he gave to -Bir Singh Deo--as a reward for murdering Abu-l-Fazl--to build a very -splendid temple at Mathura. It was destroyed by Aurangzib. See Growse's -"Mathura." - -[233] Text halal, which means "weakness," or hulal ("striped -garments"). But according to the MSS., the true reading is khalal, -which means "a crack" and also "corruption." - -[234] The Iqbal-nama, 128, calls him Achadrup, and says that the -Khan A`zam went privately to him and begged him to use his influence -with Jahangir for the release of Khusrau. Achadrup spoke accordingly, -and Khusrau was released and allowed to pay his respects. See infra -for account of his release. After Jadrup removed to Mathura, he was -cruelly beaten by Hakim Beg. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 576. - -[235] Elliot, VI. 367. - -[236] Luqman is the Eastern Æsop, and there is much about him in -D'Herbelot. In the second line the word translated "hollow" is gulugah, -literally "throat place," and the word for bosom is sina, the whole -expression being sina-i-chang. Chang is a harp or lyre, and apparently -the expression refers to the narrowness of the space between the horns -of a lyre (chang, which appears to be the Jew's harp), or the sides -of a harp. The fourth line is obscure, and the version in text seems -corrupt. The words shash bidast du pay seem unintelligible. They, -however, occur in I.O. MS. 181, f. 161a, and in I.O. MS. 305, -f. 225a. The only difference is that they have a conjunction after -bidast. On the other hand, the Iqbal-nama, which inserts the lines -into the record of the eleventh year, has, at p. 95, a different -reading for the fourth line. The words there are khana yak bidast -u sih pay. Bidast is given in Richardson, and the Farhang-i-Rashidi -as meaning a span, so the line as given in the Iqbal-nama may mean -3 feet and 1 span. The author of the Iqbal-nama was so struck with -the verse of Hakim Sana'i and the appearance of Jadrup's dwelling, -that he composed a masnavi on the subject, which he gives at pp. 95, -96. There is a third version in Daulat Shah's anthology, p. 97 of -Professor Browne's edition. There, in the second line we have halqa -("ring"), or perhaps "plectrum" instead of sina. We have also two lines -not given in the Tuzuk or the Iqbal-nama, and the line containing the -noodle's question is given thus: "Kin chih jayast yak pust u du pay." - - - "What place is this, one skin (?) and two feet." - - -As if the meaning was that Luqman lived in a tent propped up by two -sticks. In the first line, also, we have wisaqi instead of kurichi. - -The lines may be versified thus: - - - "Luqman's cell was small and narrow to boot, - Like the throat of a pipe, or the breast of a lute. - A foolish one said to the grand old man-- - 'What house is this--three feet and six span?' - With tears and emotion the sage made reply-- - 'Ample for him whose task is to die.'" - - -In the Nawalkishor edition of Hakim Sana'i's poem the lines -are entered as in the seventh book of the Hadiqa, but in two -B.M. MSS. (Add. 25,329, f. 145a, and Or. 358, f. 172b), they are -placed in the fifth book. Both of these MSS. have bidast, apparently, -and Add. 25,329, has shash ("six"), but Or. 358 has shass. There is -such a word, meaning hard ground. Both MSS. have sih ("three"). Bidast -may properly be bad-pusht ("bad-backed"), or it may be bad-past ("bad -and mean"). The reference in verse may be rather to the curvature of -the chang (Arabic, sanj) than to its narrowness, for Jami speaks of -the back "being bent like a harp." - -[237] Compare Price, 123. - -[238] Ba dusturi kih dar Bangala dasht. - -I think this must mean that his men were allowed the Bengal batta, or -exceptional allowance, which used to be 50 p.c. of pay elsewhere. See -A.N., III. 293, the eighth reason for the rebellion. - -[239] This passage has been translated by Colonel Phillott in the -A.S.B.J. for February, 1907, p. 113. There is something wrong in the -text. Khan `Alam certainly did not die on the road (see Blochmann, -513), for he waited upon Jahangir at Kalan ur (Tuzuk, 284); nor did -the Mir Shikar, for Jahangir says he gave him a present and dismissed -him. I presume, therefore, that the word "aforesaid" refers to Khan -`Alam's hawk. - -[240] Nigah-darad. Perhaps this means that the painter was afterwards -to stuff the bird. - -[241] This is an obscure passage, and Jadrup's reference to the -mention of dams in the Vedas is curious, for dam is said to be -derived from the Greek drachma. However, it appears from the Ayin -(Blochmann, 31), that the dam, though in value only the fortieth -part of a rupee, weighed 5 tanks or 1 tola, 8 mashas, 7 surkhs. The -rupee, we are told there, weighed 11 1/2 mashas--i.e., half a masha -less than a tola. Consequently the dam weighed over 20 mashas, and -so was not far from being equal in weight to 2 rupees. The weight -of a seer varied, and it may be 30 or 36 copper dams were reckoned -as equal to a seer. By dam Jahangir probably meant paisa, or double -paisa. According to Gladwin, 3 1/2 tanks are by jeweller's weights = -one tola, and a tank is 70·112 grs. Troy. - -[242] As stated below, the antelope which were caught all eventually -died. - -[243] Text gul-rang, which seems unintelligible. No. 181 MS. has -kalanak ("somewhat grown-up"). The child was presumably the Sultan -Dur-andish, born at the end of the ninth year (Tuzuk, 137), and so was -now about five years old. Gul-rang occurs in B.M. MS., and may mean -"ruddy." - -[244] Text has Agha-i-Aghaman. The MSS. have Aqa Aqayan ("Agha -of Aghas"). - -[245] Akbar was born in October, 1542, so she was now seventy-seven -years old. - -[246] Sayyid Bahwa is commonly known as Din-dar K. Bukhari, and is -described under that name in the Ma'asir, II. 23. - -[247] Elliot, VI. 366, and Rieu, I. 14 and 355. The book is called -Akhbaru-l-Akhyar, id. - -[248] In Sarkar Saharanpur. Elliot, Supp. Gloss., II. 129. I.G. new -edition, XIV. 287. - -[249] The child was born at Sirhind on Wednesday, 11 Muharram, 1029 -(December 8, 1619), and died at Burhanpur in Rabi`u-s-sani, 1031 -(February-March), 1622. Padishah-nama, I. 392. - -[250] See Erskine's Babur, p. 321. - -[251] Perhaps this is Biru'i in Sambhal, Jarrett, II. 200. Or it may -be the Miyani Nuriya of Jarrett, II. 317. - -[252] To clear the roots? Or is it to let the sap flow? Or is -`iraq-bandi right, meaning footpaths? Jahangir's order then would be -to clear out the brick footpaths. - -[253] Yak-awiz. Defined in Vullers as a short, broad sword, and also -as a two-edged knife. See Vullers, 1519a. The weapon is described in -text as shamshir-i-nimcha-i-yak-awiz. - -[254] Az nilam-i-farang-tarash. It is difficult to suppose that the -hilt was a sapphire. Possibly "nilam" is the European artist's name, -or nilam-i-farang may be some kind of European work or material. Query -niello? - -[255] Buy-i-khwish ("my own scent"). The scent (otto of roses) was -invented by Jahangir's mother-in-law (the mother of Nur-Jahan). She -called it after Jahangir's name. - -[256] The meaning of the clause is obscure. - -[257] The first line is obscure and the MSS. do not help. Possibly the -meaning is Spring thanks thee for robbing his garden, or it may be, -Spring is exhorted to rob thy garden. The quatrain is also given in -the Iqbal-nama, 132. - -[258] Meaning that the lips were so closed that the mouth looked like -a thin scar. - -[259] The collyrium of Solomon was something which enabled one to -see hidden treasures. - -[260] This quatrain is stated in the Iqbal-nama, 133, to be by -Baba Talib Isfahani. He is a quite different person from Talib -Amuli. The same quatrain is given by Abu-l-Fazl, and I am indebted -to Mr. Blochmann, p. 607, for being able to understand it. Baba -Talib Isfahani is not mentioned by Dr. Rieu. At Vol. II., 679b, of -his Catalogue, there is an account of Talib Amuli, who, it is said, -died young. Baba Talib died somewhat later, and at the age of over -100. See Iqbal-nama, loc. cit., and Badayuni, III. 265. - -[261] A Muhammad Shaikh is mentioned in Beale as the author of two -books (see p. 273, col. 2). One of them was the Jam-i-Jahan-numa, -and is perhaps the work mentioned in Rieu, II. 866a, V. - -[262] Some unnecessary details have been omitted here. - -[263] Khwaja Jahan's real name was Dust Muh., and he was from -Kabul. See Blochmann, 424. Jahangir's characterization of him is rather -obscure, and I am not sure if my translation is correct. Jahangir -had married his daughter. Blochmann, 477, n. 2. - -[264] This is the seesee partridge or Ammoperdrix Bonhami of Jerdon, -p. 567 of first edition. Jerdon states that in Afghanistan it is -called the teehoo, and that its flesh is said to be delicious. - -[265] Apparently this is the Hibiscus mutabilis, for which the Bengali -name is thal padma ("land lotus"). - -[266] The word for twenty is omitted in text, and also in Elliot, -VI. 367. - -[267] "On the southern bank of the Harroh River," Elliot, VI. 367. - -[268] Bhim was the younger brother of Karan (Tod). The passage is -translated in Elliot, VI. 367. - -[269] Elliot, VI. 368 and n. 1. - -[270] Elliot, VI. 368, and note. - -[271] Elliot has Hazara Farigh. - -[272] On the eastern bank of the Dhor. Elliot, loc. cit. - -[273] Elliot has: "As far as the eye could reach, the blossoms of -the thal kanwal, and other flowers were glowing between the green -foliage. It was a beautiful scene." - -[274] Salhar in text, but Salhar in Elliot. - -[275] Marsh-mallow of Steingass and Elliot. Query Hollyhock? - -[276] The word violets occurs in MS. 181 and also in Elliot. - -[277] The Bib. Ind. edition, Iqbal-nama, p. 135, changes this into -Pakli. MS. 181 has Bankli (?) apparently. Pakli is probably not right, -for the entrance to it is mentioned lower down. - -[278] Tasadduq shud. This is how Mr. Rogers has translated the -passage, and this seems to me to be right. Elliot has "lost," -but surely Jahangir would not pass over so lightly the loss of 25 -elephants. Tasadduq is often used in the sense of almsgiving, or of -granting a favour. The text 290, line 2, has aksar-i-rah basta bud. The -word basta seems unintelligible, and in the corresponding passage of -the Iqbal-nama, 135, the words are aksar-i-rah ajama bud. This word -perhaps means "muddy," and this would fit the sense. - -[279] Elliot has Tawadkar. - -[280] Achamba. But MS. 305 has ajamat, and this may mean forest, -or woods. Perhaps Elliot's "mud" is a clerical error for wood, but -ajamat means pools as well as woods. Perhaps this is the same word -as occurs in the Iqbal-nama, 135, and means "muddy." - -[281] So in text, but the MSS. ba garaz basta ("loosely tied"), -so that they could be thrown off if any game appeared. - -[282] Elliot has sir. - -[283] Now known as the Kunhar. It rises in Lake Lohusur at the head -of the Kagan glen. See I.G., old edition, VIII. 365, and ditto new -edition, XIV. 272, for Kagan Valley. - -[284] Text Waru. Iqbal-nama 136 has Kuh-i-Wazuh. MS. 181 seems to -have Dard. - -[285] Text shakhdar ("with branches"), but the true reading seems to -be naj ("pine"). Elliot has "sal." - -[286] This is a fanciful derivation. The word is not darang, but -drang, which means a watch-station. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, -p. 84. The Pamba-drang, however, was near the Kishan Ganga, and so -is not the drang mentioned by Stein. - -[287] A mistake. See Elliot, VI. 373, note. - -[288] Each sidereal hour being equal to 2 1/2 gharis. - -[289] Sag-i-abi. Probably otters are meant, as a name for them is -pani kutta ("water-dogs"). But in the dictionaries sag-i-abi is given -as meaning the beaver. The otter occurs in Kashmir, and is known as -wudar. Lawrence, Valley of Kashmir, 111. - -[290] Properly Buliyasa. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, p. 85. It is -the Peliasa of the maps. Later on, Jahangir indicates its position -by saying that it is 11 koss on the Kashmir side of the Kishan Ganga. - -[291] That is, I presume, he did not really utter the words, -but his appearance represented them. The Iqbal-nama has, p. 138, -mihman chu Biga ("a guest such as a Begam"). MS. 181 has nagah chu -Sultan. I.O. MS. 305 has nagah chu mihman. The reading Bega or Begam -certainly seems preferable. The text is wrong as usual, and has mihan -("the great"), unless it is to be read mahan, and taken in the sense -of Moons--i.e., ladies. - -[292] The Iqbal-nama, 139, has Kahta'i. - -[293] The Iqbal-nama, 139, has 500 horse. - -[294] The name of M. Rustam's son, who was drowned. - -[295] Kushtigir, which means a wrestler. But Jahangir puns on the -word as if it were kishtigir ("a boatman"). Perhaps kushtigir was -his name. I presume that the person meant is the other servant. There -was no boat there. The Iqbal-nama has either kishtigir, or kushtigir. - -[296] There is an extraordinary account of the Mirza's death in Price's -"Jahangir" which quite differs from the story told here. See Price, -p. 138. It is also stated there that he had been married six months -before to a daughter of I`timadu-d-daula. There is also an account -of the accident in the Iqbal-nama, p. 139. - -[297] Or Kuwarmast. - -[298] Perhaps we should read Buniyar. See Stein, loc. cit., -p. 87. Jahangir seems to have crossed over to the left bank of the -Jhelam in the course ot his march. Perhaps he did so at Ooriu of the -map (Uri). Buniyar seems to be the Bhaniar of the map. I.O. MS. 181 -has Butiyar. - -[299] The allusion may be to the tuft of leaves at the top of a -pineapple. - -[300] Perhaps bula nik. - -[301] Push means flower in Kashmiri. Does the name mean "flower of -`Ali the Perfect"? - -[302] Baramula is on the left bank of the Jhelam according to the -I.G., new edition. But maps and travellers seem to place it on the -right bank. - -[303] Fourteen koss seem too little. The distance to Srinagar seems -to be 31 miles by the road. The old city Varamula was on the right -bank. Stein, 201. It is 32 miles from Srinagar. - -[304] There is an omission in the text here. The MSS. have: "As Monday -had been fixed for entering Srinagar, I did not think it advisable to -halt at this stage, but immediately entered boats with the ladies and -proceeded on with blessings towards the goal. On Sunday, the 10th, when -two watches of the day had passed, I arrived at Shihabu-d-din-pur." - -[305] See Jarrett, II. 310, n. 7. - -[306] The MSS. have La? Apparently the kah of text is a relative -pronoun and not part of the name. Perhaps Lah in Ladakh is the -place meant. - -[307] Dar kull ("in general, in bulk") (?). - -[308] The MSS. have also Mandal Badr. They have not Mulk after Badr -as in text. - -[309] Sister in MSS. - -[310] Zar here does not, I think, mean gold. - -[311] The silver sasnu of Jarrett, II. 354, and n. 2. - -[312] Jahangir went part of the way by water. - -[313] Perhaps he is the Raja Bhagwan Singh mentioned by Drew in his -book on Kashmir, p. 119. - -[314] Abu-l-Fazl, Jarrett, II. 347, puts Kashmir into the third -and fourth climates, but at Vol. III., p. 89, he puts Kashmir into -the fourth climate. Probably both he and Jahangir mean by Kashmir -Srinagar. The appellation "White Islands" is probably a mistake for -"The Fortunate Islands," safid (white) being written instead of sa`ada, -which is the word in the Iqbal-nama. Jaza'ir-i-Sa`ada ("The Fortunate -Isles") is also the expression used in the Zafar-nama, II. 178, which -is probably the source of the Ayin and the Tuzuk. In the extract from -the Zafar-nama given in the T. Rashidi translation, 430, the longitude -is given as 105° from the "Fortunate Islands." The text of the Ayin, -Bib. Ind. edition, II. 42, gives 105.40° as the longitude. - -[315] See Rieu, I. 296. The translator was Mulla Shah Muh. of -Shahabad. See also Blochmann, 106. - -[316] The Peliasa of the maps and the Bolvasaka of Stein. Qambarbar is -Farutar in text. The Iqbal-nama, 147, has Qambarbar. It is evidently -the Qambarber of Jarrett, II. 347 and 361. It lies in the south-east of -Kashmir. Measured by the compass, Jahangir's 67 is much more correct -than Abu-l-Fazl's 120. The I.G. new edition gives the area of Kashmir -and Jammu as 80,900 square miles. Lawrence states the approximate -length of the valley as 84 miles, and the breadth as from 20 to -25 miles. - -[317] The word used by Jahangir is dara`, which is given by Steingass -as Arabic, and as meaning a yard. Zara` again, is given as equal to a -cubit. Clearly Jahangir uses the word here as equivalent to a gaz or -yard, for he says that there are 5,000 dara` in the koss adopted by -himself and his father, and Abu-l-Fazl in the Ayin (Jarrett, II. 414) -says the koss is 5,000 gaz. The word dara` is also rendered gaz in -the Hindustani translation of the Memoirs. There is an important -discrepancy between the two I.O. MSS. and the printed text of the -Memoirs. The former, instead of saying that the dara` or yard is = -2 shar`i dara`, say that 1 1/4 dara` are = 2 shar`i dara`. In the -Ayin (Jarrett, II. 417) the gaz is given as equal to 24 digits. See -later on, p. 303 of text, where, in describing Shah Shuja's accident, -7 dara` are said to be equal to 10 shar`i, or ordinary, gaz. - -[318] See text (thirteenth year), p. 234, where it is stated that -the Ilahi gaz is 40 finger-breadths. - -[319] Vir is willow, so Vir-nag means Willow-fountain. - -[320] Jarrett, II. 387. The I.G., XXIII. 100, says it was built by -Zainu-l-`abidin. The inscription shows that Zainu-l-`abidin built -it (Lawrence, 290). It is stated there that it was also burnt in -1029. A.H.--i.e., in the year of Jahangir's visit. - -[321] Khanaqahi. Lawrence, 292. - -[322] So in text and MSS., but perhaps du is a mistake for -Dal. However, the I.G. speaks of two lakes, the Dal and the Anchar -(north of Srinagar). See also Lawrence, 20 and 36. - -[323] Probably the meaning is that the water never causes -indigestion. Abu-l-Fazl speaks of the streams being khush-guwar--i.e., -their water is digestible. - -[324] The number of boatmen, when compared with the number of boats, -seems very small, but the figures are the same in the I.O. MSS. and in -the Iqbal-nama, 149. Perhaps the word bist, 20, has been omitted, and -we should read 27,400 boatmen. Lawrence states the number of boatmen -at 33,870, and the boats, exclusive of private ones, at 2,417. The -revenue of Kashmir, as stated by Jahangir, is that mentioned in the -Ayin, Jarrett, II. 366, and is according to the assessment of Qazi -'Ali. In the two I.O. MSS. the corresponding number of dams is given -as 7,46,70,400 (Rs. 1,866,760), being only 11 less than that given -in Jarrett, II. 367, line 3. The figures given in Lawrence, 234, are -taken apparently from the Persian text (compare Bib. Ind. edition, -I. 571), corresponding to Jarrett, II. 368. The pargana Der, which -Lawrence failed to trace, is a mistake for the well-known Ver, dal -having been written or read by mistake for wa. - -[325] Compare Jarrett, II. 366. "Some part of the Sair Jihat cesses -are taken in cash." - -[326] Jarrett, II. 347. - -[327] Compare Jarrett, II. 348, where we have "the country is -enchanting, and might be fittingly called a garden of perpetual spring -surrounding a citadel terraced to the skies." - -[328] That is, the flowers. - -[329] Text jawaniha, but I.O. MSS. have khubiha. - -[330] Apparently the proper spelling is jughashi. See Vullers' -s. v. and Bahar-i-`ajam, 368, col. a. It is a black tulip. Sir George -King thought it might be the Fritillaria imperialis. See Jarrett, -349, and n. 1. - -[331] Nur-afza garden. See infra. - -[332] Tagetes patula. The genda of Bengal? - -[333] Compare text, p. 235. - -[334] Compare Jarrett, II. 349, where the words "Besides plums and -mulberries" should be "except cherries (shah-alu) and shah-tut" -(a large mulberry). - -[335] Blochmann, 411. Abu-l-Fazl, Ayin, Blochmann, 65, speaks of -cherries coming from Kabul. But cherries both sweet and sour are -mentioned in the T. Rashidi as growing in Kashmir (Translation, -p. 425). - -[336] Zard-alu-i-paiwandi. - -[337] Shikananda, query, melting. The word occurs also in Iqbal-nama, -152. Possibly it means "with good markings." - -[338] But see I.G., XV. 124, where shah-tut is mentioned. See also -Lawrence, 348. - -[339] Compare Jarrett, II. 349. - -[340] Mushang or mushanj, a small pea ("pisum arvense"). - -[341] Text khushka-tar. MSS. have khushka narm. Perhaps we should -translate "it is inferior and dry. They boil till it is soft, etc." The -Iqbal-nama has khushka narm mi-pazand. - -[342] The sentence about wheat is omitted in the text. - -[343] Text kuhi ("hill"); but this is opposed to the MSS. and also to -the Ayin-i-Akbari which Jahangir is evidently copying. See Jarrett -II. 350, and n. 3, and Persian text, I. 563. The I.O. MSS. of -Tuzuk have kaddi or gaddi. Gaddi is the name of a pastoral tribe -(see Lawrence, 12), and there is a Turkish word kedi meaning a cat, -and a word gaddi which means "horned." The Iqbal-nama, 153, has -"kadi-i-Hindustan." Jarrett, loc. cit. states that handu in Kashmiri -means a domestic ram. The word for tailless is bi-dumba, and perhaps -means that the sheep have not the enormously thick tails of some -kinds of hill sheep. - -[344] Possibly nahrma ("like a river"), is right, for the garment -is said to be mauj-dar ("having waves"). The word mauj-dar occurs in -the Iqbal-nama, 153, and in the two I.O. MSS. - -[345] Jul is a coverlet, and khirsak means a little bear, but is -applied to a rough woollen coverlet--a drugget. Darma is a name in -Bengal for a reed mat. - -[346] Perhaps "tie it at the waist." But see Lawrence, 252: "The -Panditana wears a girdle, but no drawers." - -[347] The MSS. have tattu. Both they and the text have also the words -chahar shana ba-zamin nazdik. Chahar shana means a dwarf. Literally -it means "four shoulders," and Vullers following, the Bahar-i-`Ajam, -defines it as a man of small stature with thick shoulders. Evidently -the words ba-zamin nazdik are meant as an explanation or addition to -Chahar-shana, and signify that the yabu or tattu has his withers near -the ground. The words also occur in the Iqbal-nama, 154. - -[348] Jangrah u shakh-jilau. Jangrah, however, may refer to their -gait, and may mean that they don't go straight, and very likely we -should read changrah "going crookedly." Shakh-jilau is not in the -dictionaries, and I only guess at the meaning. The phrase is also in -the Iqbal-nama, 154. - -[349] Text ilchi-i-saman. The real word is ilkhi, which is also -spelt ilqi and ilghi, and is a Turki word meaning a horse, and also -a troop of horses. See Pavet de Courteille Dictionary, p. 132, and -Vullers I. 149b, who refers to the Burhan-i-qati`, Appendix. See also -Zenker, p. 152. The Iqbal-nama, p. 155, top line, wrongly has balkhha -(from Balkh?). - -[350] Jarrett, II. 352, and n. 1, also T. Rashidi, translation, -435. But perhaps all that is meant is the followers of the national -saint Shaikh Nuru-d-din. Lawrence, 287. - -[351] Taken from the Ayin, see Jarrett, II. 353. There they are called -brahmans, but this seems to be an error of the Bib. Ind. text. Gladwin -has "Rishi." The Rishis were Muhammadans. See Jarrett, II. 359, where -mention is made of Baba Zainu-d-din Rishi. See also Colonel Newall's -paper on the Rishis or Hermits of Kashmir, A.S.B.J., 1870, p. 265. - -[352] Text Baran. MSS. have Maran, and Eastwick has Koh-i-Mahran. He -calls it an isolated hill 250 feet high. It is on the north outskirts -of the city. See also Lawrence, 184, and n. 2, and Stein, 147-48. - -[353] The Dal Lake is 3.87 miles long and 2.58 broad, the Anchar Dal -is 3.51 miles long and 2.15 broad. Lawrence, 20. - -[354] MSS. have kil, and so has the Iqbal-nama. Kil is given in -Lawrence, 114, as the Kashmir name for the ibex. - -[355] Jarrett, II. 360. - -[356] This is the Ilahi gaz. - -[357] Blochmann, 252, and note. - -[358] So called because in Shuja`'s horoscope. - -[359] A village called `Aish-maqam is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 359, -n. 1, but it is probably not the `Aishabad here mentioned, for -`Aish-maqam was on the Lidar and a long way S.S.E. Srinagar. - -[360] Shigufa-i-sad-barg ("the blossoms of the hundred-leaved rose"?). - -[361] Allah-dad was s. Jalalu-d-din Tariki, also called Raushani, -and he became a distinguished officer of Shah-Jahan under the title -of Rashid K. See Ma'asir, II. 248, and Dabistan, 390. - -[362] There are different readings. No. 181 has Maud and -Mihri. Apparently it is the Mau and Nabah of Jarrett, II. 319, where -also there are various readings. See also Tuzuk, 263, where the text -has Mau u shahra. - -[363] Or Charvara. See Rieu Catalogue, I. 297. Haidar Malik wrote -a history of Kashmir. It was he who protected Nur-Jahan after her -first husband's murder. Stein has Cadura, recte Isadur p. 43; it is -10 miles south of Srinagar. - -[364] An allusion to Nur-Jahan and to Nuru-d-din Jahangir. - -[365] See Akbar-nama, III. 542, and Tabaqat-i-Akbari extract in -Appendix, translation of Tarikh-i-Rashidi, p. 490. The place was -Khanpur or near it. Perhaps the tree is the Adansonia. See also -Jarrett, II. 363. According to Stein, 191, Halthal is the name of the -village, and is a corruption of Salasthala. This agrees with the Ayin -I. 569, but not with Akbar-nama III. 542, where halthal is given as -the name of the tree. - -[366] I have not found this passage in the Akbar-nama. The -Iqbal-nama, 159, says that 70 people stood erect inside of the -trunk. Rawal-pur is marked on the map of Kashmir, a little to the -south of Srinagar. Nizamu-d-din, in his chapter on Kashmir in the -Tabaqat-i-Akbari, speaks of a tree under the shade of which 200 -horsemen could stand. - -[367] Possibly bi-sarfa only means "unsuccessful." But it is used lower -down (text 308, line 8), in the sense of immoderate or unprofitable. - -[368] Text has Turks (Turkiyan). - -[369] Apparently the Rohankhed of I.G., XXI. 304. - -[370] Literally, "raised the foot of ignorance." - -[371] Perhaps Sukh Nag is the Shakar Nag of Jarrett, II. 361. The Sukh -Nag River is mentioned in Lawrence, 16. It may also be the waterfall -mentioned by Bernier, which he says Jahangir visited and levelled a -rock in order to see properly. - -[372] From Dr. Scully's list it appears that this is the sach, the -rose-coloured starling, Pastor roseus. See also Vullers, Dictionary, -s. v. The bird seen by Jahangir may have been a dipper, Lawrence, 153. - -[373] The MSS. have kulhai. - -[374] According to the two I.O. MSS.--which are corroborated by -the Iqbal-nama--the text has here omitted an important part of the -report--presumably a written one--submitted by the Qazi and the -Mir `Adl. After the words "denied it," there comes in the MSS. the -statement: "The Hakim-zada (Hakim's son) produced two witnesses in -court. The Sayyids invalidated (or impeached) the testimony of one of -them, and the Hakim-zada brought a third witness and proved his case -according to law." The Iqbal-nama, p. 161, has not the whole of this, -and it has kharij instead of jarih, but it has the words guwah-i-salis -("a third witness"). - -[375] The meaning seems to be that he would in corroboration and ex -cautela take the oath. He had already proved his claim in the ordinary -way by witnesses and the production of the bond. See the account in -the Iqbal-nama, 160-63, which is fuller than that in text. - -[376] Mu`amala-i-kulli ast. "The case was involved" (like a bud?), -or perhaps "the case was important." - -[377] The text wrongly omits the negative. See Iqbal-nama, I. 62. - -[378] Apparently this was Saliha Banu d. Qa'im K. Blochmann, 371, and -477, n. 2. She had the name of Padshah-mahall. See Hawkins' account -in Purchas, IV. 31, and Khafi K. I. 259. He calls the father Qasim. - -[379] It is Ghairat K. in I.O. MS., 181. - -[380] For Jalal K., see Blochmann, 455 and 486. He was grandson of -Sultan Adam. - -[381] Rasid. See lower down text 308, where it is noted that the -cherries came to an end. - -[382] This represents A.H. 1029, or 1620. - -[383] Mat-treading or beating = house-warming. This was in honour of -the new picture-gallery. - -[384] Danaha-kish. See Vullers, s.v. Kesh. The kish is a marten of -whose skin neckcloths, etc., are made. This note corrects the one at -p. 321 of translation, as also the text there. - -[385] It is Busi-marg in the I.O. MSS. But perhaps the text is right, -and the place is the Tosh Maidan of Lawrence, 16. - -[386] The gun is now at Bijapur, I.G., VIII. 186. - -[387] Compare Iqbal-nama, 163-64. The text has ran ("thigh") instead -of zaban. - -[388] Blochmann, 382. The name of the son is given in the MSS. as Mir -`Ali Asghar. - -[389] Perhaps this is the Gurais Valley of Lawrence, 16, for Kuri -may be read Guri. - -[390] See Jarrett, III. 121 and n. 5. The bird is either the -common hawk-cuckoo of Jerdon (Hierococcyx varius) or his Coccystes -melanoleucos--i.e., the pied-crested cuckoo, for both birds seem -to have the native name of Papiha. The Hierococcyx varius is the -"brain-fever" bird of the Anglo-Indian, I.G., I. 250. The pied-crested -cuckoo occurs in Kashmir, and so also apparently does a bird of the -genus Hierococcyx. Lawrence, pp. 138, 139. - -[391] I am not sure what bird this is. Ghaugha'i means a turtle dove in -Bengal, but I doubt if this be the bird meant by Jahangir. Ghaugha'i -would mean a noisy bird, and perhaps is the Bengal Babbler of Jerdon, -or the Sat Bha'i (seven brothers) of the Indians. It belongs to the -Malacocircus genus, and Jerdon, I. 340, states that the pied-crested -cuckoo generally lays her egg in the nest of the Malacocirci. The -babbling thrushes occur in Kashmir. In Blochmann, 296, there is an -account of how ghaugha'is are caught. - -[392] MS. 305 has Ghairat K., but No. 181 has `Arab K., and this -agrees with Stanley Lane Poole's Muhammadan dynasties (p. 279), -which has 'Arab Muhammad as ruling down to 1623. Urganj is in Khiva. - -[393] Jahangir called Khan-Jahan his farzand (son). - -[394] Not the famous `Ali Mardan, but `Ali Mardan, who was killed in -the Deccan. Blochmann, 496. - -[395] Dandan-i-ablaq-i-jauhar-dar. Jauhar-dar here does not mean -"jewelled," but veined or striped. See Vullers, I. 542a. Walrus-teeth -may be meant by Jahangir, but tortoise-shell is more likely. - -[396] Sundar is another name for Raja Bikramajit, and the reference -must be to the Siege of Kangra. Jauhar Mal was a son of Raja Baso, -and appears to be the same person as Suraj Mal. It is Jauhar in -I.O. MS., 181. - -[397] Deotani in No. 181. Blochmann has the name Dutani, apparently -as a tribal name (p. 504), and Elphinstone speaks in vol. II., p. 82, -of a small tribe called Dumtauny. - -[398] Veth is the Kashmiri name for the Jhelam (Lawrence, 18). It is -contracted from Vitasta. It is curious that the date of the festival -should be given according to a Muhammadan month (Shawwal), which must -recur at different seasons. Apparently the meaning is that the birth -of the Jhelam took place on that day. - -Apparently the festival is not much celebrated nowadays, for it -is not mentioned by Lawrence (264-266), except that in a note to -p. 266 the Vathtrwah is mentioned as a day on which daughters receive -presents. The 19th Shahriwar, the corresponding date mentioned by -Jahangir, would answer to the end of August or beginning of September, -and to the Hindu month of Asin. 13 Shawwal, 1029, would correspond -to 1 September, 1620. Possibly the Shawwal of text is a mistake for -the Hindu month Sawan--i.e., Sravan. The legend of the birth of the -Jhelam is told in Stein, 97. Possibly Shawwal does not here mean the -month, and we should read shaghal-i-chiraghan, "the business of lamps." - -[399] The crane visits Kashmir in winter, but Jahangir was never -there in that season. - -[400] The text wrongly gives this as a list of birds which are found -in Kashmir. The Iqbal-nama 159 and the MSS. show that the text has -omitted a negative, and that the list consists of Indian birds which -are not met with in Kashmir. Several of the names do not occur in -the dictionaries. No 2 (the saras) is described in Babur's Memoirs, -321. No. 4 is the florikan, or Otis Bengalensis. For Nos. 5-7 see -Babur's Memoirs, 321. Karawan is a crane in Arabic, apparently, and so -Karwanak should be a little crane. It is also described as a kind of -partridge. Perhaps the Karwanak is the demoiselle crane. No. 9 may be -the oriole, or mango-bird, but that, too, is common in Kashmir. For -No. 12, which may be the ibis, see Babur's Memoirs, 322. For No. 14 -see Babur's Memoirs, p. 321, and for No. 18 Babur's Memoirs, 320. For -the Sharak (No. 19), see Babur's Memoirs, 319. No 22 may possibly be -the bee-eater (Merops viridis). For No. 23 see Babur's Memoirs, 267 -and 321. No. 25 may be one of the parrots, as Hafiz called the Indian -parrots and poets tutiyan-i-shakar-shikan. See Ayin-i-Akbari, Persian -text, I. 415, and Jarrett, II. 150. The tatiri, No. 30, is apparently -the black partridge Francolinus vulgaris. The names of the birds seem -to be often wrong in the text, and so I have followed the I.O. MSS. - -[401] Kurg, but perhaps Gurg, "the wolf," is meant. The wolf is very -rare in Kashmir (Lawrence, 109). - -[402] Query, mushak-i-kur--i.e., mole. - -[403] According to Wilson's Glossary, the tola is = 180 grains Troy, -and the misqal = 63 1/2 grains Troy. - -[404] Elliot, VI. 373, and Iqbal-nama 165. - -[405] Vernag of Lawrence, 23. - -[406] Text u an; in MSS. u. - -[407] Lawrence, 67. - -[408] Jarrett, II. 356, where it is written Vej Brára. - -[409] Iqbal-nama, 164. - -[410] This must be the Nandimarg of Jarrett II. 357 and of Akbar-nama -III. 551. In the Ayin (Jarrett II. 356), mention is made of a place -where there are seven fountains. Stein, 182, speaks of a spring sacred -to the seven Rishis. Is it possible that chashma in the A.N. (Persian -text, I. 565) is a mistake for chinar? - -[411] Satha phuli? Seven fountains? - -[412] Khan Dauran is the Shah-Beg K. Arghun of Blochmann, 377. - -[413] See Ma'asir, II. 155, and Blochmann, 483, for an account of Ram -Das. Inch is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 356. Perhaps Inch is the Yech -pargana of Stein, 190-191. - -[414] Ram Das had died eight years before this. - -[415] Akbar-nama, III. 725, last line; Lawrence, 298; Stein, loc. cit., -176, 177. - -[416] The Achh Dal of Jarrett, II. 358, and the Achabal of Lawrence, -22. - -[417] Jarrett, II. 361. The Dir Nag of Iqbal-nama, 165. See also -Jarrett, II. 361. The Vernag of Lawrence, 23. Jahangir interpolates -an account of Virnag into the annals of the second year. See p. 92 -of translation. - -[418] So in text, but a few lines lower down the depth is spoken of -as four gaz. The Ibqal-nama has "fourteen yards." - -[419] The Iqbal-nama has "to the end of the garden." - -[420] Iqbal-nama, 165, has "186 yards." - -[421] Compare Iqbal-nama, 166. - -[422] The meaning is that the Maraj (or Marraj), the upper part of -Kashmir, is superior to the lower part, or Kamraj. See Tuzuk, 298. - -[423] Iqbal-nama, 166. Perhaps the Bawan Send of Jarrett, II. 361. Loka -Bhavan (bhavan means "abode") is mentioned in Stein, 180. It is the -Lokapunya of the Rajatarangini. It is five miles south of Achbal. - -[424] Is this a corruption of Anantanag--i.e., Islamabad? - -[425] Author of Iqbal-nama, 166. The appointment was that of examiner -of petitions. - -[426] I presume that the ends laid hold of by the boatmen were -the disengaged ends--i.e., the ends 14 or 15 yards apart. But see -Iqbal-nama, 166-167. - -[427] Text Panj Hazara. The MSS. are not clear. It may be the Sendbrary -of Bernier. - -[428] The word is shikar, but, as he had renounced shooting, netting -is probably what is meant. - -[429] Iqbal-nama, 169. - -[430] Or Pampar, the ancient Padmapura. See Stein, J.A.S.B. for 1899, -p. 167; Elliot, VI. 375. But the passage, as in Elliot, does not come -directly from the Tuzuk or the Iqbal-nama. - -[431] MSS. have 3,200. - -[432] I.e., hawks taken from the nest, and not born in captivity. - -[433] Iqbal-nama, 169. - -[434] This is Mir Jamalu-d-din, the dictionary-maker and friend of -Sir Thomas Roe. - -[435] The sentence appears obscure, but probably it was an order to -the authorities at Lahore to supply Husamu-d-din with the cost of -entertaining the ambassador up to the amount of Rs. 5,000. - -[436] Perhaps the waterfall described by Bernier in his ninth letter, -and mentioned as having been admired by Jahangir. - -[437] Hirapur is Hurapur and the ancient Surapura. - -[438] Mari or Nari Brara in the MSS. - -[439] Bi-badal K. is the name given by Jahangir to Sa`ida or Shaida who -was chief goldsmith. See end of 15th year, p. 326 of text. For Shaida, -who died in Kashmir in 1080 (A.D. 1669-70), see Rieu, III. 1083a, -and I. 251, and Supp. Catalogue, p. 207, and Sprenger's Catalogue 124. - -[440] Text calls them brothers, but the MSS. show that biradar is a -mistake for barabar, "equally." - -[441] The MSS. add: "He was a good youth (jawan) and without guile." - -[442] Ab-i-hayat, "water of life," a name given by Akbar to his -ab-dar-khana, or supply of drinking-water, etc. See Blochmann, 51. - -[443] Text wrongly has Thatta. - -[444] Elliott, VI. 376. Apparently Sati was not practised by burning, -but by burying. - -[445] Bisyar bihtar, MS., 181. - -[446] Girjhak is said to be the Hindu name for Jalalpur, and -the probable site of Bukephala, Jarrett, II. 324. Makhiyala -is also mentioned there. It seems that Mukhyala is the famous -Manikiyala, where the Buddhist tope is which was first described -by Elphinstone. Abu-l-Fazl says in the Ayin that it was a place of -worship. See I.G., new ed., XVII. 182. - -[447] Mountain-sheep. Apparently three rings were made. - -[448] The I.O. MSS. add here 76 head of markhwur, etc., were taken. - -[449] Perhaps the reference is to the tomb he formerly put up over -a favourite deer. - -[450] MSS. have "is very noble." - -[451] Pigeon-fancier. He belonged to Herat, and is mentioned in -Blochmann, 302. - -[452] Text wrongly has 1031. It should be 1030, as in the Iqbal-nama, -171. - -[453] The couplet is given in Iqbal-nama, 171, with some verbal -differences. - -[454] Elliott, VI. 374. - -[455] Jauhar Mal is mentioned at p. 310. Perhaps he was not Suraj Mal, -but it looks as if he was the same person. Cf. corresponding passage -in Iqbal-nama, 173, where he is called Suraj Mal. - -[456] P. 310 of text. - -[457] Raja Bikramajit. See ante, p. 310. - -[458] Text wrongly has ghalla grain, instead of `alafha fodder, -grasses, etc. See MSS. and Iqbal-nama, 174. - -[459] Text wrongly has 1031, but it is 1031 in the MSS. and in Elliot, -VI., 375. See, however, Elliot, VI. 378, and text, 326, which shew -that the 16th year began in 1030. - -[460] The `Abbasi is also the name of a dress. The MSS. have fourteen, -instead of four, horses. Apparently the presents were Zambil's own -offering, not that of his master. See below. - -[461] Mansab-i-kabak. Perhaps we should read katak, and regard the -increase as made to the office of guarding the palace. It is katak, -apparently, in I.O. MSS. It may, however, be Kang or Gang and a -man's name. - -[462] Apparently the translator of the Rajatarangini. - -[463] Doubtless the Gwalior in the Panjab. - -[464] Nur Jahan's daughter by Shir-afgan. The date of the asking is -given in the text as the third, but should be the 30th, as in the -I.O. MSS. - -[465] Elliot, VI. 376. - -[466] The Iqbal-nama, 176, has "ten crores." - -[467] The MSS. have 5,000. The word for "gunners" is tupchi. - -[468] The MSS., instead of Naushahr, have sawad-i-shahr, "the environs -of the city" (cf. Lahore?). - -[469] It was in the vicinity of Lahore. Akbar-nama, III. 569. - -[470] But the next page of text records another feast of the lunar -weighment. Can it be that the lunar weighment refers to Nur Jahan's -birthday, not to Jahangir's? The 17th here mentioned is the 17th -of the solar month of Dai, and corresponded to about December 28, -1620. In the following page (324) we are told that the lunar weighment -took place on 30 Bahman, corresponding to 25 Rabi`u-l-awwal--i.e., -February 8, 1621: Jahangir's birthday was on Rabi`u-l-awwal 17, -so the anniversary fell this year on 22 Bahman. Consequently, if he -celebrated it, as stated on p. 323, on 17 Dai, he did so more than -a month too soon! Evidently there is a mistake somewhere. - -[471] This place is mentioned again in the account of the 16th year, -p. 338. It evidently received its name from Nur Jahan. - -[472] Akbarpur, twelve miles N.W. Mathura. J. Sarkar's India of -Aurangzeb, 171. - -[473] That is, of Chach in Transoxiana, but according to I.O. MS. 181, -the word is Khafi--i.e., from Khaf or Khwaf. - -[474] Ninety-one rubies is surely a mistake. The Iqbal-nama, 177, -only speaks of one. It is, however, 91 yaqut in I.O. MS., 181. - -[475] This is the Armenian of whom so much is said by Father Botelho -and other missionaries. It is mentioned in M. Waris's continuation -of the Padishah-nama, p. 392, of B.M. MS., that Zu-l-Qarnain Farangi -came from Bengal and presented poems which he had composed on Shah -Jahan's name, and got a present of Rs. 4,000. He it was, probably, -who entertained Coryat. The passage in the text seems to show that -Akbar had an Armenian wife. - -[476] He is mentioned in some MSS. of the Akbar-nama, vol. III., -as taking part in the religious discussions. - -[477] Probably this is the La`l Beg who wrote a book about the -Naqshbandi order. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, II., 382. - -[478] The Iqbal-nama has "42 eunuchs." - -[479] The MSS. have 40 cocks, 12 buffaloes, and 7 buffalo-horns. The -text also has shakh, horns, but this has been taken as a pleonasm. - -[480] But there was such a ceremony a few days before (see p. 323 -of text). - -[481] For tank see Blochmann, 16 n. The Iqbal-nama, 178, has "twelve -misqals." - -[482] For the Naskh character see Blochmann, 99-100, and for the -Nasta`liq, 101. See also the elaborate article on Writing in Hughes' -Dictionary of Islam. - -[483] By Shah-i-Wilayat is meant the Caliph `Ali b. Abi Talib. - -[484] The Houshabarchan of Hawkins. - -[485] Mahaban, five or six miles from Mathura. - -[486] They had made an istiqbal, or visit of welcome, from Agra. - -[487] This was Babar's garden. It was on the opposite side of the -Jumna to Agra. - -[488] So in text, but two (du) must be a mistake for "ten," as 2 -months, 2 days = 62, and the marches and halts 49 + 21 amount to 70, -or 8 more. It is 10 in I.O. MSS. - -[489] The budna, or bodna, is a species of quail. See Babar's Memoirs, -Erskine, p. 320, where it is spelt budinah. There is a description -in the Ayin, Blochmann, 296, of the mode of catching them. - -[490] The word "village" is omitted in both the I.O. MSS. - -[491] This gives an average of Rs. 6,342 for each animal. - -[492] The I.O. MSS. have "Saturday." But Monday seems right, as -Thursday was 4 Farwardin. - -[493] In the Ayin, which was composed in the 40th year of Akbar's -reign, Salim's rank is given as 10,000, Murad's as 8,000, and Daniyal's -as 7,000 (p. 308). - -[494] In celebration of the commencement of the 16th year of the reign. - -[495] Yaqut-i-kabud, "a blue ruby." - -[496] The I.O. MSS. have Mirza Muhammad. - -[497] Jamalu-d-din Husain Inju. - -[498] See Vullers, s.v. It is a smelling-bottle or case containing -ambergris. - -[499] Blochmann, 55. - -[500] Apparently a zebra. See Iqbal-nama, 179, where it is stated that -it was brought by sea. The text of the Tuzuk is wrong, as usual. What -we should read is: "It was like a tiger (MS. 181 and Iqbal-nama have -shir, not babar), but the markings on a tiger are black and yellow, -and these were black and white." - -[501] Perhaps this is the muhar now in Germany. - -[502] Husain K. Tukriya. - -[503] Nafs mi-suzad. - -[504] Thursday night or Friday eve is what is meant. - -[505] Elliot, VI. 378. - -[506] King David was said to be a maker of cuirasses. - -[507] Yamani. Elliot has almasi (adamant-like). - -[508] See Blochmann's translation and remarks in Proceedings A.S.B. for -1869, p. 167. It is there stated that the date of the fall of the -meteorite was Friday, April 10, 1621, O.S., and that the weight would -be nearly 5.271 pounds troy. - -[509] A widow of Baqi Muhammad. - -[510] Elliot, VI. 379. - -[511] Elliot, VI. 379, has "in sight of the fort." Perhaps the meaning -is that the villages were in the jurisdiction of the fort. - -[512] The Iqbal-nama, 181, has "fourteen." - -[513] The account of Shah Jahan's spirited attack on the Deccanis -is in some places rather obscurely worded, and the printed edition -is not always correct. Help can be obtained from the Iqbal-nama, -181, etc., and from Elliot, VI. 379. The text has firar, "flight," -and this has been followed by Elliot, who has "on their approach the -rebels took to flight, and removed to a distance from Burhanpur." But -the true reading, as shown by the Iqbal-nama, is qarar, "firmness," -not firar, and the words are bar daur-i-shahr, "round the city," -not bar dur, "far from." The rebels were, as the Iqbal-nama states, -"in the environs of the city," "dar sawad-i-shahr," but apparently not -in such force as to prevent Shah Jahan's sazawuls--i.e., his apparitors -and summoners--from going into the city and bringing out recruits. - -[514] In the I.O. MSS. the word looks like bi-jagari (want of settled -home or residence?). - -[515] Text has chasa. The word may be jushsha, given in Vullers, 516b, -as meaning robes or garments, and this is the meaning given to it by -Elliot, but the Iqbal-nama has jubba, "cuirasses," and this I have -adopted. It is jubba in I.O. No. 181. - -[516] Text, chihla u khamcha. The last word should, I think, be -jamjama. Chihla in Hindustani means a "slimy place." It is jamjama -in I.O. MS., No. 181. - -[517] Text has ghair instead of `Ambar. - -[518] Text wrongly has Rup-ratan. - -[519] Padishah-nama, I., Part II., p. 349. - -[520] The text wrongly has 1,000. - -[521] The Bib. Ind. ed. of Iqbal-nama, 184, inserts a negative here, -but this seems wrong. In a MS. in my possession there is no negative. - -[522] Elliot, VI. 380. - -[523] Elliot, VI. 448, the Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 577, and Padishah-nama -I., Part II., 347. - -[524] Text wrongly has 12th. Jahangir's birthday was on the 18th -Shahriwar. - -[525] Khiffati. I am not sure of the reading. One B.M. MS. seems to -have haqqi, and perhaps the meaning is that the physicians had already -been abundantly recompensed for their labour for two or three days, -haqqi being taken as equal to haqq-i-sa`i. - -[526] A little before his weight came only to Rs. 6,500 (p. 329 of -text). But possibly Jahangir means that he had himself weighed for -Jotik's benefit. - -[527] Elliot, VI. 381. - -[528] Madar-i-dahr. - -[529] Text and MSS. have madar-i-ura, "her mother"(?) Perhaps we should -read ma ura, "we (esteemed) her not less than our own mother." Or -it may be that the "her" means Nur Jahan, and that Jahangir means he -esteemed his mother-in-law as much as his own mother. - -[530] That is, Shah Jahan (see Iqbal-nama, 186). - -[531] The MSS. seem to have Khosti--i.e., of Khost. - -[532] Text 8th, but should be 20th. - -[533] Alwanu in MSS. It appears to be Aluwa, 11m. S.-E. of Sirhind. - -[534] Text pahangi, which seems unintelligible. The MSS. have -mahiki(?)-i-khurd, "a small fish." - -[535] Baqqa. - -[536] Founded by Nur Jahan (see Cunningham, "Archæological Reports," -XIV. 62). - -[537] Spelt Ilah-bas. - -[538] I have translated this passage from the MSS., which differ -a good deal from the text. Talwara was in the Bari Du'ab Sarkar -(Jarrett, II. 318.) - -[539] Apparently this is the pulpaikar of Babar (Erskine, 320), though -the two descriptions do not altogether agree. Perhaps it is a hornbill. - -[540] The MSS. have sal and lut. Is it the sham of Babar? (Erskine, -320). - -[541] Murgh-i-zarin, goldfinch or golden oriole (?). - -[542] The date and month are not mentioned, but it appears from the -Iqbal-nama, which gives the next entry as 14 Bahman, that the month -was Bahman, and that the date was probably about 20 January, 1622. - -[543] The Bhalon of Jarrett, II. 316. Sibah is mentioned at p. 317, -ibid. The text has Sita. - -[544] The couplet comes from Budags's elegy on Abu-l-Hasan Nahid -Balkhi. See Aufi's Lababu-l-Albab. Browne's ed., Part II., p. 3. - -[545] Text wrongly has Chita. Chamba is N.-W. of Kangra. - -[546] Elliot, VI. 382. - -[547] The fort was destroyed by the earthquake of 1905 (I.G., -XIV. 397). Presumably Jahangir's mosque was also destroyed then. - -[548] The breadth of the second tank is not mentioned in the MSS. - -[549] "The present temple of Bajreswari Devi is at Bhawan, a suburb -of Kangra" (I.G., XIV. 386). - -[550] See I.G., XIV. 86, and Jarrett, II. 314 and n. 1. Jarrett states -that Jwala Mukhi is two days' journey from Kangra. Apparently Jahangir -took his statement from the Ayin, which has the words "in the vicinity" -(Jarrett, ibid.). Jarrett's statement that Jwala Mukhi is two days' -journey from Kangra is taken from Tieffenthaler, I. 108. Tieffenthaler -adds that the distance is 14 to 15 milles (leagues, or kosses). He -speaks of the Fort of Kangra as being only one-fourth of a mille -in circumference. The image, he states, was that of Bhowani, and -represented the lower part of the goddess's body. The head was alleged -to be at Jwala Mukhi. - -[551] I.e., know the physical cause of the flame. The MSS. do not -mention Hindus in this clause. - -[552] See Jarrett, II. 313, and note 2. - -[553] The temple was sacked by Mahmud of Ghaznin. - -[554] This might be Koh-i-Mandar, the hill which was used as a -churning-stick by the gods. There is a hill of this name in Bhagalpur -district which is known as Mandargiri. But probably Kuh-i-Madar here -means the centre-hill, for in the Bib. Ind. text of the Ayin-i-Akbari, -I. 538, two lines from foot, it is said that the place is called -Jalandhari, and a note (7) gives the various reading, "this spot is -regarded as the centre," "sar-i-zamin-ra madar pindarand." Apparently -it is regarded as the central place because the breast fell here, -Jarrett, II. 314, n. According to the list given there the right -breast fell at Jalandhara and the tongue at Jwala Mukhi. - -[555] I.G., new ed., XIX. 232. - -[556] Podna, or budana. The quail. - -[557] Text khirdash, which I presume is a mistake for khurus. - -[558] Dhameri. See I.G., XIX. 232. - -[559] Mauti might mean "dead," but probably the word means "Pearl," and -was the title assumed by a tribe or family among the Sannyasis. See -infra. The statement that this order put themselves into the -figure of a cross doubtless means that they belong to the Urdu bahu -(arms-aloft) sect--i.e., the sect who raise their arms above their -heads, in the figure of a cross. In Tavernier, II. 378, of ed. of -1676, this is the 8th posture of ascetics, and at that page and at -376 there are figures of such ascetics. The I.O. MSS. have salab, -"mourning," instead of salb. - -[560] Sarva vasi means "all-abiding." Perhaps the word should be -Sarva nasi, "all-destroying." - -[561] For taslim, see Hughes' Dict. of Islam. Possibly we should read -taslib, "make the sign of the cross." - -[562] The chronogram of the taking of the fort yields 1029, and that -of the building of the mosque 1031. - -[563] Nurani, "illumined," an allusion to Jahangir's name. - -[564] The MSS. have Kahtuma apparently. ? Kahuta in Rawalpindi -district. - -[565] This should be, I think, the 20th, and though the name of the -month is not given, it should be Bahman. See MSS. and Iqbalnama, -191. Khusrau died in the Deccan, and presumably at Burhanpur or -Asir. 20 Bahman, 1031, corresponds to January 29, 1622, O.S. But the -date of his death has not been quite determined. See J.R.A.S. for 1907, -p. 601. - -[566] The I.O. MSS. have 121 instead of 124, and they add to the -information about Zafar K. that he died in Ghaznin. They also give -his son's name as Sa`adatu-llah. The Iqbal-nama, p. 191, has 121 hill -sheep, markhur and deer. - -[567] Date not given. The Iqbal-nama, 191, has "the 8th." - -[568] The Iqbal-nama, p. 192, speaks of a report of Khan Jahan that -Khwaja `Abdu-l-`Aziz Naqshbandi, the governor of Qandahar, had a -garrison of 3,000 men. - -[569] Jahangir appears on this occasion to have forgotten the vow he -made in the 13th year. See Elliot, VI. 362. Jahangir's words are clear: -"ba tir u tufang andakhtam." - -[570] Apparently this is the Barahmula Pass. It is mentioned in -the Akbar-nama, III. 480-81 and 558, but does not appear on modern -maps. Jahangir refers to it in the account of the 15th year, p. 204, -and says it is the last of the passes. - -[571] Sar-afraz in No. 181. - -[572] The I.O. MS., No. 181, adds "and treasure." - -[573] "Wilson" Glossary, p. 60. Elliot, Supp. Glossary, I. 52. The -word seems connected with barinj, "rice." - -[574] This is the poet Baba Talib Isfahani of Blochmann, 607. - -[575] Elliot, VI. 383. - -[576] Not that the question of the Deccan had been settled, but that -Shah Jahan had left Burhanpur and come to Mandu. See Iqbal-nama, 193. - -[577] Elliot, VI. 383. - -[578] Tarkash-bandan, literally quiver-holders. Apparently the -meaning is that the archers who were footmen (see Blochmann, 254, -about Dakhili troops) lost their vocation when guns came into use, -and became cavalry soldiers. But the meaning in text may be that -the archers took to practising with bows and arrows on horseback. It -appears from a Dasturu-l-`amal in the I.O., No. 1,855 (E. 2736) that -the tarkash-bands were an inferior order of servants receiving 1,000 -dams or less a year. They probably were not necessarily archers. - -[579] The Achh Dal of the Ayin, Jarrett, II. 358. - -[580] No. 181 has "at Virnag." - -[581] Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 349. - -[582] May also be read Uhar and Adhar. It is Adhar or Udhar in -I.O. MSS. - -[583] The Sind River of Kashmir is meant. Jarrett, II. 364. - -[584] This seems a translation of Akbar's word arinas -(enemy-destroying). - -[585] Elliot, VI. 384, where Jhelam is a mistake. - -[586] Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 339. His name was Mulla -Shukru-llah, and he was from Shiraz. He is the Mirza Sorocolla of Roe. - -[587] Compare Iqbal-nama, 194 and 196. It is stated there that Nur -Jahan would not allow Afzal K. to have an audience, and that he was -dismissed without gaining his object. - -[588] See Iqbal-nama, 196, where it is said that these orders were -not really given by Jahangir, but were Nur Jahan's. - -[589] Elliot, VI. 280. - -[590] This alludes to the facts that Humayun promised Shah Tahmasp -that he would restore the fort after he had conquered India, and that -Akbar had acknowledged the justice of Persia's claim. - -[591] The clause is very obscure. Perhaps it is part of what Jahangir -had said. - -[592] Farzand-i-barkhurdar. - -[593] It is noteworthy that Jahangir does not attempt to controvert -the statement of Shah `Abbas that Qandahar rightfully belonged to -Persia. There is a very long account in the `Alam-ara'i of the claims -of Persia to Qandahar, and of the various attempts made to realize -them, until at last it was taken by Shah `Abbas. See the account -of the 35th year in the Teheran lithograph, p. 682, etc. The fort -of Qandahar surrendered on 11 Sha`ban, 1031, or June 11, 1622. The -Shah's letter announcing the fact and explaining his procedure was -presented by Haidar Beg on 26 Aban, 1031--i.e., early in November, -1622. He brought the officers of the garrison with him. See `Alam-ara'i -and the Tuzuk text, 348 (annals of the 17th year). - -[594] Elliot, VI. 280. - -[595] These words do not appear in the I.O. MSS. And what is written -in this chapter about the fates of Khalil and Muhtarim, etc., does -not agree with Mu`tamid's writing in Iqbal-nama. - -[596] Elliot, VI. 384. - -[597] Huquq ba-`uquq, "rights into wrongs." - -[598] I rather think the meaning is "he by his baseness and -illfatedness has capitally punished them, and has (as it were) slain -them by his own hand," the meaning being that they will fall in the -civil war about to take place. - -[599] Compare Iqbal-nama, 199. - -[600] This is the man whom Jahangir had made Raja Bikramajit. - -[601] Elliot, VI. 385. - -[602] The lines come from Firdusi's satire on Mahmud of Ghazni. - -[603] He was the great-grandson, being the son of Maha Singh s. Jagat -Singh s. Man Singh. - -[604] Panj fauj. But perhaps the word is binj, or bikh, "root." Or -it may be pichha fauj, "the hinder army." Apparently the reference -is to the arrangement of the royal army into five divisions. - -[605] "Bought it as if it were genuine." - -[606] The Farhang-i-Jahangiri, Rieu Cat., p. 496 b. - -[607] Where is this account? He is mentioned later, p. 359 of -text. Perhaps he is the Armenian mentioned in the 15th year as -Zu-l-Qarnain. But an Armenian would hardly be called a Farangi. - -[608] The MSS. have "his brother Maghrur." - -[609] The MSS. have a name that is not Naubat, and perhaps is Yunas -or Yunash Khan. - -[610] Yunas or Yunash in MSS. - -[611] Perhaps it means that qisas or retaliation could not -be inflicted. See Ma'asiru-l-umara, III. 335, and Iqbal-nama, -204. Evidently the mother did not want to prosecute. It is probable -that his murderers were only his half-brothers. - -[612] The MSS. have Maharaja Gaj Singh, and they also have the names -Mansur Khan, Sar-buland Ray and Lashkar K. - -[613] "Two" in MSS. - -[614] Jahangir's mother. - -[615] MS. 181 has Baba Khan. - -[616] MS. 181 has Kuhnar or Kunhar, and it seems that it is a name, -and not merely "younger brother." The Iqbal-nama, 205, has Kunhar Das. - -[617] Karij in text. See Jarrett, II. 253. But perhaps it should -be Kaira. - -[618] It is Sha`ban in Nos. 181 and 305. The famous garden of Ahmadabad -is the Shahi, for which see the Bombay Gazetteer, vol. for Ahmadabad, -p. 283. But besides being Sha`ban in the MSS. it is also Sha`ban in the -Iqbal-nama, 207. The Shahi garden lies to the north of Ahmadabad, and -Safi was at the south or south-east of the city. Perhaps the Sha`ban -garden was near the Malik Sha`ban lake, which was east of the city, -and is referred to in Bombay Gazetteer, p. 18. The Bagh Sha`ban is -also referred to in Bayley's Gujarat, 236. - -[619] Name very doubtful. MSS. seem to have Pir Lal Koli, or it may -be Bir Lal. - -[620] The MSS. have "in ten." - -[621] Text, Nar Singh Deo. But the MSS. seem to have another name, -Silhadi Deo (?). The name Lulu is also doubtful. The MSS. seem to -have Bulur. In Elliot, IV. 402, Puran Mal is called Bhaia. - -[622] Har kudam ba-tarafi aftadand. - -[623] Rieu, Cat., I. 158 b. - -[624] Text has Kuh-i-Kul. But the I.O. MSS. show that the true reading -is Kul Nuh ban, and it appears from the Ayin, Jarrett, II. 186, that -Nuh is a district in Kul--i.e., Aligarh. Gurg is a wolf, and Kurag -a rhinoceros, but probably a wolf is here meant. It is not likely -that there were rhinoceros in Aligarh, though Abu-l-Fazl says there -were rhinoceros in Sambhal (Jarrett, II. 281). Tir means an arrow as -well as a bullet. The word mana, "face," is not in text, but occurs -in both the I.O. MSS. - -[625] Chanda Ghat between Ajmere and Malwa. - -[626] Apparently the meaning is that he had no family with Shah -Jahan's army, and so could not be deterred from leaving Shah Jahan -through fear of their fate. See below, the reference to S. Salabat's -arrangements about his family. - -[627] This couplet comes from Nizami's Khusrau u Shirin, and is quoted -by Babur. - -[628] See Ja`far Sharif's Qanun-i-Islam. App., p. xxiv. - -[629] Dhamin, python (?). - -[630] See Blochmann, 60. - -[631] Daughter of Nur Jahan. - -[632] Blochmann, p. 311, calls her Arzani Begam. The Iqbal-nama (306) -calls her Lardili Begam. A MS. of the Iqbal-nama in my possession -calls her Wali Begam. She was born on September 4, 1623. - -[633] The holy man formerly mentioned. - -[634] He had been captured in Gujarat when Safi K. defeated `Abdu-llah. - -[635] The author of the dictionary. - -[636] See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, III. 382. His wife was the sister of Ahmad -Beg, the brother's son of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang. But if so would she not -be the daughter of Sharif and niece of Nur Jahan? See Blochmann, 512. - -[637] I.O. MS., 381, and the Iqbal-nama mention the wife. - -[638] Mahram sakht, "made him one who could enter the Harem." - -[639] The text wrongly has ba-chand instead of ba-jambid. - -[640] Daughters of the Bier--i.e., the constellation of the Plough. - -[641] Shash-dar is the name of an impasse in the game of nard. - -[642] The Muhammad Beg of Roe? - -[643] Jarrett, II. 239. - -[644] 1 Safar, 1033 = November 14, 1623. - -[645] Jerdon states that the black partridge is called ghaghar about -Benares. - -[646] Probably Rahimabad in the Bari Du-ab. Jarrett, II. 332. - -[647] Dara` or zara`, yards? The text gives his weight as 20 1/2, -but bist must be a mistake for hasht. - -[648] He was a eunuch, and originally had the name of I`tibar -K. He received the title of Mumtaz K. in this year. Tuzuk, 359. See -Blochmann, 433. - -[649] Az qadiman u babariyan (properly bairiyan). - -[650] Ganwaran u muzari`an. - -[651] Text ba shukr u shukuh, but the Iqbal-nama, 213, has ba-shakwa, -"with complaints," and this must be correct. `Abdu-llah indulged -in abuse of his lord and master, khuda u khudawand-i-khwish--i.e., -Jahangir. - -[652] Cf. Iqbal-nama, 213-214. - -[653] A proverbial expression. It is quoted by Nizamu-d-din in the -Tabaqat. - -[654] `Ali Ray was ruler of Little Tibet (Baltistan). Jahangir had -married his daughter. Blochmann, 310, and Akbar-nama, III. 603. The -marriage took place in A.H. 1000 (1592). - -[655] That is, Lashkari. - -[656] Hadi was Harunu-r-Rashid's elder brother. - -[657] Text mulka. Perhaps the word may be malka-i-an, "possession of -it"--i.e., possession of such knowledge. The MSS. have an after malka. - -[658] Text hanaq. But the MSS. have merely haqq, and it is said in -the dictionaries that there is a bird called the haqq. - -[659] This corrects a previous statement to the effect that the black -and red bustards were two species. - -[660] The MSS. have either barin or parin. I cannot find the name in -the dictionaries, but my friend Sir K. C. Gupta suggests that the word -may be bans (Labeo calbasa). This fish is also a carp, and resembles -the rohu (L. rohita), but is smaller. It may also be the catla. - -[661] Ba-rism-i-hajabat. - -[662] Dewalgaon is about 60 miles S. of Burhanpur, Elliot, VII. 11. - -[663] Or, perhaps, they might be sure he was coming shortly. - -[664] Lal Bagh was on the outskirts of Burhanpur. Though the rainy -season is spoken of, the date Farwardin is in March. - -[665] Perhaps the meaning is that Mahabat had imprisoned `Arif, the son -of the Zahid whom Jahangir had condemned to death, for in the 18th year -Jahangir speaks of Zahid as a rebel. But the sentence is not clear. - -[666] Elliot, VI. 390. It seems probable that this is the place -mentioned in the Ma'asiru-l-umara, I. 410, in the biography of Baqir -K. Najm Sani, and also in the Padishah-nama, I. 333. It is called -there "the Pass of Chhatar Diwar," and is described as the boundary -between Orissa and Telingana, and is two koss from Khairapara. One -Mansur, a servant of Qutbu-l-mulk, had built a fort there, and called -it Mansur-garh. - -[667] Bulbuli. I had supposed this to be Pipli, but the latter place -is in the Balasore district, and nearer Bengal than Cuttack. Curiously -enough Pipli or Pippli is not given in the I.G. new ed., though it is -given as Pippli in the old. There is also a Pipli in the Puri district -(I.G., new ed., XX. 404). In the Ma'asiru-l-umara, I. 137 and 194, in -the biographies of Ibrahim Fath K. and Ahmad Beg, the place is taken to -be Pipli. It is also Pipli in the Iqbal-nama, 217, where also Cuttack -is described as being 12 koss off, towards Bengal. The maps show a -Pipalgaon between Puri and Cuttack, and about 30 m. from the latter -place. A Pipli in the Puri district is mentioned in the I.G., new ed. - -[668] Text isti`dad, but the true reading is istib`ad. Istib`ad namuda, -"regarded the thing as at a distance," or "was surprised." The -I.O. MSS. end here, their last words being "Till at length there -came a conciliatory letter from La`natu-llah (`Abdu-llah)." The -R.A.S. MS. continues with Muhammad Hadi's supplement. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of -Jahangir (volume 2 of 2), by Alexander Roger and Henry Beveridge and Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI *** - -***** This file should be named 53716-8.txt or 53716-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/7/1/53716/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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text-align:right; -} -.xd24e5386 -{ -width:30%; -} -.xd24e123width -{ -width:480px; -} -.xd24e1961 -{ -text-align:right; -} -.xd24e2200 -{ -text-indent:0em; -} -.xd24e5381 -{ -font-size:small; -} -@media handheld -{ -} -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir -(volume 2 of 2), by Alexander Roger and Henry Beveridge and Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir (volume 2 of 2) - -Author: Alexander Roger - Henry Beveridge - Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -Release Date: December 11, 2016 [EBook #53716] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first"></p> -<div class="figure xd24e123width"><img src="images/new-cover.jpg" alt= -"Newly Designed Front Cover." width="480" height="720"></div> -<p class="par"></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="titlePage"> -<div class="docTitle"> -<div class="mainTitle">The<br> -Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī</div> -<div class="subTitle">Or<br> -Memoirs of Jahāngīr</div> -</div> -<div class="byline"><i>Translated by</i><br> -<span class="docAuthor">Alexander Rogers</span><br> -I.C.S. (Retired)<br> -<i>Edited by</i><br> -<span class="docAuthor">Henry Beveridge</span><br> -I.C.S. (Retired)</div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd24e158" href="#xd24e158" name= -"xd24e158">v</a>]</span></p> -<div class="div1 preface"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">Preface</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">After an interval of about five years, the second -volume of Mr. Alexander Rogers’ translation of -Jahāngīr’s Memoirs has been published by the Royal -Asiatic Society. It is a smaller work than the first volume, for it -only extends over six years of the reign, as against the twelve years -of its predecessor. Even then it does not include the whole of the -reign, for that lasted twenty-two years. The two volumes, however, -contain all that Jahāngīr wrote or supervised. It will be -found, I think, that the present volume is fully as interesting as its -predecessor. The accounts of the Zodiacal coinage (pp. 6 and 7), and of -the comet, or new star (p. 48), the notice of the Plague in Agra (pp. -65–67), and the elaborate description of Kashmīr, under the -chronicle of the 15th year, are valuable, and a word should be said for -the pretty story of the King and the Gardener’s daughter (p. 50), -and for the allusions to painters and pictures.</p> -<p class="par">If Bābur, who was the founder of the Moghul Empire -in India, was the Cæsar of the East, and if the many-sided Akbar -was an epitome of all the great Emperors, including Augustus, Trajan, -Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Julian, and Justinian. Jahāngīr was -certainly of the type of the Emperor Claudius, and so bore a close -resemblance to our James I. All three were weak men, and under the -influence of their favourites, and all three were literary, and at -least two of them were fond of dabbling in theology. All three were in -their wrong places as rulers. Had James I. (and VI. of Scotland) been, -as he half wished, the Keeper of the Bodleian, and Jahāngīr -been head of a Natural History Museum, they would have been better and -happier men. Jahāngīr’s best <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="xd24e166" href="#xd24e166" name= -"xd24e166">vi</a>]</span>points were his love of nature and powers of -observation, and his desire to do justice. Unfortunately, the last of -these merits was vitiated by a propensity for excessive and recondite -punishments. Like his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, he -was addicted to drugs and alcohol, and he shortened his life in this -way. He made no addition to the imperial territories, but, on the -contrary, diminished them by losing Qandahar to the Persians. But -possibly his peaceful temper, or his laziness, was an advantage, for it -saved much bloodshed. His greatest fault as a king was his subservience -to his wife, Nūr-Jahān, and the consequent quarrel with his -son, Shah Jahan, who was the ablest and best of his male children. The -last years of his reign were especially melancholy, for he suffered -from asthma and other diseases; and he had to endure the ignominy of -being for a while a captive to one of his own -servants—Mahābat K͟hān. He died on the borders of -Kashmir, when on his way to Lahore, in October, 1627, in the -fifty-ninth year of his age, and was buried at Shāhdara, near -Lahore, where his widow, Nūr-Jahān, and her brother are also -interred. At the time of his death his son Shah Jahan was at Junair in -the Deccan, and there the news was conveyed in a wonderfully short time -by a Hindu courier. Jahāngīr was succeeded by Shah Jahan, who -lost no time in getting rid of his relatives, for, like the Turk, he -bore no kinsman near the throne. Indeed, he is strongly suspected of -having killed his elder brother, K͟husrau, several years -before.</p> -<p class="par">I am indebted to Mr. Ellis, of the India Office, for -revising the proofs.</p> -<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">NOTE.</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">In the Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Library of -Trinity College, Dublin, p. 416, mention is made of a history of -Hindustan during the reign of Jahāngīr, in two volumes, with -paintings (Ouseley MSS.). I have recently ascertained that the MS. is -only a modern copy of the Iqbāl-nāma.</p> -<p class="par signed">H. Beveridge. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"xd24e177" href="#xd24e177" name="xd24e177">vii</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="toc" class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">Contents</h2> -<table class="tocList"> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">Page</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#yr13" id="xd24e188" name= -"xd24e188">The Thirteenth New Year’s Feast</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#yr14" id="xd24e195" name= -"xd24e195">The Fourteenth New Year’s Feast from the Auspicious -Accession</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">78</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#yr15" id="xd24e202" name= -"xd24e202">The Fifteenth New Year’s Feast after the Auspicious -Accession</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">130</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#yr16" id="xd24e209" name= -"xd24e209">The Sixteenth New Year’s Feast after the Auspicious -Accession</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">199</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#yr17" id="xd24e216" name= -"xd24e216">The Seventeenth New Year’s Feast after the Auspicious -Accession</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum"><span class="corr" id="xd24e220" title= -"Source: 203">230</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#yr18" id="xd24e224" name= -"xd24e224">The Eighteenth New Year’s Feast after the Auspicious -Accession</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">253</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#yr19" id="xd24e231" name= -"xd24e231">The Nineteenth New Year’s Feast after the Auspicious -Accession</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">294</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="tocDivNum"></td> -<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#index" id="xd24e238" -name="xd24e238">Index</a></td> -<td class="tocPageNum">301</td> -</tr> -</table> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb1" href="#pb1" name= -"pb1">1</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="body"> -<div id="yr13" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e188">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The Thirteenth New Year’s Feast</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">On the eve of Wednesday, the 23rd -Rabīʿu-l-awwal, 1027 (March 10, 1618), after the lapse of -fourteen and a half <i>gharīs</i>, the entrance of the -Sun—that is, H.M. the Great Light—the Benefactor of the -Universe, into the constellation of the Ram, took place. Twelve years -had now passed from the august Accession of this suppliant at the -throne of God, in prosperity, and the New Year began in joy and -thanksgiving. On Thursday, 2 Farwardīn, Divine month, the festival -of my Lunar weighment took place, and the fifty-first<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e253src" href="#xd24e253" name="xd24e253src">1</a> year of the -age of this suppliant at God’s throne began with rejoicings. I -trust that my life will be spent in the doing of God’s Will, and -that not a breath of it will pass without remembering Him. After the -weighment had been finished, a fresh feast of joy was arranged, and my -domestic servants celebrated the day with brimming cups.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Āṣaf K. -(Nūr-Jahān’s brother), who held the rank of 5,000 with -3,000 horse, was favoured by the grant of 4,000 two-horsed and -three-horsed troopers, and S̤ābit K. was raised to the office -of Examiner of Petitions. I bestowed the post of the Artillery on -Muʿtamid K. A Kachh (Cutch) horse had been brought as an offering -by the son of Dilāwar K. No horse so good as this had come into my -establishment till I encamped in Gujarat, and as M. Rustam showed a -great liking for it, I presented it to him. On the Jām were -conferred four rings—viz., diamond, ruby, emerald, and -sapphire<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb2" href="#pb2" name= -"pb2">2</a>]</span>—and two hawks. I also gave four -rings—viz., ruby, cat’s-eye, emerald, and sapphire—to -Raja Lachmī Narāyan (of Kūch Bihār). Muruwwat K. -had sent three elephants from Bengal, and two of them were included in -my private stud. On the eve of Friday I ordered lamps to be placed -round the tank, and this had a very good appearance. On Sunday -Ḥājī Rafīq came from ʿIrāq, and had the -good fortune to kiss the threshold, and laid before me a letter which -my brother S͟hāh ʿAbbās had sent with him. The -aforesaid person is a slave of Mīr Muḥammad Amīn K., -the caravan leader, and the Mīr had brought him up from his -childhood. In truth, he is an excellent servant. He frequently visited -ʿIrāq, and became intimate with my brother S͟hāh -ʿAbbās. This time he had brought tipchāq<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e263src" href="#xd24e263" name="xd24e263src">2</a> -horses and fine cloth-stuffs, such that of the horses some were put -into the private stables. As he is a skilful slave, and a servant -worthy of favour, I honoured him with the title of -<i>Maliku-t-tujjār</i> (King of Merchants). On Monday I gave Raja -Lachmī Narāyan a special sword, a jewelled rosary, and four -pearls for ear-rings. On <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> (Thursday) I -increased by 500 horse the manṣab of 5,000 personal and 1,000 -horse held by Mīrzā Rustam; Iʿtiqād K. was promoted -to a manṣab of 4,000 and 1,000 horse; Sarfarāz K. was -promoted to a manṣab of 2,500 and 1,400 horse; Muʿtamid K. -to the rank of 1,000 with 350 horse. On Anīrāʾī -Singh-dalan and Fidāʾī K., horses worth 100 -<i>muhars</i> were conferred. As the guarding and administration of the -Punjab had been entrusted to Iʿtimādu-d-daula, I, at his -request, promoted to the government (ḥukūmat) of the said -Ṣubah, Mīr Qāsim, the Bak͟hs͟hī of the -Aḥadīs, who is related to him, and bestowed on him a -manṣab of 1,000 personal with 400 horse and the title of -Qāsim K. Before this I had given Raja Lachmī Narāyan an -ʿIrāq horse. On this day I conferred on him an elephant and a -Turkī horse, and gave him leave to go to Bengal. The Jām was -dismissed to his native country with a present of a jewelled -waist-sword, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" name= -"pb3">3</a>]</span>a jewelled rosary, two horses, one from -ʿIrāq and the other a Turkī, and a dress of honour. -Ṣāliḥ, brother’s son of the deceased -Āṣaf K͟hān,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e281src" -href="#xd24e281" name="xd24e281src">3</a> was promoted to a -manṣab of 1,000 with 300 horse, and allowed to go to Bengal, and -a horse was conferred on him. On this date Mīr Jumla<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e284src" href="#xd24e284" name="xd24e284src">4</a> -came from Persia, and had the good fortune to pay his respects. The -aforesaid is one of the respectable Sayyids of Isfahan and his family -have always been held in honour in Persia, and now his brother’s -son, Mīr Riẓā, is in the service of my brother, -S͟hāh ʿAbbās, and has the rank of Ṣadr, and -the Shah has married him to his own daughter. Mīr Jumla had left -Persia fourteen years before this, and gone to Golconda to -Muḥammad Qulī Qut̤bu-l-mulk. His name is Muḥammad -Amīn. Qut̤bu-l-mulk gave him the title of Mīr Jumla. For -ten years he had been his <i>Mudār ʿAlaihi</i> (Centre of -Affairs) and his <i>Ṣāḥib Sāmān</i> -(factotum). After Qut̤bu-l-mulk died, and the rule came to his -brother’s son, the latter did not treat the Mīr properly, -and so he took leave and hastened to his native country. The Shah, on -account of his connection with Mīr Riẓā, and the -respect which he had for men<a class="noteref" id="xd24e293src" href= -"#xd24e293" name="xd24e293src">5</a> of merit, showed much -consideration for and kindness to him. He (the Mīr) also presented -fitting offerings, and passed three or four years in Persia, and -amassed properties (estates?).<a class="noteref" id="xd24e297src" href= -"#xd24e297" name="xd24e297src">6</a> As he several times represented -that he wished to enter the service of this Court, I sent a farmān -and invited him. Immediately the farmān arrived he severed his -connections there, and set the face of loyalty towards this Court. This -day he attained the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" -name="pb4">4</a>]</span>honour of kissing the carpet, and produced as -offering twelve horses, nine <i>tuqūz</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e304src" href="#xd24e304" name="xd24e304src">7</a> of silk cloths, -and two rings. As he had come with devotion and sincerity, I conferred -favours and kindness on him, and presented him with 20,000 <i>darbs</i> -(Rs. 10,000) for his expenses and a dress of honour. On the same day I -gave the post of Bak͟hs͟hī of the Aḥadīs to -ʿInāyat K. in place of Qāsim K. I honoured -K͟hwāja ʿĀqil, who is one of the old servants, with -the title of ʿĀqil K., and presented him with a horse. On -Friday, Dilāwar K., coming from the Deccan, had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold, and presented an offering of 100 <i>muhars</i> -and Rs. 1,000. Bāqir K., Faujdār of Multan, was promoted to a -manṣab of 800 personal and 300 horse. Tijārat K. and -Bāhūʾī,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e314src" href= -"#xd24e314" name="xd24e314src">8</a> Zamindar of Multan, were honoured -with the gift of elephants. On Saturday, the 11th, marching from -Doḥad with the intention of hunting elephants, I pitched at the -village of Kara Bāra (Garbara ?). On Sunday, the 12th, the village -of Sajāra (Sajwara ?) became the place of alighting. It is 8 -<i>koss</i> from this place to Doḥad, and 1½ <i>koss</i> -to the hunting-ground. On the morning of Monday, the 13th, I went to -hunt elephants with a body of my private servants. As the grazing-place -of the elephants is in a hilly country, with elevations and -depressions, a passage is obtained with difficulty by one on foot. -Before this, a large body of horse and foot had surrounded the jungle -after the manner of a <i>qamurg͟ha</i>, and outside the jungle, on -a tree, they had prepared a wooden platform for me. On all sides of -this they had arranged seats on other trees for the Amirs. They had got -ready 200 male elephants with strong nooses, and many female elephants. -On each elephant there were seated two elephant-drivers of the tribe of -<i>Jarga</i>,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e329src" href="#xd24e329" name= -"xd24e329src">9</a> whose special employment <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5" name="pb5">5</a>]</span>is the -hunting of elephants, and it had been arranged that they should bring -the wild elephants from the jungle into my presence, that I might -witness the hunt. It happened that at the time when the men from all -sides entered the jungle, in consequence of the thickness of the forest -and the heights and hollows, the chain was broken, and the order of the -<i>qamurg͟ha</i> did not remain perfect. The wild elephants in -bewilderment turned in every direction, but twelve male and female came -to this side (where J. was). As the fear was that they might escape, -they drove in the tame elephants and tied them (the wild elephants) up -wherever they found them. Although many elephants were not caught, at -least two excellent ones were captured, very handsome in shape, of good -breed, and perfect marks. As there is a hill in the jungle in which the -elephants were, called Rākas (Rākshas) Pahār,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e338src" href="#xd24e338" name="xd24e338src">10</a> -or demon hill, I called these two elephants Rāvan Sar and -Pāvan Sar, these being the names of two demons. On Tuesday, the -14th, and Kam-s͟hamba (Wednesday), the 15th, I halted.</p> -<p class="par">On the eve of Thursday, the 16th, I marched, and halted -at the stage of Kara Bāra. Ḥakīm Beg,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e343src" href="#xd24e343" name="xd24e343src">11</a> who is one -of the household of the Court, was honoured with the title of -Ḥakīm K., and a sum of Rs. 3,000 was given to Sangrām, -a Zamindar of the hill country of the Panjab. As the heat was very -great, and marching by day was to be avoided, I marched by night. On -Saturday, the 18th, a halt was made in the parganah of Doḥad. On -Sunday, the 19th, the sun that bestows favour on the world attained the -highest point in the constellation of Aries. On this day a great -entertainment was held, and I sat on the throne. I promoted -S͟hāh-nawāz K., who held a manṣab of 5,000, with -the favour of 2,000 horse, of two and three horses. K͟hwāja -Abū-l-Ḥasan, the Chief Bak͟hs͟hī, was given a -mansab, original and increased, of 4,000 with 2,000 horse. As Ahmad Beg -K., of Kabul, who <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6" name= -"pb6">6</a>]</span>had obtained the governorship of Kashmir, had -promised that he would conquer in the space of two years Tibet and -Kis͟htwār, and the promised time had elapsed, and he had not -fulfilled this service, I removed him, and promoted Dilāwar K. -Kākar to the Government of Kashmir. I gave him a dress of honour -and an elephant, and sent him off. He also made a promise in writing -that in the course of two years he would conquer Tibet and -Kis͟htwār. Badīʾu-z-Zamān, s. -S͟hāhruk͟h M. came from the jagir he held in -Sult̤ānpūr, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. Having at this time honoured Qāsim K. with a jewelled -dagger and an elephant, I dismissed him to the Government of the -Punjab.</p> -<p class="par">On the night of Tuesday, the 21st, I marched from the -stage mentioned, and turned the reins of the army of prosperity towards -Aḥmadābād. As in consequence of the great heat and the -corruption of the air I would have had to undergo much hardship, and -would have had to traverse a long distance before reaching Agra, it -occurred to me not to proceed at this hot season to the capital. As I -heard much praise of the rainy season in Gujarat, and there was no -report about the evil reputation of Aḥmadābād (see -<i>infra</i> for account of epidemic there), I finally conceived the -idea of remaining there. Inasmuch as the protection and guardianship of -God (to Him be praise) was in all places and at all times extended to -this suppliant, just at this crisis news arrived that signs of the -plague (<i>wabā</i>) had shown themselves again at Agra, and many -people were dying, my intention of not going to Agra, which had thrown -its rays on my mind through Divine inspiration, was confirmed. The -entertainment of Thursday, the 23rd, was held at the station of -Jalod.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e356src" href="#xd24e356" name= -"xd24e356src">12</a></p> -<p class="par">Previously to this, the rule of coinage was that on one -face of the metal they stamped my name, and on the reverse the name of -the place, and the month and year of the reign. At this time it entered -my mind that in place of the month they should substitute the figure of -the constellation which belonged to that month; for instance, in the -month of Farwardīn <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7" -name="pb7">7</a>]</span>the figure of a ram, and in -Urdībihis͟ht the figure of a bull. Similarly, in each month -that a coin was struck, the figure of the constellation was to be on -one face, as if the sun were emerging from it. This usage is my own, -and has never been practised until now.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e363src" href="#xd24e363" name="xd24e363src">13</a></p> -<p class="par">On this day Iʿtiqād K. was promoted to the -dignity of a standard, and a standard was also conferred on Muruwwat -K., who was attached to Bengal. On the night of Monday,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e368src" href="#xd24e368" name="xd24e368src">14</a> -the 27th, the camp was pitched in the village of Badrwāla, in the -parganah of Sahra.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e371src" href="#xd24e371" -name="xd24e371src">15</a> At this stage was heard the voice of the koel -(<i>koyal</i>). The koel is a bird of the crow tribe, but smaller. The -crow’s eyes are black, and those of the koel red. The female has -white spots, but the male is all black. The male has a very pleasant -voice, quite unlike that of the female. It is in reality the -nightingale of India. Just as the nightingale is agitated and noisy in -the spring, so is the cry of the koel at the approach of the rainy -season, which is the spring of Hindustan. Its cry is exceedingly -pleasant and penetrating, and the bird begins its exhilaration -(<i>mastī</i>) when the mangoes ripen. It frequently sits on the -mango-trees, and is delighted with the colour and scent of the mango. A -strange thing about the koel is that it does not bring up its young -from the egg, but, finding the nest of the crow unguarded at the time -of laying, it breaks the crow’s eggs with its beak, throws them -out, and lays its own in the place of them, and flies off. The crow, -thinking the eggs its own, hatches the young and brings them up. I have -myself seen this strange affair at Allahabad.</p> -<p class="par">On the night of <i>Kams͟hamba</i> (Wednesday), the -29th, the camp was on the bank of the Māhī, and the -entertainment of <i>Mubāraks͟hamba</i> was held there. Two -springs appeared on the bank of the Māhī, that had very clear -water, so much so that if a poppy-seed fell into them the whole of it -was visible. All that day I passed with the ladies. As it was a -pleasant <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" name= -"pb8">8</a>]</span>place to walk about in, I ordered them to build a -raised seat round each of the springs. On Friday I fished in the -Māhī, and large fish with scales fell into the net. I first -told my son, S͟hāh-Jahān, to try his sword on them. -After this I ordered the Amīrs to strike them with the swords they -had in their belts. My son’s sword cut better than all of theirs. -These fish were divided among the servants who were present. On the eve -of Saturday, the 1st of Urdībihis͟ht, marching from the -above-mentioned stage, I ordered<a class="noteref" id="xd24e390src" -href="#xd24e390" name="xd24e390src">16</a> the mace-bearers -(<i>yasāwulān</i>) and <i>tawāchiyān</i> to collect -the widows and poor people from the villages on the road and near it, -and bring them before me, so that I might bestow charity on them with -my own hand, which would be an occupation, and the helpless ones might -also find grace. What better occupation could there be than this? On -Monday, the 3rd, S͟hajāʿat K. ʿArab, and Himmat K., -and other servants who belonged to the Deccan and Gujarat, had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold. The holy men and the possessors of -blessing (faqīrs, etc.) who lived at Ahmadabad paid their respects -to me. On Tuesday, the 4th, the bank of the river at -Maḥmūdābād became the alighting place. Rustam K., -whom my son, S͟hāh-Jahān, had left in the Government of -Gujarat, was honoured by paying his respects. The entertainment of -Thursday, the 6th, was held on the bank of the Kānkrīya tank. -Nāhir K., according to order, came from the Deccan and raised the -head of honour with the good fortune of prostrating himself before -me.</p> -<p class="par">A diamond ring was presented to my son, -S͟hāh-Jahān, as part of the offering of -Qut̤bu-l-mulk. It was of the value of 1,000 muhars, and on it -there appeared three letters of equal size and of good form, such that -they made the word Lillahi (for God). This diamond had been sent, as it -was reckoned one of the marvels of the world. In fact, veins and -scratches are flaws in precious stones, but it was generally thought -that the marks on this one were fabricated. Moreover, the diamond did -not come from any celebrated mine. As my son, -S͟hāh-Jahān, wished that it should be sent to my -brother, S͟hāh <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" -name="pb9">9</a>]</span>ʿAbbās, as a souvenir of the conquest -of the Deccan it was sent to the Shah along with other gifts.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e407src" href="#xd24e407" name= -"xd24e407src">17</a></p> -<p class="par">On this day I presented Brikha Rāy -<i>bād-farūs͟h</i> (panegyrist) with Rs. 1,000. He is a -Gujarātī by origin, and is fully versed in the chronicles and -circumstances of that country. His name was -Būnṭā—that is, a sapling (<i>nihāl</i>). It -seemed to me that it was anomalous to call an old man -Būnṭā, especially now that he had become verdant -(<i>sar-sabz</i>) and fruit-bearing through the irrigation -(<i>saḥāb</i>, literally, cloud, or mirage) of our kindness. -I therefore ordered that henceforth he should be called Brikha -Rāy. Brikha means “tree” in Hindī. On Friday, the -7th of the aforesaid month, corresponding with the 1st -Jumāda-l-awwal, at a chosen propitious hour, I entered the city of -Ahmadabad with all enjoyment. At the time of mounting, my son of -prosperous fortune, S͟hāh-Jahān, had brought 20,000 -<i>charan</i>, or Rs. 5,000, for the <i>nis̤ār</i> -(scattering), and I scattered them as I hastened to the palace. When I -alighted there he laid before me by way of an offering a jewelled -<i>ṭurra</i> (aigrette) of the value of Rs. 25,000, and those of -his officers whom he had left in this Subah also presented offerings. -They altogether amounted to nearly Rs. 40,000. As it was represented to -me that K͟hwāja Beg Mīrzā Ṣafawī had -reached the neighbourhood of the forgiveness of God—<i>i.e.</i>, -had died—at Aḥmadnagar, I promoted to a mansab of 2,000 -personal and horse, original and increased, K͟hanjar K., whom he -had adopted as his son, and, indeed, held dearer than a son of his -loins, and who was in truth, an intelligent, ambitious youth, and a -servant worthy of patronage, and entrusted him with the charge of the -fort of Ahmadnagar. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" -name="pb10">10</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">In these days, in consequence of the great heat and the -corruption of the air, sickness had broken out among the people, and of -those in the city and the camp there were few who for two or three days -had not been ill. Inflammatory fever or pains in the limbs attacked -them, and in the course of two or three days they became exceedingly -ill—so much so that even after recovery they remained for a long -time weak and languid. They mostly at last recovered, so that but few -were in danger of their lives. I heard from old men who resided in this -country that thirty years before this the same kind of fever prevailed, -and passed away happily. Anyhow, there appeared some deterioration in -the climate of Gujarat, and I much regretted having come here. I trust -that the great and glorious God, in His mercy and grace, will lift up -this burden, which is a source of uneasiness to my mind, from off the -people. On <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> (Thursday), the 13th, -Badīʿu-z-zamān, s. Mīrzā -S͟hāhruk͟h, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal -and horse, and presented with a standard, and appointed faujdār of -Sarkār Paṭan. Sayyid Niẓām, faujdār of -Sarkār Lucknow, was raised to the manṣab of 1,000 personal -and 700 horse. The manṣab of ʿAlī Qulī Darman, who -was attached to the province of Qandahar, at the request of -Bahādur K., the governor thereof, was ordered to be 1,000 personal -and 700 horse. Sayyid Hizbar K. Bārha was dignified with the -manṣab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. I promoted Zabardast K. -to the rank of 800 personal and 350 horse. On this day Qāsim -K͟hwāja of Dihbīd<a class="noteref" id="xd24e462src" -href="#xd24e462" name="xd24e462src">18</a> had sent from -Mā-warāʾa-n-nahr (Transoxiana) by the hand of one of his -tribesmen by way of supplication five <i>tūyg͟hūn</i> -(white) falcons. One died on the road, and four arrived at Ujjain in -safety. I ordered them to hand over the sum of Rs. 5,000 to someone -among them, that he might purchase and take with him whatever things -would be agreeable to the K͟hwāja, and gave a reward of Rs. -1,000 to himself. At this time K͟hān ʿĀlam, who had -been sent as ambassador to the ruler of Persia, sent an -<i>ās͟hyānī</i> falcon (bird from the nest), which -in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11" name= -"pb11">11</a>]</span>the Persian language they call -<i>ukna</i>.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e477src" href="#xd24e477" name= -"xd24e477src">19</a> Outwardly one cannot distinguish between these and -<i>bāz dāmī</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e487src" href= -"#xd24e487" name="xd24e487src">20</a> falcons by any particular mark, -but after they have been flown the difference is clear. On Thursday, -the 20th, Mīr Abū-ṣ-Ṣāliḥ, a relation -(? son-in-law) of the deceased Mīrzā Yūsuf K., came from -the Deccan by order, and enjoyed the good fortune of kissing the -threshold. He presented as an offering 100 <i>muhars</i><a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e497src" href="#xd24e497" name="xd24e497src">21</a> -and a jewelled plume (<i>kalgī</i>). Mīrzā Yūsuf -K.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e504src" href="#xd24e504" name= -"xd24e504src">22</a> was one of the Riẓawī Sayyids of -Mashhad, and his family was always held in great honour in Khurasan, -and just now my brother S͟hāh ʿAbbās has given his -daughter in marriage to the younger brother of the aforesaid -Abū-ṣ-Ṣāliḥ. His father, Mīrzā -Atag͟h,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e507src" href="#xd24e507" name= -"xd24e507src">23</a> was the head of the attendants of the mausoleum of -Riẓā, the 8th Imām. Mīrzā Yūsuf -K͟hān, by means of the patronage of H.M. (Akbar), had risen -to nobility, and attained to the manṣab of 5,000. Without doubt -he was a good Mīr, and held his many servants in good order. A -number of relations gathered round him. He died<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e510src" href="#xd24e510" name="xd24e510src">24</a> in the Deccan. -Although he left many sons, who obtained favours in consideration of -former services, special attention was paid to the development of his -eldest son. In a short time I advanced him to the rank of nobility. -Certainly there is a great difference between him and his father.</p> -<p class="par">On <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> (Thursday), the -27th, I presented Ḥakīm Masīḥu-z-zamān with -20,000 <i>darbs</i> (8 anna pieces), and to Ḥakīm -Rūḥu-llah 100 <i>muhars</i> and Rs. 1,000. As he had -thoroughly diagnosed my constitution, he perceived that the climate of -Gujarat was very inimical to it. He said: “As soon as you -moderate your habit of taking wine and opium, <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12" name="pb12">12</a>]</span>all -these troubles of yours will disappear.” Indeed, when I in one -day diminished (the quantity I took of) both of them, there was a great -gain on that first day. On <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> (Thursday), -the 3rd K͟hūrdād, Qizilbās͟h K. was promoted -to the manṣab, original and increased, of 1,500 personal and -1,200 horse. A report was received from Gajpat K., superintendent of -the elephant stables, and Balūch K., chief huntsman -(<i>Qarāwul Beg</i>), that up to this time sixty-nine elephants, -male and female, had been caught. Whatever took place after this would -be reported. I ordered them to beware not to take old or small -elephants; but with this exception they should catch all they saw, male -or female. On Monday, the 14th,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e534src" -href="#xd24e534" name="xd24e534src">25</a> the sum of Rs. 2,000 was -presented for S͟hāh ʿĀlam’s anniversary, to -Sayyid Muḥammad, his representative. A special Kachh horse, one -of the good horses of the Jām which had been presented to me, was -given to Rāja Bīr Singh Deo. I made a present of Rs. 1,000 to -Balūch K., the chief huntsman, who is engaged in capturing -elephants. On Tuesday, 15th, I found I had a severe headache, which at -last ended in fever. At night I did not drink my usual number of cups, -and after midnight crop-sickness<a class="noteref" id="xd24e537src" -href="#xd24e537" name="xd24e537src">26</a> was added to my fever, and -till morning I rolled about on my couch. On Wednesday, the 16th, at the -end of the day, the fever diminished, and, after asking the advice of -my doctors, I took my usual number of cups on the third night. Although -they urged me to take some broth of pulse and rice, I could not make up -my mind to do so. Since I arrived at the age of discretion, I never -remember having taken <i>būg͟hān</i><a class="noteref" -id="xd24e548src" href="#xd24e548" name="xd24e548src">27</a> broth, and -hope that I may not want it in future. When they brought food for me -this day, I had no inclination for it. In short, for three days and two -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13" name= -"pb13">13</a>]</span>nights I remained fasting. Though I had fever for -a day and a night, and my weakness was such that it appeared as if I -had been confined to bed for a long time, I had no appetite left, and -had no inclination towards food.</p> -<p class="par">I<a class="noteref" id="xd24e561src" href="#xd24e561" -name="xd24e561src">28</a> am amazed to think what pleasure or goodness -the founder of this city could have seen in a spot so devoid of the -favour (of God) as to build a city on it. After him, others, too, have -passed their lives in precious trouble in this dustbin. Its air is -poisonous, and its soil has little water, and is of sand and dust, as -has already<a class="noteref" id="xd24e564src" href="#xd24e564" name= -"xd24e564src">29</a> been described. Its water is very bad and -unpalatable, and the river, which is by the side of the city, is always -dry except in the rainy season. Its wells are mostly salt and bitter, -and the tanks in the neighbourhood of the city have become like -buttermilk from washermen’s soap. The upper classes who have some -property have made reservoirs in their houses, which they fill with -rainwater in the rainy season, and they drink that water until the next -year. The evils of water to which the air never penetrates, and which -has no way for the vapour to come out by, are evident. Outside the -city, in place of green grass and flowers, all is an open plain full of -thorn-brakes (<i>zaqqūm</i>), and as for the breeze that blows off -the thorns, its excellence is known:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“<a class="noteref" id="xd24e573src" href= -"#xd24e573" name="xd24e573src">30</a>O thou, compendium of goodness, by -which of thy names shall I call thee?</p> -<p class="line">I had already called Aḥmadābād -Gardābād (the abode of dust).”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Now, I do not know whether to call it -<i>Samūmistān</i> (the place of the samūm or simoom) or -Bīmāristān (abode of sickness), or Zaqqūm-zār -(the thorn-bed), or Jahannamābād (the house of Hell), for it -contains all these varieties. If the rainy season had not prevented me, -I would not have delayed one day in this abode of trouble, but, like -Solomon, would have seated myself on the throne of the wind, and -hastened out, and released the people of God from this pain and -trouble. As the men of this city are exceedingly weak-hearted and -wretched, in order to guard against any of the men from the camp -entering their houses with a view to oppress them, or <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" name= -"pb14">14</a>]</span>interfering with the affairs of the poor and -miserable: and lest the Qāẓī and Mīr ʿAdl -(judge) should, from fear of the face of men -(<i>rū-dīdagī</i>), temporize and not stop such -oppression, I, from the date on which I entered the city, -notwithstanding the heat of the air, every day, after completing the -midday prayer, went and sat in the <i>Jharoka</i>. It was towards the -river, and had no impediment in the shape of gate, or wall, or -watch-men (<i>yasāwul</i>), or <i>chobdārs</i> -(mace-bearers). For the sake of administering justice, I <span class= -"corr" id="xd24e598" title="Source: sate">sat</span> there for two or -three sidereal hours and listened to the cries for redress, and ordered -punishments on the oppressors according to their faults and crimes. -Even in the time of weakness I have gone every day to the -<i>jharoka</i>, though in great pain and sorrow, according to my fixed -custom, and have looked on ease of body as something unlawful<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e604src" href="#xd24e604" name="xd24e604src">31</a> -(<i>ḥarām</i>) for me.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“For the care of the people of God</p> -<p class="line">At night I make not mine eyes acquainted with -sleep;</p> -<p class="line">For the ease of the bodies of all</p> -<p class="line">I approve of pain for my own body.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">By the grace of Allah, it has become my habit not -to surrender the <span class="corr" id="xd24e621" title= -"Source: nycthemeron">nychthemeron</span>, for more than two or three -sidereal hours of the coin of Time, to the plundering of sleep. In this -there are two advantages—one, the knowledge of the kingdom; the -other, wakefulness of heart in calling God to mind. God forbid that -this life of a few days should pass in carelessness. As a heavy sleep -is in front, I must reckon as a gain this time of my wakefulness, which -I shall not see again in sleep, and must not be careless of -recollecting God for a single wink. “Be wakeful, for a -wondrous<a class="noteref" id="xd24e624src" href="#xd24e624" name= -"xd24e624src">32</a> sleep is ahead.” On the same day that I -contracted fever, my son S͟hāh-Jahān, who is close to my -heart, also contracted it. His attack lasted a long time, and for ten -days he could not come to pay his respects. He came on Thursday, the -24th, and waited on me, and appeared very weak and powerless, so much -so that if anyone had not explained the matter, one might have supposed -he had been ill for a month or more. I am grateful that at last all -ended <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name= -"pb15">15</a>]</span>well. On Thursday, the 31st, Mīr Jumla, who -had come from Īrān—a summary of what had happened to -him has been already written—was honoured with the mansab of -1,500 personal and 200 horse. On this day, in consequence of the -weakness I suffered from, I bestowed as alms on deserving people an -elephant, a horse, and varieties of quadrupeds, with a quantity of gold -and silver and other valuable things. Most of my servants also brought -alms according to their means. I told them that if their object was to -parade their loyalty, their proceeding was not acceptable, and if they -were acting from genuine piety there was no need for bringing their -alms into the Presence; they could secretly and personally distribute -them to the poor and needy. On <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> -(Thursday), the 7th Tīr, Divine month, Ṣādiq K. -Bak͟hs͟hī was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal -and horse, original and increased; Irādat K., the Mīr -Sāmān, to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Mīr Abū -Ṣāliḥ Riẓawī to the mansab of 2,000 and -1,000 horse, with the title of Riẓawī K͟hān, and, -being honoured with a standard and an elephant, he took leave for the -Deccan.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was represented to me that the -Commander-in-Chief, the Ātālīq -K͟hān-k͟hānān, as a sequel to the celebrated -line, “For every rose one must bear the pain of a hundred -thorns,” had written an ode, and that Mīrzā Rustam -Ṣafawī and Mīrzā Murād, his son, had also -tried their skill. An impromptu opening couplet came into my mind:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“A cup of wine should be poured<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e642src" href="#xd24e642" name="xd24e642src">33</a> on the -cheek of the <span class="corr" id="xd24e651" title= -"Source: rosebed">rosebud</span>.</p> -<p class="line">There are many clouds, much wine should be -poured.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Of those who were present at the entertainment who -had the poetic temperament each composed an ode, and presented it. It -became known that the hemistich was from Maulānā -ʿAbdu-r-Raḥmān Jāmī. I looked at the whole of -his ode (or odes). Except this hemistich, which like a proverb has -become famous over the world, he has not written anything <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16" name= -"pb16">16</a>]</span>epigrammatic. All is very simple and -smooth.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e660src" href="#xd24e660" name= -"xd24e660src">34</a> On this day arrived the news of the death of -Aḥmad Beg K., governor of Kashmir. His sons, who were of the -house-born ones of the Court, and on whose foreheads the signs of -intelligence and zeal were manifest, obtained suitable mansabs, and -were sent to do duty in the Ṣuba of Bangas͟h and Kabul. His -mansab was that of 2,500; his eldest son obtained that of 3,000 -(?),<a class="noteref" id="xd24e665src" href="#xd24e665" name= -"xd24e665src">35</a> and three other sons that of 900 each. On -Thursday, the 14th, K͟hwāja Bāqī K., who was -adorned with the high qualities of dignity, honour, generosity, and -valour, under whose rule was one of the thānas of the country of -Berār, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 horse, -original and increased, and the title of Bāqī K. Rāy -Kahnūr (Kunwar?), who was formerly Dīwān of Gujarat, was -chosen for the dīwānship of Mālwa.</p> -<p class="par">At this time the pairing of the <i>sāras</i>, which -I had never seen before, and is reported never to have been seen by -man, was witnessed by me. The <i>sāras</i> is a creature of the -crane genus, but somewhat larger.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e676src" -href="#xd24e676" name="xd24e676src">36</a> On the top of the head it -has no feathers, and the skin is drawn over the bones of the head. From -the back of the eye to six finger-breadths of the neck it is red. They -mostly live in pairs on the plains, but are occasionally seen in -flocks. People bring a pair in from the fields, and keep them in their -houses, and they become familiar with men. In fact, there was a pair of -<i>sāras</i> in my establishment to which I had given the names of -Lailā and Majnūn. One day a eunuch informed me that (the) two -had paired in his presence. I ordered that if they showed an -inclination to pair again they should inform me. At dawn he came and -told me that they were about to pair again. I immediately hastened to -look on. The female having straightened its legs bent down a little: -the male then lifted up one of its feet from the ground and placed it -on her back, and afterwards the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" -href="#pb17" name="pb17">17</a>]</span>second foot, and, immediately -seating himself on her back, paired with her. He then came down, and, -stretching out his neck, put his beak to the ground, and walked once -round the female. It is possible they may have an egg and produce a -young one. Many strange tales of the affection of the <i>sāras</i> -for its mate have been heard. The following case has been recorded -because it is very strange. Qiyām K., who is one of the -k͟hānazāds (houseborn ones) of this Court, and is well -acquainted with the arts of hunting and scouting, informed me that one -day he had gone out to hunt, and found a <i>sāras</i> sitting. -When he approached, it got up and went off. From its manner of walking -he perceived signs of weakness and pain. He went to the place where it -had been sitting, and saw some bones and a handful of feathers on which -it had been sitting. He threw a net round it, and drew himself into a -corner, and it tried to go and sit in the same place. Its foot was -caught in the net, and he went forward and seized it. It appeared -extremely light, and when he looked minutely he saw there were no -feathers on its breast and belly: its flesh and skin had separated, and -there were maggots. Moreover, there was no sign of flesh left on any of -its members: a handful of feathers and bone came into his hand. It was -clear that its mate had died, and that it had sate there from the day -it lost its companion.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“My burning heart hath melted my body with -separation’s pang;</p> -<p class="line">A soul-consuming sigh burnt me, as ’twere a -lamp.</p> -<p class="line">The day of my joy became black like the night of -grief,</p> -<p class="line">Separation from thee hath made my day like -this.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Himmat K., who is one of my best servants, and -whose word is worthy of reliance, told me that in the -Doḥad<a class="noteref" id="xd24e711src" href="#xd24e711" name= -"xd24e711src">37</a> pargana he had seen a pair of <i>sāras</i> on -the bank of a tank. One of his gunners shot one of them, and in the -same place cut off its head and stripped<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e717src" href="#xd24e717" name="xd24e717src">38</a> it of its -feathers (?). By chance we halted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb18" -href="#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span>two or three days at that place, -and its mate continually walked round it, and uttered cries and -lamentation. “My heart,” he said, “ached at its -distress, but there was no remedy for it save regret.” By chance, -twenty-five days afterwards, he passed by the same spot, and asked the -inhabitants what had become of that <i>sāras</i>. They said it -died on the same day, and there were still remains of feathers and -bones on the spot. He went there himself, and saw it was as they said. -There are many tales of this kind among the people, which it would take -too long to tell.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 16th, there came the news of the death -of Rāwat S͟hankar, who was one of those on duty in -Bihār. Mān Singh, his eldest son, was raised to the -manṣab of 2,000 personal and 600 horse: his other sons and -connections were also raised in manṣab, and were directed to obey -him. On Thursday, the 21st, the elephant Bāvan,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e729src" href="#xd24e729" name="xd24e729src">39</a> the pick of -my catch, which had been left in the pargana of Doḥad to be -tamed, was brought to Court. I ordered him to be kept near the jharoka -on the river side, that he might be constantly under my eye. In the -elephant-stables of H.M. Akbar the largest elephant I saw was Durjan -Sāl. It was long the premier elephant. Its height was 4 yards -(<i>daraʿ</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e734src" href="#xd24e734" -name="xd24e734src">40</a>), and 3½ quarters of the -<i>Ilāhī gaz</i>, which is 8 yards and 3 fingers of the -ordinary <i>gaz</i>. At present, among the elephants of my -establishment, the largest athlete is ʿĀlam-Gajrāj, -which H.M. Akbar himself had caught. It is the chief of my special -elephants. Its height is 4⅛ yards, or 7 yards and 7 -fingers<a class="noteref" id="xd24e752src" href="#xd24e752" name= -"xd24e752src">41</a> of the ordinary yard. The ordinary <i>gaz</i> has -been fixed at 24 fingers’ breadth of an average-sized man, and -the <i>Ilāhī gaz</i> is 40 fingers’ breadth.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Muz̤affar K., who had been promoted to -the Subadarship of Thatta (Sind), had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. He presented 100 <i>muhars</i> and Rs. 100 as <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name= -"pb19">19</a>]</span>naẕr, and the equivalent of Rs. 100,000 in -jewels and jewelled things. At this time news came that God Almighty -had bestowed on my son Parwīz a son<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e772src" href="#xd24e772" name="xd24e772src">42</a> by the -daughter of S͟hāh Murād, deceased. It is to be hoped -that his coming will be of good omen to this State.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 24th, Rāy Bihārī<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e777src" href="#xd24e777" name="xd24e777src">43</a> -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold: there is not a greater -Zamindar than this in the country of Gujarat. His country is close to -the sea. Bihārī and the Jām are from one stem. They were -united ten generations ago. As far as territory and forces go, the -standing of Bihārī is greater than that of the Jām. They -say that he never came to see any of the Sultans of Gujarat. -Sult̤ān Maḥmūd had sent an army against him, but -in the fight the army of Maḥmūd was defeated. At the time -when K͟hān Aʿz̤am went to conquer the fort of -Jūnāgaṛh in the country of Sūrat, Nannū, who -was called Sult̤ān Muz̤affar, and gave himself out as -heir to the kingdom, was passing his days in a state of misery under -the protection of the zamindars. After this the Jām was defeated -in battle with the victorious (Royal) army, and Nannū took refuge -with Rāy Bihārī. K͟hān Aʿz̤am -demanded Nannū from Rāy Bihārī, and as he could not -oppose the Royal army, he gave him up, and by this piece of loyalty was -saved from the blows of the victorious army. At the time<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e780src" href="#xd24e780" name="xd24e780src">44</a> -when Ahmadabad was adorned by the presence of the retinue of fortune -for a short time, he did not come to wait on me. His country was -somewhat distant, and time did not admit of the appointing of a force -(against him). When it happened that I returned there, my son -S͟hāh-Jahān appointed Raja Bikramājīt with an -army (for this purpose), and he, seeing his own safety in coming in -hastened to receive the honour of kissing the threshold, giving 200 -<i>muhars</i> and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" -name="pb20">20</a>]</span>Rs. 2,000 as naẕr, and 100 horses. -However, there was not one of his horses that I approved of. His age -appeared to me to be more than eighty<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e788src" href="#xd24e788" name="xd24e788src">45</a> years, and he -himself said he was ninety. In his senses and powers there was no -appearance of decay. Among his men there was an old man with white -beard, moustaches, and eyebrows. He said that Rāy Bihārī -remembered him when he (the old man) was a child (infant), and that he -had grown up from childhood in his service.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Abū-l-Ḥasan,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e793src" href="#xd24e793" name="xd24e793src">46</a> the -painter, who has been honoured with the title of -Nādiru-z-zamān, drew the picture of my accession as the -frontispiece to the Jahāngīr-nāma, and brought it to me. -As it was worthy of all praise, he received endless favours. His work -was perfect, and his picture is one of the <i lang="fr">chefs -d’œuvre</i> of the age. At the present time he has no rival -or equal. If at this day the masters ʿAbdu-l-Ḥayy and -Bihzād were alive, they would have done him justice. His father, -Āqā Riẓāʾī, of Herat,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e799src" href="#xd24e799" name="xd24e799src">47</a> at the time -when I was Prince, joined my service. He (Abū-l-Ḥasan) was a -<i>k͟hānazād</i> of my Court. There is, however, no -comparison between his work and that of his father (<i>i.e.</i>, he is -far better than his father). One cannot put them into the same -category. My connection was based on my having reared him. From his -earliest years up to the present time I have always looked after him, -till his art has arrived at this rank. Truly he has become -Nādira-i-zamān (“the wonder of the age”). Also, -Ustād Manṣūr<a class="noteref" id="xd24e809src" href= -"#xd24e809" name="xd24e809src">48</a> has become such a master in -painting that he has the title of Nādiru-l-ʿAṣr, and in -the art of drawing is unique in his generation. In the time of my -father’s reign and my own these two have had no third. As regards -myself, my liking for painting and my practice in judging it have -arrived at such a point that when any work is brought before me, either -of deceased artists or of those of the present day, without the names -being told me, I say on the spur of the moment that it is the work of -such and such a man. And if there be a <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span>picture containing many -portraits, and each face be the work of a different master, I can -discover which face is the work of each of them. If any other person -has put in the eye and eyebrow of a face, I can perceive whose work the -original face is, and who has painted the eye and eyebrows.</p> -<p class="par">On the eve of Sunday, the 31st of the month of Tīr, -heavy rain fell, and it went on raining with great violence till -Tuesday, the 1st of Amurdād.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e816src" -href="#xd24e816" name="xd24e816src">49</a> For sixteen days there were -constantly clouds and (? or) rain. As this is a sandy country, and the -buildings in it are weak, many houses fell, and many lives were lost. I -heard from the inhabitants of the city that they remembered no rain -like that of this year. Although the channel of the -Sābarmatī<a class="noteref" id="xd24e819src" href="#xd24e819" -name="xd24e819src">50</a> appears full of water, it is in most places -fordable, and elephants can always cross it. If for a day there has -been no rain, horses and men can ford it. The fountain head of this -river is in the hill-country of the Rānā. It comes out from -the ravine of Kokra(?),<a class="noteref" id="xd24e822src" href= -"#xd24e822" name="xd24e822src">51</a> and, having traversed 1½ -<i>koss</i>, passes below Mīrpūr,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e828src" href="#xd24e828" name="xd24e828src">52</a> and in this -place they call it the Wākal (?). After passing 3 <i>koss</i> -beyond Mīrpūr, they call it the Sābarmatī.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 10th, Rāy Bihārī was -exalted with the favour of a male and a female elephant, a jewelled -dagger, and four rings, of red ruby and yellow ruby (topaz), sapphire, -and emerald. Before this, the Ātālīq Jān-sipār -(life-jeoparding), K͟hān-k͟hānān -(ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm), Commander-in-Chief, by order, had sent -a force under the leadership of his son Amru-llah<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e837src" href="#xd24e837" name="xd24e837src">53</a> towards -Gondwāna, in order to seize the diamond mine of -Barākar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e840src" href="#xd24e840" name= -"xd24e840src">54</a> (?) that was in the possession of Panjū, a -Zamindar of Khandesh. On this day a report came from him that the -aforesaid Zamindar, knowing that opposition to the victorious army was -beyond his power, had made an offering of the mine, <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span>and a -royal superintendent had been appointed to manage it. The diamonds of -that place are superior in kind and beauty to all other kinds of -diamonds, and much esteemed by jewellers. They are of good shape, and -larger, and superior. Of the second rank is the mine of -Kokhra,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e845src" href="#xd24e845" name= -"xd24e845src">55</a> which is on the borders of Bihar; but the diamonds -of that place are not obtained from the mine, but from a river which in -the rainy season comes down in flood from the hills. Before that they -dam it up, and when the flood has passed over the dam and there is -little water, a number of men who are skilled in this art go into the -river bed and bring out the diamonds. It is now three years since this -country came into the possession of the State. The Zamindar of the -place is in confinement. The climate of that land is excessively -poisonous, and strangers cannot live there. The third place is in the -province of the Karnatik (Carnatic), near the frontier of -Qut̤bu-l-mulk. At a distance of 50 <i>koss</i><a class="noteref" -id="xd24e850src" href="#xd24e850" name="xd24e850src">56</a> there are -four mines. Many very fine<a class="noteref" id="xd24e857src" href= -"#xd24e857" name="xd24e857src">57</a> diamonds are obtained there.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 10th, Nāhir K. was promoted to the -manṣab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse, and he was presented -with an elephant. Maktūb K., superintendent of the -<i>Kutub-k͟hāna</i> (library), was given the manṣab of -1,500 personal. As I had ordered that on the S͟hab-i-Barāt -they should place lamps round the Kānkrīya tank, at the end -of the day on Monday, the 14th Shaʿbān, I went out to look at -them. The buildings all round the tank they had arranged with lanterns -of different colours and all kinds of artifices that are practicable -with lamps, and fireworks. Although at this season there were -continually clouds and rain, by God’s favour from the beginning -of the night the air had become clear, and not a trace of cloud -remained, and the lights shone just as one could wish. My domestic -servants were regaled with the cups of <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>joy. I ordered them to -light lamps in the same manner on the eve of Friday, and a strange -thing was that at the close of the day of Thursday, the 17th, it -continually rained (<i>muttaṣil bārīdagī</i>), but -at the time of lighting the lamps the rain ceased, and the show was -well seen. On this day Iʿtimādu-d-daula presented an offering -of a <i>qut̤bī</i> (?) sapphire exceedingly delicate, and an -elephant without tusks with silver housings. As it was handsome-looking -and of good shape, it was put among my private elephants. On the bank -of the Kānkrīya tank a <i>sanyāsī</i>, one of the -most austere sects of Hindus, had made a hut after the dervish manner, -and lived as a hermit. As I was always inclined to associate with -dervishes, I hastened without ceremony to interview him, and for a -while enjoyed his society. He was not wanting in information and -reasonableness, and was well informed according to the rules of his own -faith in the doctrines of Sufism. He had conformed to the ways of -people of religious poverty and mortification, and given up all desires -and ambitions. One might say that a better than he of his class was -never seen.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 21st (Amurdād), the -<i>sāras</i>, the pairing of which has been related in the -preceding pages, collected together some straw and rubbish in the -little garden, and laid first of all one egg. On the third day -(afterwards) it laid a second egg. This pair of <i>sāras</i> were -caught when they were a month old,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e892src" -href="#xd24e892" name="xd24e892src">58</a> and had been in my -establishment for five years. After five and a half years they paired, -and continued doing so for a month; on the 21st of the month of -Amurdād, which the Hindus call Sāwan (Srāvan) the hen -laid the eggs. The female used to sit on the eggs the whole night -alone, and the male stood near her on guard. It was so alert that it -was impossible for any living thing to pass near her. Once a large -weasel made its appearance, and he ran at it with the greatest -impetuosity, and did not stop until the weasel got into a hole. When -the sun illuminated the world with his rays, the male went to the -female and pecked her back with his beak. The female then rose, and the -male sate in her place. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href= -"#pb24" name="pb24">24</a>]</span>She returned, and in the same manner -made him rise, and seated herself. In short, the female sits the whole -night, and takes care of the eggs, and by day the male and female sit -by turns. When they rise and sit down they take great precautions that -no harm shall come to the eggs.</p> -<p class="par">During this season, as there was still some of the -hunting time left, Gajpat K., the darogha, and Balūch K., the head -huntsman, had been left to hunt elephants, to catch as many as they -possibly could. In the same manner the huntsmen of my son, -S͟hāh-Jahān, had also been employed. On this day they -came and waited on me. Altogether 185 elephants had been caught, male -and female: of these, 73 were males and 112 females. Out of these, 47 -males and 75 females, or 122, the imperial huntsmen and faujdārs -had secured, while the huntsmen and elephant-drivers of my son, -S͟hāh-Jahān, had taken 26 males and 37 females, or 63 -altogether.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 24th, I went to see the -Bāg͟h-i-Fatḥ,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e903src" href= -"#xd24e903" name="xd24e903src">59</a> and spent two days there in -enjoyment and pleasure. At the end of the day on Saturday I returned to -the palace. As Āṣaf K. had represented that his -<i>ḥawīlī</i> (house) garden was exceedingly green and -pleasant, and all sorts of flowers and scented plants had bloomed -there, at his request I went to it on <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> -(Thursday), the 31st. In truth, it was a very nice villa, and I was -much pleased. His offering of jewels and jewelled things, and cloth, of -the value of Rs. 35,000, was accepted. Muz̤affar K. was favoured -with a dress of honour and an elephant, and, as before, was entrusted -with the charge of the government of Thatta (Sind). My brother -S͟hāh ʿAbbās sent a letter with some trifling -presents by ʿAbdu-l-Karīm of Gīlān, who had come -with merchandise from Īrān. On this day I presented him with -a dress of honour and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, and -sent an answer to the Shah’s letter with a memorandum. -K͟hān ʿĀlam was also honoured with a gracious -farman and a special dress of honour. Friday was the 1st of the month -of S͟hahrīwar. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href= -"#pb25" name="pb25">25</a>]</span>From Sunday, the 3rd, till the eve of -Thursday (the 7th) rain fell. It is strange that on other days the pair -of <i>sāras</i> sate on the eggs five or six times in turn, but -during this twenty-four hours, when there was constant rain and the air -was somewhat cold, the male, in order to keep the eggs warm, sate from -early in the morning until midday, and from that time until the next -morning the female sat without an interval, for fear that in rising and -sitting again the cold air should affect them, and the eggs become wet -and be spoilt. Briefly, men are led by the guidance of Reason, and -animals according to the Divine wisdom implanted in them by Nature. -Stranger still is it that at first they keep their eggs together -underneath the breast, and after fourteen or fifteen days have passed -they leave a little space between them, for fear the heat should become -too great from their contact with each other. Many become addled in -consequence of (too great) heat.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 7th, with great joy and congratulation, -the advance camp was started towards Agra. The astrologers and -astronomers had already fixed the auspicious hour for the march. As -excessive rain fell, the main camp could not cross the river of -Maḥmūdābād (the Vātrak) and the -Māhī at this hour. Out of necessity, the advanced camp was -started at the appointed hour, and the 21st -S͟hahrīwar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e920src" href= -"#xd24e920" name="xd24e920src">60</a> was fixed for the march of the -main camp.</p> -<p class="par">My son S͟hāh-Jahān took upon himself the -responsibility of the conquest of the fort of Kāngṛa, over -which the noose of victory had not been thrown by any of the Sultans of -lofty dignity, and an army under the leadership of Rāja Sūraj -Mal, s. Rāja Bāso, and Taqī, who was one of his attached -servants, had before this been sent for that purpose. It was now clear -that the conquest could not be achieved by the force that had been -previously appointed. Rāja Bikramājīt,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e925src" href="#xd24e925" name="xd24e925src">61</a> who was one -of his principal officers, with 2,000 horse who were present of his -private attendants, and a force of Jahāngīrī servants, -such as S͟hāh-bāz K. Lodī, Hardī Narāyan -Hāḍā, Rāy Prithī Chand, and the sons of -Rām Chand, with 200 mounted musketeers and 500 foot-musketeers -(<i>topchī</i>, perhaps cannoniers), <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb26" href="#pb26" name="pb26">26</a>]</span>in addition to the force -that had previously been sent, were appointed to the duty. As the hour -for departure was fixed on this day, the aforesaid -(Bikramājīt) presented as an offering a rosary of emeralds of -the value of Rs. 10,000. He was honoured with the gift of a dress of -honour and a sword, and took his leave for this duty. As he had not a -jagir in that Subah, my son S͟hāh-Jahān asked for him as -a jagir the pargana of Barhāna (?),<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e935src" href="#xd24e935" name="xd24e935src">62</a> the revenue of -which was 2,200,000 of dams, which<a class="noteref" id="xd24e938src" -href="#xd24e938" name="xd24e938src">63</a> he himself (? -S͟hāh-Jahān) held in inʿām.<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e944src" href="#xd24e944" name="xd24e944src">64</a> -K͟hwāja Taqī, the Dīwān-i-Buyūtāt, -who had been appointed to the Dīwānī of the Deccan, was -honoured with the title of Muʿtaqid<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e953src" href="#xd24e953" name="xd24e953src">65</a> K., a dress of -honour, and an elephant. I appointed Himmat K. to the faujdārship -of the Sarkar of Bharūch (Broach) and that neighbourhood, with the -gift of a horse and a special <i>parm narm</i> (shawl), and despatched -him. The pargana of Bharūch (Broach) was also bestowed on him as -jagir. Rāy Prithī Chand, who had been nominated for service -at Kāngṛa, was promoted to the rank of 700 and 450 horse. As -the anniversary of S͟haik͟h Muḥammad -G͟haus̤<a class="noteref" id="xd24e959src" href="#xd24e959" -name="xd24e959src">66</a> had arrived, I gave his sons 1,000 -<i>darbs</i> (Rs. 500) for its expense. Muz̤affar, s. -Bahāduru-l-mulk, who was attached to the Deccan, was given the -manṣab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse.</p> -<p class="par">As the events of twelve years of -<i>Jahāngīr-nāma</i> have been recorded, I -ordered<a class="noteref" id="xd24e970src" href="#xd24e970" name= -"xd24e970src">67</a> the clerks of my private library to make one -volume of these twelve years, and to prepare a number of copies so that -I might give them to my special servants, and <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" name="pb27">27</a>]</span>that -they might be sent to the various cities, so that administrators -(arbāb-i-daulat) and the auspicious might adopt them as their -code. On Friday, the 8th,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e975src" href= -"#xd24e975" name="xd24e975src">68</a> one of the news-writers had -written the whole and made a volume, which he produced to me. As it was -the first copy that had been prepared, I gave it to my son -S͟hāh-Jahān, whom I consider to be in all respects the -first of my sons. On the back of it I wrote with my own hand that I had -given it him on a certain day and at a certain place. I hope that the -favour of the receipt of those writings which are intended for the -satisfaction of the creature and for supplication to the Creator may be -a cause of good fortune.</p> -<p class="par">On Tuesday, the 12th, Subḥān Qulī, -huntsman, was brought to punishment. The details of this are that he is -the son of Ḥājī Jamāl Balūch, who was my -father’s best huntsman, and after his (the -King’s<span class="corr" id="xd24e980" title="Source: death)">) -death,</span> he entered the service of Islām K., and went with -him to Bengal. Islām K͟hān, on account of his -(Subḥān Qulī’s) connection with this Court, -showed him proper consideration, and considering him trustworthy always -kept him near him when travelling or hunting. ʿUs̤mān, -the Afghan, who for many years passed his days in that Subah in -disobedience and stubbornness, and the end of whose affairs has been -recorded in the preceding pages, being much troubled by Islām -K͟hān, sent someone to this wretch, and made proposals for -his murdering Islām. He undertook the business, and associated two -or three other men with himself. By chance, before the futile idea of -this ungrateful fellow was carried into execution, one of them came and -informed him (Islām K.). Islām K. immediately seized and -imprisoned the scoundrel. After the latter’s death he came to -Court. As his brothers and relatives were included among the huntsmen, -he was also ordered to be enrolled among them. At this time the son -(Ikrām K.) of Islām K. represented in an enigmatical way that -he was unworthy of service near my person. After explanation it -appeared what the charge was. Notwithstanding this, <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name="pb28">28</a>]</span>as his -brothers strenuously represented that there was only suspicion, and -Balūch K., the head huntsman, became security for him, I forbore -to put him to death, and ordered him to do duty with Balūch K. In -spite of this grace and the gift of his life, without cause or motive -he fled from the Court, and went to Agra and that neighbourhood. -Balūch K., having become his security, was ordered to produce him. -He sent people to inquire for him. In one of the villages of Agra, -which was not wanting in sedition, and is called Jahanda,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e985src" href="#xd24e985" name="xd24e985src">69</a> -the brother of Balūch K͟hān, who had gone to make -inquiries, found him, and although he endeavoured to bring him by -persuasion to Court, he would in no way consent, and the people rose to -assist him.</p> -<p class="par">Being without remedy, he (the brother) went to -K͟hwāja Jahān at Agra, and told him the circumstances. -He sent a detachment against that village to take him by force and -bring him. The people of the village, seeing their own ruin in the -mirror of the case, handed him over to him. This day he came to Court -in chains. I gave an order for his execution. The man of wrath (the -executioner) took him to the place of punishment with all haste. After -a while, through the intercession of one of the courtiers, I gave him -his life, and ordered his feet to be cut off, but according to his -destiny (what was written on his head) before the order arrived he had -been punished. Although that doomed man was deserving of punishment, -yet I regretted<a class="noteref" id="xd24e990src" href="#xd24e990" -name="xd24e990src">70</a> the circumstance, and directed that whenever -an order was given for anyone’s execution, notwithstanding that -the command were imperative, they should wait till sunset before -putting him to death. If up to that time no order for release arrived, -he should without fail be capitally punished.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday there was a great commotion in the River -Māhī, and very large waves were visible. Although there -formerly had been (great) rains, yet such violence, or even the half of -it, had never been known. From the beginning of the day the flood began -to come, and at the end of the day began to <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name= -"pb29">29</a>]</span>decrease. Old inhabitants of this city represented -that once, during the government of Murtaẓā K. (Farīd -Buk͟hārī), a similar great flood had occurred. But with -that exception they did not remember another such flood.</p> -<p class="par">In these days mention was made of an ode by -Muʿizzī,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e999src" href="#xd24e999" -name="xd24e999src">71</a> the panegyrist of Sult̤ān Sanjar, -and his Poet-laureate. It is a very smooth and equable<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1008src" href="#xd24e1008" name= -"xd24e1008src">72</a> composition. It begins thus:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“O thou whose commands heaven obeys</p> -<p class="line">Ancient Saturn is the slave of thy young -Fortune.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Saʿīdā,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1020src" href="#xd24e1020" name="xd24e1020src">73</a> the chief -goldsmith, has a poetical temperament and he imitated this ode, and -presented his paraphrase to me. It was very well composed. The -following are some verses from it:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“O thou, of whose threshold the nine spheres are -an examplar</p> -<p class="line">Aged Time hath grown young in thy reign</p> -<p class="line">Thy heart is bounteous as the Sun, and like it needs no -cause (for bounty).</p> -<p class="line">All lives are devoted to thy gracious heart</p> -<p class="line">Heaven is but a green<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1034src" href="#xd24e1034" name="xd24e1034src">74</a> orange from -the garden of Power</p> -<p class="line">Tossed by thy gardener into the atmosphere,</p> -<p class="line">O God, Thy essence has shone from eternity</p> -<p class="line">The souls of all the saints receive light from -Thine,</p> -<p class="line">O king, may the world ever be at thy beck,</p> -<p class="line">May thy S͟hāh-Jahān ever rejoice in thy -shade</p> -<p class="line">O Shadow of God, may the world be filled with thy -light</p> -<p class="line">May the Light of God ever be thy canopy.”</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name= -"pb30">30</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i>, the 14th, in reward -for this ode, I ordered Saʿīdā to be weighed against -money (<i>zar</i>, perhaps gold). At the end of the day I went to walk -about the garden of Rustam-bārī,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1064src" href="#xd24e1064" name="xd24e1064src">75</a> which -appeared to me very green and pleasant. Sitting in a boat in the -evening, I returned to the palace.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 15th, a Mullā of the name of -Amīrī, an old man, came from Mā-warāʾa-n-nahr -(Transoxiana), and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He -represented to me that he was one of the ancient (servants) of -ʿAbdu-llah K͟hān Uzbeg, and from the days of -infancy<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1071src" href="#xd24e1071" name= -"xd24e1071src">76</a> and youth was brought up by the K͟hān -until his death. He had been included among his old servants, and had -been a confidential friend.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1079src" href= -"#xd24e1079" name="xd24e1079src">77</a> After the death of the -K͟hān until now he had passed his days respected in that -country. He had left his native country with a view to visit the -blessed house (Mecca), and had come to pay his respects to me. I made -him free to remain or go. He asked to remain in attendance on me for -some days. Rs. 1,000 for expenses and a dress of honour were given him. -He is an old man of very pleasing face, and full of talk and anecdote. -My son S͟hāh-Jahān also gave him Rs. 500 and a robe of -honour.</p> -<p class="par">In the middle of the garden of K͟hurram -(S͟hāh-Jahān’s) residence there is a bench and a -reservoir. On one side<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1085src" href= -"#xd24e1085" name="xd24e1085src">78</a> of that bench there is a -Mūlsarī-tree (<i>Mimusops elengi</i>) against which to lean -the back. As in one side of its trunk there was a hollow to the extent -of three-fourths of a yard, it had an ugly look. I ordered them to cut -a tablet of marble and fix it firmly in that place, so that one could -lean one’s back on it and sit there. At this time an impromptu -couplet came to my tongue, and I ordered the stone-cutters to engrave -it <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name= -"pb31">31</a>]</span>on that stone, that it might remain as a memento -on the page of time. This is the couplet:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“The seat of the S͟hāh of the seven -worlds (kis͟hwar),</p> -<p class="line">Jahāngīr, son of Akbar -S͟hāhins͟hāh.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On the eve of Tuesday,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1100src" href="#xd24e1100" name="xd24e1100src">79</a> the 19th, a -bazaar was arranged in the private palace. Up to this time the custom -has been for the people of the bazaar and the artificers of the city in -every place to bring their shops according to order into the courtyard -of the palace (royal abode, whether in camp or elsewhere), and bring -jewels and jewelled things and various kinds of cloth and other goods -such as are sold in the bazaar. It occurred to me that if a bazaar were -prepared in the night-time, and a number of lamps were arranged in -front of the shops, it would look well. Undoubtedly it came off well -and was unusual. Going round all the shops, whatever jewels and -jewelled things pleased me I bought. I gave some present from each shop -to Mullā Amīrī, and he received so many things that he -was unable to hold them.</p> -<p class="par">On <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> (Thursday) the 21st -of the Divine month of S͟hahrīwar, in the thirteenth year -from my accession, corresponding with the 22nd Ramaẓān -(September 2, 1618), in the Hijrī year 1027, when two and a half -hours of day had passed, in prosperity and happiness, the standards of -purpose turned towards the capital of Agra. From the palace as far as -the Kānkrīya tank, the place of alighting, I passed along in -the usual manner, scattering money -(<i>nis̤ār-kunān</i>). On the same day the feast of my -solar weighment took place, and according to solar reckoning the -fiftieth year of the age of his suppliant at the throne of God -commenced auspiciously. According to my usual rule I weighed myself -against gold and other valuables. I scattered pearls and golden roses, -and looking at night at the show of lamps passed my time in the private -apartments of the royal abode in enjoyment. On Friday, the 22nd, I -ordered that all the S͟haik͟hs and men of piety who lived in -the city should be brought in order that they might break their -fast<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1111src" href="#xd24e1111" name= -"xd24e1111src">80</a> in attendance on me. Three <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32" name="pb32">32</a>]</span>nights -were passed after this manner, and every night at the end of the -meeting I stood up and recited with the tongue of ecstasy:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“Thou art the mighty One, O Lord,</p> -<p class="line">Thou art the cherisher of rich and poor;</p> -<p class="line">I’m not a world-conqueror or law-giver,</p> -<p class="line">I’m one of the beggars at this gate.</p> -<p class="line">Help me in what is good and right,</p> -<p class="line">Else what good comes from me to any one?</p> -<p class="line">I’m a master<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1131src" -href="#xd24e1131" name="xd24e1131src">81</a> to my servants,</p> -<p class="line">To the Lord I’m a loyal servant.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">All the Faqirs who as yet had not waited on me -prayed for allowances. According to their merits I gave to each of them -land or money for expenses, and gratified them.</p> -<p class="par">On the eve of <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> -(Thursday) the 21st, the sāras hatched one young one, and on the -eve of Monday, the 25th, a second: that is, one young one was hatched -after thirty-four<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1145src" href="#xd24e1145" -name="xd24e1145src">82</a> days, and the other after thirty-six days. -One might say that they were one-tenth<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1148src" href="#xd24e1148" name="xd24e1148src">83</a> larger than -the young of a goose, or equal to the young of the peafowl at the age -of a month. Their skin was of a blue colour. On the first day they ate -nothing, and from the second day the mother, taking small locusts (or -grasshoppers) in her mouth, sometimes fed them like a pigeon, or -sometimes like a fowl threw them before them for them to pick up of -themselves. If the locust were small, it went off well, but if it were -large, she sometimes made two or three pieces of it so that the young -ones might eat it with ease. As I had a great liking for seeing them I -ordered them to be brought before me with every precaution that no harm -might happen to them. After I had seen them I ordered them to be taken -back to the same little garden inside <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb33" href="#pb33" name="pb33">33</a>]</span>the royal enclosure, and -to be preserved with the greatest care, and that they should be brought -to me again whenever they were able to walk.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Ḥakīm Rūḥu-llah was -exalted with the gift of Rs. 1,000. Badīʿu-z-zamān, s. -M. S͟hāhruk͟h, came from his jagir and waited on me. On -Tuesday, the 26th, marching from the Kānkrīya tank, I halted -at the village of Kaj.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1164src" href= -"#xd24e1164" name="xd24e1164src">84</a> On Wednesday, the 27th, I -pitched my camp on the bank of the river at -Maḥmūdābād called the Īzak<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e1167src" href="#xd24e1167" name="xd24e1167src">85</a> (now -called Meshva). As the water and air of Aḥmadābād were -very bad, Maḥmūd Bīgara, by the advice of his -physicians, founded a city on the bank of the aforesaid river and lived -there. After he conquered Chāmpāner, he made that place his -capital, and until the time of Maḥmūd the martyred<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1170src" href="#xd24e1170" name= -"xd24e1170src">86</a> the rulers of Gujarat chiefly lived there. This -Maḥmūd was the last of the Sultans of Gujarat, and he took -up his residence at Maḥmūdābād. Undoubtedly the -water and air of Maḥmūdābād have no resemblance to -those of Aḥmadābād. By way of testing this I ordered -them to hang up a sheep on the bank of the Kānkrīya tank -after taking off its skin, and at the same time one at -Maḥmūdābād, that the difference of the air might -be ascertained. It happened that after seven <i>gharīs</i> of day -had passed in that place (Aḥmadābād) they hung up the -sheep. When three <i>gharīs</i> of day remained it became so -changed and putrid that it was difficult to pass near it. They hung up -the sheep at Maḥmūdābād in the morning, and it was -altogether unchanged until the evening, and began to be putrid when one -and a half watches of night had passed. Briefly, in the neighbourhood -of Aḥmadābād it became putrid in eight sidereal hours, -and in Maḥmūdābād in fourteen hours.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 28th, Rustam K., whom my son of -prosperous fortune, S͟hāh-Jahān, had appointed to the -charge <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34" name= -"pb34">34</a>]</span>and government of Gujarat, was honoured with the -gift of an elephant, a horse, and a special <i>parm narm</i> (shawl), -and given leave to depart, and the Jahāngīrī officers -who were attached to that Subah were presented with horses and dresses -of honour according to the rank and standing of each. On Friday, 29th -S͟hahrīwar, corresponding with 1st Shawwāl, Rāy -Bihārī was honoured with the bestowal of a dress of honour, a -jewelled sword and a special horse, and took leave to go to his native -place. His sons were also honoured with horses and dresses of honour. -On Saturday I ordered Sayyid Muḥammad, grandson<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e1186src" href="#xd24e1186" name="xd24e1186src">87</a> (?) of -S͟hāh ʿĀlam, to ask for whatever he desired without -concealment, and I took an oath on the Qoran to this effect. He said -that as I had sworn on the Qoran he would ask for a Qoran that he might -always have it by him, and that the merit of reading it might accrue to -His Majesty. Accordingly, I gave the Mīr a Qoran in -Yāqūt’s<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1195src" href= -"#xd24e1195" name="xd24e1195src">88</a> handwriting. It was a small, -elegant<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1198src" href="#xd24e1198" name= -"xd24e1198src">89</a> volume, and was the wonder of the age. On the -back of it I wrote with my own hand that I had made this gift on a -certain day and in a certain place to Sayyid Muḥammad. The real -reason for this is that the Mīr is of an exceedingly good -disposition, endowed with personal nobility and acquired excellencies, -of good manners and approved ways, with a very pleasing face and open -forehead. I have never seen a man of this country of such a pleasing -disposition as the Mīr. I told him to translate this Qoran into -plain language without ornament, and that <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb35" href="#pb35" name="pb35">35</a>]</span>without occupying himself -with explanations or fine language he<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1215src" href="#xd24e1215" name="xd24e1215src">90</a> should -translate the Qoran in simple language -(<i>lughāt-i-rīk͟hta</i>) word by word into Persian, and -should not add one letter to its exact purport. After he had completed -it he should send it by his son Jalālu-d-dīn Sayyid to the -Court. The Mīr’s son is also a young man of external and -internal intelligence. The signs of piety and blessedness are distinct -on his forehead. The Mīr is proud of his son, and in truth he is -worthy, as he is an excellent youth. As I had repeatedly shown kindness -to the holy men of Gujarat, according to their merits, I again bestowed -on each cash and jewels, and dismissed them to their homes.</p> -<p class="par">As the climate<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1224src" href= -"#xd24e1224" name="xd24e1224src">91</a> of this country was not suited -to my temperament, the physicians thought it right that I should -decrease somewhat my usual number of cups. According to their advice I -began to decrease their number, and in the course of a week reduced -them by the weight of one cup. At first it was six cups every evening, -each cup being 7½ <i>tola</i>, or altogether 45 <i>tolas</i>. -The wine was usually mixed with water. Now I drank six cups, each of -which was 6 <i>tolas</i> and 3 <i>mās͟has</i>,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1240src" href="#xd24e1240" name= -"xd24e1240src">92</a> altogether 37½ <i>tolas</i>.</p> -<p class="par">Sixteen or seventeen years ago I had vowed with my God -at Allahabad that when I reached fifty I would give up shooting with -gun and bullet, and would injure no living thing with my own hand. -Muqarrab K., who was one of my confidants, knew of my determination. At -this date I have reached the commencement of my fiftieth year, and one -day, in consequence of excessive fever (<i>dūd u -buk͟hār</i>) my breath was short and I was very unwell. While -in this condition the compact I had <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" -href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span>made with my God came, by Divine -inspiration, into my mind, and I resolved that when my fiftieth year -was completed and the period of fulfilling my vow had arrived, I would, -on the day<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1253src" href="#xd24e1253" name= -"xd24e1253src">93</a> on which I visited my father’s -tomb—may the light of God be his testimony—by God’s -help, seek the confirmation of my resolve from my father’s holy -elements, and renounce the practice (of shooting). As soon as this -thought occurred to me, my illness and trouble disappeared. I revived, -and opened my mouth to praise God, and tasted the joy of thanksgiving -for His mercies. I hope that I shall be sustained.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">“How well said Firdūsī of pure -nature</p> -<p class="line">May mercy rest on that (his) pure tomb.</p> -</div> -<div class="lg"> -<p class="line">“Ah! spare yon emmet<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1265src" href="#xd24e1265" name="xd24e1265src">94</a> rich in -hoarded grain,</p> -<p class="line">He lives with pleasure, and he dies with -pain.”</p> -</div> -</div> -<p class="par first">On Thursday, the 4th of the Divine month, Sayyid -Kabīr and Bak͟htar K., the Wakils of ʿĀdil K., who -had brought his offering to the exalted Court, obtained leave to -return. Sayyid Kabīr was honoured with a dress of honour, a horse, -and a jewelled dagger, and Bak͟htar K. with a horse, a dress of -honour, and a jewelled <i>ūrbasī</i>,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1275src" href="#xd24e1275" name="xd24e1275src">95</a> which the -people of that country (the Deccan?) wear round their necks, and a -present of 6,000 <i>darbs</i> was given to each of them for -expenses.</p> -<p class="par">As ʿĀdil K. was constantly asking for a -likeness of myself through my prosperous son -S͟hāh-Jahān, I sent him one with a ruby of great value -and a special elephant. A gracious <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" -href="#pb37" name="pb37">37</a>]</span>farman was issued that he should -be presented with whatever territory of Niz̤āmu-l-mulk or -Qut̤bu-l-mulk he might get into his possession, and whenever he -should require any support and assistance, S͟hāh-nawāz -K. should prepare an army and appoint it to assist him. In former days -Niz̤āmu-l-mulk was the largest of the rulers of the Deccan, a -superior whom all acknowledged, and whom they considered as their -eldest brother. At this period ʿĀdil K. did approved service, -and was honoured with the exalted title of “son.” I -appointed him the head and leader of the whole country of the Deccan, -and wrote this quatrain on the portrait with my own hand:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“O thou towards whom is always (turned) the eye -of my kindness</p> -<p class="line">Repose at ease under the shadow of my fortune.</p> -<p class="line">I have sent thee my own portrait,</p> -<p class="line">That thou mayest see me spiritually from my -picture.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">My son S͟hāh-Jahān sent -Ḥakīm K͟hūs͟h-ḥāl, son of -Ḥakīm Humām, who was one of the excellent house-born -ones of this Court, and from his early years had been in my son’s -service, in company with the Wakils of ʿĀdil K. to convey to -him the good news of the Jahāngīrī favour towards him. -On the same day Mīr Jumla was honoured with the duty of -<i>ʿArẓ-mukarrir</i>. As Kifāyat K., the Diwan of -Gujarat, at the time when he was employed in the Dīwānī -of Bengal, in consequence of certain accidents, had lost property -(<i>az sāmān uftāda</i>), a sum of Rs. 15,000 was -presented to him.</p> -<p class="par">At this time two copies of the -Jahāngīr-nāma that had been prepared were laid before -me. One of these I had some days previously given to the -<i>Madāru-l-mulk</i> (centre of the kingdom), -Iʿtimādu-d-daula, and the other I on this day bestowed on -<span class="corr" id="xd24e1307" title="Source: (my ">my -(</span>adopted) son (<i>farzandī</i>), Āṣaf K. On -Friday, the 5th, Bahrām, son of Jahāngīr Qulī -K͟hān, came from the province of Bihar, and had the good -fortune to pay his respects. He laid before me some diamonds he had -obtained from the mine of Kokra. Approved service had not been -performed in that province by Jahāngīr Qulī K., and it -was also frequently reported that certain of his brothers and -sons-in-law had stretched out the hand of tyranny in that country, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" name= -"pb38">38</a>]</span>and were oppressing the servants of God (the -people), and that each of them, cutting out a governorship for himself, -did not regard the authority of Jahāngīr Qulī. On this -account a farman written with my own hand was given to Muqarrab K., one -of my confidential old servants, stating that he was appointed Governor -of Bihar. I ordered that immediately on receipt of the farman he should -hasten to that quarter. Some of the diamonds that Ibrāhīm -Fatḥ-jang had sent to Court after the taking of the mine had been -given to the Government lapidaries to cut. At this time Bahrām -suddenly came to Agra, and was going on to the Court (in Gujarat). -K͟hwāja Jahān (the Governor of Agra) sent along with him -some diamonds that were ready. One of them is of a violet<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1315src" href="#xd24e1315" name= -"xd24e1315src">96</a> colour, and cannot be outwardly distinguished -from a sapphire. Up to this time I had not seen a diamond of this -colour. It weighed several <i>surk͟h</i>,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1325src" href="#xd24e1325" name="xd24e1325src">97</a> and -jewellers estimated its value at Rs. 3,000, and represented that if it -had been white (<i>safid</i>) and had had perfect marks, it would have -been worth Rs. 20,000.</p> -<p class="par">This year I had mangoes up to the 6th Mihr (middle of -September). In this country there is abundance of lemons -(<i>līmūn</i>), and they are large -(<i>bālīda?</i>). A Hindu brought some from a garden called -Kākū (or Gangū), which were very pleasant and large -(<i>bālīda</i>, perhaps ripe). I ordered them to weigh the -largest of them, and it came to 7 <i>tolas</i>.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 6th, the Dasahrā festival took -place. First, they decked out my horses, and paraded them before me. -After that they produced the elephants, decorated in a similar way.</p> -<p class="par">As the Māhī had not become fordable, so that -the sublime camp could cross it, and the climate of -Maḥmūdābād was quite different (<i>i.e.</i>, it -was better) from that of other stages, I remained here for ten more -days. On Monday, the 8th, I marched and encamped at Mūda.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1355src" href="#xd24e1355" name= -"xd24e1355src">98</a> I had already sent K͟hwāja -Abū-l-Ḥasan Bak͟hs͟hī with an active body of -servants, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39" name= -"pb39">39</a>]</span>such as boatmen, and also oars,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e1360src" href="#xd24e1360" name="xd24e1360src">99</a> to make -a bridge over the Māhī, with instructions not to wait till it -was fordable, so that the victorious camp might cross at ease. On -Tuesday, the 9th, there was a halt, and on <i>Kams͟hamba</i> -(Wednesday), the 10th, the camp was at the village of Aina.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1379src" href="#xd24e1379" name= -"xd24e1379src">100</a></p> -<p class="par">At first the male <i>sāras</i> used to hold its -young one by its leg upside down in his beak, and there was a fear that -he might be unkind to it and it might be destroyed. I accordingly -ordered them to keep the male separately, and not allow it near its -young ones. I now ordered by way of experiment that it should be -allowed near them, that the real degree of its unkindness and affection -might be ascertained. After allowing it, he displayed much attachment -and kindness, and his affection was found to be no less than that of -the female; I thus knew that this performance was out of real love. On -Thursday, the 11th, there was a halt, and at the end of the day I went -to hunt with cheetahs, and two black buck, four does, and a -<i>chikāra</i> were caught. On Sunday, the 14th, I also went to -hunt with cheetahs, and caught fifteen head of male and female -antelopes. I had ordered Rustam and Suhrāb<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1391src" href="#xd24e1391" name="xd24e1391src">101</a> -K͟hān, his son, to go out hunting and shoot as many nilgaw as -they could. The father and son together killed seven head, male and -female. As it was represented to me that there was a tiger in this -neighbourhood, a man-killer that had taken to eating men’s flesh, -and the people of God were afflicted by it, I ordered my son -S͟hāh-Jahān to save them from its wickedness. He, as -ordered, shot it with his gun, and brought it to me at night. I ordered -them to skin it in my presence. Although large in appearance, as it was -thin, it turned out less in weight than the large tigers I had myself -killed. On Monday, the 15th, and Tuesday, the 16th, I went to shoot -nilgaw, and on each day shot two blue bulls. On Thursday, the 18th, on -the bank of a tank at which I pitched, a feast of cups was held. Rare -lotus (kanwal) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" name= -"pb40">40</a>]</span>flowers had blossomed on the face of the water. My -private servants enjoyed themselves greatly with cups of wine. -Jahāngīr Qulī had sent twenty elephants from Bihar, and -Muruwwat K. eight from Bengal, and these were brought before me. One of -Jahāngīr Qulī’s and two of Muruwwat’s were -placed in my private stud, and the rest were divided amongst my -followers. Mīr K., s. Mīrzā Abū-l-Qāsim -Namakīn, who was one of the khanazads of this Court, was promoted -to the mansab, original and increased, of 800 personal and 600 horse. -Qiyām K. was appointed to the duty of chief huntsman, and had -given him the rank of 600 personal and 150 horse. -ʿĪzzat<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1396src" href="#xd24e1396" -name="xd24e1396src">102</a> K., one of the Bārha Sayyids, who was -distinguished for bravery and ambition, is attached to the province of -Bangash. At the request of Mahābat K., the Governor of that Subah, -he was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 horse. -Kifāyat K., Diwan of Gujarat, had an elephant given him, and was -allowed to depart. I conferred a sword on Ṣafī K., -<span class="corr" id="xd24e1400" title="Source: Bakshi">Bakhshi</span> -of that Subah. On Friday, the 19th, I went to hunt, and killed a blue -bull. I do not remember a bullet passing through a large male nilgaw. -Many have passed through females. On this day, at a distance of -forty-five paces (<i>qadam</i>), it went through both skins. In the -language of hunters a <i>qadam</i> means two feet -(<i>gām</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e1411src" href="#xd24e1411" -name="xd24e1411src">103</a>) placed one in front of the other. On -Sunday, the 21st, I enjoyed myself with hawking, and ordered -Mīrzā Rustam, Dārāb K., Mīr Mīrān, -and other servants to go and shoot as many nilgaw as they could. They -killed nineteen head, male and female. Ten head of antelope were also -caught with cheetahs. Ibrāhīm K., Bakhshi of the Deccan, was, -at the request of the Commander-in-Chief, K͟hān -K͟hānān, promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and -200 horse. On Monday, the 22nd, a march was made, and on Tuesday, the -23rd, I again marched. The huntsmen represented that there had been -seen in the neighbourhood a tigress with three cubs. As it was on the -road I went myself after <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href= -"#pb41" name="pb41">41</a>]</span>them and shot all four, and then went -on to the next stage. I crossed the Māhī by the bridge that -had been made. Though there were no boats on this river of which a -bridge could be made, and the water was very deep and flowing rapidly, -K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan, the chief Bakhshi, had built -with great exertions a very strong bridge two or<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1419src" href="#xd24e1419" name="xd24e1419src">104</a> three days -before. Its length was 140 yards and its breadth 4 yards -(<i>daraʿ</i>). By way of testing it I ordered the elephant Gun -Sundar K͟hāṣṣ which is one of the large and -strong elephants, with three females, to be sent across it. It was so -firmly built that its supports did not shake with the weight of -elephants of mountainous form.</p> -<p class="par">From the most honoured lips of my father I heard as -follows: “In early youth I had taken two or three cups (of wine), -and had mounted a full-blooded (<i>mast</i>) elephant. Though I was in -my senses, and the elephant in very good training, and was under my -control, I pretended that I was out of my senses, and that the elephant -was refractory and vicious, and that I was making him charge the -people. After that, I sent for another elephant, and made the two -fight. They fought, and in doing so went to the head of the bridge that -had been made over the Jumna. It happened that the other elephant ran -away, and as there was no other escape, he went towards the bridge. The -elephant I was on pursued him, and although I had him under control, -and he would have halted at the slightest signal, I thought that if I -held him back from the bridge the people would regard those drunken -ways (of mine) as a sham, and would believe that neither was I beside -myself, nor was the elephant violent and headstrong. Such pretences on -the part of kings are disapproved of, and so after imploring the aid of -God—Glory be to Him—I did not restrain my elephant. Both of -them went upon the bridge, and as it was made of boats, whenever an -elephant put his forefeet on the edge of a boat, half of it sank, and -the other half stood up. At each step there came the thought that the -lashings might give way. People on seeing this were overwhelmed in the -sea <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" name= -"pb42">42</a>]</span>of perplexity and alarm. As the care and -guardianship of the Great and Glorious God is ever and in all places -the protection of this suppliant, both elephants crossed the bridge in -safety.”<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1432src" href="#xd24e1432" -name="xd24e1432src">105</a></p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 25th, a wine-feast was held on the -banks of the Māhī, and some of my intimate servants who had -admittance to such assemblies had their hearts delighted by brimming -cups and ample favours. Certainly it was an entrancing halting-ground. -I stayed here four days for two reasons—first, because of the -beauty of the spot, and secondly in order that the people might not be -confused in crossing the river.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 28th, I marched from the bank of the -Māhī. On Monday I marched again. On this day a strange sight -was witnessed. The pair of sāras that had had young ones had been -brought from Aḥmadābād on Thursday (the 25th). In the -Court of the royal enclosure, which had been placed on the bank of a -tank, they were walking about with their young ones. By chance both the -male and female raised a cry, and a pair of wild sāras hearing it, -and crying out from the other side of the tank, came flying towards -them. The male with the male, and the female with the female, engaged -in a fight, and although some people were standing about, the birds -paid no heed to them. The eunuchs who had been told off to protect them -hastened to seize them. One clung to the male and the other to the -female. He who had caught the male kept hold of it after much -struggling, but the one who seized the female could not hold her, and -she escaped from his hand. I with my own hand put rings in his beak and -on his legs, and set him free. Both went and settled in their own -place.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1439src" href="#xd24e1439" name= -"xd24e1439src">106</a> Whenever the domestic sāras raised a cry -they responded. I saw a sight of this kind in wild antelopes when I had -gone to hunt in the pargana of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" -href="#pb43" name="pb43">43</a>]</span>Karnāl. About thirty of my -huntsmen and servants were in attendance when a black buck with some -does came in sight, and we let loose the decoy-antelope<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1444src" href="#xd24e1444" name= -"xd24e1444src">107</a> to fight him. They butted two or three times, -and then the decoy came back. A second time I wanted to put a noose on -its horns and to let it go, that it might capture (the wild one). -Meanwhile the wild antelope, in the excess of its rage, not looking at -the crowd of men, ran without regard to anything, and butting the tame -buck two or three times fought with it till it fled. The wild antelope -thereupon made its escape.</p> -<p class="par">On this day news came of the death of ʿInāyat -K. He was one of my intimate attendants. As he was addicted to opium, -and when he had the chance, to drinking as well, by degrees he became -maddened with wine. As he was weakly built, he took more than he could -digest, and was attacked by the disease of diarrhœa, and in this -weak state he two or three times fainted. By my order Ḥakīm -Ruknā applied remedies, but whatever methods were resorted to gave -no profit. At the same time a strange hunger came over him, and -although the doctor exerted himself in order that he should not eat -more than once in twenty-four hours, he could not restrain himself. He -also would throw<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1449src" href="#xd24e1449" -name="xd24e1449src">108</a> himself like a madman on water and fire -until he fell into a bad<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1452src" href= -"#xd24e1452" name="xd24e1452src">109</a> state of body. At last he -became dropsical, and exceedingly low and weak. Some days before this -he had petitioned that he might go to Agra. I ordered him to come into -my presence and obtain leave. They put him into a palanquin and brought -him. He appeared so low and weak that I was astonished.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“He was skin drawn over bones.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Or rather his bones, too, had dissolved. Though -painters have striven much in drawing an emaciated face, yet I have -never seen anything like this, nor even approaching to it. Good God, -can a son of man come to such a shape <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb44" href="#pb44" name="pb44">44</a>]</span>and fashion? These two -couplets of Ustād<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1464src" href= -"#xd24e1464" name="xd24e1464src">110</a> occurred as appropriate:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“If my shadow do not hold my leg</p> -<p class="line">I shall not be able to stand till the Resurrection</p> -<p class="line">Nor, from weakness, does my soul see a refuge</p> -<p class="line">Where it may for a while rest on my lips.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">As it was a very extraordinary case I directed -painters to take his portrait. In fact, I found him wonderfully -changed. I said to him: “Beware; in your present state do not for -a moment forget God, nor despair of His mercy! If Death grant you -quarter (<i>amān</i>), regard the reprieve as a time for -apologizing and for amendment. If your life has come to its close, -consider every moment passed in remembrance of God as gain. Trouble not -your head about those you are leaving behind. A slight claim of service -is a great thing with us.” As they had spoken to me about his -poverty, I gave him Rs. 2,000 for road-expenses, and let him go. Next -day he travelled the road of non-existence.</p> -<p class="par">On Tuesday, the 30th, the bank of the River -Mānab<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1486src" href="#xd24e1486" name= -"xd24e1486src">111</a> became the halting-place for the sublime camp. -The New Year’s<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1489src" href= -"#xd24e1489" name="xd24e1489src">112</a> feast of Thursday was prepared -at this place on the 2nd of the Ilāhī month of -Ābān. Amānu-llah, s. Mahābat K., at his request, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e1498src" href="#xd24e1498" name="xd24e1498src">113</a> horse, -and Girdhar, s. Rāy Sāl, to that of 1,000 <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name="pb45">45</a>]</span>personal -and 800 horse. ʿAbdu-llah, son of K͟hān -Aʿz̤am, obtained the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 horse. -Dilīr K., who was one of the jagirdars of Gujarat, I presented -with a horse and an elephant. Ran-bāz K., s. -S͟hāh-bāz K. Kāmbū, came by order from the -Deccan, and was promoted to the post of Bakhshi and Recorder of the -army of Bangas͟h, and his mansab was fixed at 800 personal and 400 -horse. I marched on Friday, the 3rd. At this stage<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e1506src" href="#xd24e1506" name="xd24e1506src">114</a> Prince -S͟hujāʿ, the beloved son (liver-corner) of my son -S͟hāh-Jahān, who was being brought up in the chaste lap -of Nūr-Jahān Begam, and towards whom I have so much affection -that he is dearer to me than life, was attacked by a specially -infantile disease which they call -“ummu-ṣ-ṣibyān,”<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1510src" href="#xd24e1510" name="xd24e1510src">115</a> and for a -long time his senses left him. Although experienced people devised many -remedies, they were unprofitable, and his insensibility -(<i>bī-hūs͟hī</i>) took away my senses -(<i>hūs͟h</i>). As visible remedies were hopeless, by way of -humility and submission I rubbed the head of supplication on the Court -of the gracious Ruler who cherishes his slaves, and begged for the -child’s recovery. In this state it occurred to me that as I had -made a vow<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1519src" href="#xd24e1519" name= -"xd24e1519src">116</a> to my God that after I had passed my fiftieth -year, this suppliant would give up hunting with bullet and gun, and -would injure no creature with his own hand, if for the sake of his -safety I were to give up shooting from the present date, it were -possible that his life would become the means of preserving the lives -of many animals, and God Almighty might give him to me. In fine, with -true purpose, and sincere belief I vowed<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1522src" href="#xd24e1522" name="xd24e1522src">117</a> to God -that I would thenceforward not harm any living thing with my own hand. -By the grace of Allah his illness diminished. At the time when this -suppliant was in his mother’s womb, one day I made no movement -after the manner that other children make. The attendants were -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46" name= -"pb46">46</a>]</span>amazed, and inquiring into the cause stated the -case to my father (Akbar). At that time my father was engaged in -hunting with cheetahs. As that day was a Friday, for the purpose of my -safety he made a vow that during his life he would not hunt with -cheetahs on a Friday. Till the end of his life he remained firm in this -determination, and I also in obedience to him until now have never -hunted with cheetahs on a Friday. Finally, on account of the weakness -of the light of my eye, S͟hāh S͟hujāʿ, for -three days I halted at this stage, that God Almighty might give him his -natural<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1531src" href="#xd24e1531" name= -"xd24e1531src">118</a> life.</p> -<p class="par">On Tuesday, the 7th, I marched. One day the son of -Ḥakīm<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1536src" href="#xd24e1536" -name="xd24e1536src">119</a> ʿĀlī was praising the milk -of a camel. It occurred to me that if I could continue that for some -days, it was possible that it might do some good, and it might prove -agreeable to me. Āṣaf K͟hān had a Persian camel in -milk, and I took a little of it. Contrary to the milk of other camels, -which is not devoid of saltness, it appeared to my taste sweet and -delicious, and now for a month past I have been drinking every day a -cup of it, equal in quantity to half a water-cup, and it is clearly -advantageous, for it quenches my thirst. It is strange that two years -ago Āṣaf K. bought this camel, but at that time it had not a -young one, and had no sign of milk. At this time by chance milk flowed -from its dugs. They gave it every day to drink four seers of -cow’s milk with five seers of wheat, one seer of black<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1539src" href="#xd24e1539" name= -"xd24e1539src">120</a> sugar, and one seer of fennel -(<i>bādyān</i>), to make its milk delicious, sweet, and -profitable. Certainly it suited me admirably, and was to my taste. By -way of testing it, I sent for some cow’s and buffalo’s -milk, and tasted all three. There was no comparison in sweetness and -flavour with the milk of this camel. I ordered them to give the same -kind of food to some other female camels, that it might become clear -whether the purity was in consequence of eating good food, or whether -it was due to the natural sweetness of this (particular) camel’s -milk.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1547src" href="#xd24e1547" name= -"xd24e1547src">121</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" -name="pb47">47</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 8th, I marched, and halted on the 9th. -The royal tent was pitched near a large tank. -S͟hāh-Jahān presented me with a boat made after the -Kashmīr fashion, the sitting-place of which they had made of -silver. At the end of that day I embarked in that boat and went round -the tank. On this day ʿĀbid K., Bakhshi of Bangas͟h, who -had been summoned, came and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and was honoured with the post of Dīwān-i-buyūtāt. -Sar-farāz K͟hān, who was one of the auxiliaries of -Gujarat, received a standard, a private <i>tipchāq</i> horse, and -an elephant, and, overwhelmed with honour, obtained leave to go. -ʿĪzzat<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1557src" href="#xd24e1557" -name="xd24e1557src">122</a> K͟hān, who was one of those -attached to the army of Bangas͟h, was exalted with the gift of a -standard. Marching was ordered on Friday, the 10th. Mīr -Mīrān was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 600 -horse. On Saturday, the 11th, the auspicious equipage alighted in the -pargana of Doḥad. On the eve of Sunday, the 12th of the -Ilāhī month of Ābān, in the thirteenth year from my -accession, corresponding with the fifteenth Ẕī-l-Qaʿda -of the Hijrī year 1027, in the nineteenth degree of Libra, the -Giver of blessings gave my prosperous son S͟hāh-Jahān a -precious son by the daughter of Āṣaf K. I hope that -his<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1560src" href="#xd24e1560" name= -"xd24e1560src">123</a> advent may be auspicious and blessed to this -everlasting State. Halting for three days at this place, on -Wednesday,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1566src" href="#xd24e1566" name= -"xd24e1566src">124</a> the 15th Ābān, the camp was pitched at -the village of S̤amarna.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1569src" href= -"#xd24e1569" name="xd24e1569src">125</a> As it was necessary that the -Mubārak-s͟hamba entertainment should as far as possible be -arranged for on the bank of a river and a clean place, and there was in -this neighbourhood no spot which met those requirements, there was no -help for it but to order a start when half of the night of Thursday -(<i>i.e.</i>, Wednesday), the 16th, had passed, and when <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span>the sun -rose the camp was pitched on the bank of the tank of Bākhūr. -At the end of the day, the feast of cups was held and I presented cups -to some of my private servants. On Friday, the 17th, I ordered a march. -Kes͟ho Dās Mārū is a jagirdar in that -neighbourhood. According to orders, he came from the Deccan, and was -honoured by doing homage.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 18th (Ābān), the camp was at -Rāmgaṛh. For some nights before this there appeared, at -three <i>gharīs</i> before sunrise, in the atmosphere, a -(luminous) vapour in the shape of a pillar.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1583src" href="#xd24e1583" name="xd24e1583src">126</a> At each -succeeding night it rose a <i>g͟haṛī</i> earlier. When -it assumed its full form, it took the shape of a spear -(<i>ḥarba</i>), thin at the two ends, and thick in the middle. It -was curved like a sickle, and had its back to the south, and its face -to the north. It now showed itself a watch (<i>pahar</i>) before -sunrise. Astronomers took its shape and size by the astrolabe, and -ascertained that with differences of appearance (?) it extended over -twenty-four degrees. It moved in high heaven, but it had a movement of -its own, differing from that of high heaven, for it was first in -Scorpio and afterwards in Libra. Its declination -(<i>ḥarakat-i-ʿarẓ</i>?) was mainly southerly. -Astrologers call such a phenomenon a spear (<i>ḥarba</i>) in -their books, and have written that its appearance portends weakness to -the kings of Arabia, and points to their enemies prevailing over them. -God knows! Sixteen nights after this phenomenon, a star showed itself -in the same quarter. Its head was luminous, and its tail was two or -three yards long, but the tail was not luminous. It has now appeared -for eight nights; when it disappears, the fact will be noticed, as well -as the results of it.</p> -<p class="par">I halted on Sunday, the 19th, and on Monday I alighted -at the village of Sītalkhera.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1613src" -href="#xd24e1613" name="xd24e1613src">127</a> On Tuesday, the 21st, -there was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name= -"pb49">49</a>]</span>again a halt. I presented Ras͟hīd K., -the Afghan, with a robe of honour and an elephant, sending them to him -by Ran-bāz K. On Wednesday, the 22nd, the camp rested in pargana -Madanpūr.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1618src" href="#xd24e1618" -name="xd24e1618src">128</a> On Thursday, the 23rd, I halted and had a -feast of cups, and Dārāb K. had a <i>nādirī</i> -dress of honour given to him. Halting on Friday, on Saturday the camp -was pitched in the pargana of Nawārī.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1624src" href="#xd24e1624" name="xd24e1624src">129</a> On Sunday, -the 26th, I pitched on the bank of the River Chambal, and on Monday on -the bank of the River Kahnar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1628src" href= -"#xd24e1628" name="xd24e1628src">130</a> (?). On Tuesday, the 28th, the -royal standards were raised in the neighbourhood of the city of Ujain. -From Aḥmadābād to Ujain is a distance of ninety-eight -kos. It was traversed in twenty-eight marches and forty-one -halts—that is, in two months and nine days. On Wednesday, the -29th, I had an interview with Jadrūp, who is one of the austere -ones of the Hindu religion, and the particulars of whose circumstances -have been described in the preceding pages, and went with him to see -Kāliyādaha. Certainly association with him is a great -privilege.</p> -<p class="par">On this day it was made known to me in the contents of a -report from Bahādur K., the Governor of Qandahar, that in the -Hijrī year 1026—that is, last year—the number of mice -in Qandahar and the neighbourhood was so great that they destroyed all -the crops and grain and cultivation and the fruits of the trees of the -province, so that there had been no produce. They (the mice) cut off -the ears of corn and ate them. When the cultivators gathered their -crops, before they were threshed and cleaned, another<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e1633src" href="#xd24e1633" name="xd24e1633src">131</a> half -was destroyed, so that perhaps one-fourth of the crops only came to -hand. In the same way no vestige was left of the melons (melon-beds) or -garden produce. After some time the mice disappeared. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name="pb50">50</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">As my son S͟hāh-Jahān had not made a -birthday entertainment for his son (Aurangzīb), he petitioned at -Ujain, which is the place of his jagir, that the Thursday entertainment -of the 30th should be held at his abode. Of necessity, having consented -to the carrying out of his wish, the day was passed in enjoyment at his -quarters. My private servants who have the <i>entrée</i> into -this kind of parties and assemblies were delighted with brimming cups. -My son S͟hāh-Jahān brought that auspicious child before -me, and, presenting as offerings a tray of jewels, and jewelled -ornaments, and fifty elephants, thirty male and twenty female, asked me -for a name for him. Please God it will be given him in a favourable -hour. Of his elephants seven were included in my private stud; the rest -were distributed among the faujdārs. The value of the offerings -that were accepted will be Rs. 200,000.</p> -<p class="par">On this day ʿAẓudu-d-daula -(Jamālu-d-dīn Ḥusain Anjū) came from his jagir, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave eighty-one -<i>muhars</i> as <i>naẕr</i>, and an elephant as an offering. -Qāsim K., whom I had dismissed from the government of Bengal, had -been sent for, and having had the good fortune to do homage, presented -1,000 <i>muhars</i> as <i>naẕr</i>. On Friday, the 1st of -Āẕar, I amused myself with hawking. As the retinue passed -along, a field of millet (<i>jwār</i>) was met with. Though -generally a stem has only one head, each of them had twelve. I was -astonished, and at this time the tale of “The King and the -Gardener” occurred to me.</p> -<div class="blockquote"> -<p class="par first"><span class="sc">Tale of “The King and the -Gardener.</span>”<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1665src" href= -"#xd24e1665" name="xd24e1665src">132</a></p> -<p class="par">A King came to the gate of a garden in the heat of the -day. He saw an old gardener standing at the gate, and asked him if -there were any pomegranates in the garden. He said: “There -are.” He told him to bring a cup of pomegranate juice. The -gardener had a daughter adorned with grace of person, and beauty of -disposition. He made a sign to her to bring the pomegranate juice. The -girl went and at once <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51" -name="pb51">51</a>]</span>brought a cup full of pomegranate juice, and -placed some leaves upon it. The King took it from her hand and drank -it. Then he asked the girl what was her reason for placing leaves on -the top of the juice. She, with an eloquent tongue and a sweet voice, -represented that it was not wise at once to drink off a quantity of -liquid when he was bathed in perspiration, and in such a hot air. On -this account she had placed the leaves on the liquid by way of -precaution, so that he might drink it slowly. The King was greatly -pleased with her sweet ways, and it crossed his mind to admit the girl -into his Palace. After this he asked the gardener: “How much -profit do you derive from this garden every year?” He answered: -“Three hundred <i>dīnārs</i>.” The King asked: -“What do you pay the Diwan (tax-collector)?” He answered: -“The King takes nothing from the trees, but takes a tenth of the -cultivated crops.” It came into the King’s mind that there -were in his dominions many gardens and countless trees. If he were to -get a tenth of the garden produce as well, it would amount to a large -sum, and there would be no great loss to the cultivator. Hereafter he -would order a tax to be levied on garden produce. He said then: -“Bring me a little more pomegranate juice.” The girl went, -and after a long time brought a small quantity. The King said: -“The first time thou camest quickly, and broughtest more. This -time thou didst stay a long time, and broughtest less.” The girl -said: “The first time I had filled the cup with the juice of one -pomegranate, and brought it; this time I pressed out five or six -pomegranates and did not get as much juice.” The astonishment of -the King increased. The gardener represented: “The blessing of -produce depends on the goodwill of the King. It occurs to me that you -must be a King. At the time when you inquired of me the income from the -garden, your disposition must have changed. Consequently the blessing -passed away from the fruit.” The Sultan was impressed, and drove -that idea out of his heart. He then said: “Bring me once more a -cup of pomegranate juice.” The girl went again, and quickly -bringing a cup full to the brim, gave it, smiling and gladly, into the -Sultan’s hand. He praised the intelligence of the <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52" name= -"pb52">52</a>]</span>gardener, and explained the actual state of -affairs, and begged the girl of him in marriage, and married her.</p> -</div> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par">This true tale of that truth-preserving King has -remained as a memento on the page of time. In truth, the manifestation -of such spiritual (?)<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1680src" href= -"#xd24e1680" name="xd24e1680src">133</a> results is the mark of good -intentions, and the fruit of justice. Whenever all the energies and -purposes of justice-observing Kings are devoted to the comfort of the -people and the contentment of their subjects, the manifestations of -well-being and the productions of fields and gardens are not far off. -God be praised that in this age-enduring State no tax has ever been -levied on the fruit of trees, and is not levied now. In the whole of -the dominion not a <i>dām</i> nor one grain -(<i>ḥabba</i>)<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1692src" href= -"#xd24e1692" name="xd24e1692src">134</a> on this account enters the -public treasury, or is collected by the State. Moreover, there is an -order that whoever makes a garden on arable land, its produce is -exempted. I trust that God (to whom be glory!) will always incline this -suppliant towards what is good.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“When my purpose is good, do Thou grant me -good.”<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1698src" href="#xd24e1698" -name="xd24e1698src">135</a></p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On Saturday, for the second time, my desire for -the company of Jadrūp increased. After performing the midday -devotions, I embarked in a boat and hastened to meet him, and at the -close of day I ran and enjoyed his society in the retirement of his -cell. I heard many sublime words of religious duties and knowledge of -divine things. Without immoderate praise, he sets forth clearly the -doctrines of wholesome Sufism, and one can find delight in his society. -He is sixty years old. He was twenty-two years of age, when, forsaking -all external attachments, he placed the foot of determination on the -highroad of asceticism, and for thirty-eight years he had lived in the -garment of nakedness. When I took leave he said: “In what -language can I return thanks for this gift of Allah that I am engaged -in the reign of such a just King in the worship of my own Deity in ease -and contentment, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" name= -"pb53">53</a>]</span>and that the dust of discomposure from any -accident settles not on the skirt of my purpose?”</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 3rd, marching from Kāliyādaha, -I encamped at the village of Qāsimkhera. I employed myself on the -road in hawking. By chance a crane rose, and the -<i>tūyg͟hūn</i> falcon, of which I am very fond, was let -fly after it. The crane sought to escape, and the falcon soared and -flew so high as to disappear from sight. Although the huntsmen and the -head-beaters ran after it in all directions, they found no trace of it, -and it was impossible for the falcon to be caught in such a desert. -Las͟hkar Mīr Kas͟hmīrī, who is the head of the -Kashmir huntsmen, in whose charge the falcon was, ran in a bewildered -state through the desert in all directions without finding a sign or -trace. Suddenly he saw a tree in the distance, and when he went up to -it he found the falcon sitting on the end of a branch. Showing a -domestic fowl, he called to the falcon. Three <i>gharīs</i> more -had not passed when he brought it to me. This gift from the hidden -world, that had entered into the thoughts of no one, increased the joy -of my mind. Increasing his mansab as a reward for this service, I gave -him a horse and a dress of honour.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 4th, Tuesday, the 5th, Wednesday, the -6th, I marched continuously, and, halting on Thursday, the 7th, I -arranged a feast of pleasure on the bank of a tank. Nūr-Jahān -Begam had been ill for some time, and the physicians who had the good -fortune to be chosen to attend on her, <span class="corr" id= -"xd24e1720" title="Source: Musalmans">Musulmans</span> and Hindus, -perceived no gain from all the medicines they gave her, and confessed -their helplessness in treating her. At this time Ḥakīm -Rūḥu-llah began to wait upon her, and undertook (to find) a -remedy. By the aid of God (Glory be to His name!), in a short time she -quite recovered. In reward for this excellent service I increased his -mansab and bestowed on the Ḥakīm three villages in his -native country as his private property, and an order was given that he -should be weighed against silver, which should be given him as a -reward. From Friday, the 8th, until Sunday,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1723src" href="#xd24e1723" name="xd24e1723src">136</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54" name= -"pb54">54</a>]</span>the 13th, I made successive marches, and every day -up to the end of the stage employed myself in hunting with hawks and -falcons (<i>bāz u jurra</i>). Many <i>durrāj</i> (partridges) -were caught. On last Sunday, Kunwar Karan, s. Rānā Amar -Singh, having enjoyed the good fortune of kissing the ground, presented -his congratulations on the conquest of the Deccan, offering 100 -<i>muhars</i> and Rs. 1,000 by way of <i>naẕr</i>, and the value -of Rs. 21,000 in jewelled vessels, with some horses and elephants as -<i>pīs͟hkas͟h</i>. The horses and elephants I returned -to him, and the rest was accepted. The next day I presented him with a -dress of honour. To Mīr S͟harīf, Vakil of -Qut̤bu-l-mulk, and to Irādat K., the chief butler, an -elephant each was given. Sayyid Hizabr K. was given the faujdāri -of Mewāt, and his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at -1,000 personal and 500 horse. Having selected Sayyid Mubārak for -the charge of the fort of Rohtās, I conferred on him the mansab of -500 personal and 200 horse. On Thursday, the 14th, the camp was pitched -on the bank of the tank of the village of Sandhāra, and the feast -of cups was held, and chosen servants were made happy with cups of -pleasure. The birds of chase, “that had been shut up in Agra to -moult” (<i>ba-kurīz basta būdand</i>), were this day -brought to me by K͟hwāja ʿAbdu-l-Lat̤īf, the -Chief Fowler. Picking out those that were fit for my own use, the rest -were given to the Amīrs and other servants.</p> -<p class="par">On this day the news of the revolt and ingratitude for -favours of Rāja Sūraj Mal, s. Rāja Bāso, came to my -ear. Bāso had several<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1750src" href= -"#xd24e1750" name="xd24e1750src">137</a> sons. Although the -above-mentioned was the eldest, his father mostly kept him in -confinement on account of his evil thoughts and mischievous tendencies, -and regarded him with displeasure. After his (Bāso’s) death, -as this wretch was the eldest, and he had no other capable or -intelligent son, I, looking to the services rendered by Rāja -Bāso, for the purpose of preserving the family of a Zamindar, and -the protection of his hereditary property and country, conferred on -this wretch the title of Raja, with a mansab of 2,000, and gave him the -position and jagir of his father, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" -href="#pb55" name="pb55">55</a>]</span>which the latter had obtained by -his loyalty and good service. I also gave him the sums of money and -goods that his father had collected during long years. When the -deceased Murtaẓā K. was sent off on the duty of conquering -Kāngṛa, as this wretch was the chief Zamindar of that hill -country, he outwardly displayed zeal in the service and loyalty, and -was nominated as an auxiliary. After he reached the spot, -Murtaẓā K. pressed the siege tightly against the garrison. -This evil-minded fellow discovered from the appearance of things that -he would soon be victorious, and began to disagree and be troublesome. -He took off the veil of respect from his face, and proceeded to quarrel -and be hostile to Murtaẓā K.’s men. Murtaẓā -K. read the writing of misery and ruin on the page of the -wretch’s forehead, and reported unfavourably of him to the Court, -or rather wrote plainly that the signs of rebellion and want of loyalty -were clear in his conduct. As there was there such an officer as -Murtaẓā K. and a large army in the hill-country, the wretch -did not find the time convenient for the preparation of a disturbance. -He sent a report to my son S͟hāh-Jahān that -Murtaẓā K., at the instigation of interested parties, had -turned against him, and desired to overthrow and ruin him, and was -accusing him of wrong-doing and rebellion. He hoped that he would -summon him to Court, and thus provide a means for his escape and (the -prolonging of) his life. Although I had every confidence in the words -of Murtaẓā K., yet as he (Sūraj Mal) begged to be sent -for to Court, a doubt passed into my mind that possibly -Murtaẓā K., at the instigation of seditious people, might -cause a confusion, and might have accused him without due reflection. -Briefly, at the request of my son S͟hāh-Jahān, passing -over his offence, I summoned him (Sūraj Mal) to Court. Just at -this time Murtaẓā K. died, and the conquest of the fort of -Kāngṛa was delayed till the dispatch of another leader. When -this seditious fellow arrived at Court, I, under the pressure of -affairs, rapidly encompassed him with favours and sent him off to do -duty with my son S͟hāh-Jahān in the conquest of the -Deccan. After this, when the Deccan had come into the possession of -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56" name= -"pb56">56</a>]</span>the servants of the enduring State, he, having -acquired influence in my son’s service, was appointed to -superintend the taking of the fort of Kāngṛa. Although the -sending back of this ungrateful and untruthful one into that -hill-country showed a want of caution and care, yet as my son had taken -on himself the responsibility of the undertaking, I was obliged to give -in to his wish and to leave the matter to him. My fortunate son -appointed him, along with one of his own servants of the name of -Taqī and a suitable army of <i>manṣabdārs</i>, -<i>aḥadīs</i>, and royal musketeers, as has already been -related summarily in these pages. When he arrived at the place, he -began to show enmity and trickery toward Taqī also, and displayed -his natural disposition. He continually reported unfavourably of him -(Taqī), until he wrote plainly that he could not get on with him, -and that Taqī could not do the work. If another general were -appointed, the fort would be quickly conquered. In fine, he -(S͟hāh-Jahān) had no choice but to summon Taqī to -Court, and to appoint Rāja Bikramājīt, who was one of -his chief servants, with an army of fresh men on this service. When the -wretch discovered that his stratagems could no longer continue, and his -deceit go no farther, he, before the arrival of Bikramājīt, -gave leave to a number of the servants of the Court, on the pretence -that they had been on service a long time without proper arrangements -(commissariat), to hasten to their jagirs and provide themselves with -their equipments before the arrival of Rāja Bikramājīt. -As palpably this came to a dispersion of the forces of the loyal, and -most of them left for their own jagirs, only a few experienced men -remained there. Seeing his opportunity, he showed the signs of revolt -and sedition. Sayyid Ṣafī Bārha, who was distinguished -for his bravery, with some of his brothers and relatives, advanced the -feet of courage, and tasted the wholesome draught of martyrdom, and -some who were wounded with severe wounds, which are the adornment of -the lions of battle, that rascal took captive from the field of strife -and carried off to his own house of calamity.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1764src" href="#xd24e1764" name="xd24e1764src">138</a> Some from -love<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1767src" href="#xd24e1767" name= -"xd24e1767src">139</a> of life hastily withdrew <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name= -"pb57">57</a>]</span>themselves to the corner of safety. That rascal -stretched out the hand of oppression and possession over the parganas -on the skirts of the hill-country (<i>daman-i-kūh</i>), which -mostly belonged to the jagir of Iʿtimādu-d-daula, and did not -abate a hair’s breadth from attacking and plundering. It is hoped -that with the same swiftness, he will be caught with the reward of his -deeds and the recompense of his actions, and that the spirit<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1781src" href="#xd24e1781" name= -"xd24e1781src">140</a> of this State will do its work, please God!</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 17th, I crossed Ghāṭī -Chānḍā. On Monday, the 18th, the Jān-sipār -Ātālīq K͟hān-k͟hānān, -Commander-in-Chief, had the honour of kissing the threshold. As he had -been absent from my presence for a long time, and the victorious -retinue was passing by near the Sarkars of Khandesh and Burhānpur, -he asked to wait upon me, and an order was given that if his mind were -at ease in all respects, he should come unattended and return quickly. -He accordingly came with all speed, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects on this day, and, having been exalted by the receipt of all -kinds of royal favours and kingly benefits, he presented an offering of -1,000 <i>muhars</i> and Rs. 1,000.</p> -<p class="par">As the camp had undergone great hardship in crossing the -Ghāṭī, I ordered a halt for the refreshment of the -people on Tuesday, the 19th. I marched on Wednesday, the 20th, and on -Thursday, the 21st, halted again and held a feast of cups on the bank -of a river that is known as the Sind.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1793src" href="#xd24e1793" name="xd24e1793src">141</a> I gave a -special horse, of the name of Sumer, which was one of the finest -horses, to the K͟hān-k͟hānān. In the Hindi -language they call a hill of gold Sumer (Sumeru), and he was called by -this name on account of his colour and size. On Friday, the 22nd, and -Saturday, the 23rd, two successive marches were made. On this day a -wonderful waterfall was seen. The water is exceedingly clear, and pours -down with boiling and noise from a lofty place. On all sides of it -there are halting places <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href= -"#pb58" name="pb58">58</a>]</span>where one may praise God. Certainly I -have not recently seen such another fine waterfall, and it is a -delightful recreation-place. I was delighted with the spectacle for a -while. On Sunday, the 24th, I halted, and, sitting in a boat on a tank -which was in front of the royal enclosure -(<i>daulat-k͟hāna</i>), were shot<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1801src" href="#xd24e1801" name="xd24e1801src">142</a> ducks -(<i>murg͟hābī</i>). On Monday, the 25th, Tuesday, the -26th, and Wednesday, the 27th, I marched one after the other. I -bestowed on the K͟hān-k͟hānān the -<i>pūstīn</i> (sheep-skin coat) I had on my own person, and -seven horses from my stable, on which I always rode, were also given -him. On Sunday, the 2nd of the Ilāhī month of Dai, the royal -standards were raised at the fort of Ranthambūr. This is one of -the great forts of the Indians. In the time of Sult̤ān -ʿAlāʾu-d-dīn K͟haljī, Rāy Pitambar -Deo was in possession of it. The Sultan besieged it for a long time, -and conquered it with labour and great exertions, and in the -beginning<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1814src" href="#xd24e1814" name= -"xd24e1814src">143</a> of the reign of H.M. (Akbar)—may the light -of God be his witness!—Rāy Surjan Hāḍā had -it in his possession. He had always 6,000 or 7,000 horse in attendance -on him. That revered one, by the aid of the glorious God, conquered it -in the space of one month and twelve days, and Rāy Surjan, by the -guidance of fortune, having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -was enrolled among the number of the loyal, and became one of his -respectable and trusted Amīrs. After him his son Rāy Bhoj -also was included among the great Amīrs. Now his grandson, -Sar-buland Rāy, is among the chief officers. On Monday,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1817src" href="#xd24e1817" name= -"xd24e1817src">144</a> the 3rd, I went to inspect the fort. There are -two hills close to each other. They call one Ran, and the other -Thanbūr. The fort is built on the top of Thanbūr, and, -putting these two names together, they have called it <span class= -"corr" id="xd24e1820" title= -"Source: Ranthanbūr">Ranthambūr</span>. Although the fort is -exceedingly strong, and has plenty of water, the hill of Ran is a -specially strong fortress <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href= -"#pb59" name="pb59">59</a>]</span>(in itself), and the capture of the -fortress depends upon the possession of this hill. Accordingly, my -revered father ordered that they should plant cannon on the top of the -hill of Ran, and aim at (<i>majrā gīrand</i>) the buildings -inside the fort. The first gun they fired reached the square building -(<i>chaukandī</i>)<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1832src" href= -"#xd24e1832" name="xd24e1832src">145</a> of the palace of Rāy -Surjan. From the fall of that building, a trembling found its way into -the foundations of his courage, and a great perplexity overpowered his -heart, and thinking he would best consult his own safety in delivering -up the fort, he rubbed the head of worship and humility on the throne -of the king of kings, who forgave faults and accepted excuses.</p> -<p class="par">I had intended to pass the night in the fort, and the -next day to return to camp. As the buildings inside the fort had been -built after the fashion of the Hindus, and the rooms were without air -and with little space, they did not please me, nor was I disposed to -stay there. I saw a bath house, which one of the servants of -Dastam<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1840src" href="#xd24e1840" name= -"xd24e1840src">146</a> K͟hān had built near the wall of the -fort. A little garden and a lodging (<i>nis͟hīman</i>) which -overlooks (<i>mus͟hrif</i>) the open space is not wanting in space -and air, and there is no better place in the whole fort.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e1849src" href="#xd24e1849" name= -"xd24e1849src">147</a> Dastam K. was one of the Amīrs of the late -King (Akbar), and from his early years had been brought up in his -service. His connection with him was confidential and intimate. H.M. -had entrusted this fort to him from his exceeding confidence in -him.</p> -<p class="par">After completing my inspection of the fort and houses, I -ordered that they should bring before me the criminals who were -confined in the fort, so that I might look into the case of each of -them and give an order in accordance with justice. In brief, with the -exception of affairs of murder, and of any person through whose release -disturbance or calamity might ensue in the country, I freed them all, -and to each one in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60" -name="pb60">60</a>]</span>accordance with his circumstances gave his -expenses and dresses<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1856src" href= -"#xd24e1856" name="xd24e1856src">148</a> of honour. On the eve of -Tuesday, the 4th, I returned to the royal abode after a watch and three -gharis had passed. On Sunday (properly Wednesday), the 5th, having -marched nearly 5 koss, I halted on Thursday, the 6th. On this day the -K͟hān-k͟hānān presented his offering of -jewels, ornamented vessels, cloth, and an elephant. Of these I chose -whatever pleased me, and returned the rest. What was accepted of his -offering was of the value of Rs. 150,000. On Friday, the 7th, I marched -5 koss. I had before this captured a <i>sāras</i> with a falcon, -but until now I had never seen the hunting of a -<i>durnā</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e1869src" href="#xd24e1869" -name="xd24e1869src">149</a> (crane). As my son -S͟hāh-Jahān had great pleasure in <i>durnā</i> -hunting with the falcon (<i>s͟hāhīn</i>), and his -falcons were well grown, at his request I rode out early in the -morning, and caught one <i>durnā</i> myself, whilst the falcon my -son had on his wrist caught another. Certainly, of all good hunting -amusements, this is the best. I was exceedingly pleased with it. -Although the <i>sāras</i> is large, it is lazy and heavy on the -wing. The chase of the <i>durnā</i> has no resemblance to it. I -praise the heart and courage of the falcon that can seize such -strong-bodied animals, and with the strength of his talons can subdue -them. Ḥasan K., the chief <span class="corr" id="xd24e1893" -title="Source: hunstman">huntsman</span> of my son, was honoured with -an elephant, a horse, and a dress of honour, as a reward for this -exhibition of sport, and his son also received a horse and a dress of -honour. On Saturday, the 8th, having marched 4¼ koss, I halted -on Sunday, the 9th. On this day the -K͟hān-k͟hānān, the Commander-in-Chief, having -raised the head of dignity through the gift of a special dress of -honour, a jewelled waist-sword, and a private elephant with trappings, -was reappointed to Khandesh and the Deccan. The mansab of that pillar -of the kingdom, original and increase, was fixed at 7,000 personal and -horse. As he did not get on with Las͟hkar K., at his request I -assigned to ʿĀbid K. the duty of -Dīwān-i-buyūtāt,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1896src" href="#xd24e1896" name="xd24e1896src">150</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name= -"pb61">61</a>]</span>and having given him the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 400 horse, as well as a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour, -sent him to that Subah. On the same day K͟hān Daurān -arrived from Kabul, and had the good fortune to pay his respects, and -presented as <i>naẕr</i> 1,000 muhars and Rs. 1,000, as well as -an offering of a pearl rosary, fifty horses, ten Persian male and -female camels, and some hawks, and china,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1914src" href="#xd24e1914" name="xd24e1914src">151</a> and -porcelain (?), and other things. On Monday, the 10th, I marched -3¼ koss, and on Tuesday, the 11th, 5¾ koss. On this day -the K͟hān Daurān arranged his men before me, and passed -in review a thousand Mug͟hal cavalry, most of whom had Turkī -horses, and some ʿIrāq and some Mujannas<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e1917src" href="#xd24e1917" name="xd24e1917src">152</a> horses. -Though his troopers had been mostly dispersed, some going into the -service of Mahābat K. and remaining in that Subah, whilst a number -left him at Lahore and went into different parts of the dominion, yet -he could show this body of well-mounted men. Certainly the -K͟hān Daurān for valour and generalship is one of the -unique of the ages, but alas! I found he had become a decrepit old man, -and his sight was very weak. He has two intelligent young sons, who are -not wanting in reasonableness, but it will certainly be a great and -difficult thing for them to show themselves his equals. On this day I -gave him and his sons dresses of honour and swords. On Sunday, the -12th, traversing 3½ koss, I alighted on the bank of the tank of -Māndū.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1923src" href="#xd24e1923" -name="xd24e1923src">153</a> In the middle of the <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name="pb62">62</a>]</span>tank -there is a stone building, and on one of the pillars the quatrain of -someone had been engraved. I saw it, and was amazed. In truth, it is a -fine verse:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“My congenial friends have left me:</p> -<p class="line">One by one they’ve fallen into the hands of -death.</p> -<p class="line">They were poor drinkers at the banquet of life.</p> -<p class="line">A moment sooner than us they became -drunken.”<a class="noteref" id="xd24e1942src" href="#xd24e1942" -name="xd24e1942src">154</a></p> -</div> -<p class="par first">At this time I also heard another quatrain of the -same description, which I have recorded because it was very well -said:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“Alas! that people of intelligence and wisdom -have passed away.</p> -<p class="line">They have been forgotten in the minds of their -contemporaries.</p> -<p class="line">Those who spoke with a hundred tongues</p> -<p class="line">Ah! what heard they that they became silent.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On Thursday, the 13th, I made a halt. -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K., having come from Bangas͟h, had -the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Ikrām K., who was in -charge of the faujdāri of Fatḥpūr and the -neighbourhood, was honoured with waiting on me. K͟hwāja -Ibrāhīm K., Bak͟hs͟hī of the Deccan, was -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name= -"pb63">63</a>]</span>exalted with the title of ʿAqīdat K. -Mīr Ḥājj, who is one of the auxiliaries attached to -that Subah, and one of the brave young officers, was promoted to the -title of S͟harza (tiger-whelp) K., and received a standard. On -Friday, the 14th, I marched 5¼ koss. On Saturday, the 15th, -having marched 3 koss, I halted in the neighbourhood of -Bayānā.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2005src" href="#xd24e2005" -name="xd24e2005src">155</a> There I hastened with the ladies to see the -spectacle of the top of the fort. Muḥammad, the -Bak͟hs͟hī of Humāyūn, who was entrusted with -the charge of the fort, had built a fine house overlooking the plain, -of great height and with fine air. The tomb of S͟haik͟h -Bahlūl is also in that neighbourhood, and is not wanting in -excellence. The S͟haik͟h was the elder brother of -S͟haik͟h Muḥammad G͟haus̤, and was much -versed in the science of incantations by names (of God). -Humāyūn had great affection for him, and the most perfect -reliance on him. When he conquered the province of Bengal, he took up -his abode there for some time. Mīrzā Hindāl, by his -order, had remained<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2008src" href= -"#xd24e2008" name="xd24e2008src">156</a> at Agra. A body of avaricious -servants (<i>qulluq-chiyān</i>), whose character was mischievous -and seditious, taking to the way of faithlessness, came from Bengal to -the Mīrzā, and, working upon his base nature (shaking the -chain of his vile heart), led the Mīrzā on the road of -rebellion and ingratitude for favours, and of irrecognition of duty. -The thoughtless Mīrzā had the <i>k͟hut̤ba</i> -recited in his own name (proclaimed himself king), and openly raised -the standard of rebellion and strife. When the royal ear heard what had -taken place from the reports of those who were loyal, he sent -S͟haik͟h Bahlūl to admonish the Mīrzā, and to -turn him back from his vain purpose, and to establish his feet on the -highroad of sincerity and concord. As these wretches had made -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name= -"pb64">64</a>]</span>the flavour of royalty sweet to the -Mīrzā’s palate, he became imbued with futile ideas, and -would not be loyal. At the instigation of these seditious people he -made S͟haik͟h Bahlūl a martyr with the sword of -recklessness at the Chārbāg͟h (garden) which H.M. -Bābar had made on the bank of the Jumna. As Muḥammad -Bak͟hs͟hī was a disciple of the S͟haik͟h, he -carried the body into the fort of Bayānā, and buried it -there.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 16th, marching 4½ koss, I came to -the stage of Barah.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2022src" href= -"#xd24e2022" name="xd24e2022src">157</a> As the garden and well which -had been built by the order of Maryam-zamānī -(Jahāngīr’s mother) in the pargana of Jūsat was on -the road, I went to inspect them. Certainly the -<i>bāʾolī</i> (step-well) was a grand building, and had -been built exceedingly well. I ascertained from the officials that a -sum of Rs. 20,000 had been expended on this well. As there was much -game in this neighbourhood, I halted on Monday, the 17th.</p> -<p class="par">On Tuesday, the 18th, marching 3⅛ koss, the host -of prosperity halted at the village of -Dāyarmʾaʾū.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2039src" -href="#xd24e2039" name="xd24e2039src">158</a> On Wednesday, the 19th, -marching 2½ koss, the victorious standards were raised on the -bank of the Lake of Fatḥpūr. As at the time when the -conquest of the Deccan was meditated, the stages and distances from -Ranthambūr to Ujain were recorded, it appears unnecessary to -repeat them. From Ranthambūr<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2042src" -href="#xd24e2042" name="xd24e2042src">159</a> to <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name= -"pb65">65</a>]</span>Fatḥpūr by the road by which I came was -a distance of 234 koss, in sixty-three marches and fifty-six halts, -traversed in 119 days, or, according to solar reckoning, in one day -under four months, and by lunar four full months. From the date on -which the army of fortune started from the capital for the conquest of -the Rānā and the acquisition of the Deccan until now, when -the victorious and prosperous standards have been planted again in the -centre of the empire, it is five years and four months. The astrologers -and astronomers chose the day of <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> -(Thursday), the 28th of the Divine month of Dai, in my thirteenth year, -corresponding with the last day of the Muḥarram in the Hijrī -year 1028 (January 7, 1619), as the proper time at which to enter the -capital of Agra.</p> -<p class="par">At this time, again, it appeared from the reports of the -loyal that the disease of the plague was prevalent in Agra, so that -daily about 100 people, more or less, were dying of it. Under the -armpits, or in the groin, or below the throat, buboes formed, and they -died. This is the third year that it has raged in the cold weather, and -disappeared in the commencement of the hot season. It is a strange -thing that in these three years the infection has spread to all the -towns and villages in the neighbourhood of Agra, while there has been -no trace of it at Fatḥpūr. It has come as far as -Amānābād, which is 2½ koss from -Fatḥpūr, and the people of that place -(Amānābād) have forsaken their homes and gone to other -villages. There being no choice, and considering the observance of -caution necessary, it was decided that at this propitious<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2055src" href="#xd24e2055" name= -"xd24e2055src">160</a> hour the victorious army should enter the -inhabited part of Fatḥpūr in all joy and auspiciousness, and -after the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name= -"pb66">66</a>]</span>sickness and scarcity had subsided and another -auspicious hour had been chosen, I should enter the capital, please the -Almighty and most holy Allah!</p> -<p class="par">The Thursday entertainment took place on the bank of the -Lake of Fatḥpūr. As the time for entering the town (of -Fatḥpūr) was fixed for the 28th, I halted eight days in this -place. I ordered them to measure the circumference of the -lake,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2062src" href="#xd24e2062" name= -"xd24e2062src">161</a> and it came to 7 koss. At this stage, with the -exception of the revered Maryam-zamānī, who had become very -weak, all the Begams and inhabitants of the enclosure of chastity and -all the palace employés came out to meet me (istiqbāl). The -daughter<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2065src" href="#xd24e2065" name= -"xd24e2065src">162</a> of Āṣaf K., deceased, who is in the -house of ʿAbdu-llah K. <span class="corr" id="xd24e2071" title= -"Source: —">(</span><i>i.e.</i>, is married to ʿAbdu-llah), -s. K͟hān Āʿz̤am, told me a strange and -wonderful tale, and strongly insisted upon its truth. I write it on -account of its strangeness. She said: “One day in the courtyard -of the house I saw a mouse rising and falling in a distracted state. It -was running about in every direction after the manner of drunkards, and -did not know where to go. I said to one of my girls: ‘Take it by -the tail and throw it to the cat!’ The cat was delighted, and -jumped up from its place and seized it in its mouth, but immediately -dropped it and showed disgust. By degrees an expression of pain and -trouble showed itself in its face. The next day it was nearly dead, -when it entered into my mind to give it a little treacle<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2076src" href="#xd24e2076" name= -"xd24e2076src">163</a> (<i>tiryāq</i>, opium?). When its mouth was -opened, the palate and tongue appeared black. It passed three days in a -state of misery, and on the fourth day came to its senses. After this -the grain (<i>dāna</i>) of the plague (buboes) appeared in the -girl, and from excess of temperature and increase of pain she had no -rest. Her colour became changed—it was yellow inclining to -black—and the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67" -name="pb67">67</a>]</span>fever was high (<i>tap muḥriq -gardīd</i>). The next day she vomited<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2093src" href="#xd24e2093" name="xd24e2093src">164</a> and had -motions, and died. Seven or eight people in that household died in the -same way, and so many were ill that I went to the garden from that -lodging. Those who were ill died in the garden, but in that place there -were no buboes. In brief, in the space of eight or nine days seventeen -people became travellers on the road of annihilation.” She also -said: “Those in whom the buboes appeared, if they called another -person for water to drink or wash in, the latter also caught the -infection (<i>sirāyat</i>), and at last it came to such a pass -that through excessive apprehension no one would come near -them.”</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 22nd, K͟hwāja Jahān, who -had had the charge of Agra, having had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold, presented 500 <i>muhars</i> by way of <i>naẕr</i>, and -Rs. 400<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2113src" href="#xd24e2113" name= -"xd24e2113src">165</a> as charity. On Monday, the 24th, a special dress -of honour was conferred on him. On -<i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e2118src" -href="#xd24e2118" name="xd24e2118src">166</a> (Thursday), the 28th (? -27th), after four <i>g͟haṛī</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2124src" href="#xd24e2124" name="xd24e2124src">167</a> or nearly -two sidereal hours (<i>sāʿat</i>), had passed,</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“In an hour which agreed with two almanacs (?) -(or which marked two events),”</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68" name= -"pb68">68</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par xd24e2200">the royal standards auspiciously and happily -entered the inhabited part of Fatḥpūr. At the same hour the -entertainment (of weighing) for my prosperous and noble son, -S͟hāh-Jahān, was held. I ordered him to be weighed -against gold and other things, and his twenty-eighth year according to -the solar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2202src" href="#xd24e2202" name= -"xd24e2202src">168</a> months began auspiciously. It is hoped that he -may reach the natural<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2208src" href= -"#xd24e2208" name="xd24e2208src">169</a> limit of life. On the same day -H.M. the revered Maryam-zamānī (his mother) came from Agra, -and I acquired eternal good fortune from the blessing of waiting on -her. I hope that the shadow of her bringing up and affection may be -perennial on the head of this suppliant. As Ikrām K., s. -Islām K., had performed the duties of faujdār of this -neighbourhood in a proper manner, I bestowed on him the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 1,000 horse, original and increased. Suhrāb<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2211src" href="#xd24e2211" name= -"xd24e2211src">170</a> K., s. Mīrzā Rustam Ṣafavī, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 horse.</p> -<p class="par">On this day, going over in detail the buildings of the -palace of the late King (Akbar), I showed them to my son, -S͟hāh-Jahān. Inside of them a large and very clear -reservoir of cut stone has been constructed, and is called the -<i>Kapūr-talāo</i> (camphor tank). It is a square of 36 yards -by 36,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2219src" href="#xd24e2219" name= -"xd24e2219src">171</a> with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href= -"#pb69" name="pb69">69</a>]</span>a depth of 4½ yards. By the -order of that revered one, the officials of the public treasury had -filled it with <i>fulūs</i> (copper coins) and rupees. It came to -34 krors, and 48 lakhs, and 46,000 dāms, and 1,679,400 rupees, or -a total of 10,300,000 (one kror and three lakhs) according to -Hindustani reckoning, and 343,000 <i>tūmān</i> according to -Persian. For a long time the thirsty-lipped ones of the desert of -desire were satisfied from that fountain of benignity.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 1st Bahman, a reward of 1,000 <i>darb</i> -(Rs. 500) was given to Ḥāfiz̤ Nād -ʿAlī,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2290src" href="#xd24e2290" -name="xd24e2290src">172</a> the reciter. For a long time past -Muḥibb ʿAlī, s. Budāg͟h<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2293src" href="#xd24e2293" name="xd24e2293src">173</a> K. -Chikanī, and Abū-l-Qāsim Gīlānī, whom the -Ruler of Īrān had blinded and driven into the desert of -exile, have passed their days in ease under the refuge of this State. -To each of them, according to his condition, an allowance for living -had been granted. On this day they came from Agra, and had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold, and each of them was presented with Rs. -1,000. The <i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> entertainment was held in -state in the palace, and my private servants were gladdened with cups -of pleasure. Naṣru-llah, whom my son, Sult̤ān -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name= -"pb70">70</a>]</span>Parwīz, had sent to Court with the elephant -Kūh-damān,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2302src" href= -"#xd24e2302" name="xd24e2302src">174</a> took his leave and returned. A -copy (<i>jild</i>) of the <i>Jahāngīr-nāma</i>, together -with a special tipchāq horse, were given to him to take to my son. -On Sunday, the 8th, Kunwar Karan, son of Rānā Amar Singh, was -presented with a horse, an elephant, a dress of honour, a jewelled -<i>khapwa</i>, and a <i>phūl-kaṭāra</i>. I gave him -leave to go to his jagir, and sent a horse with him for the -Rānā. On the same day I went out sporting to -Amānābād. As there was an order that no one should kill -the antelope of that region, in the course of six years many antelope -had come together, and they had grown very tame. On Thursday, the 12th, -I returned to the palace, and on that day, according to custom, a feast -of cups was prepared.</p> -<p class="par">On the eve of Friday, the 13th (Bahman), I went to the -mausoleum of the refuge of pardon, S͟haik͟h Salīm -Chis͟htī, a little concerning whose blessed qualities has -been written in the preface<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2321src" href= -"#xd24e2321" name="xd24e2321src">175</a> to this record of prosperity, -and the <i>fātiḥa</i> was recited. Although the -manifestation of miracles and wonders is not approved by the elect of -the throne of God, and from humility and a feeling of their low rank -(as saints) they avoid such display, yet occasionally in the excitement -of ecstasy an appearance is manifested unintentionally and without -control,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2329src" href="#xd24e2329" name= -"xd24e2329src">176</a> or for the sake of teaching someone the -exhibition is made. Among these was this, that he before my birth gave -my father the good news of the advent of this suppliant and of my two -brothers. Again, one day my father incidentally asked him how old he -was, and when would he depart to the abiding regions. He replied: -“The glorious God knows what is secret and hidden.” After -much urgency he indicated this suppliant (Prince Salīm), and said: -“When the Prince, by the instruction of a teacher or in any other -way, shall commit something to memory and shall recite it, this will be -a sign of my union with God.” In consequence of this, His Majesty -gave strict orders to all who were in attendance on me that no one -should teach me anything in prose or verse. At length <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span>when two -years and seven months had passed away, it happened one day that one of -the privileged<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2340src" href="#xd24e2340" -name="xd24e2340src">177</a> women was in the palace. She used to burn -rue constantly in order to avert the evil eye, and on this pretext had -access to me. She used to partake of the alms and charities. She found -me alone and regardless of (or ignorant of) what had been said (by -Akbar), she taught me this couplet:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“O God, open the rosebud of hope</p> -<p class="line">Display a flower from the everlasting -garden.”<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2350src" href="#xd24e2350" -name="xd24e2350src">178</a></p> -</div> -<p class="par first">I went to the S͟haik͟h and repeated this -couplet. He involuntarily rose up and hastened to wait on the King, and -informed him of what had occurred. In accordance with Fate, the same -night the traces of fever appeared, and the next day he sent someone to -the King (with the request) to call Tān Sen Kalāwant, who was -unequalled as a singer. Tān Sen, having gone to wait upon him, -began to sing. After this he sent some one to call the King. When H.M. -came, he said: “The promised time of union has come, and I must -take leave of you.” Taking his turban from his head, he placed it -on mine, and said: “We have made Sult̤ān Salīm our -successor, and have made him over to God, the protector and -preserver.” Gradually his weakness increased, and the signs of -passing<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2354src" href="#xd24e2354" name= -"xd24e2354src">179</a> away became more evident, till he attained union -with the “True Beloved.”</p> -<p class="par">One of the greatest monuments of my father’s reign -is this mosque and cemetery (<i>rauẓa</i>). Certainly they are -exceedingly lofty and solid buildings. There is nothing like this -mosque in any other country. It is all built of beautiful stone, and -five lakhs of rupees were expended from the public treasury upon it. -Qut̤bu-d-dīn K. Kokaltās͟h made the marble railing -(<i>maḥjar</i>) round<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2366src" href= -"#xd24e2366" name="xd24e2366src">180</a> the cemetery, the flooring -(<i>fars͟h</i>) of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href= -"#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>dome and portico, and these are not -included in the five lakhs. The mosque has two great gateways. The -one<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2378src" href="#xd24e2378" name= -"xd24e2378src">181</a> towards the south is extremely lofty, and is -very beautiful. The archway (<i>pīs͟htāq</i>) is 12 -yards broad, 16 long, and 52 high. One must mount thirty-two steps to -get to the top of it. The other gateway is smaller, and is towards the -east. The length of the mosque from east to west, including the width -of the walls, is 212 yards. Out of this, the <i>Maqṣūra</i> -(the chancel) is 25½ yards, the middle is 15 yards by 15, the -portico (<i>pīs͟htāq</i>) is 7 yards broad, 14 yards -long, and 25 yards high. On each side of the large dome are two smaller -domes 10 yards by 10. Then there is a veranda (<i>aiwān</i>) which -is pillared. The breadth of the mosque from north to south is 172 -yards. Round it are ninety verandas (<i>aiwān</i>) and eighty-four -cells. The breadth of each cell is 4 yards,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2397src" href="#xd24e2397" name="xd24e2397src">182</a> and the -length 5 yards. The verandas are 7½ yards broad. The courtyard -(<i>ṣaḥn</i>) of the mosque, exclusive of the -<i>maqṣūra</i>, and the verandas, and the gates, is 169 -yards long and 143 yards broad. Above the verandas, the gates, and the -mosque, small domes have been constructed, and on the eves of -anniversaries and on holy days lamps are placed in these, and they are -enveloped in coloured<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2406src" href= -"#xd24e2406" name="xd24e2406src">183</a> cloths, so that they look like -lamp-shades (?). Under the courtyard they have made a well, and they -fill this with rainwater. As Fatḥpūr has little water, and -what there is is bad, this well<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2415src" -href="#xd24e2415" name="xd24e2415src">184</a> yields a sufficient -supply for the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73" name= -"pb73">73</a>]</span>whole year for the members of the family (of -Salīm Chis͟htī) and for the dervishes who are the -<i>mujāwirs</i> (caretakers) of the mosque. Opposite the great -entrance and towards the north-north-east is the tomb of the -S͟haik͟h. The middle dome is 7 yards, and round the dome is a -portico of marble, and on the front side of this is a marble lattice. -It is very beautiful. Opposite this tomb on the west, at a little -distance, is another dome, in which are laid to rest the sons-in-law -and sons of the S͟haik͟h, such as Qut̤bu-d-dīn K., -Islām K., Muʿaz̤z̤am K.,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2427src" href="#xd24e2427" name="xd24e2427src">185</a> and -others, who were all connected with this family, and rose to the -position of Amirs and to lofty rank. Accordingly, the circumstances of -each have been recorded in their places. At present the son of -Islām K., who is distinguished by the title of Ikrām K., is -the lord of the prayer-carpet. The signs of auspiciousness are manifest -in him; I am much inclined to cherish him.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 19th, I promoted -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K. to the mansab of 2,000 personal and -1,000 horse, and nominated him to the duty of taking the fort of -Kāngṛa, and the overthrow of the ungrateful Sūraj Mal. -I bestowed on him an elephant, a horse, and a dress of honour. -Tursūn Bahādur was also dispatched on this duty, and his -mansab was fixed at 1,200 personal and 450 horse. He was given a horse, -and took his leave. As the house of Iʿtimādu-d-daula was on -the bank of a tank, and people praised it greatly as a delightful place -and enchanting residence, at his request on Thursday, the 26th, an -entertainment was held there. That pillar of the kingdom engaged in the -dues of prostration and offerings, and prepared a grand meeting. At -night, after eating food, I returned to the palace. On Thursday, the -3rd of the Divine month of Isfand-armuz, Sayyid -ʿAbdu-l-Wahhāb Bārha, who had done active service in -Gujarat, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -and was honoured with the title of Dilīr K. On Saturday, the 12th, -I went out to Amānābād for sport, and until Sunday, with -the ladies, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name= -"pb74">74</a>]</span>employed myself in the pleasure of hunting. On the -eve of Thursday, the 27th<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2434src" href= -"#xd24e2434" name="xd24e2434src">186</a> (17th), I returned to the -palace.</p> -<p class="par">By chance, on Tuesday, during the hunting, a string of -pearls and rubies that Nūr-Jahān Begam had on her neck was -broken, and a ruby of the value of Rs. 10,000 and a pearl worth Rs. -1,000 were lost. Although the huntsmen made every search for it on -Wednesday, it did not fall into their hands. It occurred to me that as -the name of the day was <i>Kam-s͟hamba</i>, it was impossible to -find it on that day. On the contrary, as -<i>Mubārak-s͟hamba</i> (Thursday) was always a lucky day for -me, and had been blessed to me, the huntsmen on that day with but a -little search found both in that track-less place (without head or -foundation) and brought them to me. The best of coincidences was that -on the same propitious day the entertainment for my lunar weighing and -the feast of Basant-bārī (Spring festival) also took place, -and the good news of the conquest of the fort of Mau and the defeat of -that evil-fortuned Sūraj Mal arrived.</p> -<p class="par">The particulars of this are that when Rāja -Bikramājīt with the victorious army arrived in that region, -the ill-fated Sūraj Mal desired to delay him for some days by -trickery and babblement, but the aforesaid knew the real state of the -case and did not pay attention to his words, but advanced with the foot -of valour. That abandoned one, letting fall from his hand the thread of -plan, neither planted the foot of intrepidity firmly for battle nor had -the courage to defend the fort. After a slight struggle, and when many -of his people had been slaughtered, he took to flight, and the forts of -Mau<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2447src" href="#xd24e2447" name= -"xd24e2447src">187</a> and Mahrī (?), which were the chief -reliance of that ill-fated man, were both taken without difficulty. A -country <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name= -"pb75">75</a>]</span>which he had held by hereditary right from his -fathers was trodden under foot by the victorious troops, and he became -a wanderer and a vagabond. He retired to the ravines of the hills, and -cast the dust of ruin and contempt on the head of his Fortune. -Rāja Bikramājīt, leaving his country behind, hastened in -pursuit of him with the victorious army. When the state of affairs -reached the royal ears, in reward for this becoming service I ordered -drums for the Raja, and a fateful farman was issued from the Sovereign -of Wrath that they should overthrow from their foundation the fort and -buildings that had been erected by Sūraj Mal’s father and -himself, and leave not a trace of them on the face of the earth. A -strange thing is that the unfortunate Sūraj Mal had a brother -called Jagat Singh. When I promoted Sūraj Mal to the title of -Raja, and made him an Amir, and gave him dominion, etc., without a -partner or sharer, I, in order to please him, gave a small mansab to -Jagat Singh, who did not get on well with him, and sent him to Bengal. -This wretched one was passing his days in a poor condition far from his -home, in contempt, and to the delight of his enemies, and waiting for -some hidden aid, until by his good fortune this affair took place, and -that unblessed one struck an axe on his own foot. Summoning Jagat Singh -in all haste to Court, I honoured him with the title of Raja and the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and bestowed 20,000 -<i>darbs</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e2460src" href="#xd24e2460" -name="xd24e2460src">188</a> on him out of the public treasury for his -expenses. Giving him a jewelled khapwa, a robe of honour, a horse, and -an elephant, I sent him to Rāja Bikramājīt, and issued a -farman that if the aforesaid, by the guidance of a good destiny, should -perform laudable service, and display loyalty, that country should be -given over into his hand.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2466src" href= -"#xd24e2466" name="xd24e2466src">189</a></p> -<p class="par">As the praise of the garden of Nūr-manzil and the -buildings that had been newly-erected there continually reached me, I -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name= -"pb76">76</a>]</span>on Monday mounted my steed, and went to the stage -of Bustān-sarāy, and passed Tuesday in pleasure and at ease -in that entrancing rose-garden. On the eve of Wednesday the garden of -Nūr-manzil (the abode of light) was adorned by the alighting of -the hosts of prosperity. This garden contains 330 <i>jarībs</i> -(<i>bīghās</i>), according to the <i>Ilāhī gaz</i>. -Around it there has been built a wall, lofty and broad, of bricks and -cement, exceedingly strong. In the garden there is a lofty building and -a residence, highly decorated. Pleasant reservoirs have been -constructed, and outside the gate a large well has been made, from -which thirty-two pairs of bullocks continually draw water. The canal -passes through the garden, and pours water into the reservoirs. Besides -this, there are other wells, the water of which is distributed to the -reservoirs and plots. The beauty is increased by all kinds of fountains -and cascades and there is a tank in the exact middle of the garden -which is filled by rainwater. If by chance its water should fail in the -extreme heat, they supplement it by water from the wells, so that it -may always be full to the brim. Nearly Rs. 150,000 have been spent up -to now on this garden, and it is still unfinished, and large sums will -be expended in making avenues and laying down plants. It has also been -settled that the middle garden shall be newly walled<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e2482src" href="#xd24e2482" name="xd24e2482src">190</a> round, -and the channels for the coming and going of the water shall be made so -strong that it may always remain full of water and the water shall not -leak out in any way, and no damage accrue. It is possible that before -it is complete nearly Rs. 200,000 will have been spent on it.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 24th, K͟hwāja Jahān -presented an offering of jewels, jewelled vessels, cloths, an elephant, -and a horse, of the value of Rs. 150,000. Having made a selection from -them, I gave him the remainder. Until Saturday I passed my time in that -garden of delight in enjoyment. On the eve of Sunday, the 27th, I -inclined the reins of returning towards <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb77" href="#pb77" name="pb77">77</a>]</span>Fatḥpūr, and -an order was given that the great Amirs, according to annual custom, -should decorate the palace. On Monday, the 28th, I found that something -had gone wrong with my eye. As it arose from too much blood, I ordered -ʿAlī Akbar, the surgeon, to open a vein. On the next day the -benefit of this was apparent. I bestowed Rs. 1,000 on him. On Tuesday, -the 29th, Muqarrab K. came from his native place, and had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold, and I favoured him with many sorts of -kindness. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name= -"pb78">78</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e253" href="#xd24e253src" name="xd24e253">1</a></span> -Jahāngīr was born on Wednesday, 17 Rabīʿu-l-awwal -977 <span class="sc">A.H.</span>, or August 31, 1569, and so on March -11, 1618, or 23 Rabīʿu-l-awwal, 1027, he was in the beginning -of his fifty-first lunar year. By solar computation he was not yet -fifty, that is, he was in his fiftieth year. The text wrongly has 1017 -instead of 1027. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e253src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e263" href="#xd24e263src" name="xd24e263">2</a></span> Text -wrongly has <i>panchāq</i>. In Turki dictionaries it is spelt -topchāq, and means a large or long-necked horse. See P. de -Courteille Dict., etc. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e263src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e281" href="#xd24e281src" name="xd24e281">3</a></span> -Āṣaf K. III. of Blochmann; his name was Jaʿfar -Beg. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e281src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e284" href="#xd24e284src" name="xd24e284">4</a></span> See -“Iqbāl-nāma,” p. 111. etc. He is not the famous -Mīr Jumla, who was Aurangzeb’s general, though possibly the -latter was his son. According to the “Iqbāl-nāma, he -was the nephew, and not the uncle, of Mīr Riẓā, but -Jahāngīr’s statement agrees with the -ʿĀlam-ārāʾī (p. 623). Mīr -Jumla’s patron, Muḥammad Qulī -Qut̤b-S͟hāh, died in 1612. He himself died in 1637, -while Aurangzeb’s general died in 1663. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e284src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e293" href="#xd24e293src" name="xd24e293">5</a></span> Possibly -what is meant is that S͟hāh ʿAbbās was greedy after -Mīr Jumla’s (Sāmān) wealth. Kāmgār -Ḥusainī distinctly says that ʿAbbās wanted to get -hold of Mīr Jumla’s goods. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e293src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e297" href="#xd24e297src" name="xd24e297">6</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma says that ʿAbbās only gave Mīr -Jumla flattering words, and did not give him any high appointment. See -also ʿĀlam-ārāʾī, 623, and -Maʾās̤iru-l-umarā, III. 415. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e297src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e304" href="#xd24e304src" name="xd24e304">7</a></span> Tuqūz -means “nine,” but perhaps it is here only used to express a -gift, and the pieces of cloth were perhaps only nine, and not -eighty-one. See Vullers s.v., who refers to Quatremere. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e304src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e314" href="#xd24e314src" name="xd24e314">8</a></span> The I.O. -MSS. have Māmūʾī, and the meaning may be “the -maternal uncle of the Zamindar.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e314src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e329" href="#xd24e329src" name="xd24e329">9</a></span> Jariya in -No. 181. It seems to be the Jareja tribe of Abū-l-Faẓl, -Jarrett II. 250. Compare Blochmann’s translation, p. 285 n., of -the corresponding passage in the Iqbāl-nāma. The tribe is -there called Jhariyah. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e329src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e338" href="#xd24e338src" name="xd24e338">10</a></span> This must -be Pāvāgarh, a hill fort in the Pānch -ʿMaḥāl district, which is 2,800 feet above the sea. See -I.G. XX. 79, and XIX. 380. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e338src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e343" href="#xd24e343src" name="xd24e343">11</a></span> Son-in-law -of Iʿtmādu-d-daula, being married to a sister of -Nūr-Jahān. See Maʾās̤iru-l-umarā I. -573. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e343src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e356" href="#xd24e356src" name="xd24e356">12</a></span> -Jhālod in the Doḥad taʾlūqa of the Pānch -Maḥāl district, Bombay. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e356src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e363" href="#xd24e363src" name="xd24e363">13</a></span> The text -(pp. 227, 228) has drawings of the twelve Zodiacal coins. See also -Tavernier’s account of their institution. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e363src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e368" href="#xd24e368src" name="xd24e368">14</a></span> Text -wrongly has Saturday. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e368src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e371" href="#xd24e371src" name="xd24e371">15</a></span> Probably -the Seyreh of Bayley’s map, in the Lūnāvāda State, -E. of Aḥmadābād. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e371src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e390" href="#xd24e390src" name="xd24e390">16</a></span> Quoted by -Blochmann, <i>Calcutta Review</i>, 1869, p. 128. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e390src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e407" href="#xd24e407src" name="xd24e407">17</a></span> The text -has dar <i>zīr-i-ān</i> (“under it”) in -mentioning the position of the letters, but the I.O. MS. No. 181, has -<i>dar zabar</i> (“above” or “on it.”). The -words <i>khaṭṭ-i-muḥarraf</i> might mean -“inverted or slanting letters,” and Mr. Rogers has taken -the passage to mean that two of the letters were on a line with one -another, and that the third was inverted and below the other two. But -<i>muḥrif</i>, as the word may also be read, has the meaning of -“handsome,” and I think this is the meaning here. Possibly -the meaning is that there was a letter or mark <i>above</i>—viz., -the <i>tas͟hdīd</i>. Another meaning may be that all three -letters were equal in size, and in a slanting position on the -stone. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e407src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e462" href="#xd24e462src" name="xd24e462">18</a></span> -Dihbīd, “the village of the willow,” a well-known -place in Transoxiana. It is Dihband in text. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e462src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e477" href="#xd24e477src" name="xd24e477">19</a></span> -<i>Ukna</i>. The word appears to be Arabic, and signifies a nest. It is -commonly written <i>wukna</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e477src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e487" href="#xd24e487src" name="xd24e487">20</a></span> -<i>Bāz dāmī</i> apparently means hawks reared in -captivity, or it may mean hawks brought by -dealers—<i>dāmī</i>. Information about hawks may be -found in Blochmann, 293, etc., and in Col. Phillott’s recent -articles in the J.A.S.B., May, 1907, etc. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e487src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e497" href="#xd24e497src" name="xd24e497">21</a></span> The I.O. -MS. has “rupees.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e497src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e504" href="#xd24e504src" name="xd24e504">22</a></span> Blochmann, -346. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e504src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e507" href="#xd24e507src" name="xd24e507">23</a></span> -Ulug͟h in MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e507src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e510" href="#xd24e510src" name="xd24e510">24</a></span> Blochmann, -346. Yūsuf died in November, 1601. His eldest son was M. -Las͟hkarī. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e510src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e534" href="#xd24e534src" name="xd24e534">25</a></span> The MSS. -have 24th and 25th for the following day, but 14th and 15th seem -right. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e534src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e537" href="#xd24e537src" name="xd24e537">26</a></span> The -passage is translated in Elliot, VI. 357, but the mention of Saturday -and of Multan doctors there is a mistake. Text has <i>afzūdam</i>, -“I increased my intoxication,” but this seems wrong. The -MSS. have <i>afzūd</i>. Jahāngīr means that the stoppage -of his wine increased crapulousness. See Elliot, VI. -357. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e537src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e548" href="#xd24e548src" name="xd24e548">27</a></span> Apparently -this should be <i>yūg͟hān</i>, which is a Turki word -meaning “<i>thick</i>.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e548src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e561" href="#xd24e561src" name="xd24e561">28</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 358. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e561src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e564" href="#xd24e564src" name="xd24e564">29</a></span> See Vol. -I., p. 414. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e564src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e573" href="#xd24e573src" name="xd24e573">30</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 115, has a different reading of this -line. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e573src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e604" href="#xd24e604src" name="xd24e604">31</a></span> It should -be recorded to Jahāngīr’s credit that he has a -reputation even at the present day for his love of -justice. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e604src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e624" href="#xd24e624src" name="xd24e624">32</a></span> -<i>ʿajabī.</i> The MSS. have <i>ʿajsī</i>, -“lasting,” which seems better. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e624src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e642" href="#xd24e642src" name="xd24e642">33</a></span> Compare -Elliot, VI. 359. <i>Ruk͟h-i-gulzār</i> also means the cheek -of the rosebud (<i>i.e.</i>, the beloved one). Apparently the conceit -is that the cheek of the fair one is clouded over, so it should be -reddened by pouring wine on it. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e642src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e660" href="#xd24e660src" name="xd24e660">34</a></span> -<i>hamwār.</i> Perhaps it means “mediocre” here, but -we have the word a little lower down, p. 240, used in a laudatory -sense. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e660src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e665" href="#xd24e665src" name="xd24e665">35</a></span> According -to the Maʾās̤ir and Blochmann, 465, it was the second -son who attained the highest rank. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e665src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e676" href="#xd24e676src" name="xd24e676">36</a></span> <i>dah -duwāzdah</i>, “10, 12”—<i>i.e.</i>, it is -one-fifth larger. The <i>sāras</i> is the Ardea Antigone of -naturalists. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e676src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e711" href="#xd24e711src" name="xd24e711">37</a></span> Two -boundaries. The name signifies that it is on the borders of Mālwa -and Gujaru, I. G. XI. 366. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e711src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e717" href="#xd24e717src" name="xd24e717">38</a></span> -<i>pāk sāk͟ht.</i> Lit. cleaned it, which may mean also -that he disembowelled it, or even that he cooked it. Probably the -gunner left the body or part of it there, and it was this that the male -circumambulated. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e717src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e729" href="#xd24e729src" name="xd24e729">39</a></span> Apparently -this should be Pāvan. It was one of those caught in the elephant -hunt. It is written Bāvan in the MSS. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e729src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e734" href="#xd24e734src" name="xd24e734">40</a></span> For -meaning of <i>ḍara</i>, “yard,” see text (15th year), -pp. 298 and 303. For 3½ quarters (<i>pāo</i>) the text -wrongly has 3½ feet (<i>pā</i>). <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e734src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e752" href="#xd24e752src" name="xd24e752">41</a></span> MSS. has -17. Text has 7. According to Elliot, Supplement II., 177, the -<i>Ilāhī gaz</i> was one of 41 fingers. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e752src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e772" href="#xd24e772src" name="xd24e772">42</a></span> This was -not the son who died in the following year. See text, p. 282. That son -was the eldest son, and probably was the one born in the 9th year. See -Tūzuk, p. 137. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e772src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e777" href="#xd24e777src" name="xd24e777">43</a></span> The -Zamindar of Cutch, whose residence was at Bhūj. See Jarrett, II. -250, where it is said that the Jām left his original country 60 -years ago. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e777src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e780" href="#xd24e780src" name="xd24e780">44</a></span> -Jahāngīr is referring to his visit to Gujarat in the 12th -year of his reign. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e780src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e788" href="#xd24e788src" name="xd24e788">45</a></span> MSS. have -this 70 or 80. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e788src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e793" href="#xd24e793src" name="xd24e793">46</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 359. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e793src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e799" href="#xd24e799src" name="xd24e799">47</a></span> Text -“of Merv,” but the MSS. have Herat. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e799src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e809" href="#xd24e809src" name="xd24e809">48</a></span> -Manṣūr Naqqās͟h is one of the illustrators to the -Bābar-nāma in the British Museum. Rieu Supplement, p. 52. -There is also a Ḥusain Naqqās͟h mentioned in the MS. -there described. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e809src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e816" href="#xd24e816src" name="xd24e816">49</a></span> Apparently -there were 32 days in this Tīr. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e816src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e819" href="#xd24e819src" name="xd24e819">50</a></span> The -Sābarmatī rises in the hills of Mewār. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e819src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e822" href="#xd24e822src" name="xd24e822">51</a></span> I cannot -find this Kokra or Gogra. The Sābarmatī falls into the Gulf -of Cambay. Possibly Kokra thereby means -“mountains.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e822src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e828" href="#xd24e828src" name="xd24e828">52</a></span> Apparently -the Mairpūr of Bayley’s map. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e828src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e837" href="#xd24e837src" name="xd24e837">53</a></span> Blochmann, -339. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e837src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e840" href="#xd24e840src" name="xd24e840">54</a></span> Perhaps -this is the Bīrāgam of the Āʾīn A. (Jarrett, -II. 230). Panjū Zamīndār may be the Bab-jīū, -Zamindar of the Gond tribe, whom Abū-l-Faẓl mentions. The -word Barākar is omitted in text. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e840src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e845" href="#xd24e845src" name="xd24e845">55</a></span> See -Blochmann, 480 n., Elliot, VI. 344, and the Tūzuk, annals of 10th -year. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e845src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e850" href="#xd24e850src" name="xd24e850">56</a></span> Probably -the meaning is that the four mines occur within a space of 50 -<i>koss</i>. Tavernier, vol. II., may be consulted. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e850src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e857" href="#xd24e857src" name="xd24e857">57</a></span> -<i>Puk͟hta</i> in text, but the MSS. have not this word. Instead, -they have a word which seems to be <i>taḥsina</i>, -“beautiful.” The R.A.S. MS. also seems to have -<i>taḥsina</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e857src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e892" href="#xd24e892src" name="xd24e892">58</a></span> -<i>māhagī</i>? Probably it means that they were caught when a -month old, and Elliot’s translator so took it. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e892src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e903" href="#xd24e903src" name="xd24e903">59</a></span> This was -the garden which ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm made after his victory -over Muz̤affar Gujarātī. In Price’s -Jahāngīr, pp. 115–16, there is an account of an -entertainment given there to Jahāngīr by -ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm’s daughter. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e903src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e920" href="#xd24e920src" name="xd24e920">60</a></span> Or 22 -Ramaẓān, 1027 = September 2, 1618. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e920src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e925" href="#xd24e925src" name="xd24e925">61</a></span> <i>Cf.</i> -Iqbāl-nāma, 117. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e925src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e935" href="#xd24e935src" name="xd24e935">62</a></span> In MSS. -written Marhāna or Sarhāna. Perhaps Harhāna in the Bet -Jālandhar Dūʾāb, Jarrett, II. 317. Though the text -says 22 lakhs of dams, the MSS. only say 22 lakhs, and possibly rupees -are meant. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e935src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e938" href="#xd24e938src" name="xd24e938">63</a></span> -<i>K͟hūd bi-inʿām iltimās namūd.</i> -“As a favour to himself.” It is not likely that -S͟hāh Jahān would ask for the pargana for -Bikramājīt if it was already his own. I presume the meaning -is that S͟hāh Jahān asked that this pargana should be -given to Bikramājīt as a favour to himself. But perhaps the -meaning is “which he (S͟hāh Jahān) had asked for, -for himself.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e938src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e944" href="#xd24e944src" name="xd24e944">64</a></span> In the -MSS. the word <i>k͟hūd</i> follows <i>inʿām</i> -instead of preceding it. Perhaps the meaning is, “which was his -own appanage,” “and he requested,” -etc. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e944src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e953" href="#xd24e953src" name="xd24e953">65</a></span> Text -wrongly has Muʿtamid. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e953src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e959" href="#xd24e959src" name="xd24e959">66</a></span> The saint -who is buried at Gwalior. He died September 14, 1562. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e959src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e970" href="#xd24e970src" name="xd24e970">67</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 360. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e970src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e975" href="#xd24e975src" name="xd24e975">68</a></span> The 8th -S͟hahrīwar = August 20, 1618. The departure had been fixed -for the 21st, and having mentioned this, Jahāngīr goes on to -describe what occurred between the 7th and the 21st. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e975src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e985" href="#xd24e985src" name="xd24e985">69</a></span> So in -text, but MSS. give Jahanda as the name of the brother of -Balūch. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e985src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e990" href="#xd24e990src" name="xd24e990">70</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 361. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e990src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e999" href="#xd24e999src" name="xd24e999">71</a></span> Text -wrongly has Mag͟hribī, who was a much later poet, for he died -in 809 <span class="sc">A.H.</span> = 1416. Sult̤ān Sanjar -belonged to the sixth century of the Hijra, and Muʿizzī, who -is the poet meant by Jahāngīr, died in 542 <span class= -"sc">A.H.</span> (1147–48), having been accidentally killed with -an arrow by Sult̤ān Sanjar. See Rieu, II. 552b. The ode -quoted by Jahāngīr is to be found at p. 138b of British -Museum MS. Add. 10588. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e999src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1008" href="#xd24e1008src" name="xd24e1008">72</a></span> -<i>hamwār</i> used here in a favourable sense, though some pages -farther back, 233 of Persian text, it seems to be used, when speaking -of Jāmī, in disparagement. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1008src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1020" href="#xd24e1020src" name="xd24e1020">73</a></span> See -Beale art. Saʿīdā-i-Gīlānī. He was styled -Bī-badal. The date 1116 in Beale is manifestly wrong. He is the -Mullā S͟haidā of Rieu, III., 1083e. See also -Sprenger’s Catalogue, 124; there is a notice of him in the -Maʾās̤iru-l-Umarā, I. 405. He was the artist of the -Peacock-throne. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1020src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1034" href="#xd24e1034src" name="xd24e1034">74</a></span> -<i>Turunj</i>, rendered by Vullers as “citron.” Probably -the reference is to the colour of the sky, which is often spoken of by -Orientals as green. The concluding lines play upon -Jahāngīr’s title of Nūru-d-dīn, on his -son’s title of S͟hāh-Jahān, and his name of -K͟hurram. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1034src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1064" href="#xd24e1064src" name="xd24e1064">75</a></span> -<i>Bārī</i> is a Hindu word meaning garden. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1064src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1071" href="#xd24e1071src" name="xd24e1071">76</a></span> -<i>ayyām-i-jawānī.</i> The MSS. have -<i>qazzāqī</i>, “raids.” The name of the -Mullā there seems to be Asīrī. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e1071src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1079" href="#xd24e1079src" name="xd24e1079">77</a></span> <i>dar -k͟halā wa-malā maḥram -būda.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1079src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1085" href="#xd24e1085src" name="xd24e1085">78</a></span> MS. -305. “On every side there are Būlsarī-trees.” -Both I.O. MSS. have Būlsarī, for which see Blochmann, 70. -Apparently there was only one tree. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1085src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1100" href="#xd24e1100src" name="xd24e1100">79</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 361. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1100src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1111" href="#xd24e1111src" name="xd24e1111">80</a></span> This -was not the ʿId, for the month was not over. It was the feasting -after nightfall usual in the Ramaẓān. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1111src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1131" href="#xd24e1131src" name="xd24e1131">81</a></span> -<i>k͟hudāwandi-gār.</i> For which word see Vullers and -the Bahār-i-ʿAjam. Perhaps it means here a locum-tenens or -officiating master. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1131src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1145" href="#xd24e1145src" name="xd24e1145">82</a></span> -Apparently this should be thirty-two. The egg was laid on 21 -Amurdād, see p. 237, and the interval between the hatching of the -two chicks was three or four days. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1145src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1148" href="#xd24e1148src" name="xd24e1148">83</a></span> Text -<i>dah yāzdah</i>, ten to eleven. But MS. 305 has <i>dah -pānzdah</i>, ten to fifteen, which is more likely. The meaning -then would be that the young of the sāras were 50 per cent., or -one-half, larger than goslings. The common expression for one-tenth is -<i>dah yak</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1148src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1164" href="#xd24e1164src" name="xd24e1164">84</a></span> Ganj in -No. 181. Perhaps it should be Gajna, see I.G., 17, p. -11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1164src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1167" href="#xd24e1167src" name="xd24e1167">85</a></span> MSS. -Atrak. It is the Wātrak of Bayley’s Gujarat, p. 201, and the -Vātrak of I.G., XXI. 344. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1167src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1170" href="#xd24e1170src" name="xd24e1170">86</a></span> -Sult̤ān Maḥmūd III., killed by Burhān in -February, 1554. Bayley’s Gujarat, pp. 449 and 453. -Jahāngīr calls him the last Sult̤ān of Gujarat, -because Aḥmad II. and Muz̤affar III. were regarded as -spurious. See Āyīn-i-Akbarī, Jarrett, II. -261. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1170src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1186" href="#xd24e1186src" name="xd24e1186">87</a></span> -Probably great-grandson, for S͟hāh ʿĀlam died in -880 (1475–76), as Jahāngīr tells us supra, and he says -that he questioned Sayyid Muḥammad about S͟hāh -ʿĀlam’s raising the dead, and that Sayyid -Muḥammad said he had the story from his father and grandfather. -The Maʾās̤iru-l-Umarā, III. 447, says Sayyid -Muḥammad was <i>five</i> removes from S͟hāh -<span class="corr" id="xd24e1191" title= -"Source: ʿĀlām">ʿĀlam</span>. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1186src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1195" href="#xd24e1195src" name="xd24e1195">88</a></span> For -Yāqūt, see Blochmann, 99–100. He was a famous -calligrapher, and lived in the thirteenth century. It appears, however, -that Yāqūtī is also the name of a particular kind of -writing. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1195src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1198" href="#xd24e1198src" name="xd24e1198">89</a></span> -<i>Ba-qit̤aʿ-i-mat̤būʿa-i-muk͟htaṣar.</i> -<i>Mat̤būʿa</i> is used in modern times to mean -“printed,” but here, I think, it means -“elegant.” It is so used in the annals of the 12th year, p. -208, line 18, where it is applied to a building. -<i>Qit̤aʿ</i> probably refers to the shape of the volume, and -<i>muk͟htaṣar</i> to its small size, or to the minuteness of -the writing. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1198src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1215" href="#xd24e1215src" name="xd24e1215">90</a></span> Sayyid -Muḥammad, the Mīr referred to by Jahāngīr, lived -into S͟hāh-Jahān’s reign, not dying till 1045 -(1635–36). See Pāds͟hāh-nāma, I., Part II., -p. 329. But we do not hear anything more of his translation. Perhaps -his ill-health prevented him. It is also the fact that orthodox -Muhammadans object to translations of the Qoran, regarding it as an -impossible task. The Mīr’s son became chief ecclesiastical -officer (Ṣadr) under S͟hāh-Jahān. See -Maʾās̤iru-l-Umarā, III. 447, and -Pāds͟hāh-nāma, I., Part II., p. 328. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1215src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1224" href="#xd24e1224src" name="xd24e1224">91</a></span> Elliot, -V. 361. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1224src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1240" href="#xd24e1240src" name="xd24e1240">92</a></span> There -were twelve mās͟has in a tola; the six cups, then, of 6 tolas -and a quarter came to 37½ tolas. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1240src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1253" href="#xd24e1253src" name="xd24e1253">93</a></span> -Jahāngīr visited his father’s tomb in the following -year (the 14th). The passage describing the renunciation of shooting -(not of hunting) is translated in Elliot, VI. 362. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1253src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1265" href="#xd24e1265src" name="xd24e1265">94</a></span> The -version of the last two lines is by Sir William Jones, and is given by -him in his Tenth Anniversary Discourse, delivered on February 28, 1793. -As my friend Mr Whinfield has pointed out to me, the quotation comes -from the story of S͟hiblī and the ant in the second chapter -of the Būstān. It occurs in the sixth story of the second -book and p. 161 of Graf’s edition. Sir William Jones’s -remark is: “Nor shall I ever forget the couplet of Firdausi, for -which Sadi, who cites it with applause, pours blessings on his departed -spirit.” The quotation from Firdūsī occurs on p. 67 of -Vol. I. in Macan’s edition of the -S͟hāh-nāma. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1265src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1275" href="#xd24e1275src" name="xd24e1275">95</a></span> -Ūrvasī is the name of a celestial nymph. It is also stated by -Forbes to be the name of an ornament worn on the breast. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1275src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1315" href="#xd24e1315src" name="xd24e1315">96</a></span> Text -<i>bā naqs͟h</i> by mistake for -banafs͟ha. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1315src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1325" href="#xd24e1325src" name="xd24e1325">97</a></span> I.O. -MS. 181 has “thirty <i>surk͟h</i>.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1325src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1355" href="#xd24e1355src" name="xd24e1355">98</a></span> Perhaps -the Moondah of Bayley’s map, east of -Maḥmūdābād. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1355src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1360" href="#xd24e1360src" name="xd24e1360">99</a></span> The -text has <span class="Arabic" lang= -"ar">خادا</span> <i>k͟hāda</i>, -“an oar,” but the word is perhaps <i>k͟hārwa</i>, -“a sailor.” I.O. MS. 181, has -<i>k͟hārwa</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1360src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1379" href="#xd24e1379src" name="xd24e1379">100</a></span> The -I.O. MSS. have Albatta. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1379src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1391" href="#xd24e1391src" name="xd24e1391">101</a></span> The -youth who was afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e1391src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1396" href="#xd24e1396src" name="xd24e1396">102</a></span> I.O., -No. 181, has G͟hairat K. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1396src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1411" href="#xd24e1411src" name="xd24e1411">103</a></span> -<i>gām</i> sometimes means a step, but here it seems to mean one -foot-length. The distance mentioned by Jarrett appears to be 90 -feet. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1411src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1419" href="#xd24e1419src" name="xd24e1419">104</a></span> No. -181 has “in three days.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1419src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1432" href="#xd24e1432src" name="xd24e1432">105</a></span> -Compare account in Akbar-nāma, II. 150. Akbar was then twenty -years old. There is a picture of the two elephants crossing the bridge -with Akbar on the elephant Hawāʾī in the Clarke MS. in -the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1432src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1439" href="#xd24e1439src" name="xd24e1439">106</a></span> -Presumably the other side of the tank; it was the wild male sāras -that Jahāngīr put rings upon. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1439src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1444" href="#xd24e1444src" name="xd24e1444">107</a></span> The -hunting of deer with decoys is described in Blochmann’s -Āyīn, 291. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1444src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1449" href="#xd24e1449src" name="xd24e1449">108</a></span> -Apparently a metaphorical expression, “fought with fire and -water.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1449src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1452" href="#xd24e1452src" name="xd24e1452">109</a></span> -<i>sūʾu-l-qinya</i>, “Bad state of the body, -cachexy” (Steingass). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1452src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1464" href="#xd24e1464src" name="xd24e1464">110</a></span> I do -not know of any poet with the <i>tak͟halluṣ</i> Ustād. -Possibly Jāmī is referred to. The lines are obscure, and I am -not certain of the meaning. The I.O. MSS. omit the negatives in the -first two lines. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1464src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1486" href="#xd24e1486src" name="xd24e1486">111</a></span> Not -identified. I.O. MS. 305, seems to have Pānib. Can it be the -Mānchan or Majham? Possibly we should read -Banās. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1486src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1489" href="#xd24e1489src" name="xd24e1489">112</a></span> The -I.O. MSS. have not the words <i>Nau Rūz</i>, “New -Year,” and I am not sure what New Year’s day is meant. The -time was October. Perhaps it was the first day of -Ẕī-l-Qaʿda that was celebrated, or it may be what is -described in Richardson as the New Year’s day of the -Balance—viz., the entry of the Sun into the Sign of the Balance. -Jahāngīr may have had special regard to that Sign as he was -born under it. Perhaps all that is meant is that the feast of 1 -Ābān was celebrated. Ābān was a sacred month -because Akbar was born in it, and it may be that the feast was -celebrated on Thursday the 2nd because the previous day, Wednesday, was -regarded by Jahāngīr as unlucky, and was always spoken of as -<i>Kam-s͟hamba</i>. But most probably Nau Rūz is simply a -mistake of the text. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1489src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1498" href="#xd24e1498src" name="xd24e1498">113</a></span> I.O. -MS. <span class="corr" id="xd24e1500" title="Source: have">has</span> -600. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1498src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1506" href="#xd24e1506src" name="xd24e1506">114</a></span> The -name of the stage is not given. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1506src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1510" href="#xd24e1510src" name="xd24e1510">115</a></span> -Literally the mother of children, but explained as meaning a female -demon (larva) who torments children. See Lane’s Dictionary, 1650, -where it is described as “flatulence.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1510src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1519" href="#xd24e1519src" name="xd24e1519">116</a></span> See -above, p. 243 of text. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1519src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1522" href="#xd24e1522src" name="xd24e1522">117</a></span> -Apparently the vow applied only to shooting. <span class="corr" id= -"xd24e1524" title= -"Source: Iahāngīr">Jahāngīr</span> was not at that -time fifty-one years of age by solar computation. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1522src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1531" href="#xd24e1531src" name="xd24e1531">118</a></span> The -natural term of life, which some Orientals regarded as being 120 -years. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1531src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1536" href="#xd24e1536src" name="xd24e1536">119</a></span> The -name ʿĀlī is omitted in text. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e1536src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1539" href="#xd24e1539src" name="xd24e1539">120</a></span> -<i>qand-i-siyāh</i> (? treacle). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1539src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1547" href="#xd24e1547src" name="xd24e1547">121</a></span> We are -not told what was the result of this experiment. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1547src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1557" href="#xd24e1557src" name="xd24e1557">122</a></span> MSS., -as before, have G͟hairat instead of -ʿĪzzat. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1557src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1560" href="#xd24e1560src" name="xd24e1560">123</a></span> This -son was Aurangzīb. See K͟hāfī K., I. 296. -K͟hāfī K. has 11th instead of 15th <span class="corr" -id="xd24e1562" title= -"Source: Ẕī-l-Qāʿda">Ẕī-l-Qaʿda</span>. -The 11th Ẕī-l-Qaʿda corresponds to 20th October, -1618. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1560src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1566" href="#xd24e1566src" name="xd24e1566">124</a></span> Text -has Sunday, but Wednesday must be the correct day, for immediately -after Friday is spoken of as the 17th (Ābān). <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1566src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1569" href="#xd24e1569src" name="xd24e1569">125</a></span> -Perhaps the Samarnī of Jarrett, II. 207. The I.O. MSS. have -Tamarna. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1569src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1583" href="#xd24e1583src" name="xd24e1583">126</a></span> I have -been assisted by the translation in Elliot, VI. 363. See also -Iqbāl-nāma, 117. The author there expatiates on the -calamities which followed these celestial appearances. Elliot, <i>loc. -cit.</i>, p. 364, has eight <i>years</i>, but the text of the -Tūzuk and all the MSS. have “eight <i>nights</i>.” The -Iqbāl-nāma has Dai instead of Ābān, but probably -Dai is a mistake for Ẕī-l-(qāʿda). Perhaps the -first phenomenon was the Zodiacal Light. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1583src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1613" href="#xd24e1613src" name="xd24e1613">127</a></span> The -MSS. have Sambhalkhera. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1613src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1618" href="#xd24e1618src" name="xd24e1618">128</a></span> MSS. -have Badhnūr. Perhaps it is the Badhnāwar of Jarrett, -II. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1618src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1624" href="#xd24e1624src" name="xd24e1624">129</a></span> -Pargana Nūlāʾī in MSS., and this seems right as -Nolāʾī, is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 198, as having a -brick fort and as being on the Chambal. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1624src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1628" href="#xd24e1628src" name="xd24e1628">130</a></span> It -seems to be Gambhīr in the MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1628src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1633" href="#xd24e1633src" name="xd24e1633">131</a></span> There -seems to be an omission in the recital. We are not told of the first -half, but evidently the meaning is that the mice (or rats) ate half the -crop on the field, and half of what was brought into the threshing -floor. See also Iqbāl-nāma, p. 118. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e1633src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1665" href="#xd24e1665src" name="xd24e1665">132</a></span> -Elliot, VI. 364. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1665src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1680" href="#xd24e1680src" name="xd24e1680">133</a></span> The -word <i>maʿnī</i>, “spiritual,” does not occur in -the I.O. MSS., and does not appear to be wanted. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1680src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1692" href="#xd24e1692src" name="xd24e1692">134</a></span> Also a -weight = two barley-grains. Blochmann, 36. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e1692src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1698" href="#xd24e1698src" name="xd24e1698">135</a></span> The -line is wanting in some MSS. In I.O. MS. 181, the conjunction <i>wa</i> -is omitted (p. 145<i>b</i>). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1698src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1723" href="#xd24e1723src" name="xd24e1723">136</a></span> So in -text, but Sunday was either the 10th or the 17th. Apparently Sunday is -a mistake for Wednesday, as, later on, Thursday is mentioned as the -14th. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1723src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1750" href="#xd24e1750src" name="xd24e1750">137</a></span> -Iqbāl-nāma, 119, “Three sons.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1750src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1764" href="#xd24e1764src" name="xd24e1764">138</a></span> -Apparently the meaning is that he carried them off as -prisoners. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1764src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1767" href="#xd24e1767src" name="xd24e1767">139</a></span> Text -<i>jāda-dūstī</i> by mistake for -<i>jān-dūstī</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1767src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1781" href="#xd24e1781src" name="xd24e1781">140</a></span> -<i>Namak</i>, “salt.” See for a similar expression, p. 149, -in the account of Chīn Qilīj. Perhaps the phrase is a -reminiscence of the answer given by Muḥammad Ḥusain M. when -asked who had captured him. “The king’s salt,” was -his reply. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1781src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1793" href="#xd24e1793src" name="xd24e1793">141</a></span> The -Sind is mentioned in Tieffenthaler, I. 184. See also I.G., new ed., -XXII., p. 432. It is one of the chief rivers of Central -India. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1793src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1801" href="#xd24e1801src" name="xd24e1801">142</a></span> The -word is <i>s͟hikār</i>. Either the ducks were caught in nets -and not shot, or the shooting was done by others, for -Jahāngīr had vowed to give up shooting from the time of -S͟hujāʿ’s illness. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1801src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1814" href="#xd24e1814src" name="xd24e1814">143</a></span> Akbar -really took it in the 14th year of his reign (March, 1569). The siege -lasted a month, according to Abū-l-Faẓl. Akbar-nāma, -II. 339. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1814src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1817" href="#xd24e1817src" name="xd24e1817">144</a></span> -Elliot, VI. 366. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1817src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1832" href="#xd24e1832src" name="xd24e1832">145</a></span> For -notes about the meaning of the word <i>chaukandī</i>, -“four-cornered,” see Elliot, V. 347 and 503. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e1832src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1840" href="#xd24e1840src" name="xd24e1840">146</a></span> Text -Rustam, but it is Dastam in MS. 181, and it appears from Blochmann that -Dastam or Dostam is the proper spelling. See pp. 398 and -620. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1840src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1849" href="#xd24e1849src" name="xd24e1849">147</a></span> -Apparently Jahāngīr spent the night in this -summer-house. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1849src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1856" href="#xd24e1856src" name="xd24e1856">148</a></span> -<i>K͟hilaʿāt</i>, surely used here on account of the -alliteration <i>k͟harjī u K͟hilaʿāt</i>. At p. -10 of Price’s “Jahangir” it is stated that he -released 7,000 prisoners from Gwalior Fort! <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e1856src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1869" href="#xd24e1869src" name="xd24e1869">149</a></span> -<i>durnā</i>, or <i>turnā</i>, a crane. It is a Turki -word. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1869src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1896" href="#xd24e1896src" name="xd24e1896">150</a></span> The -words <i>dīwān-i-buyūtāt</i> are repeated. It looks -as if the word <i>buyūtāt</i> in the second place was a -mistake, or if some word implying that Las͟hkar K. had been -appointed director of buildings -(<i>dīwān-i-buyūtāt</i>) had been omitted. -Apparently ʿĀbid K. went to the Deccan as Dīwān, -and not as Dīwān-i-buyūtāt. Compare -Iqbāl-nāma, 122. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1896src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1914" href="#xd24e1914src" name="xd24e1914">151</a></span> No. -181 has no conjunction, and makes the meaning “porcelain from -Tartary.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1914src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1917" href="#xd24e1917src" name="xd24e1917">152</a></span> See -Blochmann, 140 and 233. Abū-l-Faẓl says the <i>mujannas</i> -horses resemble Persian horses, and are mostly Turkī or Persian -geldings. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1917src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1923" href="#xd24e1923src" name="xd24e1923">153</a></span> So in -text, but evidently Māndū, or at least Māndū in -Malwa cannot be correct. The MSS. seem to have Hindaun, and possibly -this is the place meant. Or it may be the place called Mandawar or -Hindaun Road (see I.G., new ed., XIII. 135). The position of Hindaun -agrees fairly well with Jahāngīr’s itinerary, for -Tieffenthaler, I., 172, says that Hindaun is 12 -leagues—<i>i.e.</i>, koss—S.S.-W. from Biāna, and -Jahāngīr gives the distance from Māndū or Hindaun -to the neighbourhood of Bayānā as 8¼ koss. -Bayānā is in the Bhartpur State, and apparently about 21 -miles from Hindaun. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e1923src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e1942" href="#xd24e1942src" name="xd24e1942">154</a></span> The -quatrain which Jahāngīr describes as that of someone -(<i>s͟hak͟hsī</i>) is included in ʿUmar -K͟hayyām’s poems, and is thus translated by -Whinfield:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">“My comrades all are gone, Death, deadly foe,</p> -<p class="line">Hath caught them one by one, and trampled low;</p> -<p class="line">They shared life’s feast, and drank its wine with -me,</p> -<p class="line">But lost their heads and dropped a while -ago.”</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par footnote cont xd24e1961">(Quatrain 219, p. 148.)</p> -<p class="par footnote cont">FitzGerald has it as Quatrain XXII., and -his version is:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">“For some we loved, the loveliest and the -best</p> -<p class="line">That from his Vintage rolling Time hath prest,</p> -<p class="line">Have drunk their Cup a Round or two before,</p> -<p class="line">And one by one crept silently to rest.”</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par footnote cont">The quatrain is also quoted by -Badayūnī, Lowe’s translation, p. 192. The phrase -<i>tang-s͟harāb</i> in the third line means “poor -drinkers.” Whinfield has <i>ba-yak s͟harāb</i>. But -<i>tang-s͟harāb</i> is given in Johnson’s dictionary -with the meaning of being easily made drunk, unable to carry much -liquor. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e1942src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2005" href="#xd24e2005src" name="xd24e2005">155</a></span> -Bayānā (Biāna) is described in I.G., new ed., VII. 137. -It is stated there that it used to have a fort with a very high tower. -Bahlūl’s tomb still exists. It was his brother, M. -G͟haus̤, who was most known for his skill in incantations, -and who wrote a book on the subject. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2005src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2008" href="#xd24e2008src" name="xd24e2008">156</a></span> The -story is told in the Akbar-nāma, Vol. I. Jahāngīr is not -correct in saying that Humāyūn had ordered Hindāl to -remain in Agra. Hindāl went there without permission, and -doubtless in order to rebel. See also Gul-badan Begam’s -“Memoirs,” who, naturally, tries to excuse her -brother. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2008src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2022" href="#xd24e2022src" name="xd24e2022">157</a></span> This -must be the Barmadh Mata mentioned by Beale (see Proceedings A.S.B. for -August, 1873, p. 159). Beale says there is a place of worship of the -Hindus about 1½ koss from Biana in the district of Bhartpur -called Barmadh Mata. In the 7th year of Jahāngīr, 1022, 1613, -Jahāngīr’s mother Maryam-zamānī made a garden -and a <i>bāʾolī</i> (step-well) here at a cost of Rs. -20,000. The garden has disappeared, but the building which is over the -<i>bāʾolī</i> still exists. Beale gives the inscription. -William Finch (Hakluyt Society) speaks of a place called Menhapur, near -Biana, where there was a garden made by the Queen-Mother. It was a -great <i>sarāy</i>. The pargana Jūsat of the text is no doubt -the Chausath of Jarrett, II. 183, and of Elliot’s Supp. Gloss., -II., p. 83. Barah may be the Parath or Berath of Jarrett, II. -181. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2022src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2039" href="#xd24e2039src" name="xd24e2039">158</a></span> -Apparently this is the Dāʾir or Dābar of -Badayūnī, II. 171, and Akbar-nāma, III. 145. It is -described by Badayūnī as being 4 koss from -Fatḥpūr. Dāʾir may also be read Dābar in -MSS., and it is Dābar in the map. It is in the Bhartpur -State. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2039src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2042" href="#xd24e2042src" name="xd24e2042">159</a></span> So in -the MSS. and the text, but must be a mistake for -Aḥmadābād, which Jahāngīr left on 21 -S͟hahrīwar or 22 Ramaẓān. See also -Iqbāl-nāma, 117. He arrived at the environs of -Fatḥpūr on 19 Dai, or about 22 Muḥarram, 1028 (end of -December, 1618). Apparently he considered that he arrived at -Fatḥpūr on 20 Dai. He remained on the outskirts and did not -enter the town till the 28th (apparently should be 26th or 27th). The -Iqbāl-nāma 122 makes Jahāngīr arrive at the -outskirts of Fatḥpūr on 20 Dai, and it gives the date of his -entering the town as 26 Dai or 1 Ṣafar, 1028 (January 8, 1619). -See p. 123. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2042src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2055" href="#xd24e2055src" name="xd24e2055">160</a></span> Viz., -the propitious hour of the 28th Dai, which had been fixed for the entry -into Agra, but was now made the time for entering -Fatḥpūr. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2055src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2062" href="#xd24e2062src" name="xd24e2062">161</a></span> The -lake was to the north of the city, and is now dried up. It had been -made by damming up a stream. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2062src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2065" href="#xd24e2065src" name="xd24e2065">162</a></span> -Apparently this lady was relating what had occurred in Agra, for -Jahāngīr has just told us that the plague did not come to -Fatḥpūr. Her father was the Āṣaf K., known also -as Jaʿfar K. The ladies seem to have come out from Agra to welcome -Jahāngīr. His mother came later from Agra, <i>see -infra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2065src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2076" href="#xd24e2076src" name="xd24e2076">163</a></span> -<i>Tiryāq-i-Fārūq.</i> See Lane’s Dict., p. 304, -col. 3. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2076src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2093" href="#xd24e2093src" name="xd24e2093">164</a></span> I.O. -MSS. have <i>az bālā radd u az pāyān -it̤lāq s͟hud</i>, “there was vomiting from above -and evacuations from below.” The text misses out the words az -<i>bālā radd</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2093src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2113" href="#xd24e2113src" name="xd24e2113">165</a></span> 4,000 -in No. 181. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2113src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2118" href="#xd24e2118src" name="xd24e2118">166</a></span> -Certainly Thursday was the 27th according to Jahāngīr. The -28th must be a copyist’s mistake here and -previously. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2118src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2124" href="#xd24e2124src" name="xd24e2124">167</a></span> -Jahāngīr says four <i>g͟haṛī</i> are nearly -equal to two sidereal hours. According to Abū-l-Faẓl, a -<i>g͟haṛī</i> is the sixteenth part of a nychthemeron, -or 360 out of the 21,600 breathings which make up a -nychthemeron—<i>i.e.</i>, 24 hours. See Jarrett, III. 16 and 17, -and II. 16, n. 4. According to the Bahār-i-ʿajam, 2½ -<i>g͟haṛī</i> = one sidereal hour, so that, correctly -speaking, five <i>g͟haṛī</i> = two sidereal hours. Each -<i>g͟haṛī</i> is 24 minutes (Jarrett, II. 16, n. 4). -Here it should be noted that there is a mistake in the translation at -p. 17, line 2, of Jarrett, vol. III., due to a faulty reading in the -Bib. Ind. edition of the text. Instead of <i>yakī</i> we should -read <i>palī</i>, as in two MSS. in my possession. -Abū-l-Faẓl’s meaning then becomes clear. What he says -is, a <i>g͟haṛī</i> is 360 breathings, consequently -(<i>pas</i>) every <i>pal</i> (already defined as the sixtieth part of -a <i>g͟haṛī</i>) is 360 divided by 60, and equal to six -breathings (<i>nafas</i>). Jahāngīr’s line, however, is -obscure. In two I.O. MSS. we have <i>ba-t̤ālaʿī</i> -instead of <i>ba-sāʿatī</i>. I think the meaning -probably is that the same day which marked Jahāngīr’s -arrival at Fatḥpūr also marked -S͟hāh-Jahān’s birthday.</p> -<p class="par footnote cont"><i>Tawallā</i> is defined in the -Bahār-i-ʿajam as meaning to have friendship with anyone. It -also says that it is used in the sense of -<i>taqarrub</i>—<i>i.e.</i>, nearness. It may be therefore that -Jahāngīr’s line means “At a moment which nearly -corresponded to two (hours).” <i>Taqwīm</i> would then mean -established or fixed, and not a calendar. <i>Taqwīm kardan</i> is -a phrase which means “to adjust, to -arrange.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2124src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2202" href="#xd24e2202src" name="xd24e2202">168</a></span> -S͟hāh-Jahān was born on January 5, 1592, so that in -January, 1619, he began to be in his 28th year—<i>i.e.</i>, he -was 27 complete. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2202src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2208" href="#xd24e2208src" name="xd24e2208">169</a></span> That -is, 120 according to Muhammadan idea. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2208src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2211" href="#xd24e2211src" name="xd24e2211">170</a></span> -Afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2211src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2219" href="#xd24e2219src" name="xd24e2219">171</a></span> Text -<i>darʿa</i>, MSS. <i>ẕirāʿ</i>. See text 298, -account of fifteenth year, where a <i>darʿa</i> is defined. The -<i>Ilāhī gaz</i> or <i>daraʿ</i> consisted of 40 digits -(fingerbreadths), according to Jahāngīr. If the Kapūr -tank be the one described in the Archæological Survey Reports, -Vol. XVIII., for 1894, yards seem to be required here, for the tank is -mentioned in the Report as being 95 feet 7 inches square. According to -Jahāngīr, 34 krors odd of dams—<i>i.e.</i>, I presume, -<i>fulūs</i>, in copper money, and 16 lakhs and 80,000 rupees in -silver were poured into the tank, making a total of 1 kror and 3 lakhs -of rupees, or 3 lakhs 43,000 <i>tūmāns</i>. Apparently the -<i>tūmān</i>, which was a gold coin, was, in -Jahāngīr’s time, reckoned as worth 30 rupees, and -Wollaston, in his Dictionary, says it was worth £3 in -S͟hāh ʿAbbās I.’s time. -Jahāngīr’s account of the tank should be compared with -that given in the Akbar-nāma, III. 246 and 257, where the tank is -called the Anūp-talāo, or the “Unequalled -Tank.”</p> -<p class="par footnote cont">In the text, difficulty has, I think, been -made by the introduction of the word <i>kih</i> in p. 260, six lines -from foot, and <i>bās͟had</i> in the fifth line from the -foot. These words make the sense to be that 34 krors odd of dams were -only equal to 16 <span class="corr" id="xd24e2260" title= -"Source: lahks">lakhs</span> odd of rupees. But this cannot be, for the -dam was the fortieth part of a rupee, and so 34 krors of dams would be -not far short of one kror—<i>i.e.</i>, 100 lakhs of rupees. The -MSS. have not the <i>kih</i> and <i>bās͟had</i> in question, -and have only a conjunction after the word <i>dām</i>. Thirty-four -krors odd of copper and 16 lakhs of silver were poured into the tank, -making a total, in round numbers, of 1 kror, 3 lakhs of rupees. -According to Abū-l-Faẓl gold was also thrown -in. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2219src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2290" href="#xd24e2290src" name="xd24e2290">172</a></span> Text -Yād ʿAlī, but the MSS. have Nād. See also -Blochmann, 508. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2290src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2293" href="#xd24e2293src" name="xd24e2293">173</a></span> This -name is Bairām or Sirām in MSS. Chikanī may be a trade -designation, and mean embroiderer, or worker in gold -thread. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2293src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2302" href="#xd24e2302src" name="xd24e2302">174</a></span> -<i>Kūh-damān</i>, “hill-subduing.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e2302src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2321" href="#xd24e2321src" name="xd24e2321">175</a></span> -<i>dībācha.</i> Here meaning the early part of the -Memoirs. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2321src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2329" href="#xd24e2329src" name="xd24e2329">176</a></span> The -text has <i>bā</i> by mistake for <i>yā</i>. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e2329src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2340" href="#xd24e2340src" name="xd24e2340">177</a></span> -<i>ʿaurāt-i-mustaḥaqqa.</i> Perhaps “pensioned -women.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2340src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2350" href="#xd24e2350src" name="xd24e2350">178</a></span> These -are the opening lines of Jāmī’s Yūsuf and -Zulaik͟hā (note by Mr. Rogers). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2350src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2354" href="#xd24e2354src" name="xd24e2354">179</a></span> -Salīm Chis͟htī died on 29 Ramaẓān 979, or -February 15, 1572. Jahāngīr was born on 17 Rabīʿ -1st, 977; and so he would be about two years and seven months old at -the time of Salīm’s death. See Beale and -K͟hazīnatu-l-asfiyā, I. p. 435. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e2354src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2366" href="#xd24e2366src" name="xd24e2366">180</a></span> The -conjunction <i>wa</i> in text, p. 262, line 16, is a -mistake. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2366src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2378" href="#xd24e2378src" name="xd24e2378">181</a></span> This -is the Buland Darwāza. It was built many years after the mosque. -For an account of it, see Mr. Edmund Smith’s Fatḥpūr -Sīkrī. The gateway is there said to be 134 feet high from the -pavement and 176 feet from the roadway. The thirty-two steps mentioned -in text must be those from the roadway to the gate. There are two -flights of steps, and the total number, up to the top, is 123. The -quadrangle or court is stated by Keene to be 433 feet by 366. Another -statement (in the Archæological Report) is 438–9 by -359–10 feet. Salīm’s tomb was erected in 1581 (988). -It is 47 feet 11 inches each way. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2378src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2397" href="#xd24e2397src" name="xd24e2397">182</a></span> -4½, Iqbāl-nāma, 124. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2397src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2406" href="#xd24e2406src" name="xd24e2406">183</a></span> Text -<i>aiwān</i>, but should be <i>alwān</i>, -“coloured.” See Iqbāl-nāma, 124. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e2406src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2415" href="#xd24e2415src" name="xd24e2415">184</a></span> Finch -says: “Under the courtyard is a good tank of excellent -water.” He also speaks of the lake and of its being covered with -the <i>singāra (Trapa bicornis)</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2415src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2427" href="#xd24e2427src" name="xd24e2427">185</a></span> That -is, Bāyazīd, a grandson of the saint. Ikrām K. is -another name for Hūs͟hang. His mother was -Abū-l-Faẓl’s sister. According to the -Maʾās̤ir, I. 120, he was a tyrant. According to local -tradition, Qut̤bu-d-dīn is buried in Bardwān near -Shīr-afgan. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2427src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2434" href="#xd24e2434src" name="xd24e2434">186</a></span> So in -text, but ought to be the 17th. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2434src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2447" href="#xd24e2447src" name="xd24e2447">187</a></span> Mau -was a Himalayan fort. Blochmann, 345. The text has <i>Mau u -s͟hahrī</i>, and so have the MSS. The Iqbāl-nāma -has <i>Maud u Mahrī</i>, p. 124, and so has the -Maʾās̤ir U., II. 178. Evidently from what follows there -were two places, unless one was the fort and the other the city. See -also Tūzuk, 304, l. 10, which has pargana Maud Mahrī. In the -Āyīn, Jarrett, II. 319, we have Mau and Nabah, and the next -name in the list is Mahror. Gladwin has Mowd, and possibly we should -translate “Mowd, a city on which he relied.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e2447src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2460" href="#xd24e2460src" name="xd24e2460">188</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 125, says Rs. 20,000 which would be 40,000 -<i>darbs</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2460src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2466" href="#xd24e2466src" name="xd24e2466">189</a></span> Jagat -Singh afterwards became a rebel, joining S͟hāh-Jahān, as -also did Rāja Bikramājīt, or Sundar. He rebelled also in -S͟hāh-Jahān’s reign, but was pardoned, and did -good service in Kabul and Badakhshan. He died in Peshawar in 1055 -(1645). See Maʾās̤ir U., II. 238, and -Pādis͟hāh-nāma, II. 481. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e2466src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2482" href="#xd24e2482src" name="xd24e2482">190</a></span> It is -<i>ḥaṣr</i> in text, but surely this is a mistake for -<i>ḥafr</i>, and the meaning is that a new pit or well should be -made in the middle of the garden. It appears to be <i>ḥafr</i> in -MSS. The Nūr-manzil garden is the same as the Bāg͟h -Dahra, and was near Agra. Blochmann, 499. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2482src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="yr14" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e195">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The Fourteenth New Year’s Feast from the -Auspicious Accession</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">On the morning of Thursday, the 4th of the month -of Rabīʿu-l-āk͟hir, Hijrī 1028 (March 10, -1619), the world-enlightening sun entered his house of honour in Aries, -and the fourteenth year of the reign of this suppliant commenced in all -prosperity and happiness. On Thursday, the 1st of the New Year, my -prosperous son, S͟hāh-Jahān, who is the star of the -forehead of accomplished desires, and the brilliancy of the brow of -prosperity, prepared a grand entertainment, and presented me as -offerings with a selection of the precious things of the age, and -rareties and curiosities of every country. One of these is a ruby, -weighing 22 <i>surk͟hs</i>, of good colour, and water, and shape. -The jewellers have valued it at Rs. 40,000. Another is a -<i>Qut̤bī</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e2509src" href= -"#xd24e2509" name="xd24e2509src">1</a> (?) ruby, in weight 3 -<i>tānks</i>, and very delicate, valued at Rs. 40,000. Further, -six pearls, one of them 1 <i>tānk</i> and 8 <i>surk͟hs</i> in -weight. The Vakils of my son had bought it in Gujarat for Rs. 25,000, -and the five others for Rs. 33,000. Also one diamond, the price of -which was Rs. 18,000. Also a jewelled <i>parda</i> (sash), a sword-hilt -made in his own goldsmith’s shop; most of the jewels he had -himself set and cut. He had brought great dexterity to bear on the -design. Its value was fixed as Rs. 50,000. The designs<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2525src" href="#xd24e2525" name="xd24e2525src">2</a> -were his own; no one else had up to this day thought <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name="pb79">79</a>]</span>of them. -Undoubtedly it was a fine piece of workmanship. There was also a pair -of drums made of gold for playing the <i>mursal</i> (overture?) with a -whole orchestra—viz., <i>kuwarga</i>, <i>naqqāra</i>, -<i>karanā</i>, <i>surnā</i>, etc.—whatever was required -for the <i>naqqāra-khāna</i> (music-hall) of great princes, -and all made of silver. At the auspicious hour at which I had seated -myself on the throne of success these were all sounded. The whole of -them came to a value of Rs. 65,000. Another was a seat for riding an -elephant, called by moderns a howdah (<i>hauda</i>), made of gold, -worth Rs. 30,000. Beside this there were two large elephants and five -elephant-trappings of the offerings of Qut̤bu-l-mulk, ruler of -Golconda. The first elephant was named Dād-i-Ilāhī (the -gift of God). As it entered the private elephant-house on New -Year’s Day, I gave it the name of <i>Nūr-i-Naurūz</i> -(the Light of New Year’s Day). In truth he is a grand elephant, -and lacks nothing of size, beauty, and dignity. As he looked well to my -eye, I mounted him and rode him into the courtyard of the palace. His -value was fixed at Rs. 80,000, and the value of six<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e2582src" href="#xd24e2582" name="xd24e2582src">3</a> others at -Rs. 20,000. Its golden trappings, consisting of golden chains, etc., my -son had had made for the elephant Nūr-i-Naurūz, were worth -Rs. 30,000. The second elephant, with silver housings, was also -presented, with Rs. 10,000 more in various choice jewels. The -<i>kurkarāqs</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e2588src" href= -"#xd24e2588" name="xd24e2588src">4</a> of my son had also prepared and -sent delicate cloths from Gujarat. If all details were to be written, -it would take too long. Briefly, the whole of his offerings was of the -value of Rs. 450,000. It is hoped that he will eat the fruit of long -life and prosperity. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" -name="pb80">80</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 2nd, S͟hajāʿat K. -ʿArab, and Nūru-d-dīn Qulī, the kotwal, laid their -offerings before me. On Saturday, the 3rd, Dārāb K., son of -the K͟hān-k͟hānān, and on Sunday, the 4th, -K͟hān Jahān, prayed to be allowed to entertain me. Out -of the latter’s offerings I accepted one pearl, bought for Rs. -20,000, with other rareties, altogether of the value of Rs. 130,000, -and presented him with the rest. On Monday, the 5th, Rāja -Kis͟han Dās and Ḥakīm K., on Tuesday, the 6th, -Sardār K., and on Wednesday, the 7th, Muṣt̤afā K. -and Amānat K., presented their offerings. From each of these I -took a trifle in order to dignify them. On Thursday, the 8th, -Iʿtimādu-d-daula, <i>Madār-ul-mulk</i> (the pivot of the -country), having prepared a royal entertainment, begged to be allowed -to receive me. In accepting this request his standing was raised. In -fact, in decorating the assembly and the largeness of his offering, he -had exceeded himself, and made many decorations, and illuminated all -sides of the lake as far as the eye could reach, and decorated the -streets both near and far with all kinds of lights and coloured -lanterns. Among the offerings of that <i>Madār-us-saltana</i> -there was a throne of gold and silver, much ornamented and decorated, -the supports of which were in the form of tigers. It had been completed -with great assiduity in the space of three years, and was made at the -cost of Rs. 450,000. This throne had been made by a skilful European of -the name of Hunarmand (skilful), who had no rival in the arts of a -goldsmith and a jeweller, and in all sorts of skill -(<i>hunarmandī</i>). He had made it very well, and I gave him this -name. In addition to the offerings he had brought for me, he offered -the value of Rs. 100,000 in jewelled ornaments and cloths to the Begams -and other ladies of the Palace. Without exaggeration, from the -beginning of the reign of the late king (may the light of Allah be his -testimony!) until now, which is the fourteenth year of the rule of this -suppliant, not one of the great Amirs has presented such offerings. In -fact, what comparison is there between him and others?</p> -<p class="par">On this day Ikrām K., s. Islām K. was honoured -with the mansab, original and increased, of 2,000 personal and 1,000 -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name= -"pb81">81</a>]</span>horse, and Anīrāʾī Singh-dalan -with that of 2,000 personal and 1,600 horse, original and increased. On -Friday, the 9th, Iʿtibār K. presented his offering, and on -the same day K͟hān Daurān, having been presented with a -horse and an elephant, took leave to go to the government of -Patna.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2618src" href="#xd24e2618" name= -"xd24e2618src">5</a> His mansab, according to a previous rule, was -fixed at 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse. On Saturday, the 10th, -Fāẓil K., on Sunday, the 11th, Mīr Mīrān, on -Monday, the 12th, Iʿtiqād K. on Tuesday, the 13th, -Tātār K. and Anīrāʾī Singh-dalan, and on -Wednesday, the 14th, Mīrzā Rāja Bhāo Singh, -presented their offerings. Selecting from them what was delicate and -new, I gave the remainder to them. On Thursday, the 15th, -Āṣaf K͟hān prepared a grand assembly and a royal -entertainment in his own house, which is a very fine and pleasant -place, and begged to be allowed to receive me. At his request, giving -him the dignity of acceptance, I went there with the ladies. That -pillar of the kingdom looked on this as a bounty from the secret Giver, -and in the increase of his offering and preparation of the -entertainment displayed great magnificence. Of jewels of great price -and delicate gold brocades and all sorts of gifts, that which was -approved was selected, and I presented him with the remainder. Among -the offerings was a ruby weighing 12½ <i>tānks</i>, which -was bought for Rs. 125,000. The value of the offerings that were -accepted was Rs. 167,000. On this day K͟hwāja Jahān was -raised to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 2,500 horse.</p> -<p class="par">Las͟hkar K., having come, by order, from the -Deccan, had the honour of waiting on me. As I had determined, after the -rainy season had passed and in the beginning of the good weather, to go -to the perpetual spring garden of Kashmīr under the favour of -Almighty God, it seemed right to me that the guardianship and -administration of the fort and city of Agra and the faujdārship of -the district, after the manner in which they had been held by -K͟hān Jahān, should be entrusted to Las͟hkar K., -and I honoured him with the good news. Amānat K. was entrusted -with the duty of superintendent of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" -href="#pb82" name="pb82">82</a>]</span>branding (of horses) and of -parading the troopers.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2637src" href= -"#xd24e2637" name="xd24e2637src">6</a> On Friday, the 16th, -K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan, Chief -Bak͟hs͟hī, on Saturday, the 17th, Ṣādiq K. -Bak͟hs͟hī, on Sunday, the 18th, Irādat K., Chief -Butler, and on Monday, the 19th, which was the day of the sun’s -culmination, ʿAẓudu-d-daula K., presented offerings, and I -accepted from each of them, by way of exalting their dignity, what I -approved. At this New Year the value of the accepted offerings of the -servants of the Court came to Rs. 2,000,000. On the day of culmination -I conferred on my auspicious son Sult̤ān Parwīz<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2645src" href="#xd24e2645" name="xd24e2645src">7</a> -the mansab of 20,000 personal and 10,000 horse, original and increased. -Iʿtimādu-d-daula was promoted to that of 7,000 personal and -horse. I selected ʿAẓudu-d-daula for the duty of tutor to -the pupil of the eye of the Sultanate, S͟hāh -S͟hujāʿ. I hope that he (the latter) may endure for his -natural term of life and may be one of the prosperous ones. Qāsim -K. was raised to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 500 horse, and -Bāqir K. to that of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As Mahābat -K. had asked for reinforcements, I appointed 500 -<i>Aḥadī</i> horse to Bangash, and presented ʿIzzat K., -who had done approved service in that province, with a horse and a -jewelled <i>khapwa</i>. At this time ʿAbdu-s-Sattār<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2658src" href="#xd24e2658" name="xd24e2658src">8</a> -presented as an offering a compendium in the handwriting of the late -king Humāyūn (may the lights of Allah be his testimony!), -containing some prayers, an introduction to the science of astronomy, -and other marvellous things, most of which he had studied and carried -into practice. After reverently inspecting his auspicious handwriting, -I felt a joy such as I had seldom experienced. I was exceedingly -rejoiced, for, by God, no precious thing I have can be compared with -this. In return I increased his mansab beyond what he had imagined -possible, and gave him a present of Rs. 1,000. Hunarmand, the European -who had made <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" name= -"pb83">83</a>]</span>the jewelled throne, I presented with 3,000 -<i>darb</i>, a horse and an elephant. I gave Rs. 1,000 to -K͟hwāja K͟hāwand Maḥmūd, who is a -pilgrim of the Path of the K͟hwājas, and is not void of -dervishism and spirituality. Las͟hkar K. was promoted to the -mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Maʿmūr K. to that -of 900 personal and 450 horse, Khwājagī T̤āhir to -that of 800 personal and 300 horse, and Sayyid Aḥmad -Qādirī to that of 800 and 60 horse. On Rāja Sārang -Deo was conferred the mansab of 700 personal and 30 horse, on Mīr -K͟halīl-u-llah, s. ʿAẓudu-d-daula, that of 600 -personal and 250 horse, on the eunuch Fīrūz K., that of 600 -and 150 horse, on K͟hidmat K͟hān that of 550 and 130 -horse, on Maḥram K. that of 500 and 120 horse, on ʿIzzat K. -that of 600 personal and 100 horse, on Rāy Newālī -Dās, the accountant of the elephant department, that of 600 -personal and 120 horse, on Rāy Mānī Dās, the -superintendent of the Palace, that of 600 personal and 100 horse, on -Nathmal and Jagmal, sons of Kis͟han Singh, that of 500 and 225 -horse each. If the increase of mansab given to those of less than 500 -were to be written in full it would be too long. Rs. 2,000 were given -to K͟hiẓr K., who belonged<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2672src" href="#xd24e2672" name="xd24e2672src">9</a> to -Khandesh.</p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 21st, I went to -Amānābād for the purpose of sport. Some days before -this, in accordance with orders, K͟hwāja Jahān, and -Qiyām K., the head huntsman, had chosen a wide plain for a -<i>qamarg͟ha</i> hunt, and drawn an enclosure round it, and driven -within it many antelope from the neighbouring plains. As I had vowed -that I would hereafter not kill any living thing with my own hand, it -occurred to me to take them all alive, and place them within the -Chaugān (polo-ground) of Fatḥpūr, so that I might both -enjoy the pleasure of sport and that at the same time no harm should -happen to them. I accordingly took 700 head and sent them to -Fatḥpūr. As the hour for entering the capital was near, I -ordered Rāy Mān, <i>k͟hidmatiyya</i>,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e2683src" href="#xd24e2683" name="xd24e2683src">10</a> to put -up a screen on two sides, like a lane, from the hunting-place -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84" name= -"pb84">84</a>]</span>to the plain of Fatḥpūr, and to drive -the antelope there. About 800 antelope were sent in this way, or -altogether 1,500. On the night of Wednesday, the 28th, marching from -Amānābād, I halted in Būstān Sarāy, and -on the eve of Thursday, the 29th, I halted at the Nūr-manzil -garden.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 30th, the mother<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2693src" href="#xd24e2693" name="xd24e2693src">11</a> of -S͟hāh-Jahān attained the mercy of God. The next day I -myself went to the house of that precious son, and having condoled with -him in every way, took him with me to the palace. On Sunday, the 1st -Urdībihis͟ht, at the auspicious hour chosen by the -astrologers and astronomers, I mounted a special elephant of the name -of Dilīr, and in all prosperity and happiness entered the city. A -great crowd of people, men and women, had collected together in the -streets and bazaars, and at the gates and walls, expecting me. -According to custom, I went on, scattering money on the way, to inside -the palace. From the date on which the army of prosperity started for -this happily terminated journey until now, when I returned in happiness -and good fortune, it was five years, seven months, and nine days. At -this time I ordered my son Sult̤ān Parwīz that, as a -long time had passed during which he had been deprived of waiting on me -personally, or had been fortunate enough to pay his respects, if he -were desirous of meeting me, he should come to Court. On the arrival of -the gracious farmān, that son, considering the manifestation of -this favour a gift from the hidden world, turned the face of his hope -towards the sphere-resembling Court. At this time I gave away, as a -means of livelihood, to Faqirs and deserving people 44,786 bighas of -land, and two entire villages, with 320 ass-loads -(<i>k͟harwār</i>, a weight) of grain from Kashmir, and seven -ploughs<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2699src" href="#xd24e2699" name= -"xd24e2699src">12</a> of land in Kabul. I hope that the Grace of the -Bestower of desires and benevolence may be their daily lot. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name= -"pb85">85</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">One of the occurrences of this time is the revolt of -Allāhdād, son of Jalāl, the Afghan. The details of this -are that when Mahābat K. obtained leave to go and take possession -of Bangash and overthrow the Afghans, from an idea that that wretch -would do some service in return for the favours and kindness I had -conferred on him, he prayed that he might take him with him. As the -natural tendency of such ungrateful men who do not recognize what is -right, tends to enmity and malevolence, by way of precaution it was -decided to send his son and brother to the Court that they might be as -hostages. After the arrival there of his son and brother, I, by way of -comforting them, did them all kinds of kindness, but, as they have -said:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">“The blanket of fortune of anyone that has been -woven black</p> -<p class="line">Cannot be whitened even by the waters of Zamzam and -Kaus̤ar.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">From the day on which he arrived in that country -the signs of rascality and want of recognition of the right began to be -apparent on the cheeks of his affairs, and Mahābat K., in order to -control matters, did not loose from his hand the rope of forbearance -until, at this time, he sent a force under the leadership of his son -against a band of Afghans, and sent Allāhdād with him. When -they reached the purposed place, from the enmity and malevolence of the -aforesaid, that attack did not <span class="corr" id="xd24e2714" title= -"Source: succceed">succeed</span>, and they returned with their aim -uncompleted. The evil-dispositioned Allāhdād, from a -suspicion lest this time Mahābat K. should abandon his method of -conciliation, and ascertain the real state of affairs, and that he -should be caught in recompense for his evil deeds, lifted up the veil -of reverence, and betrayed involuntarily the faithlessness to his salt, -which he had till then concealed. When I heard from Mahābat -K.’s letter the true state of affairs, I ordered them to imprison -his son and brother in the fort of Gwalior. As it had happened -(Jalāl Tārīkī), the father of this wretch had also -fled from the service of the late king, and for years passed his time -in thieving and highway robbery, until he was caught in the recompense -of his own evil deeds. It is hoped that this rascal will also soon -obtain the reward of his bad actions. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb86" href="#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 5th, Mān Singh, s. Rāwat -S͟hankar, who was one of the auxiliaries of Bihar, was promoted to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse. I sent off ʿĀqil -K. to look after the cavalry,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2720src" href= -"#xd24e2720" name="xd24e2720src">13</a> and inquire into the corps of -the mansabdars who had been appointed for duty in Bangash, and gave him -an elephant. I sent as a gift to Mahābat K. a private dagger made -after the Māzandarān fashion, along with Dūst Beg. The -offering of Monday was given as a present to Maḥmūd -Āb-dār, who from the time when I was a prince and the days of -my childhood had served me. Mīrān (not Bīzan,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2725src" href="#xd24e2725" name= -"xd24e2725src">14</a> as in the printed book), son-in-law of -Pāyanda K. Moghul, was promoted to the mansab of 700 personal and -450 horse. Muḥammad Ḥusain, brother of K͟hwāja -Jahān, who was Bakhshi of Kāngṛa, was promoted to the -mansab of 600 personal and 450 horse. On this day Tarbiyat K., who is -one of the hereditary houseborn ones of this Court, and had been -enrolled among the Amirs by reason<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2728src" -href="#xd24e2728" name="xd24e2728src">15</a> of his good disposition, -died. He was not devoid of sluggishness -(<i>nā-murādī</i>, literally want of desires) and -self-indulgence (<i>salāmat-i-nafs</i>), and was a young man fond -of pleasure (<i>ʿayyās͟h-ṭabīʿat</i>). -He wished to pass his whole life at ease, and was devoted to Hindu -music and did not understand it badly. He was a man void of evil. -Rāja Sūraj Singh was raised to the mansab of 2,000 personal -and horse. To Karamu-llah, s. ʿAlī Mardān K. -Bahādur, Bāqir K., Faujdār of Multan, Malik Muḥibb -Afghan, and Maktūb K. were given elephants. Sayyid -Bāyazīd Bhakkarī, to whom was entrusted the charge of -the fort of Bhakkar and the faujdārship of that region, was also -honoured with an <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87" name= -"pb87">87</a>]</span>elephant. Amānu-llah, s. Mahābat K. was -distinguished with the gift of a jewelled dagger. I gave elephants to -S͟haik͟h Aḥmad Hānsī, S͟haik͟h -ʿAbdu-l-Lat̤īf Sambhalī, the eunuch Firāsat -K., and Rāy Kunwar Chand Mustaufī (auditor). Muḥammad -S͟hafīʿ Bakhshi of the Panjab, was raised to the mansab -of 500 personal and 300 horse. The mansab of 500 personal and 150 horse -was conferred on Mūnis, s. Mihtar<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2743src" href="#xd24e2743" name="xd24e2743src">16</a> K. He -(Mūnis) had charge of the fort of Kālinjar.</p> -<p class="par">On this day arrived the news of the death of -S͟hāh-nawāz K. s. the Commander-in-Chief K͟hān -K͟hānān. It was the cause of distress of mind to me. At -the time when that Ātālīq (K͟hān -K͟hānān) took leave from waiting on me, it had been -strictly impressed upon him that, as it had been repeatedly brought to -my ear that S͟hāh-nawāz K. had been maddened with wine -and drank immoderately, if there was truth in this it was a pity that -he should destroy himself at his age. It was necessary that he should -not leave him to his own way, but look after his case properly. If he -could not leave his charge himself, he should write a clear report, so -that, having summoned him into my presence, I might give the best order -practicable under the circumstances. When he arrived at Burhanpur, -having found S͟hāh-nawāz K͟hān very weak and -low, he tried to make some remedy for him. After some days’ -confinement to bed (literally, lord of the carpet) he fell on the couch -of powerlessness. Whatever remedies and plans the physicians employed -were of no avail, and in the best time of his youth and prosperity, in -the thirty-third year of his age, to the sorrow and grief of the world, -he went to the place of the mercy and pardon of God. On hearing this -unpleasant news I was greatly grieved, for in truth he was an -intelligent youth and born in the house. He would have performed -important services in this State, and left great traces behind him. -Although this road is before all and there is no escape for anyone out -of the command of destiny, yet it appears sad to depart in this -fashion. It is hoped he will be among those who are pardoned. I sent -Rāja Sārang Deo, who was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" -href="#pb88" name="pb88">88</a>]</span>one of my close attendants and -is a tactful person, to the Ātālīq, and favoured and -consoled him in every way. The mansab of 5,000 held by -S͟hāh-nawāz I added on to those of his brothers and -sons. To Dārāb, his younger brother, I gave the mansab of -5,000 personal, original and increased, and presented him with a dress -of honour, an elephant, a horse, and a jewelled sword, and gave him -leave to go to his father to fill, in place of -S͟hāh-nawāz, the post of governor of Berar and -Ahmadnagar. Raḥmān-dād, another brother, I promoted to -the mansab of 2,000 and 800 horse. Manūchahr, s. -S͟hāh-nawāz, was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and -1,000 horse. T̤ag͟hzal (Tog͟hril?), s. -S͟hāh-nawāz<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2751src" href= -"#xd24e2751" name="xd24e2751src">17</a> K. was promoted to the mansab -of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, Qāsim K., -son-in-law of Iʿtimādu-d-daula, was honoured with the favour -of a standard. Asadu-llah, s. Sayyid Ḥājī, who had come -with the intention of obtaining service, had the mansab bestowed on him -of 500 personal and 100 horse. Ṣadr Jahān, son-in-law of the -deceased Murtaẓā K., received that of 700 personal and 600 -horse, and was appointed to the faujdārship of Sambhal, and, -having had an elephant bestowed on him, I gave him leave. Bhārat -Bandīla was also presented with the mansab of 600 personal and 400 -horse, and had an elephant given him, and an elephant was bestowed on -Sangrām, the Raja of Jammu.</p> -<p class="par">In Ahmadabad I had two male -<i>mārk͟hūr</i> goats. As I had not a female in my -establishment to pair with them, it occurred to me that if I could pair -them with Barbary goats, which they bring from Arabia, especially from -the port of the city of Darkhar,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2759src" -href="#xd24e2759" name="xd24e2759src">18</a> young of their form and -qualities might be obtained. In short, I paired them with seven Barbary -ewes, and after six months had elapsed each of the latter had a young -one at Fatḥpūr: there were four females and three males, -very pleasing in appearance, of good shape and good colour. In their -colour, those (kids) which resembled the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb89" href="#pb89" name="pb89">89</a>]</span>male (<i>taka</i>, not -<i>baka</i>, as in the printed copy) were dun-coloured with black -stripes on their backs. Red,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2774src" href= -"#xd24e2774" name="xd24e2774src">19</a> indeed, appears to me a more -pleasing colour than any other, and it is the mark of a better breed. -Of their liveliness and laughable ways and their manner of gamboling -and leaping, what can be written? Some of their ways are such that the -mind derived uncontrolled pleasure from looking at them. It is -notorious that painters cannot draw properly the motions of a kid. -Granting that they may chance to draw the movements of an ordinary kid -after a fashion, they certainly would have to acknowledge themselves at -a loss how to draw the motions of these kids. When one month, or even -twenty days old, they would leap up upon high places and throw -themselves on to the ground in a way that if any other but a kid were -to do so, not one limb would be left whole. As it pleased me, I ordered -them always to be kept near me, and I gave each of them an appropriate -name. I am much delighted with them, and pay great attention to -bringing together mārk͟hūr males and well-bred -she-goats. I desire to have many young ones from them, and that they -may become well known among men. After their young shall have paired, -most probably more delicate ones will be obtained. One of their -peculiarities is that ordinary kids immediately they are born, and -until they begin to suck, make a great bleating, whilst these, on the -contrary, make no sound, and stand quite contented and without wailing. -Perhaps their flesh would be very pleasant to the taste.</p> -<p class="par">Before this, an order had been given that Muqarrab K., -having been appointed to Bihar, should hasten off there. He came to -Court in order to pay his respects before he repaired to his -destination, and accordingly, on Thursday, the 2nd -K͟hūrdād, an elephant with trappings, two horses, and a -jewelled <i>khapwa</i> were conferred on him, and he took leave. Rs. -50,000 were given him as an advance of pay. On the same day Sardār -K͟hān received a dress of honour, an elephant, and a horse, -and obtained the Sarkar of Monghyr, which is in <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90" name="pb90">90</a>]</span>the -province of Bihar and Bengal, and took leave. Mīr -S͟harīf,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2787src" href= -"#xd24e2787" name="xd24e2787src">20</a> the Vakīl of -Qut̤bu-l-mulk, who was at Court, took leave. My fortunate son, -S͟hāh-Jahān, sent with him the brother of Afẓal -K., his Diwan. As Qut̤bu-l-mulk had shown attachment and desire to -please, and repeatedly importuned me for a portrait, I presented him, -at his request, with my likeness, a jewelled <i>khapwa</i>, and a -<i>phūl kaṭāra</i>. 24,000 <i>darb</i>, a jewelled -dagger, a horse, and a dress of honour were also given to the aforesaid -Mīr S͟harīf. Fāẓil K., director of buildings, -was advanced to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and -Ḥakīm Rāgho Nāth to that of 600 personal and 60 -horse. As at this time the anniversary of the late king (Akbar) -occurred, Rs. 5,000 were handed over to some of my chief servants to -divide among poor and deserving people. Ḥasan ʿAlī K., -jagirdar of the Sarkar of Monghyr, was honoured with the mansab of -2,500 personal and horse, and sent to the assistance of -Ibrāhīm K. Fatḥ-jang, governor of the province of -Bengal, and he was presented with a sword. As Mīrzā -S͟harafu-d-dīn Ḥusain Kās͟hg͟harī -sacrificed his life on duty in Bangash, I promoted his son -Ibrāhīm Ḥusain to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 -horse. At this time Ibrāhīm K. constructed two -boats,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2800src" href="#xd24e2800" name= -"xd24e2800src">21</a> which in the language of the country they call -<i>Kos͟ha</i>, one of gold and the other of silver, and sent them -to me by way of offering. Undoubtedly, of their own kind they are the -finest. One of these I gave to my son S͟hāh-Jahān. On -Thursday, the 9th, Sādāt K. was granted the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 60 horse. On this day ʿAẓudu-d-daula and -S͟hajāʿat K. ʿArab took leave for their jagirs. On -this Thursday I presented Āṣaf K. with a jewelled -<i>khapwa</i> and a <i>phūl katāra</i>. As my fortunate son -Sult̤ān Parwīz proposed to come to Court, he asked for a -special <i>nādirī</i> dress of honour, a <i>chīra</i>, -and a <i>fota</i>, so that he might wear them and be distinguished on -the day of meeting me and of having the good fortune to pay his -respects. According to his request, I sent by the hand of his Vakil, -S͟harīf, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91" -name="pb91">91</a>]</span>a sumptuous dress of honour with a -<i>chīra</i> and a special sash. On Thursday, the 23rd, -Mīrzā Wālī, son of the aunt of this suppliant, came -by order from the Deccan, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. His father, K͟hwāja Ḥasan -K͟hāldār (the freckled?), was one of the -Naqs͟hbandī K͟hwājas. My uncle, Mīrzā -Muḥammad Ḥakīm, gave his sister in marriage to the -K͟hwāja. I heard much praise of the K͟hwāja from -people: he had both good family and got on well with every one, and for -a long time the management of the affairs of my uncle Mīrzā -Muḥammad Ḥakīm had been in his hands, and he was on -very good terms with him. Before the Mīrzā’s death he -had himself delivered<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2832src" href= -"#xd24e2832" name="xd24e2832src">22</a> over the deposit of his life. -Two sons survived him—viz., Mīrzā -Badīʿu-z-zamān and Mīrzā Wālī. M. -Badīʿu-z-zamān, after the death of the Mīrzā, -ran away, and went to Mā-warāʾa-n-nahr (Transoxania), -and in that exile became a traveller on the road of non-existence. The -Begam and Mīrzā Wālī came to the glorious Court, -and H.M. (Akbar) behaved very kindly to the Begam. The Mīrzā -also is a steady and sedate young man, not devoid of reasonableness and -understanding. He is very skilled in the science of music. At this time -it occurred to me to marry the daughter of the deceased Prince -Dāniyāl to the Mīrzā, and my reason for sending for -the Mīrzā to Court was this. This girl (Bulāqī -Begam) is the offspring of the daughter of Qilīj Muḥammad K. -It is hoped that the grace of striving to please and to serve, which is -the means of good fortune and prosperity, may be his (M. -Wālī’s) lot and fortune.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Sarbuland Rāy, who had been sent on -duty to the Deccan, was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and -1,500 horse.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was reported to me that a -<i>Shayyād</i> (a loud talker, a cheat) of the name of -S͟haik͟h<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2842src" href= -"#xd24e2842" name="xd24e2842src">23</a> Aḥmad had spread the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92" name= -"pb92">92</a>]</span>net of hypocrisy and deceit in Sirhind, and caught -in it many of the apparent worshippers without spirituality, and had -sent into every city and country one of his disciples, whom he called -his deputy (k͟halīfa), and whom he considered more skilled -than others in the adorning of shops (of deceit) and selling of -religious knowledge, and in deceiving men. He had also written a number -of idle tales to his disciples and his believers, and had made them -into a book which he called <i>Maktūbāt</i> (letters). In -that album (<i>Jung</i>) of absurdities many unprofitable things had -been written that drag (people) into infidelity and impiety. Amongst -these he had written in a letter as follows: “In the course of my -travels I had come to the dwelling of the Two Lights (the Sun and -Moon), and saw a very lofty and very splendid building. From there I -passed to the abode of Discrimination (Fārūq), and from there -I passed to the abode of Truth (Ṣiddīq), and to each I wrote -a suitable explanation (or perhaps, of each I wrote a suitable -description). From there I reached the abode of Love, and I beheld a -brilliant dwelling. It had divers colours and lights and reflected -glories. That is to say (God forgive us!—an exclamation of -Jahāngīr’s), I passed from the abode of the Vicegerents -(k͟hulafā) and attained to the highest rank.” There -were other presumptuous expressions which it would be too long to -write, and would be contrary to good manners. I <span class="corr" id= -"xd24e2859" title="Source: according">accordingly</span> gave an order -that they should bring him to the Court that is based on justice. -According to order he came to pay his respects. To all that I asked him -he could give no reasonable answer, and appeared to me to be extremely -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name= -"pb93">93</a>]</span>proud and self-satisfied, with all his ignorance. -I considered the best thing for him would be that he should remain some -time in the prison of correction until the heat of his temperament and -confusion of his brain were somewhat quenched, and the excitement of -the people also should subside. He was accordingly handed over to -Anīrāʾī Singh-dalan to be imprisoned in Gwalior -fort.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 25th K͟hūrdād, my -fortunate son Sult̤ān Parwīz came from Allahabad, and -with prostration at the threshold of the Khalifate illuminated the -forehead of sincerity. After he had performed the ceremony of kissing -the ground and been honoured with special favour, I bade him sit. He -presented 2,000 muhars and 2,000 rupees by way of <i>naẕr</i>, -and made an offering of a diamond. As his elephants had not yet -arrived, he would produce them on another occasion. He had brought with -him to the Court, which is the asylum of the world, Rāja -Kalyān, Zamindar of Ratanpūr, against whom this my son had by -order sent an army, and had taken from him as an offering 80 elephants -and Rs. 100,000. My son brought him with him, and he had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold. Wazīr K., my son’s Diwan who -is one of the old servants of the Court, having had the good fortune to -pay his respects to me, presented as offerings 28 elephants, male and -female. Of these nine were accepted, and the rest bestowed on him.</p> -<p class="par">As it had been represented to me that Muruwwat K., s. -Iftik͟hār K., who was one born and bred up at this Court, had -fought with a band of Maghs on the borders of Bengal and had sacrificed -his life, I promoted Allāh-yār, his brother, to the mansab of -1,000 personal and 500 horse, and another brother to that of 400 -personal and horse, so that those he had left behind should not be -distressed. On Monday, the 3rd of the Divine month of Tīr, in the -neighbourhood of the city four black bucks, a doe, and a fawn were -taken. As I passed by the house of my fortunate son, Sult̤ān -Parwīz, he presented two tusked elephants with their trappings by -way of offering; both were ordered to be placed in the private -elephant-stud.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 13th, Sayyid Ḥasan, the -ambassador of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name= -"pb94">94</a>]</span>my happy brother, S͟hāh -ʿAbbās, ruler of Persia, having had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold, produced a letter, together with a crystal drinking-cup, -on the cover of which was a ruby. As it was given from excessive -friendship and sincerity it was the cause of the increase of amity and -good fellowship. On this day Fidāʾī K. was promoted to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Naṣru-llah, s. -Fatḥu-llah, in whose charge was the fort of Ambar, that of 1,500 -personal and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 20th, Amānu-llah, s. -Mahābat K., was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 -horse. Having conferred on Wazīr K. the Diwanship of Bengal, I -gave him a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled dagger. Elephants -were given to Mīr Ḥusāmu-d-dīn and Zabar-dast K. -On this day Ḥāfiz̤ Ḥasan, a servant of -K͟hān ʿĀlam, came to Court with a precious letter -from my brother S͟hāh ʿAbbās, and a report from -that pillar of the Sultanate (K͟hān ʿĀlam). He laid -before me a dagger the hilt of which was made of a -fish’s<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2875src" href="#xd24e2875" -name="xd24e2875src">24</a> tooth spotted with black, that my brother -had given to K͟hān ʿĀlam. As it was a great rarity, -he (K͟hān ʿĀlam) had sent it to me. I greatly -approved of it; in fact, it is a rare present. I had never seen a -spotted one until now, and I was much pleased.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 27th, M. Wālī was promoted to -the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. On the 24th, I gave 1,000 -darbs as a present to Sayyid Ḥasan, the ambassador, and an -elephant to ʿAbdu-llah K. Bahādur Fīrūz-jang. On -Thursday, the 2nd of the Divine month of Amurdād, a horse was -presented to Iʿtibār K. ʿĀqil K. was promoted to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse.</p> -<p class="par">On the night of Saturday, the 4th of the Ilāhī -month of Amurdād, corresponding with 15 S͟haʿbān, -was the feast of the S͟hab-i-barāt. By order, they decorated -and brought <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name= -"pb95">95</a>]</span>before me on the river, boats with lamps and all -kinds of fireworks. In truth, the lamps they had arranged appeared very -pretty, and for a long time I enjoyed myself in going round and looking -at them. On Tuesday, Mīrān,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2894src" href="#xd24e2894" name="xd24e2894src">25</a> s. Nād -ʿAlī Maidānī, who was one of the well-brought-up -khanazads, was selected for the mansab of 700 personal and 500 horse, -and K͟hwāja Zainu-d-dīn for that of 700 personal and 300 -horse, and K͟hwāja Muḥsin for that of 700 personal and -100 horse. On Thursday, the 9th, I went to hunt at the village of -Samūnagar. Passing my time pleasantly in going round and hunting -on that pleasant plain until Monday, I returned on the eve of Tuesday -to the palace. On Thursday, the 16th, Bis͟hūtan, grandson of -S͟haik͟h Abū-l-Faẓl (the author), was promoted to -the mansab of 700 personal and 350 horse. On this day I went round to -see the garden of Gul-afs͟hān, which is on the bank of the -Jumna. On the way rain fell heavily and filled the mead with freshness -and greenness. Pineapples had arrived at perfection, and I made a -thorough inspection. Of the buildings that overlooked the river -none<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2900src" href="#xd24e2900" name= -"xd24e2900src">26</a> that I saw were without the charm of verdure and -flowing water. These verses of Anwarī appeared appropriate to the -place:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“’Tis a day of mirth and jollity,</p> -<p class="line">A daily market of flowers and odours;</p> -<p class="line">The earth-heaps are suffused with ambergris,</p> -<p class="line">The zephyr sheds rose-water from his skirt,</p> -<p class="line">From contact with the morning breeze the pool</p> -<p class="line">Is roughened and pointed, like the edge of a -file.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">As this garden is in the charge of -K͟hwāja Jahān, he presented me as offerings with some -pieces of brocade of a new fashion they had lately brought for him from -ʿIrāq. Selecting what I approved of, I presented the -remainder to him. He had arranged the garden well, and his mansab was -ordered to be raised to 5,000 personal and 3,000 horse, original and -increased. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name= -"pb96">96</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">A strange circumstance was that I was so much delighted -with a jewelled dagger-hilt of piebald teeth which K͟hān -ʿĀlam had got from S͟hāh ʿAbbās and sent -to me (see <i>ante</i>), that I appointed several skilful men to go to -Īrān and Tūrān to look for them and to be -consistently searching for them, and to bring some from anywhere and -any person, anyhow, and at any price. Many of my servants who knew my -disposition, and dignified Amīrs in the course of their duty, -engaged in the search. It happened that in this city a stupid stranger -bought in the open bazaar a coloured tooth of great beauty and delicacy -for a trifle; he believed that some time or other it had fallen into -the fire, and that the black on it was the mark of burning! After some -time he showed it to one of the carpenters on the establishment of my -prosperous son S͟hāh-Jahān, desiring that he should take -off a piece of the tooth in order to make a ring (<i>s͟hast</i>), -and pointed out that he should remove the marks of burning and the -blacknesses, being ignorant that the blackness enhanced the value and -price of the whiteness. Those moles and patches were what the tirewoman -of destiny had given as an adornment of its beauty. The carpenter at -once went to the Superintendent of his workshop, and gave him the good -news that such a rare and precious thing, in search of which people -were wandering and going long distances, and hastening to all corners -and in all directions in various countries, had fallen for nothing into -the hands of an ignorant man, who did not know its value. It could be -easily and cheaply obtained from him. The Superintendent went off with -him and immediately procured it, and next day produced it before my -son. When my son S͟hāh-Jahān came to wait on me, he at -first showed great delight, and after his brain had become free from -the intoxication of the wine of joy, produced it, and greatly pleased -me—</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“Thy Time is happy in that thou hast made mine -happy.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">I invoked so many blessings on him that if one of -them out of a hundred obtain acceptance, it will suffice for his -spiritual and material well-being. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" -href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On this day Bahlīm K., one of the chief servants of -ʿĀdil K. came and waited on me. As he had chosen my service -out of sincerity, I bestowed on him unstinted favours, and presented -him with a dress of honour, a horse, a sword, and 10,000 darbs, with -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. At this time a petition -came from K͟hān Daurān, stating that: “Your -Majesty, from the perfection of kindness and knowledge of his worth, -had appointed to the government of Thatta (Sind) an old slave, -notwithstanding his great age and weak sight. As this weak old man was -exceedingly bent and decrepit, and had not in him the ability to exert -himself or to ride, he prays that he may be excused military service, -and that he may be enrolled in the army of prayer.” At his -request, I ordered the chief Diwans to confirm him in the pargana of -Khushāb,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2942src" href="#xd24e2942" -name="xd24e2942src">27</a> with a revenue of 3,000,000 of dāms, -and which he for a long time had held as a <i>tank͟hwāh</i> -jagir, and which had become peopled and cultivated, by way of providing -for his expenses, so that he might pass his time in easy circumstances. -His eldest son, by name S͟hāh Muḥammad, was promoted to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, his second son, -Yaʿqūb Beg, obtaining that of 700 personal and 350 horse. The -third son, Asad Beg, was promoted to the mansab of 300 personal and 50 -horse.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 1st of the Divine month of -S͟hahriwar, I sent dresses of honour for the rainy season to the -Ātālīq Commander-in-Chief -K͟hān-k͟hānān Jān-sipār and the -other great Amīrs, who had been sent on duty to the Deccan, by the -hand of Yazdān.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2950src" href= -"#xd24e2950" name="xd24e2950src">28</a></p> -<p class="par">As the purpose of visiting the eternal spring of the -rose-garden of Kashmir was settled in my mind, I sent off -Nūru-d-dīn Qulī to hasten on before, to repair as far as -was possible the ups and downs of the Pūnch<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2955src" href="#xd24e2955" name="xd24e2955src">29</a> route to -it, and to prepare <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98" -name="pb98">98</a>]</span>it, so that the passage of laden beasts over -difficult hilltops might be accomplished with ease, and that the men -should not undergo labour and hardship. A large number of artificers, -such as stone-cutters, carpenters, spadesmen, etc., were despatched -with him, to whom an elephant was also given. On the eve of Thursday, -the 13th, having gone to the garden of Nūr-manzil, I passed the -time in enjoyment in that rose-garden of delight until Sunday, the -16th. Rāja Bikramājīt Baghela came from the fort of -Māndpūr, which is his native place, and had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold, and by way of offering presented an elephant and -a jewelled plume. Maqṣūd K. was honoured with the mansab of -1,000 personal and 130 horse. On Thursday, the 20th, my son -S͟hāh Parwīz produced two elephants as an offering, and -they were ordered to be included in the private stud. On the 24th of -the aforesaid month the feast of the solar weighing took place in the -palace of Maryamu-z-zamānī, and my 51st year according to the -solar months began in gladness and victory. It is hoped that the period -of my life may be passed in obedience to God (to whom be glory!). To -Sayyid Jalāl, s. Sayyid Muḥammad, the grandson (?) of -S͟hāh ʿĀlam Buk͟hārī, an account of -whom has been written among the events of my Gujarat expedition, I gave -leave to return. I gave him a female elephant for his riding, as well -as his expenses. On the eve of Sunday,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2960src" href="#xd24e2960" name="xd24e2960src">30</a> the 30th, -corresponding with the 14th S͟hawwāl, when the disk of the -moon was perfect (at full moon) a moonlight feast was prepared in the -buildings of the garden which overlook the River Jumna, and a very -pleasant entertainment took place. On the 1st of the Divine month, out -of the veined (<i>jauhar-dār</i>) spotted tooth (walrus) which my -son S͟hāh-Jahān had given me as an offering, I ordered -to be cut off sufficient for two dagger-hilts and a -thumb-stall:<a class="noteref" id="xd24e2966src" href="#xd24e2966" -name="xd24e2966src">31</a> it came out of a beautiful colour and was -very choice. I ordered the <i>Ustāds</i> (masters) Pūran and -Kalyān, who had no rivals in the art of engraving,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e2982src" href="#xd24e2982" name= -"xd24e2982src">32</a> to make dagger-hilts of a shape that <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" name="pb99">99</a>]</span>was -approved at this time, and has become known as the -Jahāngīrī fashion. At the same time the blade and the -sheath and fastenings were given to skilful men, each of whom was -unique in his age in his art. Truly, it was all carried out according -to my wish. One hilt came out coloured in such a way as to create -astonishment. It turned out of all the seven colours, and some of the -flowers looked as if a skilful painter<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2989src" href="#xd24e2989" name="xd24e2989src">33</a> had -depicted them in black lines round it with a wonder-working pencil. In -short, it was so delicate that I never wish it to be apart from me for -a moment. Of all the gems of great price that are in the treasury I -consider it the most precious. On Thursday I girded it auspiciously and -with joy round my waist, and the masters who in their completion had -exercised great skill and taken great pains were rewarded, Ustād -Pūran with the gift of an elephant, a dress of honour, and a -golden bracelet for the wrist, which the people of India call -<i>Kara</i>,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3000src" href="#xd24e3000" -name="xd24e3000src">34</a> and Kalyān with the title of -ʿAjāʾib-dast (wondrous hand), and increased mansab, a -dress of honour, and a jewelled bracelet (<i>pahūnchī</i>), -and in the same way every one according to his circumstances and skill -received favours.</p> -<p class="par">As it had been represented to me that Amānu-llah, -s. Mahābat K., having fought with the rebel Aḥdād, had -defeated his army, and had made many of the Afghans—who are -black-faced and black-hearted—the harvest of his blood-drinking -sword, I sent him a special sword in order to dignify him.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday the 5th, news came of the death of Rāja -Sūraj Singh, who had died a natural death in the Deccan. He was -the descendant of Māldeo, who was one of the principal Zamindars -of Hindustan, and had a zamindari which equalled that of the -Rānā, and he had even overcome him in one battle. There is a -full account of him (Māldeo) in the Akbar-nāma. Rāja -Sūraj Singh, through the advantage of his being brought up by the -late king (Akbar), and this suppliant <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb100" href="#pb100" name="pb100">100</a>]</span>at the throne of God, -reached high rank and great dignities. His territory surpassed that of -his father or grandfather.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3016src" href= -"#xd24e3016" name="xd24e3016src">35</a> He had a son called Gaj -Singh,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3021src" href="#xd24e3021" name= -"xd24e3021src">36</a> whom he entrusted with all his administrative -affairs. As I knew him to be capable and worthy of favour, I promoted -him to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, with a standard -and the title of Raja, and his younger brother to that of 500 personal -and 250 horse, and gave him a jagir in his native country.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 10th of Mihr, at the request of -Āṣaf K., I went to his house built on the bank of the Jumna. -He has erected a very fine bath-house (ḥammām), with which I -was much delighted. After bathing, a feast of cups was held, and my -private servants were made happy with cups of delight. Having chosen -out of his offerings what I approved, I gave the remainder to him. What -I took of his offering might be of the value of Rs. 30,000. Bāqir -K., faujdār of Multan, was honoured with a standard.</p> -<p class="par">Previously to this, according to order, they had planted -trees on both sides from Agra as far as the River of Attock (the -Indus), and had made an avenue, and in the same way from Agra to -Bengal. I now ordered that from Agra to Lahore they should put up a -pillar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3028src" href="#xd24e3028" name= -"xd24e3028src">37</a> (<i>mīl</i>) at every koss, to be the sign -of a koss, and at every three koss make a well, so that wayfarers might -travel in ease and contentment, and not endure hardships from thirst or -the heat of the sun.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 24th of Mihr, the festival of the -Dasahrā was held. After the custom of India, they decorated the -horses and produced them before me. After I had seen the horses they -brought some of the elephants. As Muʿtamid K. on last New -Year’s Day had not made any offering, at this festival he -presented a golden tablet (<i>tak͟ht</i>), a ruby ring, a -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name= -"pb101">101</a>]</span>piece of coral (<i>bussad</i>), and other items. -The tablet was beautifully made. The total value of the offering was -Rs. 16,000. As he had brought the things from pure sincerity and -loyalty, they were accepted. On this day Zabar-dast K. was promoted to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As the day of the -Dasahrā had been fixed as the time of starting, I embarked on a -boat with all happy omens and pleasure in the evening, and went on to -my goal. I halted for eight days at the first stage that the men might -come on, after making all preparations at leisure. Mahābat K. had -sent apples from Bangash by runners (<i>dāk-chokī</i>). They -arrived very fresh, and were of excellent flavour. I was greatly -pleased in eating them. They cannot be compared with the -<i>sīb-i-k͟hūb</i> (“the good<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e3052src" href="#xd24e3052" name="xd24e3052src">38</a> -apples”?) of Kabul which I ate there, or with the Samarkand -apples that they bring every year. For sweetness and delicacy of -flavour they cannot be compared with either of the latter (<i>i.e.</i>, -the Bangash apples were far better). I had until now never seen such -delicate and delicious apples. They say that in Upper Bangash, near -Lashkar-dara,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3061src" href="#xd24e3061" -name="xd24e3061src">39</a> there is a village called Sīv Rām, -in which there are three trees of this apple, and although they have -made many trials, they have never found so good ones in any other -place. I gave Sayyid Ḥasan, ambassador of my brother -S͟hāh ʿAbbās, a dish of these apples in order that -he might tell me if there were any better apples in ʿIrāq. He -said: “In the whole of Persia the apples of Isfahan are -preferred, and they are of the same quality as these.”</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of -Ābān, I went on pilgrimage to the mausoleum of the late king -(Akbar) (may the lights of Allah be his testimony!), and rubbed the -head of supplication on the threshold, the abode of angels, and -presented 100 muhars as nazar. All the Begams and other ladies, having -sought the blessing of circulating round that shrine, which is the -circling-place of angels, presented offerings. On the eve of Friday a -lofty assembly was held <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href= -"#pb102" name="pb102">102</a>]</span>of the holy men -(<i>Mas͟hāʾik͟h</i>), the turbaned people -(<i>arbāb-i-ʿamāʾim</i>—<i>i.e.</i>, -ecclesiastics, etc.), <i>Ḥuffāz̤</i> (those who recite -the Qoran), and singing people, assembled in numbers, and practised -ecstasies and religious dancing (<i>wajd</i> and -<i>samāʿ</i>), to each of whom, according to the -circumstances of his merit and skill, I gave a dress of honour, a -<i>farjī</i>, and a shawl. The buildings of this blessed mausoleum -have been made very lofty. At this time the money expended satisfied -me, and was far more than it had previously been. (The MS.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3090src" href="#xd24e3090" name= -"xd24e3090src">40</a> here is clear, and the printed words wrong.)</p> -<p class="par">On the 3rd, after four gharis of day had passed, I -marched on from that stage, and having traversed 5½ koss by the -river at four gharis of the day, arrived at the next stage. After -midday I left the boat and caught seven partridges -(<i>durrāj</i>). At the end of the day I gave Rs. 20,000 to Sayyid -Ḥasan, the ambassador (of Persia), as a present, and a dress of -honour of gold brocade with a jewelled <i>jīg͟ha</i> -(turban-ornament), and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, and -sent for my brother with him a jewelled jug made in the shape of a -cock, which could hold my usual stint of wine. It is hoped that it may -reach its destination in safety. I gave leave to Las͟hkar K., who -had been appointed to the defence and government of Agra, with a gift -of a dress of honour, a horse, an elephant, drums, and a jewelled -dagger. Ikrām K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and -1,500 horse, and to the duty of faujdār of the Sarkār of -Mewāt. He is s. Islām K., who was the grandson of the -venerable asylum of pardon S͟haik͟h Salīm, whose -excellency of person and approved disposition and connection in -blessing with this illustrious family have been described in these -pages with the pen of sincerity.</p> -<p class="par">At this time I heard from a certain person whose words -are adorned with the light of truth that at the time when I was sick -and weak at Ajmir, before this evil news arrived <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>in -the province of Bengal, one day Islām K. was sitting in private, -when he suddenly became unconscious. When he came to himself he said to -one of his confidants, of the name of Bhīkan, that it had been -shown him from the world of mysteries that the holy person of the -Emperor had been attacked by sickness, and that the remedy for it was -to sacrifice for him something that was exceedingly dear and precious -to himself. It at first occurred to him to sacrifice for the head of -the revered one his own son Hūs͟hang, but as he was young in -years and as yet had derived no profit from life, and not attained to -the desire of his heart, he had compassion on him, and would sacrifice -himself for his lord and master. He hoped that as this was from the -bottom of his heart, and the sincerity of his being, it would be -accepted at the throne of Allah. The arrow of prayer at once reached -the target of acceptance, and he perceived himself afflicted with -weakness and disease. Verily, verily, the disease increased till he -reached the neighbourhood of the compassion of God (he died). The Great -Physician bestowed from the hidden dispensary complete recovery on this -suppliant. Although the late king (the lights of Allah be his -testimony!), was much attached to the children and grandchildren of the -S͟haik͟hu-l-Islām, and bestowed favours on them all -according to the capacity and aptitude of each, yet when the turn of -rule came to this suppliant, they received great kindnesses in order to -perform what was due to that revered one (Salīm -Chis͟htī), and many of them attained to the high nobility, -and were advanced to the posts of head of Subahs, as has been brought -to record each in its own place.</p> -<p class="par">As in this village the eunuch Hilāl K.,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3110src" href="#xd24e3110" name= -"xd24e3110src">41</a> who was one of my attendants from the time when I -was prince, had built a <i>sarāy</i>, and made a garden, he made -an offering to me. In order to dignify him I took a trifle from him. -After marching four stages from this halting-place, the army of -prosperity encamped outside Mathura. On Thursday, the 8th, I went to -see Bindrāban and the idol temples of that place. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name= -"pb104">104</a>]</span>Although<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3118src" -href="#xd24e3118" name="xd24e3118src">42</a> in the time of the late -king the Rajput nobles had built temples after their fashion, and -ornamented them highly on the outside, inside them bats and owls -(<i>abābīl</i>) had made their abode to such an extent, that -on account of the malodours one could not breathe.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“Outside, like an infidel’s grave, full of -cracks,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3130src" href="#xd24e3130" name= -"xd24e3130src">43</a></p> -<p class="line">Inside, the anger of God, the honoured and -glorious.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On this day Muk͟hliṣ K., according to -order, came from Bengal, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. He gave 100 muhars and 100 rupees as nazar, and by way of -offering, a ruby and jewelled aigrette (t̤urra). On Friday, the -9th, Rs. 600,000 of treasure for the maintenance -(<i>ẕak͟hīra</i>) of the fort of Āsīr were -sent to the Commander-in-Chief, -K͟hān-k͟hānān.</p> -<p class="par">In the foregoing pages, something has been written about -Gosāʾīn Jadrūp,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3151src" -href="#xd24e3151" name="xd24e3151src">44</a> who lived as a hermit in -Ujain. At this time he changed his residence to Mathura, which is one -of the greatest places of worship of the Hindus, and employed himself -in the worship of the true God on the bank of the Jumna. As I valued -his society, I hastened to wait on him, and for a long time enjoyed his -company without the presence of any stranger. In truth, his existence -is a great gain to me: one can be greatly benefited and delighted.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 10th, the huntsmen represented that -there was in that neighbourhood a tiger that greatly troubled -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105" name= -"pb105">105</a>]</span>and injured the ryots and wayfarers. I -immediately ordered them to bring together a number of elephants and -surround the forest and at the end of the day myself rode out with my -ladies. As I had vowed that I would not injure any living thing with my -own hand, I told Nūr-Jahān<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3161src" href="#xd24e3161" name="xd24e3161src">45</a> to shoot at -him. An elephant is not at ease when it smells a tiger, and is -continually in movement, and to hit with a gun from a litter -(<i>ʿimārī</i>) is a very difficult matter, insomuch -that Mīrzā Rustam, who, after me, is unequalled in shooting, -has several times missed three or four shots from an elephant. Yet -Nūr-Jahān B. so hit the tiger with one shot that it was -immediately killed.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 12th, my desire to see the -Gosāʾīn Jadrūp again increased, and hastening to -his hut, without ceremony, I enjoyed his society. Sublime words were -spoken between us. God Almighty has granted him an unusual grace, a -lofty understanding, an exalted nature, and sharp intellectual powers, -with a God-given knowledge and a heart free from the attachments of the -world, so that, putting behind his back the world and all that is in -it, he sits content in the corner of solitude and without wants. He has -chosen of worldly goods half a <i>gaz</i> of old cotton -(<i>kirpās</i>) like a woman’s veil, and a piece of -earthenware from which to drink water, and in winter and summer and the -rainy season lives naked and with his head and feet bare. He has made a -hole in which he can turn round with a hundred difficulties and -tortures, with a passage such that a suckling could hardly be put -through it. These two or three couplets of Ḥakīm -Sanāʾī (may God have mercy on him!) appeared -appropriate:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span><a class="noteref" id="xd24e3179src" -href="#xd24e3179" name="xd24e3179src">46</a></h4> -<p class="line">“Luqmān had a narrow hut,</p> -<p class="line">Like the hollow of a flute or the bosom of a harp.</p> -<p class="line">A noodle put the question to him—</p> -<p class="line">‘What is this house—two feet and a -span?’</p> -<p class="line">Hotly and with tears the sage replied—</p> -<p class="line">‘Ample for him who has to die.’”</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name= -"pb106">106</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 14th, I again went to visit the -Gosāʾīn and bade him good-bye. Undoubtedly parting from -him <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name= -"pb107">107</a>]</span>weighed upon my mind, that desires the truth. On -Thursday the 15th, I marched and pitched near Brindāban. At this -stage my fortunate son Sult̤ān Parwīz took leave of me -for Allahabad, and went to his jagir. I had intended that he should -accompany me on this expedition, but as he had already shown symptoms -of distress, I could not avoid letting him go. I presented him with a -tipchāq horse, a waist dagger with a veined -(<i>jauhar-dār</i>) walrus-tooth (hilt), and a sword and special -shield. I hope he will come again soon, and have the good fortune of my -presence. As the period of K͟husrau’s imprisonment had been -a long one, it seemed to me that to keep him longer in confinement and -deprive him of the good fortune of waiting on me, would be wanting in -kindness. I accordingly sent<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3314src" href= -"#xd24e3314" name="xd24e3314src">47</a> for him and bade him salute me. -Once again the marks of his offences were washed with the pure water of -forgiveness, and the dust of disgrace and humiliation was rubbed off -his brow. I hope that the blessing of pleasing me, and the grace of -service may be his lot.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 16th, I gave leave to Muk͟hliṣ -K., whom I had sent for to take up the duties of diwan to -S͟hāh Parwīz, and I gave him the rank he had<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3319src" href="#xd24e3319" name= -"xd24e3319src">48</a> had in Bengal—viz., 2,000 with 700 horse. -On Saturday I halted. At this stage Sayyid Niẓām s. Mīr -Mīrān Ṣadr Jahān, who was faujdār of Kanauj, -waited upon me, and presented two elephants, and some hawks. I accepted -one elephant and a pair of hawks. On Sunday, the 18th, we marched. At -this time the King of Persia had sent with Parī Beg Mīr -S͟hikār (chief <span class="corr" id="xd24e3328" title= -"Source: hunstman">huntsman</span>) one falcon (s͟hunqār) of -good colour. There was another which had been given to the -K͟hān ʿĀlam. This one was sent along with the -S͟hāhī falcon (<i>i.e.</i>, the one intended for -Jahāngīr), and it died on the road. The S͟hāhī -falcon, too, got mauled by a cat owing to the carelessness of the -Mīr S͟hikār. Though it was brought to Court, it did not -live more than a week. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href= -"#pb108" name="pb108">108</a>]</span>What can I write<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e3336src" href="#xd24e3336" name="xd24e3336src">49</a> of the -beauty and colour of this falcon? There were many beautiful black -markings on each wing, and back, and sides. As it was something out of -the common, I ordered Ustād Manṣūr, who has the title -of <i>Nādiru-l-ʿaṣr</i> (wonder of the age) to paint -and preserve<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3343src" href="#xd24e3343" -name="xd24e3343src">50</a> its likeness. I gave the Mīr -S͟hikār Rs. 2,000 and dismissed him.</p> -<p class="par">In my father’s reign (the light of God be his -testimony!) the weight of the seer was 30 dams.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3350src" href="#xd24e3350" name="xd24e3350src">51</a> About this -time it came into my mind: “Why should I act contrary to his -rules?” It would be better to have it still of 30 dams. One day -Gosāʾīn Jadrūp said that in the book of the Vedas, -which the lords of his faith had written, the weight of the -<i>sīr</i> was 36 dams. “As from the coincidences of the -hidden world your order has fallen in with what is laid down in our -book, if it be fixed at 36 dams, it will be well.” It was ordered -that hereafter throughout the whole territory it should be 36 dams.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 19th, I marched. A horse and dress of -honour were given to Rāja Bhāo Singh, who had been ordered to -the support of the army of the Deccan. From this day, till Wednesday, -the 28th, I made successive marches. On Thursday, the 29th, Delhi, the -abode of blessings, was adorned <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" -href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span>by the alighting of the army -of good fortune. At first I hastened with my children and the ladies on -a visit to the enlightened shrine of Humāyūn (may the lights -of God be his testimony!), and having made our offerings there, went -off to circumambulate the blessed mausoleum of the king of holy men -(S͟haik͟h Niz̤āmu-d-dīn Chis͟htī), -and strengthened my courage, and at the end of the day alighted at the -palace, which had been got ready in Salīmgaṛh. On Friday, -the 30th, I halted. As they had at this time preserved the -hunting-place of the pargana of Pālam, according to order, it was -represented that a great number of antelope had collected there. -Accordingly, on the 1st of the Divine month of Āẕar I -started to hunt<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3388src" href="#xd24e3388" -name="xd24e3388src">52</a> with cheetahs. At the end of the day, during -the hunt, much hail fell of the size of apples, and made the air very -cold. On this day three antelope were caught. On Sunday, the 2nd, I -hunted 46 antelope, and on Monday, the 3rd, 24 antelope were caught -with cheetahs. My son S͟hāh-Jahān killed two antelope -with his gun. On Tuesday, the 4th, five antelope were caught. On -Wednesday, the 5th, 27 antelope were caught. On Thursday, the 6th, -Sayyid Bahwa Buk͟hārī, who was in charge of the -government of Delhi, made an offering of three elephants and eighteen -horses, and other things. One elephant and other things were accepted, -and I gave the rest to him. Hās͟him of K͟host, -faujdār of some parganas in Mewāt, had the honour of kissing -the threshold. I employed myself within the limits of Pālam until -Thursday, the 13th, in hunting with cheetahs. In the space of twelve -days 426 antelopes were caught, and I returned to Delhi. I had heard, -when in attendance on my father, that it is impossible for an antelope -that has escaped from the grasp of a cheetah to live, although it has -not been injured by its claws. In this hunt I, in order to ascertain -the fact, released several antelopes of handsome appearance and strong -bodies, before they had received any wounds from teeth or claws, and -ordered them to be kept in my presence, and that they should be taken -the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110" name= -"pb110">110</a>]</span>greatest care of. For a whole day and night they -remained at ease in their natural conditions: on the second day a -change was observed, and they threw about their legs as if they were -drunk, without any reason, and fell down and rose up. However much -<i>tiryāq-i-fārūqī</i> (preparation of opium) and -other suitable medicines were administered to them, they had no effect, -and when one watch had passed in this condition, they died.</p> -<p class="par">On this day the bad news arrived that the eldest son of -S͟hāh Parwīz had died at Agra. As he was somewhat -grown-up,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3398src" href="#xd24e3398" name= -"xd24e3398src">53</a> and was very attached and affectionate towards -his father, the latter was exceedingly grieved and wounded at heart at -this event, and great bewilderment and weakness manifested themselves -in him. In order to console and please him, I sent him gracious -letters, and covered over the deadly wound of his heart with the balm -of affection and kindness. I hope that God, the great and glorious, may -grant him patience and resignation, for in this kind of calamities -there can be no better driver away of grief than endurance and -resignation.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 14th, at the request of -Āqā<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3409src" href="#xd24e3409" -name="xd24e3409src">54</a> Āqāyān, I went to her house. -On account of her previous service and her hereditary attachment to -this illustrious family, when the late king made me a married man, he -took her from my sister S͟hāh-zāda K͟hānam, -and placed her in charge of my Zanana. It is 33 years from that date -that she has been in my service, and I esteem her greatly, for she has -served me with sincerity. In no journey or expedition had she of her -own will remained absent from attendance on me. When she felt her -increasing age, she requested me to order her to remain at Delhi, and -to spend the remainder of her life in prayer for me, for she had no -longer the power to move about, and found it a great hardship and -trouble to come <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111" -name="pb111">111</a>]</span>and go (as she used). One of her felicities -was that she was of the same age<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3414src" -href="#xd24e3414" name="xd24e3414src">55</a> as -ʿArs͟h-ās͟hyānī (Akbar). In brief, with a -view to giving her rest, I ordered her to remain at Delhi, and in that -place she had made for herself a garden, a saray, and a tomb, in the -constructing which she has employed herself for some time past. In -short, to please this ancient servitor, I went to her house, and -strictly ordered Sayyid Bahwa, the governor of the city, to serve and -guard her in such a manner that no dust from any road of vexation might -settle on the hem of her contentment.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Rāja Kis͟han Dās was promoted -to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 300 horse, original and increased. -As Sayyid Bahwa<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3419src" href="#xd24e3419" -name="xd24e3419src">56</a> had performed satisfactorily the duties of -faujdār of Delhi, and the people of the place were much pleased -with his excellent conduct, according to previous custom, the -protection and administration of the city of Delhi and the -faujdārship of the surrounding country were entrusted to him, and -he was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, original -and increased, and he was presented with an elephant, and allowed to -take leave. On Saturday, the 15th, I honoured Mīrzā -Wālī with the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, and presenting -him with a standard and an elephant, appointed him to the Deccan. -S͟haik͟h ʿAbdu-l-Ḥaqq Dihlawī,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3422src" href="#xd24e3422" name= -"xd24e3422src">57</a> who was a pious and estimable man, had the good -fortune to pay his respects to me. He had composed a book containing -the biographies of the S͟haik͟hs of India, and produced it to -me. He had endured some hardships, and for a long time had lived in -Delhi in seclusion, and the practice of reliance on God, and of -asceticism. He is a very worthy man, and his company is not without -pleasure (for me). Bestowing various kinds of kindnesses on him, I -dismissed him.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 16th, I marched from Delhi, and on -Friday, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name= -"pb112">112</a>]</span>the 21st, halted in the pargana of -Kairāna.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3429src" href="#xd24e3429" -name="xd24e3429src">58</a> This pargana is the native place of Muqarrab -K. Its climate is equable and its soil good. Muqarrab had made -buildings and gardens there. As I had often heard praise of his garden, -I wished much to see it. On Saturday, the 22nd, I and my ladies were -much pleased in going round it. Truly, it is a very fine and enjoyable -garden. Within a masonry (<i>puk͟hta</i>, pucca) wall, flower-beds -have been laid out to the extent of 140 bighas. In the middle of the -garden he has constructed a pond, in length 220 yards, and in breadth -200 yards. In the middle of the pond is a <i>māh-tāb</i> -terrace (for use in moonlight) 22 yards square. There is no kind of -tree belonging to a warm or cold climate that is not to be found in it. -Of fruit-bearing trees belonging to Persia I saw green pistachio-trees, -and cypresses of graceful form, such as I have never seen before. I -ordered the cypresses to be counted, and they came to 300. All round -the pond suitable buildings have been begun and are in progress.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 24th, K͟hanjar K., in whose charge -is the Fort of Ahmadnagar, was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal -and 1,600 horse. On Wednesday, the 26th, the Giver of Bounties gave my -son S͟hāh-Jahān a son by the daughter of Āṣaf -K͟hān. He presented an offering of 1,000 muhars, and begged -for a name for him. I gave him the name of Umīd-bak͟hs͟h -(bestower of hope). I hope his advent<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3440src" href="#xd24e3440" name="xd24e3440src">59</a> may be -auspicious to this State. On Thursday, the 27th, I halted. In these few -days I was delighted with hawking the <i>jarz</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3445src" href="#xd24e3445" name="xd24e3445src">60</a> (bustard or -florican) and <i>tūg͟h-dārī</i> (also a kind of -bustard). I ordered the <i>jarz-i-būr</i> (the red bustard?) to be -weighed. It came to 2¼ <i>Jahāngīrī</i> sirs, and -the variegated (<i>ablaq</i>) one to 2⅛ sirs. The large -tūg͟h-dārī was ¼ sir heavier than the -jarz-i-būr. On Thursday, the 5th of the Divine month of Day, I -left the boat at Akbarpur, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" -href="#pb113" name="pb113">113</a>]</span>the victorious army then -marched by land. From Agra to this halting-place, which is situated -within two koss of the pargana of Buriya,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3463src" href="#xd24e3463" name="xd24e3463src">61</a> is by river -123 koss or 91 koss by road. I did it in 34 marches and 17 halts. In -addition to this I delayed a week in leaving the city, and 12 days in -sporting in Pālam: altogether (I took) 70 days. On this day -Jahāngīr Qulī K. came from Bihār, and had the good -fortune to pay his respects. He presented 100 muhars and Rs. 100. From -the last Thursday to Wednesday, the 11th, I marched every day. On -Thursday, the 12th, I was pleased with going round to see the garden of -Sirhind. It is one of the old gardens, and has old trees in it. It has -not the freshness it formerly had, but it is still valuable. -K͟hwāja Waisī, who is well acquainted with agriculture -and buildings, was appointed the <i>karorī</i> of Sirhind for the -purpose of keeping the garden in order. I had sent him off from Agra -before I marched from the capital, and he had put it somewhat in order. -I strictly enjoined him again that he should remove all the old trees -that had no freshness in them, and put in fresh plants, to clean up the -<i>ʿirqbandī</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e3471src" href= -"#xd24e3471" name="xd24e3471src">62</a> (it is -<i>ʿirāq-bandī</i> in the text. The word does not occur -in the B.M. MS. but is in the I.O. MS.), and repair the old buildings, -and erect other buildings in the shape of baths, etc., in fitting -places. On this date Dūst Beg, who was one of the auxiliaries of -ʿAbdu-llah K., was promoted to the mansab of 700 personal and 50 -horse, Muz̤affar Ḥusain, s. Wazīr K., to that of 600 -personal and 300 horse. S͟haik͟h Qāsim was sent to duty -in the Deccan. On Thursday, the 19th, at the request of my auspicious -son S͟hāh-Jahān, I went to his house. On account of the -birth of the son that God Almighty had bestowed on him a grand -entertainment was given, and he presented offerings. Among these was a -short, broad sword<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3481src" href= -"#xd24e3481" name="xd24e3481src">63</a> -(<i>s͟hams͟hīr-i-nīmcha</i>), which <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name="pb114">114</a>]</span>was -of Venetian workmanship. The hilt and fastenings were made of a -sapphire<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3494src" href="#xd24e3494" name= -"xd24e3494src">64</a> cut in Europe: in short, it had been beautifully -made. Another offering was an elephant which the Raja of Baglāna -had presented to my son in Burhānpur. As that elephant was -handsome and well-behaved, it was ordered to be included among the -private elephants. The value of the offerings that were accepted was -Rs. 130,000, and he offered about Rs. 4,000 to his mothers and -benefactors. On this day Sayyid Bāyazīd -Buk͟hārī, faujdār of Bhakkar, sent as an offering a -<i>rang</i> (ibex), which he had brought from the hills when it was -small and brought up in his house. It pleased me greatly. Of -<i>mār-k͟hūr</i> and hill sheep I have seen many brought -up in the house, but I never saw a <i>rang</i> (tame). I ordered them -to keep it with the Barbary goats, in order that they might pair and -produce young ones. Without doubt, it is not allied to the -mār-k͟hūr or the quchqār. Sayyid Bāyazīd -was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 700 horse. On Monday, -the 23rd, having honoured Muqīm K. with a robe of honour, a horse, -an elephant, and jewelled <i>khapwa</i>, I appointed him to Bihār. -On Sunday, the 29th, a feast was prepared for my auspicious son -S͟hāh-Jahān on the bank of the Biya (Beas), and on the -same day Rāja Bikramājīt, who was employed in the siege -of Kāngṛa, came to Court, by order, to represent certain -requirements, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On -Monday, the 30th, my son S͟hāh-Jahān took ten -days’ leave, and hastened to Lahore in order to see the palace -buildings lately erected. Rāja Bikramājīt was presented -with a special dagger, a robe of honour, and a horse, and returned to -duty on the siege of Kāngṛa. On Wednesday, the 2nd of the -Divine month of Bahman, the garden of Kalānaur was honoured by my -halting there. At this place my father had ascended the throne.</p> -<p class="par">When the news of the speedy arrival of K͟hān -ʿĀlam reached <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href= -"#pb115" name="pb115">115</a>]</span>the Court, every day I sent one of -my servants to meet him. I loaded him with all kinds of favours and -kindnesses, and added to his rank and dignity, and I decked the -headings of the farmans sent to him with an impromptu hemistich or -couplet suitable to the occasion, and so filled him with favours. Once -I sent him some <i>Jahāngīrī</i> (otto of roses), and -this opening verse came on my tongue:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span><a class="noteref" id="xd24e3527src" -href="#xd24e3527" name="xd24e3527src">65</a></h4> -<p class="line">“To thee I’ve sent the scent of myself.</p> -<p class="line">That I may bring thee the more quickly to -myself.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On Thursday, the 3rd (Bahman), at the garden of -Kalānaur, K͟hān ʿĀlam was honoured by kissing -the threshold. By way of nazar he brought 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000, and -(stated that he) would present his offerings in due course. Zambīl -Beg, the ambassador of my brother S͟hāh ʿAbbās, was -following him with the royal letter and the rarities of that country -(Persia), which he had sent as presents. Of the favours and kindness -conferred by my brother on K͟hān ʿĀlam, if I were -to write of them in detail, I should be accused of exaggeration. In -conversation he always gave him the title of K͟hān -ʿĀlam, and never had him out of his presence. If he ever -voluntarily stayed in his own quarter, he (ʿAbbās) would go -there without ceremony, and show him more and more favour. One day -there was a <i>qamurg͟ha</i> hunt at Farrukhābād, and he -ordered K͟hān ʿĀlam to shoot with a bow. Out of -good manners he brought a bow with two arrows (only). The Shah gave him -50 other arrows from his own quiver. It happened that 50 of these -arrows struck the game, and two arrows missed. Then he ordered some of -his attendants who had the entrée at feasts and assemblies to -shoot with arrows. Most shot well. Among them Muḥammad Yūsuf -(qarāwul), shot an arrow which went through two boars, and those -who were standing by broke out without control into applause. At the -time K͟hān ʿĀlam took his leave, he seized him in -the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116" name= -"pb116">116</a>]</span>embrace of honour, and showed him great -affection. After he had left the city, he went to his halting-place, -and made many apologies and bade him farewell. As for the beautiful and -costly things that the K͟hān ʿĀlam brought, it was -indeed the assistance of his destiny that gave such rare things into -his hand. Among them was the picture of the fight of Ṣāhib -Qirān (Tīmūr) with Tuqtamis͟h K., and the -likenesses of him and his glorious children and the great Amirs who had -the good fortune to be with him in that fight, and near each figure was -written whose portrait it was. In this picture there were 240 figures. -The painter had written his name as K͟halīl Mīrzā -S͟hāhruk͟hī (in the MS. it is Savaj and not -S͟hāhruk͟hī). The work was very complete and grand, -and resembled greatly the paint-brush of Ustād Bihzād. If the -name of the painter had not been written, the work would have been -believed to be his. As it was executed before Bihzād’s date -it is probable that the latter was one of K͟halīl -Mīrzā’s pupils, and had adopted his style. This -precious relic had been obtained from the illustrious library of -S͟hāh Ismāʿīl (the 1st), or had come to my -brother S͟hāh ʿAbbās from S͟hāh -T̤ahmāsp. A person of the name of Ṣādiqī, a -librarian of his, had stolen it, and sold it to someone. By chance (the -painting) fell into the hands of K͟hān ʿĀlam at -Isfahan. The Shah heard that he had found such a rare prize, and asked -it of him on the pretence of looking at it. K͟hān -ʿĀlam tried to evade this by artful stratagems, but when he -repeatedly insisted on it, he sent it to him. The Shah recognized it -immediately he saw it. He kept it by him for a day, but at last, as he -knew how great was our liking for such rarities, he—God be -praised—made no request<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3542src" href= -"#xd24e3542" name="xd24e3542src">66</a> whatever for it, but told the -facts of the case (about its being stolen) to K͟hān -ʿĀlam, and made the picture over to him.</p> -<p class="par">At the time when I sent K͟hān ʿĀlam -to Persia, I had sent with him a painter of the name of Bis͟han -Dās, who was unequalled in his age for taking likenesses, to take -the portraits of the Shah and the chief men of his State, and bring -them. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117" name= -"pb117">117</a>]</span>He had drawn the likenesses of most of them, and -especially had taken that of my brother the Shah exceedingly well, so -that when I showed it to any of his servants, they said it was -exceedingly well drawn.</p> -<p class="par">On the same day Qāsim K., with the Bakhshi and -Diwan of Lahore, had the good fortune to do homage. Bis͟han -Dās, the painter, was honoured with the gift of an elephant. -Bābā K͟hwāja, who was one of the auxiliaries of -Qandahar, was accorded the mansab of 1,000 personal and 550 horse. On -Tuesday, the 3rd, <i>Madāru-l-mahāmmī</i> (centre of -important affairs) Iʿtimādu-d-daula made ready his army. -Inasmuch as the charge of the Panjab is entrusted to his agents, and he -has also various jagirs in Hindustan, he held a review of 5,000 -horsemen. As the area of Kashmir is not such that its produce may -suffice for the expenses of the force that is always on service with -the servants of the army of prosperity, and as, in consequence of the -report (of the approach) of the glorious and victorious standards, the -price of grains and vegetables had risen very high, an order was given, -for the comfort of the public, that those servants who were in -attendance on the royal stirrup should arrange their retinues, and only -taking with them those who were indispensable, should send the -remainder to their jagirs, and in the same way should take every -precaution to reduce as far as possible the number of their beasts and -followers. On Thursday, the 10th, my fortunate son, -S͟hāh-Jahān returned from Lahore, and had the good -fortune to do homage. Having honoured Jahāngīr Qulī K. -with a dress of honour, a horse and an elephant, I gave him leave to -proceed with his brothers and sons to the Deccan. On this day -T̤ālib Āmulī received the title of -<i>Maliku-s͟h-s͟huʿarā</i> (king of poets), and was -clothed in a dress of honour. His origin was from Āmul. For some -time he was with Iʿtimādu-d-daula. As the merits of his style -surpassed that of his contemporaries, he was enrolled among the poets -of the throne. The following couplets are by him: <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" name="pb118">118</a>]</span></p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span><a class="noteref" id="xd24e3562src" -href="#xd24e3562" name="xd24e3562src">67</a></h4> -<p class="line">“Spring longs to rifle thy parterre.</p> -<p class="line">For the flowers in thy hand are fresher than those on -his branch.</p> -<p class="line">I’ve so closed my lips from speech that -you’d say</p> -<p class="line">‘His mouth is but a scar on his -face.’”<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3572src" href= -"#xd24e3572" name="xd24e3572src">68</a></p> -</div> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“Both first and last, Love is aye music and -joy—</p> -<p class="line">A pleasant wine both when fresh and when mellow.</p> -</div> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“Were I glass instead of body,</p> -<p class="line">I’d reveal thee to thyself without thy -unveiling.</p> -<p class="line">Two lips have I; one for drinking,</p> -<p class="line">And one to apologize for drunkenness.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On Monday, the 14th, Ḥusainī s. -Sult̤ān Qiwām produced this quatrain:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Quatrain.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“A speck of dust sprinkled on thee from thy -skirt</p> -<p class="line">Becomes Solomon’s collyrium; from the moisture of -thy face<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3604src" href="#xd24e3604" name= -"xd24e3604src">69</a></p> -<p class="line">Were the earth at thy door examined,</p> -<p class="line">The sweat of kings’ brows would exude.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">At this time Muʿtamid K. repeated a quatrain -which greatly pleased me, and which I entered in my common-place -book:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Quatrain.</span><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3617src" href="#xd24e3617" name="xd24e3617src">70</a></h4> -<p class="line">“You give me the poison of parting to taste, (and -say) ‘What matters it?’</p> -<p class="line">You shed my blood and expel me (and say), ‘What -matters it?’</p> -<p class="line">O, heedless of what your dividing sword can do,</p> -<p class="line">Sift my dust and then you’ll know.”</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name= -"pb119">119</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">T̤ālib (<i>i.e.</i>, Bābā -T̤ālib) is by family an Iṣfahānī. In his -early youth he went to Kashmir clothed as an ascetic and calendar, and -from the beauty of the place and the pleasantness of the climate set -his heart on the country and settled there. After the conquest of -Kashmir he joined the service of the late king (Akbar), and became -enrolled among the servants of the Presence. His age is now nearly 100 -years, and he is now with his sons and dependants in Kashmir, engaged -in praying for the everlasting State.</p> -<p class="par">As it was reported to me that in Lahore one Miyān -S͟haik͟h Muḥammad Mīr by name, who was a Darvish, -a Sindī by origin, very eloquent, virtuous, austere, of auspicious -temperament, a lord of ecstasy, had seated himself in the corner of -reliance upon God and retirement, and was rich in his poverty and -independent of the world, my truth-seeking mind was not at rest without -meeting him, and my desire to see him increased. As it was impossible -to go to Lahore, I wrote a note to him, and explained to him the desire -of my heart, and that saint, notwithstanding his great age and -weakness, took the trouble to come. I sate with him for a long time -alone, and enjoyed a thorough interview with him. Truly he is a noble -personage, and in this Age he is a great gain and a delightful -existence. This suppliant for Grace was taken out of himself by -companionship with him,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3641src" href= -"#xd24e3641" name="xd24e3641src">71</a> and heard from him sublime -words of truth and religious knowledge. Although I desired to make him -some gift, I found that his spirit was too high for this, and so did -not express my wish. I left him the skin of a white antelope to pray -upon, and he immediately bade me farewell and went back to Lahore.</p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 23rd, I pitched my camp at -Daulatābād. A daughter of a gardener was brought before me -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name= -"pb120">120</a>]</span>who had a moustache and a thick beard as big as -the hilt of a sword. Her appearance was like that of a man. There was -hair in the middle of her chest as well, but she had no -breasts.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3648src" href="#xd24e3648" name= -"xd24e3648src">72</a> I discovered by her appearance that she ought not -to have children. I told some women to take her aside and examine her, -as perhaps she might be a hermaphrodite. They found she was in no way -different from other women. I have recorded this in this volume on -account of its strangeness.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 24th, Bāqir K., having come from -Multan, had the good fortune to pay his respects. In the preceding -pages it has been recorded that Allāh-dād, s. -Jalālā Tārīkī, had deserted from the -victorious army and taken the road to ruin. He now repented, and -through Bāqir K. petitioned Iʿtimādu-d-daula for pardon. -At the latter’s request I ordered that if he repented of what he -had done, and turned his face in hope towards the Court, his crimes -would be forgiven. On this day Bāqir K. brought him to Court, and -at the intercession of Iʿtimādu-d-daula, the traces of -disgrace and the dust of sorrow were washed off his forehead with the -pure water of pardon. Sangrām, Zamindar of Jammu, was honoured -with the title of Raja and the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -and was exalted with the gift of an elephant and a dress of honour. -G͟hairat K., faujdār of the Dū-āb, was promoted to -the mansab of 800 personal and 500 horse. K͟hwāja Qāsim -received the rank of 700 and 250 horse, and Taham-tan Beg, s. -Qāsim Koka, received that of 500 personal and 300 horse. I gave -K͟hān ʿĀlam a private elephant with trappings. From -this stage, having given Bāqir K. the mansab of 1,500 personal and -500 horse, I dismissed him again to his Subadarship.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 28th, I pitched in the pargana of -Karohī, which is on the bank of the Bihat (Jhelam). As this hilly -country is one of the established hunting-places, the huntsmen, -according to order, had come on in advance and prepared a <i>jarga</i> -(ring in which game is enclosed). On Wednesday, the 1st of the Divine -month of Isfandārmuẕ, they drove <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href="#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span>in -the game from six koss. On Thursday, the 2nd, they brought them into -the enclosure, where 101 head of mountain sheep and gazelles were -taken. As Mahābat K. had been prevented from the good fortune of -coming before me for a long time, I ordered, at his request, that if he -was satisfied with the order of affairs, and was not troubled with -regard to any occurrence, he should leave his forces at their posts -(<i>thānas</i>), and come to Court unattended. On this day he had -the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and presented 100 muhars as -nazar. K͟hān ʿĀlam was promoted to the mansab of -5,000 personal and 3,000 horse. About this time a written report came -from Nūru-d-dīn Qulī that he had repaired the Pūnch -road, and levelled the defiles as far as possible, but that snow fell -for some days and nights, and lay on the <i>kotāls</i> to the -depth of three cubits. It was still falling, and if I would delay -outside the hills for a month, I could cross by that route, otherwise -it appeared difficult. As my intention in this undertaking was to see -the spring and the sprouting of bloom, my chance of seeing this was -lost by this delay, and I necessarily turned my rein, and the royal -standards proceeded by the way of Paklī and Damtūr. On -Friday, the 3rd, I crossed the River Bihat (Jhelam), although the water -was waist-deep. As it was running very fast, and men crossed with great -trouble, I ordered them to take 200 elephants to the fords, and cross -the effects of the people over, and take across as well those who were -weak and feeble, so that there might be no loss of life or goods.</p> -<p class="par">On this day news arrived of the death of -K͟hwāja Jahān. He was one of the old servants, and from -the time when I was prince. Although at last he left my service, and -was for some time in that of my father, yet as he had not gone to any -strange place, this did not weigh heavily on my mind. Accordingly, -after my accession, I did him such kindness as he had never conceived -possible, and gave him the mansab of 5,000 personal and 3,000 horse. I -take this opportunity to record in this volume an account of his -idiosyncrasy. He became practised in great affairs and acquired a -wonderful skill in business. His capabilities were the result of -labour, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122" name= -"pb122">122</a>]</span>and he was void of natural ability, and of the -other qualities which are the adornment of men’s nature. On this -journey he suffered from heart-failure, but for some days, in spite of -illness and breakdown, he kept up with the march. When his weakness -increased, he was allowed to go back at Kalānaur, and went to -Lahore, and there died a natural death.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3670src" href="#xd24e3670" name="xd24e3670src">73</a></p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 4th of the aforesaid month, the camp -was pitched at the Fort of Rohtās (in the Panjab). I favoured -Qāsim K. with a horse, a sword, and a special shawl -(<i>parm-narm</i>, literally very soft, and Akbar’s name for a -shawl, see Blochmann, 90). I gave him leave to go to Lahore. There was -a small garden by the roadside, and I inspected the blossoms.</p> -<p class="par">At this stage <i>tīhū</i><a class="noteref" -id="xd24e3685src" href="#xd24e3685" name="xd24e3685src">74</a> were -obtained. The flesh of the <i>tīhū</i> is better than that of -the partridge (<i>kabak</i>).</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 5th, M. Ḥasan s. Mīrzā -Rustam, was promoted to the rank of 1,000 with 400 horse, and was -appointed to the Deccan. K͟hwāja -ʿAbdu-l-Lat̤īf, the chief fowler, also received the rank -of 1,000 with 400 horse. At this place I saw a flower, white inside, -and red outside, while some of them were red inside and yellow outside. -In Persian they call it <i>Laʿla-i-bīgāna</i>, and in -Hindī <i>thal kanal</i>. <i>Thal</i> means land, and as the lotus -(kanal) is an aquatic plant, they have called this land-lotus.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3708src" href="#xd24e3708" name= -"xd24e3708src">75</a></p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 9th, a report came from Dilāwar -K., Governor of Kashmir, containing the good news of the conquest of -Kis͟htwār. Details will be recorded by the pen of the -newswriter after he (Dilāwar) comes to the foot of the throne. I -sent him a gracious farman with a special dress of honour and a -jewelled dagger, and granted him the revenue <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name="pb123">123</a>]</span>of -the conquered province for a year, as a reward for this acceptable -service. On Tuesday, the 14th, I halted at Ḥasan Abdāl. As -the occurrences on this road and particulars of the stages have been -related in detail in the account of the expedition to Kabul, I shall -not repeat them. From this place as far as Kashmir, they will be -written stage by stage, please Almighty God. From the date on which, -disembarking from a boat, I reached Akbarpur in safety and prosperity, -up to Ḥasan Abdāl, a distance of 178 koss, I took 69 days in -48 marches and 21 halts.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3721src" href= -"#xd24e3721" name="xd24e3721src">76</a> As at this place there is a -spring full of water, and a cascade, and a very beautiful reservoir, I -halted here two days, and on Thursday, the 16th -(Isfandārmuẕ), the feast of my lunar weighing took place. -The 53rd year, according to lunar calculation, of this suppliant at the -throne commenced auspiciously. As beyond this stage, hills, passes, and -many ups and downs were before us, the passage of the camp appeared a -difficult matter, and it was settled that H. M. -Maryamu-z-zamānī and the other Begams should delay for some -days, and come on at leisure. Madāru-l-mulk -Iʿtimādu-d-daula al-K͟hāqānī, -Ṣādiq K. Bak͟hs͟hī, and Irādat K. -Mīr-Sāmān, with the directors of the buildings and other -offices, should attend to their transit. At the same time Rustam -Mīrzā Ṣafawī, K͟hān-Aʿz̤am, -and a number of other servants, obtained leave to go by the Pūnch -road, while the royal retinue went on with some privileged courtiers -(<i>manz̤ūrān-i-bisāt̤-i-qarb</i>) and the -necessary servants. On Friday, the 17th, we marched 3½ koss, and -halted at the village of Sultanpur.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3727src" -href="#xd24e3727" name="xd24e3727src">77</a> On this day came the news -of the death of Rānā Amar Singh, who had died a natural death -at Udaipur (become a traveller on the road of non-existence). Jagat -Singh, his grandson, and Bhīm,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3730src" -href="#xd24e3730" name="xd24e3730src">78</a> his son, who were in -attendance on me, were presented with dresses of honour, and an order -was given that Rāja Kis͟han Dās should proceed with a -gracious farman conferring the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" -href="#pb124" name="pb124">124</a>]</span>title of Rānā, a -dress of honour, a horse, and a private elephant for Kunār Karan, -to perform the dues of condolence and congratulation. I heard<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3736src" href="#xd24e3736" name= -"xd24e3736src">79</a> from people of this country that when it is not -the rainy season, and there is no sign of a cloud or lightning, a noise -like the voice of the clouds comes from this hill, which they called -Garj (thunder). This noise is heard every year or at least every two -years. I had repeatedly heard of this also when I was in attendance on -the late king. I have written this as it is not devoid of -strangeness,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3739src" href="#xd24e3739" -name="xd24e3739src">80</a> but wisdom is from Allah. On Saturday, the -18th, marching 4½ koss, I halted at the village of Sanjī. -From this stage I entered the pargana of Hazāra -Qārlug͟h.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3742src" href= -"#xd24e3742" name="xd24e3742src">81</a> On Sunday, the 19th, marching -3¾ koss, I halted at the village of Naus͟hahra.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3745src" href="#xd24e3745" name= -"xd24e3745src">82</a> From this place we entered Dhantūr. As far -as the eye could reach there were green meadows<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3750src" href="#xd24e3750" name="xd24e3750src">83</a> -interspersed with the <i>thal-kanwal</i> (hibiscus) and other flowers -in bloom. It was a very beautiful sight. On Monday, the 20th, marching -3½ koss, the camp was pitched at the village of Salhar.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3757src" href="#xd24e3757" name= -"xd24e3757src">84</a> Mahābat K. presented as offerings jewels and -inlaid vessels to the value of Rs. 60,000. In this country I saw a -flower of the redness of fire, of the shape of -<i>gul-i-k͟hatm</i>ī,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3763src" -href="#xd24e3763" name="xd24e3763src">85</a> but smaller, and several -flowers blooming together in one place, looked from a distance as if -they were one flower. Its stem is of the size of the apricot-tree. On -the hill-slopes here there are many wild violets,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3766src" href="#xd24e3766" name="xd24e3766src">86</a> with a very -sweet scent, but paler than the violet. On Tuesday, the 21st, marching -3 koss, I halted at the village of Mālgallī.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e3769src" href="#xd24e3769" name= -"xd24e3769src">87</a> On this day I dismissed Mahābat K. to his -duty in Bangash, and conferred <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" -href="#pb125" name="pb125">125</a>]</span>on him a special elephant and -dress of honour with a <i>pūstīn</i> (sheepskin coat). This -day there was a drizzling rain till the end of the march. On the eve of -Wednesday, the 22nd, also there was rain. In the morning snow fell, and -as most of the roads had become very slippery, the weak animals fell in -every place, and could not rise again, and 25 of my own elephants were -lent to assist<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3778src" href="#xd24e3778" -name="xd24e3778src">88</a> them. I halted for two days on account of -the snow. On Thursday, the 23rd, Sult̤ān Ḥusain, -Zamindar of Pakli, had the good fortune to pay his respects: this is -the entrance to the Pakli country. It is a strange thing that when H. -M. Akbar came here it snowed at this stage, and it has now snowed as -well. For many years no snow has fallen, and there has even been little -rain. On Friday, the 24th, I marched 4 koss and pitched at the village -of Sawādnagar.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3795src" href= -"#xd24e3795" name="xd24e3795src">89</a> On this road, too there was -much mud.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3798src" href="#xd24e3798" name= -"xd24e3798src">90</a> Apricot and peach trees were blooming on all -sides, and fir-trees like cypresses rejoiced the eye. On Saturday, the -25th, having marched nearly 3½ koss, the camp was pitched near -Pakli. On Sunday, the 26th, I rode out to hunt partridges -(<i>kabak</i>), and at the end of the day, at the request of -Sult̤ān Ḥusain, went to his house, and increased his -dignity among his equals and neighbours. H. M. Akbar had also gone to -his house. He offered several kinds of horses, daggers, hawks, and -falcons. I presented him with the horses and daggers. I ordered the -hawks and falcons to be got ready<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3810src" -href="#xd24e3810" name="xd24e3810src">91</a> (<i>kamar bar basta</i>), -and shown everything <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" -name="pb126">126</a>]</span>that might fly up. The Sarkar of Pakli is -35 koss in length and 25 in breadth. On the east, on two sides, is the -hill country of Kashmir; on the west, Atak Benares (Atak); on the -north, Kator; and on the south, the Gakkar country. At the time when -Timur, after conquering Hindustan, turned his rein backwards towards -the capital of Tūrān, they say that he placed in these -regions this body of people, who were in attendance on the victorious -stirrup. They say themselves that they are Qārlughs, but do not -know for certain who was their leader at that time. In fact, they are -pure Lāhaurīs, and speak the same language. The people of -Dhantūr think the same thing. In the time of my father, one of the -name of S͟hāhruk͟h was Zamindar of Dhantūr; now it -is Bahādur, his son. Although they are all related to one another, -there are always disputes, as is usual with Zamindars, about -boundaries. They have always been loyal. Sult̤ān -Maḥmūd, the father of Sult̤ān Ḥusain and -S͟hāhruk͟h, both came to wait on me when I was prince. -Although Sult̤ān Ḥusain is seventy years old, to all -outward appearance there is no diminution in his powers, and he can -still ride and be as active as possible. In this country they make -<i>būza</i> (a beverage) from bread and rice, which they call -<i>sar</i>.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3827src" href="#xd24e3827" name= -"xd24e3827src">92</a> It is much stronger than <i>būza</i>, and -the older it is the better. This <i>sar</i> is their chief sustenance. -They put this <i>sar</i> into a jar, and fastening it up, keep it for -two or three years in the house. Then they take off the scum and call -the liquor <i>āchhī</i>. The <i>āchhī</i> can be -kept for ten years, and according to them, the older it is the better, -and the shortest time in which they use it is a year. Sult̤ān -Maḥmūd used to take cup after cup of this <i>sar</i>; nay! -he would drink a jar of it. Sult̤ān Ḥusain is also -addicted to it, and brought me some of his choicest quality. I took -some in order to try it. I had also drunk it before. Its intoxicating -effects are aphrodisiac, but its taste is harsh. It appeared that they -mix some <i>bhāng</i> (bang) with it, which increases its -intoxicating power. If there were no wine, it could in case of -necessity be used as a substitute. The fruits are apricots, peaches, -and pears (?) (amrūd). <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href= -"#pb127" name="pb127">127</a>]</span>As they do not cultivate them, but -they spring up of themselves, they are harsh-flavoured and unpleasant. -Their blossoms are a joy. Their houses are of wood, and are built after -the Kashmiri fashion. They have hawks, and horses, camels, cattle, and -buffaloes, and many goats and fowls. Their mules are small and are not -fit for heavy loads. As it was represented to me that some stages -farther on the cultivation was not such as to provide sufficient grain -for the royal camp, I gave an order that they should only take a small -advanced camp, sufficient for our needs and the necessary -establishments, and diminish the number of elephants, and take with -them provisions for three or four days; that they should take with them -only some of the immediate attendants on the royal stirrup, and that -the rest of the men should come on some stages behind under the command -of K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan, the Bakhshi. In spite of -precautions and injunctions, it was found necessary to have 700 -elephants for the advanced camp and the establishments.</p> -<p class="par">The mansab of Sult̤ān Ḥusain was 400 -personal and 300 horse; I now promoted him to 600 personal and 350 -horse, and conferred on him a robe of honour, a jewelled dagger, and an -elephant. Bahādur Dhantūrī was an auxiliary of the army -of Bangash. An order was given that he should hold the mansab, original -and increased, of 200 personal and 100 horse. On Wednesday, the 27th, -having marched 5¼ koss, and crossing by bridges the -Nainsukh,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3861src" href="#xd24e3861" name= -"xd24e3861src">93</a> I chose a halting-place. This Nainsukh (repose of -the eyes) flows from the North, and comes down from the hills of -Dārd<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3864src" href="#xd24e3864" name= -"xd24e3864src">94</a> (?), which is between the country of Badakhshan -and Tibet. As at this place it forms two branches, they had, according -to order, prepared two wooden bridges for the crossing of the -victorious army, one 18 cubits and the other 14 cubits in length, with -a breadth each of 5 cubits. The way in which they make <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name= -"pb128">128</a>]</span>bridges in this country is to throw -pine-trees<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3869src" href="#xd24e3869" name= -"xd24e3869src">95</a> on the surface of the water, and fasten the two -ends strongly to rocks, and having thrown on to these<a id="xd24e3878" -name="xd24e3878"></a> thick planks of wood, make them firm with pegs -and ropes, and these, with a little repair, last for years. Briefly, -they made the elephants ford, whilst the horsemen and foot passed over -by the bridge. Sult̤ān Maḥmūd called this river -Nainsukh—that is, “Repose of the eye.” On Thursday, -the 30th, having marched about 3½ koss, a halt was made on the -bank of the Kis͟han Gangā. On this road there is a -<i>kotal</i> of great height, the ascent being 1 koss, and the descent -1½ koss, which they call <i>Pīm darang</i>. The reason for -this name is that in the language of Kashmir they call cotton -(<i>pamba</i>) <i>pīm</i>. As the rulers of Kashmir had placed a -superintendent there, who took duties from loads of cotton, and delay -takes place here for the collection of the duty, it has become known as -the <i>Pīm darang</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e3895src" href= -"#xd24e3895" name="xd24e3895src">96</a> (cotton delay). After -traversing the pass, there is a very fine and clear waterfall. Having -drunk my usual cups on the edge of the water in the shade of the trees, -I went on to my halting-place in the evening. There was an old bridge -over this river, 54 yards long and 1½ yards wide, which footmen -crossed by. According to orders, another bridge was prepared parallel -to this, in length 53 yards and breadth 3 yards. As the water was deep -and swift, they took the elephants across without loads, and the -footmen and horses crossed by the bridge. By order of my father, a very -strong saray of stone and lime was erected on the top of the ridge -overlooking the river. One day before New Year’s Day we had sent -Muʿtamid K. forward to select a spot for the placing of the throne -and preparing the New Year’s entertainment. This had to be lofty -and choice. By chance, as he crossed the bridge, there was a ridge -overlooking the water, green and pleasant. On the top of this was a -flat place of 50 cubits which one might say <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129" name="pb129">129</a>]</span>the -rulers of fate had specially prepared for such a day. The aforesaid -officer had made ready everything necessary for the New Year’s -feast on the top of that ridge, which was much approved. Muʿtamid -K. was much applauded for this. The river Kis͟han Gangā comes -from the south<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3901src" href="#xd24e3901" -name="xd24e3901src">97</a> and flows northwards. The Bihat (Jhelam) -comes from the East, and joining the Kis͟han Gangā, flows to -the North. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name= -"pb130">130</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2509" href="#xd24e2509src" name="xd24e2509">1</a></span> -Egyptian. Hitherto this has been read Qut̤bī, but it really -is, I think, Qibt̤ī, “Egyptian.” Chardin, IV. 70, -ed. 1723, says that the Persians state that the ruby of the East comes -from Egypt. The etymology, however, is doubtful. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e2509src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2525" href="#xd24e2525src" name="xd24e2525">2</a></span> Possibly -the praise of S͟hāh-Jahān’s inventive powers -refers to his arrangements for the orchestra. The <i>kuwarga</i> is -defined in the Ain, Blochmann, 50, as a -<i>damāma</i>—<i>i.e.</i>, a large drum. See illustration in -Plate VIII. to Blochmann’s Ain. The <i>karanā</i> and -<i>surnā</i> are wind-instruments, and are also represented in -Plate VIII. With regard to the <i>mursal</i>, Blochmann, p. 51, has: -“The mursalī, which is the name of a tune played by the -<i>mursil</i>.” Apparently the <i>mursal</i> is the overture, or -some introductory strain, and played only by a portion of the -band. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2525src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2582" href="#xd24e2582src" name="xd24e2582">3</a></span> MS. No. -181 has ten instead of two as the number of elephants presented by -Qut̤bu-l-mulk, and this seems likely to be correct, else where do -the six now mentioned come from? But six should probably be -eight. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2582src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2588" href="#xd24e2588src" name="xd24e2588">4</a></span> -<i>Kurkarāqs.</i> See Blochmann, 87, <i>n.</i> 2, and p. 616. -<i>Kurk</i> means fur, and <i>kurkarāqān</i> may be -translated furriers. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2588src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2618" href="#xd24e2618src" name="xd24e2618">5</a></span> So in -text, but it should be Tatta—<i>i.e.</i>, Sind. See Blochmann, -378, <i>n.</i> 2, and also the Tūzuk, <i>infra</i>, p. -275. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2618src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2637" href="#xd24e2637src" name="xd24e2637">6</a></span> -<i>Suwārān-i-k͟hūd-maḥalla.</i> I do not know -the exact force of the last two words. Possibly they are pleonastic. -The word <i>maḥalla</i> is explained in Irvine A. of M. -46. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2637src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2645" href="#xd24e2645src" name="xd24e2645">7</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 127, mentions that Parwīz came from -Allahabad to pay his respects. See <i>infra</i>, Tūzuk, 268, and -273. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2645src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2658" href="#xd24e2658src" name="xd24e2658">8</a></span> Probably -this is the friend of Father Jerome Xavier and the abridger of the -Z̤afar-nāma. See Rieu, 177<i>b</i> and -1077<i>a</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2658src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2672" href="#xd24e2672src" name="xd24e2672">9</a></span> He was -of the royal house of Khandesh. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2672src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2683" href="#xd24e2683src" name="xd24e2683">10</a></span> See -Blochmann, 252, and <i>n.</i> 1. Jahāngīr himself saw 700 -antelope taken, and Rāy Mān afterwards made a drive of 800 -more. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2683src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2693" href="#xd24e2693src" name="xd24e2693">11</a></span> This -was Jodh Bāʾī, d. the Mota (fat) Rāja. See -Blochmann, 619. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2693src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2699" href="#xd24e2699src" name="xd24e2699">12</a></span> -<i>Qulba</i>, ploughs. Here apparently used as a measure of land. But -the expression is obscure. In Wilson’s Glossary ḳulba is -stated to be a measure of land in Sylhet, and equal to 1,008 cubits by -144. The corresponding Sanskrit word Sīr (“a plough”) -is used to mean land held by the landholder in his own -possession. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2699src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2720" href="#xd24e2720src" name="xd24e2720">13</a></span> -<i>Maḥalla.</i> Here used apparently for musters. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e2720src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2725" href="#xd24e2725src" name="xd24e2725">14</a></span> Mr. -Rogers corrects this to Mīrān on the authority of R.A.S., MS. -It is, however, Bīz͟han in I.O. MS., 181, and as Blochmann -points out, Bīzan or Bīz͟han is twice referred to in the -Tūzuk, pp. 307, 309. He was son of Nād ʿAlī -Maidānī. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2725src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2728" href="#xd24e2728src" name="xd24e2728">15</a></span> I.O. -MS. has “by favour of my rearing” (tarbiyat) and probably -the words in text rather mean that he was promoted by virtue of -Jahāngīr’s liking for him, than that he was of good -disposition. His real name was ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm. He was -the son of Qāʾim K., and his sister Ṣāliḥa -Bānū was one of Jahāngīr’s wives, and had the -title of Pādis͟hāh-Maḥall. Blochmann, 371. Before -Nūr-Jahān she was the chief wife. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e2728src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2743" href="#xd24e2743src" name="xd24e2743">16</a></span> Mihtar -K. was a very old servant, and died in the third year of -Jahāngīr. Blochmann, 417. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2743src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2751" href="#xd24e2751src" name="xd24e2751">17</a></span> Text -wrongly has S͟hāh Nūr. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2751src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2759" href="#xd24e2759src" name="xd24e2759">18</a></span> This is -the ancient Dhafur or Dofar on the south coast of Arabia now -<span class="corr" id="xd24e2761" title="Source: know nas">known -as</span> Mirbāt̤. The proper spelling was Z̤afṛ. -See Redhouse’s Annotations to the History of Yemen, published by -the Gibb Trust, Nos. 349, 578, and 836. See also d’Herbelot, 269, -and Jarrett, III, 51. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2759src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2774" href="#xd24e2774src" name="xd24e2774">19</a></span> The -description is rather obscure. Apparently Jahāngīr regards -<i>bamand</i> (dun- or bay-coloured) as equal to red -(surk͟h). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2774src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2787" href="#xd24e2787src" name="xd24e2787">20</a></span> Text -has Mus͟hrif. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2787src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2800" href="#xd24e2800src" name="xd24e2800">21</a></span> -<i>Dū manzil kis͟htī</i> must surely mean -“tray” here; or perhaps they were models. <i>Koshā</i> -is a well-known Bengali name for a swift boat. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e2800src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2832" href="#xd24e2832src" name="xd24e2832">22</a></span> -Apparently K͟hwāja Ḥasan died in Badakhshān. -Maʾās̤ir, III., 459. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2832src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2842" href="#xd24e2842src" name="xd24e2842">23</a></span> This S. -Aḥmad is a well-known man. He is mentioned in Beale as -Aḥmad Sirhindī (S͟haik͟h), and as having had the -title of Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-S̤ānī, because he believed -that he was the man of the second millenium. In other words, he claimed -to be a Mahdī. He was s. ʿAbdu-l-Wāḥid -Fārūqī, and born in 1503. He died 29 November, 1624, and -is buried at Sirhind. The I.G. new edition, XXIII. 21., says there are -two tombs in Sirhind known as those of the Master and the Disciple, and -it may be that one of them is S. Aḥmad’s, although the -Gazetteer says they probably belong to the fourteenth century. There is -also a reference to him in Rieu’s Catalogue, III. 1058<i>a.</i>, -fol. 16. He belonged to the Naqs͟hbandī order, and one of his -writings is called Majmūʿatu-t-taṣawwuf. There is a -very long account of him, and of his interviews with Jahāngīr -in the K͟hazīnatu-l-Auliyā, I. 607, etc. It is said -there that he was imprisoned for two years, and then released, and that -he died on the last day of Ṣafar, 1035, November 20, 1625, at the -age of sixty-three. Jahāngīr afterwards pardoned S. -Aḥmad. See Tūzuk, 308, account of fifteenth -year. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e2842src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2875" href="#xd24e2875src" name="xd24e2875">24</a></span> -<i>Dandān-i-māhī</i>, explained in dictionary as the -canine tooth of the Walrus (<i lang="la">Trichechus rosmarus</i>). But -there is nothing black or piebald about walrus-teeth, and -Jahāngīr would surely not admire greatly a kind of ivory -which was inferior to that of the elephant. I incline to think that -what is here meant is tortoise-shell. <i>Jauhar-dār</i> has two -meanings—it may mean jewelled and also “striated.” -See Vullers, 542<i>a.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2875src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2894" href="#xd24e2894src" name="xd24e2894">25</a></span> -Apparently Mīrān is a mistake for Bīz͟han. See -<i>ante</i> and Blochmann, 508, and Tūzuk, 307. It is Bīzan -in I.O. MS., 181. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2894src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2900" href="#xd24e2900src" name="xd24e2900">26</a></span> The -buildings referred to are the garden-houses made by K͟hwāja -Jahān in the Nūr-manzil garden. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2900src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2942" href="#xd24e2942src" name="xd24e2942">27</a></span> See -Jarrett, II. 323; it was near the Jhelam. See also I.G., new edition, -XV. 297. It is in the S͟hāhpūr district. The -land-revenue of it was 24 lakhs of rupees in 1903–1904. 30 lakhs -of dāms would be equal to Rs. 75,000. K͟hān -Daurān’s name was S͟hāh Beg K. The -Maʾās̤ir says his resignation was not altogether -voluntary. See Blochmann, 378. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2942src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2950" href="#xd24e2950src" name="xd24e2950">28</a></span> In the -MSS. the name is written Nardānī. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e2950src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2955" href="#xd24e2955src" name="xd24e2955">29</a></span> The -route from the South. See Jarrett, II. 347, n. 3. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e2955src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2960" href="#xd24e2960src" name="xd24e2960">30</a></span> I.O. -MSS. have Monday. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2960src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2966" href="#xd24e2966src" name="xd24e2966">31</a></span> The -word in text is <i>s͟has͟hsat</i>. <i>S͟hast</i> is a -thumbstall, but it may also mean a ring. See Blochmann, 166 and -<i>n.</i> 1. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2966src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2982" href="#xd24e2982src" name="xd24e2982">32</a></span> -<i>K͟hātam-bandī.</i> It also means -“inlaying.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2982src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e2989" href="#xd24e2989src" name="xd24e2989">33</a></span> -<i>Bandu bān.</i> In I.O. MSS. it is <i>bandu bārān</i>. -Perhaps “skilful painter” should be “the Painter of -Creation.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e2989src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3000" href="#xd24e3000src" name="xd24e3000">34</a></span> Should -be <i>Karā</i>. See Herklots Qānūn-i-Islām, -Appendix XXIV. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3000src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3016" href="#xd24e3016src" name="xd24e3016">35</a></span> -<i>Nabīra</i> here cannot mean grandson, for Sūraj Singh, -commonly called Sūr Singh, was fifth in descent from Māldeo -(Blochmann, 359). Sūraj or Sūr was s. Rāy Rāy Singh -of Bikaner. See Tod, who says Sūr Singh passed nearly all his life -as an alien. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3016src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3021" href="#xd24e3021src" name="xd24e3021">36</a></span> Tod has -much to say about Gaj Singh, but the account seems hardly -trustworthy. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3021src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3028" href="#xd24e3028src" name="xd24e3028">37</a></span> The -text, p. 277, has a representation of one of these milestones which was -outside Delhi. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3028src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3052" href="#xd24e3052src" name="xd24e3052">38</a></span> Perhaps -<i>sīb-i-k͟hūb</i> is the name of a kind of -apple. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3052src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3061" href="#xd24e3061src" name="xd24e3061">39</a></span> I.O. -MS. 181 has S͟hukr-darā and the name of the village as -S͟hin-warān. The printed text has -Sīwarān. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3061src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3090" href="#xd24e3090src" name="xd24e3090">40</a></span> Mr. -Rogers here refers to the R.A.S. MS. The I.O. MSS. are not clear. -Apparently what Jahāngīr says is: “On this occasion -fresh items of expenditure occurred to me, and the former outlay was -greatly increased.” The word <i>taṣarrufāt</i> -(“expenditure”) is omitted in the printed -copy. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3090src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3110" href="#xd24e3110src" name="xd24e3110">41</a></span> The -village must be Hilalabad, near Rankatta (Blochmann, -332). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3110src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3118" href="#xd24e3118src" name="xd24e3118">42</a></span> -Jahāngīr says nothing about the permission that he gave to -Bīr Singh Deo—as a reward for murdering -Abū-l-Faẓl—to build a very splendid temple at Mathura. -It was destroyed by Aurangzīb. See Growse’s -“Mathura.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3118src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3130" href="#xd24e3130src" name="xd24e3130">43</a></span> Text -<i>ḥalal</i>, which means “weakness,” or -<i>ḥulal</i> (“striped garments”). But according to -the MSS., the true reading is <i>k͟halal</i>, which means “a -crack” and also “corruption.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3130src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3151" href="#xd24e3151src" name="xd24e3151">44</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 128, calls him Achadrūp, and says that the -K͟hān Aʿz̤am went privately to him and begged him -to use his influence with Jahāngīr for the release of -K͟husrau. Achadrūp spoke accordingly, and K͟husrau was -released and allowed to pay his respects. See <i>infra</i> for account -of his release. After Jadrūp removed to Mathura, he was cruelly -beaten by Ḥakīm Beg. See -Maʾās̤iru-l-Umarā, I. 576. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3151src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3161" href="#xd24e3161src" name="xd24e3161">45</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 367. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3161src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3179" href="#xd24e3179src" name="xd24e3179">46</a></span> -Luqmān is the Eastern Æsop, and there is much about him in -D’Herbelot. In the second line the word translated -“hollow” is <i>gulūgāh</i>, literally -“throat place,” and the word for bosom is <i>sīna</i>, -the whole expression being <i>sīna-i-chang</i>. Chang is a harp or -lyre, and apparently the expression refers to the narrowness of the -space between the horns of a lyre (<i>chang</i>, which appears to be -the Jew’s harp), or the sides of a harp. The fourth line is -obscure, and the version in text seems corrupt. The words -<i>s͟has͟h bidast dū pāy</i> seem unintelligible. -They, however, occur in I.O. MS. 181, f. 161a, and in I.O. MS. 305, f. -225<i>a</i>. The only difference is that they have a conjunction after -<i>bidast</i>. On the other hand, the Iqbāl-nāma, which -inserts the lines into the record of the eleventh year, has, at p. 95, -a different reading for the fourth line. The words there are -<i>k͟hāna yak bidast u sih pay</i>. <i>Bidast</i> is given in -Richardson, and the Farhang-i-Ras͟hīdī as meaning a -span, so the line as given in the Iqbāl-nāma may mean 3 feet -and 1 span. The author of the Iqbāl-nāma was so struck with -the verse of Ḥakīm Sanāʾī and the appearance -of Jadrūp’s dwelling, that he composed a -<i>mas̤navī</i> on the subject, which he gives at pp. 95, 96. -There is a third version in Daulat S͟hāh’s anthology, -p. 97 of Professor Browne’s edition. There, in the second line -we<a id="xd24e3214" name="xd24e3214"></a> have <i>ḥalqa</i> -(“ring”), or perhaps “plectrum” instead of -<i>sīna</i>. We have also two lines not given in the Tūzuk or -the Iqbāl-nāma, and the line containing the noodle’s -question is given thus: “Kīn chih jāyast yak pūst -u dū pay.”</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">“What place is this, one skin (?) and two -feet.”</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par footnote cont">As if the meaning was that Luqmān -lived in a tent propped up by two sticks. In the first line, also, we -have <i>wis̤āqī</i> instead of -<i>kurīchī</i>.</p> -<p class="par footnote cont">The lines may be versified thus:</p> -<div class="q"> -<div class="nestedtext"> -<div class="nestedbody"> -<div class="lgouter footnote"> -<p class="line">“Luqmān’s cell was small and narrow to -boot,</p> -<p class="line">Like the throat of a pipe, or the breast of a lute.</p> -<p class="line">A foolish one said to the grand old man—</p> -<p class="line">‘What house is this—three feet and six -span?’</p> -<p class="line">With tears and emotion the sage made reply—</p> -<p class="line">‘Ample for him whose task is to -die.’”</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par footnote cont">In the Nawalkishor edition of -Ḥakīm Sanāʾī’s poem the lines are -entered as in the seventh book of the Ḥadīqa, but in two -B.M. MSS. (Add. 25,329, f. 145<i>a</i>, and Or. 358, f. 172<i>b</i>), -they are placed in the fifth book. Both of these MSS. have -<i>bidast</i>, apparently, and Add. 25,329, has -<i>s͟has͟h</i> (“six”), but Or. 358 has -<i>s͟hass</i>. There is such a word, meaning hard ground. Both -MSS. have <i>sih</i> (“three”). <i>Bidast</i> may properly -be <i>bad-pus͟ht</i> (“bad-backed”), or it may be -<i>bad-past</i> (“bad and mean”). The reference in verse -may be rather to the curvature of the <i>chang</i> (Arabic, -<i>ṣanj</i>) than to its narrowness, for Jamī speaks of the -back “being bent like a harp.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3179src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3314" href="#xd24e3314src" name="xd24e3314">47</a></span> Compare -Price, 123. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3314src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3319" href="#xd24e3319src" name="xd24e3319">48</a></span> Ba -<i>dustūrī</i> kih dar Bangāla dās͟ht.</p> -<p class="par footnote cont">I think this must mean that his men were -allowed the Bengal batta, or exceptional allowance, which used to be 50 -p.c. of pay elsewhere. See A.N., III. 293, the eighth reason for the -rebellion. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3319src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3336" href="#xd24e3336src" name="xd24e3336">49</a></span> This -passage has been translated by Colonel Phillott in the A.S.B.J. for -February, 1907, p. 113. There is something wrong in the text. -K͟hān ʿĀlam certainly did not die on the road (see -Blochmann, 513), for he waited upon Jahāngīr at Kalān -ūr (Tūzuk, 284); nor did the Mīr S͟hikār, for -Jahāngīr says he gave him a present and dismissed him. I -presume, therefore, that the word “aforesaid” refers to -K͟hān ʿĀlam’s hawk. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3336src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3343" href="#xd24e3343src" name="xd24e3343">50</a></span> -<i>Nigāh-dārad.</i> Perhaps this means that the painter was -afterwards to stuff the bird. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3343src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3350" href="#xd24e3350src" name="xd24e3350">51</a></span> This is -an obscure passage, and Jadrūp’s reference to the mention of -<i>dāms</i> in the Vedas is curious, for <i>dām</i> is said -to be derived from the Greek drachma. However, it appears from the -Āyīn (Blochmann, 31), that the dam, though in value only the -fortieth part of a rupee, weighed 5 <i>tānks</i> or 1 -<i>tolā</i>, 8 <i>mās͟has</i>, 7 <i>surk͟hs</i>. -The rupee, we are told there, weighed 11½ -mashas—<i>i.e.</i>, half a masha less than a tola. Consequently -the dam weighed over 20 mashas, and so was not far from being equal in -weight to 2 rupees. The weight of a seer varied, and it may be 30 or 36 -copper dams were reckoned as equal to a seer. By dam Jahāngīr -probably meant <i>paisā</i>, or double <i>paisā</i>. -According to Gladwin, 3½ tanks are by jeweller’s weights = -one tolā, and a tank is 70·112 grs. Troy. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3350src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3388" href="#xd24e3388src" name="xd24e3388">52</a></span> As -stated below, the antelope which were caught all eventually -died. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3388src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3398" href="#xd24e3398src" name="xd24e3398">53</a></span> Text -<i>gul-rang</i>, which seems unintelligible. No. 181 MS. has -<i>kalānak</i> (“somewhat grown-up”). The child was -presumably the Sultan Dūr-andīs͟h, born at the end of -the ninth year (Tūzuk, 137), and so was now about five years old. -Gul-rang occurs in B.M. MS., and may mean -“ruddy.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3398src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3409" href="#xd24e3409src" name="xd24e3409">54</a></span> Text -has Āg͟hā-i-Āg͟hāmān. The MSS. have -Āqā Āqāyān (“Agha of -Aghas”). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3409src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3414" href="#xd24e3414src" name="xd24e3414">55</a></span> Akbar -was born in October, 1542, so she was now seventy-seven years -old. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3414src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3419" href="#xd24e3419src" name="xd24e3419">56</a></span> Sayyid -Bahwa is commonly known as Dīn-dār K. -Buk͟hārī, and is described under that name in the -Maʾās̤ir, II. 23. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3419src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3422" href="#xd24e3422src" name="xd24e3422">57</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 366, and Rieu, I. 14 and 355. The book is called -Ak͟hbāru-l-Ak͟hyār, id. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3422src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3429" href="#xd24e3429src" name="xd24e3429">58</a></span> In -Sarkār Sahāranpur. Elliot, Supp. Gloss., II. 129. I.G. new -edition, XIV. 287. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3429src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3440" href="#xd24e3440src" name="xd24e3440">59</a></span> The -child was born at Sirhind on Wednesday, 11 Muḥarram, 1029 -(December 8, 1619), and died at Burhānpur in -Rabīʿu-s̤-s̤anī, 1031 (February–March), -1622. Pādis͟hāh-nāma, I. 392. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3440src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3445" href="#xd24e3445src" name="xd24e3445">60</a></span> See -Erskine’s Bābur, p. 321. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3445src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3463" href="#xd24e3463src" name="xd24e3463">61</a></span> Perhaps -this is Birūʾī in Sambhal, Jarrett, II. 200. Or it may -be the Mīyānī Nūriya of Jarrett, II. -317. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3463src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3471" href="#xd24e3471src" name="xd24e3471">62</a></span> To -clear the roots? Or is it to let the sap flow? Or is -<i>ʿirāq-bandī</i> right, meaning footpaths? -Jahāngīr’s order then would be to clear out the brick -footpaths. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3471src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3481" href="#xd24e3481src" name="xd24e3481">63</a></span> -<i>Yak-āwīz.</i> Defined in Vullers as a short, broad sword, -and also as a two-edged knife. See Vullers, 1519a. The weapon is -described in text as -<i>s͟hams͟hīr-i-nīmcha-i-yak-āwīz</i>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3481src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3494" href="#xd24e3494src" name="xd24e3494">64</a></span> <i>Az -nīlam-i-farang-tarās͟h.</i> It is difficult to suppose -that the hilt was a sapphire. Possibly “nīlam” is the -European artist’s name, or <i>nīlam-i-farang</i> may be some -kind of European work or material. Query niello? <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3494src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3527" href="#xd24e3527src" name="xd24e3527">65</a></span> -<i>Būy-i-k͟hwīs͟h</i> (“my own scent”). -The scent (otto of roses) was invented by Jahāngīr’s -mother-in-law (the mother of Nūr-Jahān). She called it after -Jahāngīr’s name. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3527src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3542" href="#xd24e3542src" name="xd24e3542">66</a></span> The -meaning of the clause is obscure. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3542src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3562" href="#xd24e3562src" name="xd24e3562">67</a></span> The -first line is obscure and the MSS. do not help. Possibly the meaning is -Spring thanks thee for robbing his garden, or it may be, Spring is -exhorted to rob thy garden. The quatrain is also given in the -Iqbāl-nāma, 132. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3562src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3572" href="#xd24e3572src" name="xd24e3572">68</a></span> Meaning -that the lips were so closed that the mouth looked like a thin -scar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3572src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3604" href="#xd24e3604src" name="xd24e3604">69</a></span> The -collyrium of Solomon was something which enabled one to see hidden -treasures. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3604src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3617" href="#xd24e3617src" name="xd24e3617">70</a></span> This -quatrain is stated in the Iqbāl-nāma, 133, to be by -Bābā T̤ālib Iṣfahānī. He is a quite -different person from T̤ālib Āmulī. The same -quatrain is given by Abū-l-Faẓl, and I am indebted to Mr. -Blochmann, p. 607, for being able to understand it. Bābā</p> -T̤ālib Iṣfahānī is not mentioned by Dr. Rieu. -At Vol. II., 679b, of his Catalogue, there is an account of -T̤ālib Āmulī, who, it is said, died young. -Bābā T̤ālib died somewhat later, and at the age of -over 100. See Iqbāl-nāma, <i>loc. cit.</i>, and -Badayūnī, III. 265. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3617src">↑</a> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3641" href="#xd24e3641src" name="xd24e3641">71</a></span> A -Muḥammad S͟haik͟h is mentioned in Beale as the author -of two books (see p. 273, col. 2). One of them was the -Jām-i-Jahān-numā, and is perhaps the work mentioned in -Rieu, II. 866a, V. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3641src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3648" href="#xd24e3648src" name="xd24e3648">72</a></span> Some -unnecessary details have been omitted here. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3648src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3670" href="#xd24e3670src" name="xd24e3670">73</a></span> -K͟hwāja Jahān’s real name was Dūst -Muḥ., and he was from Kabul. See Blochmann, 424. -Jahāngīr’s characterization of him is rather obscure, -and I am not sure if my translation is correct. Jahāngīr had -married his daughter. Blochmann, 477, <i>n.</i> 2. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3670src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3685" href="#xd24e3685src" name="xd24e3685">74</a></span> This is -the seesee partridge or <i>Ammoperdrix Bonhami</i> of Jerdon, p. 567 of -first edition. Jerdon states that in Afghanistan it is called the -teehoo, and that its flesh is said to be delicious. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3685src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3708" href="#xd24e3708src" name="xd24e3708">75</a></span> -Apparently this is the <i>Hibiscus mutabilis</i>, for which the Bengali -name is <i>thal padma</i> (“land lotus”). <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3708src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3721" href="#xd24e3721src" name="xd24e3721">76</a></span> The -word for twenty is omitted in text, and also in Elliot, VI. -367. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3721src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3727" href="#xd24e3727src" name="xd24e3727">77</a></span> -“On the southern bank of the Harroh River,” Elliot, VI. -367. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3727src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3730" href="#xd24e3730src" name="xd24e3730">78</a></span> -Bhīm was the younger brother of Karan (Tod). The passage is -translated in Elliot, VI. 367. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3730src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3736" href="#xd24e3736src" name="xd24e3736">79</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 368 and n. 1. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3736src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3739" href="#xd24e3739src" name="xd24e3739">80</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 368, and note. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3739src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3742" href="#xd24e3742src" name="xd24e3742">81</a></span> Elliot -has Hazāra Fārig͟h. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3742src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3745" href="#xd24e3745src" name="xd24e3745">82</a></span> On the -eastern bank of the Dhor. Elliot, <i>loc. cit.</i> <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3745src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3750" href="#xd24e3750src" name="xd24e3750">83</a></span> Elliot -has: “As far as the eye could reach, the blossoms of the thal -kanwal, and other flowers were glowing between the green foliage. It -was a beautiful scene.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3750src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3757" href="#xd24e3757src" name="xd24e3757">84</a></span> Salhar -in text, but Sālhar in Elliot. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3757src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3763" href="#xd24e3763src" name="xd24e3763">85</a></span> -Marsh-mallow of Steingass and Elliot. Query Hollyhock? <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3763src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3766" href="#xd24e3766src" name="xd24e3766">86</a></span> The -word violets occurs in MS. 181 and also in Elliot. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3766src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3769" href="#xd24e3769src" name="xd24e3769">87</a></span> The -Bib. Ind. edition, Iqbāl-nāma, p. 135, changes this into -Pakli. MS. 181 has Bankli (?) apparently. Pakli is probably not right, -for the entrance to it is mentioned lower down. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3769src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3778" href="#xd24e3778src" name="xd24e3778">88</a></span> -<i>Taṣadduq s͟hud.</i> This is how Mr. Rogers has translated -the passage, and this seems to me to be right. Elliot has -“lost,” but surely Jahāngīr would not pass over -so lightly the loss of 25 elephants. <i>Taṣadduq</i> is often -used in the sense of almsgiving, or of granting a favour. The text 290, -line 2, has <i>aks̤ar-i-rāh basta būd</i>. The word -<i>basta</i> seems unintelligible, and in the corresponding passage of -the Iqbāl-nāma, 135, the words are <i>aks̤ar-i-rāh -ajama būd</i>. This word perhaps means “muddy,” and -this would fit the sense. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3778src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3795" href="#xd24e3795src" name="xd24e3795">89</a></span> Elliot -has Tawādkar. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3795src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3798" href="#xd24e3798src" name="xd24e3798">90</a></span> -<i>Achamba.</i> But MS. 305 has ajamat, and this may mean forest, or -woods. Perhaps Elliot’s “mud” is a clerical error for -wood, but <i>ajamat</i> means pools as well as woods. Perhaps this is -the same word as occurs in the Iqbāl-nāma, 135, and means -“muddy.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3798src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3810" href="#xd24e3810src" name="xd24e3810">91</a></span> So in -text, but the MSS. <i>ba garaz basta</i> (“loosely tied”), -so that they could be thrown off if any game appeared. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3810src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3827" href="#xd24e3827src" name="xd24e3827">92</a></span> Elliot -has <i>sīr</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3827src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3861" href="#xd24e3861src" name="xd24e3861">93</a></span> Now -known as the Kunhār. It rises in Lake Lohusur at the head of the -Kāgān glen. See I.G., old edition, VIII. 365, and ditto new -edition, XIV. 272, for Kāgān Valley. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3861src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3864" href="#xd24e3864src" name="xd24e3864">94</a></span> Text -Wārū. Iqbāl-nāma 136 has -Kūh-i-Wāzūh. MS. 181 seems to have -Dārd. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3864src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3869" href="#xd24e3869src" name="xd24e3869">95</a></span> Text -<i>shāk͟hdār</i> (“with branches”), but the -true reading seems to be <i>nāj</i> (“pine”). Elliot -has “sāl.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3869src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3895" href="#xd24e3895src" name="xd24e3895">96</a></span> This is -a fanciful derivation. The word is not darang, but drang, which means a -watch-station. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, p. 84. The Pamba-drang, -however, was near the Kis͟han Gangā, and so is not the drang -mentioned by Stein. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3895src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3901" href="#xd24e3901src" name="xd24e3901">97</a></span> A -mistake. See Elliot, VI. 373, note. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3901src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="yr15" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e202">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The Fifteenth <span class="corr" id="xd24e3908" title= -"Source: New-year’s">New Year’s</span> Feast after the -Auspicious Accession</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">The transit of the sun, that fulfils the hopes of -the world, into his house of honour in Aries, took place on Friday, the -15th of the month of Rabīʿu-s̤-s̤ānī in -the Hijrī year 1029, (10 March), 1620, after 12½ gharis, or -5 sidereal hours,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3913src" href="#xd24e3913" -name="xd24e3913src">1</a> had passed, and the 15th year of the reign of -this suppliant at the throne of Allah commenced happily and -auspiciously. On Saturday, the 2nd (Farwardīn), having marched -4½ koss, I halted at the village of Bakkar. On this road there -was no hill-pass (<i>kotal</i>), but it was rather stony. I saw -peacocks, black partridges, and monkeys (<i>langūr</i>), such as -exist in the Garmsīr country (Afghanistan). It is evident that -these can also exist in cold countries. From this place to Kashmir the -road is along the bank of the river Bihat. There are hills on both -sides, and in the bottom of the valley the water flows with great -force, boiling and raging. However large an elephant may be, he cannot -hold his feet firmly in it, but immediately rolls over, and is carried -away. There are also water-dogs<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3922src" -href="#xd24e3922" name="xd24e3922src">2</a> in the river. On Sunday, -the 3rd, marching 4½ koss, I pitched at Mūsarān. On -the eve of Friday the merchants who live in the pargana of Bāra -Mūla came and paid their respects. I asked the reason of the name -of Bāra mūla, and they represented that in the Hindi language -they call a boar <i>Bārāh</i> (<i>Varaha</i>) and mūla -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131" name= -"pb131">131</a>]</span>a place—that is, the boars’ place. -Among the incarnations that belong to the religion of the Hindus, one -is the boar incarnation, and Bārāh mūla by constant use -has become Bāra mūla. On Monday, the 4th, marching 2½ -koss, I pitched at Bhūlbās. As they said these hills were -very narrow and difficult (to pass), and they could be crossed by a -crowd of men only with great trouble, I gave orders to Muʿtamid K. -that, with the exception of Āṣaf K. and a few of the -necessary attendants, no one should be allowed to march along with the -prosperous stirrup (with the king personally), and the camp should be -kept one stage behind. By chance, before this order was given, he had -sent on his own tent. After this he wrote to his men that this order -had been given with regard to him, and they should halt at whatever -spot they had reached. His brothers heard this at the foot of the kotal -of Bhūlbās,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3945src" href= -"#xd24e3945" name="xd24e3945src">3</a> and pitched their own tent -there. When the royal host reached the place, snow and rain began to -fall. One plain of the road had not been crossed when his tent became -visible. Looking on this as a gift from the hidden world, I and the -ladies alighted, and remained protected from the cold and snow and -rain. His brothers, according to orders, sent someone in haste to -summon him. When the news reached him that the elephants and the -advance camp had arrived at the top of the <i>kotal</i>, and blocked up -the road, as it was impossible to ride, <i>with great zeal</i>, he, not -knowing his head from his feet, traversed a distance of 2½ koss -on foot in two hours, and came to wait on me, and repeated this couplet -with the tongue of gesture.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3954src" href= -"#xd24e3954" name="xd24e3954src">4</a></p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“At midnight came the thought of thee. I was -ashamed and resigned my life.</p> -<p class="line">The poor man was abashed when suddenly the guest -arrived.”</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name= -"pb132">132</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">All that was in his store (<i>bisāt̤</i>) in -the way of money and goods, of live stock or dead, he offered for me to -tread upon. I gave them all back, and said: “What do worldly -goods appear worth to the eye of our magnanimity? We buy the jewel of -loyalty at a high figure. Such an event arising out of his devotion -should be reckoned as the rising of his good star, in that a king like -me with the people of his harem should remain in his house in comfort -and at ease for a night and a day. It would be a cause of honour to him -among his contemporaries and comrades.” On Tuesday, the 5th, -having traversed 2 koss, I alighted at the village of -Kahāʾī.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e3992src" href= -"#xd24e3992" name="xd24e3992src">5</a> I presented the dress (<i>sar u -pāy</i>) I had on to Muʿtamid K., and an order was given -assigning him the mansab of 1,500 personal and l,500<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e3998src" href="#xd24e3998" name="xd24e3998src">6</a> horse. -From this stage we entered within the boundary of Kashmīr. In the -same kotal of Bhūlbās, Yaʿqūb, s. Yūsuf K. -Kas͟hmīrī, fought with the victorious army of my father, -of which Rāja Bhagwān Dās, father of Rāja Mān -Singh, was the leader.</p> -<p class="par">On this day, the news came that Suhrāb K., s. -Rustam Mīrzā, had been drowned in the Jhelam. The details are -as follows: He, according to orders, was coming up one stage in the -rear, and on the road it came into his mind that he would have a bathe -in the river, though warm water was ready. The people forbade him, and -said that when the air was so cold, unnecessarily to get into a river -so agitated and bloodthirsty that it would roll over a war-elephant, -was contrary to the dictates of caution. He was not restrained by their -words, and as the unavoidable destined time had arrived, got in. From -excessive self-will and pride and carelessness, in reliance on his -powers of swimming, in which art he was unequalled, he was more -determined than ever, and with a <i>k͟hidmatīyya</i> -(Blochmann 252) and another servant, both of whom could swim, mounted a -rock on the river bank <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href= -"#pb133" name="pb133">133</a>]</span>and threw himself in. Immediately -he fell, from the violent movement of the waves, he could not pull -himself together or try to swim; to fall in and go were the same thing, -and Suhrāb K.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4008src" href= -"#xd24e4008" name="xd24e4008src">7</a> and the -<i>k͟hidmatīyya</i> thus gave away the goods of their lives -to the flood of destruction. The boatman,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4014src" href="#xd24e4014" name="xd24e4014src">8</a> with a -hundred difficulties, brought the boat of his being (himself) in safety -to the shore. Mīrzā Rustam was much attached to this son. On -hearing of this fatal news on the Pūnch road, he rent the robe of -patience, and showed great agitation. With all his dependants, clothed -in mourning garments, with head and feet bare, he came to wait on me. -What shall I write of the grief of the mother? Although the -Mīrzā has other sons, his heart was bound up in this one. His -age was twenty-six years. In shooting with a gun he was an excellent -pupil of his father, and knew well how to drive elephants and -carriages. On the expedition to Gujarat he was often ordered to ride on -the front part of my private elephant, and he was an active -soldier.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4023src" href="#xd24e4023" name= -"xd24e4023src">9</a></p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 6th, marching 3 koss, I pitched at the -village of Rīwand. On Thursday, the 7th, crossing the <i>kotal</i> -of Kuwārmat,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4031src" href="#xd24e4031" -name="xd24e4031src">10</a> which is the most difficult on this road -(MS.), I alighted at the village of Wachaha (MS. and print differ). The -distance of this stage is 4¼ koss. The <i>kotal</i> of -Kuwārmat (Kulāmat in the MS.) is a difficult one, and is the -last of the <i>kotals</i> on the road. On Friday, the 8th, having -traversed nearly 4 koss, I halted at the village of -Baltār.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4040src" href="#xd24e4040" -name="xd24e4040src">11</a> There was <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb134" href="#pb134" name="pb134">134</a>]</span>no <i>kotal</i> on -this road. It was broad, and plain after plain, and mead after mead, of -flowers. Sweet-smelling plants of narcissus, violet, and strange -flowers that grow in this country, came to view. Among these flowers I -saw (noticed especially) one extraordinary one. It had five or six -orange flowers blooming with their heads downwards. From the middle of -the flowers there came out some green leaves, as in the case<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4052src" href="#xd24e4052" name= -"xd24e4052src">12</a> of the pineapple (?). This is the -<i>būlānīk</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e4057src" href= -"#xd24e4057" name="xd24e4057src">13</a> flower. There is another flower -like the <i>pūy</i> (?), round which are small flowers of the -shape and colour of the jessamine, some blue in colour and some red, -with yellow points in the middle, exceedingly pretty in appearance: its -name is “<i>ladar pūs͟h</i>.” They call it -<i>pūs͟h-i-ʿaliyyu-l-ʿumūm</i><a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4072src" href="#xd24e4072" name= -"xd24e4072src">14</a> (the common <i>pūs͟h</i>?). There are -many yellow <i>arg͟hawān</i> (Judas-trees) on the road as -well. The flowers of Kashmīr are beyond counting and calculation. -Which shall I write of? And how many can I describe? I have only -mentioned the most remarkable. There is a waterfall on this road, very -high and fine. It flows down from a high place. No other waterfall of -such beauty was seen on the road. I delayed a moment at it, and filled -my eye and heart with gazing on it from a high spot. On Saturday, the -9th, I marched 4¾ koss, and crossed over at -Bāramūla.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4081src" href= -"#xd24e4081" name="xd24e4081src">15</a> It is one of the noted towns of -Kashmīr, and 14 koss<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4085src" href= -"#xd24e4085" name="xd24e4085src">16</a> distant from the city, situated -on the bank of the Bihat. A number of the merchants of Kashmir live in -it, and have built houses and mosques on the bank of the river, and -spend their days in ease and contentment. According to orders, before -the arrival of the host of prosperity, they had prepared decorated -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name= -"pb135">135</a>]</span>boats at the place. As<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4090src" href="#xd24e4090" name="xd24e4090src">17</a> the hour -for entry (into Srinagar) had been fixed for Monday, when two watches -of the day had passed, on Sunday, the 10th, I entered -S͟hihābu-d-dīn-pūr. On this day Dilāwar K. -Kākar, the Governor of Kashmir, came from -Kis͟htwār,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4093src" href= -"#xd24e4093" name="xd24e4093src">18</a> and had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. He was exalted with various royal favours and all -kinds of imperial gratifications. He had done his duty here in an -acceptable manner, and it is hoped that the great Giver of favours may -light up the foreheads of all my servants with honour.</p> -<p class="par">Kis͟htwār is to the south of Kashmir. From the -city of Kashmir (Srinagar) to the stage of Alkah (?),<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e4101src" href="#xd24e4101" name="xd24e4101src">19</a> which is -the capital of Kis͟htwār, the distance is 60 koss by -measurement. On the 10th of the Ilāhī month of -S͟hahriwar, in my 14th year, Dilāwar K., with 10,000 horse -and foot, determined to conquer Kis͟htwār. He appointed his -son, Ḥasan by name, with Gird ʿAlī -<i>Mīr-baḥr</i> (admiral) to guard the city and administer -the territory. And as Gohar Chak and Aiba Chak laid claim to Kashmir as -heirs, and were stirring up strife in Kis͟htwār, and were -wandering in the valley of confusion and ruin, he left Haibat, one of -his brothers, with a force at Desū, which is near the <i>kotal</i> -of Pīr Panjāl, by way of caution, and, dividing his forces at -that place, he himself hastened with a force by the road of -Sangīnpūr, sending his son Jalāl, with Naṣru-llah -ʿArab, and ʿAlī Malik Kas͟hmīrī, and a -band of Jahāngīrī servants by another road, and his -elder son Jamāl with a band of zealous young men as an advanced -guard to his own force. At the same time he placed two other forces to -move forward on his right and left. As no horses could go on the road, -by way of precaution he took some with him, but left <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name= -"pb136">136</a>]</span>nearly<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4112src" href= -"#xd24e4112" name="xd24e4112src">20</a> all his sipahis’ horses -behind, and sent them to Kashmir (<i>i.e.</i>, Srinagar). The young men -girded the belt of duty on their waists, and went up the hills on foot. -The <i>g͟hāzīs</i> of the army of Islam fought from post -to post with the ill-fated unbelievers as far as Narkot, which was one -of the enemy’s strongholds. There the corps of Jalāl and -Jamāl, which had been sent by different roads, met, and the enemy, -not having the power to oppose them, took to flight. The brave ones who -offered their lives traversed many ups and downs with the courage of -determination, and hastened on to the Mārū river. On the bank -of that river the fire of slaughter was lighted, and the -<i>g͟hāzīs</i> of the army of Islam displayed approved -activity. The ill-fated Aiba Chak, with many of the people of ruin, -were slain. By the death of Aiba the Raja became powerless and without -heart, and took the road of flight, and, crossing by the bridge, -stopped at Bhandarkoṭ, which is on the other side. A band of the -brave ones (<i>bahādurān</i>) quickly advanced, wishing to -cross the bridge. A great fight took place at its head, and some of the -young men attained to martyrdom. In this way for twenty days and nights -the servants of the Court tried to cross the river, and the unbelievers -of darkened fortune did not fail to attack and try to drive them back, -until Dilāwar K., after establishing <i>thānas</i> and -arranging for the commissariat, arrived with his army. The Raja, by way -of stratagem and vulpine trickery, sent his Vakils to Dilāwar K., -and begged that he might send his brother with offerings to the Court, -so that when his offences obtained pardon, and his mind were freed from -fear and trouble, he could also himself proceed to the Court, the -refuge of the world, and kiss the threshold. Dilāwar K. did not -lend his ear to these deceitful words, and did not throw away from his -hand the coin of opportunity. He dismissed the envoys of the Raja -without the attainment of their object, and made every exertion to -cross the bridge. His eldest son Jamāl, with a band of the -crocodiles of the sea of bravery and valour, went up the river, and by -bravely swimming it although swollen crossed over, and engaged in -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href="#pb137" name= -"pb137">137</a>]</span>a fierce battle with the enemy. The devoted -servants of the Court made an attack from the other side, and made -matters tight for these ruined people. These, when they found they had -no longer the strength to oppose them, broke down the planking of the -bridge, and took to flight. The victorious servants made the bridge -strong again, and transported the remainder of the army. Dilāwar -K͟hān drew up his forces at Bhandarkoṭ. From the -aforesaid river (the Mārū) to the Chenāb, which is a -strong support of these unfortunate people, is a distance of two -bow-shots, and on the bank of the Chenāb there is a lofty hill. -The crossing of the water is a difficult matter, and, with a view to -the coming and going of people on foot, they attach strong ropes, and -place planks of the width of a cubit between two ropes, and fasten one -rope’s end to the top of the hill, and the other on the other -side of the water. Then they attach two other ropes a <i>gaz</i> higher -than these, that foot-passengers may place their feet on the planks, -and, taking hold of the upper ropes, may descend from the top of the -hill to the bottom, and so cross the river. This bridge they call -<i>zampa</i>, in the language of the people of the hill country. -Wherever they apprehended that a rope bridge might be constructed, they -stationed musketeers and archers and men-at-arms, and so felt secure. -Dilāwar K. made rafts (<i>jhāla</i>), and, placing on them -eighty of his valiant young men, sent them across the river at night. -As the water was flowing with great violence, the rafts were carried -down by the flood of destruction, and sixty-eight of these gallant men -were drowned in the sea of non-existence, and obtained the renown of -martyrdom, whilst ten, by the aid of swimming, reached the shore of -safety (<i>i.e.</i>, returned), and two on the other side became -prisoners in the hands of the infidels. In short, for four months and -ten days Dilāwar K͟hān, having planted the foot of -courage at Bhandarkoṭ, made endeavours to cross over; but the -arrow of stratagem did not reach the target of intent until a Zamindar -pointed out a place which the enemy had no idea of. There, having -constructed a <i>zampah</i>, in the heart of night, Jalāl, -Dilāwar K.’s son, with some of the servants of the Court and -a band of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name= -"pb138">138</a>]</span>Afghans, about 200 in number, crossed over in -safety, made unawares in the morning an attack on the Raja, and blew -loudly the trumpets of victory. A few who were around and before the -Raja rushed out, bewildered, half asleep and half awake, and most of -them became the harvest of the blood-drinking sword, while the rest -quickly withdrew themselves from that whirlpool of calamity. In that -encounter one of the soldiers came upon the Raja, and wished to finish -him with a sword. He called out: “I am the Raja; take me alive to -Dilāwar K͟hān.” The men rushed on him and made him -prisoner. After the Raja was made prisoner, his people all fled. When -Dilāwar K͟hān heard this good news of victory, he -prostrated himself in thankfulness to Allah, and, having crossed the -river with the victorious army, came to Mandal Badr,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e4154src" href="#xd24e4154" name="xd24e4154src">21</a> which -was the capital of the country, and is 3 koss from the river. The -daughter<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4157src" href="#xd24e4157" name= -"xd24e4157src">22</a> of Sangrām Raja of Jammu, and the daughter -of the abandoned Sūraj Mal, s. Rāja Bāso, were in the -Raja’s house (<i>i.e.</i>, married to him). By -Sangrām’s daughter he had children. Before the victory he -had, by way of caution, sent his family for refuge to the Raja of -Jaswāl and other Zamindars. When my victorious retinue approached, -Dilāwar K͟hān, according to order, took the Raja with -him, and came to kiss the threshold, leaving Naṣru-llah -ʿArab with a body of horse and foot to guard the country.</p> -<p class="par">In Kis͟htwār there are produced much wheat, -barley, lentils, millet, and pulse. Differing from Kashmir, it produces -little rice. Its saffron is finer than that of Kashmir. About a hundred -hawks and falcons are caught there (annually). Oranges, citrons, and -water-melons of the finest kind are obtained. Its melons are of the -same kind as those of Kashmir, and other fruits, such as grapes, -apricots, peaches, and sour pears, are grown. If they were cultivated, -it is possible they would improve. A coin<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4165src" href="#xd24e4165" name="xd24e4165src">23</a> of the name -of <i>sanhasī</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e4172src" href= -"#xd24e4172" name="xd24e4172src">24</a> is a relic of the old rulers of -Kashmir, one and a half of which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" -href="#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span>equal a rupee. In their -business transactions they reckon fifteen <i>sanhasī</i>, or ten -rupees, as one <i>pāds͟hāhī</i> muhar. They call -two seers of Hindustani weight a <i>man</i> (maund). It is not the -custom for the Raja to take revenue from cultivation; he takes annually -six <i>sanhasī</i>—that is, four rupees—from each -house. All the saffron is assigned, as pay, to a body of Rajputs and to -700 musketeers (<i>tūpchī</i>) who are old retainers. When -the saffron is sold, four rupees per maund, or two seers, are taken -from the purchaser. The whole income of the Raja consists of fines, and -for a small offence he takes a heavy sum. From whomsoever is wealthy -and in comfortable circumstances the Raja, on some pretext, clears out -all that he has. From all sources his income is about Rs. 100,000. In -time of war 6,000 or 7,000 men on foot collect together; there are but -few horses among them. The Raja and the chief men have about fifty -between them. I bestowed a year’s revenue on Dilāwar K. by -way of reward. By conjecture, his jagir was worth about 1,000 personal -and 1,000 horse, according to the <i>Jahāngīrī</i> -rules. When the chief diwans calculate the allowances to the jagirdars, -the exact amount will be ascertained.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 11th, after two watches and four gharis -had passed, the royal cortege alighted auspiciously and happily at the -buildings lately erected on the bank of the lake (the Dal lake). By -order of my father, a very strong fort of stone and lime had been -built. It is not quite completed, one side being unfinished. It is -hoped that hereafter it will be completed. From Ḥasan Abdāl -to Kashmir by the road I came is a distance of 75 koss; this was -accomplished in nineteen marches and six halts—that is, in -twenty-five days. From Agra to Kashmir, in the space of 168 days, a -distance of 376 koss was traversed in 102 marches and 63 halts. By -land<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4204src" href="#xd24e4204" name= -"xd24e4204src">25</a> and the ordinary route the distance is -304½ koss.</p> -<p class="par">On Tuesday, the 12th, Dilāwar K., according to -order, brought the Raja<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4209src" href= -"#xd24e4209" name="xd24e4209src">26</a> of Kis͟htwār, -chained, into my presence, and did homage. He (the Raja) is not wanting -in dignity. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140" name= -"pb140">140</a>]</span>His dress is after the Indian fashion, and he -knows both the Hindi and the Kashmiri languages. Contrary to other -Zamindars of these regions, he looked like the inhabitant of a town. I -told him that, notwithstanding his offences, if he would bring his sons -to Court, he should be released from confinement, and might live at -ease under the shadow of the eternal State, or else he would be -imprisoned in one of the forts of Hindustan. He said that he would -bring his people, his family, and his sons to wait on me, and was -hopeful of my clemency.</p> -<p class="par">I shall now give a brief account of the country of -Kashmir and of its peculiarities.</p> -<p class="par">Kashmir<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4219src" href= -"#xd24e4219" name="xd24e4219src">27</a> belongs to the fourth climate. -Its latitude is 35° N., and its longitude, from the White Islands, -105°. In old times the country was in the possession of Rajas. -Their dynasty lasted for 4,000 years. An account of them, and a list of -their names, are given in the Rāja-tarang, which, by my -father’s order, was translated<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4234src" href="#xd24e4234" name="xd24e4234src">28</a> from the -Sanskrit (Hindi in text) into Persian. In the Hijrī year 712 -(1312–13) Kashmir was illumined by the religion of Islam. -Thirty-two Muhammadan princes reigned over it for 282 years, until, in -994 (1586), my father conquered it. From that date till now, being a -period of thirty-five years, the country has been in the possession of -the Crown. Kashmir, from the Pass of Būlīyāsa<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4237src" href="#xd24e4237" name= -"xd24e4237src">29</a> to Qambarbar, is 56 -<i>Jahāngīrī</i> koss long, and its <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" name= -"pb141">141</a>]</span>breadth is never more than 27 koss, or less than -10 koss. S͟haik͟h Abū-l-Faẓl has, in the -Akbar-nāma, stated, by guess and conjecture, that the length of -Kashmir from the Kis͟han Gangā to Qambarbar is 120 koss, and -its breadth from 10 to 25 koss. I, out of prudence and caution, -appointed a number of trustworthy and intelligent men to measure the -length and breadth with ropes (<i>t̤anāb)</i>. The result was -that what the S͟haik͟h wrote as 120 koss came out as 67. As -it is agreed that the boundary of a country is the place up to which -people speak the language of that country, it follows that the boundary -of Kashmir is Būlīyāsa, which is 11 koss on this side -(<i>i.e.</i>, east) of the Kis͟han Gangā. So, according to -the preceding figures, the length of Kashmir is 56 (67 - 11) koss. The -variations in breadth were found to be not more than 2 koss. The -koss<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4254src" href="#xd24e4254" name= -"xd24e4254src">30</a> which is in use during my reign is that -prescribed by my father. That is, a koss is 5,000 yards, and the yard -is 2 <i>s͟harʿī</i> yards, each of the latter (yards) -being 24 digits<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4307src" href="#xd24e4307" -name="xd24e4307src">31</a> (<i>angus͟ht̤</i>). Wherever the -koss or <i>gaz</i> is mentioned, the reference is to the above koss and -the above <i>gaz</i>. The name of the city is Srīnagar, and the -Bihat river flows <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" -name="pb142">142</a>]</span>through the midst of it. They call its -fountain-head Vīr-nāg.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4325src" -href="#xd24e4325" name="xd24e4325src">32</a> It is 14 koss to the -south. By my order they have made a building and a garden at that -source. There have been built in the city four very strong stone and -wooden bridges, over which people come and go. They call a bridge in -the language of this country <i>kadal</i>. There is a very lofty mosque -in the city, one of the marks of Sult̤ān Sikandar,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4331src" href="#xd24e4331" name= -"xd24e4331src">33</a> made in 795 (1393). After a time it was burnt, -but was rebuilt by Sult̤ān Ḥusain. It had not been -completed when the mansion of his life fell down. In 909 -(1503–04) Ibrāhīm Māqrī, Vizier of -Sult̤ān Ḥusain, finished it handsomely. From that day -till now it is 120 years since it has been in existence. From the -<i>Miḥrāb</i> to the eastern wall it is 145 yards, and its -breadth is 144 yards, containing four (<i>t̤āq</i>) alcoves. -On all sides of the hall they have erected beautiful cloisters and -pillars. In short, no better memorial of the rulers of Kashmir has been -left than this. Mīr Sayyid ʿAlī of Hamadan (may his -grave be sanctified!) was for some time in this city. There is a -monastery<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4344src" href="#xd24e4344" name= -"xd24e4344src">34</a> to his memory. Near the city there are -two<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4349src" href="#xd24e4349" name= -"xd24e4349src">35</a> large lakes full of water all the year round. -Their flavour<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4355src" href="#xd24e4355" -name="xd24e4355src">36</a> does not vary; they are the means for coming -and going of the people, and for the conveyance of grain and firewood -on boats. In the city and parganas there are 5,700 boats, with -7,400<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4361src" href="#xd24e4361" name= -"xd24e4361src">37</a> boatmen. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" -href="#pb143" name="pb143">143</a>]</span>The country of Kashmir has -thirty-eight parganas. It is divided into two provinces; the territory -on the upper part of the river they call <i>Marrāj</i>, and that -on the lower <i>Kāmrāj</i>. It is not the custom to use gold -and silver for payment of the revenue from land or in commerce, except -for a portion of the cesses -(<i>sāʾir-jihāt</i>).<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4387src" href="#xd24e4387" name="xd24e4387src">38</a> They reckon -the value of things in <i>k͟harwārs</i> of rice, each -<i>k͟harwār</i> being three maunds and eight seers of the -current weight. The Kashmiris reckon two seers as one maund, and four -maunds, or eight seers, make one <i>tark</i>. The revenue of Kashmir is -30,63,050 <i>k͟harwārs</i> and 11 <i>tarks</i>, which in cash -represents 7,46,70,000 <i>dāms</i>. Ordinarily it maintains 8,500 -horse. It is very difficult to enter Kashmir. The routes by -Bhimbhar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4409src" href="#xd24e4409" name= -"xd24e4409src">39</a> and Paklī are the best. Though that by -Bhimbhar is the shorter, yet if one wishes to find spring in Kashmir, -he is confined to the road by Paklī, for the other roads at this -season are blocked with snow. If one were to take to praise Kashmir, -whole books would have to be written. Accordingly a mere summary will -be recorded.</p> -<p class="par">Kashmir is a garden<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4414src" -href="#xd24e4414" name="xd24e4414src">40</a> of eternal spring, or an -iron fort to a palace of kings—a delightful flower-bed, and a -heart-expanding heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and -enchanting cascades are beyond all description. There are running -streams and fountains beyond count. Wherever the eye reaches, there are -verdure and running water. The red rose, the violet, and the narcissus -grow of themselves; in the fields, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" -href="#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span>there are all kinds of -flowers and all sorts of sweet-scented herbs more than can be -calculated. In the soul-enchanting spring the hills and plains are -filled with blossoms; the gates, the walls, the courts, the roofs, are -lighted up by the torches of banquet-adorning tulips. What shall we say -of these things or of the wide meadows (<i>julgahā</i>) and the -fragrant trefoil?</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">“The garden-nymphs<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4428src" href="#xd24e4428" name="xd24e4428src">41</a> were -brilliant,</p> -<p class="line">Their cheeks shone like lamps;</p> -<p class="line">There were fragrant buds on their stems (or -‘under their rind’),</p> -<p class="line">Like dark amulets on the arms of the beloved.</p> -<p class="line">The wakeful, ode-rehearsing nightingale</p> -<p class="line">Whetted the desires of wine-drinkers;</p> -<p class="line">At each fountain the duck dipped his beak</p> -<p class="line">Like golden scissors cutting silk;</p> -<p class="line">There were flower-carpets and fresh rosebuds,</p> -<p class="line">The wind fanned the lamps of the roses,</p> -<p class="line">The violet braided her locks,</p> -<p class="line">The buds tied a knot in the heart.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">The finest inflorescence is that of the almond and -the peach. Outside the hill-country the commencement of blossoming is -the 1st Isfandārmuẕ (February 10). In the territory of -Kashmir it is 1st Farwardīn (March 10), and in the city gardens it -is the 9th and 10th of that month, and the end of their blooming joins -on to the commencement of that of the blue jessamine. In attendance on -my revered father I frequently went round the saffron fields, and -beheld the spectacle of the autumn. Thank God that on this occasion I -beheld the beauties<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4456src" href= -"#xd24e4456" name="xd24e4456src">42</a> of the spring. The beauties of -the autumn shall be described in their place. The buildings of Kashmir -are all of wood; they make them two-, three-, and four-storied, and -covering the roofs with earth, they plant bulbs of the -<i>chaug͟hās͟hī</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4467src" href="#xd24e4467" name="xd24e4467src">43</a> tulip, -which blooms year after year <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href= -"#pb145" name="pb145">145</a>]</span>in the spring season, and is -exceedingly beautiful. This custom is peculiar to the people of -Kashmir. This year, in the little garden<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4478src" href="#xd24e4478" name="xd24e4478src">44</a> of the -palace and on the roof of the chief mosque, the tulips blossomed -luxuriantly. There are many blue jessamines in the gardens, and the -white jessamines that the people of India call -<i>chambīlī</i> are sweet-scented. Another kind is of the -colour of sandal-wood, and this is also very sweet-scented. This is -special to Kashmir. I saw several sorts of red roses: one is specially -sweet-scented, and another is a flower of the colour of sandal (light -yellow), with an exceedingly delicate scent. It (the scent?) is of the -nature of (that of) the red rose, and its stem is like that of the red -rose. There are two kinds of lilies. That which is grown in gardens is -vigorous <i>(bālīda)</i> and fresh (lit. green) coloured, the -other is a wild kind. Although the latter has less colour it is very -sweet-scented. The flower of the <i>Jaʿfarī</i><a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4493src" href="#xd24e4493" name= -"xd24e4493src">45</a> (a yellow flower) is large and sweet-scented; its -stem is above a man’s height, but in some years, when it has -grown large and has flowered, a worm is produced, and spreads over the -flower a kind of spider’s web, and destroys it and dries up its -stem. This year it has so happened. The flowers that are seen in the -territories of Kashmir are beyond all calculation. Those that -Nādiru-l-ʿaṣrī Ustād -Manṣūr,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4498src" href= -"#xd24e4498" name="xd24e4498src">46</a> has painted are more than 100. -Before my father’s time there were no -<i>s͟hāh-ālū</i> (cherries).<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4504src" href="#xd24e4504" name="xd24e4504src">47</a> -Muḥammad<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4508src" href="#xd24e4508" -name="xd24e4508src">48</a> Qulī Afs͟hār brought them -from Kabul and planted them, and there are now ten or fifteen -fruit-bearing trees. There were also some apricot-trees. The aforesaid -made them known in this country, and now there are many of them. In -fact, the apricot<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4511src" href="#xd24e4511" -name="xd24e4511src">49</a> of Kashmir is good. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" name= -"pb146">146</a>]</span>There was a tree in the -S͟hahr-ārā garden at Kabul, called -<i>Mīrzāʾī</i>, better fruit than which I had not -eaten, but in Kashmir there are trees equal to this in the gardens. -There are pears (<i>nās͟hpātī</i>) of the best -kind, better than those of Kabul, or Badakhshan, and nearly equal to -those of Samarkand. The apples of Kashmir are celebrated for their -goodness. The guavas (<i>amrūd</i>) are middling. Grapes are -plentiful, but most of them are harsh and inferior, and the -pomegranates are not worth much. Water-melons of the best kind can be -obtained. The melons are very sweet and creased, (? -<i>s͟hikananda</i>)<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4529src" href= -"#xd24e4529" name="xd24e4529src">50</a>, but for the most part when -they become ripe a worm is found in them that spoils them. If by chance -they are preserved from this misfortune they are very delicate. There -are no <i>s͟hāh-tūt</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4536src" href="#xd24e4536" name="xd24e4536src">51</a> (some kind -of large mulberry), but there are other (<i>tūt</i>) mulberries -everywhere. From the foot of every mulberry-tree a vine-creeper -grows<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4542src" href="#xd24e4542" name= -"xd24e4542src">52</a> up. In fact, the mulberries of Kashmir are not -fit to eat, with the exception of some on trees grown in gardens, but -the leaves are used to feed the silkworm. They bring the -silkworms’ eggs from Gilgit and Tibet. There is plenty of wine -and vinegar, but the wine is sour and inferior, and in the Kashmir -language is called <i>mas</i>. After they take cups of it some heat of -head ensues. They make various pickles with the vinegar. As the garlic -of Kashmir is good, the best pickle is that of garlic. There are all -kinds of crops except peas. If they sow peas, they give a crop the -first year, in the second they are inferior, and in the third year they -are like <i>mus͟hang</i>.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4552src" -href="#xd24e4552" name="xd24e4552src">53</a> Rice is the principal -crop. Probably there are three parts under rice and one under all other -grains. The chief food of the people of Kashmir is rice, but it is -inferior. They boil it fresh,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4560src" href= -"#xd24e4560" name="xd24e4560src">54</a> and allow it to get cold, and -then eat it, and call it <i>batha</i>. It is not usual to <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name="pb147">147</a>]</span>take -their food warm, but people of small means keep a portion of the -<i>batha</i> for a night, and eat it next day. Salt is brought from -India. It is not the custom to put salt into the <i>batha</i>. They -boil vegetables in water, and throw in a little salt in order to alter -the flavour, and then eat them along with the <i>batha</i>. Those who -want to have something tasty put a little walnut-oil into the -vegetables. Walnut-oil soon becomes bitter and evil-flavoured. They -also use cow-oil (<i>raug͟han</i>—<i>i.e.</i>, <i>ghi</i>), -but this is taken fresh, and fresh from newly-made butter -(<i>maska</i>). They throw this into the food, and call it -“sadā-pāk” in the Kashmiri language. As the -atmosphere is cold and damp, it becomes altered by being kept for three -or four days. There are no buffaloes, and the cattle are small and -inferior. The wheat<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4600src" href= -"#xd24e4600" name="xd24e4600src">55</a> is small and of little -substance (<i>kam mag͟hz</i>). It is not the custom to eat bread -(<i>nān</i>). There are tailless sheep, resembling the -<i>kadī</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e4611src" href="#xd24e4611" -name="xd24e4611src">56</a> (or <i>gaddī</i>) of India. They are -called <i>handū</i>, and their flesh is not without flavour. -Fowls, geese, and ducks (<i>murg͟hābī</i>)—golden -and others—are plentiful. There are all kinds of fish, both with -and without scales, but they are inferior. The woollen cloths are well -known. Men and women wear a woollen tunic (<i>kurtā</i>), and call -it <i>paṭṭū</i>. If they do not put on a tunic, they -believe that the air affects them, and even that it is impossible to -digest their food without it. The shawls of Kashmir, to which my father -gave the name of <i>parm-narm</i>, are very famous: there is no need to -praise them. Another kind is <i>taharma</i> (<i>naharma</i> in the -printed version); it is thicker than a shawl, and soft.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4671src" href="#xd24e4671" name= -"xd24e4671src">57</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb148" href= -"#pb148" name="pb148">148</a>]</span>Another is called <i>darma</i>. It -is like a <i>jul-i-k͟hirsak</i>,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4692src" href="#xd24e4692" name="xd24e4692src">58</a> and is put -over carpets. With the exception of shawls they make other woollen -materials better in Tibet. Though they bring the wool for the shawls -from Tibet they do not make them there. The wool for shawls comes from -a goat which is peculiar to Tibet. In Kashmir they weave the -<i>paṭṭū</i> shawl from wool, and sewing two shawls -together they smooth them into a kind of <i>saqarlāt</i> -(broad-cloth), which is not bad for a rain-coat. The men of Kashmir -shave the head and put on a round turban, and the common women do not -wear clean, washed clothes. They use a tunic of -<i>paṭṭū</i> for three or four years; they bring it -unwashed from the house of the weaver, and sew it into a tunic, and it -does not reach the water till it falls to pieces. It is considered -wrong to wear drawers (<i>izār</i>); they wear the tunic long and -ample as far as the head and falling down to the feet, and they also -wear<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4715src" href="#xd24e4715" name= -"xd24e4715src">59</a> a belt. Although most of the houses are on the -river-bank not a drop of water touches their bodies. In short, they are -as dirty outside as inside, without any cleanliness. In the time of -Mīrzā Ḥaidar there were many skilled people there. They -were skilled in music, and their lutes, dulcimers, harps, drums, and -flutes were celebrated. In former times they had a musical instrument -like a lute, and used to sing in the Kas͟hmīrī language -compositions according to Hindi musical modes, there being even two or -three modes combined together. Moreover, many sing together in chorus. -In fact, Kashmir is much indebted to Mīrzā Ḥaidar for -its excellencies. Before the reign of my father the chief method by -which the people of these parts rode was on <i>gūnts</i> (ponies). -They had no large horses, but used to bring ʿIrāq and Turki -horses by way of rare gifts for their rulers. <i>Gūnt</i> means a -<i>yābū</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e4727src" href= -"#xd24e4727" name="xd24e4727src">60</a> (pony). <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name="pb149">149</a>]</span>They -have thick shoulders, and are low in the body. They are common in other -of the hill-countries of India. For the most part they are -vicious<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4756src" href="#xd24e4756" name= -"xd24e4756src">61</a> and hard-mouthed. When this God-created -flower-garden acquired eternal beauty under the auspices of the State, -and by the blessing of the teaching of the Alexander-minded -K͟hāqān, many of the Aimāqs (cavalry) were -presented with jagirs in this Subah, and herds of ʿIrāqī -and Turkī horses were given them to breed from (<i>kih kurra -bagīrand</i>). The soldiers also brought horses<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e4774src" href="#xd24e4774" name="xd24e4774src">62</a> on their -own account, and in a short time horses were obtainable, so that many -Kashmiri horses were bought and sold for 200 and Rs. 300, and even for -Rs. 1,000.</p> -<p class="par">The merchants and artificers of this country are mostly -Sunnis, while the soldiers are Imāmiyya Shias. There is also the -sect of Nūr-bak͟hs͟hīs.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4794src" href="#xd24e4794" name="xd24e4794src">63</a> There is -also a body of Faqirs whom they call -<i>Rīs͟hīs</i>.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4803src" -href="#xd24e4803" name="xd24e4803src">64</a> Though they have not -religious knowledge or learning of any sort, yet they possess -simplicity, and are without pretence. They abuse no one, they restrain -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name= -"pb150">150</a>]</span>the tongue of desire, and the foot of seeking; -they eat no flesh, they have no wives, and always plant fruit-bearing -trees in the fields, so that men may benefit by them, themselves -deriving no advantage. There are about 2,000 of these people. There is -also a body of brahmans living from of old in this country, who still -remain there and talk in the Kashmiri tongue. Outwardly one cannot -distinguish them from Mussulmans. They have, however, books in the -Sanskrit language, and read them. They carry into practice whatever -relates to the worship of idols. Sanskrit is a language in which the -learned of India have composed books, and esteem them greatly. The -lofty idol temples which were built before the manifestation of Islam -are still in existence, and are all built of stones, which from -foundation to roof are large, and weigh 30 or 40 maunds, placed one on -the other. Near the city there is a small hill which they call -Kūh-i-Mārān<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4808src" href= -"#xd24e4808" name="xd24e4808src">65</a> (“The Wicked Hill,” -Lawrence, 298), as well as Harī Parbat. On the east side of the -hill there is the Dal Lake, which measures round a little more than -6½ koss.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4815src" href="#xd24e4815" -name="xd24e4815src">66</a> My father (may the lights of Allah be his -testimony!) gave an order that they should build in this place a very -strong fort of stone and lime; this has been nearly completed during -the reign of this suppliant, so that the little hill has been brought -into the midst of the fortifications, and the wall of the fort built -round it. The lake is close to the fort, and the palace overlooks the -water. In the palace there was a little garden, with a small building -in it in which my revered father used constantly to sit. At this period -it appeared to me to be very much out of order and ruinous. As it was -the place where that veritable <i>qibla</i> (place turned towards in -prayer) and visible Deity used to sit, and it is really a place of -prostration for this suppliant, therefore its neglected state did not -appear right to me. I ordered Muʿtamid K., who is a servant who -knows my temperament, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href= -"#pb151" name="pb151">151</a>]</span>to make every effort to put the -little garden in order and repair the buildings. In a short space of -time, through his great assiduity, it acquired new beauty. In the -garden he put up a lofty terrace 32 yards square, in three divisions -(<i>qit̤ʾa</i>), and having repaired the building he adorned -it with pictures by masterhands, and so made it the envy of the picture -gallery of China. I called this garden <i>Nūr-afzā</i> (light -increasing).</p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 15th of the Divine month of -Farwardīn, two <i>qut̤ās</i> oxen, out of the offerings -of the Zamindar of Tibet, were brought before me. In form and -appearance they closely resemble the buffalo. All the limbs are covered -with wool which properly belongs to animals in a cold country. For -instance, the <i>rang</i> goats (ibex), which they brought from the -country of Bhakkar (Sind) and the hill-country of the Garmsīr (in -Afghanistan) were very handsome, and had but little wool, and those -that are met with in these hills, on account of the excessive cold and -snow, are covered with hair and ugly. The Kashmiris call the rang -<i>kapal</i>.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4840src" href="#xd24e4840" -name="xd24e4840src">67</a> On this day they brought a musk deer as an -offering. As I had not tasted its flesh, I ordered it to be cooked; it -appeared very tasteless and bad for food. The flesh of no other wild -animal is so inferior. The musk-bag when fresh has no scent, but when -it is left for some days and becomes dry, it is sweet-scented. The -female has no musk-bag. In these two or three days I frequently -embarked in a boat, and was delighted to go<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4849src" href="#xd24e4849" name="xd24e4849src">68</a> round and -look at the flowers of Phāk and S͟hālamār. -Phāk is the name of a pargana situated on the other side of the -lake. S͟hālamār is near the lake. It has a pleasant -stream, which comes down from the hills, and flows into the Dal Lake. I -bade my son K͟hurram dam it up and make a waterfall, which it -would be a pleasure to behold. This place is one of the sights of -Kashmir.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 17th, a strange affair took place. -S͟hāh S͟hujāʿ was playing in the buildings of -the palace. By chance there was a window with a screen in front of it -looking towards <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" -name="pb152">152</a>]</span>the river. They had put a screen in front, -but had not fastened the door, and the prince in play went towards the -window to look out. As soon as he arrived there he fell headlong. By -chance they had laid down a carpet below the wall, and a -farrās͟h (carpet-spreader) was sitting near it. The -child’s head fell on this carpet, and his feet on the back and -shoulders of the farrās͟h, and so came to the ground. Though -the height was 7 yards<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4856src" href= -"#xd24e4856" name="xd24e4856src">69</a> (<i>daraʿ</i>), the -compassion of God, the Great and Glorious, came to his aid, and the -carpet and the farrās͟h became the means of saving his life. -God forbid, but if it had not been so it would have been a serious -matter for him. At the time Rāy Mān, the head of the -K͟hidmatiyya<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4865src" href="#xd24e4865" -name="xd24e4865src">70</a> piyādas, was standing below the -<i>jharoka</i>. He immediately ran and picked him up, and holding him -in his arms, was taking him upstairs. In that condition he asked: -“Whither are you carrying me?” He replied: “Into the -presence of His Majesty.” Then weakness overcame him, and he -could speak no more. I was lying down when this alarming news reached -me, and ran out in a state of bewilderment. When I saw him in this -state my senses forsook me, and for a long time holding him in my -affectionate embrace I was distracted with this favour from Allah. When -a child of four years of age falls headlong from a place ten ordinary -(<i>s͟harʿī</i>) gaz in height, and no harm happens to -his limbs, it is a cause for amazement. Having performed my -prostrations for this fresh act of goodness, I distributed alms, and -ordered that deserving people and the poor who lived in the city should -be brought before me in order that I might assure them their means of -livelihood. A strange thing was that three or four months before this -event Jotik Rāy, the astrologer, who is one of the most skilled of -the class in astrology, had represented to me, without any -intermediary, that it was predicted from the Prince’s horoscope -that these three or four months were unpropitious to him, and it was -possible he might fall down from some high place, but that the dust of -calamity would not settle on the skirt of his life. As his -prognostications had repeatedly proved correct, this dread dwelt in -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name= -"pb153">153</a>]</span>my mind, and on these dangerous roads and -difficult mountain passes I was never for a moment forgetful of that -nursling of the <i>parterre</i> of Fortune. I continually kept him in -sight, and took the greatest precautions with regard to him. When I -arrived in Kashmir this unavoidable<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4880src" -href="#xd24e4880" name="xd24e4880src">71</a> catastrophe occurred. His -nurses (<i>anagahā</i>) and wet-nurses must have been very -careless. God be praised that it ended well!</p> -<p class="par">In the garden of ʿAis͟hābād<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4888src" href="#xd24e4888" name= -"xd24e4888src">72</a> (abode of pleasure) I saw a tree which had -numerous<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4894src" href="#xd24e4894" name= -"xd24e4894src">73</a> blossoms. They were very large and beautiful, but -the apples that the tree produced were bitter.</p> -<p class="par">As excellent service had been done by Dilāwar K. -Kākar, I promoted him to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 -horse, and also conferred mansabs on his sons. S͟haik͟h -Farīd, s. Qut̤bu-d-dīn K. was raised to the mansab of -1,000 personal and 400 horse. The mansab of Sar-barāh K. was -ordered to be 700 personal and 250 horse, and I promoted Nūru-llah -Kurkīrāq (in charge of furriery?) to that of 600 personal and -100 horse, bestowing on him the title of Tas͟hrīf K. The -offerings of Thursday, the 21st, were handed over as a reward to -Qiyām K., the chief huntsman. As Allah-dād Afghan, s. the -Tārīkī,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4901src" href= -"#xd24e4901" name="xd24e4901src">74</a> had repented of his evil deeds -and come to Court at the request of Iʿtmādu-d-daula I -pardoned his offences; the signs of disgrace and shame were evident on -his forehead and, according to the previous arrangement, I bestowed on -him the mansab of 2,500 and 200 horse. Mīrak Jalāyir, one of -the auxiliaries of Bengal, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 400 horse.</p> -<p class="par">As it was reported that the -<i>jūg͟hāsī</i> (<i>i.e.</i>, black) tulips were in -good bloom on the roof of the Jāmiʿ mosque, on Saturday, the -23rd, I went to see them. In truth, one side of that <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href="#pb154" name= -"pb154">154</a>]</span>flower-garden was very beautiful. The parganas -of Mau<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4914src" href="#xd24e4914" name= -"xd24e4914src">75</a> and Mihrī (?) (text has Maud Mihrī), -which previously to this had been granted to Rāja Bāso, and -afterwards continued to his rebel son Sūraj Mal, were now bestowed -on Jagat Singh, his brother, who had not obtained the <i>tīka</i> -(mark of royal succession), and I gave the pargana of Jammū to -Rāja Sangrām. On Monday, the 1st of Urdībihis͟ht, I -went to the house of K͟hurram, and entered his bath-house, and -when I came out he presented his offerings. Of these I accepted a -trifle in order to please him. On Thursday, the 4th, Mīr Jumla was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 300 horse. On Sunday, the -7th, I rode to the village of Chārdara,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4921src" href="#xd24e4921" name="xd24e4921src">76</a> which is -the native country of Ḥaidar Malik, to hunt partridges. In truth -this is a very pleasant spot of ground, and has flowing streams and -lofty plane-trees. At his request I gave it the name of -Nūrpūr<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4927src" href="#xd24e4927" -name="xd24e4927src">77</a> (city of light). On the road there was a -tree<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4930src" href="#xd24e4930" name= -"xd24e4930src">78</a> called <i>halthal</i>; when one takes one of the -branches and shakes it, the whole of the tree comes into movement. The -common people believe that this movement is peculiar to that tree. By -chance in the said village I saw another tree of the same kind, which -was in similar movement, and I ascertained that it was common to that -species of tree, and not confined to one tree. In the village of -Rāwalpūr, 2½ koss from the city towards Hindustan, -there is a plane-tree, burnt in the inside. Twenty-five years before -this, when I myself <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155" -name="pb155">155</a>]</span>was riding on a horse, with five other -saddled horses and two eunuchs, we went inside it. Whenever I had -chanced to mention this people were surprised. This time I again -ordered some of the men to go inside, and what I had in my mind came to -pass in the same manner. It has been noted in the Akbar-nāma that -my father took<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4941src" href="#xd24e4941" -name="xd24e4941src">79</a> thirty-four people inside and made them -stand close to each other.</p> -<p class="par">On this day it was represented to me that -Prithī-chand, s. Rāy Manohar, who was one of the auxiliaries -of the army against Kāngṛa, had sacrificed his life in a -useless (<i>bī-ṣarfa</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e4949src" -href="#xd24e4949" name="xd24e4949src">80</a>) battle with the -enemy.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 11th, certain servants of the State -were promoted in the following manner: Tātār K. to 2,000 -personal and 500 horse; ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K. to 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse; Debī Chand of Gwalior to 1,500 personal -and 500 horse; Mīr K͟hān, s. Abū-l-Qāsim K. -Namakīn to 1,000 personal and 600 horse; Mīrzā -Muḥammad to 700 personal and 300 horse; Lut̤fu-llah to 300 -personal and 500 horse; Naṣru-llah ʿArab to 500 personal and -250 horse; and Tahawwur K. was appointed to the faujdārship of -Mewāt. On Thursday, the 25th, Sayyid Bāyazīd -Buk͟hārī, faujdār of Bhakkar, raised his head of -honour with the Subadarship of Sind, and his mansab, original and -increased, was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and he was also -presented with a standard. S͟hajāʿat K. ʿArab -obtained the honour of exaltation to the mansab of 2,500 personal and -2,000 horse. Anīrāʾī Singh-dalan, at the request of -Mahābat K., was appointed to Bangash. Jān-sipār K. was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse.</p> -<p class="par">At this time, on the representation of the -Commander-in-Chief, K͟hān-K͟hānān, and all the -loyal people, it was shown to me that ʿAmbar, the black-fated one -(he was an Abyssinian), had again placed his foot beyond the bounds of -good behaviour, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156" -name="pb156">156</a>]</span>and had, according to his nature, laid a -foundation for trouble and sedition, and as the victorious army had -proceeded to a distant part of the country, he, considering it a good -opportunity, had broken the pledges he had given to the servants of the -Court, and had stretched out his hand to take possession of royal -territory. It is hoped that he will soon be entangled in the disgrace -of his deeds. As he (the Commander-in-Chief) had asked for treasure, it -was ordered that the diwans of Agra should send Rs. 20,00,000 to the -Commander-in-Chief. Close upon this news came that the Amirs had left -their posts, and come together to Dārāb K., and that the -<i>Bargīs</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e4963src" href= -"#xd24e4963" name="xd24e4963src">81</a> (the Mahrattas) were -surrounding his camp, and that K͟hanjar K. had taken refuge in -Aḥmadnagar. Two or three battles had already taken place between -the rebels and the servants of the Court, and each time the enemy had -been defeated, and many of them killed. On the last occasion -Dārāb K., taking with him well-mounted young men, attacked -the rebels’ camp. A fierce battle ensued, and the enemy being -defeated turned the face of ruin towards the valley of flight. Their -camp had been plundered, and the victorious army had returned in safety -to their camp. As difficulty and distress had fallen on the victorious -army, those who were loyal came to the conclusion that they should go -down by the Pass of Rohangaṛh<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4966src" -href="#xd24e4966" name="xd24e4966src">82</a> and remain below the -<i>ghāt</i>, so that forage and grain might be easily obtained, -and the men not incur any labour or distress. Having no choice, they -prepared the army of prosperity at Bālāpūr, and the -rebels of black fortune, with impertinence and importunity, appeared -near Bālāpūr. Rāja Bīr Singh Deo, with some of -the devoted servants, plucking up courage in order to beat back the -enemy, slew many of them. An Abyssinian of the name of -Manṣūr, who was in the rebel army, fell into their hands, -and although they wished to put him on an elephant (see -Iqbāl-nāma 161, the text wrongly has <i>zīr</i> -“under”), he would not agree, and was insolent.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e4976src" href="#xd24e4976" name= -"xd24e4976src">83</a> Rāja Bīr Singh Deo ordered them to -separate his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name= -"pb157">157</a>]</span>head from his body. It is hoped that the -circling sphere will lay the recompense of improper deeds on the skirt -of life of all who do not recognize the right.</p> -<p class="par">On the 3rd Urdībihis͟ht I rode to see the Sukh -Nāg.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e4983src" href="#xd24e4983" name= -"xd24e4983src">84</a> It is a beautiful summer residence -(īlāq). This waterfall is in the midst of a valley, and flows -down from a lofty place. There was still ice on its sides. The -entertainment of Thursday was arranged for in that flower-land, and I -was delighted at drinking my usual cups on the edge of the water. In -this stream I saw a bird like a <i>sāj</i>.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4989src" href="#xd24e4989" name="xd24e4989src">85</a> A -<i>sāj</i> is of a black colour and has white spots, while this -bird is of the same colour as a <i>bulbul</i> with white spots, and it -dives and remains for a long time underneath, and then comes up from a -different place. I ordered them to catch and bring two or three of -these birds, that I might ascertain whether they were waterfowl and -were web-footed, or had open feet like land birds. They caught two and -brought them. One died immediately, and the other lived for a day. Its -feet were not webbed like a duck’s. I ordered -Nādiru-l-ʿaṣr Ustād Manṣūr to draw its -likeness. The Kashmiris call it <i>galkar</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5004src" href="#xd24e5004" name="xd24e5004src">86</a>—that -is, “water sāj.”</p> -<p class="par">On this day the Qāẓī and the Chief -Justice represented to me that ʿAbdu-l-Wahhāb, the son of -Ḥakīm ʿAlī, claimed Rs. 80,000 from the Sayyids of -Lahore, and produced a bond with the seal of Qāẓī -Nūru-llah. He said that his father had placed that sum in deposit -with Sayyid Walī, the father of these men, who denied it.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5012src" href="#xd24e5012" name= -"xd24e5012src">87</a> If an order were given, the <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158" name= -"pb158">158</a>]</span>Ḥakīm’s son, by way of -caution,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5028src" href="#xd24e5028" name= -"xd24e5028src">88</a> would swear an oath on the Qoran, and would take -what was his due from them. I told them to do whatever was right by the -Divine Law. The next day Muʿtamid K͟hān represented that -the Sayyids showed great humility and submissiveness. The matter was a -complicated<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5034src" href="#xd24e5034" name= -"xd24e5034src">89</a> one. The greater reflection shown in ascertaining -the truth in the matter the better. I accordingly ordered that -Āṣaf K. should take exceeding trouble and forethought in -ascertaining the truth of this quarrel, and point out such a way (of -unravelling it) that no doubt whatever should remain. With all this, if -it could not be cleared up, I would examine them in my own presence. -Immediately he heard these words, the Ḥakīm’s son lost -both his hands and his heart in the affair, and made a number of his -friends intercessors, and proposed a withdrawal. His representation was -that if the Sayyids would not<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5039src" href= -"#xd24e5039" name="xd24e5039src">90</a> refer the matter to -Āṣaf K. he would give a release, and that hereafter he would -have no right against nor claim from them. Whenever Āṣaf K. -sent to fetch him, as he was a low deceiver, he passed his time in -making excuses, and did not appear until he handed over the deed of -release to one of his friends, and the true state of affairs became -evident to Āṣaf K. They brought him by force into the place -of examination, and, having no choice, he confessed that the deed had -been prepared by one of his servants, who himself witnessed it, and had -misled him. He gave a writing to this effect. When Āṣaf K. -informed me of the real state of matters, I took away his mansab and -jagir, and cast him out of my presence, and gave the Sayyids leave to -return to Lahore in all honour and respect. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On Mubārak-s͟hamba (Thursday), the 8th of -K͟hūrdād, Iʿtiqād K͟hān was promoted -to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Ṣādiq -K͟hān to that of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. -Zainu-l-ʿābidīn, son of the deceased Āṣaf -K͟hān (Jaʿfar), was promoted to be Bakhshi of -<i>Aḥadīs</i>. Rāja Bīr Singh Deo Bandīla -raised his head of honour with the high mansab of 5,000 personal and -horse.</p> -<p class="par">In Kashmir the most juicy(?) fruit is the -<i>as͟hkan</i>(?) (<i>askamī</i> in the MSS.). It is subacid -(<i>mai-k͟hūs͟h</i>), smaller than the <i>ālū -bālū</i> (sour cherry), much better flavoured, and more -delicate. When drinking wine, one cannot eat more than three or four -<i>ālū bālū</i>, but of these one can take as many -as a hundred in twenty-four hours, especially of the -<i>paiwandī</i>(?) sort. I ordered that the <i>as͟hkan</i> -should hereafter be called the <i>k͟hūs͟hkan</i>. It -grows in the hills of Badakhshan and in Khurasan; the people there call -it <i>jamdamī</i>. The largest of them weigh ½ -<i>mis̤qāl</i>. The <i>s͟hāh-ālū</i> -(cherry), on the 4th Urdībihis͟ht, appeared of the size of a -grain of pulse; on the 27th it reddened, and on the 15th -K͟hūrdād it was ripe, and new fruit (<i>nau-bar</i>) had -formed(?). The <i>s͟hāh-ālū</i> (cherry), to my -taste, is better than most fruits. Four trees had borne fruit in the -Nūr-afzā garden. I called one of these -<i>S͟hīrīn-bār</i>, the second -<i>K͟hūs͟h-guwār</i>, the third, which bore the -most fruit, <i>Pur-bār</i>, and the fourth, which had less, -<i>Kam-bār</i>. One tree in K͟hurram’s garden had also -borne fruit, and I called it <i>S͟hāhwār</i>. There was -a young plant in the little garden of -<i>ʿIs͟hrat-afzā</i> (joy enhancing), and this I called -<i>Nau-bār</i> (new fruit). Every day I plucked with my own hand -sufficient to give a flavour to my cups. Although they sent them by -runners from Kabul as well, yet to pick them oneself from one’s -home garden gave additional sweetness. The -<i>s͟hāh-ālū</i> of Kashmir is not inferior to that -of Kabul; it is even better grown. The largest of them weighed one -<i>tānk</i>, five <i>surk͟hs</i>.</p> -<p class="par">On Tuesday, the 21st, Pāds͟hāh<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5125src" href="#xd24e5125" name= -"xd24e5125src">91</a> Bānū Begam died (became a sitter in the -bridal chamber of the permanent world), and <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb160" href="#pb160" name= -"pb160">160</a>]</span>grief for this heart-rending event laid a heavy -load on my mind. I hope that Almighty God may give her a place near his -own forgiveness. A strange thing is—that Jotik Rāy, the -astrologer, two months before this, had informed some of my servants -that one of the chief sitters in the harem of chastity would hasten to -the hidden abode of non-existence. He had discovered this from the -horoscope of my destiny, and it fell out accordingly.</p> -<p class="par">One of the events (that now took place) was the -martyrdom of Sayyid ʿIzzat<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5135src" -href="#xd24e5135" name="xd24e5135src">92</a> K. and of Jalāl K. -Gakhar in the army of Bangash. The particulars of this are that when -the season for the collection of revenue arrived, Mahābat K. -appointed a force to go into the hill-country to eat up the crops of -the Afghans, and not omit one tittle of raiding and plundering, and -killing and binding. When the servants of the Court arrived at the foot -of the Pass the ill-fated Afghans attacked them from all sides, and -took the head of the Pass, and fortified it. Jalāl K., who was an -experienced man, and an old man that had undergone labours, thought it -better to delay for a few days, so that the Afghans might expend the -few days’ provisions they had brought with them on their backs, -and necessarily disperse of their own accord; that then his men would -be able to cross with ease over the head of the difficult Pass. When he -once passed the head of the defile they would be unable to do any more, -and would be punished. ʿIzzat K., who was a battle-lighting flame -and a foe-burning lightning, did not fall in with Jalāl K.’s -idea, and excited the steed of courage of some of the Sayyids of -Bārha. The Afghans, swarming round on all sides, like ants and -locusts, attacked him, and caught him in their midst. Though the -battlefield was not fit for cavalry, yet wherever the forehead of his -wrath shone, he consumed many with the fire of his sword. In the midst -of the fighting they hamstringed his horse, but he fought on foot and -as long as he had breath, and at last fell bravely. At the time when -ʿIzzat K. made his attack, Jalāl K. Gakhar<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e5138src" href="#xd24e5138" name="xd24e5138src">93</a> and -Masʿūd, s. Aḥmad Beg K., and Bīzan <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name="pb161">161</a>]</span>(or -Bīzhan), s. Nād ʿAlī Maidānī, and other -servants, lost restraint, and rushed on from all sides of the pass, and -the rebels seized the tops of the hills, and fought with stones and -arrows. The devoted young men, both of the servants of the Court and -the retainers of Mahābat K., performed the duties of valour, and -slaughtered many of the Afghans. In this contest Jalāl K. and -Masʿūd, with many other brave men, sacrificed their lives. -Owing to the rashness of ʿIzzat K. such a disaster as this befell -the Imperial army.</p> -<p class="par">When Mahābat K. heard this fearful news, he sent a -fresh body of men to assist, and strengthened the posts. Wherever they -found a trace of those ill-fortuned ones, they did not fail to slay or -bind them. When I heard this news, I summoned Akbar Qulī, s. -Jalāl K. who had been told off for duty in the conquest of the -fort of Kāngṛa, to my presence, and gave him the mansab of -1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and confirmed to him, according to -custom, his hereditary territory (the Gakhar country) in jagir, -presented him with a dress of honour and a horse, and sent him to the -support of the army of Bangash. As ʿIzzat K. had left a son of -very tender years, keeping before my eyes, that discerned the truth, -his life-sacrifice, I gave him (the child) a mansab and a jagir, so -that those left behind should not be scattered abroad, and others might -have increased hope.</p> -<p class="par">On this day S͟haik͟h Aḥmad of Sirhind, -who had for some time been placed in the prison of correction on -account of his pretentiousness (literally, adorning his shop and -selling himself) and immoderate language, was summoned to my presence, -and I released him, giving him a dress of honour and Rs. 1,000 for -expenses, and making him free to go or remain. He justly represented -that his punishment had really been a valuable lesson to him, and that -his desire was to wait on me.</p> -<p class="par">On the 27th K͟hūrdād apricots -arrived<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5150src" href="#xd24e5150" name= -"xd24e5150src">94</a> (from Kabul). The picture-gallery in the garden -had been ordered to be repaired; it was now adorned with pictures by -master hands. In the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162" -name="pb162">162</a>]</span>most honoured positions were the likenesses -of Humāyūn and of my father opposite to my own, and that of -my brother S͟hāh ʿAbbās. After them were the -likenesses of Mīrzā Kāmrān, Mīrzā -Muḥammad Ḥakīm, S͟hāh Murād, and -Sult̤ān Dāniyāl. On the second storey (row?) were -the likenesses of the Amirs and special servants. On walls of the outer -hall the stages of the road to Kashmir were recorded in the order in -which I had come to them. A poet fixed the date by this hemistich:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Pictures of kings of Solomon-like glory.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5160src" href="#xd24e5160" name= -"xd24e5160src">95</a></p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On Thursday, the 4th of the Ilāhī month -of Tīr, the Feast of -<i>būriyā-kūbī</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5169src" href="#xd24e5169" name="xd24e5169src">96</a> took place. -On this day the Kashmir cherries came to an end. From the four trees of -the Nūr-afzā garden, 1,500, and from other trees 500 had been -plucked. I strictly ordered the officials of Kashmir to plant -<i>s͟hāh-ālū</i> (cherry) trees in all the gardens. -On this day Bhīm, s. Rānā Amar Singh, was honoured with -the title of Raja, and Dilīr K., brother of the brave ʿIzzat -K., was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse, -Muḥammad Saʿīd, s. Aḥmad Beg K., to that of 600 -personal and 400 horse, and Muk͟hliṣ-ullah, his brother, to -that of 500 personal and 250 horse. On Sayyid Aḥmad Ṣadr -the mansab of 1,000, and on Mīrzā Ḥusain, s. -Mīrzā Rustam Ṣafawī, that of 1,000 personal and -500 horse, were bestowed, and the last-named was despatched for duty to -the Deccan. On Sunday, the 14th of the Divine month of Tīr, -Ḥasan ʿAlī Turkmān was made Governor of Orissa, -and his personal and horse mansab was raised to 3,000. On this day -Bahādur K., Governor of Qandahar, sent offerings of nine Iraq -horses, some nine pieces of gold brocade, some brocaded satin, and some -marten<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5175src" href="#xd24e5175" name= -"xd24e5175src">97</a> skins, and other things; these were laid before -me.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 15th, I rode to see the summer quarters -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name= -"pb163">163</a>]</span>of Tūsī-marg<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5187src" href="#xd24e5187" name="xd24e5187src">98</a> (?). -Arriving in two matches at the foot of the <i>kotal</i>, on Wednesday, -the 17th, I reached the top of the pass. For a distance of 2 koss very -elevated ground was crossed with difficulty. From the top of the -<i>kotal</i> to the <i>Īlāq</i> (summer quarters) was another -koss of high and low land. Although here and there flowers of various -colours had bloomed, yet I did not see so many as they had represented -to me, and as I had expected. I heard that in this neighbourhood there -was a very beautiful valley, and on Thursday, the 18th, I went to see -it. Undoubtedly, whatever praise they might use in speaking of that -flowery land would be permissible. As far as the eye reached flowers of -all colours were blooming. There were picked fifty kinds of flowers in -my presence. Probably there were others that I did not see. At the end -of the day I turned my reins in order to return. That night an account -was given in my presence of the siege of Ahmadnagar. -K͟hān-Jahān told a strange tale, which I had also heard -before, and it is written on account of its strangeness. At the time -when my brother Dāniyāl was besieging the fort of Ahmadnagar, -one day the garrison laid the gun <i>Malik-maidān</i><a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5202src" href="#xd24e5202" name= -"xd24e5202src">99</a> (king of the plain) against the Prince’s -camp, and fired it. The ball reached nearly to the Prince’s tent; -from that place it bounded (ricocheted), and went to the lodging of -Qāẓī Bāyazīd, who was one of the -Prince’s companions, and fell there. They had tied up the -Qāẓī’s horse at a distance of 3 or 4 gaz. As the -ball touched the ground, the horse’s tongue<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5205src" href="#xd24e5205" name="xd24e5205src">100</a> was torn -out by the root and fell on the ground. The ball was of stone, weighing -10 maunds as current in Hindustan, or 80 Khurasar maunds. The said gun -is so large that a man can sit comfortably in it.</p> -<p class="par">On this day I promoted Abū-l-Ḥasan, the chief -Bakshi, to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Mubāriz -K. to that of 2,000 personal and 1,700 horse. Bīzan (or -Bīzhan) <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164" name= -"pb164">164</a>]</span>s. Nād ʿAlī, to that of 1,000 -personal and 500 horse, and Amānat K. to that of 2,000 personal -and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 25th, I gave Nawāzis͟h K., s. -Saʿīd K., the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, -Himmat K. that of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sayyid -Yaʿqūb K., s. Sayyid Kamāl Buk͟hārī, that -of 800 personal and 500 horse. Mīr ʿAlī -ʿAskar,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5218src" href="#xd24e5218" -name="xd24e5218src">101</a> s. Mīr ʿAlī Akbar -Mūsawī, was dignified with the title of Mūsawī K. -As I had repeatedly heard praise of the <i>Īlāq</i> of -Kūrī-marg,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5224src" href= -"#xd24e5224" name="xd24e5224src">102</a> I felt much disposed to visit -it at this time, and on Tuesday, the 7th Amurdād, rode in that -direction. How shall I write its praise? As far as the eye could reach -flowers of various hue were blooming, and in the midst of the flowers -and verdure beautiful streams of water were flowing: one might say it -was a page that the painter of destiny had drawn with the pencil of -creation. The buds of hearts break into flower from beholding it. -Undoubtedly there is no comparison between this and other -<i>Īlāqs</i>, and it may be said to be the place most worth -seeing in Kashmir.</p> -<p class="par">In Hindustan (<i>i.e.</i>, Upper India) there is a bird -called <i>Papīhā</i>,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5238src" -href="#xd24e5238" name="xd24e5238src">103</a> of a sweet voice, which -in the rainy season utters soul-piercing (<i>jān-sūz</i>, -lit. soul-burning) laments. As the <i>koyal</i> lays its egg in the -nest of the crow, and the latter brings up its young, so I have seen in -Kashmir that the <i>papīhā</i> lays its egg in the nest of -the <i>g͟haug͟hāʾī</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5272src" href="#xd24e5272" name="xd24e5272src">104</a> -(ring-dove?) and the <i>g͟haug͟hāʾī</i> brings -up its young. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165" name= -"pb165">165</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 17th, Fidāʾī K. was -promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 700 horse. On this day the -ambassador of ʿIzzat<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5302src" href= -"#xd24e5302" name="xd24e5302src">105</a> K., ruler of Ūrganj, by -name Muḥammad Zāhid, came to the Court, and presented a -petition, accompanied with some trifling presents, and recalled the -existence of hereditary relations (lit., shook the chain of hereditary -connection). I distinguished him with the eye of kindness, and on the -spur of the moment gave the ambassador 10,000 darbs (Rs. 5,000) as a -present, and ordered the officials of the buyūtāt (household) -to prepare and send (by him) such things as he might ask for.</p> -<p class="par">At this time a strange act of grace occurred to my -son<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5307src" href="#xd24e5307" name= -"xd24e5307src">106</a> K͟hān-Jahān (Lodī). He had -become very ill from the madness of wine, and from the overpowering of -this man-destroying intoxication things had come to such a pass that it -threatened his precious life. Suddenly he reformed, and God directed -him, and he made a vow that thereafter he would not defile the fringe -of his lip with wine. Although I warned him that it was not good to -give it up all at once, and that he should leave it off gradually, he -would not consent, but gave it up manfully.</p> -<p class="par">On the 25th of Amurdād Bahādur K., Governor of -Qandahar, was promoted to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, -and on the 2nd of the Divine month of S͟hahrīwar, Mān -Singh, s. Rāwat S͟hankar, to that of 1,500 and 800 horse, -Mīr Ḥusāmu-d-dīn to that of 1,500 and 500 horse, -and Karamu-llah, s. ʿAlī Mardān K.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5315src" href="#xd24e5315" name="xd24e5315src">107</a> to that of -600 with 300 horse. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" -name="pb166">166</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">As at this time I was much inclined to -parti-coloured<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5321src" href="#xd24e5321" -name="xd24e5321src">108</a> veined teeth, the great Amirs exerted -themselves greatly in looking out for them. Of these, -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K. Naqs͟hbandī sent a servant of -the name of ʿAbdu-llah with a letter to K͟hwāja -Ḥasan and K͟hwāja ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm, ss. -K͟hwāja Kalān Jūybārī, who are to-day the -leading holy men of Transoxiana, containing a request for these things. -By chance, K͟hwāja Ḥasan had a perfect tooth, -exceedingly delicate, and immediately sent it with the aforesaid -(servant) to the Court, which it reached this day. I was greatly -pleased, and ordered them to send the value of Rs. 30,000 in choice -goods to the K͟hwājas, a service for which Mīr Baraka -Buk͟hārī was fixed upon. On Thursday, the 12th -S͟hahrīwar, Mīr Mīrān obtained leave to take -up the faujdārship of Mewāt, and his mansab, original and -increased, was fixed at 2,000 with 1,500 horse. I gave him a special -horse, with a dress of honour and a sword.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was made clear from a report of -Sundar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5334src" href="#xd24e5334" name= -"xd24e5334src">109</a> that Jauhar Mal, the rebel, had delivered his -soul to the lords of hell (had died). It was also reported that a force -sent against one of the Zamindars had abandoned the path of caution, -and without fortifying the way of entrance and exit, or taking -possession of the hill-tops, had entered into the fastnesses of the -hills, and had fought without any good result. As the day drew towards -its close, they had turned their reins with their object -unaccomplished, and in turning back, had made every haste. Many people -had been killed, especially those who would not put up with the -disgrace of flight. They purchased martyrdom with their lives. Out of -them S͟hāh-bāz K. Dalūmānī<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5337src" href="#xd24e5337" name= -"xd24e5337src">110</a> (?), which is a tribe of Lodī <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167" name= -"pb167">167</a>]</span>Afghans, sacrificed his life with a band of his -servants and tribesmen. In truth he was a good servant, and had -intelligence combined with modesty. Another report was that Jamāl -Afg͟hān, Rustam, his brother, Sayyid Naṣīb -Bārha, and some others had come in wounded. It was also reported -that the siege (of Kāngṛa) had become a close one, and the -affair was going hard with the besieged. They had sent (literally -thrown out) men as mediators, and had asked for quarter. It was hoped -that by the blessing of increasing fortune the fort would be -subdued.</p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 18th of the same month -(S͟hahrīwar), Dilāwar K. Kākar died a natural -death. Beyond all the other Amirs of high rank, he combined valour with -leadership and knowledge of affairs, and from the time when I was a -prince carried away from all the ball of superiority in my service. He -acted constantly with the perfection of sincerity and the jewel of -doing right, and had thus arrived at the dignity of Amirship. In the -end of his life God Almighty bestowed grace upon him, and the conquest -of Kis͟htwār, which was an exemplary service, was -accomplished by his courage. It is hoped he may be one of the pardoned. -His sons and the others that he left behind him I exalted with all -kinds of favours and patronage, and enrolled those of his people who -were fit for mansabs amongst the servants of the Court. I ordered the -rest, to remain as usual with his sons, so that his company might not -be split up.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Qūr Yasāwul came with a diamond -that Ibrāhīm K. Fatḥ-jang had obtained from the Bengal -mine, and waited on me. Wazīr K., dīwān of Bengal, who -was an old servant of the Court, died a natural death.</p> -<p class="par">On the night of Thursday, the 19th, the Kashmiris had -lined with lamps both sides of the Bihat. It is an ancient custom that -every year on this day everyone, whether rich or poor, whoever has a -house on the bank of the river, should light lamps as on the -S͟hab-i-barāt. I asked the brahmans the reason of this, and -they said that on this day the fountain-head of the Jhelam was -disclosed, and the custom had come down from old days that on this date -must take place the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168" -name="pb168">168</a>]</span>feast of <i>Veth tarwāh</i>.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5354src" href="#xd24e5354" name= -"xd24e5354src">111</a> Veth means the Jhelam, and they call thirteen -<i>tarwāh</i>; as this day is the 13th of S͟hawwāl, they -light lamps. In this way they call it the <i>Veth tarwāh</i>. -Undoubtedly the lamp-lighting was good. I sate in a boat and went round -to see it. On this day the feast of my solar weighing took place, and -according to the usual custom, I weighed myself against gold and other -things, which I distributed among deserving people. The 51st year of -the age of this suppliant at the throne of Allah came to an end; the -52nd year lit up the face of expectation. It is hoped that the period -of my life will be spent in pleasing God. The entertainment of -Thursday, the 26th, was held in the lodging of Āṣaf K. -(Nūr-Jahān’s brother), and that pillar of the Sultanate -fulfilled the duties of homage, and of offerings, and thereby acquired -eternal bliss.</p> -<p class="par">On 1 S͟hahrīwar (about 11 August) ducks -(<i>murg͟hābī</i>) appeared on the Wular lake, and on -the 24th of that month they appeared on the Dal lake. The following is -the list of birds which are <i>not</i> met with in Kashmir:</p> -<p class="par"></p> -<div class="table"> -<h4 class="tablecaption"><span class="sc">List.</span></h4> -<table class="xd24e5381"> -<tbody> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft cellTop">1.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight cellTop">Crane<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5392src" href="#xd24e5392" name="xd24e5392src">112</a> -(<i>kulang</i>).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">16.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Goose (<i>qāz</i>).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">2.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Sāras (<i lang="la">grus -Antigone</i>).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">17.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Konkla (<i>kokilā</i>, the black -cuckoo?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">3.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Peacock.<span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb169" href="#pb169" name="pb169">169</a>]</span></td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">18.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Partridge (<i>durrāj</i>).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">4.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Bustard (<i>jarz or charz</i>).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">19.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Shāvak (starling).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">5.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Stork (<i>laglag</i>).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">20.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Nol-i-surk͟h (redbeak, -[parrot]?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">6.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Bustard -(<i>tug͟hdarī</i>).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">21.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Mūsīcha (wood-pigeon?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">7.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Bustard -(<i>tug͟hdāg͟h</i>).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">22.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Hariyal (green pigeon?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">8.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Karwānak (kind of crane?).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">23.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Dhīng (adjutant).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">9.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Zard-tilak (golden oriole?).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">24.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Koyal (<i lang="la">Eudynamys -Orientalis</i>).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">10.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Nuqra-pāy (silver-foot).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">25.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">S͟hakar-k͟hwāra -(sugar-eater, [parrot]?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">11.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">ʿAzam-pāy.</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">26.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Mahokhā (<i lang="la">cuculus -castaneus</i>?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">12.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Boza laglag (royal curlew).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">27.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Mahirlāt (?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">13.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Pelican (<i>hawāsil</i>).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">28.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Dhanes͟h (hornbill).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">14.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Makisa (Ardea indica?).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">29.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Gulchaṛī (quail?).</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft">15.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight">Bag͟hlā (paddy-bird).</td> -<td class="cellDoubleUp"></td> -<td class="xd24e5385 cellLeft cellBottom">30.</td> -<td class="xd24e5386 cellRight cellBottom"> -Ṭaṭīrī, which the Turks call (blank in MSS.) and -I have named <i>bad-āwāz</i>, “evil-voiced.” (It -is perhaps the sandpiper.)</td> -</tr> -</tbody> -</table> -</div> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par">As the Persian names of some of these are not known, or -rather, these birds don’t exist in Persia (<i>Wilāyat</i>), -I have written the Hindi names.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5588src" -href="#xd24e5588" name="xd24e5588src">113</a> The names of the -carnivorous <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name= -"pb170">170</a>]</span>and herbivorous animals that are <i>not</i> in -Kashmir are as follows: The tiger, the panther (<i>yūz</i>), the -rhinoceros,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5618src" href="#xd24e5618" name= -"xd24e5618src">114</a> the wild buffalo, the black antelope, the -gazelle, the <i>kotāh pācha</i> (hog-deer), the -<i>nīl-gāw</i>, the wild ass, the hare, the lynx, the wild -cat, the <i>mūshak-i-karbalāʾī</i> (?),<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5630src" href="#xd24e5630" name= -"xd24e5630src">115</a> the porpoise, and the porcupine.</p> -<p class="par">On this day peaches came from Kabul by runners. The -largest of these weighed 26 <i>tolas</i>,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5641src" href="#xd24e5641" name="xd24e5641src">116</a> or 65 -<i>mis̤qāls</i>. As long as their season lasted, such a -number came that I gave them to most of the Amirs, and to the private -servants fed from the royal table.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5649src" href= -"#xd24e5649" name="xd24e5649src">117</a> the 27th, I went out to see -Vīrnāg,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5652src" href="#xd24e5652" -name="xd24e5652src">118</a> the source of the Bihat. Going up the river -5 koss in a boat, I alighted at the village of Pāmpūr.</p> -<p class="par">On this day unpleasant news came from -Kis͟htwār. The details of this are that when Dilāwar K. -conquered it and returned to Court, he left Naṣru-llah -ʿArab, with some of the mansabdars to guard it. Naṣru-llah -made two mistakes. One was that he treated the Zamindars and the people -of the place harshly, and did not observe a conciliatory demeanour -towards them. The second was that the forces sent as auxiliaries to -him, in expectation of increase of mansab, asked him for leave to go to -Court and transact their affairs. He yielded to their -representations,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5657src" href="#xd24e5657" -name="xd24e5657src">119</a> and gave them leave one <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171" name= -"pb171">171</a>]</span>after the other. When only a small force was -left with him, the Zamindars, whose hearts had been wounded by him, and -were on the look out for a disturbance, found their opportunity and -made an attack from all quarters. Having burnt the bridge by which the -army had crossed, and by which assistance could come, they lighted the -fire of disturbance and sedition. Naṣru-llah shut himself up, and -for two or three days defended himself with the greatest difficulty -(literally, with a thousand life-extractions). As he had no provisions, -and they had closed the road, he determined to accept martyrdom, and -manfully, with some of those who were with him, performed the dues of -bravery and valour until most of his men were killed, and some became -captives in the hands of destiny.</p> -<p class="par">When this news reached my ear, I appointed Jalāl, -s. Dilāwar K., on whose forehead the traces of bravery and -ambition were manifest, and who had done good service in the conquest -of Kis͟htwār, with the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 -horse, giving him the attendants of his father who were enrolled among -the servants of the Court, and an army of the soldiers of Kashmir, with -many of the Zamindars and men on foot with muskets, to assist him in -overcoming that mob, doomed to a vile end. An order was also given that -Rāja Sangrām, the Zamindar of Jammu, with his own men, should -come in by the hill-road from Jammu. It is hoped that the rebels will -quickly obtain the recompense for their deeds.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 28th, I marched 4½ koss. Passing -one koss beyond Kākāpūr, I came to the bank of the -river. The <i>bang</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e5671src" href= -"#xd24e5671" name="xd24e5671src">120</a> (<i>bhang</i>) of -Kākāpūr is well-known. It grows wild on the bank of the -river in quantities. On Sunday, the 29th, I halted at the village of -Panj Brāra.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5677src" href="#xd24e5677" -name="xd24e5677src">121</a> This village<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5680src" href="#xd24e5680" name="xd24e5680src">122</a> has been -bestowed on my fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz. His Vakils -had prepared a small building and a little garden overlooking the -river. In the neighbourhood of Panj Brāra there is a <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172" name= -"pb172">172</a>]</span>meadow (<i>julga</i>)<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5689src" href="#xd24e5689" name="xd24e5689src">123</a> -exceedingly clean and pleasant, with seven lofty plane-trees in the -middle of it, and a stream of the river flowing round it. The Kashmiris -call it <i>Sathā Bhūlī</i>(?)<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5704src" href="#xd24e5704" name="xd24e5704src">124</a> It is one -of the great resorts of Kashmir.</p> -<p class="par">On this day arrived the news of the death of -K͟hān Daurān,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5710src" href= -"#xd24e5710" name="xd24e5710src">125</a> who died a natural death at -Lahore. He had nearly reached ninety years of age. He was one of the -brave men of the age and valiant in the battlefield. He combined -bravery with leadership. He performed great services for the dynasty. -It is hoped that he will be among the pardoned ones. He left four sons, -but none of them was worthy to be his son. He left about Rs. 400,000 in -cash and goods, which were given to his sons.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 30th, I first visited the fountain of -Inch. This village had been given by my father to Rām Dās -Kachhwāha,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5715src" href="#xd24e5715" -name="xd24e5715src">126</a> and he had erected buildings and basins at -the spring. Undoubtedly, it is an exceedingly sweet and delightful -place. Its water is perfectly clear and pure, and many fish swim in -it.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">So clear the water that the grains of sand at -bottom</p> -<p class="line">Could be counted at midnight by a blind man.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">As I gave<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5728src" -href="#xd24e5728" name="xd24e5728src">127</a> the village to my son -K͟hān Jahān, he prepared an entertainment there, and -presented offerings. I chose a trifle in order to please him. Half a -koss from this spring, there is a fountain that they call Machhī -Bhawan,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5731src" href="#xd24e5731" name= -"xd24e5731src">128</a> above which Rāy Bihārī Chand, one -of the servants of my father, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb173" -href="#pb173" name="pb173">173</a>]</span>built an idol-temple. The -beauty of this spring is more than one can describe, and large trees of -ancient years, planes, white and black poplars, have grown up round it. -I passed the night at this place, and on Tuesday, the 31st, pitched at -the fountain of Achval.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5739src" href= -"#xd24e5739" name="xd24e5739src">129</a> The water of this spring is -more plentiful than that of the other, and it has a fine waterfall. -Around it lofty plane-trees and graceful white poplars, bringing their -heads together, have made enchanting places to sit in. As far as one -could see, in a beautiful garden, <i>Jaʿfarī</i> flowers had -bloomed, so that one might say it was a piece of Paradise. On -Wednesday, the 1st of Mihr, marching from Achval, I pitched camp near -the fountain of Vīrnāg.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5746src" -href="#xd24e5746" name="xd24e5746src">130</a> On Thursday, the 2nd, the -feast of cups was prepared at the spring. I gave my private attendants -permission to sit down. Filling brimming cups, I gave them Kabul -peaches as a relish, and in the evening they returned drunk -(<i>mastān</i>, exhilarated?) to their abodes. This spring is the -source of the River Bihat, and is situated at the foot of a hill, the -soil of which, from the abundance of trees and the extent of green and -grass, is not seen. When I was a prince, I had given an order that they -should erect a building at this spring suitable to the place. It was -now completed. There was a reservoir of an octagonal shape, forty-two -yards in area and fourteen<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5752src" href= -"#xd24e5752" name="xd24e5752src">131</a> gaz in depth. Its water, from -the reflection of the grass and plants on the hill, had assumed a hue -of verdure. Many fish swam in it, round it halls with domes had been -erected, and there was a garden in front of them. From the edge of the -pond to the gate<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5755src" href="#xd24e5755" -name="xd24e5755src">132</a> of the garden there was a canal 1 gaz in -width and 180<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5758src" href="#xd24e5758" -name="xd24e5758src">133</a> gaz in length, and 2 gaz in depth. Round -the reservoir was a stone walk -(<i>k͟hiyābān-i-sang</i>). <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb174" href="#pb174" name="pb174">174</a>]</span>The water of the -reservoir was so clear that, notwithstanding its 4 gaz of depth, if a -pea had fallen into it, it could have been seen. Of the trimness of the -canal and the verdure of the grass that grew below the fountain, what -can one write? Various<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5767src" href= -"#xd24e5767" name="xd24e5767src">134</a> sorts of plants and -sweet-smelling herbs grew there in profusion, and among them was seen a -stem (<i>būṭā</i>), which had exactly the appearance of -the variegated tail of a peacock. It waved about in the ripple, and -bore flowers here and there. In short, in the whole of Kashmir there is -no sight of such beauty and enchanting character. It appears to me that -what is upstream<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5773src" href="#xd24e5773" -name="xd24e5773src">135</a> in Kashmir bears no comparison with -(<i>i.e.</i>, is far superior to) what is downstream. One should stay -some days in these regions, and go round them so as to enjoy oneself -thoroughly. As the hour for marching was near, and snow was beginning -to fall at the head of the passes, I had not the leisure to linger -there, and was obliged to turn my rein towards the city. I gave an -order that plane-trees should be planted on both sides, on the banks of -the canal above mentioned. On Saturday, the 4th, I encamped at the -spring of Loka Bhawan.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5779src" href= -"#xd24e5779" name="xd24e5779src">136</a> This spring is also a pleasant -spot. Although at present it is not equal to the others, if it were to -be repaired it would be very good. I ordered them to construct a -building worthy of the place, and to repair the reservoir in front of -it. On the road I passed by a spring which they call Andha -Nāg<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5783src" href="#xd24e5783" name= -"xd24e5783src">137</a> (blind fountain. <i>See</i> -Iqbāl-nāma, 166). It is well known that the fish in this -fountain are blind. I delayed a while near this spring, and threw in a -net and caught twelve of the fish. Of these, three were blind and nine -had eyes. Evidently the water of this spring has the effect of making -them blind. Certainly this is not devoid of strangeness. On Sunday, the -5th, I again passed by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href= -"#pb175" name="pb175">175</a>]</span>the springs of Machhī Bhawan -and Inch, and went to the city.</p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 8th, news arrived of the death of -Hās͟him, s. Qāsim K. On Thursday, the 9th, Irādat -K. was promoted to the governorship of Kashmir. Mīr Jumla in his -place was chosen for the duty of <i>K͟hānsāmān</i>, -and Muʿtamid<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5799src" href="#xd24e5799" -name="xd24e5799src">138</a> K. to that of -<i>ʿArẓ-muqarrir</i>. The mansab of 2,000 personal and 500 -horse was ordered for Mīr Jumla. On the night of Saturday, the -11th, I entered the city. Āṣaf K. was appointed to the duty -of Diwan of Gujarat. Sangrām, Raja of Jammu, was promoted to the -mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse.</p> -<p class="par">On this day I saw an unusual kind of fishing on the part -of the fishermen of Kashmir. In a place where the water was up to a -man’s chest, they propelled two boats that were side by side, and -so that at one end they were in contact, and at the other end they were -14 or 15 yards apart. Two boatmen held long poles in their hands, and -sate on the outside edge of each boat (?) so as to regulate the space -between each boat, and that they should proceed equally. Then ten or -twelve boatmen got down into the water, and laying hold of the ends of -the two boats that were joined<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5807src" -href="#xd24e5807" name="xd24e5807src">139</a> together with their -hands, trampled the bottom with their feet, and moved on. The fish -which were between the boats wanted to get out of the narrow space, and -came against the feet of the boatmen. Immediately one of the boatmen -dived, and another one pressed upon his back, and with his two hands -kept him from coming to the surface. The latter caught a fish and -produced it. Some who are skilful in the art catch two fish with their -hands, and bring them to the surface. Among them was an old boatman, -who generally at each dive brought up two fish. This kind of fishing -occurs at Panj Brāra,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5813src" href= -"#xd24e5813" name="xd24e5813src">140</a> and is peculiar to the Jhelam. -It is not used in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176" -name="pb176">176</a>]</span>ponds or in other streams. It also only -takes place in the spring when the water is not cold or impetuous -(<i>gazanda</i>, “biting”?).</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 13th, the feast of the Dasahrā took -place. According to the annual custom, they decorated the horses in the -special stables, and those that had been entrusted to Amirs, and -brought them out. At this time I experienced in myself a shortness of -breath and difficulty in breathing. I hope that in the end, please God, -it may all go well.</p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, the 15th, I went to make an autumn tour in -the direction of Ṣafāpūr and the valley of Lār, -situated downstream of the Kashmir River. In Ṣafāpūr -there is a fine tank, and on the north side of it a hill full of trees. -It being the beginning of autumn, it had a wonderful appearance, with -trees of all colours, such as the planes, the apricot, and others, -reflected in the middle of the tank, and very beautiful. Undoubtedly -the beauties of autumn are not less than those of spring.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">There’s no exhilaration in decay, but to the -eye</p> -<p class="line">The glory of autumn is more brilliant than the -Spring.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">As the time was short and the hour of marching -near, I took a short circuit and returned. These few days I passed -pleasantly in catching<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5835src" href= -"#xd24e5835" name="xd24e5835src">141</a> ducks. One day, in the midst -of the sport, a boatman caught and brought me a young <i>qarqara</i> -(the demoiselle crane, <i>Ardea virgo</i>). It was very thin and -miserable. It did not live longer than one night. The <i>qarqara</i> -does not live in Kashmir. This had become ill and thin at the time of -coming from, or going to, Hindustan, and fallen there.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday news came of the death of Mīrzā -Raḥmāndād, s. the -K͟hān-k͟hānān. He died a natural death at -Bālāpūr. It appears that he had been suffering from -fever for some days. When he was recovering, the Deccanis one day -appeared with an army. His elder brother, Dārāb K., mounted -with the intention of fighting. When the news <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177" name= -"pb177">177</a>]</span>reached Raḥmān-dād, with great -bravery, notwithstanding his weakness and failing health, he went to -his brother. After he had beaten the enemy, he returned and in taking -off his <i>jubba</i> (quilted waistcoat) was not sufficiently careful. -The wind immediately caught him, and he was seized with convulsions, -and his tongue became powerless to speak. He remained two or three days -in this state and died. He was a good and brave youth, was fond of -sword-play, and was very zealous. In every place it was his idea to -display his skill with the sword. Although fire burns equally what is -green and what is dry, yet it appeared very grievous to me, and what -must it have been to his broken-hearted old father? Hardly had the -wound from the calamity of S͟hāh-nawāz K. healed, when -he received this fresh wound. I trust that God Almighty may give him -patience and resignation.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 16th, K͟hanjar K. was promoted to -the mansab of 3,000 personal and horse, Qāsim K. to that of 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse, and Muḥammad Ḥusain, brother of -K͟hwāja Jahān, who held the post of -Bak͟hs͟hī to the army of Kāngṛa, that of 800 -personal and horse. On the night<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5860src" -href="#xd24e5860" name="xd24e5860src">142</a> of Monday, the 27th of -the Divine month of Mihr, after one watch and seven gharis had passed, -the royal standards were raised auspiciously and happily to return -towards Hindustan. As the saffron had blossomed, a march was made from -the neighbourhood of the city to the village of -Pāmpūr.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5863src" href="#xd24e5863" -name="xd24e5863src">143</a> In the whole country of Kashmir there is -saffron only in this place. On Thursday, the 30th, the feast of cups -was held in a saffron field. Groves on groves, and plains on plains -were in bloom. The breeze in that place scented one’s brain. The -stem is attached (close?) to the ground. The flower has four petals, -and its colour is that of a violet. It is of the size of a -<i>champa</i> flower, and from the middle of it three stigmas of -saffron grow. They plant the bulbs, and in a good year obtain 400 -maunds of the current <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href= -"#pb178" name="pb178">178</a>]</span>weight or 3,002<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e5871src" href="#xd24e5871" name="xd24e5871src">144</a> -Khurasan maunds. The custom is for half to go to the government, and -half to the cultivators. A seer is bought and sold for Rs. 10. -Occasionally its market price is more or less, and it is an established -custom that they bring the saffron flowers plucked, and according to -the plan they have adopted from of old, they take half its weight in -salt as wages. There is no salt in Kashmir, and they bring it from -Hindustan. Again, among the excellencies of Kashmir are the plumes of -feathers (<i>kalgī</i>) and the hawks -(<i>jānwar-i-s͟hikārī</i>). As much as 10,700 -feathers are yearly obtained. Hawks and falcons are taken in nets to -the number of 260. It has also nest sparrow-hawks -(<i>bās͟ha</i>),<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5884src" href= -"#xd24e5884" name="xd24e5884src">145</a> and the nest sparrow-hawk is -not bad. On Friday, the 1st of the divine month of Ābān, -marching from Pāmpūr, I pitched my camp at -K͟hānpūr. As it was reported to me that -Zambīl<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5889src" href="#xd24e5889" name= -"xd24e5889src">146</a> Beg, ambassador from my brother S͟hāh -ʿAbbās, had reached the neighbourhood of Lahore, a dress of -honour and Rs. 30,000 for expenses were sent to him by Mīr -Ḥusāmu-d-dīn s. ʿAẓudu-d-daula -Injū.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5892src" href="#xd24e5892" name= -"xd24e5892src">147</a> I ordered that whatever he might expend on -entertaining the ambassador should be sent to him to the extent of Rs. -5,000.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5896src" href="#xd24e5896" name= -"xd24e5896src">148</a> Before this I had directed that from Kashmir to -the end of the hilly country buildings should be erected at each stage -for the accommodation of myself and the ladies, for in the cold weather -one should not be in tents. Although the buildings at this stage had -been completed, as they were still damp and there was a smell of lime, -we put up in tents. On Saturday, the 2nd, I halted at Kalampūr. As -it had repeatedly been represented to me that in the neighbourhood of -Hīrāpūr there was a waterfall<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5899src" href="#xd24e5899" name="xd24e5899src">149</a> very high -and wonderful, as it was 3 or 4 koss off on the left <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179" name="pb179">179</a>]</span>of -the road, I hastened there to see it. What can be written in its -praise? The water pours down in three or four gradations(?). I had -never seen such a beautiful waterfall. Without hesitation, it is a -sight to be seen, very strange and wonderful. I passed the time there -in enjoyment till the third watch of the day, and filled my eye and -heart with the sight; but in the cloudy and rainy season it is not -devoid of wildness. After the third watch had passed, in the evening I -rode back to Hīrāpūr,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5904src" href="#xd24e5904" name="xd24e5904src">150</a> and passed -the night at that stage. On Monday, the 4th, crossing over the -<i>kotal</i> of Bārī Brārī,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5910src" href="#xd24e5910" name="xd24e5910src">151</a> I chose -Pīrpanjal, at the head of the <i>kotal</i>, for a halting-place. -Of the roughnesses of the pass and the difficulties of this road what -shall I write? It is difficult for thought even to cross it. In these -last few days snow had repeatedly fallen, the hills had become white, -and in the middle of the path in some places ice had formed, so that -the hoof of a horse had no hold, and a rider could only pass with -difficulty. God Almighty bestowed upon us His mercy, for it did not -snow on this day. The advantage was for those who went on in front. -Those who followed came in for snow. On Tuesday, the 5th, going by the -pass of Pīrpanjal the camp was pitched at Pos͟hāna. -Although on this side there is a descent, yet as it is high, most of -the people passed it on foot. On Wednesday, the 6th, we pitched at -Bahramgalla. Near this village there is a waterfall and a very fine -spring. According to orders, they had made a terrace for me to sit -upon; indeed, this is a sight to be seen. I ordered that they should -engrave on a stone tablet the date of the crossing, and place it on the -top of the terrace (<i>ṣuffa</i>). Bī-badal K.<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e5920src" href="#xd24e5920" name= -"xd24e5920src">152</a> composed some couplets, and this mark of my -fortune remains on the path of poetry as a memorial on the tablet of -Time(?). There are two Zamindars on this road in whose charge are the -arrangements <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180" name= -"pb180">180</a>]</span>for the traffic on it, and they are in reality -the keys of the country of Kashmir. They call one Mahdī Nāyak -and the other Ḥusain Nāyak. The charge of the road from -Hīrāpūr to Bahramgalla is in their hands. Bahrām -Nāyak, the father of Mahdī Nāyak, during the Kashmiri -government, was an important person. When the authority passed to the -imperial servants, Mīrzā Yūsuf K., during his -government, made Bahrām Nāyak a traveller to the country of -non-existence. It is now equally in the possession and charge of the -two.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5931src" href="#xd24e5931" name= -"xd24e5931src">153</a> Although outwardly they are on good terms, they -really bear great enmity towards each other. On this day -S͟haik͟h Ibn Yamīn, who was one of the old trusted -servants, went to the neighbourhood of God’s mercy -(died).<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5940src" href="#xd24e5940" name= -"xd24e5940src">154</a> On account of my great reliance on him, my opium -and drinking water<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5947src" href= -"#xd24e5947" name="xd24e5947src">155</a> were in his charge. On the -night when we were encamped above the <i>kotal</i> of Pīrpanjal, -the tents and furniture had not arrived. He was rather infirm and the -cold affected him, and he became cramped so that he could not speak. He -remained alive for two days in this state and then died. I gave over -the private opium to K͟hawāṣṣ K., and the -<i>āb-dār-k͟hāna</i> (the water department) to -Mūsawī K. On Thursday, the 7th, the village of -Thāna<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5956src" href="#xd24e5956" name= -"xd24e5956src">156</a> became the encamping place. Many monkeys -(<i>maimūn</i>) were seen in Bahramgalla, and from that stage a -great difference was apparent in the climate, the language, the -clothing, the animals, and whatever properly belongs to a warm country. -The people here speak both Persian and Hindi. Evidently Hindi is their -real language, and they have acquired Kashmiri on account of the -proximity of Kashmir. Briefly, one enters India at this place. The -women do not wear woollen clothing, and like Indian women, they wear -nose-rings.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 8th, Rājaur was the camping-ground. -The <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181" name= -"pb181">181</a>]</span>people of this country were in old times Hindus, -and the landholders are called Rajas. Sult̤ān Fīrūz -made them Muhammadans, but they are still called Rajas. They still have -the marks of the times of ignorance. One of these is that just as some -Hindu women burn themselves along with their husbands (bodies), so -these women (the Rājaur women) are put into the grave along with -their (dead) husbands. I heard that recently they put alive into the -grave a girl of ten or twelve along with her (dead) husband, who was of -the same age. Also, when a daughter is born to a man without means, -they put her to death by strangulation.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5966src" href="#xd24e5966" name="xd24e5966src">157</a> They ally -themselves with Hindus, and both give and take girls. Taking them is -good, but giving them, God forbid! I gave an order that hereafter they -should not do such things, and whoever was guilty of them, should be -capitally punished. There is a river at Rājaur. Its water during -the rainy season becomes much poisoned. Many of the people there get a -swelling (<i>būg͟hma</i>) under the throat, and are yellow -and weak. The rice of Rājaur is much<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5975src" href="#xd24e5975" name="xd24e5975src">158</a> better -than the rice of Kashmir. There are self-grown and sweet-scented -violets in this skirt of the hills.</p> -<p class="par">On Sunday, the 10th, I encamped at Naus͟hahra. At -this place, by order of my father, they had built a stone fort, and -there is constantly here, by way of a station (<i>thāna</i>), a -body of men from the governor of Kashmir. On Monday the camp was at -Chaukī Hattī. A <i>chela</i> named Murād had exerted -himself to complete the buildings at this place, and had done it well. -In the middle of the royal abode there was a fine terrace, superior to -those of other stages. I increased his mansab. On Tuesday, the 12th, I -halted at Bhīmbar. Passing this day out of <i>kotals</i> and -hills, we entered the broad plains of Hindustan. The hunters had -previously been dispatched to form <i>qamurg͟has</i>, so as to -prepare <i>jirgas</i> (hunting rings) in Bhīmbar and -Girjhāk<a class="noteref" id="xd24e5996src" href="#xd24e5996" -name="xd24e5996src">159</a> and Makhiyāla. On Wednesday -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href="#pb182" name= -"pb182">182</a>]</span>and Thursday they drove in the game. On Friday I -rejoiced in a hunt. Hill <i>qūchqār</i>,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e6009src" href="#xd24e6009" name="xd24e6009src">160</a> etc., -to the number of 56 head were taken. On this day Rāja Sārang -Deo, who was one of the intimate attendants, was promoted to the mansab -of 800 personal and 400 horse. On Saturday, the 16th, I went towards -Girjhāk, and in five marches encamped on the bank of the Bihat. On -Thursday, the 21st, I hunted in the hunting-ring of Girjhāk. Less -game than usual was taken, and I was not satisfied. On Monday, the -25th, I hunted with much enjoyment in the hunting-ring of -Makhiyāla,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6012src" href="#xd24e6012" -name="xd24e6012src">161</a> thence in ten stages I encamped at the -stage of the hunting-place of Jahāngīrābād. When I -was prince, this was my hunting-place. Afterwards, I founded a village -with my own name, and erecting a small building, placed it in charge of -Sikandar Muʿīn, who was one of my best huntsmen. After I came -to the throne I made a pargana of it, and bestowed it as a jagir on -him. I gave an order that they should construct there a building as a -royal residence, with a tank and a minaret<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6018src" href="#xd24e6018" name="xd24e6018src">162</a> -(manāra). After his death this pargana was given in jagir to -Irādat K., and the charge of the buildings was given to him. It -has now been handsomely completed. Undoubtedly the tank was very -broad,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6022src" href="#xd24e6022" name= -"xd24e6022src">163</a> and in the middle there is a delightful -building. Altogether the buildings here cost Rs. 1,50,000. Really it is -a kingly hunting-place. On Thursday and Friday, having halted, I -enjoyed myself with various kinds of sport. Qāsim K., who was -honoured with the charge of Lahore, had the good fortune to pay his -respects to me, and presented 50 muhars.</p> -<p class="par">In one march after this stage I encamped at the garden -of Mūmin ʿIs͟hq-bāz,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6027src" href="#xd24e6027" name="xd24e6027src">164</a> which is -on the bank of the Lahore River <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183" -href="#pb183" name="pb183">183</a>]</span>(the Ravi), and has some -lofty plane-trees and handsome cypresses. It is certainly a rare -garden. On Monday, the 9th of the Divine month of Āẕar, -corresponding with the 5th Muḥarram of <span class= -"sc">A.H.</span> 1030<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6035src" href= -"#xd24e6035" name="xd24e6035src">165</a> (20 November, 1620), mounting -an elephant of the name of Indra, I went towards the city, scattering -coin as I proceeded. After three watches and two gharis of day had -passed, at the selected auspicious hour, having entered the royal -residence, I alighted happily and auspiciously at the building recently -brought to completion and finished handsomely by the exertions of -Maʿmūr K. Without exaggeration, charming residences and -soul-exciting sitting places had been erected in great beauty and -delicacy, adorned and embellished with paintings by rare artists. -Pleasant green gardens with all kinds of flowers and sweet-scented -herbs deceived the sight.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span><a class="noteref" id="xd24e6042src" -href="#xd24e6042" name="xd24e6042src">166</a></h4> -<p class="line">From head to foot, wherever I look,</p> -<p class="line">A glance plucks at the heart’s skirt -(saying),</p> -<p class="line">“This is the place” (to stop at).</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Altogether, there had been expended on these -buildings the sum of Rs. 700,000 or 23,000 current tumans of -Persia.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6052src" href="#xd24e6052" name= -"xd24e6052src">167</a></p> -<p class="par">On this day the joy-enhancing news of the conquest of -the fort of Kāngṛa rejoiced our mind. In thankfulness for -this great boon and important victory, which was one of the renewed -favours of the Bestower of Gifts, I bowed the head of humility at the -throne of the merciful Creator, and beat with loud sounds the drum of -gladness and pleasure. Kāngṛa is an ancient fort to the -North of Lahore, situated in the midst of the hill country, famous for -its strength and the difficulty of conquering it. Who was the founder -of this fort God only knows. The belief of the Zamindars of the -province of the Panjab is that, during this period the said fort has -never passed to any other tribe, and no stranger has stretched out to -it the hand of dominion. Wisdom is from <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb184" href="#pb184" name="pb184">184</a>]</span>Allah! But certainly -from the time when the voice of Islam and the sound of the established -religion of Muḥammad reached Hindustan, not one of the Sultans of -lofty dignity has obtained the victory over it. Sult̤ān -Fīrūz-s͟hāh, with all his power and might, himself -went to conquer it, and besieged it for a long time. As he knew that -the strength of the fort was such that as long as the means for holding -it and provisions were with the besieged, victory over them was -unattainable, <i>nolens volens</i> he was contented with the coming of -the Raja to pay his respects to him, and withheld his hand. They say -that the Raja prepared an offering and an entertainment, and at his -request took the Sultan inside the fort. The Sultan, after going round -and inspecting it, said to the Raja that to bring a king like him -inside the fort was not according to the dictates of caution. What -could he do if the body of men who were in attendance were to attack -him and take possession of the fort? The Raja made a sign to his men, -and instantaneously an army of valiant men armed and accoutred, came -out from a concealed place and saluted the Sultan. The Sultan became -suspicious and anxious about an attack from these men, and suspected -some stratagem. The Raja came forward and kissed the ground of service, -and said: “I have no thought but that of service and obedience, -but as has been spoken by the auspicious tongue, I observe far-sighted -caution, for all times are not the same.” The Sultan applauded -him. The Raja, having accompanied him for some stages, obtained leave -to return. After this, whoever sat on the throne of Delhi sent an army -to subdue Kāngṛa, but the thing went no further. My revered -father also sent a large army once under the leadership of Ḥusain -Qulī K., who, after approved service, was honoured with the title -of K͟hān Jahān. Whilst the siege was in progress, the -outbreak of Ibrāhīm Ḥusain Mīrzā took place. -That ingrate fled from Gujarat, and raised the flag of rebellion and -calamity towards the Panjab. K͟hān Jahān was compelled -to raise the siege, and to turn to extinguish the flame of his -sedition. Thus the acquisition of the fort fell into the knot of delay. -The thought was continually lurking in the <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" name= -"pb185">185</a>]</span>royal mind: “The longed-for Fair one does -not show her face from the secret place of Destiny.” When by the -Grace of the Glorious God the throne of the State was adorned by the -existence of this suppliant, this was one of the holy wars which I -considered incumbent on me. In the first instance I dispatched -Murtaẓā K., who was governor of the Panjab, with a force of -brave men skilled in war, to conquer the fort. This important matter -had not been completed when Murtaẓā K. attained to the mercy -of God (died). After this Jauhar Mal,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6064src" href="#xd24e6064" name="xd24e6064src">168</a> s. -Rāja Bāso, undertook this duty. I sent him, giving him the -command of the army. That wicked one, taking to evil revolt and -ingratitude, committed sin, and dispersion found its way into that -army, and the acquisition of the fort fell into the knot of delay. No -long time elapsed before that ingrate received the recompense of his -deeds and went to hell, as has been described in its own -place.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6070src" href="#xd24e6070" name= -"xd24e6070src">169</a> In fine, at this time K͟hurram undertook -that duty, and sent his own servant Sundar<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6074src" href="#xd24e6074" name="xd24e6074src">170</a> with all -haste, and many of the royal servants obtained leave to go to his -support. On the 16th S͟hawwāl, <span class="sc">A.H.</span> -1029, (5 September, 1620), the armies, having invested the fort, -erected batteries. Looking to the ways of entrance into and exit from -the fort with the eye of caution, they closed the road for the entrance -of provisions. By degrees the besieged became straitened, and when -there remained in the fort no grain that they could eat, for four -months more they boiled dry grasses<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6083src" -href="#xd24e6083" name="xd24e6083src">171</a> with salt and ate it. -When destruction was imminent, and no hope of escape was left, they -asked for quarter and surrendered the fort.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 1st Muḥarram, <span class= -"sc">A.H.</span> 1030,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6097src" href= -"#xd24e6097" name="xd24e6097src">172</a> Hijrī (16 November, -1620), the victory unattainable by all preceding <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186" name= -"pb186">186</a>]</span>Sultans of lofty dignity, and which appeared -distant to the short-sighted, God Almighty of His own grace and mercy -granted to this suppliant. The troops, who had displayed praiseworthy -activity in this service, were exalted according to their exertions and -fitness by increase of mansab and dignities.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 11th, I went, at the request of -K͟hurram, to his newly-built house. I took those of his offerings -that pleased me. Three elephants were placed in the private stud. On -the same day I appointed ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K. -Naqs͟hbandī to the faujdārship of the district of -Kāngṛa, and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 -horse. I gave a private elephant to Iʿtiqād K. Alf K. -Qiyām-k͟hānī K. obtained leave to take charge of -the fort of Kāngṛa, and his mansab, original and increased, -was fixed at 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. S͟haik͟h -Faiẓu-llah, son-in-law of Murtaẓā K., was appointed in -company with him to stay at the top of the fort -(<i>bālā-i-qilʿa</i>).</p> -<p class="par">On the night of Saturday, the 13th of the same month, a -lunar eclipse took place. Having performed the dues of humility at the -throne of the highest and most powerful God, cash and goods were -distributed by way of charity among the faqīrs and poor, and -deserving people. On this day Zambīl Beg, ambassador of the ruler -of Persia, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. After performing -salutation, he laid before me the gracious letter of that brother of -high degree, containing expressions of sincerity and perfect -friendship. He presented 12 <i>ʿAbbāsī</i><a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6111src" href="#xd24e6111" name= -"xd24e6111src">173</a> (coin) as <i>naẕar</i>, four horses with -trappings, three <i>tūyg͟hūn</i> (white) falcons, five -mules, five camels, nine bows, and nine scimitars. The Shah had given -him leave, in company with K͟hān ʿĀlam, but for -certain necessary matters he could not come with him. On this day he -arrived at Court. I presented him with a superb dress of honour, with a -plume and a jewelled turban fringe, and a jewelled dagger. -Wiṣāl Beg and Ḥājī Niʿmat, who had come -with <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb187" href="#pb187" name= -"pb187">187</a>]</span>him, were honoured by waiting on me. -Amānu-llah, s. Mahābat K., was promoted to the mansab, -original and increased, of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. At the request of -Mahābat K., I added 300 horse to the mansab of Mubāriz K. -Afg͟hān, and brought it up to 2,000 personal and 1,700 horse. -One hundred horse were also added to the mansab of Kabak<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6125src" href="#xd24e6125" name= -"xd24e6125src">174</a> (?). I sent winter dresses of honour to -ʿAbdu-llah K. and Las͟hkar K. At the request of Qāsim K. -I went to his garden in the neighbourhood of the city, and in the -course of the procession, scattered 10,000 <i>charans</i> (4-anna -pieces). Out of his offerings I selected one ruby and one diamond, and -some cloths.</p> -<p class="par">On the night of Sunday, the 21st, the advanced camp -proceeded auspiciously and happily towards Agra. Barq-andāz K. was -appointed superintendent of artillery with the army of the Deccan. -S͟haik͟h Isḥāq (Isaac) was appointed to duty at -Kāngṛa. The brother of Allah-dād, the Afghan, I -released from prison, and made him a present of Rs. 10,000. I gave also -a <i>tūyg͟hūn</i> falcon to K͟hurram. On Thursday, -the 26th, the usual entertainment took place. The presents from the -ruler of Persia, which had been sent by Zambīl Beg, were laid -before me. I gave an elephant to Sult̤ān Ḥusain, and -made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Mullā Muḥammad -Kas͟hmīrī.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6151src" href= -"#xd24e6151" name="xd24e6151src">175</a> The mansab of Sardār -Afg͟hān, at the request of Mahābat K., was fixed at -1,000 personal and 400 horse. As Rāja Rūp Chand of -Gwalior<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6154src" href="#xd24e6154" name= -"xd24e6154src">176</a> had been very active in his service at -Kāngṛa, an order was given to the chief diwans to hand over -half of his native place to him in free gift, and the remaining half as -a <i>tank͟hwāh</i> jagir.</p> -<p class="par">On the 3rd I demanded in marriage for my son -S͟hahriyār the daughter’s daughter<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e6163src" href="#xd24e6163" name="xd24e6163src">177</a> of -Madāru-l-mulk Iʿtimādu-d-daula, and sent Rs. 100,000 in -cash and goods by way of <i>sāchaq</i> <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb188" href="#pb188" name= -"pb188">188</a>]</span>(dowry given as part of the marriage rites). -Most of the Amirs and the chief servants went to his house with gifts. -He prepared a grand entertainment with much ceremony. It is hoped that -it may be auspicious to him. As that Chief of the State had erected -lofty buildings, and highly decorated bowers in his house, he invited -me to an entertainment. I went there with the ladies. He had prepared a -great feast, and laid before me appropriate offerings of all kinds. In -order to please him, I took such as I approved of. On this day Rs. -50,000 were presented to Zambīl Beg, the ambassador. The mansab of -Zabar-dast K. was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse, original and -increased. Maqṣūd, brother of Qāsim K., was promoted to -the mansab of 500 personal and 300 horse, and Mīrzā -Dakhanī, s. Mīrzā Rustam, to that of 500 personal and -200 horse.</p> -<p class="par">At this auspicious time<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6173src" href="#xd24e6173" name="xd24e6173src">178</a> when the -standards of victory and conquest were in Kashmir, the province of -eternal spring, happily employed in sight-seeing and sport, -representations constantly came from the officials in the Southern -territories to the effect that when the victorious standards went to a -distance from the centre of the Khalifate, the rulers of the Deccan, -owing to their wickedness, broke their promises and raised their heads -by giving trouble and exciting sedition, and placing their feet beyond -their own boundary, took possession of many of the districts of -Ahmadnagar and Berar. It was constantly reported that the chief object -of these evil-fortuned ones was to plunder and ruin the cultivated -fields and the grazing-lands. When at the first time the world-opening -standards had proceeded to the conquest of the regions of the south and -the overthrow of that band, and K͟hurram, with the vanguard, had -gone to Burhanpur, they, by feline tricks suitable to such seditious -people, made him their intercessor and evacuated the royal dominions. -They also sent by way of tribute large sums in cash and goods, and -promised that they would not let loose from their hands the rope of -service, and would not place their feet beyond the boundary of respect, -as has been recorded in the preceding <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb189" href="#pb189" name="pb189">189</a>]</span>pages. At the request -of K͟hurram, I had halted for a few days at the Fort of -S͟hādīʾābād Māndū, and at his -intercession, and on their humiliation and bewailing, they were -pardoned.</p> -<p class="par">As they had now broken their agreement through evil -disposition and quarrelsomeness, and had turned back from the way of -obedience and service, I sent off the hosts of good fortune again under -his leadership, that they might receive retribution for their evil -deeds, and be an example to all those of crooked fortune and turned -heads. But as the important business of Kāngṛa had been -entrusted to him, he had sent most of his experienced men there. For -some days, accordingly, he could not arrange the matter. At last, -report followed on report one after another, that the enemy had -gathered strength, and that nearly 60,000 vagabond horsemen had -collected together and taken possession of royal territory, and -wherever there were posts, had removed them, and joined together in the -town of Mahakar. For three months the imperialists had passed their -days in strife and fighting with their rascally enemies, and during -this time three pitched battles had taken place, and each time the -self-sacrificing servants (of the State) had proved superior to the -evil-fortuned rebels. As grain and provisions could not reach the camp -by any road, and the enemy was plundering on all sides of the army of -good fortune, a great scarcity of grain resulted, and the animals were -in bad plight. Having no choice, they came down from the -Bālāg͟hāt, and took up their position at -Bālāpūr. The rebels, waxing valiant in their pursuit, -engaged in plundering in the neighbourhood of Bālāpūr. -Of the servants of the Court 6,000 or 7,000 horsemen, well mounted, -were selected, and they made an attack on the enemy’s camp. They -(the enemy) numbered about 60,000 cavalry. Briefly, a great fight took -place, and their camp was plundered. Having killed and taken prisoners -many of them, they returned in safety and with plunder. When they -turned back those wretches again attacked them from all sides, and they -came on, fighting as far as the camp. On both sides about 1,000 were -killed. After this fight they (the imperialists) <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190" name= -"pb190">190</a>]</span>remained about four months at -Bālāpūr. When the scarcity of grain became excessive, -many of the qulaqchīs (servants) ran away and joined the enemy, -and constantly bands of them, taking to the road of disloyalty, were -enrolled among the rebels. On this account, not considering it -advisable to delay any longer, they (the imperialists) came to -Burhanpur. Again, those wretches followed them and besieged Burhanpur, -and they were six months shut up there. Many parganas of the provinces -of Berar and Khandesh passed into their possession, and they stretched -out the hand of oppression over the cultivators and poor, and engaged -in collecting the revenues. As the army had undergone great hardships -and the animals had fallen into bad condition, they could not leave the -city to inflict substantial punishment. Thus the pride and conceit of -those short-sighted ones became greater. Just at this time the royal -standards returned to the capital, and by the grace of God -Kāngṛa was conquered.</p> -<p class="par">Accordingly, on Friday, the 4th of Dai, I despatched -K͟hurram in that direction, bestowing on him a dress of honour, a -sword, and an elephant. Nūr Jahān Begam also gave him an -elephant. I told him after he had conquered the province of the Deccan -he should take as a reward two<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6184src" -href="#xd24e6184" name="xd24e6184src">179</a> crores of dams from the -conquered country. 650 mansabdars, 1,000 <i>Aḥadīs</i>, -1,000 Turkish musketeers, and 1,000<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6190src" -href="#xd24e6190" name="xd24e6190src">180</a> gunners on foot, in -addition to the 31,000 horse already in that quarter, and a large force -of artillery, and many elephants, were appointed to accompany him. I -also gave him a crore of rupees for the expenses of the victorious -army. The servants (of the Court) who were appointed on this duty -received each, according to his standing as a reward, horses, -elephants, and dresses of honour.</p> -<p class="par">At the same auspicious hour and favourable time, the -standards of the expedition were turned toward Agra, and a halt was -made at Naus͟hahr.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6198src" href= -"#xd24e6198" name="xd24e6198src">181</a> Muḥammad Riẓā -Jābirī <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191" -name="pb191">191</a>]</span>was appointed Diwan to Bengal, and -K͟hwāja Mulkī to the post of Bakhshi in the same, and -were promoted in mansab. Jagat Singh, s. Rānā Karan, came -from his native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. -On the 6th of the same month the open space on the bank of Rāja -Todar Mal’s tank<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6209src" href= -"#xd24e6209" name="xd24e6209src">182</a> became the alighting place of -the Court of good fortune. Here I halted for four days. On this day -some of the mansabdars who had obtained leave to go to the conquest of -the Deccan were promoted as follows: Zāhid K. held the mansab of -1,000 and 400 horse; he received that of 1,000 and 500 horse; -Hardī Narāyan Hāḍā I promoted to 900 and 600 -horse, original and increased; Yaʿqūb, s. K͟hān -Daurān, was given that of 800 and 400 horse, and in the same -manner a great number of the servants of the State received increase of -mansab according to their capabilities. Muʿtamid K. was appointed -to the post of Bakhshi and newswriter to the royal army, and was -honoured with a <i>tūg͟h</i>. The offering of Lachmī -Chand, Raja of Kumaon, consisting of hawks and falcons and other -hunting animals, was brought before me. Jagat Singh, s. Rānā -Karan, obtained leave to proceed as an auxiliary to the army of the -Deccan, being presented with a private horse and saddle. Rāja -Rūp Chand, having been honoured with the gift of an elephant and a -horse, took leave to go to his jagir. On the 12th my son -K͟hān Jahān (Lodī) was made governor of Multan, and -was given leave. There were conferred on him a complete dress together -with a <i>nādirī</i> (a robe of Jahāngīr’s -invention), a jewelled dagger, a special elephant with trappings, a -female elephant, a special horse of the name of K͟hadang -(<i>i.e.</i>, Arrow), and a pair of hawks. Sayyid Hizabr K. held the -mansab of 1,000 and 400 horse. Increasing these by 500 and 200 horse, I -gave him leave to accompany K͟hān Jahān. Muḥammad -S͟hafīʿ was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter to the -Subah of Multan. Bhawāl (or Bahwāl), who was one of the old -servants, was made <i>As͟hraf-i-tūp-k͟hāna</i> -(head of the artillery?), and received the title of Rāy. On the -13th the bank of the river Gobindwāl became the camp of the army -of prosperity, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192" name= -"pb192">192</a>]</span>and a halt of four days was made. A special -elephant called Jai Singh, with a female, were given to Mahābat -K., and sent to him by Ṣafiyyā his servant. Robes of honour -were also forwarded to the Amirs of the Subah of Bangash by -ʿIsā Beg.</p> -<p class="par">On the 17th<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6229src" href= -"#xd24e6229" name="xd24e6229src">183</a> the feast of my lunar weighing -took place. As Muʿtamid K. had been appointed Bakhshi to the army -of the Deccan and given leave, the post of ʿArẓ-muqarrir was -given to K͟hwāja Qāsim. Mīr S͟haraf was made -Bakhshi of the Aḥadīs, and Fāẓil Beg made Bakhshi -of the Panjab. As Bahādur K., governor of Qandahar, in consequence -of a disease in his eyes, had requested to be allowed to kiss the -threshold, entrusting the government of Qandahar this day to -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K., an order was issued to Bahādur -K., that when he arrived he should hand over the fort to him and come -himself to Court. On the 21st of the same month I took up my quarters -at Nūr-sarāy.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6235src" href= -"#xd24e6235" name="xd24e6235src">184</a> At this spot the Vakils of -Nūr Jahān Begam had built a lofty house, and made a royal -garden. It was now completed. On this account the Begam, having begged -for an entertainment, prepared a grand feast, and by way of offering, -with great pains produced all kinds of delicate and rare things. In -order to please her, I took what I approved. I halted two days at this -place. It was settled that the officials of the Panjab should send Rs. -200,000, in addition to the Rs. 60,000 already ordered for provisions -for the fort of Qandahar. Mīr Qiwāmu-d-dīn, the diwan of -the Panjab, obtained leave to go to Lahore, and received a dress of -honour. Qāsim K., with a view to punish the <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193" name= -"pb193">193</a>]</span>seditious in the neighbourhood of -Kāngṛa, and to preserve order in those regions, was given -leave to go, and I presented him with a special -<i>nādirī</i>, a horse, a dagger, and an elephant. His -mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 -horse. At his request, I allowed Rāja Sangrām (of Jammu) to -proceed to that region, conferring on him a robe of honour, a horse, -and an elephant.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday the camp was pitched outside the town of -Sihrind. I halted one day, and amused myself with going round the -garden. On Sunday, the 4th, Abū-l-Ḥasan was sent on service -for the conquest of the Deccan. A dress of honour, with a -<i>nādirī</i>, a special shawl, an elephant named -Ṣubḥ-dam (breath of morn), a horsetail banner, and drums, -being given him. I gave leave to Muʿtamid K., presenting him with -a dress of honour, and a special horse called -Ṣubḥ-i-ṣādiq (the true dawn). On the 7th of the -same month the bank of the river Sarasatī (Saraswatī) was the -place of encampment of good fortune in the neighbourhood of the -<i>qaṣba</i> of muṣṭafāʾābād. The -next day I encamped at Akbarpūr,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6251src" href="#xd24e6251" name="xd24e6251src">185</a> whence I -sat in a boat on the river Jumna, to reach my object. On this day -ʿIzzat K. Chāchī,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6254src" -href="#xd24e6254" name="xd24e6254src">186</a> with the faujdār of -that region, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Giving -Muḥammad S͟hafīʿ leave to proceed to Multan, I -presented him with a horse, a dress of honour, and a -<i>nūr-s͟hāhī muhar</i>, and sent by him a special -turban (<i>chīra</i>) to K͟hān Jahān, my son -(<i>farzand</i>).</p> -<p class="par">Thence, in five marches, I reached the pargana of -Kirāna, the native country of Muqarrab K., and the Court encamped -there. By way of offering, his Vakils laid before me 91 rubies<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6272src" href="#xd24e6272" name= -"xd24e6272src">187</a> and 4 diamonds, 1,000 gaz of -<i>mik͟hmal</i> (satin) as a <i>pā-andāz</i> -(foot-carpet), with a petition from him, presenting also 100 camels as -charity. I ordered them to be distributed among deserving people. From -this place, in five marches Delhi <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" -href="#pb194" name="pb194">194</a>]</span>became the halting-place of -the standards of good fortune I sent Itʿimādu-d-daula to my -fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz with a special -<i>farjī</i> (a dress), for him, and it was settled that he should -return in the space of one month and wait on me. Having halted for two -days at Salīmgaṛh, on Thursday, the 23rd, I passed through -the district of Delhi with the intention of hunting in the pargana of -Pālam, and halted on the bank of the S͟hamsī tank. On -the road I scattered 4,000 <i>charans</i> (Rs. 1,000) with my own hand. -Twenty-two elephants, male and female, had arrived from Bengal as an -offering from Allah-yār, s. Iftik͟hār K., and were -passed before me.</p> -<p class="par">Ẕū-l-Qarnain<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6295src" href="#xd24e6295" name="xd24e6295src">188</a> obtained -leave to proceed to the faujdārship of Sambhar. He is the son of -Iskandar, the Armenian, and his father had the good fortune to be in -the service of ʿArs͟h-ās͟hyānī (Akbar), -who gave him in marriage the daughter of -ʿAbdu-l-Ḥayy,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6298src" href= -"#xd24e6298" name="xd24e6298src">189</a> the Armenian, who was in -service in the royal harem. By her he had two sons. One was -Ẕū-l-Qarnain, who was intelligent and fond of work, and to -him, during my reign, the chief diwans had entrusted the charge of the -government salt works at Sambhar, a duty which he performed -efficiently. He was now appointed to the faudjarship of that region. He -is an accomplished composer of Hindi songs. His method in this art was -correct, and his compositions were frequently brought to my notice and -were approved. Laʿl Beg<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6301src" href= -"#xd24e6301" name="xd24e6301src">190</a> was selected for the -daroghahship of the records in the place of Nūru-d-dīn -Qulī. I passed four days pleasantly in sporting in the -neighbourhood of Pālam and returned to Salīmgaṛh. On -the 29th, 19 elephants, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href= -"#pb195" name="pb195">195</a>]</span>2 eunuchs,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6306src" href="#xd24e6306" name="xd24e6306src">191</a> 1 slave, -41<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6310src" href="#xd24e6310" name= -"xd24e6310src">192</a> fighting cocks, 12 bullocks, and 7 buffaloes -were brought before me as offerings from Ibrāhīm K. -Fatḥ-jang. On Thursday, the 30th, corresponding with the 25th -Rabīʿu-l-awwal, the ceremony of my lunar weighing<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6316src" href="#xd24e6316" name= -"xd24e6316src">193</a> was performed. I had sent Koka K. to the -K͟hān-k͟hānān, and forwarded some messages by -him. On this day a petition from him arrived. Mīr Mīrān, -who had been appointed to the faujdārship of Mewāt, on this -day came and paid his respects, and was dignified with the governorship -of Delhi, in the room of Sayyid Bahwa.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Āqā Beg and Muḥibb -ʿAlī, the envoys of the <span class="corr" id="xd24e6321" -title="Source: rule">ruler</span> of Persia, paid their respects, and -presented a loving letter from that noble brother, together with a -black and white plume (<i>kalgī-i-ablaq</i>), valued by the -jewellers at Rs. 50,000. My brother also sent me a ruby weighing 12 -tānks,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6327src" href="#xd24e6327" name= -"xd24e6327src">194</a> which had belonged to the jewel-chamber of M. -Ulug͟h Beg, the successor of M. S͟hāh-ruk͟h. In the -course of time, and by the revolutions of fate, it had come into the -hands of the Ṣafawī family. On this ruby there were engraved -in the Nask͟h<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6336src" href= -"#xd24e6336" name="xd24e6336src">195</a> character the words: -“Ulug͟h Beg b. M. S͟hāh-ruk͟h Bahādur b. -Mīr Tīmūr Gūrgān.” My brother, -S͟hāh ʿAbbās, directed that in another corner they -should cut the words:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Banda-i-S͟hāh-i-Wilāyat<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6348src" href="#xd24e6348" name= -"xd24e6348src">196</a> ʿAbbās</p> -<p class="line">“The slave of the King of Holiness, -ʿAbbās.”</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">in the <i>Nastaʿlīq</i> character. He -had this ruby inserted in a <i>jīg͟ha</i> (turban ornament), -and sent to me as a souvenir. As the ruby bore the names of my -ancestors, I took it as a blessing for myself, and bade -Saʿīdā, the superintendent of the goldsmith’s -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196" name= -"pb196">196</a>]</span>department, engrave in another corner the words -“Jahāngīr S͟hāh b. Akbar -S͟hāh,” and the current date. After some days, when the -news of the conquest of the Deccan arrived, I gave that ruby to -K͟hurram, and sent it to him.</p> -<p class="par">On Saturday, the 1st of Isfandārmuẕ, I -marched from Salīmgaṛh, and going first to the glorious -mausoleum of Humāyūn (may the lights of Allah be his -testimony!), performed the dues of humility, and presented 2,000 -quarter rupees (<i>charan</i>) to those who sat in seclusion in that -pure cemetery. I encamped twice on the bank of the Jumna in the -environs of the city. Sayyid Hizabr K.,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6369src" href="#xd24e6369" name="xd24e6369src">197</a> who had -been appointed an auxiliary to K͟hān Jahān, was sent off -with the distinction of a dress of honour, a sword, a dagger, a horse, -and a standard. Sayyids ʿĀlim and -ʿAbdu-l-Hādī, his brothers, were also each honoured with -a horse and a dress of honour. Mīr Baraka Buk͟hārī -was allowed to go to Transoxiana. I entrusted Rs. 10,000 to him, 5,000 -of them to be conveyed to K͟hwāja Ṣāliḥ -Dihbīdī, who from his fathers was one of the well-wishers of -this State, and the other 5,000 to be divided among the -<i>mujāwirs</i> (custodians) attached to the tomb of -Tīmūr (may the lights of Allah be his testimony!). I also -gave a special turban (<i>chīra</i>) to Mahābat K., and sent -it to him by Mīr Baraka. I also ordered Mīr Baraka to make -every effort to procure mottled fish-teeth, and to procure them from -any possible quarter, and at any price.</p> -<p class="par">I went by boat from Delhi, and in six stages reached the -plain of Brindāban. I gave an elephant to Mīr -Mīrān, and permitted him to go to Delhi. Zabar-dast K. was -selected to be Mīr Tūzuk (master of ceremonies) in the place -of Fidāʾī K., and I presented him with a special shawl -(<i>parm-narm</i>). Next day, Gokul<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6383src" -href="#xd24e6383" name="xd24e6383src">198</a> was the place of -encampment. At this stage, Las͟hkar K., the governor of Agra, -ʿAbdu-l-Wahhāb Dīwān, Rāja Nath Mal, -K͟hiẓr K. Fārūqī, ruler (deposed) of -Āsīr and Burhanpur, Aḥmad K., his brother, the -Qāẓī, the Muftī, and other chief men of the city -(of Agra), had the good fortune <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" -href="#pb197" name="pb197">197</a>]</span>to wait<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6388src" href="#xd24e6388" name="xd24e6388src">199</a> on me. On -the 11th I halted auspiciously at the -Nūr-afs͟hān<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6394src" href= -"#xd24e6394" name="xd24e6394src">200</a> garden, which is on the -opposite side of the Jumna. As the auspicious hour for entering the -city had been fixed for the 14th, I halted here, and at the selected -auspicious hour proceeded to the fort, and entered the palace happily -and victoriously. The propitious journey from Lahore to Agra was -accomplished in the period of two months and two<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6398src" href="#xd24e6398" name="xd24e6398src">201</a> days, with -49 marches and 21 halts. No day either of marching or halting, on land -or water, passed without sport. 114 deer, 51 duck, 4 heron -(<i>kārwānak</i>), 10 black partridge (<i>durrāj</i>), -and 200 <i>bodna</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e6412src" href= -"#xd24e6412" name="xd24e6412src">202</a> were taken on the way.</p> -<p class="par">As Las͟hkar K. had satisfactorily performed his -duties at Agra, I increased his mansab by 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -and made it 4,000 personal and 2,500 horse, and sent him as an -auxiliary to the army of the Deccan. Saʿīdā, -superintendent of the goldsmith’s department, was dignified with -the title of Bī-badal K. Four horses, some silver ornaments and -cloths, which the ruler of Persia had sent me by Āqā Beg and -Muḥammad Muḥibb ʿAlī, were produced before me on -this day. The entertainment of Thursday, the 20th, took place in the -Nūr-manzil garden. I gave a present of Rs. 1,00,000 to my son -S͟hahriyār. Muz̤affar K., according to order, came from -Thatta, and had the good fortune to wait on me. He offered 100 muhars -and Rs. 100. Las͟hkar K. produced a ruby as an offering. It was -valued at Rs. 4,000. A special horse of the name of -Muṣāḥib (companion) was given to ʿAbdu-llah K. -ʿAbdu-s-Salām, s. Muʿaz̤z̤am K., having -arrived from Orissa, had the good fortune to wait on me: 100 muhars and -Rs. 100 were laid before me as his <i>nazar</i>. The mansab of -Dūst Beg, s. Tūlak K., was fixed at <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href="#pb198" name="pb198">198</a>]</span>900 -personal and 400 horse. The entertainment of Thursday, the 27th, was -held in the Nūr-afs͟hān garden. A special dress of -honour was given to M. Rustam, and a horse to his son, who was called -Dakhanī, and a special horse and an elephant to Las͟hkar -K.</p> -<p class="par">On Friday, the 28th, I went to hunt to the village of -Samonagar, and returned at night. Seven Persian horses, with their -trappings, were laid before me as an offering from Āqā Beg -and Muḥibb ʿAlī. I presented Zambīl Beg, the -ambassador, with a Nūr-jahānī muhar of the weight of 100 -<i>tolas</i>, and gave a jewelled penholder to Ṣādiq K., the -chief Bakhshi. I also gave a village<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6436src" href="#xd24e6436" name="xd24e6436src">203</a> in Agra, -by way of <i>inʿām</i>, to K͟hiẓr K. -Fārūqī. In this year 85,000 <i>bīghās</i> of -land, 3,325 <i>k͟har-wārs</i> (of rice), 4 villages, 2 -ploughs (of land), and a garden, Rs. 2,327, 1 <i>muhar</i>, 6,200 -<i>darbs</i> (half rupees), 7,880 quarter rupees (<i>charan</i>), 1,512 -<i>tolas</i> of gold and silver, and 10,000 dams from the treasury were -given, in my presence, as alms to faqīrs and necessitous people. -Thirty-eight elephants, of the value of Rs. 2,41,000,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e6461src" href="#xd24e6461" name="xd24e6461src">204</a> were -presented as offerings, and were placed in the special elephant house, -whilst 51 were presented by me to the great Amirs and the servants of -the Court. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199" name= -"pb199">199</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3913" href="#xd24e3913src" name="xd24e3913">1</a></span> Each -sidereal hour being equal to 2½ gharis. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e3913src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3922" href="#xd24e3922src" name="xd24e3922">2</a></span> -<i>Sag-i-ābī.</i> Probably otters are meant, as a name for -them is <i>pānī kuttā</i> (“water-dogs”). -But in the dictionaries <i>sag-i-ābī</i> is given as meaning -the beaver. The otter occurs in Kashmir, and is known as <i>wudar</i>. -Lawrence, Valley of Kashmir, 111. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3922src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3945" href="#xd24e3945src" name="xd24e3945">3</a></span> Properly -Būlīyāsa. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, p. 85. It is -the Peliasa of the maps. Later on, Jahāngīr indicates its -position by saying that it is 11 koss on the Kashmir side of the -Kis͟han Gangā. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3945src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3954" href="#xd24e3954src" name="xd24e3954">4</a></span> That is, -I presume, he did not really utter the words, but his appearance -represented them. The Iqbāl-nāma has, p. 138, <i>mihmān -chū Bīga</i> (“a guest such as a Begam”). MS. 181 -has <i>nāgah chū Sult̤ān</i>. I.O. MS. 305 has -<i>nāgah chū mihmān</i>. The reading Bega or Begam -certainly seems preferable. The text is wrong as usual, and has -<i>mihān</i> (“the great”), unless it is to be read -<i>mahān</i>, and taken in the sense of Moons—<i>i.e.</i>, -ladies. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e3954src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3992" href="#xd24e3992src" name="xd24e3992">5</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 139, has Kahtāʾī. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e3992src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e3998" href="#xd24e3998src" name="xd24e3998">6</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 139, has 500 horse. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e3998src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4008" href="#xd24e4008src" name="xd24e4008">7</a></span> The name -of M. Rustam’s son, who was drowned. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4008src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4014" href="#xd24e4014src" name="xd24e4014">8</a></span> -<i>Kus͟htīgīr</i>, which means a wrestler. But -Jahāngīr puns on the word as if it were -<i>kis͟htīgīr</i> (“a boatman”). Perhaps -kus͟htīgīr was his name. I presume that the person meant -is the other servant. There was no boat there. The Iqbāl-nāma -has either kis͟htīgīr, or -kus͟htīgīr. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4014src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4023" href="#xd24e4023src" name="xd24e4023">9</a></span> There is -an extraordinary account of the Mīrzā’s death in -Price’s “Jahangir” which quite differs from the story -told here. See Price, p. 138. It is also stated there that he had been -married six months before to a daughter of Iʿtimādu-d-daula. -There is also an account of the accident in the Iqbāl-nāma, -p. 139. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4023src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4031" href="#xd24e4031src" name="xd24e4031">10</a></span> Or -Kuwārmast. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4031src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4040" href="#xd24e4040src" name="xd24e4040">11</a></span> Perhaps -we should read Būniyār. See Stein, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 87. -Jahāngīr seems to have crossed over to the left bank of the -Jhelam in the course ot his march. Perhaps he did so at Ooriu of the -map (Ūrī). Būniyār seems to be the Bhaniar of the -map. I.O. MS. 181 has Butiyār. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4040src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4052" href="#xd24e4052src" name="xd24e4052">12</a></span> The -allusion may be to the tuft of leaves at the top of a -pineapple. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4052src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4057" href="#xd24e4057src" name="xd24e4057">13</a></span> Perhaps -<i>būlā nīk</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4057src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4072" href="#xd24e4072src" name="xd24e4072">14</a></span> -Pūs͟h means flower in Kashmiri. Does the name mean -“flower of ʿAlī the Perfect”? <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4072src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4081" href="#xd24e4081src" name="xd24e4081">15</a></span> -Bāramūla is on the left bank of the Jhelam according to the -I.G., new edition. But maps and travellers seem to place it on the -right bank. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4081src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4085" href="#xd24e4085src" name="xd24e4085">16</a></span> -Fourteen koss seem too little. The distance to Srinagar seems to be 31 -miles by the road. The old city Vāramūla was on the right -bank. Stein, 201. It is 32 miles from Srinagar. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4085src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4090" href="#xd24e4090src" name="xd24e4090">17</a></span> There -is an omission in the text here. The MSS. have: “As Monday had -been fixed for entering Srinagar, I did not think it advisable to halt -at this stage, but immediately entered boats with the ladies and -proceeded on with blessings towards the goal. On Sunday, the 10th, when -two watches of the day had passed, I arrived at -S͟hihābu-d-dīn-pūr.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4090src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4093" href="#xd24e4093src" name="xd24e4093">18</a></span> See -Jarrett, II. 310, <i>n.</i> 7. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4093src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4101" href="#xd24e4101src" name="xd24e4101">19</a></span> The -MSS. have Lā? Apparently the kah of text is a relative pronoun and -not part of the name. Perhaps Lah in Ladakh is the place -meant. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4101src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4112" href="#xd24e4112src" name="xd24e4112">20</a></span> <i>Dar -kull</i> (“in general, in bulk”) (?). <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4112src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4154" href="#xd24e4154src" name="xd24e4154">21</a></span> The -MSS. have also Mandal Badr. They have not Mulk after Badr as in -text. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4154src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4157" href="#xd24e4157src" name="xd24e4157">22</a></span> Sister -in MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4157src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4165" href="#xd24e4165src" name="xd24e4165">23</a></span> -<i>Zar</i> here does not, I think, mean gold. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4165src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4172" href="#xd24e4172src" name="xd24e4172">24</a></span> The -silver <i>sāsnū</i> of Jarrett, II. 354, and <i>n.</i> -2. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4172src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4204" href="#xd24e4204src" name="xd24e4204">25</a></span> -Jahāngīr went part of the way by water. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4204src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4209" href="#xd24e4209src" name="xd24e4209">26</a></span> Perhaps -he is the Raja Bhagwān Singh mentioned by Drew in his book on -Kashmir, p. 119. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4209src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4219" href="#xd24e4219src" name="xd24e4219">27</a></span> -Abū-l-Faẓl, Jarrett, II. 347, puts Kashmir into the third -and fourth climates, but at Vol. III., p. 89, he puts Kashmir into the -fourth climate. Probably both he and Jahāngīr mean by Kashmir -Srinagar. The appellation “White Islands” is probably a -mistake for “The Fortunate Islands,” <i>safīd</i> -(white) being written instead of <i>saʿāda</i>, which is the -word in the Iqbāl-nāma. -<i>Jazāʾir-i-Saʿāda</i> (“The Fortunate -Isles”) is also the expression used in the Z̤afar-nāma, -II. 178, which is probably the source of the Āyīn and the -Tūzuk. In the extract from the Z̤afar-nāma given in the -T. Ras͟hīdī translation, 430, the longitude is given as -105° from the “Fortunate Islands.” The <i>text</i> of -the Āyīn, Bib. Ind. edition, II. 42, gives 105.40° as the -longitude. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4219src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4234" href="#xd24e4234src" name="xd24e4234">28</a></span> See -Rieu, I. 296. The translator was Mullā S͟hāh Muḥ. -of S͟hāhābād. See also Blochmann, -106. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4234src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4237" href="#xd24e4237src" name="xd24e4237">29</a></span> The -Peliasa of the maps and the Bolvasaka of Stein. Qambarbar is -Farūtar in text. The Iqbāl-nāma, 147, has Qambarbar. It -is evidently the Qambarber of Jarrett, II. 347 and 361. It lies in the -south-east of Kashmir. Measured by the compass, -Jahāngīr’s 67 is much more correct than -Abū-l-Faẓl’s 120. The I.G. new edition gives the area -of Kashmir and Jammu as 80,900 square miles. Lawrence states the -approximate length of the valley as 84 miles, and the breadth as from -20 to 25 miles. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4237src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4254" href="#xd24e4254src" name="xd24e4254">30</a></span> The -word used by Jahāngīr is <i>daraʿ</i>, which is given by -Steingass as Arabic, and as meaning a yard. <i>Ẕaraʿ</i> -again, is given as equal to a cubit. Clearly Jahāngīr uses -the word here as equivalent to a <i>gaz</i> or yard, for he says that -there are 5,000 <i>daraʿ</i> in the koss adopted by himself and -his father, and Abū-l-Faẓl in the Āyīn (Jarrett, -II. 414) says the koss is 5,000 <i>gaz</i>. The word <i>daraʿ</i> -is also rendered <i>gaz</i> in the Hindustani translation of the -Memoirs. There is an important discrepancy between the two I.O. MSS. -and the printed text of the Memoirs. The former, instead of saying that -the <i>daraʿ</i> or yard is = 2 <i>s͟harʿī -daraʿ</i>, say that 1¼ <i>daraʿ</i> are = 2 -<i>s͟harʿī daraʿ</i>. In the Āyīn -(Jarrett, II. 417) the <i>gaz</i> is given as equal to 24 digits. See -later on, p. 303 of text, where, in describing S͟hāh -S͟hujā’s accident, 7 <i>daraʿ</i> are said to be -equal to 10 <i>s͟harʿī</i>, or ordinary, -<i>gaz</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4254src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4307" href="#xd24e4307src" name="xd24e4307">31</a></span> See -text (thirteenth year), p. 234, where it is stated that the -<i>Ilāhī</i> gaz is 40 finger-breadths. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4307src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4325" href="#xd24e4325src" name="xd24e4325">32</a></span> -Vīr is willow, so Vīr-nāg means -Willow-fountain. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4325src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4331" href="#xd24e4331src" name="xd24e4331">33</a></span> -Jarrett, II. 387. The I.G., XXIII. 100, says it was built by -Zainu-l-ʿābidīn. The inscription shows that -Zainu-l-ʿābidīn built it (Lawrence, 290). It is stated -there that it was also burnt in 1029. A.H.—<i>i.e.</i>, in the -year of Jahāngīr’s visit. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4331src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4344" href="#xd24e4344src" name="xd24e4344">34</a></span> -<i>K͟hānaqāhī.</i> Lawrence, 292. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4344src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4349" href="#xd24e4349src" name="xd24e4349">35</a></span> So in -text and MSS., but perhaps <i>dū</i> is a mistake for Dal. -However, the I.G. speaks of two lakes, the Dal and the Anchar (north of -Srīnagar). See also Lawrence, 20 and 36. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4349src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4355" href="#xd24e4355src" name="xd24e4355">36</a></span> -Probably the meaning is that the water never causes indigestion. -Abū-l-Faẓl speaks of the streams being -k͟hūs͟h-guwār—<i>i.e.</i>, their water is -digestible. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4355src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4361" href="#xd24e4361src" name="xd24e4361">37</a></span> The -number of boatmen, when compared with the number of boats, seems very -small, but the figures are the same in the I.O. MSS. and in the -Iqbāl-nāma, 149. Perhaps the word <i>bīst</i>, 20, has -been omitted, and we should read 27,400 boatmen. Lawrence states the -number of boatmen at 33,870, and the boats, exclusive of private ones, -at 2,417. The revenue of Kashmir, as stated by Jahāngīr, is -that mentioned in the Āyīn, Jarrett, II. 366, and is -according to the assessment of Qāẓī -ʾĀlī. In the two I.O. MSS. the corresponding number of -dāms is given as 7,46,70,400 (Rs. 1,866,760), being only 11 less -than that given in Jarrett, II. 367, line 3. The figures given in -Lawrence, 234, are taken apparently from the Persian text (compare Bib. -Ind. edition, I. 571), corresponding to Jarrett, II. 368. The pargana -Der, which Lawrence failed to trace, is a mistake for the well-known -Ver, <i>dal</i> having been written or read by mistake for -<i>wa</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4361src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4387" href="#xd24e4387src" name="xd24e4387">38</a></span> Compare -Jarrett, II. 366. “Some part of the Sair Jihat cesses are taken -in cash.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4387src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4409" href="#xd24e4409src" name="xd24e4409">39</a></span> -Jarrett, II. 347. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4409src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4414" href="#xd24e4414src" name="xd24e4414">40</a></span> Compare -Jarrett, II. 348, where we have “the country is enchanting, and -might be fittingly called a garden of perpetual spring surrounding a -citadel terraced to the skies.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4414src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4428" href="#xd24e4428src" name="xd24e4428">41</a></span> That -is, the flowers. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4428src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4456" href="#xd24e4456src" name="xd24e4456">42</a></span> Text -<i>jawānīhā</i>, but I.O. MSS. have -<i>k͟hūbīhā</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4456src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4467" href="#xd24e4467src" name="xd24e4467">43</a></span> -Apparently the proper spelling is jūg͟hās͟hī. -See Vullers’ s. v. and Bahār-i-ʿajam, 368, col. a. It -is a black tulip. Sir George King thought it might be the -<i>Fritillaria imperialis</i>. See Jarrett, 349, and <i>n.</i> -1. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4467src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4478" href="#xd24e4478src" name="xd24e4478">44</a></span> -Nūr-afzā garden. See <i>infra</i>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4478src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4493" href="#xd24e4493src" name="xd24e4493">45</a></span> -<i>Tagetes patula.</i> The genda of Bengal? <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4493src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4498" href="#xd24e4498src" name="xd24e4498">46</a></span> Compare -text, p. 235. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4498src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4504" href="#xd24e4504src" name="xd24e4504">47</a></span> Compare -Jarrett, II. 349, where the words “Besides plums and -mulberries” should be “except cherries -(s͟hāh-ālū) and s͟hāh-tūt” (a -large mulberry). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4504src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4508" href="#xd24e4508src" name="xd24e4508">48</a></span> -Blochmann, 411. Abū-l-Faẓl, Āyīn, Blochmann, 65, -speaks of cherries coming from Kabul. But cherries both sweet and sour -are mentioned in the T. Ras͟hīdī as growing in Kashmir -(Translation, p. 425). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4508src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4511" href="#xd24e4511src" name="xd24e4511">49</a></span> -Zard-ālū-i-paiwandī. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4511src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4529" href="#xd24e4529src" name="xd24e4529">50</a></span> -<i>S͟hikananda</i>, query, melting. The word occurs also in -Iqbāl-nāma, 152. Possibly it means “with good -markings.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4529src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4536" href="#xd24e4536src" name="xd24e4536">51</a></span> But see -I.G., XV. 124, where s͟hāh-tūt is mentioned. See also -Lawrence, 348. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4536src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4542" href="#xd24e4542src" name="xd24e4542">52</a></span> Compare -Jarrett, II. 349. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4542src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4552" href="#xd24e4552src" name="xd24e4552">53</a></span> -<i>Mus͟hang</i> or <i>mus͟hanj</i>, a small pea (“pisum -arvense”). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4552src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4560" href="#xd24e4560src" name="xd24e4560">54</a></span> Text -<i>k͟hus͟hka-tar</i>. MSS. have <i>k͟hus͟hka -narm</i>. Perhaps we should translate “it is inferior and dry. -They boil till it is soft, etc.” The Iqbāl-nāma has -<i>k͟hus͟hka narm mī-pazand</i>. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4560src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4600" href="#xd24e4600src" name="xd24e4600">55</a></span> The -sentence about wheat is omitted in the text. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4600src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4611" href="#xd24e4611src" name="xd24e4611">56</a></span> Text -kūhī (“hill”); but this is opposed to the MSS. -and also to the Āyīn-i-Akbarī which Jahāngīr -is evidently copying. See Jarrett II. 350, and <i>n.</i> 3, and Persian -text, I. 563. The I.O. MSS. of Tūzuk have <i>kaddī</i> or -<i>gaddī</i>. <i>Gaddī</i> is the name of a pastoral tribe -(see Lawrence, 12), and there is a Turkish word <i>kedī</i> -meaning a cat, and a word <i>gaddī</i> which means -“horned.” The Iqbāl-nāma, 153, has -“<i>kadī-i-Hindustān</i>.” Jarrett, <i>loc. -cit.</i> states that <i>handū</i> in Kashmiri means a domestic -ram. The word for tailless is <i>bī-dumba</i>, and perhaps means -that the sheep have not the enormously thick tails of some kinds of -hill sheep. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4611src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4671" href="#xd24e4671src" name="xd24e4671">57</a></span> -Possibly <i>nahrma</i> (“like a river”), is right, for the -garment is said to be <i>mauj-dār</i> (“having -waves”). The word <i>mauj-dār</i> occurs in the -Iqbāl-nāma, 153, and in the two I.O. MSS. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4671src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4692" href="#xd24e4692src" name="xd24e4692">58</a></span> -<i>Jul</i> is a coverlet, and <i>k͟hirsak</i> means a little bear, -but is applied to a rough woollen coverlet—a drugget. -<i>Darma</i> is a name in Bengal for a reed mat. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4692src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4715" href="#xd24e4715src" name="xd24e4715">59</a></span> Perhaps -“tie it at the waist.” But see Lawrence, 252: “The -Panditana wears a girdle, but no drawers.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4715src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4727" href="#xd24e4727src" name="xd24e4727">60</a></span> The -MSS. have <i>ṭaṭṭū</i>. Both they and the text -have also the words <i>chahār s͟hāna ba-zamīn -nazdīk</i>. <i>Chahār s͟hāna</i> means a dwarf. -Literally it means “four shoulders,” and Vullers following, -the Bahār-i-ʿAjam, defines it as a man of small stature with -thick shoulders. Evidently the words <i>ba-zamīn nazdīk</i> -are meant as an explanation or addition to -<i>Chahār-s͟hāna</i>, and signify that the -<i>yābū</i> or <i>ṭaṭṭū</i> has his -withers near the ground. The words also occur in the -Iqbāl-nāma, 154. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4727src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4756" href="#xd24e4756src" name="xd24e4756">61</a></span> -<i>Jangrah u s͟hak͟h-jilau.</i> <i>Jangrah</i>, however, may -refer to their gait, and may mean that they don’t go straight, -and very likely we should read <i>changrah</i> “going -crookedly.” <i>S͟hak͟h-jilau</i> is not in the -dictionaries, and I only guess at the meaning. The phrase is also in -the Iqbāl-nāma, 154. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4756src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4774" href="#xd24e4774src" name="xd24e4774">62</a></span> Text -<i>īlchī-i-sāmān</i>. The real word is -<i>īlk͟hī</i>, which is also spelt <i>īlqī</i> -and <i>īlg͟hī</i>, and is a Turki word meaning a horse, -and also a troop of horses. See Pavet de Courteille Dictionary, p. 132, -and Vullers I. 149b, who refers to the -Burhān-i-qāt̤iʿ, Appendix. See also Zenker, p. 152. -The Iqbāl-nāma, p. 155, top line, wrongly has -<i>balk͟hhā</i> (from Balkh?). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4774src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4794" href="#xd24e4794src" name="xd24e4794">63</a></span> -Jarrett, II. 352, and <i>n.</i> 1, also T. Ras͟hīdī, -translation, 435. But perhaps all that is meant is the followers of the -national saint S͟haik͟h Nūru-d-dīn. Lawrence, -287. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4794src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4803" href="#xd24e4803src" name="xd24e4803">64</a></span> Taken -from the Āyīn, see Jarrett, II. 353. There they are called -brahmans, but this seems to be an error of the Bib. Ind. text. Gladwin -has “Rishi.” The Rīs͟hīs were Muhammadans. -See Jarrett, II. 359, where mention is made of Bābā -Zainu-d-dīn Rīs͟hī. See also Colonel Newall’s -paper on the Rīs͟hīs or Hermits of Kashmir, A.S.B.J., -1870, p. 265. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4803src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4808" href="#xd24e4808src" name="xd24e4808">65</a></span> Text -Bārān. MSS. have Mārān, and Eastwick has -Koh-i-Mahran. He calls it an isolated hill 250 feet high. It is on the -north outskirts of the city. See also Lawrence, 184, and <i>n.</i> 2, -and Stein, 147–48. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4808src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4815" href="#xd24e4815src" name="xd24e4815">66</a></span> The Dal -Lake is 3.87 miles long and 2.58 broad, the Ānchar Dal is 3.51 -miles long and 2.15 broad. Lawrence, 20. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4815src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4840" href="#xd24e4840src" name="xd24e4840">67</a></span> MSS. -have <i>kīl</i>, and so has the Iqbāl-nāma. -<i>Kīl</i> is given in Lawrence, 114, as the Kashmir name for the -ibex. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4840src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4849" href="#xd24e4849src" name="xd24e4849">68</a></span> -Jarrett, II. 360. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4849src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4856" href="#xd24e4856src" name="xd24e4856">69</a></span> This is -the <i>Ilāhī gaz</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4856src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4865" href="#xd24e4865src" name="xd24e4865">70</a></span> -Blochmann, 252, and note. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4865src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4880" href="#xd24e4880src" name="xd24e4880">71</a></span> So -called because in S͟hujāʿ’s -horoscope. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4880src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4888" href="#xd24e4888src" name="xd24e4888">72</a></span> A -village called ʿAis͟h-maqām is mentioned in Jarrett, II. -359, <i>n.</i> 1, but it is probably not the -ʿAis͟hābād here mentioned, for -ʿAis͟h-maqām was on the Lidar and a long way S.S.E. -Srinagar. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4888src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4894" href="#xd24e4894src" name="xd24e4894">73</a></span> -<i>S͟higūfa-i-sad-barg</i> (“the blossoms of the -hundred-leaved rose”?). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4894src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4901" href="#xd24e4901src" name="xd24e4901">74</a></span> -Allah-dād was s. Jalālu-d-dīn Tārīkī, -also called Raus͟hānī, and he became a distinguished -officer of S͟hāh-Jahān under the title of -Ras͟hīd K. See Maʾās̤ir, II. 248, and -Dabistān, 390. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4901src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4914" href="#xd24e4914src" name="xd24e4914">75</a></span> There -are different readings. No. 181 has Maud and Mihrī. Apparently it -is the Mau and Nabah of Jarrett, II. 319, where also there are various -readings. See also Tūzuk, 263, where the text has Mau u -s͟hahra. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4914src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4921" href="#xd24e4921src" name="xd24e4921">76</a></span> Or -Chārvara. See Rieu Catalogue, I. 297. Ḥaidar Malik wrote a -history of Kashmir. It was he who protected Nūr-Jahān after -her first husband’s murder. Stein has Cadura, <i>recte</i> -Isādur p. 43; it is 10 miles south of Srinagar. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4921src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4927" href="#xd24e4927src" name="xd24e4927">77</a></span> An -allusion to Nūr-Jahān and to Nūru-d-dīn -Jahāngīr. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4927src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4930" href="#xd24e4930src" name="xd24e4930">78</a></span> See -Akbar-nāma, III. 542, and T̤abaqāt-i-Akbarī extract -in Appendix, translation of -Tārīk͟h-i-Ras͟hīdī, p. 490. The place was -K͟hānpūr or near it. Perhaps the tree is the -Adansonīa. See also Jarrett, II. 363. According to Stein, 191, -Halthal is the name of the village, and is a corruption of Salasthala. -This agrees with the Āyīn I. 569, but not with -Akbar-nāma III. 542, where <i>halthal</i> is given as the name of -the tree. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e4930src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4941" href="#xd24e4941src" name="xd24e4941">79</a></span> I have -not found this passage in the Akbar-nāma. The -Iqbāl-nāma, 159, says that 70 people stood erect inside of -the trunk. Rāwal-pūr is marked on the map of Kashmir, a -little to the south of Srinagar. Niz̤āmu-d-dīn, in his -chapter on Kashmir in the T̤abaqāt-i-Akbarī, speaks of a -tree under the shade of which 200 horsemen could stand. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4941src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4949" href="#xd24e4949src" name="xd24e4949">80</a></span> -Possibly <i>bī-ṣarfa</i> only means -“unsuccessful.” But it is used lower down (text 308, line -8), in the sense of immoderate or unprofitable. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4949src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4963" href="#xd24e4963src" name="xd24e4963">81</a></span> Text -has Turks (Turkiyān). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4963src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4966" href="#xd24e4966src" name="xd24e4966">82</a></span> -Apparently the Rohankhed of I.G., XXI. 304. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e4966src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4976" href="#xd24e4976src" name="xd24e4976">83</a></span> -Literally, “raised the foot of ignorance.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4976src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4983" href="#xd24e4983src" name="xd24e4983">84</a></span> Perhaps -Sukh Nāg is the Shakar Nāg of Jarrett, II. 361. The Sukh -Nāg River is mentioned in Lawrence, 16. It may also be the -waterfall mentioned by Bernier, which he says Jahāngīr -visited and levelled a rock in order to see properly. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e4983src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e4989" href="#xd24e4989src" name="xd24e4989">85</a></span> From -Dr. Scully’s list it appears that this is the sāch, the -rose-coloured starling, <i>Pastor roseus</i>. See also Vullers, -Dictionary, s. v. The bird seen by Jahāngīr may have been a -dipper, Lawrence, 153. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e4989src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5004" href="#xd24e5004src" name="xd24e5004">86</a></span> The -MSS. have <i>kulhai</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5004src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5012" href="#xd24e5012src" name="xd24e5012">87</a></span> -According to the two I.O. MSS.—which are corroborated by the -Iqbāl-nāma—the text has here omitted an important part -of the report—presumably a written one—submitted by the -Qāẓī and the Mīr ʿAdl. After the words -“denied it,” there comes in the MSS. the statement: -“The Ḥakīm-zāda (Ḥakīm’s son) -produced two witnesses in court. The Sayyids invalidated (or impeached) -the testimony of one of them, and the Ḥakīm-zāda -brought a third witness and proved his case according to law.” -The Iqbāl-nāma, p. 161, has not the whole of this, and it has -<i>k͟hārij</i> instead of <i>jārih</i>, but it has the -words <i>guwāh-i-s̤ālis̤</i> (“a third -witness”). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5012src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5028" href="#xd24e5028src" name="xd24e5028">88</a></span> The -meaning seems to be that he would in corroboration and <i>ex -cautela</i> take the oath. He had already proved his claim in the -ordinary way by witnesses and the production of the bond. See the -account in the Iqbāl-nāma, 160–63, which is fuller than -that in text. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5028src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5034" href="#xd24e5034src" name="xd24e5034">89</a></span> -<i>Muʿāmala-i-kullī ast.</i> “The case was -involved” (like a bud?), or perhaps “the case was -important.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5034src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5039" href="#xd24e5039src" name="xd24e5039">90</a></span> The -text wrongly omits the negative. See Iqbāl-nāma, I. -62. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5039src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5125" href="#xd24e5125src" name="xd24e5125">91</a></span> -Apparently this was Ṣāliḥa Bānū d. -Qāʾim K. Blochmann, 371, and 477, <i>n.</i> 2. She had the -name of Pāds͟hāh-maḥall. See Hawkins’ -account in Purchas, IV. 31, and K͟hāfī K. I. 259. He -calls the father Qāsim. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5125src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5135" href="#xd24e5135src" name="xd24e5135">92</a></span> It is -G͟hairat K. in I.O. MS., 181. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5135src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5138" href="#xd24e5138src" name="xd24e5138">93</a></span> For -Jalāl K., see Blochmann, 455 and 486. He was grandson of -Sult̤ān Ādam. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5138src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5150" href="#xd24e5150src" name="xd24e5150">94</a></span> -<i>Rasīd.</i> See lower down text 308, where it is noted that the -cherries came to an end. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5150src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5160" href="#xd24e5160src" name="xd24e5160">95</a></span> This -represents <span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1029, or 1620. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5160src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5169" href="#xd24e5169src" name="xd24e5169">96</a></span> -Mat-treading or beating = house-warming. This was in honour of the new -picture-gallery. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5169src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5175" href="#xd24e5175src" name="xd24e5175">97</a></span> -<i>Dānahā-kīs͟h.</i> See Vullers, s.v. Kesh. The -<i>kīs͟h</i> is a marten of whose skin neckcloths, etc., are -made. This note corrects the one at p. 321 of translation, as also the -text there. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5175src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5187" href="#xd24e5187src" name="xd24e5187">98</a></span> It is -Būsī-marg in the I.O. MSS. But perhaps the text is right, and -the place is the Tosh Maidān of Lawrence, 16. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5187src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5202" href="#xd24e5202src" name="xd24e5202">99</a></span> The gun -is now at Bijapur, I.G., VIII. 186. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5202src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5205" href="#xd24e5205src" name="xd24e5205">100</a></span> -Compare Iqbāl-nāma, 163–64. The text has -<i>rān</i> (“thigh”) instead of -<i>zabān</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5205src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5218" href="#xd24e5218src" name="xd24e5218">101</a></span> -Blochmann, 382. The name of the son is given in the MSS. as Mīr -ʿAlī Aṣg͟har. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5218src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5224" href="#xd24e5224src" name="xd24e5224">102</a></span> -Perhaps this is the Gurais Valley of Lawrence, 16, for Kūrī -may be read Gūrī. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5224src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5238" href="#xd24e5238src" name="xd24e5238">103</a></span> See -Jarrett, III. 121 and n. 5. The bird is either the common hawk-cuckoo -of Jerdon (<i>Hierococcyx varius</i>) or his <i>Coccystes -melanoleucos</i>—<i>i.e.</i>, the pied-crested cuckoo, for both -birds seem to have the native name of <i>Papīhā</i>. The -<i>Hierococcyx varius</i> is the “brain-fever” bird of the -Anglo-Indian, I.G., I. 250. The pied-crested cuckoo occurs in Kashmir, -and so also apparently does a bird of the genus <i>Hierococcyx</i>. -Lawrence, pp. 138, 139. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5238src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5272" href="#xd24e5272src" name="xd24e5272">104</a></span> I am -not sure what bird this is. <i>G͟haug͟hāʾī</i> -means a turtle dove in Bengal, but I doubt if this be the bird meant by -Jahāngīr. <i>G͟haug͟hāʾī</i> would -mean a noisy bird, and perhaps is the Bengal Babbler of Jerdon, or the -<i>Sāt Bhāʾī</i> (seven brothers) of the Indians. -It belongs to the <i>Malacocircus</i> genus, and Jerdon, I. 340, states -that the pied-crested cuckoo generally lays her egg in the nest of the -<i>Malacocirci</i>. The babbling thrushes occur in Kashmir. In -Blochmann, 296, there is an account of how -<i>g͟haug͟hāʾīs</i> are caught. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5272src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5302" href="#xd24e5302src" name="xd24e5302">105</a></span> MS. -305 has G͟hairat K., but No. 181 has ʿArab K., and this -agrees with Stanley Lane Poole’s Muhammadan dynasties (p. 279), -which has ʾArab Muḥammad as ruling down to 1623. Ūrganj -is in K͟hīva. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5302src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5307" href="#xd24e5307src" name="xd24e5307">106</a></span> -Jahāngīr called K͟hān-Jahān his <i>farzand</i> -(son). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5307src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5315" href="#xd24e5315src" name="xd24e5315">107</a></span> Not -the famous ʿAlī Mardān, but ʿAlī Mardān, -who was killed in the Deccan. Blochmann, 496. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e5315src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5321" href="#xd24e5321src" name="xd24e5321">108</a></span> -<i>Dandān-i-ablaq-i-jauhar-dār.</i> <i>Jauhar-dār</i> -here does not mean “jewelled,” but veined or striped. See -Vullers, I. 542<i>a</i>. Walrus-teeth may be meant by -Jahāngīr, but tortoise-shell is more likely. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5321src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5334" href="#xd24e5334src" name="xd24e5334">109</a></span> Sundar -is another name for Rāja Bikramājīt, and the reference -must be to the Siege of Kāngṛa. Jauhar Mal was a son of -Rāja Bāso, and appears to be the same person as Sūraj -Mal. It is Jauhar in I.O. MS., 181. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5334src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5337" href="#xd24e5337src" name="xd24e5337">110</a></span> -Deotānī in No. 181. Blochmann has the name Dutānī, -apparently as a tribal name (p. 504), and Elphinstone speaks in vol. -II., p. 82, of a small tribe called Dumtauny. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e5337src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5354" href="#xd24e5354src" name="xd24e5354">111</a></span> Veth -is the Kashmiri name for the Jhelam (Lawrence, 18). It is contracted -from Vitasta. It is curious that the date of the festival should be -given according to a Muhammadan month (S͟hawwāl), which must -recur at different seasons. Apparently the meaning is that the birth of -the Jhelam took place on that day.</p> -<p class="par footnote cont">Apparently the festival is not much -celebrated nowadays, for it is not mentioned by Lawrence -(264–266), except that in a note to p. 266 the Vathtrwah is -mentioned as a day on which daughters receive presents. The 19th -S͟hahrīwar, the corresponding date mentioned by -Jahāngīr, would answer to the end of August or beginning of -September, and to the Hindu month of Āsin. 13 S͟hawwāl, -1029, would correspond to 1 September, 1620. Possibly the -S͟hawwāl of text is a mistake for the Hindu month -Sāwan—<i>i.e.</i>, Srāvan. The legend of the birth of -the Jhelam is told in Stein, 97. Possibly S͟hawwāl does not -here mean the month, and we should read -<i>s͟hag͟hal-i-chirāg͟hān</i>, “the -business of lamps.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5354src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5392" href="#xd24e5392src" name="xd24e5392">112</a></span> The -crane visits Kashmir in winter, but Jahāngīr was never there -in that season. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5392src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5588" href="#xd24e5588src" name="xd24e5588">113</a></span> The -text wrongly gives this as a list of birds which are found in Kashmir. -The Iqbāl-nāma 159 and the MSS. show that the text has -omitted a negative, and that the list consists of Indian birds which -are <i>not</i> met with in Kashmir. Several of the names do not occur -in the dictionaries. No 2 (the sāras) is described in -Babur’s Memoirs, 321. No. 4 is the florikan, or <i lang="la">Otis -Bengalensis</i>. For Nos. 5–7 see Babur’s Memoirs, 321. -Karawān is a crane in Arabic, apparently, and so Karwānak -should be a little crane. It is also described as a kind of partridge. -Perhaps the Karwānak is the demoiselle crane. No. 9 may be the -oriole, or mango-bird, but that, too, is common in Kashmīr. For -No. 12, which may be the ibis, see Babur’s Memoirs, 322. For No. -14 see Babur’s Memoirs, p. 321, and for No. 18 Babur’s -Memoirs, 320. For the S͟hārak (No. 19), see Babur’s -Memoirs, 319. No 22 may possibly be the bee-eater (<i lang="la">Merops -viridis</i>). For No. 23 see Babur’s Memoirs, 267 and 321. No. 25 -may be one of the parrots, as Ḥāfiz̤ called the Indian -parrots and poets -<i>ṭuṭiyān-i-s͟hakar-s͟hikan</i>. See -Āyīn-i-Akbarī, Persian text, I. 415, and Jarrett, II. -150. The ṭaṭīrī, No. 30, is apparently the black -partridge <i lang="la">Francolinus vulgaris</i>. The names of the birds -seem to be often wrong in the text, and so I have followed the I.O. -MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5588src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5618" href="#xd24e5618src" name="xd24e5618">114</a></span> Kurg, -but perhaps Gurg, “the wolf,” is meant. The wolf is very -rare in Kashmīr (Lawrence, 109). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5618src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5630" href="#xd24e5630src" name="xd24e5630">115</a></span> Query, -mūs͟hak-i-kūr—<i>i.e.</i>, mole. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5630src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5641" href="#xd24e5641src" name="xd24e5641">116</a></span> -According to Wilson’s Glossary, the tola is = 180 grains Troy, -and the mis̤qāl = 63½ grains Troy. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5641src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5649" href="#xd24e5649src" name="xd24e5649">117</a></span> -Elliot, VI. 373, and Iqbāl-nāma 165. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e5649src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5652" href="#xd24e5652src" name="xd24e5652">118</a></span> Vernag -of Lawrence, 23. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5652src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5657" href="#xd24e5657src" name="xd24e5657">119</a></span> Text -<i>u ān</i>; in MSS. ū. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5657src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5671" href="#xd24e5671src" name="xd24e5671">120</a></span> -Lawrence, 67. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5671src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5677" href="#xd24e5677src" name="xd24e5677">121</a></span> -Jarrett, II. 356, where it is written Vej Brára. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5677src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5680" href="#xd24e5680src" name="xd24e5680">122</a></span> -Iqbāl-nāma, 164. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5680src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5689" href="#xd24e5689src" name="xd24e5689">123</a></span> This -must be the Nandīmarg of Jarrett II. 357 and of Akbar-nāma -III. 551. In the Āyīn (Jarrett II. 356), mention is made of a -place where there are seven <i>fountains</i>. Stein, 182, speaks of a -spring sacred to the seven Rīs͟hīs. Is it possible that -<i>c͟has͟hma</i> in the A.N. (Persian text, I. 565) is a -mistake for <i>c͟hinār</i>? <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5689src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5704" href="#xd24e5704src" name="xd24e5704">124</a></span> Satha -phūlī? Seven fountains? <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5704src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5710" href="#xd24e5710src" name="xd24e5710">125</a></span> -K͟hān Daurān is the S͟hāh-Beg K. -Arg͟hūn of Blochmann, 377. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5710src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5715" href="#xd24e5715src" name="xd24e5715">126</a></span> See -Maʾās̤ir, II. 155, and Blochmann, 483, for an account of -Rām Dās. Inch is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 356. Perhaps Inch -is the Yech pargana of Stein, 190–191. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e5715src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5728" href="#xd24e5728src" name="xd24e5728">127</a></span> -Rām Dās had died eight years before this. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5728src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5731" href="#xd24e5731src" name="xd24e5731">128</a></span> -Akbar-nāma, III. 725, last line; Lawrence, 298; Stein, <i>loc. -cit.</i>, 176, 177. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5731src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5739" href="#xd24e5739src" name="xd24e5739">129</a></span> The -Achh Dal of Jarrett, II. 358, and the Achabal of Lawrence, -22. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5739src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5746" href="#xd24e5746src" name="xd24e5746">130</a></span> -Jarrett, II. 361. The Dīr Nāg of Iqbāl-nāma, 165. -See also Jarrett, II. 361. The Vernag of Lawrence, 23. -Jahāngīr interpolates an account of Vīrnāg into the -annals of the second year. See p. 92 of translation. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5746src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5752" href="#xd24e5752src" name="xd24e5752">131</a></span> So in -text, but a few lines lower down the depth is spoken of as four gaz. -The Ibqāl-nāma has “fourteen -yards.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5752src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5755" href="#xd24e5755src" name="xd24e5755">132</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma has “to the end of the -garden.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5755src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5758" href="#xd24e5758src" name="xd24e5758">133</a></span> -Iqbāl-nāma, 165, has “186 yards.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5758src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5767" href="#xd24e5767src" name="xd24e5767">134</a></span> -Compare Iqbāl-nāma, 166. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5767src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5773" href="#xd24e5773src" name="xd24e5773">135</a></span> The -meaning is that the Marāj (or Marrāj), the upper part of -Kashmir, is superior to the lower part, or Kāmrāj. See -Tūzuk, 298. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5773src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5779" href="#xd24e5779src" name="xd24e5779">136</a></span> -Iqbāl-nāma, 166. Perhaps the Bawan Send of Jarrett, II. 361. -Loka Bhavan (bhavan means “abode”) is mentioned in Stein, -180. It is the Lokapūnya of the Rājataranginī. It is -five miles south of Achbal. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5779src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5783" href="#xd24e5783src" name="xd24e5783">137</a></span> Is -this a corruption of Ānantanāg—<i>i.e.</i>, -Islāmābād? <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5783src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5799" href="#xd24e5799src" name="xd24e5799">138</a></span> Author -of Iqbāl-nāma, 166. The appointment was that of examiner of -petitions. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5799src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5807" href="#xd24e5807src" name="xd24e5807">139</a></span> I -presume that the ends laid hold of by the boatmen were the disengaged -ends—<i>i.e.</i>, the ends 14 or 15 yards apart. But see -Iqbāl-nāma, 166–167. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5807src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5813" href="#xd24e5813src" name="xd24e5813">140</a></span> Text -Panj Hazāra. The MSS. are not clear. It may be the Sendbrary of -Bernier. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5813src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5835" href="#xd24e5835src" name="xd24e5835">141</a></span> The -word is <i>s͟hikār</i>, but, as he had renounced shooting, -netting is probably what is meant. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5835src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5860" href="#xd24e5860src" name="xd24e5860">142</a></span> -Iqbāl-nāma, 169. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5860src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5863" href="#xd24e5863src" name="xd24e5863">143</a></span> Or -Pāmpar, the ancient Padmapūra. See Stein, J.A.S.B. for 1899, -p. 167; Elliot, VI. 375. But the passage, as in Elliot, does not come -directly from the Tūzuk or the -Iqbāl-nāma. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5863src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5871" href="#xd24e5871src" name="xd24e5871">144</a></span> MSS. -have 3,200. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5871src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5884" href="#xd24e5884src" name="xd24e5884">145</a></span> -<i>I.e.</i>, hawks taken from the nest, and not born in -captivity. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5884src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5889" href="#xd24e5889src" name="xd24e5889">146</a></span> -Iqbāl-nāma, 169. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5889src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5892" href="#xd24e5892src" name="xd24e5892">147</a></span> This -is Mīr Jamālu-d-dīn, the dictionary-maker and friend of -Sir Thomas Roe. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5892src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5896" href="#xd24e5896src" name="xd24e5896">148</a></span> The -sentence appears obscure, but probably it was an order to the -authorities at Lahore to supply Ḥusāmu-d-dīn with the -cost of entertaining the ambassador up to the amount of Rs. -5,000. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5896src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5899" href="#xd24e5899src" name="xd24e5899">149</a></span> -Perhaps the waterfall described by Bernier in his ninth letter, and -mentioned as having been admired by Jahāngīr. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5899src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5904" href="#xd24e5904src" name="xd24e5904">150</a></span> -Hīrāpūr is Hūrapūr and the ancient -Sūrapūra. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5904src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5910" href="#xd24e5910src" name="xd24e5910">151</a></span> -Marī or Nārī Brāra in the MSS. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5910src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5920" href="#xd24e5920src" name="xd24e5920">152</a></span> -Bī-badal K. is the name given by Jahāngīr to -Saʿīdā or S͟haidā who was chief goldsmith. See -end of 15th year, p. 326 of text. For S͟haidā, who died in -Kashmir in 1080 (<span class="sc">A.D.</span> 1669–70), see Rieu, -III. 1083<i>a</i>, and I. 251, and Supp. Catalogue, p. 207, and -Sprenger’s Catalogue 124. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5920src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5931" href="#xd24e5931src" name="xd24e5931">153</a></span> Text -calls them brothers, but the MSS. show that <i>birādar</i> is a -mistake for <i>barābar</i>, “equally.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e5931src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5940" href="#xd24e5940src" name="xd24e5940">154</a></span> The -MSS. add: “He was a good youth (<i>jawān</i>) and without -guile.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5940src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5947" href="#xd24e5947src" name="xd24e5947">155</a></span> -Āb-i-ḥayāt, “water of life,” a name given -by Akbar to his āb-dār-k͟hāna, or supply of -drinking-water, etc. See Blochmann, 51. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5947src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5956" href="#xd24e5956src" name="xd24e5956">156</a></span> Text -wrongly has Thaṭṭa. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5956src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5966" href="#xd24e5966src" name="xd24e5966">157</a></span> -Elliott, VI. 376. Apparently <i>Satī</i> was not practised by -burning, but by burying. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5966src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5975" href="#xd24e5975src" name="xd24e5975">158</a></span> -Bisyār bihtar, MS., 181. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e5975src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e5996" href="#xd24e5996src" name="xd24e5996">159</a></span> -Girjhāk is said to be the Hindu name for Jalālpūr, and -the probable site of Bukephala, Jarrett, II. 324. Makhiyāla is -also mentioned there. It seems that Mūkhyāla is the famous -Mānikiyāla, where the Buddhist tope is which was first -described by Elphinstone. <span class="corr" id="xd24e6000" title= -"Source: Abūl-l-Faẓl">Abū-l-Faẓl</span> says in -the Āyīn that it was a place of worship. See I.G., new ed., -XVII. 182. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e5996src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6009" href="#xd24e6009src" name="xd24e6009">160</a></span> -Mountain-sheep. Apparently three rings were made. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6009src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6012" href="#xd24e6012src" name="xd24e6012">161</a></span> The -I.O. MSS. add here 76 head of <i>mārk͟hwur</i>, etc., were -taken. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6012src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6018" href="#xd24e6018src" name="xd24e6018">162</a></span> -Perhaps the reference is to the tomb he formerly put up over a -favourite deer. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6018src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6022" href="#xd24e6022src" name="xd24e6022">163</a></span> MSS. -have “is very noble.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6022src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6027" href="#xd24e6027src" name="xd24e6027">164</a></span> -Pigeon-fancier. He belonged to Herat, and is mentioned in Blochmann, -302. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6027src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6035" href="#xd24e6035src" name="xd24e6035">165</a></span> Text -wrongly has 1031. It should be 1030, as in the Iqbāl-nāma, -171. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6035src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6042" href="#xd24e6042src" name="xd24e6042">166</a></span> The -couplet is given in Iqbāl-nāma, 171, with some verbal -differences. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6042src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6052" href="#xd24e6052src" name="xd24e6052">167</a></span> -Elliott, VI. 374. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6052src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6064" href="#xd24e6064src" name="xd24e6064">168</a></span> Jauhar -Mal is mentioned at p. 310. Perhaps he was not Sūraj Mal, but it -looks as if he was the same person. <i>Cf.</i> corresponding passage in -Iqbāl-nāma, 173, where he is called Sūraj -Mal. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6064src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6070" href="#xd24e6070src" name="xd24e6070">169</a></span> P. 310 -of text. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6070src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6074" href="#xd24e6074src" name="xd24e6074">170</a></span> -Rāja Bikramājīt. See <i>ante</i>, p. 310. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6074src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6083" href="#xd24e6083src" name="xd24e6083">171</a></span> Text -wrongly has <i>g͟halla</i> grain, instead of -<i>ʿalafhā</i> fodder, grasses, etc. See MSS. and -Iqbāl-nāma, 174. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6083src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6097" href="#xd24e6097src" name="xd24e6097">172</a></span> Text -wrongly has 1031, but it is 1031 in the MSS. and in Elliot, VI., 375. -See, however, Elliot, VI. 378, and text, 326, which shew that the 16th -year began in 1030. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6097src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6111" href="#xd24e6111src" name="xd24e6111">173</a></span> The -<i>ʿAbbāsī</i> is also the name of a dress. The MSS. -have fourteen, instead of four, horses. Apparently the presents were -Zambil’s own offering, not that of his master. See -below. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6111src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6125" href="#xd24e6125src" name="xd24e6125">174</a></span> -<i>Mansab-i-kabak.</i> Perhaps we should read <i>katak</i>, and regard -the increase as made to the office of guarding the palace. It is -<i>katak</i>, apparently, in I.O. MSS. It may, however, be <i>Kang</i> -or <i>Gang</i> and a man’s name. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6125src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6151" href="#xd24e6151src" name="xd24e6151">175</a></span> -Apparently the translator of the -Rājataranginī. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6151src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6154" href="#xd24e6154src" name="xd24e6154">176</a></span> -Doubtless the Gwalior in the Panjab. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6154src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6163" href="#xd24e6163src" name="xd24e6163">177</a></span> -Nūr Jahān’s daughter by S͟hīr-afgan. The date -of the asking is given in the text as the third, but should be the -30th, as in the I.O. MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6163src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6173" href="#xd24e6173src" name="xd24e6173">178</a></span> -Elliot, VI. 376. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6173src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6184" href="#xd24e6184src" name="xd24e6184">179</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 176, has “ten crores.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6184src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6190" href="#xd24e6190src" name="xd24e6190">180</a></span> The -MSS. have 5,000. The word for “gunners” is -<i>tūpchī</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6190src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6198" href="#xd24e6198src" name="xd24e6198">181</a></span> The -MSS., instead of Naus͟hahr, have <i>sawād-i-s͟hahr</i>, -“the environs of the city” (<i>cf.</i> -Lahore?). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6198src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6209" href="#xd24e6209src" name="xd24e6209">182</a></span> It was -in the vicinity of Lahore. Akbar-nāma, III. 569. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6209src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6229" href="#xd24e6229src" name="xd24e6229">183</a></span> But -the next page of text records another feast of the lunar weighment. Can -it be that the lunar weighment refers to Nūr Jahān’s -birthday, not to Jahāngīr’s? The 17th here mentioned is -the 17th of the solar month of Dai, and corresponded to about December -28, 1620. In the following page (324) we are told that the lunar -weighment took place on 30 Bahman, corresponding to 25 -Rabīʿu-l-awwal—<i>i.e.</i>, February 8, 1621: -Jahāngīr’s birthday was on Rabīʿu-l-awwal 17, -so the anniversary fell this year on 22 Bahman. Consequently, if he -celebrated it, as stated on p. 323, on 17 Dai, he did so more than a -month too soon! Evidently there is a mistake somewhere. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6229src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6235" href="#xd24e6235src" name="xd24e6235">184</a></span> This -place is mentioned again in the account of the 16th year, p. 338. It -evidently received its name from Nūr Jahān. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6235src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6251" href="#xd24e6251src" name="xd24e6251">185</a></span> -Akbarpūr, twelve miles N.W. Mathurā. J. Sarkar’s India -of Aurangzeb, 171. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6251src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6254" href="#xd24e6254src" name="xd24e6254">186</a></span> That -is, of Chāch in Transoxiana, but according to I.O. MS. 181, the -word is K͟hāfī—<i>i.e.</i>, from K͟hāf -or K͟hwāf. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6254src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6272" href="#xd24e6272src" name="xd24e6272">187</a></span> -Ninety-one rubies is surely a mistake. The Iqbāl-nāma, 177, -only speaks of one. It is, however, 91 <i>yāqūt</i> in I.O. -MS., 181. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6272src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6295" href="#xd24e6295src" name="xd24e6295">188</a></span> This -is the Armenian of whom so much is said by Father Botelho and other -missionaries. It is mentioned in M. Wāris̤’s -continuation of the Pādis͟hāh-nāma, p. 392, of B.M. -MS., that Ẕū-l-Qarnain Farangī came from Bengal and -presented poems which he had composed on S͟hāh -Jahān’s name, and got a present of Rs. 4,000. He it was, -probably, who entertained Coryat. The passage in the text seems to show -that Akbar had an Armenian wife. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6295src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6298" href="#xd24e6298src" name="xd24e6298">189</a></span> He is -mentioned in some MSS. of the Akbar-nāma, vol. III., as taking -part in the religious discussions. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6298src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6301" href="#xd24e6301src" name="xd24e6301">190</a></span> -Probably this is the Laʿl Beg who wrote a book about the -Naqs͟hbandī order. See Maʾās̤iru-l-Umarā, -II., 382. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6301src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6306" href="#xd24e6306src" name="xd24e6306">191</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma has “42 eunuchs.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6306src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6310" href="#xd24e6310src" name="xd24e6310">192</a></span> The -MSS. have 40 cocks, 12 buffaloes, and 7 buffalo-horns. The text also -has <i>shāk͟h</i>, horns, but this has been taken as a -pleonasm. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6310src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6316" href="#xd24e6316src" name="xd24e6316">193</a></span> But -there was such a ceremony a few days before (see p. 323 of -text). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6316src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6327" href="#xd24e6327src" name="xd24e6327">194</a></span> For -<i>tānk</i> see Blochmann, 16 <i>n.</i> The Iqbāl-nāma, -178, has “twelve mis̤qāls.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6327src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6336" href="#xd24e6336src" name="xd24e6336">195</a></span> For -the <i>Nask͟h</i> character see Blochmann, 99–100, and for -the <i>Nastaʿlīq</i>, 101. See also the elaborate article on -Writing in Hughes’ Dictionary of Islam. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e6336src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6348" href="#xd24e6348src" name="xd24e6348">196</a></span> By -S͟hāh-i-Wilāyat is meant the Caliph ʿAlī b. -Abī T̤ālib. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6348src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6369" href="#xd24e6369src" name="xd24e6369">197</a></span> The -Houshabarchan of Hawkins. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6369src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6383" href="#xd24e6383src" name="xd24e6383">198</a></span> -Mahāban, five or six miles from Mathura. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e6383src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6388" href="#xd24e6388src" name="xd24e6388">199</a></span> They -had made an <i>istiqbāl</i>, or visit of welcome, from -Agra. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6388src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6394" href="#xd24e6394src" name="xd24e6394">200</a></span> This -was Bābar’s garden. It was on the opposite side of the Jumna -to Agra. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6394src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6398" href="#xd24e6398src" name="xd24e6398">201</a></span> So in -text, but two (<i>dū</i>) must be a mistake for “ten,” -as 2 months, 2 days = 62, and the marches and halts 49 + 21 amount to -70, or 8 more. It is 10 in I.O. MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6398src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6412" href="#xd24e6412src" name="xd24e6412">202</a></span> The -<i>būdna</i>, or <i>bodna</i>, is a species of quail. See -Bābar’s Memoirs, Erskine, p. 320, where it is spelt -<i>budinah</i>. There is a description in the Āyīn, -Blochmann, 296, of the mode of catching them. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e6412src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6436" href="#xd24e6436src" name="xd24e6436">203</a></span> The -word “village” is omitted in both the I.O. -MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6436src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6461" href="#xd24e6461src" name="xd24e6461">204</a></span> This -gives an average of Rs. 6,342 for each animal. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e6461src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="yr16" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e209">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The Sixteenth New Year’s Feast after the -Auspicious Accession</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">On Monday,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6470src" -href="#xd24e6470" name="xd24e6470src">1</a> the 27th -Rabīʿu-l-āk͟hir, <span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1030 -(10 March, 1621), the sun that bestows bounty on the world lit up the -abode of fortune of Aries with his world-illuminating light, and -gladdened the world and its inhabitants. The sixteenth year of the -reign of this suppliant at the throne of Allah commenced with gladness -and victory, and at the auspicious hour and blessed time I sat on the -throne of success in the capital of Agra. On this joy-enhancing day my -fortunate son S͟hahriyār lifted up his head with the honour -of the mansab of 8,000 and 4,000 horse. My revered father bestowed, for -the first time, this mansab<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6476src" href= -"#xd24e6476" name="xd24e6476src">2</a> on my brothers. It is hoped that -in the shadow of my education and in carrying out my pleasure, he may -reach the extreme of life and prosperity. On this day Bāqir K. -arrayed his men and passed them before me in order. The great Bakhshis -recorded (the number as) 1,000 horse and 2,000 foot, and reported to -me. Having promoted him to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 -horse, I entrusted the duties of faujdār of Agra to him.</p> -<p class="par">On Wednesday, together with the ladies seated in a boat, -I went to the Nūr-afs͟hān garden, and rested there at -night. As the garden belongs to the establishment of Nūr -Jahān B., on Thursday, the 4th, she held the royal<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6481src" href="#xd24e6481" name="xd24e6481src">3</a> -entertainment and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200" -name="pb200">200</a>]</span>presented great offerings. Of jewels, -jewelled ornaments, and all sorts of precious goods, I selected what I -approved of, of the value of Rs. 100,000. During these days, every day -after midday I embarked in a boat, and went to Samonagar, 4 koss -distant from the city, for sport, returning to the palace at night. -Sending Rāja Sārang Deo to my prosperous son S͟hāh -Parwīz, I sent with him a special dress of honour, with a jewelled -belt, which contained a sapphire<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6486src" -href="#xd24e6486" name="xd24e6486src">4</a> and several rubies. As I -had given Behar to that son in the place of Muqarrab K., I started off -a <i>sazāwul</i> to conduct him from Allahabad to Behar. Mīr -Zāhid,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6494src" href="#xd24e6494" name= -"xd24e6494src">5</a> son-in-law of Muz̤affar K., having come from -Thatta, waited on me. As Mīr ʿAẓudu-d-daula<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6498src" href="#xd24e6498" name="xd24e6498src">6</a> -had become very old and decrepit, he could not carry out the duties of -the camp and his jagir. I released him from the trouble of service and -active work. I ordered that he should receive Rs. 4,000 every month out -of the public treasury, and living at ease and in comfort at Agra or -Lahore, or wherever he wished, should employ himself in prayers for my -increased life and welfare.</p> -<p class="par">On the 9th Farwardīn the offering of -Iʿtibār K. was laid before me. Of jewels, cloths, etc., the -value of Rs. 70,000, was accepted, and I returned the remainder to him. -Muḥibb ʿAlī and Āqā Beg, envoys of the ruler -of Persia, presented twenty-four horses, two mules, three camels, seven -greyhounds (<i>sag-i-tāzī</i>), twenty-seven pieces -(<i>t̤āq</i>) of brocade, a -<i>s͟hamāma</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e6511src" href= -"#xd24e6511" name="xd24e6511src">7</a> of ambergris, two pairs of -carpets, and two <i>namad takya</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e6516src" -href="#xd24e6516" name="xd24e6516src">8</a> (woollen coverlets). Two -mares with foals that my brother had sent with them were also brought -before me.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, at the request of Āṣaf K., I -went to his house with the ladies. Having prepared a grand -entertainment, he submitted to me many delicate gems and wonders in -cloths, and rare gifts. Choosing out of these to the value of Rs. -130,000, I gave the rest to him. Mukarram K., governor <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201" name="pb201">201</a>]</span>of -Orissa, sent by way of offering thirty-two elephants, male and female, -and these had the honour of being accepted. At this time I saw a wild -ass<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6523src" href="#xd24e6523" name= -"xd24e6523src">9</a> (<i>gūr-k͟har</i>), exceedingly strange -in appearance, exactly like a lion. From the tip of the nose to the end -of the tail, and from the point of the ear to the top of the hoof, -black markings, large or small, suitable to their position, were seen -on it. Round the eyes there was an exceedingly fine black line. One -might say the painter of fate, with a strange brush, had left it on the -page of the world. As it was strange, some people imagined that it had -been coloured. After minute inquiry into the truth, it became known -that the Lord of the world was the Creator thereof. As it was a rarity, -it was included among the royal gifts sent to my brother -S͟hāh ʿAbbās. Bahādur K. Uzbeg had sent as an -offering some tipchāq horses and cloth stuffs from -ʿIrāq, and they were produced before me. Dresses of honour -for the winter were sent for Ibrāhīm K. Fatḥ-jang and -the Amirs of Bengal by Mūmin S͟hīrāzī. On the -15th the offering of Ṣādiq K. was produced. It was of all -sorts. Having taken what was worth Rs. 15,000, I gave the remainder to -him. Fāẓil K. on this day also gave an offering according to -his condition. Of this a trifle was taken. On Thursday (19th -Farwardīn) the feast of the culmination was held, and when two -watches and one <i>g͟haṛī</i> of the day had passed, I -took my seat on the throne. According to the request of -Madār-ul-mulk Iʿtimādu-d-daula, the feast of the -culmination was held in his house. He presented a remarkable offering -of rare and choice things from all countries. Altogether I took the -value of Rs. 138,000. On this day I gave Zambil Beg, the ambassador, a -muhar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6538src" href="#xd24e6538" name= -"xd24e6538src">10</a> equal to 200 <i>tolas</i> in weight. At this time -Ibrāhīm K. had sent some eunuchs from Bengal. One of these -was a hermaphrodite. Among the offerings of the above-mentioned were -two boats <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202" name= -"pb202">202</a>]</span>made in Bengal, of a very pleasant shape, on the -decoration of which a sum of Rs. 10,000 had been expended. They were -really kingly boats. Having made S͟haik͟h Qāsim K. -governor of Allahabad, I honoured him with the title of -Muḥtas͟him K. and the mansab of 5,000, and gave an order -that the Diwans should give him an increase to his jagir out of the -unappropriated (<i>maḥāll-i-ghair-i-ʿamalī</i>) -estates. Rāja S͟hyām Singh, Zamindar of Srīnagar -(in Garhwāl) was given a horse and an elephant.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was reported to me that Yūsuf K., -s. Ḥusain K.,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6552src" href= -"#xd24e6552" name="xd24e6552src">11</a> had died in the victorious army -of the Deccan a sudden death. The report said that when he was at his -jagir he had become so fat that he got out of breath with the least -exertion. One day when he was paying his respects to K͟hurram, in -coming and going his breathing<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6555src" -href="#xd24e6555" name="xd24e6555src">12</a> became difficult. When a -dress of honour was given him, in putting it on and saluting he became -helpless, and a trembling affected all his limbs, and with a hundred -labours and exertions he saluted and stumbled out and fell under the -shelter of the tent enclosure, and became unconscious. His servants -placed him in a palanquin, and took him home, and as he arrived, the -messenger of death came also. He received his command, and left his -heavy lump of earth in the perishable dustbin. On 1st -Urdībihis͟ht, I gave a special dagger to Zambil Beg, the -ambassador. On the 4th of the same month the feast of the -<i>kār-i-khair</i> (consummation of marriage) of my son -S͟hahriyār increased the joy of my heart. The -Ḥinna-bandī (putting on henna) assembly took place in the -palace of Maryamu-z-zamānī. The feast of the -<i>nikāḥ</i> (marriage) was held in the house of -Iʿtimādu-d-daula. I myself went there with the ladies and -adorned the feast of joy. After seven gharis of night had passed, on -Friday<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6565src" href="#xd24e6565" name= -"xd24e6565src">13</a> the marriage took place with rejoicings. I hope -that it will be propitious to this daily-increasing State. On Tuesday, -the 19th, in the Nūr-afs͟hān garden, I presented my son -S͟hahriyār with a jewelled <i>chārqab</i> (coat), with a -turban and waist-belt (<i>kamar-band</i>), <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb203" href="#pb203" name="pb203">203</a>]</span>and -two horses, one an ʿIrāqī, with a gold saddle, and the -other a Turkī, with an embroidered saddle.</p> -<p class="par">In these days S͟hāh S͟hujāʿ had -an eruption so violent that water would not go down his throat, and his -life was despaired of. As it had been recorded in his father’s -horoscope that his son would die this year, all the astrologers were -unanimous that he would not live, but Jotik Rāy said, on the -contrary, that the dust of calamity would not settle on the skirt of -his life. I asked: “By what proof?” He said that in the -horoscope of my destiny it was recorded that in this year no distress -or trouble would find its way to the royal mind from any road, and as I -had a great affection for the child, it behoved that no calamity should -happen to him, and some other child would die. It came to pass as he -said, and he carried his life out of this deadly place, and a son that -he (S͟hāh Jahān) had by the daughter of -S͟hāh-nawāz K., died at Burhanpur. Besides this, many of -Jotik Rāy’s judgments (aḥkām) turned out correct. -This is not without strangeness, and it is therefore recorded in these -memoirs. I accordingly ordered him (Jotik Rāy) to be weighed -against money and the weight came to Rs. 6,500. This was given him as a -reward.</p> -<p class="par">Muḥammad Ḥusain Jābirī was -appointed Bakhshi and newswriter of the Subah of Orissa. The mansab of -Lāchīn Munajjim (astrologer) Qāqs͟hāl, at the -request of Mahābat K., was fixed, original and increased, at 1,000 -personal and 500 horse. Muḥammad Ḥusain, brother of -K͟hwāja Jahān, came from Kāngṛa and waited on -me. Having presented an elephant to Bahādur K. Uzbeg, I sent it -with his Vakil. Hurmuz and Hūs͟hang, grandsons of the asylum -of pardon Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥakīm, by reason of -the caution that is fitting to rulers, had been imprisoned in the fort -of Gwalior. At this time, having summoned them into my presence, I -ordered them to remain in Agra, and a daily allowance sufficient for -their expenses was allowed for them. At this time a brahman of the name -of Rūdar Bhattachāraj, who was one of the learned ones of -this caste, and was engaged at Benares in teaching, had the good -fortune to pay his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204" -name="pb204">204</a>]</span>respects to me. In truth, he has studied -well, both in the rational and traditional sciences, and is perfect in -his own line.</p> -<p class="par">One of the strange events of this time<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e6585src" href="#xd24e6585" name="xd24e6585src">14</a> was that -on 30 Farwardīn (about 10 April, 1621) in the present year, in a -certain village of the pargana of Jālandhar, in the morning, a -terrible noise arose from the East, such that its inhabitants, from -fright at that terror-increasing sound, nearly deserted their bodies. -Whilst this noise and disturbance were going on, a light fell from -above on the ground, and the people thought that fire was raining down -from heaven. After a moment, when that noise ceased, and their troubled -hearts recovered from their bewilderment and terror, they sent a quick -runner to the collector (<i>ʿāmil</i>) Muḥammad -Saʿīd, and informed him of what had occurred. He immediately -rode there himself, and went to look at the spot. For ten or twelve -yards in length and breadth the land was so burnt that no trace of any -grass or green was left, and there were still signs of heat and -burning. He ordered them to dig up the soil, and the more they dug the -greater the heat appeared to be till they came to a place where a piece -of heated iron appeared. It was as hot as if it had been taken out of a -furnace. After a while it became cold, and taking it up, he conveyed it -to his house, and placing it in a <i>k͟harīṭa</i> -(cover), which he sealed, he sent it to Court. I ordered them to weigh -it in my presence, and it came to 160 <i>tolas</i>. I ordered Master -(Ustād) Dāʾūd<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6597src" -href="#xd24e6597" name="xd24e6597src">15</a> to make a sword, a dagger, -and a knife of it, and bring them to me. He represented that it would -not stand below the hammer, and fell to pieces. I told him in that case -to mix it with other iron and make use of it. As I had told him, he -mixed three parts of lightning-iron and one of other iron, and having -made two swords, one dagger, and one knife, brought them to me. From -the mixing of other iron he had brought out its quality (watering). -According to the manner of the excellent swords of Yaman<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6601src" href="#xd24e6601" name= -"xd24e6601src">16</a> and the South, it could be bent, and became -straight again. I ordered them to test <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb205" href="#pb205" name="pb205">205</a>]</span>it in my presence. It -cut very well, equal to true swords. I called one the -S͟hams͟hīr-i-qāt̤iʿ (keen sword) and the -other Barq-siris͟ht (lightning-natured). Bī-badal K. composed -a quatrain which demonstrated<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6611src" href= -"#xd24e6611" name="xd24e6611src">17</a> these particulars, and recited -it:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">By S͟hāh Jahāngīr the world -acquired order.</p> -<p class="line">There fell in his reign raw iron from lightning.</p> -<p class="line">From that iron were made by his world-taking -command,</p> -<p class="line">A dagger, a knife, and two scimitars.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">And “Spark of royal lightning” gave -the date (<span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1030).</p> -<p class="par">At this time Rāja Sārang Deo, who had gone to -my fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz, came and waited on me. -Parwīz represented that he, according to order, had proceeded from -Allahabad to Behar. I hope he will be prosperous (there). Qāsim K. -was dignified with the gift of drums. On this day one -ʿAlīmu-d-dīn, a servant of K͟hurram, brought a -report from him containing the good news of the victory, with a -jewelled thumbstall (<i>s͟hast</i>, perhaps a ring), which he had -sent as <i>naẕar</i>. I gave him leave, sending by him a dress of -honour. Amīr Beg, brother of Fāẓil Beg. K., was -appointed Diwan to my son S͟hahriyār and Muḥammad -Ḥusain, brother of K͟hwāja Jahān, was made -Bakhshi, and Maʿṣūm was appointed -<i>Mīr-Sāmān</i>. Sayyid Ḥājī obtained -leave to go as an <span class="corr" id="xd24e6640" title= -"Source: axuiliary">auxiliary</span> to the army of the Deccan, and I -gave him a horse. Muz̤affar K., was also promoted to the post of -Bakhshi.</p> -<p class="par">As at this time the mother<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6645src" href="#xd24e6645" name="xd24e6645src">18</a> of -Imām-qulī K., the ruler of Tūrān, had sent to -Nūr Jahān Begam a letter containing expressions of good will -and the dues of acquaintanceship, and sent some rarities from that -country. K͟hwāja Naṣīr, who was one of the old -servants and one of my attendants from the time when I was a -prince<span class="corr" id="xd24e6648" title="Not in source">,</span> -was sent by way of embassy on the part of Nūr Jahān Begam -with a letter, with choice gifts from this country. At the time when -the ladies were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206" -name="pb206">206</a>]</span>staying in the Nūr-afs͟hān -garden, a <i>rang</i> (ibex) fawn eight days old, jumped down from the -terrace of the palace, which is 8 gaz in height, on to the ground, and -began to leap about, no sign of injury or pain being perceptible in -it.</p> -<p class="par">On the 4th of the Divine month<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6658src" href="#xd24e6658" name="xd24e6658src">19</a> of -K͟hurdād, Afẓal K., K͟hurram’s Diwan brought -a letter from him containing the good news of his victory, and kissed -the threshold. The details are as follows: When the victorious army -reached Ujain, a band of the servants of the Court, who were in the -fort of Māndū, sent a report that an army of the rebels, -putting forward the foot of audacity, had crossed the Narbadā, and -burning several villages that were under<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6661src" href="#xd24e6661" name="xd24e6661src">20</a> the fort, -were busy with rapine and plunder. Madāru-l-mahāmm -K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan, with 5,000 cavalry, were -appointed to go in all haste and inflict punishment on that vain lot of -people. The K͟hwāja made a night march, and at the dawn of -day reached the bank of the Narbadā. When the enemy learnt this, -they in one moment threw themselves into the river and reached the bank -of safety. The brave cavalry galloped after them, and pursued them for -nearly 4 koss,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6664src" href="#xd24e6664" -name="xd24e6664src">21</a> and with the sword of vengeance, made many -of them travellers on the road of non-existence. The ill-fated rebels -did not turn back the reins of haste till they reached Burhanpur. -K͟hurram wrote to Abū-l-Ḥasan to remain on that (the -South) side of the river till he came. Soon he, with his army, joined -this advanced force, and hastened on, march by march, till he reached -Burhanpur. The graceless rebels were still keeping<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e6667src" href="#xd24e6667" name="xd24e6667src">22</a> their -ground, and were encamped round the city. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb207" href="#pb207" name="pb207">207</a>]</span>As the imperial -servants had been contending with the rebels for two years, they had -suffered much hardship from want of land -(<i>bī-jāgīrī</i>,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6703src" href="#xd24e6703" name="xd24e6703src">23</a> -non-possession of fiefs, landlessness) and scarcity of corn, and their -horses were worn out by continued service. Accordingly, they had to -delay nine days in order to recruit. During this period, thirty lakhs -of rupees and many cuirasses<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6709src" href= -"#xd24e6709" name="xd24e6709src">24</a> were distributed among the -soldiers, and <i>sazāwuls</i> had been sent out and had brought -many men out of the city (Burhanpur). The gallant troops had not yet -put their hands to the work, when the black-fated rebels felt that they -could not resist, and scattered like “the daughters of the -Bier” (the stars of the constellation of the Great Bear, which -are dispersed over the heavens, instead of being clustered like the -Pleiades). The brave and swift cavaliers followed them, and with the -sword of vengeance cast many of them upon the earth of perdition. They -gave them no rest, but smiting and slaying them, pursued them as far as -Khirkī, which was the residence of the Niz̤āmu-l-mulk -and the other rebels. One day before this the ill-starred one (Malik -ʿAmbar) had got information of the approach of the imperialists, -and had removed the Niz̤āmu-l-mulk and his family and effects -to the fort of Daulatābād. There he had encamped, with his -back resting on the fort, while in front of him there were marshes and -quagmires.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6730src" href="#xd24e6730" name= -"xd24e6730src">25</a> Most of his men became scattered in all -directions. The leaders of the victorious army, with their -vengeance-seeking soldiers, halted three days in the town of -Khirkī, and so destroyed a city <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb208" href="#pb208" name="pb208">208</a>]</span>which had taken -twenty years to build, that it is not known if it will regain its -splendour in other twenty years. In fine, after throwing down its -buildings, all agreed in opinion that as an army of rebels was still -besieging Ahmadnagar, they must at once go there, and inflict condign -punishment on the originators of the disturbance, renew the supplies -(of the Ahmadnagar garrison), and leave assistance there, and then -return. With this view they set out, and came as far as the town of -Paṭan (in Berar, Jarrett II. 233). Meanwhile, the crafty -ʿAmbar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6748src" href="#xd24e6748" name= -"xd24e6748src">26</a> sent agents and officers, and said: “After -this I will not drop the thread of service and loyalty from my hand, -nor put out my foot beyond orders, and will regard whatever tribute and -fine be commanded as a favour, and will send it to the -government.” It happened that just then there was great scarcity -in the camp in consequence of the dearness of provisions, and also that -news came that the rebel force which was besieging Ahmadnagar had -withdrawn on hearing of the approach of the imperialists. Accordingly, -a force was sent to help K͟hanjar K. (the governor of Fort -Ahmadnagar), and a sum of money for his charges. Thereupon the -imperialists were relieved from all anxiety and returned (across the -Narbadā?). After much entreaty and lamentation (on the part of -ʿAmbar) it was settled that in addition to the territory which of -old had belonged to the empire, the rebels should surrender 14 koss of -the adjoining country, and should pay into the public treasury fifty -lakhs of rupees as tribute.</p> -<p class="par">I gave Afẓal K. (S͟hāh -Jahān’s diwan) leave to return, and sent with him, for -K͟hurram, the ruby plume (<i>kalgī-i-laʿlī</i>) -which the King of Persia had sent to me, and which has been already -described, and I gave to the aforesaid (Afẓal) a dress of honour, -an elephant, an inkpot, and a jewelled pen. K͟hanjar K., who, when -besieged in the Fort of Ahmadnagar, had performed approved services, -and shown proper activity, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal -and 1,000 horse.</p> -<p class="par">Mukarram K., having come by order from Orissa, had, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209" name= -"pb209">209</a>]</span>with his brothers, the good fortune to wait upon -me. He presented a string of pearls by way of offering. -Muz̤affaru-l-mulk, s. Bahāduru-l-mulk, was honoured with the -title of Nuṣrat K. A standard was conferred on Ūdā -Rām, Dakhanī, and to ʿAzīzu-llah, s. Yūsuf K., -was given the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the -21st, Muqarrab K. arrived from Behar, and had the good fortune to wait -upon me. At this time Āqā ʿAlī, Muḥibb -ʿAlī Beg, Ḥājī Beg, and Fāẓil Beg, -the envoys of the ruler of Persia, who had come at different times, -were allowed to depart. To Āqā Beg I made a present of a -dress of honour, a jewelled dagger, and Rs. 40,000 in cash; to -Muḥibb ʿAlī Beg a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000; and -to the others in the same way I presented gifts according to their -positions. I also sent a suitable souvenir by them to my brother. On -this day Mukarram K. was appointed Subahdar of Delhi, and faujdār -of Mewāt. S͟hajāʿat K. ʿArab was dignified -with the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,500 horse, original and -increased; S͟harza K. with that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse; Girdhar, -s. Rāy Sāl Kachhwāha, with that of 1,200 and 900 -horse.</p> -<p class="par">On the 29th, Qāsim Beg, an envoy of the ruler of -Persia, came and waited on me, bringing a letter from that brother of -lofty dignity, containing expressions of sincerity and friendship. What -he had sent by way of royal gifts was laid before me. On the 1st of -Tīr, I sent a special elephant called Gaj Ratan, for my son -(<i>farzand</i>) K͟hān Jahān. Naz̤ar Beg, a servant -of K͟hurram, laid before me a letter from him asking for the gift -of horses. I ordered Rāja Kis͟han Dās, the mus͟hrif -(accountant) to prepare within fifteen days 1,000 horses from the royal -stables, and to send them off with him. I sent to K͟hurram as a -present a horse of the name of Rūm-ratan<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6768src" href="#xd24e6768" name="xd24e6768src">27</a> (“the -jewel of Turkey”), which the ruler of Persia had sent me out of -the spoils of the Turkish camp.</p> -<p class="par">On this day a servant of Irādat K., of the name of -G͟hiyās̤u-d-dīn, laid before me a report from him -containing the good news of his victory. In the preceding pages there -has been <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210" name= -"pb210">210</a>]</span>written with the pen of demonstration an account -of the rebellion of the Zamindars of Kis͟htwār and of the -despatch of Jalāl, s. Dilāwar K. As this important matter had -not been properly managed by him, an order was given to Irādat K. -to hasten to take up that duty, and to inflict severe punishment on the -rebels, and make such arrangements in the hill-country that the dust of -dispersion and calamity might not settle on its frontiers. He, as -ordered, hastened there and did approved service, and the people of -sedition and disturbance, having turned their heads towards the desert -of exile, escaped half dead. Thus once more was the thorn of calamity -and mischief rooted out of that country, and having established the -officials and established posts, he returned to Kashmir. As a reward -for this service I added 500 horse to his mansab.</p> -<p class="par">As K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan had done -good service and shown proper activity in the affair of the Deccan, I -increased his mansab by 1,000 horse. Aḥmad Beg, nephew of -Ibrāhīm K. Fatḥ-jang, being exalted to the Subahdarship -of Orissa, was dignified with the title of <i>K͟hān</i>, and -had given him a standard and drums. His mansab also was raised to 2,000 -with 500 horse.</p> -<p class="par">As I had often heard of the virtues and good qualities -of Qāẓī Naṣīr of Burhanpur, my truth-seeking -mind had a desire for his society. At this time he came, according to -summons, to the Court. Doing honour to his learning, I paid him great -regard. The Qāẓī is one of the unique of the age for -rational and traditional sciences, and there are few books that he has -not read, but his exterior did not agree with his interior, and I could -not be delighted with his company. As I found him much devoted to being -a dervish and seclusion, I respected his feelings, and did not give him -the trouble of serving me. I gave him Rs. 5,000, and dismissed him to -his native country to pass his days in ease.</p> -<p class="par">On the 1st of the Divine month of Amurdād -Bāqir K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,200 -horse, and of the Amirs and royal servants who had distinguished -themselves in the conquest of the Deccan, thirty-two <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb211" href="#pb211" name= -"pb211">211</a>]</span>individuals were exalted by having their mansabs -raised. ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K. Naqs͟hbandī, who had -been appointed to the governorship of Qandahar at the request of my son -K͟hān Jahān, was promoted to that of 3,000 personal and -2,000 horse. On the 1st S͟hahrīwar I gave the ambassador -Zambil Beg a jewelled sword, and also presented him with a village -under the jurisdiction of the capital, the revenue of which was Rs. -16,000.</p> -<p class="par">At this time, knowing that he was unfit for duty on -account of his bad temper and want of knowledge, I dismissed -Ḥakīm Ruknā,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6791src" href= -"#xd24e6791" name="xd24e6791src">28</a> and told him he might go -wherever he wished. As it was reported to me that Hūs͟hang, -the brother’s son of K͟hān ʿĀlam, had -committed an unjust murder, having summoned him to my presence, I -investigated the charge, and after it was established, gave an order -for his execution. God forbid that in such affairs I should consider -princes, and far less that I should consider Amirs. I hope that the -grace of God may support me in this. On 1st S͟hahrīwar, at -the request of Āṣaf K., I went to his house and bathed in -the bath-house that he has lately built. It is beautifully finished. -After I had done bathing he laid before me offerings fit for a -<i>naẕar</i>. I took what I approved of and gave him the rest. -The <i>Waz̤īfa</i> (pension) of K͟hiẓr -K͟hān (late ruler) of Khandesh, was fixed at Rs. -30,000,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6800src" href="#xd24e6800" name= -"xd24e6800src">29</a> original and increased.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was reported to me that a blacksmith of -the name of Kalyān was much in love with a woman of his own caste, -and was always laying his head at her feet, and showing symptoms of -infatuation. The woman, though she was a widow, would in no way consent -to accept him, and the love of this wretch who had given his heart to -her made no impression on her. Having summoned both of them into my -presence, I cross-examined them, and however much I advised her to -unite herself to him, she did not agree. At this time the blacksmith -said that if he could make sure that I would<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6806src" href="#xd24e6806" name="xd24e6806src">30</a> give her to -him, he would throw himself down from <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb212" href="#pb212" name="pb212">212</a>]</span>the -S͟hāh-burj of the fort. I said by way of jest: “Never -mind the S͟hāh-burj; if your love be genuine, fling yourself -from the roof of this house, and I’ll make her submit herself to -you.” I had not ended before he ran like lightning and threw -himself down. When he fell, blood began to flow from his eyes and -mouth. I repented myself greatly of that jest, and was grieved in my -mind, and bade Āṣaf K͟hān take him to his house -and look after him. As the cup of his life was brimming over, he died -from the injury.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">The life-sacrificing lover who stood on that -threshold</p> -<p class="line">Gave up his life with joy and regarded death as a -trifle.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">At the request of Mahābat K. the mansab of -Lāchīn Qāqs͟hāl, original and increased, was -fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse.</p> -<p class="par">It has been mentioned<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6823src" href="#xd24e6823" name="xd24e6823src">31</a> that on the -day of the Dasahara festival in Kashmir, I had perceived in myself a -catching and shortness of breath. Briefly, from excessive rain and the -dampness of the air, a difficulty in drawing breath showed itself on my -left side near the heart. This by degrees increased and became -intensified. Of the physicians who were in waiting on me, -Ḥakīm Rūḥu-llah first tried his remedies, and for -some time warm, soothing medicines were of use, for there was evidently -a slight diminution (of the symptoms). When I came down from the hills, -they came on again violently. This time for some days I took -goats’ milk, and again camel’s milk, but I found no profit -whatever from them. About this time Ḥakīm Ruknā, who -had been excused from the journey to Kashmir, and whom I had left at -Agra, joined me, and confidently and with a show of power, undertook my -cure, and relied on warm and dry medicines. From his remedies, too, I -derived no advantage; on the contrary, they appeared to increase the -heat and dryness of my brain and temperament, and I became very weak. -The disease increased and the pain was prolonged. At such a time and in -this state, at which a heart of stone would have burnt <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213" name= -"pb213">213</a>]</span>(been distressed) about me, -Ṣadrā,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6828src" href="#xd24e6828" -name="xd24e6828src">32</a> s. Ḥakīm Mīrzā -Muḥammad, who was one of the chief physicians of Persia (was in -attendance on me). He had come from Persia in the reign of my revered -father, and after the throne of rule had been adorned by this -suppliant, as he was distinguished above all others by natural skill -and experience (<i>taṣarruf-i-t̤abīʿat</i>), I was -attended to by him, and I distinguished him with the title of -Masīḥu-z-zamān (Messiah of the Age). I made his -position more honourable than that of the other Court-physicians, with -the idea that at some crisis he would help me. That ungrateful man, in -spite of the claims which I had on him, though he saw me in such a -state, did not give me medicines or treat me. Notwithstanding that I -distinguished him beyond all the physicians who were waiting on me, he -would not undertake my cure. However great attention I showed him and -troubled myself to soothe him, he became more obstinate -(<i>ṣullab</i>), and said: “I have no such reliance on my -knowledge that I can undertake the cure.” It was the same with -Ḥakīm Abū-l-Qāsim, s. Ḥakīmu-l-mulk, -notwithstanding his being a k͟hānazād, and what was due -for his bringing up; he professed himself suspicious and afraid, and -that considering the matter in his mind, he was terrified and vexed, -and how, then, could he prescribe a remedy? As there was no help for -it, I gave them all up, and weaning my heart from all visible remedies, -gave myself up to the Supreme Physician. As drinking alleviated my -sufferings, I took to it in the daytime, contrary to my habit, and -gradually I carried this to excess. When the weather became hot, the -evil effects of this increased, and my weakness and laboured breathing -were augmented. Nūr Jahān Begam, whose skill and experience -are greater than those of the physicians, especially as they are -brought to bear through affection and sympathy, endeavoured to diminish -the number of my cups, and to carry out the remedies that appeared -appropriate to the time, and soothing to the condition. Although -previously to this she had approved of the remedies <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214" name="pb214">214</a>]</span>made -use of by the physicians, yet at this time I relied on her kindness. -She, by degrees, lessened my wine, and kept me from things that did not -suit me, and food that disagreed with me. I hope that the True -Physician will grant me perfect recovery from the hospital of the -hidden world.</p> -<p class="par">On Monday, the 22nd<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6842src" -href="#xd24e6842" name="xd24e6842src">33</a> of the same month, -corresponding with the 25th of S͟hawwāl, <span class= -"sc">A.H.</span> 1030 (2 September, 1621), the feast of my solar -weighing took place auspiciously and happily. As in the past year (of -my life) I had suffered from severe illness, I had passed it in -continuous pain and trouble. In thankfulness that such a year ended -well and in safety, and that in the commencement of the present year -the signs of health became apparent, Nūr Jahān Begam begged -that her Vakils might make the arrangements for the entertainment (of -the solar weighment). In truth, they prepared one which increased the -astonishment of beholders. From the date on which Nūr Jahān -Begam entered into the bond of marriage with this suppliant, although -in all weighing entertainments, both solar and lunar, she had made such -arrangements as were becoming to the State, and knew what were the -requirements of good fortune and prosperity; yet on this occasion she -had paid greater attention than ever to adorn the assembly, and arrange -the feast. All the servants of approved service and the domestics who -knew my temperament, who in that time of weakness had constantly been -present and been ready to sacrifice their lives, and had fluttered -round my head like moths, were now honoured with suitable kindnesses, -such as dresses of honour, jewelled sword-belts, jewelled daggers, -horses, elephants, and trays full of money, each according to their -positions. And though the physicians had not done good service, yet in -consideration of the slight contempt<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6848src" href="#xd24e6848" name="xd24e6848src">34</a> with which -they had been treated for two or three days, they <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215" name= -"pb215">215</a>]</span>received various favours, and on the occasion of -this feast also, they received presents in jewels and cash.</p> -<p class="par">After the conclusion of the weighment, trays of gold and -silver were poured out by way of <i>nis̤ār</i> -(coin-scattering) into the hope-skirts of the ministers of amusement -(<i>ahl-i-nis͟hāt̤</i>), and of the poor. Jotik -Rāy, astrologer, who had given the glad news of my recovery and -restoration to health, I had weighed against muhars and rupees, and by -this method a present was made<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6872src" -href="#xd24e6872" name="xd24e6872src">35</a> him of 500 muhars and -7,000 rupees. At the end of the entertainment the offerings she -(Nūr Jahān) had prepared for me were produced. Of the jewels, -jewelled ornaments, cloths and various rarities I selected what I -approved of. Altogether the cost of this great entertainment which -Nūr Jahān Begam gave was recorded to be two lacs of rupees, -exclusive of what she laid before me as offerings. In previous years, -when I was in health, I weighed 3 maunds and 1 or 2 seers more or less, -but this year, as a result of my weakness and leanness, I was only 2 -maunds and 27 seers.</p> -<p class="par">On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Mihr, -Iʿtiqād K., the Governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the -mansab of 4,000 and 2,500 horse, and Rāja Gaj Singh to that of -4,000 and 3,000 horse. When the news of my illness reached my son, -S͟hāh Parwīz, without waiting for a farman he came to -see me, being unable to restrain himself. On the 14th<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e6877src" href="#xd24e6877" name="xd24e6877src">36</a> of the -same month (September 25, 1621), at an auspicious hour and propitious -time, that fortunate son had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and went three times round the couch (<i>tak͟ht</i>). However much -I adjured him and forbade him to do so, he insisted the more in -lamentation and importunity. I took him by the hand and drew him -towards me, and by way of kindness and affection held him fast in an -embrace, and displayed great love to him. I hope that he may enjoy a -long life with prosperity.</p> -<p class="par">At this time Rs. 20,00,000 were sent to K͟hurram -for the expenses of the army of the Deccan by Allah-dād K., who -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216" name= -"pb216">216</a>]</span>was honoured with an elephant and a standard. On -the 28th Qiyām K., chief huntsman, died a natural death. He was a -confidential servant, and apart from his skill in hunting, looked over -every trifling detail relating to it, and consulted my pleasure in it. -In short, I was much grieved at this event. I hope that God may grant -him forgiveness.</p> -<p class="par">On the 29th the mother of Nūr Jahān Begam -died. Of the amiable qualities of this matron -(<i>Kad-bānū</i>) of the family of chastity what can I write? -Without exaggeration, in purity of disposition and in wisdom and the -excellencies that are the ornament of women no Mother of the -Age<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6892src" href="#xd24e6892" name= -"xd24e6892src">37</a> was ever born equal to her, and I did not -value<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6896src" href="#xd24e6896" name= -"xd24e6896src">38</a> her less than my own mother. With regard to the -attachment that Iʿtimādu-d-daula bore towards her it is -certain that no husband was equal to him. Here one must imagine what -had happened to that grief-stricken old man. Also with regard to the -attachment of Nūr Jahān Begam to her mother what can one -write? A son like Āṣaf K., exceedingly intelligent and -clever, rent in pieces his robe of patience and left off the dress of -men of the social state (lit., men of dependence, or connection). At -the sight of his dear son, the grief and sorrow of the father, wounded -at heart, increased more and more. However much we admonished him, it -had no result. On the day on which I went to condole with him, as the -disturbance of his mind and grief of his heart had commenced, I spoke a -few words of admonition by way of affection and kindness, but did not -urge him. I left him until (the sense of) his calamity should abate. -After some days I ministered to his inward wound the balm of kindness, -and brought him back to the position of sociable beings. Although in -order to please me and satisfy my mind he outwardly controlled himself, -and made a show of resignation, yet with regard to his affection for -her what resignation could there be? <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb217" href="#pb217" name="pb217">217</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On the 1st of the Divine month of Ābān, -Sar-buland K., Jān-sipār K., and Bāqī K., were -honoured with the gift of drums. ʿAbdu-llah K. had gone to his -jagir without the leave of the Subahdar<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6908src" href="#xd24e6908" name="xd24e6908src">39</a> of the -Deccan: I accordingly told the Chief Diwans to deprive him of his -jagir, and Iʿtimād Rāy was ordered to act as a -<i>sazāwul</i>, and to send him back to the Deccan.</p> -<p class="par">It has been recorded with regard to the case of -Masīḥu-z-zamān (Ḥakīm Ṣadrā) -that, notwithstanding what was due from him for his bringing-up and my -kindness to him, he had not the grace to attend upon me in such an -illness, and more strange still is it that he suddenly threw off the -veil of modesty and asked for leave to undertake a journey to the -Hijaz, and make a pilgrimage to the holy house. Inasmuch as at all -times and under all circumstances the reliance of this suppliant is on -the Lord, that needs no return, and the gracious Creator, I gave him -leave with an open brow. Though he had all kinds of things (for the -journey) I made him a present of Rs. 20,000 in aid of his expenses, and -I hope that the Supreme Physician, without the assistance of physicians -and the means of medicine, may grant this suppliant complete recovery -from the Dispensary of His mercy.</p> -<p class="par">As the air of Agra, in consequence of the increase of -the temperature, did not agree with me, on Monday, the 13th of the -Divine month of Ābān and 16th year (of my reign), the -standards were raised to go towards the hill country of the North, so -that if the air of that quarter should be equable, I might choose some -spot of ground on the bank of the River Ganges, and found a city there, -to make a permanent place of residence for the hot weather, or else -turn the reins of purpose in the direction of Kashmir. Leaving -Muz̤affar K. to guard and administer Agra, I dignified him with -drums, a horse, and an elephant. Having appointed his nephew, M. -Muḥammad faujdār of the city, I gave him the title of Asad -K., and selected him for increase of mansab. Having exalted Bāqir -K. to the duty of the Subah of Oudh, I dismissed him. On the 26th of -the said month my prosperous son S͟hāh Parwīz -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href="#pb218" name= -"pb218">218</a>]</span>obtained leave to proceed from Mathura to Bihar -and his jagir. I gave him leave after presenting him with a special -dress of honour, a <i>nādirī</i>, a jewelled dagger, a horse, -and an elephant. I hope that he may enjoy long life. On 4 -Āẕar, Mukarram K., governor of Delhi, was exalted with the -good fortune of paying his respects. On the 6th I alighted at Delhi, -and having halted two days in Salīmgaṛh I employed myself -with the pleasure of sport. At this time it was reported to me that -Jādo Rāy Kaitha (or Kathiya), who is one of the leading -Sardars of the Deccan, by the guidance of good fortune and reliance on -God, had elected for loyalty, and had been enrolled amongst the loyal -servants. Bestowing on him a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, I -sent a gracious farman to him by the hand of Narāyan Dās -Rāthor. On the 1st of the Divine month of Dai, corresponding with -the 7th Ṣafar, <span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1031, -Maqṣūd, brother of Qāsim K., was honoured with the -title of Hās͟him K. and Hās͟him Beg -K͟hūs͟hī<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6927src" href= -"#xd24e6927" name="xd24e6927src">40</a> with that of -Jān-nis̤ār K.</p> -<p class="par">On the 7th of the same month the camp was pitched at -Hardwār on the bank of the Ganges. It is one of the most famous -places of worship of the Hindus, and many brahmans and recluses have -chosen a corner of retirement in this place and worship God according -to the rule of their religion. I gave alms in cash and goods to each of -them according to his requirements. As the climate of this skirt of the -hills was not approved by me, and I could not see a spot of ground on -which to make a permanent residence, I proceeded towards the skirt of -the hill country of Jammu and Kāngṛa.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was reported to me that Rāja -Bhāo Singh had died in the Deccan (become a traveller on the road -of non-existence). From excess of wine-drinking he had become very weak -and low. Suddenly a faintness came over him. However much the -physicians tried remedies for him and burnt scars on the top of his -head, he did not come to his senses: for a night and a day he lay -without perception, and died the next day. Two wives and eight -concubines burnt themselves in the fire of fidelity for him. Jagat -Singh, his elder brother, and Mahā Singh, his nephew, had spent -the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb219" href="#pb219" name= -"pb219">219</a>]</span>coin of their lives in the wine-business, and -the aforesaid, not taking warning from them, sold sweet life for bitter -fluid. He was of very good disposition and sedate. From the days when I -was a prince he was constantly in my service, and by the blessing of my -education had reached the high rank of 5,000. As he left no son, I -dignified the grandson of his elder brother, though of tender years, -with the title of Raja, and gave him the mansab of 2,000 personal and -1,000 horse. The pargana of Amber, his native place, was assigned to -him as jagir, according to former custom, in order that his family -might not be dispersed. Aṣālat K., s. K͟hān -Jahān, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. -On the 20th<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6939src" href="#xd24e6939" name= -"xd24e6939src">41</a> of the same month I halted at the saray of -Alwātū.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6942src" href="#xd24e6942" -name="xd24e6942src">42</a> As I am constantly engaged in the pleasure -of hunting, and the flesh of animals I have killed with my own hand is -very much to my taste, in consequence of the suspicions and caution -that I have in such matters, I order them to be cleaned in my presence, -and myself inspect their stomachs to see what they have eaten and what -the food of the animals is. If by chance I see anything to which I have -a dislike I forbear from eating the flesh. Before this I was not -inclined towards any kind of waterfowl except the <i>sona</i> (golden -duck?). When I was at Ajmir I saw a tame <i>sona</i> duck eating -horrible worms. From seeing this, my taste turned against it, and I -gave up eating tame <i>sona</i> ducks until now, when a duck was -caught, and I ordered them to clean it in my presence. From its crop -there first came out a small<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6955src" href= -"#xd24e6955" name="xd24e6955src">43</a> fish: after this there appeared -a bug<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6964src" href="#xd24e6964" name= -"xd24e6964src">44</a> so large that I could not believe till I saw it -with my own eye that it could swallow a thing of such a size. Briefly I -this day determined that I would not eat waterfowl. K͟hān -ʿĀlam represented that the flesh of the white heron -(<i>ʿuqāb-i-safīd</i>) was very delicious and tender. I -accordingly sent for a white heron, and ordered them to clean it in my -presence. By chance there came out of its crop ten <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220" name="pb220">220</a>]</span>bugs -in a manner disgusting to me, at the remembrance of which I am -distressed and disgusted.</p> -<p class="par">On the 21st the garden of Sirhind brought joy to my -senses, and on the day of halt there I delighted myself by going round -and looking at it. At this time K͟hwāja -Abū-l-Ḥasan came from the Deccan, and had the good fortune -to wait on me. He had great favour shown him. On the 1st of the Divine -month of Bahman I halted at Nūr-Sarāy.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6975src" href="#xd24e6975" name="xd24e6975src">45</a> The mansab -of Muʿ’tamid K., original and increased, was ordered to be -2,000 personal and 600 horse. K͟hān ʿĀlam was made -governor of Allahabad,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e6978src" href= -"#xd24e6978" name="xd24e6978src">46</a> and having been presented with -a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled sword, took his leave. -Muqarrab K. was selected for the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. On -Thursday, when I was encamped on the bank of the Biyāh -(Beās), Qāsim K. came from Lahore, and had the good fortune -to wait on me. Hās͟him K., his brother, with the Zamindars of -the country bordering on the hills, had the honour of kissing the -threshold.</p> -<p class="par">Bāsoʾī,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6983src" href="#xd24e6983" name="xd24e6983src">47</a> the -zamindar of Talwāra, brought me a bird, which the hill-people call -<i>jān-bahan</i>. Its tail resembles the tail of the -<i>qirqāwul</i> (pheasant), which is also called the -<i>tazrū</i>, and its colour is exactly like that of the -hen-pheasant, but it is half as large again. The circle round the eyes -of this bird is red, while the orbit of the pheasant is white. The said -Bāsoʾī stated that this bird lived in the -snow-mountains, and that its food was grass and other stuff. I have -kept pheasants and have reared young ones, and have often eaten the -flesh both of young birds and of mature ones. One may say that there is -no comparison between the flesh of the pheasant and this bird. The -flesh of the latter is much more delicate. Among the birds which I saw -in the hill-country one was the <i>phūl-paikār</i>,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e6999src" href="#xd24e6999" name= -"xd24e6999src">48</a> which the Kashmiris call <i>sonlū</i>. It is -one-eighth <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb221" href="#pb221" name= -"pb221">221</a>]</span>(<i>nīm sawāʾī</i>?) less -than a pea-hen. The back, tail, and wings resemble those of the -bustard, and are blackish, with white spots. The breast to the end of -the bosom is black, with white spots, and some red ones. The ends of -the feathers are fiery red, and very lustrous and beautiful. From the -end of the back of the neck it is also brilliantly black. On the top of -its head it has two fleshy horns of a turquoise colour. The skin of its -orbits and round its mouth is red. Below its throat there is skin round -it enough to cover the palms of two hands, and in the middle of this -the skin is of a violet colour of the size of a hand, with blue spots -in the middle. Around it each streak is of a blue colour, consisting of -eight plumes; round the blue streak it is red to the breadth of two -fingers, like the peach flower, and again round its neck is that -blue-coloured streak: it has red legs also. The live bird, which was -weighed, came to 152 tolahs. After it was killed and cleaned it weighed -139 tolahs. Another bird is of a golden colour: this the people of -Lahore call <i>S͟han</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e7015src" href= -"#xd24e7015" name="xd24e7015src">49</a> (?) and the Kashmiris -<i>pūt̤</i>. Its colour is like that of a peacock’s -breast. Above its head is a tuft (<i>kākul</i>). Its tail of the -width of five fingers is yellow, and is like the long feather -(<i>s͟hah-par</i>) of the peacock, and its body as large as that -of a goose. The neck of the goose is long and shapeless: that of this -one is short, and has a shape.</p> -<p class="par">My brother, S͟hāh ʿAbbās, had asked -for golden birds,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7039src" href="#xd24e7039" -name="xd24e7039src">50</a> and I sent some to him by his ambassador. On -Monday<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7044src" href="#xd24e7044" name= -"xd24e7044src">51</a> the ceremony of my lunar weighing took place. At -this entertainment Nūr Jahān Begam gave dresses of honour to -forty-five of the great Amirs and private servants. On the 14th of the -same month the camp was pitched at the village of Bahlwan<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7047src" href="#xd24e7047" name= -"xd24e7047src">52</a> belonging to the Sībā district. As I -constantly longed for the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href= -"#pb222" name="pb222">222</a>]</span>air of Kāngṛa and the -hill-country above-mentioned, I left the large camp at this place, and -proceeded to inspect the said fort with some of my special servants and -attendants. As Iʿtimādu-d-daula was ill I left him in the -camp, and kept Ṣādiq K., the chief Bakhshi, there to look -after him and guard the camp. The next day news came that his state had -undergone a change, and that the signs of hopelessness were apparent. I -could not bear the agitation of Nūr Jahān Begam, and, -considering the affection which I bore towards him, I returned to the -camp. At the end of the day I went to see him. It was the hour of his -death agony. Sometimes he became unconscious and sometimes came back to -his senses. Nūr Jahān Begam indicated me, and said: “Do -you recognise (him)?” At such a time he recited this couplet of -Anwarī:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Were a mother-born blind man present</p> -<p class="line">He’d recognise Majesty in the World-Adorner.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">I was for two hours at his pillow. Whenever he was -conscious, whatever he said was intelligent and rational. In fine, on -the 17th of the said month (Bahman) (about the end of January, 1622), -after three gharis had passed he attained to eternal mercy. What shall -I say about my feelings through this terrible event? He was a wise and -perfect Vizier, and a learned and affectionate companion.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span><a class="noteref" id="xd24e7066src" -href="#xd24e7066" name="xd24e7066src">53</a></h4> -<p class="line">By the reckoning of the eye, there’s one frame -less:</p> -<p class="line">By Wisdom’s reckoning, the lessening is more than -thousands.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Though the weight of such a kingdom was on his -shoulders, and it is not possible for or within the power of a mortal -to make everyone contented, yet no one ever went to -Iʿtimādu-d-daula with a petition or on business who turned -from him in an injured frame of mind. He showed loyalty to the -sovereign, and yet left pleased and hopeful him who was in need. In -fact, this was a speciality of his. From the day on which his companion -(his wife) attained to the mercy of God he cared no longer for himself, -but melted away from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href="#pb223" -name="pb223">223</a>]</span>day to day. Although outwardly he looked -after the affairs of the kingdom, and taking pains with the ordering of -civil matters, did not withdraw his hand from business, yet in his -heart he grieved at the separation, and at last, after three months and -twenty days, he passed away. The next day I went to condole with his -sons and sons-in-law, and, presenting 41 of his children and -connections and 12 of his dependents with dresses of honour, I took -them out of their mourning garments.</p> -<p class="par">The next day I marched with the same purpose (as -before), and went to see the fort of Kāngṛa. In four stages -the camp was pitched at the river Bānganga. Alf K. and -S͟haik͟h Faiẓu-llah, the guards of the fort, had the -good fortune to pay their respects. At this stage the offering of the -Raja of Chamba<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7081src" href="#xd24e7081" -name="xd24e7081src">54</a> was laid before me. His country is 25 koss -beyond Kāngṛa. There is no greater Zamindari in these hills -than this. The country is the asylum of all the Zamindars of the -country. It has passes (<i>ʿaqabahā</i>) difficult to cross. -Until now he had not obeyed any king nor sent offerings. His brother -also was honoured by paying his respects, and on his part performed the -dues of service and loyalty. He seemed to me to be reasonable and -intelligent and urbane. I exalted him with all kinds of patronage and -favour.</p> -<p class="par">On the 24th<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7090src" href= -"#xd24e7090" name="xd24e7090src">55</a> of the same month I went to see -the fort of Kāngṛa, and gave an order that the -Qāẓī, the Chief Justice (<i>Mīr ʿAdl</i>), -and other learned men of Islam should accompany me and carry out in the -fort whatever was customary, according to the religion of -Muḥammad. Briefly, having traversed about one koss, I went up to -the top of the fort, and by the grace of God, the call to prayer and -the reading of the <i>K͟hut̤ba</i> and the slaughter of a -bullock, which had not taken place from the commencement of the -building of the fort till now, were carried out in my presence. I -prostrated myself in thanksgiving for this great gift, which no king -had hoped to receive, and ordered a lofty mosque to be built inside the -fort. The fort of Kāngṛa is situated on a high hill, and is -so strong that if furnished with provisions and the necessaries for a -fort <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224" name= -"pb224">224</a>]</span>the hand of force cannot reach its skirt, and -the noose of stratagem must fall short of it. Although there are -heights (<i>sar-kūbhā</i>) in some places, and guns and -muskets might reach (the fort) from them, yet no harm would accrue to -the garrison, for they could move to another part of the fort,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7105src" href="#xd24e7105" name= -"xd24e7105src">56</a> and be safe. It has 23 bastions and seven gates. -Its inner circumference is 1 koss and 15 ropes, its length is ¼ -koss and 2 ropes (<i>t̤anāb</i>), its breadth not more than -22 ropes nor less than 15. Its height is 114 cubits. There are two -reservoirs inside the fort, one 2 ropes long and 1½ broad; the -other is of the same length (?).<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7111src" -href="#xd24e7111" name="xd24e7111src">57</a></p> -<p class="par">After going round the fort I went to see the temple of -Durgā, which is known as Bhawan.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7116src" href="#xd24e7116" name="xd24e7116src">58</a> A world has -here wandered in the desert of error. Setting aside the infidels whose -custom is the worship of idols, crowds on crowds of the people of -Islam, traversing long distances, bring their offerings and pray to the -black stone (image). Near the temple, and on the slope of the hill -there is a sulphur-mine (<i>kān</i>), and its heat causes flames -to continually burst forth. They call it Jwālā -Mukhī<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7122src" href="#xd24e7122" name= -"xd24e7122src">59</a> (Flame-Face or Burning Mouth), and regard it as -one of the idol’s miracles. In fact, Hindus, while knowing the -truth,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7134src" href="#xd24e7134" name= -"xd24e7134src">60</a> deceive the common people. Hindus say<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7139src" href="#xd24e7139" name= -"xd24e7139src">61</a> that when the life of Mahādeo’s wife -came to an end and she drank the draught of death, Mahādeo, in his -great love and attachment <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href= -"#pb225" name="pb225">225</a>]</span>to her, took her dead body on his -back, and went about the world carrying her corpse. When some time had -passed in this manner, her form dissolved and dropped asunder, and each -limb fell in a different place: they give honour and dignity to the -place according to the dignity and grace of the member. As the breast, -which when compared with other members has the greatest dignity, fell -in this place, they hold it more precious than any other. Some maintain -that this stone, which is now a place of worship for the vile infidels, -is not the stone which was there originally, but that a body of the -people<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7145src" href="#xd24e7145" name= -"xd24e7145src">62</a> of Islam came and carried off the original stone, -and threw it into the bottom of the river, with the intent that no one -could get at it. For a long time the tumult of the infidels and -idol-worshippers had died away in the world, till a lying brahman hid a -stone for his own ends, and going to the Raja of the time said: -“I saw Durgā in a dream, and she said to me: ‘They -have thrown me into a certain place: quickly go and take me -up.’” The Raja, in the simplicity of his heart, and greedy -for the offerings of gold that would come to him, accepted the tale of -the brahman, and sent a number of people with him, and brought that -stone, and kept it in this place with honour, and started again the -shop of error and misleading. But God only knows!</p> -<p class="par">From the temple I went to see the valley which is known -as Kūh-i-Madār.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7150src" href= -"#xd24e7150" name="xd24e7150src">63</a> It is a delightful place. From -its climate, the freshness of its verdure, and its delightful position -it is a place of pleasure worthy to be seen. There is a waterfall here -which pours down water from the top of the hill. I ordered them to put -up a symmetrical building there. On the 25th <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226" name="pb226">226</a>]</span>of -the month the standards were turned back to return. Having presented -Alf K. and S͟haik͟h Faiẓu-llah with horses and -elephants I left them to defend the fort. Next day I encamped at the -fort of Nūrpūr.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7158src" href= -"#xd24e7158" name="xd24e7158src">64</a> It was reported to me that in -this neighbourhood there were many jungle fowl. As I had never yet -caught these, I made a halt of another day, and enjoyed myself with the -sport, having caught four. One cannot distinguish them in shape and -colour from domestic fowls. One of the peculiarities of these birds is -that if they are caught by the feet and turned upside down, wherever -they are taken they make no sound, and remain silent, contrary to the -domestic fowl, which makes an outcry. Until the domestic fowl is -plunged into hot water its feathers do not come off easily. The jungle -fowl, like the partridge and <i>podna</i>,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7164src" href="#xd24e7164" name="xd24e7164src">65</a> can be -plucked when dry. I ordered them to roast them. It was found that the -flesh of the full-grown ones was very tasteless and dry. The chickens -had some juiciness, but were not good to eat. They cannot fly farther -than a bow-shot. The cock<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7173src" href= -"#xd24e7173" name="xd24e7173src">66</a> is chiefly red, and the hen -black and yellow. There are many in this Nūrpūr jungle. The -ancient name of Nūrpūr is Dhamerī.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7182src" href="#xd24e7182" name="xd24e7182src">67</a> Since -Rāja Bāso built the fort and made houses and gardens they -call it Nūrpūr, after my name. About Rs. 30,000 were expended -on the building. Certes, the buildings Hindus construct after their -fashion, however much they decorate them, are not pleasant. As the -place was fit and the locality enchanting, I ordered them to spend Rs. -1,00,000 out of the public treasury, and to erect buildings at it, and -to make lofty edifices suited to the spot.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was reported to me that there was a -<i>Sannyāsī Motī</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e7189src" -href="#xd24e7189" name="xd24e7189src">68</a> in the neighbourhood who -had entirely renounced <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" href= -"#pb227" name="pb227">227</a>]</span>control over himself. I ordered -them to bring him that I might ascertain the real state of affairs. -They call Hindu devotees <i>Sarb bāsī</i>.<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e7213src" href="#xd24e7213" name="xd24e7213src">69</a> By usage -the word has become <i>San-nyāsī</i> (laying down -everything). There are many degrees among them, and there are several -orders among the Sarb bāsī. Among them there is the -<i>Motī</i> order. They put themselves into the figure of a cross -(?) (<i>ṣalb ik͟htiyār mīkunand</i>) and surrender -themselves (<i>taslīm</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e7236src" -href="#xd24e7236" name="xd24e7236src">70</a> -<i>mīsāzand</i>). For instance, they never speak. If for ten -days and nights they stand in one place, they do not move their feet -forwards or backwards; in fact, make no movement at all, and remain -like fossils. When he came into my presence I examined him, and found a -wonderful state of persistence. It occurred to me that in a state of -drunkenness and absence of mind and delirium, some change might be -wrought in him. Accordingly I ordered them to give him some cups of -spirit (<i>ʿaraq</i>) of double strength. This was done in royal -fashion (liberally?), but not the least change took place, and he -remained in the same impassive state. At last his senses left him, and -they carried him out like a corpse. God Almighty granted him mercy so -that he did not lose his life. Certainly there was great persistence in -his nature.</p> -<p class="par">At this time Bī-badal K. presented me with the -chronogram of the conquest of Kāngṛa, and that of the -foundation of the mosque which I had ordered. As he had hit it off -well, I here record it:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">World-gripper, World-giver, World-holder, -World-king,</p> -<p class="line">With the sword of <i>ghāzī</i>-ship he -conquered this fort.</p> -<p class="line">Wisdom spoke the date “The -Jahāngīrī Fortune opened this fort.”</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" name= -"pb228">228</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">He composed the chronogram<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7269src" href="#xd24e7269" name="xd24e7269src">71</a> of the -building of the mosque as follows:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">Nūru-d-dīn S͟hāh Jahāngīr -s. S͟hāh Akbar</p> -<p class="line">Is a king who in the Age hath no equal.</p> -<p class="line">He took Fort Kāngṛa by the aid of God.</p> -<p class="line">A drop from the cloud of his sword is a tempest.</p> -<p class="line">As by his order this illumined mosque was built,</p> -<p class="line">May his forehead shine by his prostration.</p> -<p class="line">A hidden messenger said: “In seeking for the -date</p> -<p class="line">(Say) The mosque of S͟hāh Jahāngīr -was illumined.”<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7292src" href= -"#xd24e7292" name="xd24e7292src">72</a></p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On the first of the Divine month of -Isfandārmuẕ I gave the establishment and everything -belonging to the government and Amirship of Iʿtimādu-d-daula -to Nūr Jahān Begam, and ordered that her drums and orchestra -should be sounded after those of the king. On the 4th of the same month -I pitched in the neighbourhood of the pargana of -Kas͟hhūna.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7298src" href= -"#xd24e7298" name="xd24e7298src">73</a> On this day K͟hwāja -Abū-l-Ḥasan was raised to the lofty dignity of supreme -Diwan. I conferred dresses of honour on 32 individuals of the Deccan -Amirs. Abū Saʿīd, grandson of -Iʿtimādu-d-daula, was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 500 horse. At this time a report came from K͟hurram that -K͟husrau, on the 8th<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7304src" href= -"#xd24e7304" name="xd24e7304src">74</a> (20th) of the month, had died -of the disease of colic pains (<i>qūlanj</i>), and gone to the -mercy of God.</p> -<p class="par">On the 19th of the month I pitched on the bank of the -Bihat (Jhelam). Qāsim K. was raised to the mansab of 3,000 -personal and 2,000 horse. Rāja Kis͟han Dās was selected -for the duty of faujdār of Delhi, and his mansab was fixed at -2,000 personal and 500 horse, original and increased. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href="#pb229" name= -"pb229">229</a>]</span>Previously to this, huntsmen and -<i>yasāwulān</i> (guards) had been ordered to prepare a -<i>jarga</i> (hunting-ring) in the <i>s͟hikār-gāh</i> -(hunting-place of) Girjhāk. When it was reported to me that they -had brought the game into the enclosure, on the 24th of the month I -went out to hunt with some of my special servants. Of hill -<i>quchqār</i> (rams?) and gazelles 124<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7327src" href="#xd24e7327" name="xd24e7327src">75</a> head were -taken. On this day it was reported that Z̤afar K. s. Zain K., had -died. I promoted Saʿādat Umīd, his son, to the mansab of -800 personal and 400 horse. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href= -"#pb230" name="pb230">230</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6470" href="#xd24e6470src" name="xd24e6470">1</a></span> The I.O. -MSS. have “Saturday.” But Monday seems right, as Thursday -was 4 Farwardīn. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6470src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6476" href="#xd24e6476src" name="xd24e6476">2</a></span> In the -Āyīn, which was composed in the 40th year of Akbar’s -reign, Salīm’s rank is given as 10,000, Murād’s -as 8,000, and Dāniyāl’s as 7,000 (p. -308). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6476src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6481" href="#xd24e6481src" name="xd24e6481">3</a></span> In -celebration of the commencement of the 16th year of the -reign. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6481src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6486" href="#xd24e6486src" name="xd24e6486">4</a></span> -<i>Yāqūt-i-kabūd</i>, “a blue -ruby.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6486src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6494" href="#xd24e6494src" name="xd24e6494">5</a></span> The I.O. -MSS. have Mīrzā Muḥammad. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6494src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6498" href="#xd24e6498src" name="xd24e6498">6</a></span> -Jamālu-d-dīn Ḥusain Injū. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e6498src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6511" href="#xd24e6511src" name="xd24e6511">7</a></span> See -Vullers, s.v. It is a smelling-bottle or case containing -ambergris. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6511src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6516" href="#xd24e6516src" name="xd24e6516">8</a></span> -Blochmann, 55. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6516src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6523" href="#xd24e6523src" name="xd24e6523">9</a></span> -Apparently a zebra. See Iqbāl-nāma, 179, where it is stated -that it was brought by sea. The text of the Tūzuk is wrong, as -usual. What we should read is: “It was like a tiger (MS. 181 and -Iqbāl-nāma have <i>s͟hīr</i>, not <i>babar</i>), -but the markings on a tiger are black and yellow, and these were black -and white.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6523src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6538" href="#xd24e6538src" name="xd24e6538">10</a></span> Perhaps -this is the muhar now in Germany. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6538src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6552" href="#xd24e6552src" name="xd24e6552">11</a></span> -Ḥusain K. Tukrīya. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6552src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6555" href="#xd24e6555src" name="xd24e6555">12</a></span> <i>Nafs -mī-sūzad.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6555src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6565" href="#xd24e6565src" name="xd24e6565">13</a></span> -Thursday night or Friday eve is what is meant. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e6565src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6585" href="#xd24e6585src" name="xd24e6585">14</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 378. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6585src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6597" href="#xd24e6597src" name="xd24e6597">15</a></span> King -David was said to be a maker of cuirasses. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e6597src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6601" href="#xd24e6601src" name="xd24e6601">16</a></span> -<i>Yamānī.</i> Elliot has <i>almāsī</i> -(adamant-like). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6601src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6611" href="#xd24e6611src" name="xd24e6611">17</a></span> See -Blochmann’s translation and remarks in Proceedings A.S.B. for -1869, p. 167. It is there stated that the date of the fall of the -meteorite was Friday, April 10, 1621, O.S., and that the weight would -be nearly 5.271 pounds troy. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6611src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6645" href="#xd24e6645src" name="xd24e6645">18</a></span> A widow -of Bāqī Muḥammad. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6645src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6658" href="#xd24e6658src" name="xd24e6658">19</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 379. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6658src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6661" href="#xd24e6661src" name="xd24e6661">20</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 379, has “in sight of the fort.” Perhaps the meaning is -that the villages were in the jurisdiction of the fort. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6661src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6664" href="#xd24e6664src" name="xd24e6664">21</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, 181, has “fourteen.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6664src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6667" href="#xd24e6667src" name="xd24e6667">22</a></span> The -account of S͟hāh Jahān’s spirited attack on the -Deccanis is in some places rather obscurely worded, and the printed -edition is not always correct. Help can be obtained from the -Iqbāl-nāma, 181, etc., and from Elliot, VI. 379. The text has -<i>firār</i>, “flight,” and this has been followed by -Elliot, who has “on their approach the rebels took to flight, and -removed to a distance from Burhanpur.” But the true reading, as -shown by the Iqbāl-nāma, is <i>qarār</i>, -“firmness,” not <i>firār</i>, and the words are <i>bar -daur-i-s͟hahr</i>, “round the city,” not <i>bar -dūr</i>, “far from.” The rebels were, as the -Iqbāl-nāma states, “in the environs of the city,” -“<i>dar sawād-i-s͟hahr</i>,” but apparently not -in such force as to prevent S͟hāh Jahān’s -<i>sazāwuls</i>—<i>i.e.</i>, his apparitors and -summoners—from going into the city and bringing out -recruits. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6667src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6703" href="#xd24e6703src" name="xd24e6703">23</a></span> In the -I.O. MSS. the word looks like <i>bī-jāgarī</i> (want of -settled home or residence?). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6703src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6709" href="#xd24e6709src" name="xd24e6709">24</a></span> Text -has <i>chasa</i>. The word may be <i>jus͟hs͟ha</i>, given in -Vullers, 516<i>b</i>, as meaning robes or garments, and this is the -meaning given to it by Elliot, but the Iqbāl-nāma has -<i>jubba</i>, “cuirasses,” and this I have adopted. It is -<i>jubba</i> in I.O. No. 181. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6709src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6730" href="#xd24e6730src" name="xd24e6730">25</a></span> Text, -<i>chihlā u k͟hamcha</i>. The last word should, I think, be -<i>jamjama</i>. <i>Chihlā</i> in Hindustani means a “slimy -place.” It is <i>jamjama</i> in I.O. MS., No. 181. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6730src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6748" href="#xd24e6748src" name="xd24e6748">26</a></span> Text -has <i>ghair</i> instead of ʿAmbar. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6748src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6768" href="#xd24e6768src" name="xd24e6768">27</a></span> Text -wrongly has <i>Rūp-ratan</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6768src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6791" href="#xd24e6791src" name="xd24e6791">28</a></span> -Pādis͟hāh-nāma, I., Part II., p. -349. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6791src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6800" href="#xd24e6800src" name="xd24e6800">29</a></span> The -text wrongly has 1,000. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6800src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6806" href="#xd24e6806src" name="xd24e6806">30</a></span> The -Bib. Ind. ed. of Iqbāl-nāma, 184, inserts a negative here, -but this seems wrong. In a MS. in my possession there is no -negative. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6806src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6823" href="#xd24e6823src" name="xd24e6823">31</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 380. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6823src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6828" href="#xd24e6828src" name="xd24e6828">32</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 448, the Maʾās̤iru-l-Umarā, I. 577, and -Pādis͟hāh-nāma I., Part II., 347. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e6828src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6842" href="#xd24e6842src" name="xd24e6842">33</a></span> Text -wrongly has 12th. Jahāngīr’s birthday was on the 18th -S͟hahrīwar. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6842src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6848" href="#xd24e6848src" name="xd24e6848">34</a></span> -<i>K͟hiffatī.</i> I am not sure of the reading. One B.M. MS. -seems to have <i>ḥaqqī</i>, and perhaps the meaning is that -the physicians had already been abundantly recompensed for their labour -for two or three days, <i>ḥaqqī</i> being taken as equal to -<i>ḥaqq-i-saʿī</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6848src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6872" href="#xd24e6872src" name="xd24e6872">35</a></span> A -little before his weight came only to Rs. 6,500 (p. 329 of text). But -possibly Jahāngīr means that he had himself weighed for -Jotik’s benefit. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6872src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6877" href="#xd24e6877src" name="xd24e6877">36</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 381. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6877src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6892" href="#xd24e6892src" name="xd24e6892">37</a></span> -<i>Mādar-i-dahr.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6892src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6896" href="#xd24e6896src" name="xd24e6896">38</a></span> Text -and MSS. have <i>mādar-i-ūrā</i>, “her -mother”(?) Perhaps we should read <i>mā ūrā</i>, -“we (esteemed) her not less than our own mother.” Or it may -be that the “her” means Nūr Jahān, and that -Jahāngīr means he esteemed his mother-in-law as much as his -own mother. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6896src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6908" href="#xd24e6908src" name="xd24e6908">39</a></span> That -is, S͟hāh Jahān (see Iqbāl-nāma, -186). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6908src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6927" href="#xd24e6927src" name="xd24e6927">40</a></span> The -MSS. seem to have K͟hostī—<i>i.e.</i>, of -K͟host. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6927src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6939" href="#xd24e6939src" name="xd24e6939">41</a></span> Text -8th, but should be 20th. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6939src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6942" href="#xd24e6942src" name="xd24e6942">42</a></span> -Alwanū in MSS. It appears to be Aluwa, 11m. S.-E. of -Sirhind. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6942src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6955" href="#xd24e6955src" name="xd24e6955">43</a></span> Text -<i>pahangī</i>, which seems unintelligible. The MSS. have -<i>māhīki(?)-i-k͟hūrd</i>, “a small -fish.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6955src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6964" href="#xd24e6964src" name="xd24e6964">44</a></span> -<i>Baqqa.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6964src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6975" href="#xd24e6975src" name="xd24e6975">45</a></span> Founded -by Nūr Jahān (see Cunningham, “Archæological -Reports,” XIV. 62). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6975src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6978" href="#xd24e6978src" name="xd24e6978">46</a></span> Spelt -Ilah-bās. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6978src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6983" href="#xd24e6983src" name="xd24e6983">47</a></span> I have -translated this passage from the MSS., which differ a good deal from -the text. Talwāra was in the Bārī Dūʾāb -Sarkār (Jarrett, II. 318.) <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e6983src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e6999" href="#xd24e6999src" name="xd24e6999">48</a></span> -Apparently this is the <i>pulpaikar</i> of Bābar (Erskine, 320), -though the two descriptions do not altogether agree. Perhaps it is a -hornbill. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e6999src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7015" href="#xd24e7015src" name="xd24e7015">49</a></span> The -MSS. have <i>sal</i> and <i>lūt</i>. Is it the -<i>s͟hām</i> of Bābar? (Erskine, 320). <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7015src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7039" href="#xd24e7039src" name="xd24e7039">50</a></span> -<i>Murg͟h-i-zarīn</i>, goldfinch or golden oriole -(?). <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7039src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7044" href="#xd24e7044src" name="xd24e7044">51</a></span> The -date and month are not mentioned, but it appears from the -Iqbāl-nāma, which gives the next entry as 14 Bahman, that the -month was Bahman, and that the date was probably about 20 January, -1622. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7044src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7047" href="#xd24e7047src" name="xd24e7047">52</a></span> The -Bhalon of Jarrett, II. 316. Sībah is mentioned at p. 317, -<i>ibid.</i> The text has Sītā. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7047src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7066" href="#xd24e7066src" name="xd24e7066">53</a></span> The -couplet comes from Budags’s elegy on Abū-l-Ḥasan Nahid -Balk͟hi. See Aufi’s <i>Lababu-l-Albab</i>. Browne’s -ed., Part II., p. 3. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7066src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7081" href="#xd24e7081src" name="xd24e7081">54</a></span> Text -wrongly has Chītā. Chamba is N.-W. of -Kāngṛa. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7081src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7090" href="#xd24e7090src" name="xd24e7090">55</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 382. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7090src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7105" href="#xd24e7105src" name="xd24e7105">56</a></span> The -fort was destroyed by the earthquake of 1905 (I.G., XIV. 397). -Presumably Jahāngīr’s mosque was also destroyed -then. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7105src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7111" href="#xd24e7111src" name="xd24e7111">57</a></span> The -breadth of the second tank is not mentioned in the MSS. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7111src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7116" href="#xd24e7116src" name="xd24e7116">58</a></span> -“The present temple of Bajreswari Devi is at Bhawan, a suburb of -Kāngṛa” (I.G., XIV. 386). <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7116src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7122" href="#xd24e7122src" name="xd24e7122">59</a></span> See -I.G., XIV. 86, and Jarrett, II. 314 and n. 1. Jarrett states that -Jwālā Mukhī is two days’ journey from -Kāngṛa. Apparently Jahāngīr took his statement -from the Āyīn, which has the words “in the -vicinity” (Jarrett, <i>ibid.</i>). Jarrett’s statement that -Jwālā Mukhī is two days’ journey from -Kāngṛa is taken from Tieffenthaler, I. 108. Tieffenthaler -adds that the distance is 14 to 15 <i>milles</i> (leagues, or kosses). -He speaks of the Fort of Kāngṛa as being only one-fourth of -a <i>mille</i> in circumference. The image, he states, was that of -Bhowani, and represented the lower part of the goddess’s body. -The head was alleged to be at Jwālā -Mukhī. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7122src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7134" href="#xd24e7134src" name="xd24e7134">60</a></span> -<i>I.e.</i>, know the physical cause of the flame. The MSS. do not -mention Hindus in this clause. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7134src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7139" href="#xd24e7139src" name="xd24e7139">61</a></span> See -Jarrett, II. 313, and note 2. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7139src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7145" href="#xd24e7145src" name="xd24e7145">62</a></span> The -temple was sacked by Maḥmūd of -G͟haznīn. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7145src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7150" href="#xd24e7150src" name="xd24e7150">63</a></span> This -might be Koh-i-Mandār, the hill which was used as a churning-stick -by the gods. There is a hill of this name in Bhagalpur district which -is known as Mandārgirī. But probably Kūh-i-Madār -here means the centre-hill, for in the Bib. Ind. text of the -Āyīn-i-Akbarī, I. 538, two lines from foot, it is said -that the place is called Jālandharī, and a note (7) gives the -various reading, “this spot is regarded as the centre,” -“<i>sar-i-zamīn-rā madār -pindārand</i>.” Apparently it is regarded as the central -place because the breast fell here, Jarrett, II. 314, n. According to -the list given there the right breast fell at Jālandhara and the -tongue at Jwālā Mukhī. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7150src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7158" href="#xd24e7158src" name="xd24e7158">64</a></span> I.G., -new ed., XIX. 232. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7158src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7164" href="#xd24e7164src" name="xd24e7164">65</a></span> -<i>Podna</i>, or <i>būdana</i>. The quail. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7164src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7173" href="#xd24e7173src" name="xd24e7173">66</a></span> Text -<i>k͟hirdas͟h</i>, which I presume is a mistake for -<i>k͟hurūs</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7173src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7182" href="#xd24e7182src" name="xd24e7182">67</a></span> -Dhameri. See I.G., XIX. 232. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7182src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7189" href="#xd24e7189src" name="xd24e7189">68</a></span> -<i>Mautī</i> might mean “dead,” but probably the word -means “Pearl,” and was the title assumed by a tribe or -family among the Sannyāsīs. See <i>infra</i>. The statement -that this order put themselves into the figure of a cross doubtless -means that they belong to the Urdu bāhū (arms-aloft) -sect—<i>i.e.</i>, the sect who raise their arms above their -heads, in the figure of a cross. In Tavernier, II. 378, of ed. of 1676, -this is the 8th posture of ascetics, and at that page and at 376 there -are figures of such ascetics. The I.O. MSS. have <i>salab</i>, -“mourning,” instead of <i>ṣalb</i>. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7189src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7213" href="#xd24e7213src" name="xd24e7213">69</a></span> -<i>Sarva vāsī</i> means “all-abiding.” Perhaps -the word should be <i>Sarva nāsī</i>, “all<span class= -"corr" id="xd24e7220" title= -"Source: ">-</span>destroying.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7213src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7236" href="#xd24e7236src" name="xd24e7236">70</a></span> For -<i>taslīm</i>, see Hughes’ Dict. of Islam. Possibly we -should read <i>taṣlīb</i>, “make the sign of the -cross.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7236src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7269" href="#xd24e7269src" name="xd24e7269">71</a></span> The -chronogram of the taking of the fort yields 1029, and that of the -building of the mosque 1031. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7269src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7292" href="#xd24e7292src" name="xd24e7292">72</a></span> -<i>Nūrānī</i>, “illumined,” an allusion to -Jahāngīr’s name. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7292src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7298" href="#xd24e7298src" name="xd24e7298">73</a></span> The -MSS. have Kahtūma apparently. ? Kahūta in -Rāwalpindī district. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7298src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7304" href="#xd24e7304src" name="xd24e7304">74</a></span> This -should be, I think, the 20th, and though the name of the month is not -given, it should be Bahman. See MSS. and Iqbālnāma, 191. -K͟husrau died in the Deccan, and presumably at Burhanpur or -Āsīr. 20 Bahman, 1031, corresponds to January 29, 1622, O.S. -But the date of his death has not been quite determined. See J.R.A.S. -for 1907, p. 601. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7304src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7327" href="#xd24e7327src" name="xd24e7327">75</a></span> The -I.O. MSS. have 121 instead of 124, and they add to the information -about Z̤afar K. that he died in Ghaznin. They also give his -son’s name as Saʿādatu-llah. The Iqbāl-nāma, -p. 191, has 121 hill sheep, mārk͟hūr and -deer. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7327src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="yr17" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e216">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The Seventeenth New Year’s Feast after the -Auspicious Accession</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">On the eve of Monday, the ——,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7336src" href="#xd24e7336" name="xd24e7336src">1</a> -of the month of Jumāda-l-awwal, <span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1031, -March 10–12, 1622, after one watch, five gharis and a fraction -had passed, the sun that illuminates the world lighted the mansion of -Aries, and the 17th year of the reign of this suppliant began -auspiciously and happily. On this joy-increasing day Āṣaf K. -was promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and horse. Having given -Qāsim K. leave to proceed to the government of the Panjab, I -presented him with a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. Eighty -thousand darbs were given to Zambil Beg, ambassador of the ruler of -Persia. On the 6th of the same month (Farwardīn) the royal camp -was at Rāwalpindī. Fāẓil K. was promoted to the -post of Bakhshi. Zambīl Beg was ordered to remain at ease in -Lahore until the return of the victorious army from Kashmir. An -elephant was conferred on Akbarqulī K. Gakkar.</p> -<p class="par">At this time I frequently heard that the ruler of Persia -had hastened from Khurasan for the purpose of conquering Qandahar. -Although looking to our previous and present connections, it appeared -very unlikely, and beyond all calculation, that such a great king -should entertain such light and crude ideas, and himself come against -one of my humble slaves who was in Qandahar with 300 or 400<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7344src" href="#xd24e7344" name="xd24e7344src">2</a> -servants, yet as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href="#pb231" -name="pb231">231</a>]</span>caution is one of the duties of a ruler and -becoming to a king, I sent Zainu-l-ʿĀbidīn, Bakhshi of -<i>Aḥadīs</i>, with a gracious farman to K͟hurram to -come and wait on me with all possible speed with a victorious host, and -elephants of mountain hugeness, and the numerous artillery that were -assigned for his support in that Subah. So that, if these words should -be near the truth, he might come and be despatched with an innumerable -army and countless treasure, in order that he (the king of Persia) -might discover the result of breaking faith and of wrong-doing.</p> -<p class="par">On the 8th I halted at the fountain of Ḥasan -Abdāl. Fidāʾī K. was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and Badīʿu-z-zamān was -appointed Bakhshi of the Aḥadīs. On Friday, the 12th, -Mahābat K., having come from Kabul, waited on me and had the good -fortune to pay his respects, and became the recipient of -daily-increasing favours. He presented 100 muhrs as a present and Rs. -10,000 as alms. K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan passed his -followers before me in review; 2,500 well-horsed cavalry were enrolled -of whom 400 were matchlock men. At this stage a <i>qamurg͟ha</i> -hunt was arranged, and I shot<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7357src" href= -"#xd24e7357" name="xd24e7357src">3</a> 33 hill <i>qūchqār</i> -(mountain sheep), etc. At this time Ḥakīm Mūminā, -at the recommendation of the pillar of the State, Mahābat K., had -the good fortune to wait on me. With power and courage he undertook my -cure, and I hope that his coming may prove auspicious to me. The mansab -of Amānu-llah, s. Mahābat K., was fixed at 2,000 personal and -1,800 horse. On the 19th I encamped near Pakhlī, and the feast of -the culmination was held there. Having given Mahābat K. leave to -return to Kabul, I gave him a horse, an elephant, and a dress of -honour. The mansab of Iʿtibār K. was ordered to be 5,000 -personal and 4,000 horse. As he was an old servant, and had become very -weak and old, I promoted him to the Subah of Agra, and entrusted to him -the defence of the fort and the treasury, and, presenting him with an -elephant, a horse, and a dress of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" -href="#pb232" name="pb232">232</a>]</span>honour, dismissed him. At the -Pass of Kunwar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7368src" href="#xd24e7368" -name="xd24e7368src">4</a> Mast, Irādat K. came from Kashmir, and -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 2nd of the Divine -month of Urdībihis͟ht, I entered the enchanting region of -Kashmir. Mīr Mīrān was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 -personal and 1,400 horse. At this time, in order to ease the condition -of the ryots and soldiery, I did away with the faujdāri cess, and -gave an order that in the whole of my dominions they should not impose -anything on account of faujdāri. Zabar-dast K., Master of the -Ceremonies (Mīr Tūzuk), was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 700 horse. On the 13th, by the advice of the physicians, -and especially of Ḥakīm Mūminā, I was lightened by -being bled from my left leg. A present of a dress of honour was made to -Muqarrab K., and one of 1,000 darbs to Ḥakīm -Mūminā. At the request of K͟hurram the mansab of -ʿAbdu-llah K. was fixed at 6,000. Sar-farāz<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e7372src" href="#xd24e7372" name="xd24e7372src">5</a> K. was -honoured with the gift of drums. Bahādur K. Uzbeg, having come -from Qandahar, had the good fortune to pay his respects: by way of -nazar he gave 100 muhrs, and by way of charity offered Rs. 4,000. -Muṣt̤afā K., governor of Thatta, had sent as an -offering a S͟hāh-nāma and a K͟hamsa (quintet) of -S͟haik͟h Niz̤āmī illustrated by masters (of -painting), along with other presents: these were laid before me. On the -1st of the Divine month of K͟hurdād Las͟hkar K. was -exalted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and to -Mīr Jumla was given that of 2,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Some -of the Amirs of the Deccan were similarly honoured with an increase of -mansab. Promotion was also given as follows: Sardār K., 3,000 and -2,500 horse; Sar-buland K., 2,500 personal and 2,200 horse; -Bāqī K., 2,500 and 2,000 horse; S͟harza K., 2,500 and -1,200 horse; Jān-sipār K., 2,000 personal and 2,000 horse; -Mīrzā Wālī, 2,500 and 1,000 horse; Mīrzā -Badīʿu-z-zamān s. Mīrzā -S͟hāhruk͟h, 1,500 personal and horse; Zāhid K., -1,500 and 700 horse; ʿAqīdat K., 1,200 and 300 <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233" name= -"pb233">233</a>]</span>horse; Ibrāhīm Ḥusain -Kās͟hg͟harī, 1,200 and 600 horse; and -Ẕū-l-faqār K., 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Rāja -Gaj Singh and Himmat K. were selected for drums. On the 2nd of the -Divine month of Tīr, Sayyid Bāyazīd was honoured with -the title of Muṣt̤afā K., and was also presented with -drums. At this time Tahawwur K., who is one of the personal servants, -was despatched with a gracious farman to summon my fortunate son -S͟hāh Parwīz.</p> -<p class="par">Some days before this, petitions came from the officials -in Qandahar reporting the intention of the ruler of Persia to conquer -Qandahar, but my mind, which is actuated by sincerity, looking to past -and present relations, placed no reliance on the truth of this until -the report of my son K͟hān Jahān arrived that -S͟hāh ʿAbbās, with the armies of Iraq and Khurasan, -had come and besieged Qandahar. I ordered them to fix an hour for -leaving Kashmir. K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan, the Diwan, -and Bak͟hs͟hī Ṣādiq K. hastened to Lahore in -advance of the victorious army to expedite the arrival of the princes -of high degree with the armies of the Deccan, Gujarat, Bengal, and -Behar, and to send on the Amirs who were present with the victorious -stirrups, and those who one after another should come in from the -districts of their jagirs to my son K͟hān Jahān at -Multan. At the same time the artillery, with the strings of warlike -elephants, and the armoury<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7379src" href= -"#xd24e7379" name="xd24e7379src">6</a> were to be prepared and -forwarded. As there was little cultivation between Multan and Qandahar, -the despatch of a large army without provisions was not to be thought -of. It was therefore decided to encourage the grain-sellers, who in the -language of India are called <i>banjārā</i>, and, providing -them with money, to take them along with the victorious army, so that -there might be no difficulty about supplies. The -Banjārās<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7385src" href= -"#xd24e7385" name="xd24e7385src">7</a> are a tribe. Some of them have -1,000 bullocks, and some more or less. They take grain from different -districts (<i>bulūkāt</i>) into the towns and sell it. They -go along with the armies, and with such an army there would be -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name= -"pb234">234</a>]</span>100,000 bullocks or more. It is hoped that by -the grace of the Creator, the army will be furnished with numbers and -arms so that there may be no delay or hesitation until it <span class= -"corr" id="xd24e7397" title="Source: reach">reaches</span> -Isfāhan, which is his (the Shah’s) capital. A farman was -sent to K͟hān Jahān to beware and not start in that -direction (Qandahar) from Multan before the arrival of the victorious -army, and not be disturbed, but attend to orders. Bahādur K. Uzbeg -was selected to go as an auxiliary to the army of Qandahar, and -favoured with a horse and dress of honour. Fāẓil K. was -given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 750 horse.</p> -<p class="par">As it had been brought to notice that the poor of -Kashmir suffer hardships in the winter from the excessive cold, and -live with difficulty, I ordered that a village of the rental of Rs. -3,000 or Rs. 4,000 should be entrusted to Mullā T̤ālib -Iṣfahānī,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7402src" href= -"#xd24e7402" name="xd24e7402src">8</a> to be expended in providing -clothes for the poor, and for warming water, for purposes of ablution, -in the mosques.</p> -<p class="par">As it was reported that the Zamindars of -Kis͟htwār had again raised their heads in disobedience and -sin, and engaged in sedition and disturbance, Irādat K. was -ordered to proceed hot-foot, before they had time to establish -themselves firmly, and having inflicted condign punishment on them to -tear up the root of sedition. On this day -Zainu-l-ʿĀbidīn, who had been sent to summon -K͟hurram, came and waited on me, and reported that the stipulation -he made was that he should pass the rainy season in the fort of -Māndū, and then come to Court. His report was read. -I<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7407src" href="#xd24e7407" name= -"xd24e7407src">9</a> did not like the style of its purport nor the -request he made, and, on the contrary, the traces of disloyalty -(<i>bī-daulatī</i>) were apparent. There being no remedy, an -order was given that as he proposed to come after the rains, he should -despatch the great Amirs, the servants of the Court who were employed -in assisting him, and especially the Sayyids of Bārha and Bukhara, -the S͟haik͟h-zādas, the Afghans, and the Rajputs. -Mīrzā Rustam and Iʿtiqād K. were ordered to go to -Lahore in advance, and assist the army <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb235" href="#pb235" name="pb235">235</a>]</span>of Qandahar. Rs. -l,00,000 were given them as advance of pay, and I also granted drums to -ʿInāyat K. and Iʿtimād K. Irādat K., who had -hastened to punish the rebels of Kis͟htwār, having killed -many of them and regained the mastery and established himself firmly, -returned to duty. Muʿtamid K. had been appointed -Bak͟hs͟hī to the army of the Deccan. As that matter was -over<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7415src" href="#xd24e7415" name= -"xd24e7415src">10</a> he was sent for at his own request. He came on -this day, and on his arrival kissed the threshold.</p> -<p class="par">It is a strange thing that when a pearl of the value of -Rs. 14,000 or 15,000 was lost in the harem, Jotik Rāy, the -astrologer, represented that it would be found in two or three days. -Ṣādiq K. Rammāl (soothsayer) represented that in the -same two or three days it would come from a place which was perfectly -clean and pure, such as the place of worship or oratory. A female -soothsayer represented that it would soon be found, and that a woman -with white skin would bring it in a state of ecstasy, and give it into -the hand of the Ḥaẓrat (the king). It happened that on the -third day one of the Turkish girls found it in the oratory, and all in -smiles and in a happy frame of mind gave it to me. As the words of all -three came true each one was favoured with an acceptable reward. This -is written because it is not devoid of strangeness.</p> -<p class="par">At this time I appointed Kaukab and -K͟hidmatgār K., and others to the number of twelve in all, of -the familiar servants to be <i>sazāwuls</i> of the Amirs in the -Deccan in order that they might exert themselves and send them forward -as soon as possible to Court, so that they (the Amīrs) might be -sent to the victorious army at Qandahar.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7425src" href="#xd24e7425" name="xd24e7425src">11</a> At this -time it was frequently reported to me that K͟hurram had taken into -his possession some of the estates of the jagir of Nūr Jahān -Begam and S͟hahriyār, and especially the pargana of Dholpur, -which had by the High Diwan been assigned to S͟hahriyār, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name= -"pb236">236</a>]</span>and had sent there an Afghan of the name of -Daryā, one of his own servants, with a body of men. Daryā -fought with S͟harīfu-l-mulk, a servant of -S͟hahriyār, who had been appointed to the faujdāri of -that region, and many were killed on both sides. Although in -consequence of his (K͟hurram’s) remaining in the fort of -Māndū, and the unreasonable requests made in his letter it -appeared that his reason was turned, yet from hearing this news it -became clear that he was unworthy of all the favours and cherishing I -had bestowed on him, and that his brain had gone wrong. Accordingly I -sent Rāja Rūz-afzūn, who was a confidential servant, to -him, and made inquiries as to the cause of this boldness. He was -ordered hereafter to behave properly, and not place his foot beyond the -path of reasonableness and the high road of politeness, and content -himself with the districts of his own jagir that he had obtained from -the High Diwan. He must also beware not to form any intention of coming -to wait upon me, but to send the body of the servants of the State I -had requisitioned on account of the disturbance at Qandahar to the -Court. If anything contrary to this order should come to notice, he -would repent it.</p> -<p class="par">At this time Mīr Z̤ahīru-d-dīn, the -grandson of Mīr Mīrān, s. the famous S͟hāh -Niʿmatu-llah, came from Persia and waited on me, and received as a -present a dress of honour and 8,000 darbs. Ujālā Dakhanī -obtained leave to go to Rāja Bīr Singh Deo with a gracious -farman in order that he should act as <i>sazāwul</i> and collect -the men. Previously to this, on account of the great regard and -abundant affection I bore to K͟hurram and his sons, at the time -when his son (S͟hujāʿ) was very ill, I had determined -that if God Almighty would grant him to me I would not again sport with -a gun, and would inflict no injury on a living thing with my own hand. -Notwithstanding my inclination and love for hunting, especially with a -gun, I had given it up for five years. At this time, when I was greatly -distressed at his unkind behaviour, I took again to sporting with a -gun, and gave orders that nobody should remain in the palace without -one. In a short time most of the servants took a liking to shooting -with guns, and the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href="#pb237" -name="pb237">237</a>]</span>archers,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7437src" href="#xd24e7437" name="xd24e7437src">12</a> in order to -perform their duties, became cavalry soldiers.</p> -<p class="par">On the 25th of the month, corresponding with the 7th -S͟hawwāl, at the favourable hour that had been chosen, I -turned towards Lahore from Kashmir (apparently means Srinagar, the -capital). I sent Bihārī Dās Brahman with a gracious -farman to Rānā Karan to the effect that he should bring his -son with a body of men to pay his respects to me. Mīr -Z̤ahīru-d-dīn was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 400 horse. As he represented to me that he was in debt, I -made him a present of Rs. 10,000. On the 1st of S͟hahrīwar I -encamped at the fountain of Achbal,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7450src" -href="#xd24e7450" name="xd24e7450src">13</a> and on Thursday I had a -feast of cups beside the fountain.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7453src" -href="#xd24e7453" name="xd24e7453src">14</a> On this auspicious day my -fortunate son S͟hahriyār was appointed to the Qandahar -expedition, and was promoted to the mansab of 12,000 personal and 8,000 -horse. A special dress of honour, with a <i>nādirī</i> with -pearl buttons, was also given him. At this time a merchant had brought -two large pearls from the country of Turkey, one of them weighing -1¼ <i>mis̤qāls</i>, and the second 1 -<i>surk͟h</i> less. Nūr Jahān Begam bought the two for -Rs. 60,000, and presented them to me as an offering on the same day. On -Friday, the 10th, by the advice of Ḥakīm -Mūminā,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7466src" href="#xd24e7466" -name="xd24e7466src">15</a> I was relieved by bleeding from the arm. -Muqarrab K., who has great skill in this art, always used to bleed me, -and possibly never failed before, but now failed twice. Afterwards -Qāsim, his nephew, bled me. I gave him a dress of honour and Rs. -2,000, and gave 1,000 darbs to Ḥakīm Mūminā. -Mīr K͟hān, at the request of K͟hān Jahān, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 900 horse. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name="pb238">238</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On the 21st of the month the feast of my solar weighing -took place, and the 54th year of the age of this suppliant at the -throne of God began auspiciously and happily. I hope that the whole of -my life will be spent in fulfilling the will of God. On the 28th, I -went to see the waterfall of Ashar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7473src" -href="#xd24e7473" name="xd24e7473src">16</a> (?). As this spring is -famous for its sweetness and agreeable flavour, I weighed it in my -presence against Ganges water, and that<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7476src" href="#xd24e7476" name="xd24e7476src">17</a> of the -valley of Lār. The water of Ashar was 3 <i>mās͟ha</i> -heavier than that of the Ganges, and the latter was ½ -<i>mās͟ha</i> lighter than that of the valley of Lār. On -the 30th the camp was at Hīrāpūr. Though Irādat K. -had done his duty in Kis͟htwār well, yet as the ryots and -inhabitants of Kashmir complained of his treatment of them, I promoted -Iʿtiqād K. to the governorship of Kashmir. I bestowed on him -a horse, a dress of honour, and a special enemy-piercing<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7488src" href="#xd24e7488" name= -"xd24e7488src">18</a> sword, and appointed Irādat K. to do duty -with the army of Qandahar. Having brought Kunwar Singh, the Raja of -Kis͟htwār, out of the fortress of Gwalior, where he was -imprisoned, I bestowed Kis͟htwār on him, and gave him a horse -and a dress of honour, with the title of Raja. I sent Ḥaidar -Malik to Kashmir (<i>i.e.</i>, Srinagar) to bring a canal from the -valley of Lār to the Nūr-afzā garden, giving him Rs. -30,000 for the materials and labour. On the 12th of the month I came -down from the hill country of Jammū, and pitched at Bhimbhar. The -next day I had a <i>qamurqha</i> hunt. To -Dāwar-bak͟hs͟h, s. K͟husrau, I gave the mansab of -5,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 24th I crossed the -Chenāb.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7501src" href="#xd24e7501" -name="xd24e7501src">19</a> Mīrzā Rustam came from Lahore, and -waited on me. On the same day Afẓal<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7504src" href="#xd24e7504" name="xd24e7504src">20</a> K., -K͟hurram’s Diwan, bringing a petition from him, waited on -me. He had clothed his immoderate acts in the garment of apology, and -had sent him with the idea that perhaps he might carry his point by -flattery and smooth <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" -name="pb239">239</a>]</span>speeches, and so correct his improprieties. -I<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7509src" href="#xd24e7509" name= -"xd24e7509src">21</a> paid no attention, and did not listen to him. The -Diwan K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan and Ṣādiq K. -Bak͟hs͟hī, who had hastened to Lahore to make provision -for the army of Qandahar, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. -On the 1st of the Divine month of Ābān, Amānu-llah, s. -Mahābat K., was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 1,700 -horse. A gracious farman was sent to summon Mahābat K. At this -time ʿAbdu-llah K., whom I had sent for for service at Qandahar, -having come from the district of his jagir, paid his respects. On the -4th of the same month I entered the city of Lahore auspiciously and -happily. Alf K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. I -gave<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7513src" href="#xd24e7513" name= -"xd24e7513src">22</a> an order to the chief Diwans to levy the pay of -the force of servants of the State who had been appointed for service -at Qandahar out of the jagirs of K͟hurram, which were in the -Sarkar of Ḥiṣār, and in the Dū-āb and those -regions. In the place of these he might take possession of districts -from the Subah of Malwa and the Deccan, and Gujarat and Khandesh, -wherever he wished. Presenting Afẓal K. with a dress of honour I -gave him leave to go. An order was passed that the Subahs of Gujarat, -Malwa, the Deccan and Khandesh should be handed over to him -(K͟hurram), and he might take up a permanent residence wherever he -might wish, and employ himself in the administration of those regions. -He was to send quickly the sazāwuls who had been appointed to -bring the servants of the State who had been summoned to my presence on -account of the disturbance at Qandahar. After that he was to look after -his own charge, and not depart from order: otherwise, he would repent. -On this day I gave the best <i>tipchāq</i> horse that was in my -private stable to ʿAbdu-llah K. On the 26th Ḥaidar Beg and -Walī Beg, envoys of the ruler of Persia, had an audience. After -performing the ceremony of salutation they produced a letter from the -Shah. My son K͟hān Jahān, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb240" href="#pb240" name="pb240">240</a>]</span>according to order, -having come post from Multan, waited on me. He presented as offerings -1,000 muhrs, 1,000 rupees, and 18 horses. Mahābat K. was promoted -to the mansab of 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse. I gave an elephant to -Mīrzā Rustam. Rāja Sārang Deo was appointed -sazāwul to Rāja <span class="corr" id="xd24e7521" title= -"Source: Bir">Bīr</span> Singh Deo. I told him to produce him at -Court as quickly as possible. On<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7524src" -href="#xd24e7524" name="xd24e7524src">23</a> the 7th of the Divine -month of Āẕar the ambassadors of S͟hāh -ʿAbbās, who had come at different times, were presented with -dresses of honour and their expenses, and given leave to go. The letter -he had sent by Ḥaidar Beg making excuses in the matter of -Qandahar has been given in this record of good fortune -(Iqbāl-nāma) along with my reply.</p> -<p class="par"><span class="sc">Letter of the King of -Persia</span>.</p> -<p class="par">(After compliments, and good wishes for that -“brother dear as life” the letter proceeds as follows):</p> -<p class="par">“You will be aware that after the death of the -Nawāb S͟hāh Jannat-makān (S͟hāh -T̤ahmāsp) great misfortunes <span class="corr" id="xd24e7535" -title="Source: befel">befell</span> Persia. Many territories which -belonged to our saintly family passed out of possession, but when this -suppliant at the throne of Grace became sovereign, he, by God’s -help, and the excellent measures of friends, recovered the hereditary -lands which were in the possession of enemies. As Qandahar was held by -the agents of your lofty family, I regarded you as myself, and did not -make any objection. From feelings of unity and brotherhood we waited, -thinking that you would, after the manner of your ancestors<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7538src" href="#xd24e7538" name= -"xd24e7538src">24</a> who are in Paradise, voluntarily take the matter -into your consideration. When you neglected to do this, I repeatedly, -by writing and verbal messages, directly and indirectly, asked for the -disposal of the question, thinking that perhaps that petty country -(Qandahar) was not regarded as worthy of your notice. You said several -times that by making over the territory to our family, the notions of -enemies and censurers would be disposed of, and <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb241" href="#pb241" name= -"pb241">241</a>]</span>praters, enviers, and fault-finders would be put -to silence. A faction<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7543src" href= -"#xd24e7543" name="xd24e7543src">25</a> formerly delayed the settlement -of this matter. As the truth of the affair was known to friends and -enemies, and as no clear answer, either of refusal or concession, came -from you, it occurred to me that I would go to Qandahar to see it, and -to hunt. In this way the agents of my distinguished brother, in -accordance with the ties of friendship which exist between us, might -welcome us and wait upon us. By this means the relationship of union -would be renewed, and would be made evident to the world, and the -tongues of the envious and the evil-speaking be shortened. With this -view, I set off without apparatus for taking forts, and when I came to -Farāh I sent a rescript to the governor of Qandahar, mentioning -that I intended to see the place and hunt there. I did this in order -that he might treat me as a guest. We also called the honourable -K͟hwāja Bāqī Kurkarāq, and sent a message to -the governor and the other officers in the fort to the effect that -there was no difference between Your Majesty and ourselves, and that we -were aware of each other’s territories, and that we were coming -to see the country. Therefore they were not to act in such a way as to -give umbrage or to vex anyone. They did not receive the conciliatory -order and message in the proper way, but showed obstinacy and a -rebellious spirit. When I came to the fort I again called the -honourable aforesaid (K. Bāqī), and sent him with the message -that I had directed my troops not to invest the fort till the lapse of -ten days. They did not receive the wholesome advice, and were stubborn -in their opposition. As there was nothing more to be done, the Persian -army set about taking the fort, though it was in want of appliances, -and soon levelled the walls and bastions with the ground. The garrison -became straitened, and asked for quarter. We, too, maintained the ties -of love which had existed from of old between the two exalted -dynasties, and the brotherly relation which was formed between you and -me when you were prince (Mīrzā), and which was an object of -envy to contemporary sovereigns, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" -href="#pb242" name="pb242">242</a>]</span>and from my innate kindness -forgave their errors and offences. Encompassing them with favours, I -sent them safe and sound to your Court along with Ḥaidar Beg -Qūrbās͟hī, who is one of the sincere -Ṣūfīs of this family. Of a truth, the foundation of -love and union, both inherited and acquired, on the part of this seeker -after affection, has not grown old or decayed, and is strong so that no -rupture in it can take place on account of any things which may have -transpired owing to the action of Fate.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">Between us and you there cannot be trouble,</p> -<p class="line">There can be naught but love and trust.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">“It is hoped that you, too, will preserve -your affection for us, and that you will not approve of certain strange -actions, and that if any suspicion about friendship arise you will -endeavour by your innate goodness and continual love to efface it. May -the ever-vernal flower of union and cordiality remain in bloom, and -every effort be made to strengthen the foundations of concord, and to -cleanse the fountains of agreement which regulate temperaments and -territories. You will regard all our dominions as belonging to you, and -will extend your friendship to everyone (in them?), and will proclaim -that it (Qandahar) has been given up to him (ʿAbbās) without -any objection, and that such trifles are of no importance, and that -though the governor and officers who were in the fort did some things -which were obstacles to friendship, yet what took place was done by you -and me. They performed the duties of service and life devotion. It is -certain, too, that Your Majesty will be gracious to them, and will -treat them with royal kindness, and will not shame me before them. What -more need I write? May thy star-brushing standards ever be associated -with the Divine aids!” <span class="sc">Reply to the Letter of -Shah ʿAbbās</span>.</p> -<p class="par">“Unfeigned thanks, and pure thanksgivings are due -to the sole object of worship (God) for that the maintenance of the -compacts and treaties of great princes is the cause of the order of -Creation and the repose of mankind. A proof of this is <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href="#pb243" name="pb243">243</a>]</span>the -harmony and unity which existed between us and the exalted family (of -Persia), and which were increased during our time. These things were -the envy of contemporary sovereigns. The glorious Shah—the star -of heaven’s army, the ruler of the nations, the adorner of the -Kayānī tiara, the fitting occupant of the throne of Chosroes, -the fruitful tree of the gardens of sovereignty, the splendid nursling -of the parterres of prophecy and saintship, the cream of the -Ṣafawī dynasty—hath without ground or reason, engaged -in disturbing the rose-garden of love and friendship and brotherhood in -which for long periods there has been no possibility of a breath of -confusion. Clearly the methods of union and concord among princes -require that they make oaths of friendship to one another, and that -there should be perfect spiritual agreement between them. There should -be no need of physical contact, and still less should there be any -necessity for visiting one another’s countries for -‘shooting and spectacle’ (<i>sair u -s͟hikār</i>).</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<h4><span class="sc">Verse.</span></h4> -<p class="line">Alas, a hundred times for the love passing thought!</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">“By the arrival of your loving letter -apologizing for the ‘spectacle and shooting’ (<i>sair u -s͟hikār</i>) of Qandahar, which came with the honourable -Ḥaidar Beg and Walī Beg, I became apprised of the bodily -health of your angelic personality, and the flowers of joy were -scattered over the world. Let it not be hidden from the world-adorning -mind of my exalted and prosperous brother that until the arrival of the -letter and messages brought by Zambīl Beg no mention had been made -by you in letters or verbal messages of your wish for Qandahar. At the -time when we were engaged in visiting the delightful land of Kashmir, -the Deccan lords, in their shortsightedness, extended their feet beyond -the limits of obedience, and trod the path of rebellion. Accordingly it -became necessary for me to chastise them. I moved my standards to -Lahore, and appointed my worthy<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7579src" -href="#xd24e7579" name="xd24e7579src">26</a> son S͟hāh -Jahān to proceed against them with a victorious army. I myself was -proceeding to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244" name= -"pb244">244</a>]</span>Agra when Zambīl Beg arrived, and produced -your loving letter. I took it as a good omen, and went off to Agra to -put down the enemies and the rebels. In the jewelled and pearl-dropping -letter there was no mention of a wish for Qandahar. It was mentioned -verbally by Zambīl Beg. In reply, I said to him that I made no -difficulty with regard to anything that my brother wished. Please God, -after settling the Deccan affair, I would send him back in a manner -suitable to my sovereignty. I also said that as he had made long -marches he should repose for some days in Lahore, and that I would -afterwards send for him. After coming to Agra, I sent for him and gave -him leave to depart. As the favour of God attaches to this suppliant, I -withdrew my mind from victories and proceeded to the Panjab. My -intention was to send him away, but after disposing of some necessary -matters I went to Kashmir on account of the hot weather. After coming -there I sent for Zambīl Beg in order to give him his leave. I also -wished to show him something of that delightful country. Meanwhile news -came that my prosperous brother had come to take Qandahar. This idea -had never entered my mind, and I was entirely astonished. What could -there be in a petty village that he should set out to take it, and that -he should shut his eyes to so much friendship and brotherly feeling? -Though truthful reporters sent the news, I could not credit it! When it -became certain I immediately gave orders to -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K. not to transgress in any way the good -pleasure of that prosperous brother. Up to now the relationship of -brotherhood stands firm, and I do not value the world in comparison -therewith, nor do I consider any gift equal to it. But it would have -been right and brotherly that he should have waited till the arrival of -the ambassador. Perhaps he would be successful in the object<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7585src" href="#xd24e7585" name= -"xd24e7585src">27</a> and claim for <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb245" href="#pb245" name="pb245">245</a>]</span>which he had come. -When he (ʿAbbās) takes such steps before the return of the -ambassador, to whom will mankind ascribe the merit of keeping compacts -and of preserving the capital of humanity and liberality! May God -preserve you at all times!”</p> -<hr class="tb"> -<p class="par"></p> -<p class="par">After I had given leave to the ambassadors, I devoted -all my energy to urging on the Qandahar force, and presented my son -K͟hān Jahān, who had been sent for for certain matters, -with an elephant, a special horse, a jewelled sword and dagger, and a -dress of honour. I sent him on as an advance guard, and directed him to -remain in Multan until the arrival of Prince S͟hahriyār with -the victorious army. Bāqir K., who was faujdār of Multan, was -summoned to Court, and I appointed ʿAlī-qulī Beg Darman -to assist him (K͟hān Jahān), and raised him to the -mansab of 1,500. In the same manner, having raised M. Rustam to the -mansab of 5,000, I appointed him to the duty of assisting that son with -the (Qandahar) army. Las͟hkar K. came from the Deccan, and waited -on me, and was also attached to that army. Allah-dād K. -Afg͟hān, M. ʿĪsā Tark͟hān, Mukarram -K., Ikrām K., and other Amirs, who had come from the Deccan and -from their fiefs, after being presented with horses and dresses of -honour, were sent with K͟hān Jahān. -ʿUmdatu-s-salṭana Āṣaf K. was sent to Agra to -bring to Court the whole of the treasure in muhrs and rupees which had -accumulated from the beginning of the reign of my father. -Aṣālat K., s. K͟hān Jahān, was promoted to -the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse. Muḥammad -S͟hafīʿā, Bakhshi of Multan, had the title of -K͟hān conferred on him. I gave leave to S͟harīf, -Vakil of my fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz, to go with all -possible haste, and bring my son to wait on me with the army of Behar, -and writing a gracious farman with my own hand I urged him to come.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Mīr Mīrān, the grandson of -S͟hāh Niʿmatu-llah, died suddenly. I hope that he will -be among the pardoned. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href= -"#pb246" name="pb246">246</a>]</span>A raging elephant threw down the -huntsman Mīrzā Beg and killed him: I assigned his duties to -Imām-wirdī.</p> -<p class="par">As in consequence of the weakness that came over me two -years ago and still continues, heart and brain do not accord. I -cannot<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7607src" href="#xd24e7607" name= -"xd24e7607src">28</a> make notes of events and occurrences. Now that -Muʿtamid K. has come from the Deccan, and has had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold, as he is a servant who knows my temperament and -understands my words, and was also formerly entrusted with this duty, I -gave an order that from the date which I have written he shall -hereafter write them with his own hand, and attach them to my -Memoranda. Whatever events may occur hereafter he should note after the -manner of a diary, and submit them for my verification, and then they -should be copied into a book.</p> -<p class="par"><span class="sc">From This Place the Notes Are Written -by Muʿtamid K͟hān</span>.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7614src" href="#xd24e7614" name="xd24e7614src">29</a></p> -<p class="par">As the whole of my world-opening mind was taken up with -the preparation of the Qandahar army, and the remedy for that business, -the unpleasant news that reached me of a change in the condition of -K͟hurram, and his want of moderation, became a cause for aversion -and dissension. I accordingly sent Mūsawī K., who is one of -the sincere servants who knows my temperament, to that wretch -(<i>bī-daulat</i>) to lay before him the threatening messages and -my wishes, and to give admonitions that might sharpen his intelligence, -so that by the guidance of good fortune he might awake from the dream -of carelessness and pride, and that he (Mūsawī) having gained -a (true) knowledge of his futile ideas and aims might hasten to my -presence, and carry out whatever appeared to be necessary. On the 1st -of the Divine month of Bahman the feast of my lunar weighing took -place. At this auspicious ceremony Mahābat K., having come from -Kabul, paid his respects, and was the recipient of special favours. I -appointed <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb247" href="#pb247" name= -"pb247">247</a>]</span>Yaʿqūb K. Badak͟hs͟hī -to Kabul, exalting him with the gift of drums. About this time report -came from Iʿtibār K. from Agra that K͟hurram, with the -army of adversity, had left Māndū and started in that -direction. He had evidently heard the news that the treasure had been -sent for, and fire had fallen into his mind, and having let fall from -his hand the reins of self-control, had started (with the idea) that on -the road he might lay hold of the treasure. Accordingly I thought it -best to proceed for a tour, and in order to hunt to the bank of the -river of Sult̤ān-pūr (the Beas). If that wretch by the -guidance of error should place his foot in the desert of audacity, I -might hasten farther forward and place the punishment of his unbecoming -behaviour in the skirt of his fortune. If matters turned out in any -other way I might take steps accordingly. With this purpose, on the -17th of the same month, at an auspicious hour, I marched. Mahābat -K. was dignified with a dress of honour. Rs. 1,00,000 were ordered to -be given to Mīrzā Rustam and Rs. 2,00,000 to ʿAbdu-llah -K. by way of advance of pay. I sent Mīrzā K͟hān, s. -Zain K., with a gracious farman to my fortunate son S͟hāh -Parwīz, and renewed my urgency for his attendance. Rāja -Sārang Deo had gone to summon Rāja Bīr Singh Deo: he -came, and having paid his respects, reported that the Rāja, with a -proper force and an equipped army, would join me at Thanesar. At this -time constant reports<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7624src" href= -"#xd24e7624" name="xd24e7624src">30</a> came from Iʿtibār K. -and other servants of the State from Agra that K͟hurram in revolt -and disloyalty (<i>bī-daulatī</i>) had changed what was due -by him for rearing into undutifulnesses,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7630src" href="#xd24e7630" name="xd24e7630src">31</a> and having -placed the foot of ruin in the valley of ignorance and error, had -started in that direction. They therefore did not consider it advisable -to bring the treasure, and were engaged in strengthening the towers and -gates, and providing things necessary for the defence of the fort. -Similarly a report came from Āṣaf K. that the wretch had -torn off the veil of respect, and turned his face towards the valley of -ruin, and that the odour of good came not from the manner of his -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248" name= -"pb248">248</a>]</span>approach. As it was not for the advantage of the -State to bring the treasure, he had entrusted it to God, and was -himself on the way to wait on me. Accordingly, having crossed the river -at Sult̤ānpūr, by successive marches I proceeded to -punish that one of dark fortune, and gave an order that henceforth they -should call him <i>Bī-daulat</i> (wretch). Wherever in this record -of fortune “Bī-daulat” is mentioned it will refer to -him. From the kindnesses and favours bestowed upon him I can say that -up till the present time no king has conferred such on his son. What my -reverend father did for my brothers I have done for his servants, -giving them titles, standards, and drums, as has been recorded in the -preceding pages. It will not be hidden from the readers of this record -of prosperity what affection and interest I have bestowed on him. My -pen’s tongue fails in ability to set them forth. What shall I say -of my own sufferings? In pain and weakness, in a warm atmosphere that -is extremely unsuited to my health, I must still ride and be active, -and in this state must proceed against such an undutiful son. Many -servants cherished by me for long years and raised to the dignity of -nobility, whom I ought to employ to-day in war against the Uzbeg or the -Persian, I must punish<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7641src" href= -"#xd24e7641" name="xd24e7641src">32</a> for his vileness and destroy -with my own hand. Thank God that he has given me such capacity to bear -my burdens that I can put up with all this, and go on in the same path, -and reckon them as light. But that which weighs heavily on my heart, -and places my eager temperament in sorrow is this, that at such a time -when my prosperous sons and loyal officers should be vying with each -other in the service against Qandahar and Khurasan, which would be to -the renown of the Sultanate, this inauspicious one has struck with an -axe the foot of his own dominion, and become a stumbling-block in the -path of the enterprise. The momentous affair of Qandahar must now be -postponed, but I trust that Almighty God will remove these griefs from -my heart. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb249" href="#pb249" name= -"pb249">249</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">At this time it was reported to me that Muḥtarim -K., the eunuch, K͟halīl Beg Ẕū-l-qadr, and -Fidāʾī K., the Master of the Ceremonies, had allied -themselves with Bī-daulat, and opened the gates of correspondence -with him. As it was no time for mildness and winking at matters, I -imprisoned all three, and as, after making inquiry into the -circumstances, no doubt remained as to their falseness to their salt, -and about the evil designs and malevolence of K͟halīl and -Muḥtarim, and as Amirs like Mīrzā Rustam swore to the -insincerity and malevolence of K͟halīl, having no remedy I -punished them<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7647src" href="#xd24e7647" -name="xd24e7647src">33</a> capitally. Fidāʾī K., the -dust of whose sincerity was free of suspicion and pure, I brought out -of confinement and promoted. I sent Rāja Rūz-afzūn by -post (<i>dāk-chaukī</i>) to my son S͟hāh -Parwīz that he might bring him with all haste to wait on me; so -that Bī-daulat might be brought to punishment for his improper -conduct. Jawāhir K., the eunuch, was appointed to the post of -<i>Ihtimām-i-darbār-i-maḥall</i> (superintendent of the -harem).</p> -<p class="par">On the 1st of Isfandārmuẕ the royal army -arrived at Nūr-sarāy. On this day a report came from -Iʿtibār K., that Bī-daulat had arrived in all haste in -the neighbourhood of Agra, in the hope that before the fort was -strengthened, the gates of strife and mischief might be opened, and he -might attain his end. When he arrived at Fatḥpūr, he found -the gates closed against him, and, being struck with the disgrace of -ruin, he had halted. The K͟hān-k͟hānān and his -son and many of the royal Amirs attached to the Deccan and Gujarat had -come with him as companions on the road of rebellion and ingratitude. -Mūsawī K. saw him at Fatḥpūr, and showed him the -royal orders, and it was settled that he should send his servant -Qāẓī ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz with him to Court to -put his requests before me. He sent to Agra his servant -Sundar,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7658src" href="#xd24e7658" name= -"xd24e7658src">34</a> who was the ringleader of the people of error and -the chief of the seditious, to take possession of the treasures and -hidden wealth of those servants of the State who were at Agra. -Amongst<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7661src" href="#xd24e7661" name= -"xd24e7661src">35</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb250" href= -"#pb250" name="pb250">250</a>]</span>others he entered the house of -Las͟hkar K., and seized Rs. 9,00,000. In the same manner, wherever -he suspected there was property in the houses of other servants (of the -Court), he stretched out his hand to seize it, and took possession of -all that he found. When nobles like -K͟hān-k͟hānān, who had been distinguished with -the rank of Ātālīk and arrived at the age of seventy -years, made their faces black with rebellion and ingratitude, how could -one complain of others? It may be said that his very nature was -seditious and ungrateful. His father (Bairam K.) at the end of his life -behaved in the same unbecoming way towards my reverend father. He, -following the example of his father, at his age made himself accursed -and rejected to all eternity.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">In the end a wolf’s cub becomes a wolf</p> -<p class="line">Although he grow up with man. (Saʿdī.)</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">On this day Mūsawī K. arrived with -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz, the envoy of Bī-daulat. As his -requests were unreasonable, I did not allow him to speak, but handed -him over to Mahābat to be kept in prison. On the 5th of the month -I pitched on the bank of the river of Lūdiyāna (the Sutlej). -I promoted K͟hān Aʿz̤am to the mansab of 7,000 with -5,000 horse. Rāja Bhārat, the Bandīla, from the Deccan, -and Dayānat K. from Agra, came and waited on me. I pardoned the -offences of Dayānat K., and gave him the same mansab that he had -previously held. Rāja Bhārat was raised to the mansab of -1,500 and 1,000 horse, and Mūsawī K. to that of 1,000 and 300 -horse. On Thursday, the 12th, in the pargana of Thānesar, -Rāja Bīr Singh Deo, having waited on me, reviewed his army -and elicited great praise. Rāja Sārang Deo was promoted to -the mansab of 1,500 with 600 horse. In Karnāl Āṣaf K., -coming from Agra, lifted up the head of honour in kissing my stirrup. -His coming at this time was the herald of victory. Nawāzis͟h -K., s. Saʿīd K., having arrived from Gujarat, paid his -respects. When Bī-daulat was at Burhanpur, at his request I had -appointed Bāqī K. to Jūnāgaṛh. He had been -ordered to come to Court, and now came and shared <span class="corr" -id="xd24e7673" title="Source: n">in</span> my service. As my march from -Lahore took place without <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb251" href= -"#pb251" name="pb251">251</a>]</span>previous notice, and time did not -admit of delay or reflection, I came with the few Amirs who were in -attendance. Until I arrived at Sihrind only a few men had the good -fortune to accompany me, but after passing beyond it, great numbers of -the army came in from all sides and quarters. Before arrival at Delhi -such a force had come together that in any direction in which one -looked the whole plain was occupied by troops.</p> -<p class="par">As it was reported that Bī-daulat had left -Fatḥpūr and was coming in this direction, and making -continuous marches towards Delhi, I gave the victorious army orders to -put on their <i>chiltas</i> (quilted coats). In this disturbance the -pivot of the management of affairs and the arrangement of the army were -entrusted to Mahābat K. The command of the vanguard was given to -ʿAbdu-llah K. Of the selected young men and experienced -<i>sipāhīs</i>, whoever was asked for by him was enrolled in -his corps. I ordered him to march a koss ahead of the other forces. He -was also entrusted with the intelligence department and the control of -the routes. I was ignorant of the fact that he was in league with -Bī-daulat, and that the real object of that evil-natured one was -to send news from my army to him. Previously to this he used to bring -long written slips of true and false news, saying that his spies had -sent them from that place. The purport was that they (the spies) -suspected some of my servants of being in league with Bī-daulat, -and of sending him news. Had I been led away by his intrigues and -become alarmed at this time when the wind of disturbance was blowing -strongly I would have been obliged to destroy many of my servants. -Although some faithful servants suspected his evil intentions and -untruthfulness, the time was not one for removing the veil openly from -the face of his deeds. I guarded my eye and tongue from doing anything -which might carry terror into his evil mind, and showed him more -attention and favour than before, with the idea that possibly he would -be struck with shame, and might turn away from his evil deeds, and give -up his evil nature and sedition. That rejected one to all eternity, in -whom a tendency to vileness and falsity was natural, did <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb252" href="#pb252" name="pb252">252</a>]</span>not -fail to do what was in accordance with himself, as will be related -hereafter.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">The tree<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7691src" href= -"#xd24e7691" name="xd24e7691src">36</a> that is bitter in its -nature</p> -<p class="line">If you plant it in the garden of Paradise,</p> -<p class="line">And water it from the eternal stream thereof,</p> -<p class="line">If you pour on its root pure honey,</p> -<p class="line">In the end it shows its natural quality,</p> -<p class="line">And it bears the same bitter fruit.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">In fine, when I was near Delhi, Sayyid Bahwa -Buk͟hārī, Ṣadr K., and Rāja Kis͟han -Dās came out of the city, and had the good fortune to kiss my -stirrup. Bāqir K., faujdār of Oudh, also on this day came to -the victorious camp. On the 25th of the month, passing by Delhi, I -pitched my camp on the bank of the Jumna. Girdhar, s. Rāy Sāl -Darbārī, having come from the Deccan, had the honour to pay -his respects. He was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, -and obtained the title of Raja, and was clothed in a dress of honour. -Zabar-dast K., Master of the Ceremonies, was honoured with a standard. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253" name= -"pb253">253</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7336" href="#xd24e7336src" name="xd24e7336">1</a></span> Date not -given. The Iqbāl-nāma, 191, has “the -8th.” <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7336src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7344" href="#xd24e7344src" name="xd24e7344">2</a></span> The -Iqbāl-nāma, p. 192, speaks of a report of K͟hān -Jahān that K͟hwāja ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz -Naqs͟hbandī, the governor of Qandahar, had a garrison of -3,000 men. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7344src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7357" href="#xd24e7357src" name="xd24e7357">3</a></span> -Jahāngīr appears on this occasion to have forgotten the vow -he made in the 13th year. See Elliot, VI. 362. -Jahāngīr’s words are clear: “<i>ba tīr u -tufang andāk͟htam</i>.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7357src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7368" href="#xd24e7368src" name="xd24e7368">4</a></span> -Apparently this is the Barahmūla Pass. It is mentioned in the -Akbar-nāma, III. 480–81 and 558, but does not appear on -modern maps. Jahāngīr refers to it in the account of the 15th -year, p. 204, and says it is the last of the passes. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7368src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7372" href="#xd24e7372src" name="xd24e7372">5</a></span> -Sar-afrāz in No. 181. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7372src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7379" href="#xd24e7379src" name="xd24e7379">6</a></span> The I.O. -MS., No. 181, adds “and treasure.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7379src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7385" href="#xd24e7385src" name="xd24e7385">7</a></span> -“Wilson” Glossary, p. 60. Elliot, Supp. Glossary, I. 52. -The word seems connected with <i>barinj</i>, -“rice.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7385src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7402" href="#xd24e7402src" name="xd24e7402">8</a></span> This is -the poet Bābā T̤ālib Iṣfahānī of -Blochmann, 607. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7402src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7407" href="#xd24e7407src" name="xd24e7407">9</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 383. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7407src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7415" href="#xd24e7415src" name="xd24e7415">10</a></span> Not -that the question of the Deccan had been settled, but that -S͟hāh Jahān had left Burhanpur and come to -Māndū. See Iqbāl-nāma, 193. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7415src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7425" href="#xd24e7425src" name="xd24e7425">11</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 383. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7425src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7437" href="#xd24e7437src" name="xd24e7437">12</a></span> -<i>Tarkas͟h-bandān</i>, literally quiver-holders. Apparently -the meaning is that the archers who were footmen (see Blochmann, 254, -about <i>Dāk͟hilī</i> troops) lost their vocation when -guns came into use, and became cavalry soldiers. But the meaning in -text may be that the archers took to practising with bows and arrows on -horseback. It appears from a Dastūru-l-ʿamal in the I.O., No. -1,855 (E. 2736) that the <i>tarkas͟h-bands</i> were an inferior -order of servants receiving 1,000 dams or less a year. They probably -were not necessarily archers. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7437src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7450" href="#xd24e7450src" name="xd24e7450">13</a></span> The -Achh Dal of the Āyīn, Jarrett, II. 358. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7450src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7453" href="#xd24e7453src" name="xd24e7453">14</a></span> No. 181 -has “at Vīrnāg.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7453src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7466" href="#xd24e7466src" name="xd24e7466">15</a></span> -Pāds͟hāh-nāma, I., Part II., p. 349. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7466src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7473" href="#xd24e7473src" name="xd24e7473">16</a></span> May -also be read Uhar and Adhar. It is Adhar or Udhar in I.O. -MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7473src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7476" href="#xd24e7476src" name="xd24e7476">17</a></span> The -Sind River of Kashmir is meant. Jarrett<span class="corr" id= -"xd24e7478" title="Not in source">,</span> II. 364. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7476src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7488" href="#xd24e7488src" name="xd24e7488">18</a></span> This -seems a translation of Akbar’s word <i>arīnās</i> -(enemy-destroying). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7488src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7501" href="#xd24e7501src" name="xd24e7501">19</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 384, where Jhelam is a mistake. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7501src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7504" href="#xd24e7504src" name="xd24e7504">20</a></span> -Pāds͟hāh-nāma, I., Part II., p. 339. His name was -Mullā S͟hukru-llah, and he was from Shiraz. He is the Mirza -Sorocolla of Roe. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7504src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7509" href="#xd24e7509src" name="xd24e7509">21</a></span> Compare -Iqbāl-nāma, 194 and 196. It is stated there that Nūr -Jahān would not allow Afẓal K. to have an audience, and that -he was dismissed without gaining his object. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7509src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7513" href="#xd24e7513src" name="xd24e7513">22</a></span> See -Iqbāl-nāma, 196, where it is said that these orders were not -really given by Jahāngīr, but were Nūr -Jahān’s. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7513src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7524" href="#xd24e7524src" name="xd24e7524">23</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 280. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7524src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7538" href="#xd24e7538src" name="xd24e7538">24</a></span> This -alludes to the facts that Humāyūn promised S͟hāh -T̤ahmāsp that he would restore the fort after he had -conquered India, and that Akbar had acknowledged the justice of -Persia’s claim. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7538src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7543" href="#xd24e7543src" name="xd24e7543">25</a></span> The -clause is very obscure. Perhaps it is part of what Jahāngīr -had said. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7543src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7579" href="#xd24e7579src" name="xd24e7579">26</a></span> -<i>Farzand-i-bark͟hūrdār.</i> <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7579src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7585" href="#xd24e7585src" name="xd24e7585">27</a></span> It is -noteworthy that Jahāngīr does not attempt to controvert the -statement of S͟hāh ʿAbbās that Qandahar rightfully -belonged to Persia. There is a very long account in the -ʿĀlam-ārāʾī of the claims of Persia to -Qandahar, and of the various attempts made to realize them, until at -last it was taken by S͟hāh ʿAbbās. See the account -of the 35th year in the Teheran lithograph, p. 682, etc. The fort of -Qandahar surrendered on 11 S͟haʿbān, 1031, or June 11, -1622. The Shah’s letter announcing the fact and explaining his -procedure was presented by Ḥaidar Beg on 26 Ābān, -1031—<i>i.e.</i>, early in November, 1622. He brought the -officers of the garrison with him. See -ʿĀlam-ārāʾī and the Tūzuk text, 348 -(annals of the 17th year). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7585src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7607" href="#xd24e7607src" name="xd24e7607">28</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 280. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7607src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7614" href="#xd24e7614src" name="xd24e7614">29</a></span> These -words do not appear in the I.O. MSS. And what is written in this -chapter about the fates of K͟halīl and Muḥtarim, etc., -does not agree with Muʿtamid’s writing in -Iqbāl-nāma. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7614src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7624" href="#xd24e7624src" name="xd24e7624">30</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 384. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7624src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7630" href="#xd24e7630src" name="xd24e7630">31</a></span> -<i>Ḥuqūq ba-ʿuqūq</i>, “rights into -wrongs.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7630src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7641" href="#xd24e7641src" name="xd24e7641">32</a></span> I -rather think the meaning is “he by his baseness and illfatedness -has capitally punished them, and has (as it were) slain them by his own -hand,” the meaning being that they will fall in the civil war -about to take place. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7641src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7647" href="#xd24e7647src" name="xd24e7647">33</a></span> Compare -Iqbāl-nāma, 199. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7647src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7658" href="#xd24e7658src" name="xd24e7658">34</a></span> This is -the man whom Jahāngīr had made Rāja -Bikramājīt. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7658src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7661" href="#xd24e7661src" name="xd24e7661">35</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 385. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7661src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7691" href="#xd24e7691src" name="xd24e7691">36</a></span> The -lines come from Firdūsī’s satire on Maḥmūd -of Ghazni. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7691src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="yr18" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e224">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The Eighteenth New Year’s Feast after the -Auspicious Accession</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">On the eve of Tuesday, the 20th of -Jumādā-l-awwal, <span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1032 (March 10, -1623), the sun that lights the world entered his house of honour in -Aries, and the eighteenth year from the beginning of my reign commenced -auspiciously and happily. On this day I heard that Bī-daulat, -having gone to the neighbourhood of Mathura, had encamped the army -tainted with ruin in the pargana of S͟hāhpūr, and -reviewed 27,000 cavalry. It is hoped that they will soon be subdued and -miserable. Rāja Jay Singh, grandson<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7715src" href="#xd24e7715" name="xd24e7715src">1</a> of Rāja -Mān Singh, came from his native country, and had the good fortune -to kiss my stirrup. I dignified Rāja Bīr Singh Deo, than whom -in the Rajput caste there is no greater Amir, with the title of -Maharaja, and promoted his son Jogrāj to the mansab of 2,000 with -1,000 horse. Sayyid Bahwa was presented with an elephant. As it was -reported to me that Bī-daulat was coming by the bank of the Jumna, -the march of the victorious army in that direction was also decided on. -The array of the army that resembled the waves of the sea was divided -into the van, the right and left wings, the <i>altmis͟h</i>, the -<i>t̤araḥ</i> (reserve), the <i>chandāwul</i> (rear), -etc., and arranged in a manner suitable to the circumstances and -according to the locality. Close upon this came the news that -Bī-daulat, with the wretch K͟hān-k͟hānān, -had turned his reins from the right road and gone towards the pargana -Kotila, 20 koss towards the left, along with the brahman Sundar, who -was his guide to the desert of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb254" -href="#pb254" name="pb254">254</a>]</span>error, with Dārāb, -s. K͟hān-k͟hānān, and many of the Amirs who -had accompanied him on the road of rebellion and rascality, such as -Himmat K., Sar-buland K., S͟harza K. ʿĀbid K., Jādo -Rāy, Ūday Rām, Ātas͟h K., Manṣūr -K., and other mansabdars, who were attached to the Deccan, Gujarat, and -Malwa, the recital of whom would take too long, and all his own -servants, such as Rāja Bhīm, s. Rānā, Rustam K., -Bairam Beg, the Afghan Daryā, Taqī, and others whom he had -left to confront the royal army. There were five<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7730src" href="#xd24e7730" name="xd24e7730src">2</a> armies -(corps?). Although nominally the command was in the hands of the wretch -(<i>bar-gas͟hta-i-rūzgār</i>) Dārāb, yet in -reality the leader and centre of the whole affair was Sundar, of evil -deeds. These men of darkened fortune pitched in the neighbourhood of -Balūchpūr to their ruin. On the 8th I pitched at -Qabūlpūr. On this day the turn to take the rear fell upon -Bāqir K. We had left him behind all the rest. A body of the rebels -attacked him on the march, and stretched out the hand of plunder. -Bāqir planted firmly the foot of courage, and succeeded in beating -them back. K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan got news of this, -and turned his reins to support him. Before the arrival of the -K͟hwāja the rebels (<i>mardūdān</i>), not being -able to stand, had taken to flight. On Wednesday, the 9th of the month, -having separated 25,000 horse under the leadership of Āṣaf -K., K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan, and ʿAbdu-llah K., I -sent them to attack the rebels who did not look to the end of things. -Qāsim K., Las͟hkar K., Irādat K., Fidāʾī -K., and other servants, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to -Āṣaf K.’s force. Bāqir K., Nūru-d-dīn -Qulī, Ibrāhīm Ḥusain -Kās͟hg͟harī, and others, to the number of 8,000 -horse, were appointed to support Abū-l-Ḥasan. -Nawāzis͟h K., ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K., -ʿAzīzu-llah, and many of the Bārha and Amroha Sayyids, -were ordered to accompany ʿAbdu-llah. In this army 10,000 horse -were enrolled. Sundar had arranged the army of ruin and put forward the -foot of shamelessness. At this time I sent my special quiver -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255" name= -"pb255">255</a>]</span>by Zabar-dast K., Master of Ceremonies, to -ʿAbdu-llah K., that it might be the means of animating his zeal. -When the encounter of the two sides took place, that black-faced one to -all eternity, in whom the tendency to rebellion and ingratitude was -innate, taking to flight, joined the rebels. -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K., the son of the K͟hān -Daurān, God knows whether knowingly or not, went off with him. -Nawāzis͟h K., Zabar-dast K., and S͟hīr-ḥamla, -who were in the corps of that shameless one (ʿAbdu-llah K.), -planted firmly the foot of courage, and were not disturbed at his -going. As the aid of Almighty God is ever near this suppliant, at this -crisis, when a leader of the army such as <span class="corr" id= -"xd24e7752" title="Source: ʿAdbu-llah">ʿAbdu-llah</span> K. -threw 10,000 cavalry into confusion and joined the enemy, and there was -nearly a great disaster, a shot from a mysterious hand reached Sundar. -At his fall the pillars of the courage of the rebels shook. -K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan also drove before him the army -in front of him and defeated it. Āṣaf K., when Bāqir K. -arrived, showing great activity, finished the affair, and a victory -which might be the <i>t̤ug͟hrā</i> (sign manual) of the -victories of the age showed its face of purpose from the hidden world. -Zabar-dast K., S͟hīr-ḥamla, S͟hīr-bacha, his -son, and the son of Asad K., the architect, and Muḥammad -Ḥusain, brother of K͟hwāja Jahān, and a number of -the Sayyids of Bārha who were in the corps of the black-faced -ʿAbdu-llah, having tasted the sweet-flavoured wine of martyrdom, -obtained everlasting life. ʿAzīzu-llah, grandson of -Ḥusain K. (Tukrīya), being wounded by a gun-shot, got off -safely. Although at this time the desertion of that rejected hypocrite -was a secret help, yet it is probable that if he had not performed this -detestable action in the crisis of the battle, many of the rebel -leaders would have been killed or captured. It chanced that he was -known to the common people by the title of Laʿnatu-llah -(God’s curse), and as he had received this name from the hidden -world I also called him by it. Hereafter, wherever the expression -<i>Laʿnatu-llah</i> is used it refers to him. Briefly, after the -rebels, whose end was evil, took to flight from the field of battle, -and turned their faces towards the valley of ruin and could not -reassemble, Laʿnatu-llah, with all the rebels, did not -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href="#pb256" name= -"pb256">256</a>]</span>turn his rein till he reached Bī-daulat, -who was at a distance of 20 koss.</p> -<p class="par">When the news of the victory of the servants of the -State reached this suppliant to God, he prostrated himself in -thankfulness for this gift, which was from the renewed favour of Allah, -and summoned the loyal ones into his presence. On the next day they -brought before me the head of Sundar. It appeared that when the ball -struck him he gave up his soul to the lords of hell, and they took his -body to a neighbouring village to be burnt. When they were about to -light the fire, an army appeared in the distance, and for fear lest -they should be taken prisoners, everyone took to flight. The Muqaddam -(head man) of the village cut off his head, and for his own acquittal -took it to K͟hān Aʿz̤am, as it occurred in his -jagir. He was brought to me (with the head): the head was quite -recognizable and had as yet undergone no change, but they had cut off -the ears for the sake of the pearls in them. No one knew by whose hand -he had been shot. In consequence of his destruction, Bī-daulat did -not gird his loins again. One might say his good fortune and courage -and understanding lay in that dog of a Hindu. When, with a father like -me, who in truth am his ostensible creator, and in my own lifetime have -raised him to the great dignity of Sultanship, and denied him nothing, -he acts in this manner, I appeal to the justice of Allah that He may -never again regard him with favour. Those servants who in this -disturbance had done fitting service were honoured with more and more -favours, each according to his degree. K͟hwāja -Abū-l-Ḥasan was raised to the mansab of 5,000, original and -increased, Nawāzis͟h K. to that of 4,000 and 3,000 horse, -Bāqir K. to that of 3,000 and 500 horse, with drums, -Ibrāhīm Ḥusain Kās͟hg͟harī to that -of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, ʿAzīzu-llah to that of 2,000 and -1,000 horse, Nūru-d-dīn Qulī to that of 2,000 and 700 -horse, Rāja Rām Dās to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -Lut̤fu-llah to that of 1,000 and 500 horse, Parwaris͟h K. to -that of 1,000 and 500 horse. If all the servants were to be written in -detail it would take too long. Briefly I remained at that place one day -and marched on the next. K͟hān ʿĀlam, having -marched <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" href="#pb257" name= -"pb257">257</a>]</span>from Allahabad, had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. On the 12th of the month I encamped at the village of -Jhānsa (?).</p> -<p class="par">On this day Sar-buland Rāy came from the Deccan and -waited on me, and was honoured with a special jewelled dagger, with a -<i>phūl katāra</i>. ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz K. and some -of those who had gone with Laʿnatu-llah released themselves from -the hand of Bī-daulat, and paid their respects, and represented -that when Laʿnatu-llah charged, they thought it was for a cavalry -encounter. When they found themselves in the midst of the rebels they -saw nothing for it but to submit and pay their respects, but now they -had found an opportunity and had obtained the good fortune of kissing -the threshold. Though they had taken 2,000 muhrs from Bī-daulat -for their expenses, as the times were critical I made no inquiry, but -accepted<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7773src" href="#xd24e7773" name= -"xd24e7773src">3</a> their statement.</p> -<p class="par">On the 19th the Feast of the culmination was held, and -many of the servants of the State were raised in mansab, and had -suitable favours conferred on them.</p> -<p class="par">Mīr ʿAẓudu-d-daulah, having come from -Agra, waited on me. He brought a vocabulary<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7780src" href="#xd24e7780" name="xd24e7780src">4</a> of words -that he had prepared. In truth he had taken much pains, and collected -together all the words from the writings of ancient poets. There is no -book like this in the science.</p> -<p class="par">Rāja Jay Singh was raised to the mansab of 3,000 -with 1,400 horse, and a special elephant was presented to my son -S͟hahriyār. The post of <i>ʿArẓ-mukarrir</i> -(examiner of petitions) was conferred on Mūsawī K. -Amānu-llah, s. Mahābat K., was given the title of -K͟hān-zād K͟hān, was favoured with a mansab of -4,000 personal and horse, and was honoured with a flag and drums.</p> -<p class="par">On the 1st of the Divine month of Urdībihis͟ht -I pitched on the bank of the lake at Fatḥpūr. -Iʿtibār K. came from Agra and waited on me, and was -graciously received. Muz̤affar K., Mukarram K., and his brother -also came from Agra, and had the good fortune to wait on me. As -Iʿtibār K. had done <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb258" -href="#pb258" name="pb258">258</a>]</span>approved service in the -charge of the Agra fort he was dignified with the title of Mumtāz -K., and I gave him the mansab of 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse, and -having bestowed on him a dress of honour, a jewelled sword, a horse, -and a special elephant, I sent him back to his duty. Sayyid Bahwa was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, Mukarram K. to that of -3,000 and 2,000 horse, and K͟hwāja Qāsim to that of -1,000 with 400 horse. On the 4th Manṣūr K. Farangī, -whose circumstances have been recorded<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7792src" href="#xd24e7792" name="xd24e7792src">5</a> in the -<span class="corr" id="xd24e7795" title= -"Source: proceding">preceding</span> pages (?), with his -brother<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7798src" href="#xd24e7798" name= -"xd24e7798src">6</a> and Naubat<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7801src" -href="#xd24e7801" name="xd24e7801src">7</a> K. Dakhanī, by the -guidance of good fortune separated themselves from Bī-daulat, and -came into my service. I sent K͟hawāṣṣ K. to my -fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz. Mīrzā -ʿĪsā Tark͟hān, having come from Multan, had -the good fortune to kiss the threshold. A special sword was given to -Mahābat K. On the 10th the camp was pitched in the pargana of -Hindaun. Manṣūr K. (the Farangī) was raised to the -mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and that of Naubat<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7805src" href="#xd24e7805" name="xd24e7805src">8</a> -K. to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse. On the 11th was a halt. As on this -day a meeting with my fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz had -been arranged, I ordered that the powerful princes and the illustrious -Amirs and all the devoted servants should go out to meet him, and bring -him to wait on me in a fitting manner. After midday had passed, at an -auspicious chosen hour he kissed the ground and illuminated the -forehead of his sincerity. After the usual salutations had been -performed and the customary ceremonies gone through I embraced my -fortunate son with the greatest pleasure and affection, and loaded him -with more and more favours. At this time news came that Bī-daulat, -when he was passing through the township -(<i>ḥawālī</i>) of the pargana of Amber, which was the -hereditary abode of Rāja Mān Singh, had sent a band of -scoundrels and plundered that cultivated spot. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb259" href="#pb259" name="pb259">259</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">On the 12th I pitched outside the village of -Sārwalī. I had previously sent Ḥabas͟h K. -(Abyssinian) to repair the buildings at Ajmir. I promoted my fortunate -son S͟hāh Parwīz to the high mansab of 40,000 and 30,000 -horse. As it was reported that Bī-daulat had sent off Jagat Singh, -s. Rāja Bāso, to his own country to raise disturbances in the -hills of the Panjab, I promoted Ṣādiq K., chief Bakhshi, to -the governorship of that province, and ordered him to punish him, -giving him a dress of honour, with a sword and an elephant, and making -up his mansab, original and increased, to 4,000 personal and 3,000 -horse. I also honoured him with a standard (<i>tūgh</i>) and -drums.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was reported to me that the younger -brothers of Mīrzā Badīʿu-z-zamān, s. -Mīrzā S͟hāhruk͟h, who was known as -Fatḥpūrī, had attacked him unawares and killed him. -About this time his brothers came to Court and paid their respects. His -own mother also waited on me, but did not make a claim, as was proper, -for her son’s blood, and (so) proceedings<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7819src" href="#xd24e7819" name="xd24e7819src">9</a> could not be -taken according to law. Although his disposition was so bad that his -murder was not to be regretted, but on the contrary was opportune and -advantageous, yet, as these wretches had shown such audacity with -regard to their elder brother, who was to them in the position of a -father, I ordered them to be put in gaol, and afterwards what was -deemed proper should be done to them. On the 21st Rāja Gaj Singh -and Rāy Sūraj Singh arrived from their jagirs, and had the -good fortune to kiss my stirrup. Muʿizzu-l-mulk, whom I had sent -to Multan to summon my son K͟hān Jahān, came and waited -on me, and presented me with a letter about his severe illness and -weakness. He had sent his son Aṣālat K. with 1,000 horse to -wait on me, and expressed great regret at being deprived of the honour -of meeting me. As his apology was evidently sincere, I accepted it. On -the 25th my fortunate son Prince Parwīz, with the victorious army, -was sent in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb260" href="#pb260" name= -"pb260">260</a>]</span>pursuit to overthrow Bī-daulat. The reins -of authority over the powerful Prince, and the centre of the ordering -of the victorious army, were given into the hand of -Muʾtaminu-d-daula Mahābat K. Of the illustrious Amīrs -and life-sacrificing brave men who were in attendance on the Prince of -lofty fortune, this is the detail.</p> -<p class="par">K͟hān ʿĀlam, -Mahārāja<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7829src" href= -"#xd24e7829" name="xd24e7829src">10</a> Gaj Singh, Fāẓil K., -Ras͟hīd K., Rāja Girdhar, Rāja Rām Dās -Kachhwāha, K͟hwāja Mīr -ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz, ʿAzīzu-llah, Asad K., -Parwaris͟h K., Ikrām K., Sayyid Hizbar K., Lut̤fu-llah, -Rāy Narāyan Dās, and others to the number of 40,000 -horse, with much artillery. Rs. <span class="corr" id="xd24e7832" -title="Source: 2,000,000">20,00,000</span> (twenty lakhs) of treasure -were sent with them. At a propitious hour they were started with my -son, and bridle to bridle with victory. Fāẓil K. was -appointed Bakhshi and newswriter to the victorious army. A special -dress of honour was bestowed on the Prince, with a -<i>nādirī</i> of gold brocade, and pearls on the collar and -skirt worth Rs. 41,000, prepared in the royal establishment, and a -private elephant of the name Ratan Gaj, ten<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7838src" href="#xd24e7838" name="xd24e7838src">11</a> female -elephants, a private horse, and a jewelled sword, the value of the -whole of which was Rs. 77,000. These were all given to the Prince. -Nūr Jahān Begam also gave him a dress of honour, a horse, and -an elephant, as is the custom. To Mahābat K. and the other Amirs, -according to their standing, horses, elephants, and dresses of honour -were presented. The immediate attendants of the prince were also -honoured with favours. On this day Muz̤affar K. received a dress -of honour on appointment to the post of chief Bakhshi. On the first of -the Divine month of K͟hurdād Prince -Dāwar-bak͟hs͟h, s. K͟husrau, was appointed to -Gujarat, and K͟hān Aʿz̤am to the high dignity of -tutor to him. I conferred on the prince a horse, an elephant, a dress -of honour, a private jewelled dagger, a standard (<i>tūgh</i>), -and drums. K͟hān Aʿz̤am, Nawāzis͟h K. and -other servants were honoured with presents according to their standing. -Irādat K. was appointed Bakhshi in place of Fāẓil K. -Ruknu-s-salt̤ana <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb261" href= -"#pb261" name="pb261">261</a>]</span>Āṣaf K. exalted his -head with the dignity of the Subadarship of Bengal and Orissa. A -special dress of honour, with a jewelled sword, were conferred on him. -Abū T̤ālib (<i>i.e.</i>, S͟haista K.), his son, was -appointed to accompany him, and promoted to the mansab of 2,000 with -1,000 horse. On Saturday, the 9th, corresponding with the 19th Rajab, -<span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1032 (May 9, 1623), the camp was pitched -at the Anā-Sāgar lake outside Ajmir. Prince -Dāwar-bak͟hs͟h, being honoured with the mansab of 8,000, -and 3,000 horse, was granted Rs. 2,00,000 of treasure for the expenses -of the army which accompanied him. Rs. 1,00,000 I also gave as an -advance to K͟hān Aʿz̤am. Allah-yār, s. -Iftik͟hār Beg, who was in the service of my fortunate son -S͟hāh Parwīz, was at his request granted a standard. -Tātār K. took leave on his appointment to the charge of Fort -Gwalior. Rāja Gaj Singh was appointed to the mansab of 5,000, with -4,000 horse.</p> -<p class="par">On this day news came from Agra that Her Highness -(ḥaẓrat) Maryamu-z-zamānī,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7856src" href="#xd24e7856" name="xd24e7856src">12</a> by the -decree of God, had died. I trust that Almighty God will envelop her in -the ocean of His mercy. Jagat Singh, s. Rānā Karan, having -come from his native place, had the good fortune to pay his respects. -Ibrāhīm K. Fatḥ-jang, governor of Bengal, had sent -thirty-four elephants by way of offering, and they were submitted to -me. Bāqir K. was appointed faujdār of Oudh, and -Sādāt K. to the Dū-āb. The Mīr Mus͟hrif -was made Dīwān-i-buyūtāt.</p> -<p class="par">On the 12th of the Divine month of Tīr a report -came from the officials of Gujarat with the good news of victory and -conquest. The particulars of this summary are that I had granted the -Subah of Gujarat, the abode of Sultans of high dignity, to -Bī-daulat as a reward for his victory over the Rānā, as -has been fully related in the preceding pages. Sundar, the brahman, -administered and protected the country. When futile ideas entered his -ungrateful mind, he sent for that dog of a Hindu, who was always -shaking the chain of enmity and perversity, along with Himmat K., -S͟harza K., Sar-afrāz K., and many of the royal servants who -were fiefholders in the province. Sundar’s brother Kunhar was -appointed in his room. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb262" href= -"#pb262" name="pb262">262</a>]</span>When Sundar was killed, and -Bī-daulat retreated after his defeat to Māndū, the -province of Gujarat was put in the charge of Laʿnatu-llah as his -fief, and Kunhar was sent for along with Ṣafī K., the diwan. -At the same time the treasure, the jewelled throne on which five lakhs -had been expended, and the <i>pardala</i> (belt) on which two lakhs had -been spent—and which things had been prepared as a present for -myself—were also sent for. Ṣafī K. was the -brother’s son (text says “brother”) of Jaʿfar -Beg, who received in my father’s service the title of -Āṣaf K., and was married to a daughter of Nūr -Jahān’s brother, who by my favour had received the title of -Āṣaf K. An elder daughter was the wife of Bī-daulat. -Both daughters were by one mother, and Bī-daulat expected that on -account of this connection Ṣafī K. would be on his side. But -an eternal decree had gone forth for Ṣafī K.’s loyalty -and prosperity, and that he should attain to high rank! Accordingly, -Almighty God made him loyal and the performer of good deeds, as will -now be described. In short, the faithless (<i>bī-wafā</i>) -Laʿnatu-llah sent his eunuch named Wafā-dār to be -governor of that country, and he, with a few ragamuffins -(<i>bī-sar-u-pā</i>) entered Ahmadabad, and took possession -of the city. As Ṣafī K. had made up his mind to be loyal, he -courageously looked after the servants, and collected a force, and won -the hearts of the people. Some days before Kunhar came out of the city -he (Ṣafī) encamped on the bank of the Kankariyā lake, -and thence hastened to Maḥmūdābād, giving out -openly that he was going to Bī-daulat. Secretly, he opened -communication and made arrangements to be loyal with Nāhir K., -Sayyid Dilīr K., Nānū<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7872src" href="#xd24e7872" name="xd24e7872src">13</a> K., Afghan, -and other devoted servants of the State, who were waiting in their own -jagirs. He awaited his opportunity. Ṣāliḥ, a servant -of Bī-daulat, who was faujdār of the Sarkar of Pitlād, -and had a good force with him, heard rumours that Ṣafī K. -entertained other ideas. Kunhar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7876src" -href="#xd24e7876" name="xd24e7876src">14</a> had also discovered this, -but as Ṣafī K. soothed them and was very cautious and -careful in his conduct, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb263" href= -"#pb263" name="pb263">263</a>]</span>they could not move hand or foot. -Ṣāliḥ, for fear lest Ṣafī K., abandoning -dissimulation, should stretch his hand towards the treasure, exercised -foresight, and went farther on with the treasure, taking nearly Rs. -10,00,000 to Bī-daulat at Māndū. Kunhar (or the younger -brother?) also, having seized the jewelled <i>pardala</i>, started -after him, but could not take the throne on account of its weight. -Ṣafī K., knowing this was his opportunity, changed his place -from Maḥmūdābād to the pargana of Karang,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7884src" href="#xd24e7884" name= -"xd24e7884src">15</a> which is to the left of the usual road, where -Nānū K. was, and arranged by letter and verbal messages with -Nāhir K. and other loyal servants that each of them should ride -from his jagir with the force that he had, and at the hour of sunrise, -which was the morning of prosperity for people of good fortune, and the -evening of ruin to those who practised villainy, enter the city by the -gate to which each was opposite. He (Ṣafī) left his women in -the aforesaid pargana, and, in company with Nānū -(Bābū?) K., came at dawn to the outskirts of the city. He -halted for a short time in the S͟haʿbān<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7887src" href="#xd24e7887" name= -"xd24e7887src">16</a> garden until it had become light and friend could -be distinguished from enemy. After the world-illuminating sun of good -fortune (had risen), when he found the gate of prosperity open, though -he could see no trace of Nāhir K. and the other loyalists, yet -lest possibly the enemy might obtain information and fasten the gates -of the fort he placed his confidence in God who gives victory, and -entered the city by the Sārangpūr gate. About this time -Nāhir K. also arrived, and, entering by the gate, came into the -city. The eunuch of Laʿnatu-llah, having ascertained the unfailing -good fortune of (Jahāngīr), took refuge in the house of -S͟haik͟h Ḥaidar, grandson of Niz̤ām -Wajīhu-d-dīn. The royal servants <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb264" href="#pb264" name="pb264">264</a>]</span>of -approved service, having proclaimed their victory with loud voices, set -to work to strengthen the towers and gates. They sent men to the houses -of Muḥammad Taqī, Bī-daulat’s diwan, and of -Ḥasan Beg, his Bakhshi, and seized them. S͟haik͟h -Ḥaidar himself came and informed Ṣafī K. that the -eunuch of Laʿnatu-llah was in his house, and they tied his hands -to his neck, and brought him. Having imprisoned a number of -Bī-daulat’s servants and dependants, they engaged in keeping -order in the city. The jewelled throne, the cash of Rs. 2,00,000, and -the property and effects of Bī-daulat and his men in the city, -came into their possession. When this news reached Bī-daulat, he -sent off Laʿnatu-llah with Himmat K., S͟harza K., -Sar-afrāz K., Qābil Beg, Rustam Bahādur, -Ṣāliḥ Badak͟hs͟hī, and other criminals. -What with royal servants and his own men, he had some 5,000 or 6,000 -horse. Ṣafī K. and Nāhir K., becoming aware of this, -planted firmly the foot of courage, and employed themselves in -encouraging their men and collecting forces. Whatever cash and -valuables they could obtain, even to the throne, which they broke up, -they divided amongst both the old and new troopers as pay. Rāja -Kalyān, Zamindar of Īdar (printed wrongly -“Andūr”), and the son of Lāl Gopī -(?)<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7893src" href="#xd24e7893" name= -"xd24e7893src">17</a>, and all the Zamindars from every quarter, were -summoned into the city. A good number was thus assembled. -Laʿnatu-llah did not wait for auxiliaries, and in the space of -eight days came from Māndū to Baroda. The loyal party, by the -guidance of their courage, and in reliance on God, came out of the city -and encamped on the bank of the Kānkariyā Lake. It occurred -to Laʿnatu-llah that if he came on quickly, the rope of order of -the loyal might be broken. When he obtained news of the coming out of -the loyal servants, drawing in the reins of ruin, he delayed in Baroda -till the arrival of help. After the evil-ending criminals collected -together at that chief place of mischief, he put forward the foot of -error and deviation from the right path, and the loyal party, marching -from the Kānkariyā tank, encamped outside the village of -Batoh, near the mausoleum of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb265" href= -"#pb265" name="pb265">265</a>]</span>Qut̤b ʿĀlam. -Laʿnatu-llah traversed a road of three days in two,<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7898src" href="#xd24e7898" name= -"xd24e7898src">18</a> and arrived at Maḥmūdābād. -As Sayyid Dilīr K. had seized the women of S͟harza K. and -brought them from Baroda to the city, and the women of Sar-afrāz -K. were also in the city, Ṣafī K. sent a secret message to -both of them that if by the guidance of good fortune they would rub off -the stain of sin (rebellion) from the tablet of their foreheads, and -would enrol themselves among the loyal servants, their position in the -present and future worlds would approach salvation; otherwise he would -subject their wives and children to all kinds of indignities. Hearing -this, Laʿnatu-llah sent for Sar-afrāz K. on some excuse to -his house, and imprisoned him. As S͟harza K., Himmat K., and -Ṣāliḥ Badak͟hs͟hī were in league -together, and had alighted at the same place, he could not get -S͟harza K. into his hands. Briefly, on the 21st of -S͟haʿbān, <span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1032, June 10, -1623, Laʿnatu-llah mounted and arrayed the forces tinged with -calamity. Those who were loyal also arrayed their forces and prepared -for the fight. It occurred to Laʿnatu-llah that if he were to go, -their foot of courage would not stand firm, and, without a battle -taking place, they would be dispersed in a miserable condition. When he -saw the firm attitude of the loyal, he could not screw up his courage -(<i>tāb nayāwarda</i>), but turned his rein towards the left, -and gave out that they had hidden gunpowder under the ground of that -plain, and that his men would be destroyed by it—that it would -therefore be better to go into the plain of Sarkhej and deliver battle -there. These futile ideas were due to the aid of good fortune, for on -the turning back of his rein a rumour of his defeat was spread abroad, -and the horsemen of the plain of victory attacked him in flank, and -that ill-omened one was unable to reach Sarkhej, and halted in the -village of Nāranja. The loyal party arranged their forces in the -village of Bālūd, which is nearly three koss off. At dawn on -the next day they went to battle after the approved manner, their -forces being drawn up in this way. In the vanguard were Nāhir K., -Rāja Kalyān, the Zamindar of Īdar, and other valiant -men; on the left wing Sayyid Dilīr K., Sayyid Sīdū, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb266" href="#pb266" name= -"pb266">266</a>]</span>and other loyal servants were stationed; and on -the right wing Nānū K., Sayyid Yaʿqūb, Sayyid -G͟hulām Muḥammad, and the rest of the life-sacrificing -devoted ones, whilst in the centre were Ṣafī K., -Kifāyat K. Bak͟hs͟hī, and some other servants of -approved service. It so happened, fortunately, that in the place where -Laʿnatu-llah had halted, the land was undulating, full of thorn -brakes and narrow lanes. The forces, accordingly, were not in compact -order. He had sent on most of the experienced men with Rustam -Bahādur, and Himmat K., and Ṣāliḥ Beg were -amongst the foremost in (the ranks of) error. The army doomed to -calamity first of all came in contact with Nāhir K. and -S͟hams K., and a notable fight took place. By chance Himmat K. -fell in the dust of destruction from a gun-shot wound, and a fight -ensued between Ṣāliḥ Beg, and Nānū K., -Sayyid Yaʿqūb, Sayyid G͟hulām Muḥammad, and -other servants. In the height of the battle the elephant of Sayyid -G͟hulām Muḥammad came and threw him -(Ṣāliḥ) from his horse; he fell severely wounded to -the ground, and about a hundred of his men were slain. At this moment -an elephant which was in the van of the rebel army turned round at the -noise of the rockets and the lightning of the guns, and got into a -narrow lane, on both sides of which were thorn brakes, and trod down -many of the rebels. By the turning back of the elephant the ranks of -the enemy were disordered. At this moment Sayyid Dilīr K. came -fighting from the right wing. Laʿnatu-llah did not know of the -killing of Himmat K. and Ṣāliḥ, and, with the idea of -helping them, urged on the steed of ruin. As the brave ones in the van, -having displayed activity, had been mostly wounded, they could not -stand the onset of Laʿnatu-llah, and turned back their rein, and -it nearly happened that there was a great disaster. At this time the -assistance of God displayed itself, and Ṣafī K. hastened -from the centre to the support of the van. Just then Laʿnatu-llah -heard of the killing of Himmat K. and Ṣāliḥ Beg, and, -on the appearance of the centre and the attack of Ṣafī K., -his courage failed him, and he became a vagabond in the desert of -defeat and disaster. Sayyid Dilīr K. pursued him for a koss, and -made many of the defeated <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb267" href= -"#pb267" name="pb267">267</a>]</span>the harvest of the sword of -vengeance. Qābil Beg, unfaithful to his salt, with a body of -rebels, became captives in the claws of retribution. As -Laʿnatu-llah was not sure about Sar-afrāz K., he on the day -of battle placed him in chains on an elephant and put him in charge of -one of his slaves, with orders that if a defeat occurred he should kill -him. In like manner he placed in chains on one of the elephants -Bahādur, s. Sult̤ān Aḥmad, and gave permission to -kill him. When the fight took place the man in charge of -Sult̤ān Aḥmad’s son put him to death with a -dagger, but Sar-afrāz K. threw himself down off the elephant. The -man in charge of him in that confusion aimed a blow at him in his -bewilderment, but it was not effectual. Ṣafī K., finding him -in the fight, sent him into the city. Laʿnatu-llah did not turn -back till he arrived at Baroda. As the women of S͟harza K. were -captives of those who were loyal, he was helpless, and came and waited -upon Ṣafī K. Briefly, Laʿnatu-llah hastened from Baroda -to Broach. The sons of Himmat K. were in the fort there. Although they -did not admit him, yet they sent him 5,000 -<i>maḥmūdīs</i> by way of maintenance. For three days -he remained outside the fort of Broach in a wretched state, and on the -fourth went to Surat by sea. For nearly two months he remained there -assembling his scattered men. As Surat was in Bī-daulat’s -jagir, he took nearly 4 lakhs of <i>maḥmūdīs</i> from -his officials there, and took possession of whatever he could by -oppression and injustice. He again collected together those whose -fortune was reversed and whose stars had been burnt, and betook himself -to Bī-daulat at Burhanpur.</p> -<p class="par">In fine, when this approved service performed by -Ṣafī K. and other loyal servants in Gujarat became known, -each one was exalted with favours and kindnesses. Ṣafī K. -held the mansab of 700 personal and 300 horse: having given him that of -3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, I honoured him with the title of Saif -K. Jahāngīr-s͟hāhī, and conferred on him a -standard and drums. Nāhir K. had 1,000 with 200 horse; having -given him the mansab of 3,000 with 2,000 horse, I bestowed on him the -title of S͟hīr K., and raised his head of honour with a -horse, an elephant, and a jewelled sword. He is the (descendant?) -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb268" href="#pb268" name= -"pb268">268</a>]</span>grandson of (?)<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7922src" href="#xd24e7922" name="xd24e7922src">19</a>, the -brother of Pūran Mal Lūlū (?), who was governor of -Rāysīn and Chanderī. When S͟hīr K., the Afghan -(<i>i.e.</i>, S͟hīr S͟hāh), besieged the fort of -Rāysīn, it is well known that he killed him (Pūran Mal) -after promising him quarter, and that his women burnt themselves, -committing “<i>Johar</i>,” according to the Hindu custom, -in the fire of fame and modesty, so that the hand of no unlawful person -should touch the skirt of their chastity. His sons and caste fellows -went off to various<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7931src" href= -"#xd24e7931" name="xd24e7931src">20</a> places. The father of -Nāhir K., whose title was K͟hān Jahān, having gone -to Muḥammad K., governor of Āsīr and Burhanpur, became -a Musalman, and when Muḥammad K. died, Ḥasan, his son, when -in tender years, succeeded him. Rāja ʿAlī K., brother of -Muḥammad K., put the child in confinement, and took possession of -the government. After some time news reached Rāja ʿAlī -K. that K͟hān Jahān and a body of the servants of -Muḥammad K. had leagued together to attack him, and had -determined to take Ḥasan K. out of the fort and raise him to -power. He was beforehand with them, and sent Ḥayāt -K͟hān Ḥabas͟hī, with many brave men, to the -house of K͟hān Jahān, either to take him <span class= -"corr" id="xd24e7936" title="Source: alike">alive</span> or to kill -him. He, planting his foot firmly on his good fame, took to fighting, -and when things went badly with him committed <i>Johar</i>, and passed -from this borrowed life. At that time Nāhir K. was very young. -Ḥayāt K͟hān Abyssinian, having asked -ʿAlī K.’s permission, adopted him as his son, and made -him a Musalman. After his death Rāja ʿAlī K. brought up -Nāhir K., and took good care of him. When my revered father -conquered Āsīr, Nāhir K. joined his service. He (Akbar) -discerned the signs of bravery on his forehead, and raised him to a -suitable mansab, and gave him in jagir the pargana of -Muḥammadpūr in Malwa. In my service he advanced more and -more. Now that the grace of gratitude has been bestowed upon him, he -has found the advantage of doing what was right. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb269" href="#pb269" name="pb269">269</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Sayyid Dilīr K. is of the Sayyids of Bārha; -formerly his name was Sayyid ʿAbdu-l-Wahhāb. I raised him -from the mansab of 1,000 and 800 horse to 2,000 and 1,200 horse, and -presented him with a standard. They call twelve <i>bāra</i> in -Hindi. As in the Dū-āb there are twelve villages near each -other which are the native country of these Sayyids, they have become -known as the Sayyids of Bārha. Some people make remarks about -their lineage, but their bravery is a convincing proof of their being -Sayyids, for there has never been a battle in this reign in which they -have not been conspicuous, and in which some have not been killed. -Mīrzā ʿAzīz Koka always said the Sayyids of -Bārha were the averters of calamity from this dominion, and such -is in reality the case.</p> -<p class="par">Nānū K. Afghan held the mansab of 800 personal -and horse: it was ordered to be one of 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse. -In the same manner the other loyal servants, according to their -services and sacrifices, were promoted to high mansabs, and obtained -the desire of their hearts in lofty employments. At this time -Aṣālat K., s. K͟hān Jahān, was deputed to the -assistance of my son (grandson) Dāwar-bak͟hs͟h in -Gujarat, and I sent Nūru-d-dīn Qulī into the Subah to -bring S͟harza K., Sar-afrāz K., and the other leaders of the -rebel army who had been made captive in the land of retribution, -chained, to the Court.</p> -<p class="par">On this day it was reported to me that Minū-chihr, -s. S͟hāh-nawāz K., had separated himself from -Bī-daulat under the guidance of good fortune, and had joined the -service of my fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz. -Iʿtiqād K., governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the mansab -of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse.</p> -<p class="par">As the huntsmen brought news that in this neighbourhood -a tiger had made its appearance, I felt disposed to hunt it. After -entering the forest three other tigers became visible. Having killed -all four, I returned to the palace. I have such a liking for tiger -shooting that whilst I can get it I do not go after other sport. -Sult̤ān Masʿūd, s. Sult̤ān -Maḥmūd (of Ghaznin) (may the lights of Allah be his -testimony!), was also much inclined to tiger shooting. With regard to -his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb270" href="#pb270" name= -"pb270">270</a>]</span>killing of tigers strange tales have been -recorded, especially in the history of Baihaqī,<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e7956src" href="#xd24e7956" name="xd24e7956src">21</a> who has -kept a diary of what he saw with his own eyes. Among these things he -writes that one day he (Masʿūd) went to hunt tigers in the -borders of Hindustan, and was riding an elephant. A very large tiger -came out from the wood, and made for the elephant. He threw a javelin -(<i>k͟his͟ht</i>) and struck the tiger’s chest. The -tiger, enraged at the pain, came up on the elephant’s back, and -the Amir knelt down and struck him such a blow with his sword that he -cut off both the tiger’s fore-feet, and the tiger fell backwards -and died. It happened to me once when I was prince that I had gone out -in the Punjab to hunt tigers. A powerful tiger appeared out of the -wood. I fired at him from the elephant and the tiger in great fury rose -and came on the elephant’s back, and I had not time to put down -my gun and seize my sword. Inverting the gun, I knelt, and with both -hands struck him with the stock over the head and face so that he fell -on to the ground and died.</p> -<p class="par">One of the strange things that happened was that one day -I was on an elephant, and was hunting wolves in Aligarh<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e7964src" href="#xd24e7964" name= -"xd24e7964src">22</a> in the Nūh forest. A wolf appeared, and I -struck it with a bullet on its face (<i>mana</i>) near the lobe of the -ear. The bullet penetrated for about a span. From that bullet it fell -and gave up its life. It has often happened in my presence that -powerful (<i>jawānān</i>) men, good shots with the bow, have -shot twenty or thirty arrows at them, and not killed. As it is not -right to write about oneself, I must restrain the tongue of my pen from -saying more.</p> -<p class="par">On the 29th of the month I presented a string of pearls -to Jagat Singh, s. Rānā Karan. At this time it was reported -to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb271" href="#pb271" name= -"pb271">271</a>]</span>me that Sult̤ān Ḥusain, Zamindar -of Paklī, had died. I gave his mansab and jagir to -S͟hādmān, his eldest son.</p> -<p class="par">On the 7th of the month of Amurdād -Ibrāhīm Ḥusain, a servant of my fortunate son -S͟hāh Parwīz, came from the victorious army, and brought -news of the victory of the chiefs of the everlasting State. The report -of my son laid before me the particulars of the fight, and the -exertions of the brave and distinguished men in it. I performed the -dues of thanksgiving for this favour, which was of God’s grace -alone. The details of this are as follows: When the royal troops in the -army of the prince of high degree crossed the pass of -Chānḍā,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e7994src" href= -"#xd24e7994" name="xd24e7994src">23</a> and entered the province of -Malwa, Bī-daulat, with 20,000 horse, 300 fighting elephants, and a -large force of artillery, left Māndū in order to fight. He -dispatched a body of the Bargīs (Mahrattas) of the Deccan with -Jādū Rāy and Ūday Rām, Ālas͟h K., -and other rebels to make a raid (<i>qazzāqī</i>) on the royal -camp. Mahābat K. made proper arrangements. He placed the -illustrious prince in the <i>g͟haul</i> (centre), and he himself -proceeded with the whole army, and in marching and in halting observed -the conditions of caution. The Bargīs kept at a great distance, -and did not put forward the foot of bravery. One day it was -Manṣūr K. Farangī’s turn to be with the -rear-guard. At the time of pitching the camp Mahābat K., by way of -caution, was standing with his army drawn up outside the camp, in order -that the men might fence it in at their ease. As Manṣūr K. -had been drinking on the road, he was coming to the stage drunk with -the wine of pride. It happened an army was seen in the distance, and -the wine put the idea into his head that he must charge. Without -telling his brothers or his men, he mounted and charged, and drove off -two or three Bargīs, and came to where Jādū Rāy and -Ūday Rām were standing with two or three thousand cavalry -drawn up. As was their custom, they attacked him from all sides and -surrounded him. He fought as long as there was breath in his body, and -gave up his life on the path of loyalty.</p> -<p class="par">During these days Mahābat K. was continually -capturing, by messages and letters, the afflicted hearts of a number of -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb272" href="#pb272" name= -"pb272">272</a>]</span>men who out of timidity and confusion had -accompanied Bī-daulat. When men read the lines of despair on the -page of his (S͟hāh Jahān’s) condition, letters -also came from that side, asking for agreements (<i>qaul</i>). After -Bī-daulat came out of the fort of Māndū, he in the first -instance sent forward a body of Bargīs, and after them he sent -Rustam K., Taqī, and Barq-andāz K. with a body of musketeers. -Then he sent Dārāb K., Bhīm, Bairam Beg, and his other -active men. As he could not resolve to give battle in person, he was -continually looking backwards. He crossed the war-elephants over the -Narbadda with the artillery waggons, and went himself unattended behind -Dārāb and Bhīm, turning his face of ruin towards the -battle. On the day when the royal camp was pitched at -Kāliyādaha, Bī-daulat sent his army against the -victorious forces, and stationed himself with -K͟hān-k͟hānān and a few men at the distance of -a koss in the rear. Barq-andāz K., who had made an agreement with -Mahābat K., was lying in wait. When the armies were ranged -opposite to each other, he got his opportunity, and attacked with a -body of musketeers, and joined the royal army, crying out, -“Success to King Jahāngīr!” When he reached -Mahābat K., the latter took him to wait on my fortunate son -Parwīz, who bestowed royal favours upon him. Previously he bore -the name of Bahāʾu-d-dīn, and was a servant of Zain K. -After the latter’s death he enlisted among the Turkish gunners. -As he was active in the performance of his duty, and had a band of men -with him, considering him worthy of patronage, I gave him the title of -Barq-andāz K. When I sent Bī-daulat to the Deccan, I put him -at the head of the artillery, and sent him with him. Although in the -beginning he placed the scar of curse on the forehead of his obedience, -yet in the end he turned out well and came at a good time. On the same -day Rustam, who was one of his (S͟hāh Jahān’s) -chief servants and on whom he had perfect reliance, when he found that -Fortune had turned away from him, made a compact with Mahābat K. -By the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, he, with -Muḥammad Murād Badak͟hs͟hī and other -mansabdars, left the ill-fated army, and joined that of the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb273" href="#pb273" name= -"pb273">273</a>]</span>illustrious prince. Bī-daulat’s hand -and heart were paralyzed on hearing this news, and he suspected all his -own servants, and still more the royal servants he had with him, of -faithlessness and unreliability. During the night he sent for the men -who were in front, and decided on flight, and in bewilderment crossed -the Narbadda. At this time, again, some of his servants took the -opportunity of separating themselves from him, and joined the service -of my fortunate son. Each of them received favours according to his -condition. On the day that he crossed the river Narbadda, a letter fell -into the hand of one of his men, that Mahābat K. had written in -answer to Zāhid’s K. letter, making him hopeful of the royal -favour, and urging him to come in. This they sent direct to -Bī-daulat, and he, becoming suspicious of Zāhid K., -imprisoned him with his three sons. Zāhid K. is s. -S͟hajāʿat K., who was one of the Amirs and trusted -servants of my revered father. I had patronized this wretch in -consideration of his claims of service and of his position as a -house-born one (<i>khāna-zād</i>), and given him the title of -K͟hān and the rank of 1,500, and had sent him with -Bī-daulat for the conquest of the Deccan. When I summoned the -Amirs of that quarter on account of the business of Qandahar, although -a special farman of urgency was sent to him, the wretch did not come to -Court, and gave himself out as an adherent and devoted servant of -Bī-daulat. After the defeat near Delhi, he turned back. -Though<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8015src" href="#xd24e8015" name= -"xd24e8015src">24</a> he had not a family, he had not the good fortune -to pay his respects, or to cleanse the dust of shame and the stain of -sin from the tablet of his forehead. At last the True Recompenser -caught him on this day, and his property, to the extent of one lac and -Rs. 30,000, was confiscated by Bī-daulat.</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">When<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8022src" href= -"#xd24e8022" name="xd24e8022src">25</a> thou hast done evil, think not -thyself free of calamities</p> -<p class="line">For retribution is according to natural law.</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb274" href="#pb274" name= -"pb274">274</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Briefly, Bī-daulat having quickly crossed the -Narbadda, drew all the boats over to that side, and having secured the -fords with men that he trusted, he left Bairam Beg, his Bakhshi, with a -force of trustworthy men and a body of the Bargīs from the Deccan -on the bank of the river. Taking the artillery-waggons, he himself went -towards the fort of Āsīr and to Burhanpur. Meanwhile -Taqī, his servant, caught the runner whom -K͟hān-k͟hānān had sent to Mahābat K., and -took him to Bī-daulat. This couplet was written on the margin of -the letter:</p> -<div class="lgouter"> -<p class="line">Hundreds are watching me</p> -<p class="line">Otherwise I’d fly away from trouble.</p> -</div> -<p class="par first">Bī-daulat sent for him with his sons from his -quarters, and showed him the writing. Although he made excuses, he -could give no answer that could be listened to. In short, he kept him -with Dārāb and his other sons in surveillance near his own -station, and the lot he had himself drawn—viz., that hundreds -were watching him—happened to him. At this time I gave -Ibrāhīm Ḥusain, the servant of my prosperous son who -had brought the report of the victory, the title of -K͟hūs͟h-k͟habar K., with a dress of honour, and an -elephant, and sent a gracious farman to the Prince and Mahābat K. -by K͟hawāṣṣ K. I also sent with him a -<i>pahūnchī</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e8039src" href= -"#xd24e8039" name="xd24e8039src">26</a> (bracelet) of great value to my -son (Parwīz) and a jewelled sword to Mahābat K. As -Mahābat K. had done approved service, I gave him the mansab of -7,000 personal and horse.</p> -<p class="par">Sayyid Ṣalābat K., having come from the -Deccan, had the good fortune to pay his respects, and received special -favours. He was one of those employed in the Deccan. When -Bī-daulat, having been defeated near Delhi, went to the fort of -Māndū, he placed his children in independent territory under -the protection of God, and went off by secret routes to pay his -respects (to me). Mīrzā Ḥasan, s. Mīrzā -Rustam Ṣafawī, having obtained leave to proceed to his -appointment as faujdār of Bahraich, was given the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 500 horse, original and increased. Having sent Laʿl -Beg, Superintendent of the Record Department, to my fortunate son -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb275" href="#pb275" name= -"pb275">275</a>]</span>S͟hāh Parwīz, I sent with him a -special dress of honour and a <i>nādirī</i> for him, and a -turban for Mahābat K. K͟hawāṣṣ K., who had -previously been sent to him and had returned, waited upon me with good -news (of him). K͟hāna-zād K., s. Mahābat K., was -given the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse.</p> -<p class="par">At this time I enjoyed myself for a day with hunting -nīlgāw. Whilst I was hunting I saw a snake the length of -which was 2½ yards, and its girth equal to three cubits -(<i>dast</i>). He had swallowed half a hare, and was in the act of -swallowing the other half. When the huntsmen picked him up and brought -him to me, the hare fell out of his mouth. I ordered them to put it -into its mouth again, but they could not do it, however much they -exerted themselves; but by using great violence the corner of his mouth -was torn to pieces. After this I ordered them to open its belly. -Thereupon another entire hare came out. They call this kind of snake -<i>chītal</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e8056src" href= -"#xd24e8056" name="xd24e8056src">27</a> in Hindustan, and it grows so -large that it swallows a hog-deer (<i>kotāh-pācha</i>) -entire; but it is not poisonous, and does not bite. One day during the -same hunt I shot a female nīlgāw, and two fully formed young -ones were found inside. As I heard that the flesh of nīlgāw -fawns was delicate and delicious, I ordered the royal cooks to prepare -a <i>dū-piyāza</i><a class="noteref" id="xd24e8064src" href= -"#xd24e8064" name="xd24e8064src">28</a> (a kind of rich fricassee). -Certainly it was not without flavour.</p> -<p class="par">On the 15th of the Divine month of S͟hahrīwar -Rustam K., Muḥammad Murād, and several other servants of -Bī-daulat, who under the guidance of good luck had separated -themselves from him and entered the service of my fortunate son -S͟hāh Parwīz, according to orders came to Court, and had -the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Having promoted Rustam K. to -the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and Muḥammad -Murād to that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, I made them hopeful -of daily increasing favours. Rustam K. by extraction is a -Badak͟hs͟hī. His name was Yūsuf Beg. He is -connected with Muḥammad-qulī of Isfahan, who was agent for -and prime minister of Mīrzā Sulaimān (of Badakhshan). He -was first of all in the service of the Court, <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb276" href="#pb276" name="pb276">276</a>]</span>and -passed his days mostly in the Subahs. He was included among the smaller -mansabdars. Having been deprived of his jagir for some reason, he came -to Bī-daulat, and entered his service. He had a perfect knowledge -of tiger-hunting. He also did good service with him, especially in the -affair of the Rānā. Bī-daulat selected him out of all -his servants, and made him an Amir. As I bestowed much favour on him -(S͟hāh Jahān), at his request I gave him the title of -K͟hān, with a standard and drums. For some time he conducted -as his agent the government of Gujarat, and did not manage badly. -Muḥammad Murād is the son of Maqṣūd -Mīr-āb (butler), who was one of the old servants of -Mīrzā Sulaimān and Mīrzā -S͟hāh-ruk͟h.</p> -<p class="par">On this day Sayyid Bahwa came from Gujarat, and waited -on me. Nūru-d-dīn Qulī brought in chains to the Court -forty-one of the rebels, who had been taken prisoners at Ahmadabad. -S͟harza K. and Qābil Beg, who were ring-leaders of the -seditious, I executed by throwing them under the feet of warlike -(<i>mast</i>) elephants. On the 20th of the same month, corresponding -with the 18th of the month of Ẕī-qaʿda, a daughter was -given by the grace of God to my son S͟hahriyār by the -granddaughter<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8076src" href="#xd24e8076" -name="xd24e8076src">29</a> of Iʿtimādu-d-daula. I hope that -her advent<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8079src" href="#xd24e8079" name= -"xd24e8079src">30</a> will be propitious and blessed to this State. On -the 22nd of the month the feast of my solar weighment took place, and -the 55th year of the age of this suppliant began auspiciously and -happily. According to annual custom, I had myself weighed against gold -and other valuables, and gave them to deserving people. Among these I -gave Rs. 2,000 to S͟haik͟h Aḥmad<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8082src" href="#xd24e8082" name="xd24e8082src">31</a> of Sihrind. -On the 1st of the Divine month of Mihr Mīr Jumla was promoted to -the mansab of 3,000 personal and 300 horse. Muqīm, the Bakhshi of -Gujarat, was given the title of Kifāyat K. As the innocence of -Sar-farāz K.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8085src" href="#xd24e8085" -name="xd24e8085src">32</a> was established to my satisfaction, I took -him <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb277" href="#pb277" name= -"pb277">277</a>]</span>out of prison, and allowed him to pay his -respects. At the request of my son S͟hahriyār, I went to his -house. He had prepared a grand entertainment, and presented suitable -offerings, and gave dresses of honour to most of the servants.</p> -<p class="par">At this time a report came from my fortunate son -S͟hāh Parwīz that Bī-daulat had crossed the river -of Burhanpur (the Taptī), and was wandering in the desert of -error. The particulars are that when he crossed the Narbadda and drew -all the boats to that side, and fortified the banks of the river and -the ferries with cannon and muskets, he left Bairam Beg on the bank -with a large number of the rebels, and withdrew towards Āsīr -and Burhanpur. The K͟hān-k͟hānān and -Dārāb he took with him under surveillance.</p> -<p class="par">And now, for the sake of enlivening my narrative, a few -words must be said about Āsīr. The said fort, in its great -height and strength, is not in want of my praise. Before Bī-daulat -went to the Deccan it was in the charge of K͟hwāja -Naṣru-llah, s. K͟hwāja Fatḥu-llah, who was one of -the household slaves and ancient servants. Afterwards, at the request -of Bī-daulat, it was handed over to Mīr -Ḥusāmu-d-dīn, s. Mīr Jamālu-d-dīn -Ḥusain.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8095src" href="#xd24e8095" -name="xd24e8095src">33</a> As the daughter of Nūr Jahān -Begam’s maternal uncle (<i>taghāʾī</i>) was -married<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8101src" href="#xd24e8101" name= -"xd24e8101src">34</a> to him, when Bī-daulat, having been defeated -in the neighbourhood of Delhi, turned his rein towards Malwa and -Māndū, Nūr Jahān Begam wrote to him and strictly -urged him, saying: “Beware, a thousand times beware, not to allow -Bī-daulat and his men to come near the fort, but strengthen the -towers and gates, and do your duty, and do not act in such a manner -that the stain of a curse and ingratitude for favours should fall on -the honour or the forehead of a Sayyid.” In truth, he -strengthened it well, and the arrangements of the fort were not of such -a sort that Bī-daulat’s bird of thought could fly up to its -border, or the conquest of it be quickly accomplished. In brief, when -Bī-daulat sent one of his attendants, of the name <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb278" href="#pb278" name="pb278">278</a>]</span>of -S͟harīfā, to the above-mentioned, he -(S͟harīfā) seduced him by means of promises and threats, -and it was settled (between S͟hāh Jahān and -S͟harīfā) that when Ḥusāmu-d-dīn should -come down to take the letter and dress of honour which had been sent, -he should not be allowed to go up again. That wretch, immediately -S͟harīfā arrived, put away on the shelf of forgetfulness -what he owed on account of his bringing up and the favours conferred on -him, and without opposition or effort handed over the fort to -S͟harīfā, and with his wife<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8108src" href="#xd24e8108" name="xd24e8108src">35</a> and child -went to Bī-daulat, who made him accursed of the Faith and in the -world by bestowing on him the mansab of 4,000 personal, and a standard -and drums, and the title of Murtaẓā K.—a disgraceful -name to all eternity.</p> -<p class="par">In short, when that one of reversed fortune reached the -foot of the fort of Āsīr, he took with him -K͟hān-k͟hānān, Dārāb, and all his -evil-minded offspring up to the fort, and remaining there for three or -four days, and having set his mind at ease about provisions, etc., -handed it over to one Gopāl Dās, a Rajput, who had formerly -been an attendant of Sar-buland Rāy, and entered his service when -he went to the Deccan. He left the women and his superfluous baggage, -and took with him his three wives with their children and some -maid-servants. At first he proposed to imprison -K͟hān-k͟hānān and Dārāb in the fort, -but at last changed his mind, and bringing them down with him, hastened -to Burhanpur. At this time Laʿnatu-llah, after suffering disgrace -and contempt, came from Surat and joined him. In great perplexity, -Bī-daulat employed Sar-buland Rāy, the son of Rāy Bhoj -Hārā, who is one of the brave Rajput servants, and who is fed -from the royal table (?), as his mediator, and by letters and messages -made proposals of peace. Mahābat K. said that until -K͟hān-k͟hānān came, peace was impossible. His -(Mahābat’s) sole purpose was by these means to separate from -him that head of deceivers who was the ring-leader of trouble and -sedition. Being helpless, Bī-daulat brought him -(K͟hān-k͟hānān) out of prison, and satisfied -himself by taking an oath from him on the Qoran. In order to please him -and strengthen his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb279" href="#pb279" -name="pb279">279</a>]</span>promises and oath, he took him inside the -female apartment and made a confidant<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8116src" href="#xd24e8116" name="xd24e8116src">36</a> of him, and -brought his own wife and son to him, and made use of all kinds of -entreaty and lamentation. The gist of his (S͟hāh -Jahān’s) remarks was: “My times are hard, and my -position difficult; I make myself over to you, and make you the -guardian of my honour. You must act so that I no longer undergo -contempt and confusion.” The -K͟hān-k͟hānān, with a view to bring about -peace, parted from Bī-daulat and proceeded to the royal army. It -was settled that he should remain on the other side of the river, and -arrange matters relating to peace in writing. According to fate, before -K͟hān-k͟hānān arrived on the bank of the -river, some of the brave warriors and victorious youths one night found -an opportunity and crossed over at a place where the rebels were -careless. On hearing this news the pillars of their courage trembled, -and Bairam Beg could not keep firm the foot of error and ignorance, or -engage in driving them back. Whilst he was in this agitation<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e8121src" href="#xd24e8121" name= -"xd24e8121src">37</a> many crossed the river, and on the same night the -rebels of evil fortune were separated from each other like the -<i>Banātu-n-naʿās͟h</i>,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8133src" href="#xd24e8133" name="xd24e8133src">38</a> and took to -flight. By the unfailing good fortune (of Jahāngīr) the -K͟hān-k͟hānān fell into perplexity (lit. fell -into the <i>s͟has͟h-dar</i><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8142src" href="#xd24e8142" name="xd24e8142src">39</a> position), -and could neither go nor stay where he was. At this time again letters -arrived from my prosperous son mingling threats with promises. The -K͟hān-k͟hānān, finding only despair and ruin -in the page of Bī-daulat’s affairs, hastened, through the -mediation of Mahābat K., to wait upon my fortunate son. -Bī-daulat, on hearing of the departure of -K͟hān-k͟hānān and the crossing of the Narbadda -by the victorious army and the flight of Bairam Beg, lost courage, and, -notwithstanding a flood in the river and the violence of the rain, -crossed the Taptī in a state of wretchedness, and went off towards -the Deccan. In this confusion many of the royal servants and his own -attendants willingly or unwillingly separated, and <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb280" href="#pb280" name="pb280">280</a>]</span>did -not accompany him. As the native country of Jādo Rāy and -Ūday Rām and Ātas͟h K. was on the route, they -thought it better for themselves to keep with him for some stages, but -Jādo Rāy did not come into his camp, and followed him at the -distance of one stage. He took possession of such property as the men -in this confusion and fear for their lives abandoned. On the day he -(S͟hāh Jahān) started from the other side of the river -(the Taptī) he sent a message by one of his immediate attendants -of the name of Ẕū-l-faqār K. Turkmān, summoning -Sar-buland K. Afghan, with the message that it seemed to him contrary -to courage and the due performance of his engagements that he had as -yet not crossed the river. “Fidelity was the glory of men; the -faithlessness of no one has touched me (S͟hāh Jahān) so -much as yours.” He (Sar-buland) was standing on horseback on the -river-bank when Ẕū-l-faqār<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8152src" href="#xd24e8152" name="xd24e8152src">40</a> K. came and -delivered the message. Sar-buland did not give a precise answer, and -was undecided as to whether to stay or go. In his perplexity and by way -of objection he told Ẕū-l-faqār to let go his bridle. -Ẕū-l-faqār drew his sword, and struck at his waist. At -this crisis an Afghan interposed a short spear which the people of -India call a <i>barchhā</i>, and the blow of the sword caught the -shaft, and the point of the sword did not reach Sar-buland’s -waist. After swords were drawn, the Afghans attacked -Ẕū-l-faqār and cut him in pieces. The son of -Sult̤ān Muḥammad, the treasurer, who was -Bī-daulat’s page, for friendship’s sake had come (with -Ẕū-l-faqār) without Bī-daulat’s permission, -and was also killed.</p> -<p class="par">Briefly, when the news of his leaving Burhanpur and of -the victorious army’s approaching that city reached me, I sent -K͟hawāṣṣ K. on the wings of haste to my loyal -son, and strongly impressed upon him that he must not relax his -efforts, but must determine either to take him alive or to drive him -out of the imperial territory. It was said that if things went badly -with him on this side, it was probable that he would throw himself by -the road of Qut̤bu-l-mulk’s country into the provinces of -Orissa and Bengal. This, too, was in accordance <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb281" href="#pb281" name="pb281">281</a>]</span>with -military plans. So out of caution, which is becoming to a ruler, I -appointed Mīrzā Rustam to be governor of Allahabad and -dismissed him with orders that if such circumstances should so occur -(as S͟hāh Jahān’s going to Bengal), he should -rectify matters.</p> -<p class="par">At this time my son (<i>farzand</i>) K͟hān -Jahān came from Multan, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. By way of nazar he presented 1,000 muhrs and a ruby of the -value of Rs. 100,000, a pearl, and other jewels. I gave an elephant to -Rustam K. On the 9th of the Divine month of Ābān -K͟hawāṣṣ K. brought a report from the prince and -Mahābat K. to the effect that when my son (Parwīz) reached -Burhanpur, though many of his men had remained behind in consequence of -the heavy rains, he, according to orders, without delay had crossed the -river (Taptī), and gone in pursuit of Bī-daulat. -Bī-daulat, on hearing this terrible news, was marching on. On -account of the heaviness of the rain and the excessive quantity of mud -and constant marching his beasts of burden had become exhausted. If any -baggage was left behind no inquiries were made, and he (S͟hāh -Jahān) and his children and dependents thought themselves lucky to -save their lives and did not trouble about their goods. The army of -good fortune having come down the pass of Bhangar, hastened after him -as far as the pargana of Ankot,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8167src" -href="#xd24e8167" name="xd24e8167src">41</a> about forty koss from -Burhanpur. Bī-daulat in this state reached the fort of -Māhūr, and when he knew that Jādo Rāy and Ūday -Rām and the other Dakhanis would not go with him any farther, he -did not disgrace them, but let them go. Leaving the heavy elephants -with the goods and chattels with Ūday Rām in the fort, he -himself started for Qut̤bu-l-mulk’s territory. When his -departure from the royal territory was ascertained, my fortunate son, -with the approval of Mahābat K. and other loyalists, turned rein -from that pargana. On the first of the Divine month of Ābān -he entered Burhanpur. Rāja Sārang Deo was sent to my son with -a gracious farman.</p> -<p class="par">Qāsim K. was raised to the mansab of 4,000 personal -and 2,000 horse. Mīrak Muʿīn, Bakhshi of Kabul, at the -request <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb282" href="#pb282" name= -"pb282">282</a>]</span>of Mahābat K., was honoured with the title -of K͟hān. Alf K. Qiyām-k͟hānī, having -come from the Subah of Patna, paid his respects, and was appointed to -the charge of the fort of Kāngṛa. I presented him with a -standard. On the 1st of the Divine month of Āẕar -Bāqī K. came from Jūnāgaṛh and waited on -me.</p> -<p class="par">As I was at ease with regard to the affair of -Bī-daulat, and the heat of Hindustan did not agree with my -constitution, on the 2nd of the month, corresponding with the 1st of -Ṣafar<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8176src" href="#xd24e8176" name= -"xd24e8176src">42</a> my camp started from Ajmir for a tour and to hunt -in the pleasant regions of Kashmir. Before this I had appointed the -chief of the state Āṣaf K. Subahdar of Bengal, and gave him -leave. As I had taken a great liking to his society, and he was -distinguished above all the other servants for ability and good -disposition and tact, and is moreover unequalled in all kinds of -propriety, and I regretted separation from him, I had broken through -that purpose, and had sent for him to wait upon me. He came on this -day, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Jagat Singh, s. -Rānā Karan, took leave on his return to his native country, -and was given a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger. Rāja -Sārang Deo brought a report from my fortunate son S͟hāh -Parwīz and Mahābat K. Madāru-s-salt̤ana, and kissed -the threshold. It was written that their minds were at ease with regard -to the affair of Bī-daulat, and that the rulers of the Deccan, -willingly or unwillingly, were performing the dues of obedience and -submission. His Majesty (Jahāngīr) might make his mind at -ease about that quarter and enjoy himself in hunting and travelling in -whatever place in the royal dominions he might approve of and which was -good for his health. On the 20th of the month Mīrzā -Wālī, having come from Sironj, waited on me. Ḥakīm -Mūminā was raised to the mansab of 1,000. Aṣālat -K., s. K͟hān Jahān, according to order, came from -Gujarat, and had the good fortune to pay his respects.</p> -<p class="par">At this time a report came from ʿAqīdat K., -Bakhshi of the Deccan, containing the news of Rāja Girdhar’s -having been <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb283" href="#pb283" name= -"pb283">283</a>]</span>killed. The particulars of this event are that -one of the brothers of Sayyid Kabīr Bārha, who was an -attendant of my fortunate son S͟hāh Parwīz, gave his -sword to brighten and put on the wheel (to sharpen) to a cutler who had -a shop close to the house of Rāja Girdhar. The next day, when he -came to fetch his sword, a conversation took place as to the charge for -the work, and the people of the Sayyid struck the cutler some blows -with a stick. The Raja’s people in supporting him used their -whips on them. By chance two or three young Sayyids of Bārha had -lodgings in that neighbourhood, and hearing of this disturbance, went -to the assistance of the aforesaid Sayyid. The fire of strife was -lighted, and a fight took place between the Sayyids and Rajputs, ending -in an encounter with arrows and swords. Sayyid Kabīr, becoming -aware of this, came to assist with thirty or forty horsemen, and at -this time Rāja Girdhar, with a body of Rajputs and his caste -people, according to the custom of the Hindus, were sitting barebodied -and eating their food. Becoming aware of the coming of Sayyid -Kabīr and the violence of the Sayyids, he brought his men inside -the house and firmly closed the door. The Sayyids, setting fire to the -door, forced their way inside and the fight went to such a length that -Rāja Girdhar and twenty-six of his servants were killed and forty -others wounded. Four of the Sayyids were also killed. After Rāja -Girdhar was killed, Sayyid Kabīr took the horses out of his stable -to his own house and returned. The Rajput officers, when informed of -the slaying of Rāja Girdhar, came on horseback in great numbers -from their houses, and all the Bārha Sayyids came to the aid of -Sayyid Kabīr. They assembled in the plain outside the citadel, and -the fire of trouble and calamity increased, and it nearly came to a -great disturbance. Mahābat K., being informed of it, immediately -mounted and went there, and bringing the Sayyids into the citadel, and -soothing the Rajputs in a manner suitable to the occasion, took some of -their chief men with him and went to the house of K͟hān -ʿĀlam, which was near there. He soothed them down in a proper -way, and promised and became security for an inquiry into the matter. -When this news reached the prince <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb284" -href="#pb284" name="pb284">284</a>]</span>he also went to the quarters -of the K͟hān ʿĀlam, and soothed them with words -appropriate to the state of affairs, and sent the Rajputs to their own -houses. Next day Mahābat K. went to the house of Rāja -Girdhar, condoled and sympathized with his sons, and having contrived -to get hold of Sayyid Kabīr put him into confinement. As the -Rajputs would not be consoled without his being put to death, after a -few days he executed him.</p> -<p class="par">On the 23rd I appointed Muḥammad Murād -faujdār of Ajmir, and sent him off. On this road I continually -enjoyed myself in sporting. One day, while hunting, a -<i>tūyg͟hūn</i> (albino) partridge, which till now I had -never seen, came to my sight, and I caught it with a hawk. By chance -the hawk that caught it was also a <i>tūyg͟hūn</i>. I -ascertained by trial that the flesh of the black partridge was better -than that of the white, and that the flesh of the large quail -(<i>būdana</i>), which the people of India call -<i>ghāghar</i>,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8199src" href= -"#xd24e8199" name="xd24e8199src">43</a> is better than that of the -quail, which is a fighter. I compared the flesh of a fat kid with that -of a lamb; the flesh of the fat kid is more delicious. By way of test I -ordered them both to be cooked in the same way, so that I might discern -the matter accurately. On this account I have recorded it.</p> -<p class="par">On the 10th of the month of Dai, in the neighbourhood of -the pargana of Raḥīmābād,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8207src" href="#xd24e8207" name="xd24e8207src">44</a> the -huntsmen brought in news of a tiger. I ordered Irādat K. and -Fidāʾī K. to take with them some of the guards -(<i>ahl-i-yātis͟h</i>) and surround the wood, and mounting -(an elephant) I followed them and went towards the hunt. From the -number of trees and thickness of the jungle it could not be well seen. -Driving the elephant forward, the tiger’s flank came into view, -and with one wound from my gun he fell and gave up his life. Of all the -tigers I have shot from the time when I was a prince until now I never -saw a tiger like this for size and majesty and the symmetry of its -limbs. I ordered the artists to take its portrait according to its real -form and body. He weighed 8½ Jahāngīrī maunds; -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb285" href="#pb285" name= -"pb285">285</a>]</span>his length, from the top of his head to the end -of his tail, was 3½ cubits<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8215src" -href="#xd24e8215" name="xd24e8215src">45</a> and 2 -<i>t̤assū</i> (​1⁄24​ of a yard).</p> -<p class="par">On the 16th it was reported that Mumtāz<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e8234src" href="#xd24e8234" name= -"xd24e8234src">46</a> K., the governor of Agra, had died. At first he -was in the service of Bahādur K., the brother of K͟hān -Zamān. After they were killed he entered the service of my revered -father. When I placed my foot in the world of existence that revered -person favoured me with making him the Nāz̤ir -(Superintendent) of my establishment. For a period of fifty-six years -he served me sincerely and zealously and in a manner to please me, and -at no time did a speck of dust from him settle on the fringe of my -heart. What is due to him for the excellence of his service is more -than a clerk could write. May God Almighty overwhelm him in the ocean -of His forgiveness!</p> -<p class="par">Having conferred on Muqarrab K., who is one of the old -officials,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8239src" href="#xd24e8239" name= -"xd24e8239src">47</a> the government and administration of Agra, I gave -him his leave. In the neighbourhood of Fatḥpūr, Mukarram K. -and his brother ʿAbdu-s-Salām had the good fortune to pay -their respects. On the 22nd the entertainment for my lunar weighment -took place in the town of Mathura, and the fifty-seventh year of my age -began auspiciously and happily. At Mathura I went on by boat seeing -what was to be seen, and hunting. On the way the huntsmen reported that -a tigress with three cubs had appeared. Disembarking from the boat I -engaged in the pleasure of sport. As the cubs were small I ordered them -to be taken by hand, and killed the mother with my gun. At this time it -was reported to me that the villagers<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8247src" href="#xd24e8247" name="xd24e8247src">48</a> and -cultivators on the other side of the river Jumna had not given up -stealing and highway robbery, and, passing their time in the shelter of -thick jungles and difficult strong places in stubbornness and -fearlessness, would not pay their rents to the jagirdars. I gave an -order to K͟hān Jahān to take a <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb286" href="#pb286" name= -"pb286">286</a>]</span>force of mansabdars with him and give them -exemplary punishment, and having slaughtered, imprisoned, and plundered -them, raze to the ground their strongholds and forts, and tear up from -the root their thorn-brakes of mischief and disturbance. The next day -the force crossed the river and made a hot attack on them. As they had -no time for escape by flight they planted firmly the foot of folly, and -showed fight. Many of them were slaughtered: their women and children -were taken prisoners, and much booty fell into the hands of the -victorious army.</p> -<p class="par">On 1st Bahman, having promoted Rustam K. to the -faujdārship of the Sarkar of Qanauj, I sent him there.</p> -<p class="par">On the 2nd ʿAbdu-llah, s. Ḥakīm -Nūru-d-dīn, of Teheran, was ordered to be capitally punished -in my presence. The explanation of this brief announcement is as -follows: When the ruler of Persia, on suspicion of his having money and -other property, tortured his father, the aforesaid fled from Persia, -and with a hundred miseries and adversities threw himself into -Hindustan, and by the patronage of Iʿtimādu-d-daula was -enrolled among the servants of the Court. By the aid of good fortune, -having in a short time become well known, he was included among those -who were in immediate attendance, and obtained a mansab of 500 and a -fertile jagir, but as his capacity was small (lit., his digestion was -narrow) he could not stand such great good fortune, and assumed -ingratitude and unthankfulness and constantly defiled his tongue with -abuse<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8258src" href="#xd24e8258" name= -"xd24e8258src">49</a> of his lord and master. At this time it was -continually reported to me that as my kindness to him and observance of -what was due to him increased, that ungrateful one blamed and abused me -the more. When I considered the favours I had bestowed upon him, I -could not believe these stories about him, but at last I heard from -impartial and disinterested persons the disrespectful language which he -had used with respect to me in assemblies and companies. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb287" href="#pb287" name="pb287">287</a>]</span>The -charge was thus confirmed, and accordingly I summoned him to my -presence and had him executed.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8275src" -href="#xd24e8275" name="xd24e8275src">50</a></p> -<p class="par">“A red<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8282src" href= -"#xd24e8282" name="xd24e8282src">51</a> tongue gives the green head to -the winds.” As the huntsmen reported that there was a tigress in -this neighbourhood, by the mischief caused by which the inhabitants -were oppressed, I ordered Fidāʾī K. to take elephants -with him and surround it. Mounting myself, I followed him into the -forest. It soon came to view, and with one shot from my gun its affairs -were finished. One day I was enjoying myself with sport, and caught a -black partridge with a hawk. I ordered them to open its crop in my -presence. A mouse it had swallowed whole came out of its crop, and -which was not yet digested. I was greatly astonished that the pipe of -its gullet, small as it was, should swallow a whole mouse and how it -had done so. Without exaggeration, if anyone had told me the tale I -should not have believed it. As I saw this myself I have recorded it on -account of its strangeness. On the 6th of the month Delhi became the -abode of good fortune.</p> -<p class="par">As Jagat Singh, s. Rāja Bāso, at the -instigation of Bī-daulat, had gone out into the hills in the north -of the Panjab, which <span class="corr" id="xd24e8287" title= -"Source: are">is</span> his hereditary abode, and raised a disturbance -there, I appointed Ṣādiq K. to punish him, as has been -related in the preceding pages. At this time Mādho Singh, his -younger brother, was promoted to the title of Raja, and given a horse -and robe of honour. An order was given for him to go to -Ṣādiq K. and attack the rebels with him.</p> -<p class="par">Next day I marched from the outskirts of the city, and -alighted at Salīmgaṛh. As the house of Rāja -Kis͟han Dās was on the road, and he had made great efforts -and entreated me to do so, I at his request threw the shadow of -prosperity on his dwelling, and gratified the desire of that old -servant. A few of his offerings were accepted in order to dignify him. -Marching on the 20th from Salīmgaṛh, I appointed Sayyid -Bahwa Buk͟hārī to the governorship of Delhi, which is -his ordinary <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb288" href="#pb288" name= -"pb288">288</a>]</span>residence. In fact, he had already done this -service well, and I had given him high rank.</p> -<p class="par">At this time ʿAlī Muḥammad, s. -ʿAlī Rāy,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8296src" href= -"#xd24e8296" name="xd24e8296src">52</a> ruler of Tibet, by his -father’s order came to Court, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. It was clear that ʿAlī Rāy had a great -affection for and attachment to this son, and held him dearer than his -other children. He wished to make him his successor, and he was -consequently envied by his brothers, and disputes arose between them. -Abdāl, s. ʿAlī Rāy, who was the eldest of his -children, through this jealousy sought the patronage of the -K͟hān of Kashghar and made him his protector, so that when -ʿAlī Rāy, who was very old and decrepit, should die, he -might, under the protection of the Wālī of Kashghar, become -ruler of Tibet. ʿAlī Rāy, suspecting that the brothers -might attack ʿAlī Muḥammad, and a disturbance might -arise in his country, sent him to Court, his desire being that he might -be attached to this Court, and his affairs might prosper by service to -and kindness shown by the Court.</p> -<p class="par">On the 1st of the Ilāhī month of -Isfandārmuẕ I pitched in the pargana of Umbala. -Las͟hkarī, s. Imām-wirdī, who had run away from -Bī-daulat, and joined the service of my auspicious son -S͟hāh Parwīz, having come on this date to Court, kissed -the threshold. A report came from my son and Mahābat K. It -contained the recommendation and the offer of service of -ʿĀdil K., with a letter which he had sent to Mahābat, in -which were set forth his submissiveness and loyalty. -Las͟hkarī was sent back to Parwīz with a dress of -honour, a <i>nādirī</i> with pearl buttons for the prince, -and a dress of honour for K͟hān ʿĀlam and -Mahābat K. At the request of my son I wrote a gracious farman to -ʿĀdil K. showing great favour to him, and sent him a robe of -honour with a special <i>nādirī</i>. I gave an order that if -they thought fit they should send the above-mentioned<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e8310src" href="#xd24e8310" name="xd24e8310src">53</a> to -ʿĀdil K.</p> -<p class="par">On the 5th I alighted at the garden of Sihrind. On the -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb289" href="#pb289" name= -"pb289">289</a>]</span>bank of the Beas Ṣādiq K., -Muk͟htār K., Isfandiyār, Rāja Rūp Chand of -Gwalior, and other Amirs who had been appointed to support him, having -succeeded in restoring order in the northern hill-country, had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold. The facts, briefly, are that Jagat -Singh, at the instigation of Bī-daulat, had taken to the hills -above-mentioned, and engaged in stirring up sedition and strife. As the -field was clear (<i>i.e.</i>, there was no one to oppose him) he passed -over difficult mountains and defiles, and by attacking and plundering -peasantry and the weak, heaped misfortune on them until -Ṣādiq K. arrived. He brought the Zamindars under control by -means of fears and hopes, and made the overthrow of that wretched -creature the object of his exertions. Jagat Singh strengthened the fort -of Mau, and was protected by it. Whenever he found an opportunity he -left that fortress and fought with the royal servants. At last his -provisions were exhausted, and he came to despair of assistance from -the other Zamindars. The elevation of his younger brother became a -source of disturbance and anxiety to him. Helplessly he then sought for -patronage, and begged the protection of Nūr Jahān Begam, -expressing shame and contrition, and sought a refuge in her mediation. -In order to please and satisfy her, the pen of pardon was drawn through -the record of his faults.</p> -<p class="par">On this day reports came in from the officials in the -Deccan that Bī-daulat, with Laʿnatu-llah, Dārāb, -and other wretched (with broken wing and feathers) creatures in -miserable condition, with blackened faces, had gone from the borders of -Qut̤bu-l-mulk’s territory towards Orissa and Bengal. In this -journey great loss fell on him and his companions, many of whom, when a -chance offered, with bare heads and feet, and having washed their hands -of life (desperate), took to flight. Out of these one day -Mīrzā Muḥammad, s. Afẓal K., his Diwan, with his -mother and his family, ran away during the march, and when the news -reached Bī-daulat, he sent Jaʿfar and -K͟hān-qulī Uzbeg and some others of his confidential men -in pursuit of him, that, if they could take him alive, well and good, -or otherwise they should cut off his head and bring it <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb290" href="#pb290" name="pb290">290</a>]</span>into -his presence. They with all speed proceeded and caught him up on the -road. Becoming aware of this, he sent his mother and family into the -jungles and hid them there, and himself with a body of young men whom -he relied on as companions, planted manfully the foot of courage and -stood with their bows. In front of them there was a canal and a swamp -(<i>chihlā</i>). Sayyid Jaʿfar K. wished to approach near him -and take him with him by deceiving him, but however much he tried to -persuade him by threatening and holding out hopes, it had no effect, -and he answered him with life-taking arrows. He made a good fight of -it, and sent K͟hān-qulī and some others of -Bī-daulat’s men to hell. Sayyid Jaʿfar also was -wounded. Finally Mīrzā Muḥammad received severe wounds -and gambled away the cash of his life. But as long as he had breath he -deprived many thereof. After he was killed, they cut off his head and -took it to Bī-daulat.</p> -<p class="par">When Bī-daulat was defeated near Delhi and went to -Māndū, he sent Afẓal K. to get assistance and support -from ʿĀdil K. and others, forwarding with him an armlet -(<i>bāzū-band</i>) for ʿĀdil K., and a horse, an -elephant, and a jewelled sword for ʿAmbar. He first went to -ʿAmbar. After delivering his message he produced what -Bī-daulat had sent for him, but ʿAmbar would not accept them, -saying he was the servant of ʿĀdil K., who was at present the -head of those in power in the Deccan: he should go first to him and -explain what he desired. If he agreed, his slave would ally himself to -and obey him, and in that case he would take whatever was sent, -otherwise not. Afẓal K. went to ʿĀdil K., who received -him very badly, and for a long time kept him outside the city and did -not look into his affair, but put all kinds of slights upon him, but -secretly asked for what Bī-daulat had sent for him and -ʿAmbar, and took possession of it. The aforesaid (Afẓal K.) -was there when he heard the news of the killing of his son and the ruin -of his family, and so fell upon evil days. In short, Bī-daulat, in -spite of all his (original) good fortune and happy auspices, undertook -a long and distant journey, and came to the port of Machhlī -Paṭan (Masulipaṭam), which belongs to <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb291" href="#pb291" name= -"pb291">291</a>]</span>Qut̤bu-l-mulk. Before reaching this place, -he sent some of his men to Qut̤bu-l-mulk, and besought him for all -sorts of assistance and companionship. Qut̤bu-l-mulk sent him a -small amount of cash and goods for his support, and wrote to the warden -of his frontier to conduct him in safety out of his territory, and -encourage the grain-sellers and Zamindars to send grain and all other -necessaries to his camp.</p> -<p class="par">On the 27th of the month a strange event took place. -Returning from the hunting-place, I had come back to the camp at night. -By chance I crossed a stream of water, the bed of which was very rocky -and the water running violently. One of the servants of the -<i>s͟harbat-k͟hāna</i> (wine-cellar) was conveying a -huntsman’s relish. He had a gold tray, which contained a salver -and five cups. There were covers to the cups, and the whole was in a -cotton bag. When he was crossing, his foot slipped and the tray fell -out of his hand. As the water was deep and running rapidly, however -much they searched and beat their hands and feet (exerted themselves), -no trace of it could be found. Next day the state of the case was -reported to me, and I ordered a number of boatmen and huntsmen to go to -the place and make a careful search, and it perhaps might appear. By -chance, in the place where it had fallen it was found, and more strange -still, it had not been turned upside down, and not a drop of water had -got into the cups. This affair is similar to what happened when -Hādī was seated on the throne of the Khalifate. A ruby ring -had been inherited by Hārūn from his father. Hādī -sent a slave to Hārūn and asked for it. It happened that at -that time Hārūn was seated on the bank of the Tigris. The -slave gave the message, and Hārūn, enraged, said: “I -have allowed thee<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8339src" href="#xd24e8339" -name="xd24e8339src">54</a> to have the Khalifate, and thou dost not -allow me one ring.” In his rage he threw the ring into the -Tigris. After some months by the decree of fate Hādī died, -and the turn of the Khalifate came to Hārūn. He ordered -divers to look for the ring in the place where he had thrown it. By the -chances of destiny, and the aid of good fortune, at the first dive the -ring was found, and brought and given into Hārūn’s -hand! <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb292" href="#pb292" name= -"pb292">292</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">At this time one day on the hunting ground the chief -huntsman Imām-wirdī brought before me a partridge that had a -spur on one leg and not on the other. As the way to distinguish the -female lies in the spur, by way of testing me he asked whether this was -a male or a female. I said at once “A female.” When they -opened it an egg appeared inside (<i>pīs͟hīna</i>) its -belly. The people who were in attendance asked with surprise by what -sign I had discovered this: I said that the head and beak of the female -are shorter than the male’s. By investigation and often seeing -(the birds) I had acquired this dexterity.<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8348src" href="#xd24e8348" name="xd24e8348src">55</a> It is a -strange thing that the windpipe in all animals -(<i>ḥaiwānāt</i>), which the Turks call -<i>ḥalq</i>,<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8372src" href= -"#xd24e8372" name="xd24e8372src">56</a> is single from the top of the -throat to the crop (<i>chīna-dān</i>), while in the case of -the bustard (<i>jarz</i>) it is different. In the bustard it is for -four finger-breadths from the top of the throat single and then it -divides into two branches and in this form reaches the crop. Also at -the place where it divides into two branches there is a stoppage -(<i>sar-band</i>) and a knot (<i>girih</i>) is felt by the hand. In the -<i>kulang</i> (crane) it is still stranger. In it the windpipe passes -in a serpentine manner between the bones of the breast to the rump and -then turns back from there and joins the throat. The <i>jarz</i> or -<i>charz</i> (bustard) is of two kinds: one is a mottled black and the -other <i>būr</i> (a kind of dun colour). I now<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e8410src" href="#xd24e8410" name="xd24e8410src">57</a> -discovered that there are not two kinds, but that which is a mottled -black is the male, and that which is dun-coloured is the female. The -proof of it is this, that in the piebald there are testicles and in the -dun one there are eggs; this has been repeatedly found on -examination.</p> -<p class="par">I have a great liking for fish, and all kinds of good -fish are brought for me; the best fish in Hindustan is the -<i>rohū</i>, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb293" href= -"#pb293" name="pb293">293</a>]</span>after that the -<i>barīn</i>.<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8424src" href= -"#xd24e8424" name="xd24e8424src">58</a> Both have scales, and in -appearance and shape are like each other. Everyone cannot at once -distinguish between them. The difference in their flesh also is very -small, but the connoisseur discovers that the flesh of the -<i>rohū</i> is rather more agreeable of the two. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb294" href="#pb294" name="pb294">294</a>]</span></p> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7715" href="#xd24e7715src" name="xd24e7715">1</a></span> He was -the great-grandson, being the son of Mahā Singh s. Jagat Singh s. -Mān Singh. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7715src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7730" href="#xd24e7730src" name="xd24e7730">2</a></span> <i>Panj -fauj.</i> But perhaps the word is <i>binj</i>, or -<i>bīk͟h</i>, “root.” Or it may be -<i>pīchhā fauj</i>, “the hinder army.” Apparently -the reference is to the arrangement of the royal army into five -divisions. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7730src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7773" href="#xd24e7773src" name="xd24e7773">3</a></span> -“Bought it as if it were genuine.” <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7773src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7780" href="#xd24e7780src" name="xd24e7780">4</a></span> The -Farhang-i-Jahāngīrī, Rieu Cat., p. 496 b. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7780src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7792" href="#xd24e7792src" name="xd24e7792">5</a></span> Where is -this account? He is mentioned later, p. 359 of text. Perhaps he is the -Armenian mentioned in the 15th year as Zū-l-Qarnain. But an -Armenian would hardly be called a Farangī. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e7792src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7798" href="#xd24e7798src" name="xd24e7798">6</a></span> The MSS. -have “his brother Mag͟hrūr.” <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7798src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7801" href="#xd24e7801src" name="xd24e7801">7</a></span> The MSS. -have a name that is not Naubat, and perhaps is Yūnas or -Yūnas͟h K͟hān. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7801src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7805" href="#xd24e7805src" name="xd24e7805">8</a></span> -Yūnas or Yūnas͟h in MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7805src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7819" href="#xd24e7819src" name="xd24e7819">9</a></span> Perhaps -it means that <i>qiṣāṣ</i> or retaliation could not be -inflicted. See Maʾās̤iru-l-umarā, III. 335, and -Iqbāl-nāma, 204. Evidently the mother did not want to -prosecute. It is probable that his murderers were only his -half-brothers. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7819src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7829" href="#xd24e7829src" name="xd24e7829">10</a></span> The -MSS. have Mahārāja Gaj Singh, and they also have the names -Manṣūr K͟hān, Sar-buland Rāy and -Las͟hkar K. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7829src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7838" href="#xd24e7838src" name="xd24e7838">11</a></span> -“Two” in MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7838src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7856" href="#xd24e7856src" name="xd24e7856">12</a></span> -Jahāngīr’s mother. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7856src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7872" href="#xd24e7872src" name="xd24e7872">13</a></span> MS. 181 -has Bābā K͟hān. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7872src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7876" href="#xd24e7876src" name="xd24e7876">14</a></span> MS. 181 -has Kuhnar or Kunhar, and it seems that it is a name, and not merely -“younger brother.” The Iqbāl-nāma, 205, has -Kunhar Dās. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7876src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7884" href="#xd24e7884src" name="xd24e7884">15</a></span> -Karīj in text. See Jarrett, II. 253. But perhaps it should be -Kaira. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7884src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7887" href="#xd24e7887src" name="xd24e7887">16</a></span> It is -S͟haʿbān in Nos. 181 and 305. The famous garden of -Ahmadabad is the S͟hāhī, for which see the Bombay -Gazetteer, vol. for Ahmadabad, p. 283. But besides being -S͟haʿbān in the MSS. it is also S͟haʿbān -in the Iqbāl-nāma, 207. The S͟hāhī garden lies -to the north of Ahmadabad, and Ṣafī was at the south or -south-east of the city. Perhaps the S͟haʿbān garden was -near the Malik S͟haʿbān lake, which was east of the -city, and is referred to in Bombay Gazetteer, p. 18. The -Bāg͟h S͟haʿbān is also referred to in -Bayley’s Gujarat, 236. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7887src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7893" href="#xd24e7893src" name="xd24e7893">17</a></span> Name -very doubtful. MSS. seem to have Pīr Lāl Kolī, or it may -be Bīr Lāl. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7893src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7898" href="#xd24e7898src" name="xd24e7898">18</a></span> The -MSS. have “in ten.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7898src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7922" href="#xd24e7922src" name="xd24e7922">19</a></span> Text, -Nar Singh Deo. But the MSS. seem to have another name, Silhadi Deo (?). -The name Lūlū is also doubtful. The MSS. seem to have Bulur. -In Elliot, IV. 402, Pūran Mal is called Bhaia. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7922src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7931" href="#xd24e7931src" name="xd24e7931">20</a></span> <i>Har -kudām ba-t̤arafī aftādand.</i> <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e7931src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7956" href="#xd24e7956src" name="xd24e7956">21</a></span> Rieu, -Cat., I. 158 b. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7956src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7964" href="#xd24e7964src" name="xd24e7964">22</a></span> Text -has Kūh-i-Kūl. But the I.O. MSS. show that the true reading -is Kūl Nūh ban, and it appears from the Āyīn, -Jarrett, II. 186, that Nūh is a district in -Kūl—<i>i.e.</i>, Aligarh. <i>Gurg</i> is a wolf, and -<i>Kurag</i> a rhinoceros, but probably a wolf is here meant. It is not -likely that there were rhinoceros in Aligarh, though <span class="corr" -id="xd24e7975" title= -"Source: Abū-l-faẓl">Abū-l-Faẓl</span> says there -were rhinoceros in Sambhal (Jarrett, II. 281). Tīr means an arrow -as well as a bullet. The word <i>mana</i>, “face,” is not -in text, but occurs in both the I.O. MSS. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e7964src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e7994" href="#xd24e7994src" name="xd24e7994">23</a></span> -Chānḍā Ghāt between Ajmere and -Malwa. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e7994src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8015" href="#xd24e8015src" name="xd24e8015">24</a></span> -Apparently the meaning is that he had no family with S͟hāh -Jahān’s army, and so could not be deterred from leaving -S͟hāh Jahān through fear of their fate. See below, the -reference to S. Ṣalābat’s arrangements about his -family. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e8015src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8022" href="#xd24e8022src" name="xd24e8022">25</a></span> This -couplet comes from Niz̤āmī’s K͟husrau u -S͟hīrīn, and is quoted by Bābur. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e8022src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8039" href="#xd24e8039src" name="xd24e8039">26</a></span> See -Jaʿfar S͟harīf’s Qānūn-i-Islām. -App., p. xxiv. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8039src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8056" href="#xd24e8056src" name="xd24e8056">27</a></span> -Dhāmin, python (?). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8056src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8064" href="#xd24e8064src" name="xd24e8064">28</a></span> See -Blochmann, 60. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8064src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8076" href="#xd24e8076src" name="xd24e8076">29</a></span> -Daughter of Nūr Jahān. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8076src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8079" href="#xd24e8079src" name="xd24e8079">30</a></span> -Blochmann, p. 311, calls her Arzānī Begam. The -Iqbāl-nāma (306) calls her Lāṛdilī Begam. A -MS. of the Iqbāl-nāma in my possession calls her Walī -Begam. She was born on September 4, 1623. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8079src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8082" href="#xd24e8082src" name="xd24e8082">31</a></span> The -holy man formerly mentioned. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8082src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8085" href="#xd24e8085src" name="xd24e8085">32</a></span> He had -been captured in Gujarat when Ṣafī K. defeated -ʿAbdu-llah. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8085src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8095" href="#xd24e8095src" name="xd24e8095">33</a></span> The -author of the dictionary. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8095src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8101" href="#xd24e8101src" name="xd24e8101">34</a></span> See -Maʾās̤iru-l-Umarā, III. 382. His wife was the -sister of Aḥmad Beg, the <a id="xd24e8103" name= -"xd24e8103"></a>brother’s son of Ibrāhīm K. -Fatḥ-jang. But if so would she not be the daughter of -S͟harīf and niece of Nūr Jahān? See Blochmann, -512. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e8101src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8108" href="#xd24e8108src" name="xd24e8108">35</a></span> I.O. -MS., 381, and the Iqbāl-nāma mention the wife. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e8108src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8116" href="#xd24e8116src" name="xd24e8116">36</a></span> -<i>Maḥram sāk͟ht</i>, “made him one who could -enter the Harem.” <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8116src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8121" href="#xd24e8121src" name="xd24e8121">37</a></span> The -text wrongly has <i>ba-chan</i>d instead of -<i>ba-jambīd</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8121src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8133" href="#xd24e8133src" name="xd24e8133">38</a></span> -Daughters of the Bier—<i>i.e.</i>, the constellation of the -Plough. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e8133src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8142" href="#xd24e8142src" name="xd24e8142">39</a></span> -<i>S͟has͟h-dar</i> is the name of an impasse in the game of -<i>nard</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8142src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8152" href="#xd24e8152src" name="xd24e8152">40</a></span> The -Muḥammad Beg of Roe? <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8152src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8167" href="#xd24e8167src" name="xd24e8167">41</a></span> -Jarrett, II. 239. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8167src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8176" href="#xd24e8176src" name="xd24e8176">42</a></span> 1 -Ṣafar, 1033 = November 14, 1623. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8176src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8199" href="#xd24e8199src" name="xd24e8199">43</a></span> Jerdon -states that the black partridge is called <i>ghāghar</i> about -Benares. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e8199src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8207" href="#xd24e8207src" name="xd24e8207">44</a></span> -Probably Raḥīmābād in the Bārī -Dū-āb. Jarrett, II. 332. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8207src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8215" href="#xd24e8215src" name="xd24e8215">45</a></span> -<i>Daraʿ</i> or <i>ẕaraʿ</i>, yards? The text gives his -weight as 20½, but <i>bīst</i> must be a mistake for -<i>has͟ht</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8215src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8234" href="#xd24e8234src" name="xd24e8234">46</a></span> He was -a eunuch, and originally had the name of Iʿtibār K. He -received the title of Mumtāz K. in this year. Tūzuk, 359. See -Blochmann, 433. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8234src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8239" href="#xd24e8239src" name="xd24e8239">47</a></span> <i>Az -qadīmān u bābariyān</i> (properly -<i>bairiyān</i>). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8239src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8247" href="#xd24e8247src" name="xd24e8247">48</a></span> -<i>Ganwārān u muzāriʿān.</i> <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e8247src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8258" href="#xd24e8258src" name="xd24e8258">49</a></span> Text -<i>ba s͟hukr u s͟hukūh</i>, but the -Iqbāl-nāma, 213, has <i>ba-s͟hakwa</i>, “with -complaints,” and this must be correct. ʿAbdu-llah indulged -in abuse of his lord and master, <i>k͟hudā u -k͟hudāwand-i-k͟hwīs͟h</i>—<i>i.e.</i>, -Jahāngīr. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8258src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8275" href="#xd24e8275src" name="xd24e8275">50</a></span> -<i>Cf.</i> Iqbāl-nāma, 213–214. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e8275src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8282" href="#xd24e8282src" name="xd24e8282">51</a></span> A -proverbial expression. It is quoted by Niz̤āmu-d-dīn in -the T̤abaqāt. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8282src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8296" href="#xd24e8296src" name="xd24e8296">52</a></span> -ʿAlī Rāy was ruler of Little Tibet (Baltistan). -Jahāngīr had married his daughter. Blochmann, 310, and -Akbar-nāma, III. 603. The marriage took place in <span class= -"sc">A.H.</span> 1000 (1592). <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8296src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8310" href="#xd24e8310src" name="xd24e8310">53</a></span> That -is, Las͟hkarī. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8310src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8339" href="#xd24e8339src" name="xd24e8339">54</a></span> -Hādī was Hārūnu-r-Ras͟hīd’s elder -brother. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e8339src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8348" href="#xd24e8348src" name="xd24e8348">55</a></span> Text -<i>mulka</i>. Perhaps the word may be <i>malka-i-ān,</i> -“possession of it”—<i>i.e.</i>, possession of such -knowledge. The MSS. have <i>ān</i> after -<i>malka</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8348src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8372" href="#xd24e8372src" name="xd24e8372">56</a></span> Text -<i>hanaq</i>. But the MSS. have merely <i>ḥaqq</i>, and it is -said in the dictionaries that there is a bird called the -<i>ḥaqq</i>. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8372src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8410" href="#xd24e8410src" name="xd24e8410">57</a></span> This -corrects a previous statement to the effect that the black and red -bustards were two species. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8410src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8424" href="#xd24e8424src" name="xd24e8424">58</a></span> The -MSS. have either barīn or parīn. I cannot find the name in -the dictionaries, but my friend Sir K. C. Gupta suggests that the word -may be <i>bāns</i> (<i>Labeo calbasa</i>). This fish is also a -carp, and resembles the <i>rohū</i> (<i>L. rohita</i>), but is -smaller. It may also be the catla. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8424src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div id="yr19" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e231">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">The Nineteenth New Year’s Feast after the -Auspicious Accession</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">On Wednesday, the 29th Jumādā-l-awwal, -<span class="sc">A.H.</span> 1033, March 10, 1624, after one watch and -two gharis of day had passed, the sun, that bestows bounty on the -world, passed into its house of honour in Aries. The royal servants -obtained promotions and increase of mansab. Aḥsanu-llah, s. -K͟hwāja Abū-l-Ḥasan, received as original and -increase that of 1,000 and 300 horse. Muḥammad Saʿīd, -s. Aḥmad Beg K. Kābulī, the same, Mīr S͟haraf -Dīwān-i-buyūtāt, and K͟hawāṣṣ -K., each of them that of 1,000. Sardār K., having come from -Kāngṛa, had the good fortune to pay his respects. At this -time I gave orders to the <i>yasāwuls</i> and men of the -<i>yasāq</i> (guards) that hereafter at the time when I came out -of the palace they should keep away defective people, such as the -blind, and those whose noses and ears had been cut off, the leprous and -the maimed, and all kinds of sick people, and not permit them to be -seen. On the 19th the feast of the culmination was held. -Ilāh-wirdī, the brother of Imām-wirdī, had run away -from Bī-daulat and came to Court, and was honoured with great -favours.</p> -<p class="par">As the news of Bī-daulat’s coming to the -border of Orissa was constantly repeated, a farman was issued to the -prince and Mahābat K. and the Amirs who had been sent to the -support of my son, that they should set their minds at ease about the -administering the provinces (of the Deccan), and go quickly to -Allahabad and Behar, and if the Subahdar of Bengal could not forestall -him, and he should put forward the foot of audacity, he must be made a -wanderer in the desert <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb295" href= -"#pb295" name="pb295">295</a>]</span>of disappointment by the blows of -the victorious army which is in the shadow of the flag of my son. By -way of precaution on the 2nd Urdībihis͟ht I gave my son -K͟hān Jahān leave to proceed to Agra to remain in that -neighbourhood and wait for a sign. If there should happen to be any -necessity for a particular service and an order should be given him, he -must act as occasion might require. I sent him a special dress of -honour, with a <i>nādirī</i> with pearl buttons, a special -jewelled sword, and to Aṣālat K., his son, a horse, and a -dress of honour.</p> -<p class="par">On this day a report came from ʿAqīdat K., -Bakhshi of the Deccan. He wrote that, according to order, my prosperous -son S͟hāh Parwīz had married the sister of Rāja Gaj -Singh. I hope that her coming will be auspicious to the State. He also -wrote that, having sent for Turkumān K. from Pattan he had -appointed ʿAzīzu-llah in his place. Jān-sipār K., -also by order, came and waited on me. When Bī-daulat crossed the -Burhanpur river and took the road of ruin, Mīr -Ḥusāmu-d-dīn, considering his own evil deeds, could not -remain at Burhanpur. Taking his children with him, he conveyed the -goods of ruin to the Deccan, in order that he might pass his days under -the protection of ʿĀdil K. By chance, as he passed by -Bīr, Jān-sipār K. obtained information, and sent a body -of men to head him off. He seized him and his dependants, and brought -them before Mahābat. Mahābat placed him in confinement, and -took from him Rs. 1,00,000 in cash and goods. (Also) Jādo Rāy -and Ūday Rām had taken the elephants which Bī-daulat had -left in Burhanpur and brought them to the prince (Parwīz).</p> -<p class="par">Qāẓī ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz, who -had come to Delhi from Bī-daulat in order to state his objects, -had not been allowed by me an opportunity to speak and I had handed him -over to Mahābat K. After his (Bī-daulat’s) defeat and -ruin Mahābat K. had made him his own servant. As he was an old -friend of ʿĀdil K., and was for some years at -Bījāpūr as Vakil of K͟hān Jahān. -Mahābat K. now sent him again as his representative<a class= -"noteref" id="xd24e8469src" href="#xd24e8469" name="xd24e8469src">1</a> -to ʿĀdil K͟hān, and the leading men of the Deccan, -<i lang="la">nolentes <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb296" href= -"#pb296" name="pb296">296</a>]</span>volentes</i>, looking to the -necessities of the time and the upshot of affairs, were contented and -professed loyalty and desire for service. The rebel ʿAmbar sent -one of his confidential men of the name of ʿAlī -S͟hīr, and displayed great humility. He (ʿAmbar) wrote -in the capacity of a servant to Mahābat K., and engaged that he -(ʿAmbar) should come to Dewalgāon<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8478src" href="#xd24e8478" name="xd24e8478src">2</a> and wait -upon Mahābat. He would make his eldest son a servant of the State, -and keep him in the service of my auspicious son. About this time there -arrived a letter from Qāẓī ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz -that ʿĀdil K. from the bottom of his heart had elected for -service and loyalty, and agreed that he would send Mullā -Muḥammad Lārī, who was his principal agent and -minister, and whom both in spoken and written messages he called -Mullā Bābā, with 5,000 horse, that he might remain -continually on duty, and they might know that other<a class="noteref" -id="xd24e8481src" href="#xd24e8481" name="xd24e8481src">3</a> troops -would follow (?). Urgent farmans had been sent that my son should -proceed to Allahabad and Behar in order to overthrow Bī-daulat. At -this time news arrived that notwithstanding the rainy season and the -violence of the rain, that son, on the 6th Farwardīn had marched -out of Burhanpur with the army of fortune, and had taken up his -quarters in Lāl Bāg͟h,<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8484src" href="#xd24e8484" name="xd24e8484src">4</a> and that -Mahābat K. was awaiting at Burhanpur the arrival of Mullā -Muḥammad Lārī, so that when he arrived he would relieve -himself of the care of the maintenance of order in that neighbourhood, -and come with him (Muḥammad Lārī) to wait on my son. -Las͟hkar K., Jādo Rāy, Ūday Rām, and other -servants of the State had been ordered to go to the -Bālāg͟hāt (the country above the Ghats), and remain -at Z̤afarnagar. Having given Jān-sipār K. leave as -before, he (Parwīz) kept Asad K. Maʿmūrī at -Elichpur. Minūchihr, s. S͟hāh-nawāz K., was -appointed to Jālnāpūr. He sent Riẓawī K. to -Thālner, to guard the province of Khandesh.</p> -<p class="par">On this day news came that Las͟hkarī had taken -the farman <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb297" href="#pb297" name= -"pb297">297</a>]</span>to ʿĀdil K., and he, having decorated -the city, had gone out four koss to meet him, and had performed -salutations and prostrations for the farman and the dress of honour. On -the 21st I sent dresses of honour for my son -Dāwar-bak͟hs͟h and K͟hān Aʿz̤am and -Ṣafī K. Having appointed Ṣādiq K. to the -government of Lahore, and given him a dress of honour and an elephant, -I gave him leave. An order was given that he should have the mansab of -400 personal and 400 horse. Multafat K., s. Mīrzā Rustam, -raised the head of distinction with the mansab of 1,500 personal and -300 horse.</p> -<p class="par">One day while hunting it was reported to me that a snake -with a black hood (<i>kafcha</i>) had swallowed another hooded -(<i>kafcha?</i>) snake and gone into a hole. I ordered them to dig up -the place and bring out the snake. Without exaggeration I had never -seen a snake of this size. When, they opened its belly, the hood of the -snake that it had swallowed came out whole. Although this snake was of -another kind, in length and girth little difference was visible.</p> -<p class="par">At this time it was represented to me in a -report<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8501src" href="#xd24e8501" name= -"xd24e8501src">5</a> by the news writer of the Deccan that Mahābat -K. had ordered ʿĀrif s. Zāhid to be executed, and had -put him (<i>i.e.</i>, Zāhid), with two other sons, in prison. It -appeared that that wretched man had written with his own hand a -petition to Bī-daulat representing on the part of his father and -himself his loyalty, sincerity, repentance, and shame. By fate that -letter fell into the hands of Mahābat K. Having sent for -ʿĀrif into his presence he showed him the letter. As he had -written a decree for his own blood, he could not make any acceptable -excuse, and of necessity he was executed, and his father and brothers -imprisoned.</p> -<p class="par">On the 1st K͟hurdād it was reported that -S͟hajāʿat K. ʿArab, had died a natural death in the -Deccan. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb298" href="#pb298" name= -"pb298">298</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">At this time a report came from Ibrāhīm K. -Fatḥ-jang that Bī-daulat had entered Orissa. The particulars -of this are that between the boundary<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8512src" href="#xd24e8512" name="xd24e8512src">6</a> of Orissa -and the Deccan there is a barrier. On one side there are lofty -mountains, and on the other swamps and a river. The ruler of Golconda -had also erected a wall (<i>dar-band</i>) and a fort, and armed it with -muskets and cannon. The passage of men by that closed route was -impracticable without the leave of Qut̤bu-l-mulk. Bī-daulat, -with the guidance of Qut̤bu-l-mulk, having passed by that route, -entered the country of Orissa. It happened that at this time -Aḥmad Beg K., nephew of Ibrāhīm K., had attacked the -Zamindars of Khurda. At this strange occurrence, which happened without -precedent or news or information, he became confused and bewildered and -without seeing a remedy gave up his campaign, and came to the village -of Bulbulī<a class="noteref" id="xd24e8518src" href="#xd24e8518" -name="xd24e8518src">7</a> (Pīplī), the seat of the governor -of that Subah (Orissa). He then took his women with him and hastened to -Cuttack, which is 12 koss from Pīplī towards Bengal. As the -time was short, he had not leisure to collect troops and arrange his -affairs. He did not feel himself equal to a war with Bī-daulat, -and he had not with him associates such as were necessary, so he went -on from Cuttack to Bardwan, of which Ṣāliḥ, nephew of -Āṣaf K. deceased, was the Jagirdar. <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb299" href="#pb299" name="pb299">299</a>]</span>At -first Ṣāliḥ was astonished<a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8525src" href="#xd24e8525" name="xd24e8525src">8</a>, and did not -believe that Bī-daulat was coming, until a letter came from -Laʿnatu-llah to conciliate him. Ṣāliḥ fortified -Bardwan and remained in it. Ibrāhīm K. was surprised on -hearing the terrible news. Though most of his auxiliaries and soldiers -were scattered in the villages round about and unprocurable, he yet -planted the foot of courage firmly in Akbarnagar (Rajmahal), and set -himself to strengthen the fort and collect troops, and encourage the -heads of tribes and retainers. He prepared the things necessary for his -guns and other weapons and for battle. In the meanwhile a notice came -to him from Bī-daulat that by the decree of God and the ordinances -of heaven what was not suitable to him had appeared from the womb of -non-existence. By the revolving of crooked-moving time and the changes -of night and day his passage towards these regions had come to pass. -Although to the view of manly courage the extent and breadth of that -country were not more than an exercising-ground, or rather than a -rubbish-heap (<i>pur-kāhī</i>, “full of straw”), -and his aims were higher, yet as he had to pass by this way, he could -not pass for nothing. If it were Ibrāhīm’s -determination to go to the royal Court, he (S͟hāh Jahān) -would hold back the hand of injury from him and his family, and he -might go to Court with an easy mind. If he considered it advisable to -stay, he would bestow upon him any corner of the country he might ask -for.</p> -<div class="div2 addendum"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">Addendum by Mīrzā Muḥammad -Hādī, the Writer of the Preface</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">The MS. states: “Up to this place is the -writing (<i>taʾlīf</i>) of the deceased king -Jahāngīr. The rest, up to the end of the book, is written by -Muḥammad Hādī from some trustworthy MS. collected -together to complete the book. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb300" -href="#pb300" name="pb300">300</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="footnotes"> -<hr class="fnsep"> -<div class="footnote-body"> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8469" href="#xd24e8469src" name="xd24e8469">1</a></span> -<i>Ba-rism-i-ḥajābat.</i> <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8469src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8478" href="#xd24e8478src" name="xd24e8478">2</a></span> -Dewalgāon is about 60 miles S. of Burhanpur, Elliot, VII. -11. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e8478src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8481" href="#xd24e8481src" name="xd24e8481">3</a></span> Or, -perhaps, they might be sure he was coming shortly. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e8481src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8484" href="#xd24e8484src" name="xd24e8484">4</a></span> Lāl -Bāg͟h was on the outskirts of Burhanpur. Though the rainy -season is spoken of, the date Farwardīn is in -March. <a class="fnarrow" href="#xd24e8484src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8501" href="#xd24e8501src" name="xd24e8501">5</a></span> Perhaps -the meaning is that Mahābat had imprisoned ʿĀrif, the -son of the Zāhid whom Jahāngīr had condemned to death, -for in the 18th year Jahāngīr speaks of Zāhid as a -rebel. But the sentence is not clear. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8501src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8512" href="#xd24e8512src" name="xd24e8512">6</a></span> Elliot, -VI. 390. It seems probable that this is the place mentioned in the -Maʾās̤iru-l-umarā, I. 410, in the biography of -Bāqir K. Najm S̤ānī, and also in the -Pādis͟hāh-nāma, I. 333. It is called there -“the Pass of Chhatar Diwār,” and is described as the -boundary between Orissa and Telingana, and is two koss from -Khairapāra. One Manṣūr, a servant of -Qut̤bu-l-mulk, had built a fort there, and called it -Manṣūr-garh. <a class="fnarrow" href= -"#xd24e8512src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8518" href="#xd24e8518src" name="xd24e8518">7</a></span> -<i>Bulbulī.</i> I had supposed this to be Pīplī, but the -latter place is in the Balasore district, and nearer Bengal than -Cuttack. Curiously enough Pipli or Pippli is not given in the I.G. new -ed., though it is given as Pippli in the old. There is also a Pipli in -the Puri district (I.G., new ed., XX. 404). In the -Maʾās̤iru-l-umarā, I. 137 and 194, in the -biographies of Ibrāhīm Fatḥ K. and Aḥmad Beg, the -place is taken to be Pipli. It is also Pipli in the -Iqbāl-nāma, 217, where also Cuttack is described as being 12 -koss off, towards Bengal. The maps show a Pipalgaon between Puri and -Cuttack, and about 30 m. from the latter place. A Pipli in the Puri -district is mentioned in the I.G., new ed. <a class="fnarrow" -href="#xd24e8518src">↑</a></p> -<p class="par footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= -"xd24e8525" href="#xd24e8525src" name="xd24e8525">8</a></span> Text -<i>istiʿdād</i>, but the true reading is -<i>istibʿād</i>. <i>Istibʿād namūda</i>, -“regarded the thing as at a distance,” or “was -surprised.” The I.O. MSS. end here, their last words being -“Till at length there came a conciliatory letter from -Laʿnatu-llah (ʿAbdu-llah).<span class="corr" id="xd24e8536" -title="Not in source">”</span> The R.A.S. MS. continues with -Muḥammad Hādī’s supplement. <a class= -"fnarrow" href="#xd24e8525src">↑</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="back"> -<div class="div1 addendum"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">Addendum</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Mr. Berthold Laufer’s paper on “Walrus -and Narwhal Ivory,” reprinted at Leyden, 1913, from the <i>Toung -Pao</i>, throws light on Jahāngīr’s remarks about -fish-tooth dagger-hilts. It now seems certain that they were made of -the canine tooth of the walrus, or the horn of the narwhal. Possibly -one reason why Jahāngīr attached so much value to the -fish-teeth was because they were supposed to be an antidote to poison. -He was fond of such things, and one day, when he was heir-apparent, -Father Jerome Xavier found him engaged at Fatḥpūr in -extracting copper from peacocks’ tails, on account of its -supposed antitoxine properties.</p> -<p class="par">It is stated in Mr. Laufer’s paper, pp. 13 and 15, -that walrus-teeth were supposed to be also useful in reducing -swellings. As they were often made into knife-handles, it is not -improbable that the knife which a Rajah of Cochin appears to have sent -to Akbar in 1569 (Akbar-nāma, i. 342) was, wholly or in part, made -of walrus ivory. The Rajah said that whenever it was applied to a -swelling it reduced it, and Akbar told Abū-l-Faẓl that over -200 persons had benefited by touching it.</p> -<p class="par">In the British Museum there is a fascinating set of -chessmen made of walrus or narwhal ivory. They were discovered in the -island of Lewis in 1831, but are supposed to be as old as the twelfth -century. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb301" href="#pb301" name= -"pb301">301</a>]</span></p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="index" class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#xd24e238">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">Index</h2> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">A</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">ʿAbbās I., S͟hāh of Persia, -his letter to J., <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>;<br> -favours Mīr Jumla Muḥ. Amīn, <a href="#pb3" class= -"pageref">3</a>;<br> -letters to J., <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>, <a href="#pb94" -class="pageref">94</a>, <a href="#pb96" class="pageref">96</a>, -<a href="#pb240" class="pageref">240</a>;<br> -friendship for K͟hān ʿĀlam, <a href="#pb115" class= -"pageref">115</a>, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>, <a href= -"#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>;<br> -sends presents, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>;<br> -birds sent to, <a href="#pb221" class="pageref">221</a>;<br> -besieges Qandahār, <a href="#pb233" class="pageref">233</a>;<br> -describes its capture, <a href="#pb241" class="pageref">241</a>;<br> -J.’s reply, <a href="#pb242" class="pageref">242</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz Naqs͟hbandī -promoted and sent to take Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb73" class= -"pageref">73</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, <a href="#pb166" -class="pageref">166</a>;<br> -faujdār Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb186" class= -"pageref">186</a>;<br> -gov. Qandahār, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>, <a href= -"#pb244" class="pageref">244</a>, <a href="#pb250" class= -"pageref">250</a>, <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz, s. K͟hān -Damān, <a href="#pb255" class="pageref">255</a>–57</p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-l-Ḥayy, Armenian, <a href="#pb194" -class="pageref">194</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-l-Karīm of Gīlān, presents -S͟hāh’s letter, <a href="#pb24" class= -"pageref">24</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-l-Wahhāb, s. Ḥakīm -ʿAlī, his false bond, <a href="#pb157" class= -"pageref">157</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-l-Wahhāb Bārha, styled Dilīr -K., <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>, <a href="#pb269" class= -"pageref">269</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm -K͟hān-K͟hānān Ātālīq sends army -Gondwāna, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>;<br> -does homage, <a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>;<br> -J. gives him his own <i>pūstīn</i> and seven horses, <a href= -"#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>;<br> -appointed Deccan, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>;<br> -reports against ʿAmbar, Abyssinian, <a href="#pb155" class= -"pageref">155</a>;<br> -misconduct of, <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a>, etc.<br> -See also under K͟hān-K͟hānān.</p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-s-Sattār (associated with Father Jerome -Xavier) presents a manuscript of Humāyūn’s, <a href= -"#pb82" class="pageref">82</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-llah, s. K͟hān -Āʿz̤am ʿAzīz Koka, <a href="#pb66" class= -"pageref">66</a><br> -(also called Sarfarāz K., see Blochmann, 492);<br> -gets gift of drums, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>;<br> -does homage, <a href="#pb239" class="pageref">239</a> (?);<br> -chained and placed on elephant at battle in Gujarāt, but escapes, -<a href="#pb267" class="pageref">267</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-llah K. Fīrūz Jang given elephant, -<a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a>, <a href="#pb239" class= -"pageref">239</a> (?);<br> -his treachery, <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a>;<br> -joins rebels, <a href="#pb255" class="pageref">255</a>;<br> -styled Laʿnatu-llah (accursed of God) henceforth, <a href="#pb255" -class="pageref">255</a>, <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a>, -<a href="#pb262" class="pageref">262</a>–265;<br> -defeated in Gujarāt, <a href="#pb266" class= -"pageref">266</a>–267, <a href="#pb289" class="pageref">289</a>, -<a href="#pb299" class="pageref">299</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-llah Uzbeg ruler in Central Asia, <a href= -"#pb30" class="pageref">30</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAbdu-llah, s. Ḥakīm -Nūru-d-dīn, executed for disrespect, <a href="#pb286" class= -"pageref">286</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿĀbid K., Bak͟hs͟hī of -Bangas͟h, made director of buildings, <a href="#pb47" class= -"pageref">47</a>;<br> -sent Deccan, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>, <a href="#pb61" -class="pageref">61</a></p> -<p class="par">Abū-l-Faẓl, author, mistake about -Kashmīr, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a> note, <a href= -"#pb141" class="pageref">141</a></p> -<p class="par">Abū-l-Ḥasan, s. Āqā -Riẓāʾī, painter, draws frontispiece to -Jahāngīr-nāma, styled Nādiru-z-zamān, <a href= -"#pb20" class="pageref">20</a></p> -<p class="par">Abū-l-Ḥasan, K͟hwāja, -Bak͟hs͟hī, <a href="#pb5" class="pageref">5</a>, -<a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>, <a href="#pb127" class= -"pageref">127</a>;<br> -bridges the Māhī, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, -<a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>;<br> -sent Deccan, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>, <a href="#pb220" -class="pageref">220</a>, <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a>, -<a href="#pb254" class="pageref">254</a>\.</p> -<p class="par">Abū-l-Qāsim Gīlānī blinded by -S͟hāh ʿAbbās, <a href="#pb69" class= -"pageref">69</a></p> -<p class="par">Abū-l-Qāsim Namakīn promoted, <a href= -"#pb155" class="pageref">155</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb302" -href="#pb302" name="pb302">302</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Abū Saʿīd promoted, <a href="#pb228" -class="pageref">228</a></p> -<p class="par">Abū-ṣ-Ṣāliḥ does homage, -<a href="#pb11" class="pageref">11</a>;<br> -styled Riẓawī K., <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>, -<a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a></p> -<p class="par">Achbal fountain, <a href="#pb237" class= -"pageref">237</a></p> -<p class="par">Āchhī, drink used in Paklī, <a href= -"#pb126" class="pageref">126</a></p> -<p class="par">Adhar, or Ashar, waterfall in Kashmir, <a href="#pb238" -class="pageref">238</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿĀdil K. Bījāpūrī, -J.’s portrait sent to, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a>, -<a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb288" class= -"pageref">288</a>, <a href="#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>, <a href= -"#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>, <a href="#pb297" class= -"pageref">297</a></p> -<p class="par">Afẓal K., S͟hāh Jahān’s -Dīwān, brings report of victory, <a href="#pb206" class= -"pageref">206</a>, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>;<br> -refused an audience, <a href="#pb238" class="pageref">238</a>;<br> -given dress of honour, <a href="#pb239" class="pageref">239</a>;<br> -his son killed, <a href="#pb289" class="pageref">289</a>, <a href= -"#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>;<br> -visits ʿAmbar Abyssinian and ʿĀdil -Bījāpūrī, <a href="#pb290" class= -"pageref">290</a></p> -<p class="par">Agra, plague at, <a href="#pb65" class= -"pageref">65</a></p> -<p class="par">Aḥmadābād, unhealthy, <a href="#pb6" -class="pageref">6</a>, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>;<br> -J.’s nickname for, <a href="#pb13" class="pageref">13</a>;<br> -heavy rains at, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>, <a href="#pb33" -class="pageref">33</a>;<br> -bad climate, <a href="#pb35" class="pageref">35</a></p> -<p class="par">Aḥmad Beg of Kabul, gov. Kashmīr, <a href= -"#pb5" class="pageref">5</a>;<br> -death, <a href="#pb16" class="pageref">16</a></p> -<p class="par">Aḥmad Beg, nephew Ibrāhīm Fatḥ -Jang, made gov. Orissa, <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>, -<a href="#pb298" class="pageref">298</a></p> -<p class="par">Aḥmad S͟haik͟h of Sirhind, impostor, -<a href="#pb91" class="pageref">91</a>, <a href="#pb93" class= -"pageref">93</a>;<br> -pardoned, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>;<br> -gets present, <a href="#pb276" class="pageref">276</a></p> -<p class="par">Aḥmad Sultan’s son killed, <a href="#pb267" -class="pageref">267</a></p> -<p class="par">Ahmadnagar, accident at siege of, <a href="#pb163" -class="pageref">163</a></p> -<p class="par">Aḥsanu-llah, s. K͟h. Abū-l-Ḥasan, -promoted, <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAis͟hābād garden, <a href="#pb153" -class="pageref">153</a></p> -<p class="par">Ajmīr, J.’s illness at, and Islām -K.’s devotion, <a href="#pb102" class= -"pageref">102</a>–103</p> -<p class="par">Akbar, emperor, largest elephant Durjan Sāl, -<a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>;<br> -tells story of adventure with elephant, <a href="#pb41" class= -"pageref">41</a>;<br> -vows not to hunt with leopards on Fridays, <a href="#pb46" class= -"pageref">46</a>;<br> -took Ranthambūr, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>;<br> -orders that Salīm should not be taught any recitation, <a href= -"#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>;<br> -recognizes him as his successor, <a href="#pb71" class= -"pageref">71</a>;<br> -his Fatḥpūr mosque described, <a href="#pb71" class= -"pageref">71</a>;<br> -his anniversary, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>;<br> -tomb visited by J. and Begams, <a href="#pb101" class= -"pageref">101</a>, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>, <a href= -"#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb125" class= -"pageref">125</a>;<br> -ordered translation Rāja-tarang, <a href="#pb140" class= -"pageref">140</a>;<br> -built Srinagar Fort, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>;<br> -used to sit in garden there, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, -<a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, <a href="#pb194" class= -"pageref">194</a>;<br> -promotes Nāhir K., <a href="#pb268" class="pageref">268</a></p> -<p class="par">Akbarnagar (Rājmaḥal), Shah Jahān at, -<a href="#pb299" class="pageref">299</a></p> -<p class="par">Akbar-nāma, <a href="#pb155" class= -"pageref">155</a></p> -<p class="par">Akbarpur, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>, -<a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb193" class= -"pageref">193</a></p> -<p class="par">Akbarqulī Gakkar, s. Jalāl K., <a href= -"#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>;<br> -given elephant, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a></p> -<p class="par">Album (jung), <a href="#pb92" class= -"pageref">92</a>;<br> -Alf. K. Qiyām-K͟hānī made gov. Kāngṛa, -<a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAlī Akbar, surgeon, <a href="#pb77" class= -"pageref">77</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAlī Muḥ., s. ʿAlī Rāy, -of Tibet, <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAlī Qulī Darman promoted, <a href= -"#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, <a href="#pb245" class= -"pageref">245</a></p> -<p class="par">Aligarh, J. hunts wolves in, <a href="#pb270" class= -"pageref">270</a></p> -<p class="par">Alkah (?), Cap. Kis͟htwār, <a href="#pb135" -class="pageref">135</a></p> -<p class="par">Allāh-dād, s. Jalālā -Tārīkī, rebels, <a href="#pb85" class= -"pageref">85</a>;<br> -repents, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>;<br> -pardoned, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>;<br> -sent Deccan, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>;<br> -does homage, <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a></p> -<p class="par">Alms to the poor, <a href="#pb198" class= -"pageref">198</a></p> -<p class="par">Amānābād village, <a href="#pb65" class= -"pageref">65</a>, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>, <a href= -"#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>, <a href="#pb83" class= -"pageref">83</a></p> -<p class="par">Amānat K., superintendent branding, <a href="#pb82" -class="pageref">82</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a></p> -<p class="par">Amānu-llah, s. Mahābat, promoted, <a href= -"#pb44" class="pageref">44</a>, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>, -<a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a>, <a href="#pb99" class= -"pageref">99</a>, <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>, <a href= -"#pb239" class="pageref">239</a>;<br> -styled K͟hān-zād K., <a href="#pb257" class= -"pageref">257</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb275" class="pageref">275</a></p> -<p class="par">Amar Singh, Rānā, his death, <a href="#pb123" -class="pageref">123</a>;<br> -his son Bhīm, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAmbar. Malik, Abyssinian, misconduct of, <a href= -"#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>–156;<br> -defeated, <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a>–208, <a href= -"#pb290" class="pageref">290</a>, <a href="#pb296" class= -"pageref">296</a></p> -<p class="par">Amīrī, old servant of ʿAbdu-llah K. -Uzbeg, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a>, <a href="#pb31" class= -"pageref">31</a></p> -<p class="par">Amru-llah, s. K͟hān-k͟hānān, -sent Gondwāna, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a></p> -<p class="par">Andha Nāg (Blind Fountain), <a href="#pb174" class= -"pageref">174</a></p> -<p class="par">Anīrāʾī Singh-dalan gets present, -<a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>;<br> -Aḥmad S͟haik͟h, made over to, <a href="#pb93" class= -"pageref">93</a>;<br> -appointed Bangash, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a></p> -<p class="par">Antelopes, <a href="#pb42" class="pageref">42</a>, -<a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>, <a href="#pb70" class= -"pageref">70</a>, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>;<br> -1,500 caught, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>, <a href="#pb84" -class="pageref">84</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb303" href= -"#pb303" name="pb303">303</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Anwarī’s verses, <a href="#pb95" class= -"pageref">95</a>, <a href="#pb222" class="pageref">222</a></p> -<p class="par">Apples from Bangash, <a href="#pb101" class= -"pageref">101</a>;<br> -of Kashmīr, <a href="#pb146" class="pageref">146</a></p> -<p class="par">Apricots <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></p> -<p class="par">Āqā Āqāyān, old female servant, -account of, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>–111</p> -<p class="par">Āqā Beg, Persian envoy, <a href="#pb195" -class="pageref">195</a></p> -<p class="par">Āqā Riẓāʾī, painter, -<a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAqīdat K. Bak͟hs͟hī, title of -K͟hwāja Ibrāhīm, <a href="#pb63" class= -"pageref">63</a>, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>, <a href= -"#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>, <a href="#pb295" class= -"pageref">295</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿĀqil K., <a href="#pb4" class= -"pageref">4</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a></p> -<p class="par">Archers made horsemen, <a href="#pb237" class= -"pageref">237</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">ʿĀrif, s. Zāhid, executed, <a href= -"#pb297" class="pageref">297</a></p> -<p class="par">Armenians, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a></p> -<p class="par">Āṣaf K. III. (of Blochmann)—that is, -Jaʿfar—story told by his daughter’s wife, -ʿAbdu-llah, s. ʿAzīzkoka, about mouse and plague, -<a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>, <a href="#pb67" class= -"pageref">67</a></p> -<p class="par">Āṣaf K. IV., brother Nūr-Jahān, -orig. name ʿAbū-l-Ḥasan, styled by -S͟hāh-Jahān Yamīnu-d-daulah, promoted, <a href= -"#pb1" class="pageref">1</a>, <a href="#pb24" class= -"pageref">24</a>;<br> -gets early copy Jahāngīr-nāma, <a href="#pb37" class= -"pageref">37</a>;<br> -procures camel’s milk for J., <a href="#pb46" class= -"pageref">46</a>;<br> -entertains J., <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>;<br> -J. visits him at Agra, taking ladies with him, <a href="#pb81" class= -"pageref">81</a>, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>, <a href= -"#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>, <a href="#pb131" class= -"pageref">131</a>;<br> -investigates forgery case, <a href="#pb158" class="pageref">158</a>, -<a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>;<br> -gov. Gujarāt, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>;<br> -J. and his ladies visit him, <a href="#pb200" class= -"pageref">200</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>;<br> -sent to Agra to bring treasure, <a href="#pb245" class= -"pageref">245</a>, <a href="#pb247" class="pageref">247</a>, <a href= -"#pb250" class="pageref">250</a>, <a href="#pb254" class= -"pageref">254</a>, <a href="#pb262" class="pageref">262</a>;<br> -gov. Bengal, <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a></p> -<p class="par">Aṣālat K., s. K͟hān Jahān, -promoted, <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a>, <a href="#pb259" -class="pageref">259</a>;<br> -sent to assist Dāwar-Bak͟hs͟h, <a href="#pb269" class= -"pageref">269</a>;<br> -comes from Gujarāt, <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>;<br> -given a horse and dress, <a href="#pb295" class="pageref">295</a></p> -<p class="par">Āsīr Fort, <a href="#pb277" class= -"pageref">277</a>, <a href="#pb278" class="pageref">278</a></p> -<p class="par">Ass, wild, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a></p> -<p class="par">Aurangzīb, birth of at Doḥad, <a href="#pb47" -class="pageref">47</a>, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a></p> -<p class="par">Avenue from Agra to Attock and to Bengal, <a href= -"#pb100" class="pageref">100</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿAẓudu-d-daula, or Jamālu-d-dīn -Ḥusain Injū, author, presented offerings and made tutor to -S͟hāh S͟hujāʾ, <a href="#pb82" class= -"pageref">82</a>, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>;<br> -pensioned, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>;<br> -presents dictionary, <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a></p> -<p class="par">Azīz Koka, Akbar’s foster-brother. See -K͟hān Aʿz̤am.</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">B</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Badīʿu-z-Zamān, s. -S͟hāhruk͟h, does homage, <a href="#pb6" class= -"pageref">6</a>;<br> -promoted and made faujdār Paṭan, <a href="#pb10" class= -"pageref">10</a>;<br> -waits on J., <a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>;<br> -murdered by half-brothers, <a href="#pb259" class="pageref">259</a></p> -<p class="par">Badīʿu-z-Zamān, s. K͟hwāja -Ḥasan, disappears, <a href="#pb91" class="pageref">91</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāg͟h Dahra, another name for Nūr-manzil -garden, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>, <a href="#pb76" class= -"pageref">76</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Bāg͟h-i-Fatḥ at -Aḥmadābād, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a> and -note</p> -<p class="par">Bahādur, gov. Qandahār, reports destruction of -crops by mice, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>;<br> -sends presents, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>;<br> -eyes affected, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>;<br> -comes Court, <a href="#pb233" class="pageref">233</a>, <a href="#pb234" -class="pageref">234</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahādur, s. Sult̤ān Aḥmad, killed, -<a href="#pb267" class="pageref">267</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahādur, landholder Dhantūr, <a href="#pb126" -class="pageref">126</a>, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahlīm K. serves ʿĀdil -Bījāpūrī, <a href="#pb97" class= -"pageref">97</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahlūl s. put to death by Hindāl, tomb at -Bayānā, <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahrāmʿ s. Jahāngīr Qulī, and -grandson ʿAzīzkoka, comes from Bihar with diamonds from -Kokra, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahramgalla, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, -<a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahwa, Sayyid, or Dīn-dār K. -Buk͟hārī, gov. Delhī, presents elephants, <a href= -"#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>;<br> -takes care of Āqā Āqāyān, <a href="#pb111" -class="pageref">111</a>;<br> -his good administration, <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>, -<a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a></p> -<p class="par">Baihaqī, his story about Masʿūd’s -tiger hunt, <a href="#pb270" class="pageref">270</a></p> -<p class="par">Bak͟hs͟hī Muḥ. buries Bahlūl -S., <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a>, <a href="#pb64" class= -"pageref">64</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb304" href="#pb304" -name="pb304">304</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Bak͟htar Wakīl ʿĀdil K., <a href= -"#pb36" class="pageref">36</a></p> -<p class="par">Bālāpūr, Battle of, <a href="#pb189" -class="pageref">189</a></p> -<p class="par">Balūch K., chief huntsman, <a href="#pb12" class= -"pageref">12</a>, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>, <a href= -"#pb28" class="pageref">28</a></p> -<p class="par">Banjārā tribe, <a href="#pb233" class= -"pageref">233</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāʿolī (step-well) built by J.’s -mother, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāqī, K͟hwāja, promoted, <a href= -"#pb16" class="pageref">16</a>, <a href="#pb250" class= -"pageref">250</a>, <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāqir, faujdār Multan, <a href="#pb4" class= -"pageref">4</a>, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>, <a href= -"#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>;<br> -gets standard, <a href="#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>;<br> -produces Allāhdād, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>, -<a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb210" class= -"pageref">210</a>;<br> -gov. Oudh, <a href="#pb217" class="pageref">217</a>, <a href="#pb252" -class="pageref">252</a>, <a href="#pb254" class="pageref">254</a></p> -<p class="par">Barah, a stage, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> -and note</p> -<p class="par">Barākar, diamond mine, <a href="#pb21" class= -"pageref">21</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāramūla, etymology, <a href="#pb134" class= -"pageref">134</a></p> -<p class="par">Barbary goats, <a href="#pb88" class= -"pageref">88</a></p> -<p class="par">Bargīs (Mahrattas), <a href="#pb156" class= -"pageref">156</a>, <a href="#pb272" class="pageref">272</a></p> -<p class="par">Barq-andāz K., gunner, formerly -Bahāu-d-dīn, deserts to Mahābat, <a href="#pb272" class= -"pageref">272</a></p> -<p class="par">Bārha, origin of title, <a href="#pb269" class= -"pageref">269</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāso Rāja of Kāngṛa, <a href= -"#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>, -<a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāvan, elephant, <a href="#pb18" class= -"pageref">18</a></p> -<p class="par">Bāyazīd Bhakkarī, faujdār Bhakkar, -gets elephant, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>;<br> -sends tame ibex (<i>rang</i>), <a href="#pb114" class= -"pageref">114</a>;<br> -gov. Sind, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>;<br> -given title of Muṣt̤afā K., <a href="#pb233" class= -"pageref">233</a></p> -<p class="par">Begams meet J. at Fatḥpūr Lake, <a href= -"#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>;<br> -at Akbar’s tomb, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a></p> -<p class="par">Bhandarkoṭ in Kis͟htwār, <a href= -"#pb137" class="pageref">137</a></p> -<p class="par">Bhāo Singh, s. Mān Singh, <a href="#pb81" -class="pageref">81</a>;<br> -honoured, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>;<br> -dies of drink, <a href="#pb218" class="pageref">218</a></p> -<p class="par">Bahrām, grandson ʿAzīzkoka, <a href= -"#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb38" class= -"pageref">38</a></p> -<p class="par">Bhārat Bandīla promoted, <a href="#pb88" -class="pageref">88</a></p> -<p class="par">Bhīm, s. Amar Singh, <a href="#pb123" class= -"pageref">123</a>;<br> -made Rānā, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a></p> -<p class="par">Bhimbhar, route, <a href="#pb143" class= -"pageref">143</a></p> -<p class="par">Bī-badal, title of Saʿīdā, <a href= -"#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>;<br> -goldsmith and poet, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, <a href= -"#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>;<br> -chronograms, <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a>, <a href="#pb228" -class="pageref">228</a></p> -<p class="par">Bī-daulat, J.’s subsequent nickname for -S͟hāh-Jahān, <a href="#pb248" class= -"pageref">248</a></p> -<p class="par">Bihārī Rāy, Gujarātī -landholder, delivered up Nannū (Muz̤affar -Gujarātī), <a href="#pb19" class="pageref">19</a>, <a href= -"#pb20" class="pageref">20</a>;<br> -gets presents, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>, <a href="#pb34" -class="pageref">34</a></p> -<p class="par">Bihat (Jhelam) crossed, <a href="#pb121" class= -"pageref">121</a>;<br> -water waist deep, festival connected with, <a href="#pb167" class= -"pageref">167</a>–188;<br> -source of Bihat at Vīrnāg, <a href="#pb140" class= -"pageref">140</a>;<br> -mode of fishing in Bihat, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a></p> -<p class="par">Bihzād, painter, <a href="#pb116" class= -"pageref">116</a></p> -<p class="par">Bikramājīt Baghela, Rāja, real name -Sundar Dās, serves S͟hāh-Jahān, <a href="#pb19" -class="pageref">19</a>, <a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>, -<a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a>, <a href="#pb56" class= -"pageref">56</a>, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>, <a href= -"#pb75" class="pageref">75</a> and note, <a href="#pb98" class= -"pageref">98</a>, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>, <a href= -"#pb166" class="pageref">166</a>, <a href="#pb185" class= -"pageref">185</a>, <a href="#pb253" class="pageref">253</a>;<br> -killed, <a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a></p> -<p class="par">Birds, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>, -<a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>;<br> -list of, <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a>–169;<br> -description of one, <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a></p> -<p class="par">Bīr Singh Deo gets horse, <a href="#pb12" class= -"pageref">12</a>, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href= -"#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>;<br> -sent for, <a href="#pb247" class="pageref">247</a>;<br> -waits on J. at Thānesar, <a href="#pb250" class= -"pageref">250</a>;<br> -made a Maharajah, <a href="#pb253" class="pageref">253</a></p> -<p class="par">Bis͟han Dās, painter, <a href="#pb116" class= -"pageref">116</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a></p> -<p class="par">Bis͟hūtan, grandson Abū-l-Faẓl, -promoted, <a href="#pb95" class="pageref">95</a></p> -<p class="par">Blacksmith, tragic death of, <a href="#pb211" class= -"pageref">211</a></p> -<p class="par">Blind, three men, whom the S͟hāh had blinded, -arrive at Court, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a></p> -<p class="par">Bridges over Nainsukh how made, <a href="#pb128" class= -"pageref">128</a></p> -<p class="par">Brikha, panegyrist, gets present, <a href="#pb9" class= -"pageref">9</a></p> -<p class="par">Brindāban visited, <a href="#pb103" class= -"pageref">103</a></p> -<p class="par">Būg͟hān, a broth, <a href="#pb12" class= -"pageref">12</a></p> -<p class="par">Buildings at Sikandra, <a href="#pb102" class= -"pageref">102</a></p> -<p class="par">Buland Darwāza. Fatḥpūr, <a href="#pb72" -class="pageref">72</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Bulāqī Begam, d. Prince Daniel, married to -Mīrzā Wālī, <a href="#pb91" class= -"pageref">91</a></p> -<p class="par">Būlīyāsa in Kashmīr, <a href= -"#pb131" class="pageref">131</a> and note, <a href="#pb132" class= -"pageref">132</a>, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a> and -note;<br> -boundary of Kashmīr, <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a></p> -<p class="par">Būriyā-kūbī (mat-treading) festival, -<a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a></p> -<p class="par">Bustard (<i>jarz</i>), <a href="#pb112" class= -"pageref">112</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">C</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Camel’s milk, <a href="#pb46" class= -"pageref">46</a></p> -<p class="par">Chamba, Rāja of, <a href="#pb223" class= -"pageref">223</a></p> -<p class="par">Chāmpānīr, former cap. Gujarāt, -<a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb305" href="#pb305" name="pb305">305</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Chānḍā Ghāt, a Pass, <a href= -"#pb57" class="pageref">57</a></p> -<p class="par">Chārdara village, <a href="#pb154" class= -"pageref">154</a></p> -<p class="par">Chaukī Hattī, <a href="#pb181" class= -"pageref">181</a></p> -<p class="par">Cheetahs, Abkar did not use on Fridays, <a href="#pb116" -class="pageref">116</a>;<br> -effect on antelopes, <a href="#pb109" class= -"pageref">109</a>–110</p> -<p class="par">Cherries, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a> and -note, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb162" class= -"pageref">162</a></p> -<p class="par">Chītal, name of snake, <a href="#pb275" class= -"pageref">275</a></p> -<p class="par">Coinage Zodiacal <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, -<a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a></p> -<p class="par">Comet (?), <a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48</a></p> -<p class="par">Conspiracy, <a href="#pb249" class="pageref">249</a></p> -<p class="par">Cuttack, <a href="#pb298" class="pageref">298</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">D</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Dagger with fish-tooth hilt, <a href="#pb94" -class="pageref">94</a>, <a href="#pb96" class="pageref">96</a>, -<a href="#pb98" class="pageref">98</a>, <a href="#pb99" class= -"pageref">99</a></p> -<p class="par">Dal Lake, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>, -<a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>, <a href="#pb168" class= -"pageref">168</a></p> -<p class="par">Dārāb, s. -K͟hān-k͟hānān, <a href="#pb40" class= -"pageref">40</a>;<br> -gets a dress, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>, <a href="#pb88" -class="pageref">88</a>;<br> -defeats rebels, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>, <a href= -"#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>;<br> -a rebel, <a href="#pb254" class="pageref">254</a></p> -<p class="par">Dārd (?), hills of, <a href="#pb127" class= -"pageref">127</a></p> -<p class="par">Darkhar, <a href="#pb88" class="pageref">88</a>\. See -Dofar.</p> -<p class="par">Dasahrā festival celebrated, <a href="#pb38" class= -"pageref">38</a>, <a href="#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>, <a href= -"#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>, <a href="#pb176" class= -"pageref">176</a></p> -<p class="par">Dastam K., reference to, <a href="#pb59" class= -"pageref">59</a></p> -<p class="par">Dāʾūd, craftsman, <a href="#pb204" class= -"pageref">204</a></p> -<p class="par">Dāwar Bak͟hs͟h, s. K͟husrau, -appointed to Gujarāt, <a href="#pb260" class="pageref">260</a>, -<a href="#pb261" class="pageref">261</a>;<br> -dress of honour sent to, <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a></p> -<p class="par">Dayānat K. pardoned, <a href="#pb250" class= -"pageref">250</a></p> -<p class="par">Deccan, troubles in, <a href="#pb188" class= -"pageref">188</a></p> -<p class="par">Decoy-antelope, <a href="#pb43" class= -"pageref">43</a></p> -<p class="par">Dhantūr and Damtūr, <a href="#pb121" class= -"pageref">121</a>, <a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a></p> -<p class="par">Diamond mines, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>, -<a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>, <a href="#pb37" class= -"pageref">37</a></p> -<p class="par">Diamonds, remarkable one, <a href="#pb8" class= -"pageref">8</a>, <a href="#pb9" class="pageref">9</a>;<br> -violet one, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a></p> -<p class="par">Dilāwar K. Kākar arrives from Deccan, <a href= -"#pb4" class="pageref">4</a>;<br> -gov. Kashmīr, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>;<br> -promises to take Tibet and Kis͟htwār, <a href="#pb6" class= -"pageref">6</a>;<br> -reports conquest of Kis͟htwār, <a href="#pb122" class= -"pageref">122</a>, <a href="#pb135" class= -"pageref">135</a>–140;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>;<br> -death of, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>, <a href="#pb170" -class="pageref">170</a></p> -<p class="par">Dilīr K., real name Ābdu-l-Wahhāb, -<a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>, <a href="#pb162" class= -"pageref">162</a>, <a href="#pb262" class="pageref">262</a>, <a href= -"#pb269" class="pageref">269</a></p> -<p class="par">Dofar or Dhafur, port in Arabia, <a href="#pb88" class= -"pageref">88</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Doḥad pargana, <a href="#pb4" class= -"pageref">4</a>;<br> -Aurangzīb’s birth at, <a href="#pb47" class= -"pageref">47</a></p> -<p class="par">Durgā, also called Bhawan, an idol, account of, -<a href="#pb224" class="pageref">224</a>–225</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">E</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Eighteenth year, <a href="#pb253" class= -"pageref">253</a></p> -<p class="par">Elephant hunts, <a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a>, -<a href="#pb5" class="pageref">5</a></p> -<p class="par">Elephants: caught, <a href="#pb12" class= -"pageref">12</a>;<br> -heights of, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>, <a href="#pb24" -class="pageref">24</a>;<br> -bridge tested by, <a href="#pb41" class="pageref">41</a>;<br> -Akbar’s story of elephant ride, <a href="#pb41" class= -"pageref">41</a>;<br> -New Year’s Day elephants, <a href="#pb79" class= -"pageref">79</a></p> -<p class="par">Eunuchs sent from Bengal, <a href="#pb195" class= -"pageref">195</a> <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a></p> -<p class="par">European artist, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>, -<a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">F</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Faqirs, gifts to, <a href="#pb84" class= -"pageref">84</a></p> -<p class="par">Falcons, white, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, -<a href="#pb11" class="pageref">11</a>, <a href="#pb107" class= -"pageref">107</a></p> -<p class="par">Farīd Buk͟hārī, <a href="#pb29" -class="pageref">29</a>, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a></p> -<p class="par">Farīd S͟haik͟h, s. -Qut̤bu-d-dīn, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a></p> -<p class="par">Fatḥpūr Lake, size of (no longer exists), -<a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a></p> -<p class="par">Fatḥpūr Palace, etc., <a href="#pb68" class= -"pageref">68</a>, <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a></p> -<p class="par">Faujdār cess abolished, <a href="#pb232" class= -"pageref">232</a></p> -<p class="par">Fāẓil K., director of buildings, <a href= -"#pb90" class="pageref">90</a></p> -<p class="par">Feathers from Kashmīr, <a href="#pb178" class= -"pageref">178</a></p> -<p class="par">Fidāʾī K. gives horses, promoted, -<a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a>, <a href="#pb165" class= -"pageref">165</a>, <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>, <a href= -"#pb287" class="pageref">287</a></p> -<p class="par">Fifteenth year, <a href="#pb130" class= -"pageref">130</a></p> -<p class="par">Firdūsī, his S͟hāhnāma quoted, -<a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a>;<br> -satire quoted, <a href="#pb252" class="pageref">252</a></p> -<p class="par">Firinghi, artist, named Hunarmand, <a href="#pb80" -class="pageref">80</a>, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a></p> -<p class="par">Fīrūz K., eunuch, <a href="#pb83" class= -"pageref">83</a></p> -<p class="par">Fish, J.’s partiality for, <a href="#pb292" class= -"pageref">292</a></p> -<p class="par">Fishing in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb175" class= -"pageref">175</a></p> -<p class="par">Flowers, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>, -<a href="#pb124" class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb134" class= -"pageref">134</a>, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>, <a href= -"#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>, <a href="#pb163" class= -"pageref">163</a>, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>, <a href= -"#pb174" class="pageref">174</a></p> -<p class="par">Fourteenth year, <a href="#pb78" class= -"pageref">78</a></p> -<p class="par">Fruits of Kashmīr, <a href="#pb145" class= -"pageref">145</a>, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">G</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Gajpat K., elephant-darogha, <a href="#pb12" -class="pageref">12</a>, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb306" href="#pb306" name= -"pb306">306</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Gaj Singh, s. Sūraj Singh, <a href="#pb100" class= -"pageref">100</a> and note;<br> -Parwīz marries his sister, <a href="#pb295" class= -"pageref">295</a></p> -<p class="par">Gardābād, J.’s name for -Aḥmadābād, <a href="#pb13" class="pageref">13</a> -<i>G͟haṛī</i>, length of, <a href="#pb67" class= -"pageref">67</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Ghāṭī Chānḍā, <a href= -"#pb57" class="pageref">57</a></p> -<p class="par">G͟haus̤ Muḥ., his anniversary, <a href= -"#pb26" class="pageref">26</a></p> -<p class="par">Girdhar, Raja, promoted, <a href="#pb44" class= -"pageref">44</a>, <a href="#pb252" class="pageref">252</a>;<br> -killed, <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>, <a href="#pb283" -class="pageref">283</a></p> -<p class="par">Girjhāk, hunting at, <a href="#pb181" class= -"pageref">181</a>, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>, <a href= -"#pb229" class="pageref">229</a></p> -<p class="par">Goats: Barbary, <a href="#pb88" class= -"pageref">88</a>;<br> -Mārk͟hūr, <a href="#pb88" class="pageref">88</a></p> -<p class="par">Gul-afs͟hān garden, <a href="#pb95" class= -"pageref">95</a></p> -<p class="par">Gūnts, Kashmīr ponies, <a href="#pb148" class= -"pageref">148</a>, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">H</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Hādī, elder brother -Hārūnu-r-Ras͟hīd, <a href="#pb291" class= -"pageref">291</a></p> -<p class="par">Hādī, M. Muḥ., Addendum by, <a href= -"#pb299" class="pageref">299</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥaidar Malik, historian, <a href="#pb154" class= -"pageref">154</a> and note;<br> -sent to make canal at Srinagar, <a href="#pb238" class= -"pageref">238</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥaidar Mīrzā, benefits conferred by him -on Kashmīr, <a href="#pb148" class="pageref">148</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥakīm ʿAlī, physician, <a href= -"#pb157" class="pageref">157</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥakīm Beg, Nūr-Jahān’s -brother-in-law (his wife was K͟hadīja Begam), made a -K͟hān, <a href="#pb5" class="pageref">5</a>;<br> -ill-treats Jadrūp, <a href="#pb104" class="pageref">104</a> and -note</p> -<p class="par">Ḥakīm K͟hūs͟h-ḥāl, -s. Ḥakīm Humām, <a href="#pb37" class= -"pageref">37</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥakīm Ruknā, misconduct of, <a href= -"#pb211" class="pageref">211</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥakīm Ṣadrā, <a href="#pb217" -class="pageref">217</a></p> -<p class="par">Halthal-tree, <a href="#pb154" class= -"pageref">154</a></p> -<p class="par">Handū sheep, <a href="#pb147" class= -"pageref">147</a></p> -<p class="par">Hardwār, J. visits, <a href="#pb218" class= -"pageref">218</a></p> -<p class="par">Harī Parbat, <a href="#pb150" class= -"pageref">150</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥasan Abdāl, account of, <a href="#pb123" -class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥasan ʿAlī Turkmān made gov. -Orissa, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥasan M., s. M. Rustam, promoted, <a href="#pb122" -class="pageref">122</a>, <a href="#pb274" class="pageref">274</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥasan Sayyid, ambassador of ʿAbbās, -<a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a>, <a href="#pb102" class= -"pageref">102</a></p> -<p class="par">Hawking, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>, -<a href="#pb53" class="pageref">53</a>, <a href="#pb54" class= -"pageref">54</a>, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>, <a href= -"#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>, <a href="#pb125" class= -"pageref">125</a></p> -<p class="par">Hilāl, eunuch, <a href="#pb103" class= -"pageref">103</a></p> -<p class="par">Himmat K. arrives, <a href="#pb8" class= -"pageref">8</a>;<br> -story about Sāras, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>;<br> -appointed Broach, <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>;<br> -a rebel, <a href="#pb265" class="pageref">265</a>;<br> -killed in battle, <a href="#pb266" class="pageref">266</a></p> -<p class="par">Hindāl M. puts Bahlūl S. to death, <a href= -"#pb63" class="pageref">63</a></p> -<p class="par">Hindaun, <a href="#pb61" class="pageref">61</a>;<br> -inscription at, <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a></p> -<p class="par">Hizbar K. promoted, <a href="#pb10" class= -"pageref">10</a>;<br> -faujdār Mewāt, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>;<br> -receives dress of honour, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a></p> -<p class="par">Humāyūn MS., <a href="#pb82" class= -"pageref">82</a></p> -<p class="par">Hunarmand, title of European artist (? Austin of -Bordeaux), <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>, <a href="#pb82" -class="pageref">82</a></p> -<p class="par">Hunting, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>, -<a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a></p> -<p class="par">Hurmuz and Hūs͟hang, grandsons M. M. -Ḥakīm, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥusain M., s. Rustam Ṣafawī, <a href= -"#pb162" class="pageref">162</a></p> -<p class="par">Ḥusāma-d-dīn, s. Mīr -Jamālu-d-dīn Ḥusain and husband of -Nūr-Jahān’s cousin, conveys dress of honour and Rs. -30,000 to Zambil Beg, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>, -<a href="#pb277" class="pageref">277</a>;<br> -surrenders Āsīr to S͟hāh-Jahān, <a href= -"#pb278" class="pageref">278</a>;<br> -imprisoned by Mahābat, <a href="#pb295" class= -"pageref">295</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">I</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Ibex (<i>rang</i>), <a href="#pb114" class= -"pageref">114</a>;<br> -jump of, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a></p> -<p class="par">Ibn Yamīn, death of, <a href="#pb180" class= -"pageref">180</a></p> -<p class="par">Ibrāhīm, K͟hwāja and -Bak͟hs͟hī of the Deccan, promoted, <a href="#pb40" -class="pageref">40</a>;<br> -gets title of ʿAqīdat K., which see <a href="#pb63" class= -"pageref">63</a></p> -<p class="par">Ibrāhīm K. Fatḥ jang, gov. Bengal, -<a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>;<br> -sends diamond, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>;<br> -sends thirty-four elephants, <a href="#pb261" class="pageref">261</a>, -<a href="#pb298" class="pageref">298</a>, <a href="#pb299" class= -"pageref">299</a></p> -<p class="par">Ikrām K., s. Islām. K., also called -Hūs͟hang, <a href="#pb27" class="pageref">27</a>;<br> -faujdār Fatḥpūr, <a href="#pb62" class= -"pageref">62</a>;<br> -praised, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>;<br> -faujdār Mewāt, <a href="#pb102" class="pageref">102</a>, -<a href="#pb103" class="pageref">103</a></p> -<p class="par">Imām-Qulī of Tūrān, his mother -writes to Nūr-Jahān, <a href="#pb205" class= -"pageref">205</a></p> -<p class="par">Imām-Wirdī, huntsman, tests J.’s skill, -<a href="#pb292" class="pageref">292</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿInāyat K. Bak͟hs͟hī of -Aḥadīs, <a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a>;<br> -given to drink and opium, dies, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>, -<a href="#pb44" class="pageref">44</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb307" href="#pb307" name="pb307">307</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Inch, Fountain of, <a href="#pb172" class= -"pageref">172</a></p> -<p class="par">Irādat K. Mīr Sāmān promoted, -<a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>, <a href="#pb82" class= -"pageref">82</a>, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>;<br> -given fief, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>;<br> -made gov. Kashmīr, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>;<br> -victory in Kis͟htwār, <a href="#pb209" class= -"pageref">209</a>–210;<br> -does homage, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>, <a href="#pb235" -class="pageref">235</a>, <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿIsā Tark͟hān, <a href="#pb245" -class="pageref">245</a>, <a href="#pb258" class="pageref">258</a></p> -<p class="par">Islām K., gov. Bengal, <a href="#pb27" class= -"pageref">27</a>;<br> -plot against, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>;<br> -tomb at Fatḥpūr, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>;<br> -death, <a href="#pb103" class="pageref">103</a></p> -<p class="par">Iʿtibār K. receives present, <a href="#pb94" -class="pageref">94</a>;<br> -promoted and made gov. Agra, <a href="#pb231" class= -"pageref">231</a>;<br> -does homage, <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a>;<br> -receives title of Mumtāz K., <a href="#pb258" class= -"pageref">258</a></p> -<p class="par">Iʿtimādu-d-daulah Madāru-l-Mulk, father -of Nūr-Jahān, gov. Panjāb, <a href="#pb2" class= -"pageref">2</a>;<br> -presents sapphire, <a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>;<br> -splendid entertainment by, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>;<br> -reviews 5,000 horse, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>;<br> -patron of T̤ālib Āmulī, <a href="#pb117" class= -"pageref">117</a>;<br> -death of his wife, <a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>;<br> -his own illness and death, <a href="#pb222" class="pageref">222</a></p> -<p class="par">Iʿtiqād K. promoted, <a href="#pb2" class= -"pageref">2</a>;<br> -given standard, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>;<br> -gov. Kashmīr, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb269" class="pageref">269</a></p> -<p class="par">Iʿzzat K. (perhaps his name should be -G͟hairat) promoted, <a href="#pb40" class="pageref">40</a>;<br> -gets presents, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>, <a href="#pb83" -class="pageref">83</a>;<br> -killed by Afghans, <a href="#pb160" class= -"pageref">160</a>–162</p> -<p class="par">ʿIzzat K., ruler Ūrganj, <a href="#pb165" -class="pageref">165</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">J</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Jadrūp Gosain, J.’s interviews with at -Ujjain, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>, <a href="#pb52" class= -"pageref">52</a>;<br> -at Mathurā, <a href="#pb104" class="pageref">104</a>, <a href= -"#pb105" class="pageref">105</a>, <a href="#pb108" class= -"pageref">108</a></p> -<p class="par">Jagat Singh, s. Raja Bāso, made Raja of -Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a> and note, -<a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>;<br> -rebels, <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>;<br> -pardoned at instance of Nūr-Jahān, <a href="#pb289" class= -"pageref">289</a></p> -<p class="par">Jagat Singh, s. Rānā Karan, <a href="#pb191" -class="pageref">191</a>;<br> -joins J., <a href="#pb261" class="pageref">261</a>;<br> -receives a string of pearls, <a href="#pb270" class= -"pageref">270</a></p> -<p class="par">Jahanda village, <a href="#pb28" class= -"pageref">28</a></p> -<p class="par">Jahāngīr, Emperor, eldest s. Akbar, celebrates -thirteenth year of reign at Doḥad in Gujarat, <a href="#pb1" -class="pageref">1</a>;<br> -fifty first lunar birthday, <a href="#pb1" class="pageref">1</a>;<br> -makes gifts and appointments, <a href="#pb1" class= -"pageref">1</a>–4;<br> -goes elephant-hunting, <a href="#pb4" class= -"pageref">4</a>–5;<br> -proceeds Aḥmadābād, <a href="#pb6" class= -"pageref">6</a>;<br> -Zodiacal coinage, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>–7;<br> -entertainment on bank Māhī, <a href="#pb7" class= -"pageref">7</a>;<br> -fishes and distributes charity, <a href="#pb8" class= -"pageref">8</a>;<br> -sends inscribed diamond to S. ʿAbbās, <a href="#pb8" class= -"pageref">8</a>–9;<br> -enters Aḥmadābād, <a href="#pb9" class= -"pageref">9</a>;<br> -sickness in camp, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>;<br> -appointments, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>–12;<br> -abuses Aḥmadābād and gives it nicknames, <a href= -"#pb13" class="pageref">13</a>;<br> -in spite of illness attends in <i>jharoka</i>, <a href="#pb14" class= -"pageref">14</a>;<br> -impromptu couplet, <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>;<br> -pairing of Sāras, <a href="#pb16" class= -"pageref">16</a>–18;<br> -describes some elephants, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>;<br> -frontispiece Jahāngīr-nāma, <a href="#pb20" class= -"pageref">20</a>;<br> -violent rain, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>;<br> -about diamonds, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>–22;<br> -refers again to Sāras, <a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>, -<a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>, <a href="#pb32" class= -"pageref">32</a>, <a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39</a>, <a href= -"#pb42" class="pageref">42</a>;<br> -elephant-catch, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>;<br> -leaves for Agra, <a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>;<br> -copies of Vol. I. Jahāngīr-nāma, <a href="#pb26" class= -"pageref">26</a>;<br> -orders executions postponed till sunset, <a href="#pb28" class= -"pageref">28</a>;<br> -an impromptu, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a>, <a href="#pb31" -class="pageref">31</a>;<br> -recites verse at meeting of S͟haik͟hs, <a href="#pb32" class= -"pageref">32</a>;<br> -bids a Sayyid translate Qorān, <a href="#pb34" class= -"pageref">34</a>–35;<br> -resolves to give up shooting at end of fiftieth year, <a href="#pb36" -class="pageref">36</a>;<br> -sends portrait and quatrain Bījāpūr, <a href="#pb37" -class="pageref">37</a>;<br> -copies Jahāngīr-nāma given Iʿtimāda-d-daula -and Āṣaf K., <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>;<br> -hunting, <a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39</a>;<br> -anecdote of Akbar, <a href="#pb41" class="pageref">41</a>;<br> -ʿInāyat’s death, <a href="#pb43" class= -"pageref">43</a>;<br> -illness of Prince Shujāʾ, <a href="#pb45" class= -"pageref">45</a>;<br> -anecdote of Akbar, <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a>–46;<br> -Aurangzīb born at Doḥad, <a href="#pb47" class= -"pageref">47</a>;<br> -three days’ halt, <a href="#pb47" class="pageref">47</a>;<br> -comet (?), <a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48</a>;<br> -interviews Jadrūp, S͟hāh-Jahān presents his child -(Aurangzīb) and fifty elephants, <a href="#pb50" class= -"pageref">50</a>;<br> -story of gardener’s daughter, <a href="#pb50" class= -"pageref">50</a>–52;<br> -interviews Jadrūp, <a href="#pb52" class= -"pageref">52</a>–53;<br> -inspects hawks, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>;<br> -crosses Ghāṭī Chānḍā, <a href="#pb57" -class="pageref">57</a>;<br> -duck-shooting, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>;<br> -gives his <i>pūstīn</i> to K͟hān -K͟hānān, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>;<br> -visits Rantambūr, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>;<br> -describes Akbar’s siege of it, <a href="#pb58" class= -"pageref">58</a>–59;<br> -releases <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb308" href="#pb308" name= -"pb308">308</a>]</span>many prisoners and gives them gratuities, -<a href="#pb59" class="pageref">59</a>;<br> -enjoys hawking, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>;<br> -Hindaun quatrain (Umar K͟hayyām’s) at, <a href="#pb62" -class="pageref">62</a>;<br> -visits Bayānā, <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a>;<br> -his mother’s well and garden, <a href="#pb64" class= -"pageref">64</a>;<br> -arrives Fatḥpūr, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a>;<br> -plague at Agra, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>–67;<br> -has S. Jahān weighed, <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a>;<br> -J.’s mother arrives, <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a>;<br> -Salīm Chis͟htī’s tomb, <a href="#pb70" class= -"pageref">70</a>;<br> -hunting, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>;<br> -Fatḥpūr mosque, <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>;<br> -Amānābād, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>;<br> -Nūr Jahān’s necklace, <a href="#pb74" class= -"pageref">74</a>;<br> -Nūr Manzil Garden, <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>;<br> -fourteenth year, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>;<br> -Amānābād, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>;<br> -S. Jahān’s mother (Jodh Bāʾī) dies, <a href= -"#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>;<br> -enters Agra, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>;<br> -death of S͟hāh Nawāz, <a href="#pb87" class= -"pageref">87</a>;<br> -honours K͟hān-k͟hānān’s other sons, -<a href="#pb88" class="pageref">88</a>;<br> -Mārk͟hūr goats, <a href="#pb88" class= -"pageref">88</a>–89;<br> -account of S͟haik͟h Aḥmad, <a href="#pb91" class= -"pageref">91</a>;<br> -Sultan Parwīz arrives, <a href="#pb93" class="pageref">93</a>;<br> -fine specimen of fish teeth (? walrus tooth), <a href="#pb94" class= -"pageref">94</a>;<br> -arranges visit to Kashmīr, <a href="#pb97" class= -"pageref">97</a>;<br> -plants avenues, <a href="#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>;<br> -visits Akbar’s tomb, <a href="#pb101" class= -"pageref">101</a>;<br> -Brindāban, <a href="#pb103" class="pageref">103</a>;<br> -visits Jadrūp at Mathurā, <a href="#pb104" class= -"pageref">104</a>–06, <a href="#pb108" class= -"pageref">108</a>;<br> -gets Nūr-Jahān to shoot tiger, <a href="#pb105" class= -"pageref">105</a>;<br> -releases K͟husrau, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>;<br> -orders painting of a falcon, <a href="#pb108" class= -"pageref">108</a>;<br> -visits Delhi and Humāyūn’s tomb with children and -ladies, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>;<br> -hunts at Pālam, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>;<br> -visits old female servant, <a href="#pb110" class= -"pageref">110</a>;<br> -Kairāna Garden, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>;<br> -hawking, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>;<br> -Sirhind Garden, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>;<br> -S͟hāh-Jahān’s son, <a href="#pb112" class= -"pageref">112</a>, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>;<br> -Kalānaur, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>;<br> -Tīmūr’s portrait, <a href="#pb116" class= -"pageref">116</a>;<br> -verses, <a href="#pb118" class="pageref">118</a>;<br> -visit of a Lahore saint (Miyān S.) (This was the teacher of Mullah -S͟hāh, known as Mīyān Mīr, after whom Meean -Mīr was named), <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>;<br> -ring-hunt made, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>;<br> -on way to Kashmīr, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, -etc.;<br> -fifteenth year, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>;<br> -account of Kashmīr and Kis͟htwār, <a href="#pb130" -class="pageref">130</a>–151;<br> -S͟hujā’s accident, <a href="#pb151" class= -"pageref">151</a>;<br> -death of J.’s wife, Pāds͟hāh Bānū Begam -(also known as Ṣāliḥa Bānū), <a href= -"#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>;<br> -defeat at Bangāsh, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>;<br> -S. Aḥmad pardoned, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>;<br> -picture gallery, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>;<br> -appointments made, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>, <a href= -"#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>, <a href="#pb165" class= -"pageref">165</a>;<br> -gets parti-coloured fish-tooth from Transoxiana, <a href="#pb166" -class="pageref">166</a>;<br> -list of birds and beasts not found in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb168" -class="pageref">168</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>;<br> -visits Vīrnāg, the source of Jhelam, <a href="#pb170" class= -"pageref">170</a>;<br> -visits Inch, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>;<br> -visits Achval, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>;<br> -suffers from shortness of breath, <a href="#pb176" class= -"pageref">176</a>;<br> -visits Lār Valley, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>;<br> -returns India, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>;<br> -arrives Lahore, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>;<br> -Delhi, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>;<br> -Humāyūn’s tomb, <a href="#pb196" class= -"pageref">196</a>;<br> -hunting, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>;<br> -Agra, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>;<br> -punishes murderer, reflections thereon, <a href="#pb211" class= -"pageref">211</a>;<br> -tragical fate of blacksmith, <a href="#pb211" class= -"pageref">211</a>;<br> -illness, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>;<br> -bad conduct of physicians, <a href="#pb213" class= -"pageref">213</a>;<br> -Nūr-Jahān prescribes for him, <a href="#pb214" class= -"pageref">214</a>;<br> -Parwīz arrives, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>;<br> -death of Nūr-Jahān’s mother, <a href="#pb216" class= -"pageref">216</a>;<br> -leaves Agra, <a href="#pb217" class="pageref">217</a>;<br> -Hardwār, <a href="#pb218" class="pageref">218</a>;<br> -Sirhind, <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a>;<br> -Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb222" class="pageref">222</a>;<br> -death of Nūr-Jahān’s father, <a href="#pb222" class= -"pageref">222</a>;<br> -inspects Kāngṛa fort, <a href="#pb223" class= -"pageref">223</a>;<br> -has bullocks slaughtered on top, <a href="#pb223" class= -"pageref">223</a>;<br> -describes jungle-fowl, <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a>;<br> -experiments on a Sannyāsī, <a href="#pb227" class= -"pageref">227</a>;<br> -entrusts Nūr-Jahān with her father’s power, <a href= -"#pb228" class="pageref">228</a>;<br> -hunting, <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a>;<br> -in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>;<br> -abolishes faujdāri cess, <a href="#pb232" class= -"pageref">232</a>;<br> -leaves Kashmīr, <a href="#pb237" class="pageref">237</a>;<br> -correspondence with S͟hāh-Abbās about Qandahar, <a href= -"#pb240" class="pageref">240</a>–45;<br> -gives up journal, <a href="#pb246" class="pageref">246</a>;<br> -bad news about S͟hāh-Jahān’s disloyalty, <a href= -"#pb246" class="pageref">246</a>–48;<br> -styles him henceforth Bīdaulat (wretch), <a href="#pb248" class= -"pageref">248</a>;<br> -a conspiracy detected and punished, <a href="#pb249" class= -"pageref">249</a>;<br> -near Delhi, <a href="#pb252" class="pageref">252</a>;<br> -eighteenth year, <a href="#pb253" class="pageref">253</a>;<br> -sends his quiver to ʿAbdullah Fīrūz Jang, who suddenly -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb309" href="#pb309" name= -"pb309">309</a>]</span>joins the rebels, <a href="#pb255" class= -"pageref">255</a>;<br> -death of Sundar (Bikramājīt), <a href="#pb256" class= -"pageref">256</a>;<br> -victory over Bīdaulat (S͟hāh-Jahān) and -Laʿnatu-llah (ʿAbdu-llah), <a href="#pb256" class= -"pageref">256</a>;<br> -rewards to faithful servants, <a href="#pb256" class= -"pageref">256</a>;<br> -Manṣūr Farangī and brother join J., <a href="#pb258" -class="pageref">258</a>;<br> -Badīʿu-z-Zamān murdered by his brothers, <a href= -"#pb259" class="pageref">259</a>;<br> -Parwīz starts with large force to pursue Bīdaulat, <a href= -"#pb260" class="pageref">260</a>;<br> -death of J’.s mother, <a href="#pb261" class= -"pageref">261</a>;<br> -Ṣafī K.’s victory over Laʿnatu-llah, <a href= -"#pb261" class="pageref">261</a>–67;<br> -J. kills four tigers, <a href="#pb269" class="pageref">269</a>;<br> -death of Manṣūr Farangī, <a href="#pb271" class= -"pageref">271</a>;<br> -flight of Bīdaulat, <a href="#pb273" class="pageref">273</a>;<br> -birth of S͟hahriyār’s daughter, <a href="#pb276" class= -"pageref">276</a>;<br> -Bīdaulat at Āsīr, <a href="#pb278" class= -"pageref">278</a>;<br> -J. sets out for Kashmīr, <a href="#pb282" class= -"pageref">282</a>;<br> -a remarkably fine tiger, <a href="#pb284" class="pageref">284</a>;<br> -ʿAbdu-llah, s. Ḥakīm Nūru-d-dīn, executed for -disrespectful language, <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a>;<br> -J. arrives Delhi, <a href="#pb287" class="pageref">287</a>;<br> -Bīdaulat takes refuge in Qut̤bu-l-Mulk’s territory, and -proceeds towards Orissa and Bengal, <a href="#pb289" class= -"pageref">289</a>;<br> -nineteenth year, <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>;<br> -orders that the blind and mutilated should be kept away from his -presence, <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>;<br> -Parwīz ordered to proceed towards Allahabad and Bihār, -<a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>;<br> -Bīdaulat at Rājmaḥal, <a href="#pb299" class= -"pageref">299</a></p> -<p class="par">Jahāngīrābād, hunting lodge, -<a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a></p> -<p class="par">Jahāngīr Qulī, s. ʿAzīzkoka, -removed from Bihār, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>;<br> -pays his respects, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>;<br> -receives dress of honour, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a></p> -<p class="par">Jalāl, s. Dilāwar, <a href="#pb135" class= -"pageref">135</a>, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>, <a href= -"#pb137" class="pageref">137</a> <a href="#pb171" class= -"pageref">171</a></p> -<p class="par">Jalāl Gakhar, father of Akbar Qulī, killed in -battle with Afghans, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href= -"#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></p> -<p class="par">Jalāl Sayyid, descend. S͟hāh Alam -Buk͟hārī, given elephant, <a href="#pb98" class= -"pageref">98</a></p> -<p class="par">Jalāl Tārīkī, <a href="#pb85" class= -"pageref">85</a></p> -<p class="par">Jām, the, <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>, -<a href="#pb19" class="pageref">19</a></p> -<p class="par">Jamāl, eldest s. Dilāwar, <a href="#pb135" -class="pageref">135</a>, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a></p> -<p class="par">Jamāl Balūch, Abkar’s huntsman, <a href= -"#pb27" class="pageref">27</a></p> -<p class="par">Jamāla-d-dīn Ḥusain Injū. See -ʿAẓudu-d-daula.</p> -<p class="par">Jāmī, his verses, <a href="#pb15" class= -"pageref">15</a>, <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a></p> -<p class="par">Jān-bahan, name of a bird, <a href="#pb220" class= -"pageref">220</a></p> -<p class="par">Jareja tribe, <a href="#pb4" class="pageref">4</a></p> -<p class="par">Jauhar Mal, rebel, <a href="#pb185" class= -"pageref">185</a> (? Sūraj Mal)</p> -<p class="par">Jay Singh, grandson Mān Singh, <a href="#pb253" -class="pageref">253</a>, <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a> -<i>Jharokha</i>, J. sits in for hours at Aḥmadābād, -<a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a></p> -<p class="par">Jogrāj promoted, <a href="#pb253" class= -"pageref">253</a></p> -<p class="par">Jones, Sir W., <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a> -and note</p> -<p class="par">Jotik Rāy, astrologer, <a href="#pb152" class= -"pageref">152</a>, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href= -"#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>, <a href="#pb215" class= -"pageref">215</a>, <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a></p> -<p class="par">Jūg͟hāsī tulips, <a href="#pb153" -class="pageref">153</a></p> -<p class="par">Jumla, Mīr, proper name Muḥ Amīn, -arrives from Persia, <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a> and note;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>;<br> -made Examiner of Petitions, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>;<br> -made K͟hānsāmān, <a href="#pb175" class= -"pageref">175</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb276" class="pageref">276</a></p> -<p class="par">Jungle fowl, <a href="#pb226" class= -"pageref">226</a></p> -<p class="par">Jwālā Mukhī, <a href="#pb224" class= -"pageref">224</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">K</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Kabīr Bārha, rioter, executed, <a href= -"#pb284" class="pageref">284</a></p> -<p class="par">Kairāna pargana, <a href="#pb112" class= -"pageref">112</a>, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a></p> -<p class="par">Kākāpūr bhang, <a href="#pb171" class= -"pageref">171</a></p> -<p class="par">Kalānaur visited, <a href="#pb114" class= -"pageref">114</a>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a></p> -<p class="par">Kalyān, Raja of Ratanpūr, <a href="#pb93" -class="pageref">93</a></p> -<p class="par">Kalyān, blacksmith, tragic fate of, <a href= -"#pb211" class="pageref">211</a></p> -<p class="par">Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb25" class= -"pageref">25</a>, <a href="#pb114" class="pageref">114</a>, <a href= -"#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>;<br> -taking of, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>;<br> -J. visits, <a href="#pb223" class="pageref">223</a></p> -<p class="par">Kānkrīya tank, <a href="#pb22" class= -"pageref">22</a>, <a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>, <a href= -"#pb33" class="pageref">33</a></p> -<p class="par">Kapūr tank, <a href="#pb68" class= -"pageref">68</a></p> -<p class="par">Karohi, ring hunt at, <a href="#pb120" class= -"pageref">120</a></p> -<p class="par">Kashmīr, account of, <a href="#pb130" class= -"pageref">130</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br> -praise of, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>;<br> -gifts to poor of, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a></p> -<p class="par">Kashmīris dirty habits, <a href="#pb148" class= -"pageref">148</a>;<br> -merchants and artificers Sunnīs, soldiers Shias, <a href="#pb149" -class="pageref">149</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟halīl Mīrzā, painting by, <a href= -"#pb116" class="pageref">116</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb310" -href="#pb310" name="pb310">310</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">K͟halīlu-llah s. ʿAẓdu-d-daula, -<a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hān ʿĀlam, ambassador to Persia, -<a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, <a href="#pb24" class= -"pageref">24</a>, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>, <a href= -"#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>, <a href="#pb219" class= -"pageref">219</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hān Aʿz̤am, or ʿAzīz -Koka, captures Muz̤affar Gujarātī, <a href="#pb19" -class="pageref">19</a>, <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a>, -<a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a>;<br> -guardian of Dāwar-Bak͟hs͟h, <a href="#pb260" class= -"pageref">260</a>, <a href="#pb261" class="pageref">261</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hān Daurān, real name S͟hāh -Beg, arrives from Kabul, <a href="#pb61" class="pageref">61</a>;<br> -appointed Sind, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>;<br> -his petition, <a href="#pb97" class="pageref">97</a>;<br> -his sons, <a href="#pb97" class="pageref">97</a>;<br> -death, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hān Jahān Lodī entertains J., -<a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>;<br> -gov. Agra, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>;<br> -anecdote by, <a href="#pb163" class="pageref">163</a>;<br> -renounces wine, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>;<br> -village given to, <a href="#pb172" class="pageref">172</a>;<br> -gov. Multan, <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a>, <a href="#pb233" -class="pageref">233</a>, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a>;<br> -illness, <a href="#pb259" class="pageref">259</a>;<br> -comes from Multan, <a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281</a>, <a href= -"#pb285" class="pageref">285</a>, <a href="#pb295" class= -"pageref">295</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hanjar K., gov. Ahmadnagar, <a href="#pb9" class= -"pageref">9</a>, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hān-k͟hānān -ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm (which see), ode by, <a href="#pb15" -class="pageref">15</a>, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>, -<a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>;<br> -appointed Deccan, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>, <a href= -"#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>;<br> -misconduct of, <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a>, <a href= -"#pb253" class="pageref">253</a>, <a href="#pb273" class= -"pageref">273</a>, <a href="#pb274" class="pageref">274</a>, <a href= -"#pb277" class="pageref">277</a>, <a href="#pb278" class= -"pageref">278</a>, <a href="#pb279" class="pageref">279</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hidmat K., <a href="#pb83" class= -"pageref">83</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hiẓr K. of K͟handesh, <a href="#pb83" -class="pageref">83</a>, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>, -<a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>, <a href="#pb211" class= -"pageref">211</a></p> -<p class="par">Khūshāb given K͟hān Daurān, -<a href="#pb97" class="pageref">97</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟husrau released, <a href="#pb107" class= -"pageref">107</a>;<br> -death of, <a href="#pb228" class="pageref">228</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hwāja Ḥasan K͟hāldār, -<a href="#pb91" class="pageref">91</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hwāja Jahān, real name Dost Muḥ, -<a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a>;<br> -in charge Agra, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>;<br> -presents gifts, <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>;<br> -arranges ring hunt, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb95" class="pageref">95</a>;<br> -death and character, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href= -"#pb122" class="pageref">122</a></p> -<p class="par">K͟hwāja Beg Ṣafawī, s. -Maʿsūm Beg, death of, <a href="#pb9" class= -"pageref">9</a></p> -<p class="par">Kifāyat K., Diwan Gujarat, <a href="#pb37" class= -"pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb40" class="pageref">40</a></p> -<p class="par">King and Gardener’s d. story, <a href="#pb50" -class="pageref">50</a></p> -<p class="par">Kis͟han Dās Raja, <a href="#pb111" class= -"pageref">111</a>, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href= -"#pb287" class="pageref">287</a></p> -<p class="par">Kis͟htwār, <a href="#pb135" class= -"pageref">135</a>–138;<br> -Raja of, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>–140, <a href= -"#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb234" class= -"pageref">234</a>, <a href="#pb238" class="pageref">238</a></p> -<p class="par">Koel, The, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a></p> -<p class="par">Kokhra, diamond mine, <a href="#pb22" class= -"pageref">22</a></p> -<p class="par">Kos, correct length of, <a href="#pb141" class= -"pageref">141</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Kūh-i-Madār, <a href="#pb225" class= -"pageref">225</a></p> -<p class="par">Kunhar, brother of Sundar, <a href="#pb261" class= -"pageref">261</a></p> -<p class="par">Kunwar Singh Raja of Kis͟htwār, released from -Gwalior, <a href="#pb238" class="pageref">238</a><br> -(probably he is the Raja mentioned at pp. <a href="#pb139" class= -"pageref">139</a>–140)</p> -<p class="par">Kuwārmat Kotal, <a href="#pb133" class= -"pageref">133</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">L</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Lachmī Narāyan, Raja Kūch -Bihār, receives present and allowed to depart, <a href="#pb2" -class="pageref">2</a></p> -<p class="par">Lahore, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a></p> -<p class="par">Laʿl Beg made record-keeper, <a href="#pb194" -class="pageref">194</a>, <a href="#pb274" class="pageref">274</a></p> -<p class="par">Laʿnatu-llah, J.’s nickname for -ʿAbdullah Fīrūz Jang, <a href="#pb255" class= -"pageref">255</a>, <a href="#pb262" class="pageref">262</a>, <a href= -"#pb298" class="pageref">298</a>, etc.</p> -<p class="par">Lār visited, <a href="#pb176" class= -"pageref">176</a></p> -<p class="par">Las͟hkar K., gov. Agra, comes from Deccan, <a href= -"#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>, -<a href="#pb102" class="pageref">102</a>, <a href="#pb196" class= -"pageref">196</a>, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>;<br> -nine lakhs taken from his house by S. Jahān, <a href="#pb250" -class="pageref">250</a>, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a></p> -<p class="par">Las͟hkarī, s. Yūsuf, <a href="#pb11" -class="pageref">11</a> and note, <a href="#pb81" class= -"pageref">81</a>, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>, <a href= -"#pb102" class="pageref">102</a></p> -<p class="par">Las͟hkarī, s. Imām-wīrdī, -<a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a></p> -<p class="par">Loka Bhawan, spring, <a href="#pb174" class= -"pageref">174</a></p> -<p class="par">Luqmān, lines about, <a href="#pb105" class= -"pageref">105</a> and note</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">M</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Machhī Bhawan fountain, <a href="#pb172" -class="pageref">172</a></p> -<p class="par">Mādho Singh made Raja, <a href="#pb287" class= -"pageref">287</a></p> -<p class="par">Maghs, <a href="#pb93" class="pageref">93</a></p> -<p class="par">Mahābat K., gov. Bangāsh, <a href="#pb40" -class="pageref">40</a>;<br> -reinforcements sent to, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>, -<a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>;<br> -sends apples, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>;<br> -does homage, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>, <a href="#pb124" -class="pageref">124</a>;<br> -gets elephant, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>, <a href= -"#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>;<br> -visits J., <a href="#pb231" class="pageref">231</a>;<br> -victory over S͟hāh-Jahān, <a href="#pb271" class= -"pageref">271</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb275" class="pageref">275</a>, <a href="#pb279" -class="pageref">279</a>, <a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281</a>, -<a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a>, <a href="#pb284" class= -"pageref">284</a>, <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>, <a href= -"#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>, <a href="#pb295" class= -"pageref">295</a>, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a>, <a href= -"#pb297" class="pageref">297</a></p> -<p class="par">Māhī River, <a href="#pb7" class= -"pageref">7</a>, <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>, <a href="#pb28" -class="pageref">28</a>;<br> -bridged, <a href="#pb41" class="pageref">41</a></p> -<p class="par">Maḥmūd III., <a href="#pb33" class= -"pageref">33</a></p> -<p class="par">Maḥmūd Bīgara, <a href="#pb33" class= -"pageref">33</a></p> -<p class="par">Maḥmūdābād, <a href="#pb33" class= -"pageref">33</a></p> -<p class="par">Maktūb, librarian, promoted, <a href="#pb22" class= -"pageref">22</a></p> -<p class="par">Māldeo, landholder, <a href="#pb99" class= -"pageref">99</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb311" href="#pb311" -name="pb311">311</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Malik-maidān gun, <a href="#pb163" class= -"pageref">163</a></p> -<p class="par">Maʿmūr K., architect, <a href="#pb183" class= -"pageref">183</a></p> -<p class="par">Mān Singh, s. Rāwat S͟hankar, promoted, -<a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>, <a href="#pb165" class= -"pageref">165</a></p> -<p class="par">Manṣūr, painter, styled -Nādir-ul-ʿAṣr, <a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a>, -<a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>, <a href="#pb145" class= -"pageref">145</a>, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a></p> -<p class="par">Manṣūr K. Farangī, <a href="#pb258" -class="pageref">258</a>;<br> -death of, <a href="#pb271" class="pageref">271</a></p> -<p class="par">Manūchahr, s. S͟hāh Nawāz, <a href= -"#pb88" class="pageref">88</a>, <a href="#pb269" class= -"pageref">269</a>;<br> -joins Parwīz, <a href="#pb269" class="pageref">269</a>;<br> -appointed Jālnāpūr, <a href="#pb296" class= -"pageref">296</a></p> -<p class="par">Mārk͟hūr goats, <a href="#pb88" class= -"pageref">88</a></p> -<p class="par">Masīḥu-z-zamān (also called -Ḥakīm Ṣadrā), physician, <a href="#pb11" class= -"pageref">11</a>;<br> -bad behaviour of, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>, <a href= -"#pb217" class="pageref">217</a></p> -<p class="par">Masulipatam, S͟hāh Jahān visits, <a href= -"#pb290" class="pageref">290</a></p> -<p class="par">Meteoric stone, fall of, <a href="#pb204" class= -"pageref">204</a></p> -<p class="par">Mosque built by J. at Kāngṛa, <a href= -"#pb227" class="pageref">227</a>, <a href="#pb228" class= -"pageref">228</a></p> -<p class="par">Maryam zamānī, J.’s mother, her well, -<a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a> and note;<br> -too ill to come, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>;<br> -visits J., <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a>;<br> -goes Kashmīr, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href= -"#pb202" class="pageref">202</a>;<br> -death, <a href="#pb261" class="pageref">261</a></p> -<p class="par">Mīr Mīrān made gov. Delhi, <a href= -"#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>, <a href="#pb196" class= -"pageref">196</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a></p> -<p class="par">Mīrzā Muḥ., s. Afẓal, -dīwān, killed, <a href="#pb289" class="pageref">289</a> -<a href="#pb290" class="pageref">290</a></p> -<p class="par">Miyān S͟haik͟h of Muḥ. Mīr, -<a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a></p> -<p class="par">Monkeys, <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a></p> -<p class="par">Mouse and plague, <a href="#pb66" class= -"pageref">66</a></p> -<p class="par">Mubāriz K. promoted, <a href="#pb163" class= -"pageref">163</a></p> -<p class="par">Muḥ. Sayyid gets Qoran, told to translate it, -<a href="#pb34" class="pageref">34</a></p> -<p class="par">Muʿizzī, poet, his ode, <a href="#pb29" class= -"pageref">29</a></p> -<p class="par">Mukarram K. comes from Orissa, <a href="#pb8" class= -"pageref">8</a>;<br> -gov. Delhi, <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>, <a href="#pb218" -class="pageref">218</a></p> -<p class="par">Muk͟hliṣ K. comes from Bengal, <a href= -"#pb104" class="pageref">104</a>;<br> -dīwān of Parwīz, <a href="#pb107" class= -"pageref">107</a></p> -<p class="par">Mulberries, <a href="#pb146" class="pageref">146</a></p> -<p class="par">Mullā Muḥ. Kas͟hmīrī (? -translator Rājataranginī), <a href="#pb187" class= -"pageref">187</a></p> -<p class="par">Mūminā, physician, <a href="#pb231" class= -"pageref">231</a>, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a></p> -<p class="par">Mumtāz K., gov. Agra, death, <a href="#pb285" -class="pageref">285</a></p> -<p class="par">Muqarrab, gov. Bihar, <a href="#pb35" class= -"pageref">35</a>, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>, <a href= -"#pb72" class="pageref">72</a> <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>, -<a href="#pb89" class="pageref">89</a>;<br> -his garden, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>, <a href="#pb193" -class="pageref">193</a>;<br> -gov. Agra, <a href="#pb285" class="pageref">285</a></p> -<p class="par">Muqīm Bak͟hs͟hī styled Kifāyat -K., <a href="#pb276" class="pageref">276</a></p> -<p class="par">Murg͟h-i-zarīn, golden pheasant (?), <a href= -"#pb221" class="pageref">221</a></p> -<p class="par">Murtaẓā K., real name Farīd -Buk͟hārī, <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>;<br> -at siege Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a>;<br> -death, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a></p> -<p class="par">Muruwwat K. sends elephants from Bengal, <a href="#pb2" -class="pageref">2</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb7" class="pageref">7</a>;<br> -sends eight elephants, <a href="#pb40" class="pageref">40</a>;<br> -death in battle with the Maghs, <a href="#pb93" class= -"pageref">93</a></p> -<p class="par">Mūsawī, <a href="#pb164" class= -"pageref">164</a>, <a href="#pb249" class="pageref">249</a>, 250; made -examiner of petitions, <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a></p> -<p class="par">Musk deer, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a></p> -<p class="par">Muṣt̤afā K., gov. Sind, <a href="#pb232" -class="pageref">232</a></p> -<p class="par">Muʾtamid, author Iqbālnāma, in charge -artillery, <a href="#pb1" class="pageref">1</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>;<br> -makes offering, <a href="#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>–01;<br> -in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>;<br> -sent to select a site, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>, -<a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>–132, <a href="#pb158" -class="pageref">158</a>;<br> -examiner petitions, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>;<br> -obtains leave, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>;<br> -Bak͟hs͟hī Deccan and sent for, <a href="#pb235" class= -"pageref">235</a>;<br> -continues J.’s journal, <a href="#pb246" class= -"pageref">246</a></p> -<p class="par">Muz̤affar, gov. Sind, comes Court, <a href="#pb18" -class="pageref">18</a>;<br> -honoured, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>, <a href="#pb26" -class="pageref">26</a> (?)</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">N</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Nādir-ul-ʿAṣr, painter, title of -Ustād Manṣūr, <a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a> -and note, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a></p> -<p class="par">Nāhir K. comes from Deccan, <a href="#pb8" class= -"pageref">8</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>;<br> -of Hindu origin, his history, <a href="#pb267" class="pageref">267</a>, -<a href="#pb268" class="pageref">268</a></p> -<p class="par">Nainsukh River, <a href="#pb127" class= -"pageref">127</a></p> -<p class="par">Naṣru-llah ʿArab, <a href="#pb135" class= -"pageref">135</a>, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>, <a href= -"#pb170" class="pageref">170</a></p> -<p class="par">Naus͟hahra, in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb181" -class="pageref">181</a></p> -<p class="par">Nāyaks, two Kas͟hmīrī landholders, -<a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a></p> -<p class="par">New Year Feasts, <a href="#pb1" class="pageref">1</a>, -<a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>, <a href="#pb130" class= -"pageref">130</a>, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href= -"#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>, <a href="#pb253" class= -"pageref">253</a>, <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a></p> -<p class="par">Niz̤āmi quoted, <a href="#pb273" class= -"pageref">273</a></p> -<p class="par">Nūh Forest in Aligarh, <a href="#pb270" class= -"pageref">270</a></p> -<p class="par">Nūr-bak͟hs͟hīs sect, <a href= -"#pb149" class="pageref">149</a></p> -<p class="par">Nūr-Jahān, wife J., nurses -S͟hujāʾ, <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a>;<br> -illness of, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>;<br> -shoots tiger, <a href="#pb105" class="pageref">105</a>;<br> -daughter’s marriage, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>, -<a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>;<br> -gives entertainment, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>, <a href= -"#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>;<br> -writes Imām Qulī’s mother, <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb312" href="#pb312" name= -"pb312">312</a>]</span>205;<br> -grand entertainment, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>;<br> -mother’s death, <a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>;<br> -father’s death, <a href="#pb221" class="pageref">221</a>, -<a href="#pb222" class="pageref">222</a>;<br> -powers granted to, <a href="#pb228" class="pageref">228</a>;<br> -S͟hāh-Jahān seizes her fief, <a href="#pb235" class= -"pageref">235</a>;<br> -buys two pearls, <a href="#pb237" class="pageref">237</a>, <a href= -"#pb239" class="pageref">239</a> and note;<br> -writes to her cousin’s husband, Ḥusāma-d-dīn, -<a href="#pb277" class="pageref">277</a>;<br> -intercedes for Jagat Singh, <a href="#pb289" class= -"pageref">289</a></p> -<p class="par">Nūr-afs͟hān garden, <a href="#pb197" -class="pageref">197</a></p> -<p class="par">Nūr-manzil garden, same as Dohra garden, <a href= -"#pb277" class="pageref">277</a></p> -<p class="par">Nūrpūr, <a href="#pb154" class= -"pageref">154</a>, <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a></p> -<p class="par">Nūru-d-dīn Qulī, kotwāl, makes -offerings, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">O</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Orissa, Ḥasan ʿAlī Turkmān -made gov. of, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>, <a href= -"#pb298" class="pageref">298</a></p> -<p class="par">Otto of roses (at̤ar Jahāngīrī), -<a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a> and note</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">P</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Painters, account of, <a href="#pb20" class= -"pageref">20</a></p> -<p class="par">Paklī, account of, <a href="#pb126" class= -"pageref">126</a></p> -<p class="par">Pālam, hunting-ground, <a href="#pb109" class= -"pageref">109</a></p> -<p class="par">Pāmpūr, <a href="#pb170" class= -"pageref">170</a></p> -<p class="par">Panj Brāra in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb171" class= -"pageref">171</a></p> -<p class="par">Panjū, landholder of Khandesh, <a href="#pb21" -class="pageref">21</a></p> -<p class="par">Papīhā bird, <a href="#pb164" class= -"pageref">164</a></p> -<p class="par">Parī Beg, chief huntsman, <a href="#pb107" class= -"pageref">107</a></p> -<p class="par">Parwīz Sultan, s. J., birth of a son, <a href= -"#pb19" class="pageref">19</a>;<br> -sends elephant, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>;<br> -sent for, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>;<br> -asks for dress, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>;<br> -waits on J., <a href="#pb93" class="pageref">93</a>;<br> -takes leave, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>;<br> -gets village in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb171" class= -"pageref">171</a>;<br> -death of eldest son, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>;<br> -dress sent to, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>;<br> -made gov. Bihar, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>;<br> -visits J., <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>;<br> -J. meets him, <a href="#pb258" class="pageref">258</a>;<br> -promoted to 40,000 with 30,000 horse, <a href="#pb259" class= -"pageref">259</a>;<br> -gifts to, <a href="#pb260" class="pageref">260</a>, <a href="#pb271" -class="pageref">271</a>, <a href="#pb272" class="pageref">272</a>, -<a href="#pb275" class="pageref">275</a>;<br> -report from, <a href="#pb277" class="pageref">277</a>, <a href="#pb282" -class="pageref">282</a>, <a href="#pb288" class="pageref">288</a>, -<a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>;<br> -marries Rāja Gaj Singh’s sister, <a href="#pb295" class= -"pageref">295</a>, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a></p> -<p class="par">Partridge, albino, <a href="#pb284" class= -"pageref">284</a></p> -<p class="par">Peaches, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, -<a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a></p> -<p class="par">Pearl, lost and found, <a href="#pb235" class= -"pageref">235</a></p> -<p class="par">Phūl paikār, name of a bird, <a href="#pb220" -class="pageref">220</a>–221</p> -<p class="par">Picture gallery, <a href="#pb161" class= -"pageref">161</a>–162</p> -<p class="par">Pillars (<i>mīl</i>) erected at each koss, <a href= -"#pb100" class="pageref">100</a></p> -<p class="par">Pīm darang, <a href="#pb128" class= -"pageref">128</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Pīplī, <a href="#pb298" class= -"pageref">298</a></p> -<p class="par">Pīrpanjal Pass, <a href="#pb179" class= -"pageref">179</a></p> -<p class="par">Plague in Agra, <a href="#pb6" class="pageref">6</a>, -<a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>–67</p> -<p class="par">Prithī Chand, s. Manohar, <a href="#pb25" class= -"pageref">25</a>, <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a>;<br> -killed, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a></p> -<p class="par">Promotions, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>, -<a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>, <a href="#pb155" class= -"pageref">155</a>, <a href="#pb232" class="pageref">232</a>, <a href= -"#pb250" class="pageref">250</a>, <a href="#pb254" class= -"pageref">254</a>, <a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a>, <a href= -"#pb258" class="pageref">258</a>, <a href="#pb261" class= -"pageref">261</a></p> -<p class="par">Pūnch route, <a href="#pb97" class= -"pageref">97</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">Q</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Qarqara, crane, <a href="#pb176" class= -"pageref">176</a></p> -<p class="par">Qāsim K., s. Mīr Murād, formerly Mīr -Qāsim and Bak͟hs͟hī of the Aḥadīs, made -gov. of Punjab and given title of Qāsim K., <a href="#pb2" class= -"pageref">2</a>;<br> -he was son-in-law of Iʿtimādu-d-daula, having married -Mānījā Begam, elder sister of Nūr-Jahān -(Beale), and so Iʿtimādu-d-daula induced J. to make -Qāsim gov. Punjab, <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>;<br> -removed from gov. Bengal, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>;<br> -does homage, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>;<br> -gov. Lahore, <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a>;<br> -sent Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb192" class="pageref">192</a>;<br> -gov Punjab and given elephant, etc., <a href="#pb230" class= -"pageref">230</a> (he is the man who took Hugli in -S͟hāh-Jahān’s reign);<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281</a></p> -<p class="par">Qāsim K. S͟haik͟h, of Fatḥpūr -Sīkrī, gov. Allahabad, and given title of -Muḥtas͟him K., <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a></p> -<p class="par">Qāsim K͟hwāja of Dihbīd sends -falcons, <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a></p> -<p class="par">Qāẓī ʿAbdu-l-ʿAzīz sent -by S͟hāh-Jahān to Delhi, <a href="#pb295" class= -"pageref">295</a>, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a></p> -<p class="par">Qāẓī Naṣīr of Burhānpur -visits J., <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a></p> -<p class="par">Qiyām K., story about Sāras, <a href="#pb17" -class="pageref">17</a></p> -<p class="par">Qizilbās͟h K. promoted, <a href="#pb12" class= -"pageref">12</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb313" href="#pb313" -name="pb313">313</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Quails, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a></p> -<p class="par">Qut̤ās oxen, <a href="#pb151" class= -"pageref">151</a></p> -<p class="par">Qut̤bu-d-dīn Kokaltās͟h (killed by -Sherāfgan), <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>, <a href= -"#pb73" class="pageref">73</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Qut̤bu-l-mulk, ruler Golconda, <a href="#pb3" -class="pageref">3</a>;<br> -sends diamond ring, <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>, <a href= -"#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>, <a href="#pb281" class= -"pageref">281</a>;<br> -assists S͟hāh-Jahān to march into Orissa, <a href= -"#pb291" class="pageref">291</a>, <a href="#pb296" class= -"pageref">296</a>, <a href="#pb298" class="pageref">298</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">R</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Rafīq Ḥājī brings S. -ʿAbbās’s letter and gets title of King of Merchants, -<a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a></p> -<p class="par">Raḥmāndād, s. -K͟hān-K͟hānān, death of, <a href="#pb176" -class="pageref">176</a></p> -<p class="par">Rāja-tarangini translated by Akbar’s order, -<a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a></p> -<p class="par">Rājaur in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb180" class= -"pageref">180</a>–181</p> -<p class="par">Rāmgaṛh, <a href="#pb48" class= -"pageref">48</a></p> -<p class="par">Ran-bāz, s, S͟hāh-bāz -Kāmbū, promoted, <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a></p> -<p class="par">Ranthambūr Fort, <a href="#pb58" class= -"pageref">58</a></p> -<p class="par">Rāy Mān K͟hidmatiyya, <a href="#pb83" -class="pageref">83</a>;<br> -collects 800 antelopes at Amānābād, <a href="#pb83" -class="pageref">83</a>;<br> -picks up S. S͟hujāʿ, <a href="#pb152" class= -"pageref">152</a></p> -<p class="par">Revenue of Kis͟htwār, <a href="#pb139" class= -"pageref">139</a>;<br> -of Kashmīr, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a></p> -<p class="par">Rīs͟hīs in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb149" -class="pageref">149</a></p> -<p class="par">Routes in and to Kashmīr, <a href="#pb139" class= -"pageref">139</a>, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a></p> -<p class="par">Ruby, remarkable, <a href="#pb195" class= -"pageref">195</a></p> -<p class="par">Rudagī quoted, <a href="#pb222" class= -"pageref">222</a></p> -<p class="par">Rūdar Bhattachāraj, <a href="#pb203" class= -"pageref">203</a></p> -<p class="par">Rūḥu-llah, physician, rewarded, <a href= -"#pb11" class="pageref">11</a>;<br> -receives gifts, <a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a>;<br> -cures Nūr-Jahān, <a href="#pb53" class="pageref">53</a></p> -<p class="par">Ruknā Ḥakīm, <a href="#pb43" class= -"pageref">43</a>;<br> -dismissed, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>, <a href="#pb212" -class="pageref">212</a></p> -<p class="par">Rustam-bārī, garden at -Aḥmadābād, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a></p> -<p class="par">Rustam K. in charge Gujarat, <a href="#pb8" class= -"pageref">8</a>, <a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a></p> -<p class="par">Rustam Mīrzā Ṣafawī promoted, -<a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>;<br> -attempts verse, <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a>;<br> -skill in shooting, <a href="#pb105" class="pageref">105</a>, <a href= -"#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>, <a href="#pb133" class= -"pageref">133</a>, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>, <a href= -"#pb245" class="pageref">245</a>, <a href="#pb247" class= -"pageref">247</a>, <a href="#pb249" class="pageref">249</a>, <a href= -"#pb274" class="pageref">274</a>;<br> -made gov. Allahabad, <a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281</a></p> -<p class="par">Rūz-afzūn, Rāja, sent to remonstrate with -K͟hurram (S͟hāh-Jahān), <a href="#pb236" class= -"pageref">236</a>, <a href="#pb249" class="pageref">249</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">S</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Sābarmatī River, <a href="#pb21" class= -"pageref">21</a></p> -<p class="par">S̤ābit K. (also called Dayānat), examiner -of petitions, <a href="#pb1" class="pageref">1</a>, <a href="#pb250" -class="pageref">250</a></p> -<p class="par">Sadi quoted, <a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣādiq, soothsayer, <a href="#pb235" class= -"pageref">235</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣādiq K. promoted, <a href="#pb15" class= -"pageref">15</a>, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>;<br> -Chief Bak͟hs͟hī, <a href="#pb222" class= -"pageref">222</a>;<br> -gov. Punjab, <a href="#pb259" class="pageref">259</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣadr Jahān, <a href="#pb88" class= -"pageref">88</a>;<br> -faujdār Kanauj, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣadrā Ḥakīm, bad behaviour of, -<a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>, <a href="#pb217" class= -"pageref">217</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣafāpūr, in Kashmīr, <a href= -"#pb176" class="pageref">176</a></p> -<p class="par">Saffron, account of, <a href="#pb177" class= -"pageref">177</a>–178</p> -<p class="par">Ṣafī K., <a href="#pb262" class= -"pageref">262</a>;<br> -his victory, <a href="#pb264" class="pageref">264</a>–267</p> -<p class="par">Saʿīdā, goldsmith and poet, known as -Bī-badal, <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>, <a href="#pb30" -class="pageref">30</a>, <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a>, -<a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>, <a href="#pb197" class= -"pageref">197</a>, <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a>, <a href= -"#pb228" class="pageref">228</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣalābat K., <a href="#pb274" class= -"pageref">274</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣāliḥ Beg killed, <a href="#pb266" -class="pageref">266</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣāliḥ, nephew Jāʿfar -promoted, <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a>;<br> -at Bardwān, <a href="#pb298" class="pageref">298</a>, <a href= -"#pb299" class="pageref">299</a></p> -<p class="par">Ṣāliḥa Bānū, d. -Qāʾim K., one of J.’s wives, also known as -Pādis͟hāh Bānū Begam, <a href="#pb86" class= -"pageref">86</a> and note;<br> -death, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></p> -<p class="par">Salīm Chis͟htī, J. visits tomb, <a href= -"#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>;<br> -account of saint’s death, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>, -<a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a></p> -<p class="par">Sanāʾī Ḥakīm, poet, verse of, -<a href="#pb105" class="pageref">105</a></p> -<p class="par">Sangrām, landholder, Punjab, <a href="#pb5" class= -"pageref">5</a>, <a href="#pb88" class="pageref">88</a>, <a href= -"#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>, <a href="#pb138" class= -"pageref">138</a>, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>, <a href= -"#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>, <a href="#pb193" -class="pageref">193</a></p> -<p class="par">Sārang Deo Rāja promoted, <a href="#pb182" -class="pageref">182</a>, <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a>, -<a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281</a></p> -<p class="par">Sāras, birds, <a href="#pb16" class= -"pageref">16</a>, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>, <a href= -"#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>, <a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>, -<a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>, <a href="#pb39" class= -"pageref">39</a>, <a href="#pb42" class="pageref">42</a>, <a href= -"#pb60" class="pageref">60</a></p> -<p class="par">Sardār K., title of K͟hwāja -Yādgār, b. of ʿAbdu-llah Fīrūz Jang -(Blochmann, 492), <a href="#pb89" class="pageref">89</a></p> -<p class="par">Sar-farāz K., title of Abdu-llah, s. -ʿAzīz Koka, <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>, <a href= -"#pb47" class="pageref">47</a></p> -<p class="par">Sayyid ʿAlī Hamadānī, saint, -<a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= -"pb314" href="#pb314" name="pb314">314</a>]</span></p> -<p class="par">Sayyid Muḥ., descend. S͟hāh -ʿĀlam, <a href="#pb34" class="pageref">34</a></p> -<p class="par">Sazāwuls, twelve appointed Deccan, <a href="#pb235" -class="pageref">235</a></p> -<p class="par">Seer, weight of, <a href="#pb108" class= -"pageref">108</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Seventeenth Year, <a href="#pb230" class= -"pageref">230</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hāb-i-Barāt festival, <a href="#pb22" -class="pageref">22</a>, <a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hāh-Jahān, s. J., tries his sword, -<a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>;<br> -attack of fever, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>;<br> -his diamond ring, <a href="#pb14" class="pageref">14</a>, <a href= -"#pb19" class="pageref">19</a>;<br> -undertakes conquest of Kāngṛa, <a href="#pb25" class= -"pageref">25</a>;<br> -asks a pargana for Bikramājīt, <a href="#pb26" class= -"pageref">26</a>;<br> -receives copy of Jahāngīr-nāma, <a href="#pb27" class= -"pageref">27</a>;<br> -sends K͟hūs͟h-ḥāl to S. ʿĀdil, -<a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>, <a href="#pb39" class= -"pageref">39</a>;<br> -presents Kas͟hmīrī boat to his father, <a href="#pb47" -class="pageref">47</a>;<br> -birth of Aurangzīb, <a href="#pb47" class="pageref">47</a>;<br> -birthday feast, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>;<br> -asks pardon for Sūraj Mal, <a href="#pb55" class= -"pageref">55</a>;<br> -hawking, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>;<br> -is weighed, <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a>;<br> -grand entertainment, offerings to his father on New Year’s Day, -<a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>–79;<br> -death of mother, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>, <a href= -"#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>;<br> -presents tooth (walrus?) to his father, <a href="#pb96" class= -"pageref">96</a>, <a href="#pb98" class="pageref">98</a>;<br> -birth of son (Umīd-bak͟hs͟h), <a href="#pb112" class= -"pageref">112</a>, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>;<br> -gives his father a sword of Venetian workmanship, <a href="#pb114" -class="pageref">114</a>;<br> -pays his respects, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>, <a href= -"#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>, <a href="#pb189" class= -"pageref">189</a>, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>;<br> -death of daughter, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>;<br> -letter from him, <a href="#pb206" class="pageref">206</a>;<br> -J. sends presents to, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>;<br> -twenty lakhs sent to, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>;<br> -reports K͟husrau’s death, <a href="#pb228" class= -"pageref">228</a>;<br> -J. orders him to come with army, <a href="#pb231" class= -"pageref">231</a>;<br> -report of his misconduct, <a href="#pb235" class="pageref">235</a>, -<a href="#pb236" class="pageref">236</a>, <a href="#pb238" class= -"pageref">238</a>, <a href="#pb239" class="pageref">239</a>, <a href= -"#pb243" class="pageref">243</a>;<br> -disloyalty, <a href="#pb247" class="pageref">247</a>;<br> -styled Bī-daulat, <a href="#pb248" class="pageref">248</a>, -<a href="#pb249" class="pageref">249</a>, <a href="#pb250" class= -"pageref">250</a>, <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a>, <a href= -"#pb253" class="pageref">253</a>, <a href="#pb256" class= -"pageref">256</a>, <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a>, <a href= -"#pb258" class="pageref">258</a>, <a href="#pb262" class= -"pageref">262</a>, <a href="#pb264" class="pageref">264</a>;<br> -levies four lakhs of Maḥmūdīs in Surat, <a href= -"#pb267" class="pageref">267</a>, <a href="#pb269" class= -"pageref">269</a>, <a href="#pb271" class="pageref">271</a>, <a href= -"#pb272" class="pageref">272</a>, <a href="#pb273" class= -"pageref">273</a>, <a href="#pb274" class="pageref">274</a>, <a href= -"#pb276" class="pageref">276</a>, <a href="#pb277" class= -"pageref">277</a>, <a href="#pb278" class="pageref">278</a>, <a href= -"#pb279" class="pageref">279</a>, <a href="#pb280" class= -"pageref">280</a>, <a href="#pb281" class="pageref">281</a>, <a href= -"#pb289" class="pageref">289</a>, <a href="#pb290" class= -"pageref">290</a>, <a href="#pb294" class="pageref">294</a>, <a href= -"#pb295" class="pageref">295</a>, <a href="#pb298" class= -"pageref">298</a>, <a href="#pb299" class="pageref">299</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hāh Nawāz K., s. -K͟hān-k͟hānān, promoted, <a href="#pb5" class= -"pageref">5</a>, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>;<br> -account of his death, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>;<br> -d. married to S͟hāh-Jahān, <a href="#pb203" class= -"pageref">203</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hahriyār, s. J. marries Nūr -Jahān’s daughter, <a href="#pb187" class= -"pageref">187</a>;<br> -gets present, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb199" class="pageref">199</a>, <a href="#pb202" -class="pageref">202</a>;<br> -daughter born to, <a href="#pb276" class="pageref">276</a>;<br> -appointed to Qandahar expedition, <a href="#pb237" class= -"pageref">237</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hajāʿat K. ʿArab does homage, -<a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a>;<br> -gifts, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb155" class="pageref">155</a>, <a href="#pb209" -class="pageref">209</a>;<br> -death of, <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hālamār garden in Kashmīr, -<a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hankar Rāwat, death of, <a href="#pb18" -class="pageref">18</a>;<br> -his son, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hyām Singh, Raja of Garhwāl, <a href= -"#pb202" class="pageref">202</a></p> -<p class="par">Sikandar Muʿīn, huntsman, <a href="#pb182" -class="pageref">182</a></p> -<p class="par">S͟hujaʿ s. S͟hāh-Jahān, -illness, <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a>–46;<br> -accident to, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>;<br> -illness, <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a></p> -<p class="par">Sirhind, garden of, <a href="#pb113" class= -"pageref">113</a>, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>, <a href= -"#pb220" class="pageref">220</a></p> -<p class="par">Sixteenth year, <a href="#pb199" class= -"pageref">199</a></p> -<p class="par">Snake, account of, <a href="#pb275" class= -"pageref">275</a>, <a href="#pb297" class="pageref">297</a></p> -<p class="par">Srīnagar, <a href="#pb141" class= -"pageref">141</a></p> -<p class="par">Star (?), appearance of, <a href="#pb48" class= -"pageref">48</a></p> -<p class="par">Subḥān Qulī, huntsman, put to death, -<a href="#pb27" class="pageref">27</a>–28</p> -<p class="par">Suhrāb, s. M. Rustam, <a href="#pb39" class= -"pageref">39</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a>;<br> -drowned, <a href="#pb132" class="pageref">132</a></p> -<p class="par">Suk͟h Nāg waterfall, <a href="#pb157" class= -"pageref">157</a></p> -<p class="par">Sult̤ān Ḥusain of Paklī, <a href= -"#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>;<br> -death of, <a href="#pb271" class="pageref">271</a></p> -<p class="par">Sult̤ān Sikandar, his mosque, <a href="#pb142" -class="pageref">142</a></p> -<p class="par">Sundar (see Bikramājīt), serv. -S͟hāh-Jahān, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>, -<a href="#pb249" class="pageref">249</a>;<br> -death of, <a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a>, <a href="#pb261" -class="pageref">261</a></p> -<p class="par">Sūraj Mal, s. Bāsū, <a href="#pb25" -class="pageref">25</a>;<br> -misconduct, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>, <a href="#pb74" -class="pageref">74</a>, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>, -<a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a></p> -<p class="par">Sūraj Singh, death of, <a href="#pb99" class= -"pageref">99</a></p> -<p class="par">Surjan Hāḍā of Ranthambūr, <a href= -"#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>, <a href="#pb59" class= -"pageref">59</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">T</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">T̤ālib Āmalī, poet, <a href= -"#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>, <a href="#pb118" class= -"pageref">118</a></p> -<p class="par">T̤ālib (Bābā) -Iṣpahānī, <a href="#pb118" class="pageref">118</a>, -<a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a> and note, <a href="#pb234" -class="pageref">234</a></p> -<p class="par">Tān Sen, singer, <a href="#pb71" class= -"pageref">71</a></p> -<p class="par">Tāqī, serves S͟hāh-Jahān, -<a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>, <a href="#pb56" class= -"pageref">56</a></p> -<p class="par">Tāqī K͟hwāja, director of buildings, -made diwan of Deccan and styled Mutaqīd K., <a href="#pb126" -class="pageref">126</a></p> -<p class="par">Tarbīyat K., s. Qāʿīm, death of, -<a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a> and note (his real name was -ʿAbdu-r-Raḥīm, and his sister, <span class= -"pagenum">[<a id="pb315" href="#pb315" name= -"pb315">315</a>]</span>Ṣāliḥa Bānū, was -married to J. and known as Pādis͟hāh Maḥall)</p> -<p class="par">Tarkas͟h-bandān, <a href="#pb237" class= -"pageref">237</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Thirteenth year, <a href="#pb1" class= -"pageref">1</a></p> -<p class="par">Tīmūr, portrait of, <a href="#pb116" class= -"pageref">116</a></p> -<p class="par">Tulips, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>, -<a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a></p> -<p class="par">Tūsī-marg, <a href="#pb163" class= -"pageref">163</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">U</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Ukna, a nest-hawk, <a href="#pb11" class= -"pageref">11</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿUmar K͟hayyām, quatrain by, <a href= -"#pb62" class="pageref">62</a></p> -<p class="par">Umīd Bak͟hs͟h, -S͟hāh-Jahān’s son, <a href="#pb112" class= -"pageref">112</a></p> -<p class="par">Ūrganj, <a href="#pb165" class= -"pageref">165</a></p> -<p class="par">Ūrvasī, an ornament used in Deccan, <a href= -"#pb36" class="pageref">36</a></p> -<p class="par">ʿUs̤mān Afghan plots Islām’s -death, <a href="#pb27" class="pageref">27</a></p> -<p class="par">Ustād (?), a poet, <a href="#pb44" class= -"pageref">44</a></p> -<p class="par">Ustāds Kalyān and Pūran, engravers, -<a href="#pb98" class="pageref">98</a>–99</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">V</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Vātrak River, <a href="#pb33" class= -"pageref">33</a> and note</p> -<p class="par">Vedas, reformists, <a href="#pb108" class= -"pageref">108</a></p> -<p class="par">Venetian sword, <a href="#pb114" class= -"pageref">114</a></p> -<p class="par">Veth Tarwāh Festival, <a href="#pb168" class= -"pageref">168</a></p> -<p class="par">Vīr-nāg, source of Jhelam, <a href="#pb142" -class="pageref">142</a>, <a href="#pb170" class="pageref">170</a>, -<a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">W</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Waisī K͟hwāja, agricultural -authority, made Karorī of Sirhind in order to look after garden, -<a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a></p> -<p class="par">Wakils of ʿĀdil Bījāpūri, -<a href="#pb36" class="pageref">36</a></p> -<p class="par">Walī M., s. K͟h. Ḥasan -Nags͟hbandī marries Prince Daniel’s daughter, <a href= -"#pb91" class="pageref">91</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a>;<br> -appointed Deccan, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a></p> -<p class="par">Waterfall at Ghāṭī -Chānḍā, <a href="#pb57" class="pageref">57</a>;<br> -in Kashmīr, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a></p> -<p class="par">Wazīr K., Parwīz’s dīwān, -presents, <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a>;<br> -elephants, <a href="#pb93" class="pageref">93</a>;<br> -made dīwān Bengal, <a href="#pb94" class= -"pageref">94</a>;<br> -death, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a></p> -<p class="par">Wild ass, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a></p> -<p class="par">Wolf story, <a href="#pb270" class="pageref">270</a></p> -<p class="par">Wular Lake, <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">Y</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Yaʿqūb Kas͟hmīrī, his -battle with Rāja Bhagwān Dās, <a href="#pb132" class= -"pageref">132</a></p> -<p class="par">Yūsuf, s. Ḥusain Tukrīya, sudden death -of, <a href="#pb202" class="pageref">202</a></p> -<p class="par">Yūsuf Beg a Badak͟hs͟hī, named -Rustam, promoted, <a href="#pb275" class="pageref">275</a></p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= -"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> -<div class="divHead"> -<h3 class="main">Z</h3> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="par first">Zabardast K. promoted, <a href="#pb10" class= -"pageref">10</a>;<br> -gets elephant, <a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a>;<br> -promoted, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>;<br> -made master of ceremonies, <a href="#pb196" class= -"pageref">196</a>;<br> -gets standard, <a href="#pb252" class="pageref">252</a></p> -<p class="par">Z̤afar K., s. Zain K., death of, <a href="#pb229" -class="pageref">229</a></p> -<p class="par">Zāhid K., s. Shujāʿāt ʿArab, -<a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>;<br> -his letter, <a href="#pb273" class="pageref">273</a>;<br> -imprisoned by Mahābat and his son executed, <a href="#pb297" -class="pageref">297</a></p> -<p class="par">Z̤ahīru-d-dīn Mīr promoted and given -a present, <a href="#pb236" class="pageref">236</a>, <a href="#pb237" -class="pageref">237</a> (he was descended from a saint and came from -Persia)</p> -<p class="par">Zambīl Beg, Persian, ambassador; Rs. 30,000 and -dress sent to, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>, <a href= -"#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>, <a href="#pb198" class= -"pageref">198</a>, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>;<br> -given a village yielding Rs. 16,000, <a href="#pb211" class= -"pageref">211</a>;<br> -bidden to wait in Lahore, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a></p> -<p class="par">Zainu-l-ʿĀbidīn, s. Jaʿfir -Āṣaf K. III. made Bak͟hs͟hī of -<i>aḥadīs</i>, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>;<br> -having been sent to summon S͟hāh Jahān reports that he -stipulated to be allowed to stay in Māndū for the rainy -season, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a></p> -<p class="par">Zebra, account of <a href="#pb20" class= -"pageref">20</a></p> -<p class="par">Zodiacal coinage, <a href="#pb7" class= -"pageref">7</a></p> -<p class="par">Ẕū-l-faqār Turkmān promoted, -<a href="#pb233" class="pageref">233</a>;<br> -killed, <a href="#pb280" class="pageref">280</a></p> -<p class="par">Zū-l-Qarnain, Armenian, account of, <a href= -"#pb194" class="pageref">194</a></p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="transcribernote"> -<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> -<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> -<p class="par first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no -cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give -it away or re-use it under the terms of the <a class="seclink xd24e51" -title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/license" rel= -"license">Project Gutenberg License</a> included with this eBook or -online at <a class="seclink xd24e51" title="External link" href= -"https://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p> -<p class="par">This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at <a class="exlink xd24e51" title="External link" -href="http://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p> -<p class="par">This is volume two of a two-volume set; volume one is -available from Project Gutenberg as ebook <a class="pglink xd24e51" -title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= -"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53674">53674</a>.</p> -<h3 class="main">Metadata</h3> -<table class="colophonMetadata"> -<tr> -<td><b>Title:</b></td> -<td>The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī, Or: Memoirs of -Jahāngīr, volume 2 of 2</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Author:</b></td> -<td>Jahāngīr (1569–1627)</td> -<td><a href="https://viaf.org/viaf/38320916" class= -"seclink">Info</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Editor:</b></td> -<td>Henry Beveridge (1837–1929)</td> -<td><a href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42076979" class= -"seclink">Info</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Translator:</b></td> -<td>Alexander Rogers (1825–1911)</td> -<td><a href="https://viaf.org/viaf/15169887" class= -"seclink">Info</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Language:</b></td> -<td>English</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Original publication date:</b></td> -<td>[1914]</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3>Catalog entries</h3> -<table class="catalogEntries"> -<tr> -<td>Related WorldCat catalog page:</td> -<td><a href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2696773" class= -"seclink">2696773</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Related Open Library catalog page (for source):</td> -<td><a href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL22895796M" class= -"seclink">OL22895796M</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Related Open Library catalog page (for work):</td> -<td><a href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL371088W" class= -"seclink">OL371088W</a></td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3> -<p class="par first"></p> -<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> -<ul> -<li>2012-08-22 Started.</li> -</ul> -<h3 class="main">External References</h3> -<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These -links may not work for you.</p> -<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> -<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> -<table class="correctiontable" summary= -"Overview of corrections applied to the text."> -<tr> -<th>Page</th> -<th>Source</th> -<th>Correction</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e220">vii</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">203</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">230</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e598">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sate</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">sat</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e621">14</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">nycthemeron</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">nychthemeron</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e651">15</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">rosebed</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">rosebud</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e980">27</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">death)</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">) death,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1191">34</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ʿĀlām</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ʿĀlam</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1307">37</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(my</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">my (</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1400">40</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bakshi</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bakhshi</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1500">44</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">have</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">has</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1524">45</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Iahāngīr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Jahāngīr</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1562">47</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ẕī-l-Qāʿda</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ẕī-l-Qaʿda</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1720">53</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Musalmans</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Musulmans</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1820">58</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ranthanbūr</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Ranthambūr</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e1893">60</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd24e3328">107</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">hunstman</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">huntsman</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e2071">66</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">—</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">(</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e2260">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">lahks</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">lakhs</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e2714">85</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">succceed</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">succeed</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e2761">88</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">know nas</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">known as</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e2859">92</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">according</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">accordingly</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e3214">N.A.</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd24e3878">128</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e3908">130</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">New-year’s</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">New Year’s</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e6000">N.A.</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abūl-l-Faẓl</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abū-l-Faẓl</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e6321">195</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">rule</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ruler</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e6640">205</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">axuiliary</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">auxiliary</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e6648">205</a>, -<a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7478">238</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7220">227</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">-</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7397">234</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">reach</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">reaches</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7521">240</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bir</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Bīr</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7535">240</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">befel</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">befell</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7673">250</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">n</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">in</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7752">255</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ʿAdbu-llah</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">ʿAbdu-llah</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7795">258</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">proceding</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">preceding</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7832">260</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">2,000,000</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">20,00,000</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7936">268</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">alike</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">alive</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e7975">270</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abū-l-faẓl</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Abū-l-Faẓl</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e8103">277</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e8287">287</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">are</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">is</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd24e8536">299</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of -Jahangir (volume 2 of 2), by Alexander Roger and Henry Beveridge and Nuru-d-din 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of Jahangir (volume 2 of 2) - -Author: Alexander Roger - Henry Beveridge - Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -Release Date: December 11, 2016 [EBook #53716] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - - - - - - - - - THE - TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI - - Or - Memoirs of Jahangir - - Volume II - - - Translated by - Alexander Rogers - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - Edited by - Henry Beveridge - I.C.S. (Retired) - - - - - - - - -PREFACE - - -After an interval of about five years, the second volume of -Mr. Alexander Rogers' translation of Jahangir's Memoirs has been -published by the Royal Asiatic Society. It is a smaller work than -the first volume, for it only extends over six years of the reign, -as against the twelve years of its predecessor. Even then it does not -include the whole of the reign, for that lasted twenty-two years. The -two volumes, however, contain all that Jahangir wrote or supervised. It -will be found, I think, that the present volume is fully as interesting -as its predecessor. The accounts of the Zodiacal coinage (pp. 6 and -7), and of the comet, or new star (p. 48), the notice of the Plague -in Agra (pp. 65-67), and the elaborate description of Kashmir, under -the chronicle of the 15th year, are valuable, and a word should be -said for the pretty story of the King and the Gardener's daughter -(p. 50), and for the allusions to painters and pictures. - -If Babur, who was the founder of the Moghul Empire in India, was -the Caesar of the East, and if the many-sided Akbar was an epitome -of all the great Emperors, including Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, -Marcus Aurelius, Julian, and Justinian. Jahangir was certainly of -the type of the Emperor Claudius, and so bore a close resemblance -to our James I. All three were weak men, and under the influence -of their favourites, and all three were literary, and at least two -of them were fond of dabbling in theology. All three were in their -wrong places as rulers. Had James I. (and VI. of Scotland) been, as -he half wished, the Keeper of the Bodleian, and Jahangir been head -of a Natural History Museum, they would have been better and happier -men. Jahangir's best points were his love of nature and powers of -observation, and his desire to do justice. Unfortunately, the last of -these merits was vitiated by a propensity for excessive and recondite -punishments. Like his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, -he was addicted to drugs and alcohol, and he shortened his life in -this way. He made no addition to the imperial territories, but, on -the contrary, diminished them by losing Qandahar to the Persians. But -possibly his peaceful temper, or his laziness, was an advantage, for it -saved much bloodshed. His greatest fault as a king was his subservience -to his wife, Nur-Jahan, and the consequent quarrel with his son, -Shah Jahan, who was the ablest and best of his male children. The -last years of his reign were especially melancholy, for he suffered -from asthma and other diseases; and he had to endure the ignominy -of being for a while a captive to one of his own servants--Mahabat -Khan. He died on the borders of Kashmir, when on his way to Lahore, -in October, 1627, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, and was buried -at Shahdara, near Lahore, where his widow, Nur-Jahan, and her brother -are also interred. At the time of his death his son Shah Jahan was at -Junair in the Deccan, and there the news was conveyed in a wonderfully -short time by a Hindu courier. Jahangir was succeeded by Shah Jahan, -who lost no time in getting rid of his relatives, for, like the Turk, -he bore no kinsman near the throne. Indeed, he is strongly suspected -of having killed his elder brother, Khusrau, several years before. - -I am indebted to Mr. Ellis, of the India Office, for revising the -proofs. - - - - -NOTE. - -In the Catalogue of Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, -Dublin, p. 416, mention is made of a history of Hindustan during the -reign of Jahangir, in two volumes, with paintings (Ouseley MSS.). I -have recently ascertained that the MS. is only a modern copy of -the Iqbal-nama. - - -H. Beveridge. - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - Page - - The Thirteenth New Year's Feast 1 - The Fourteenth New Year's Feast from the Auspicious Accession 78 - The Fifteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 130 - The Sixteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 199 - The Seventeenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 230 - The Eighteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 253 - The Nineteenth New Year's Feast after the Auspicious Accession 294 - Index 301 - - - - - - - - -THE THIRTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST - - -On the eve of Wednesday, the 23rd Rabi`u-l-awwal, 1027 (March 10, -1618), after the lapse of fourteen and a half gharis, the entrance of -the Sun--that is, H.M. the Great Light--the Benefactor of the Universe, -into the constellation of the Ram, took place. Twelve years had now -passed from the august Accession of this suppliant at the throne of -God, in prosperity, and the New Year began in joy and thanksgiving. On -Thursday, 2 Farwardin, Divine month, the festival of my Lunar weighment -took place, and the fifty-first [1] year of the age of this suppliant -at God's throne began with rejoicings. I trust that my life will be -spent in the doing of God's Will, and that not a breath of it will -pass without remembering Him. After the weighment had been finished, -a fresh feast of joy was arranged, and my domestic servants celebrated -the day with brimming cups. - -On this day Asaf K. (Nur-Jahan's brother), who held the rank of -5,000 with 3,000 horse, was favoured by the grant of 4,000 two-horsed -and three-horsed troopers, and Sabit K. was raised to the office of -Examiner of Petitions. I bestowed the post of the Artillery on Mu`tamid -K. A Kachh (Cutch) horse had been brought as an offering by the son -of Dilawar K. No horse so good as this had come into my establishment -till I encamped in Gujarat, and as M. Rustam showed a great liking for -it, I presented it to him. On the Jam were conferred four rings--viz., -diamond, ruby, emerald, and sapphire--and two hawks. I also gave four -rings--viz., ruby, cat's-eye, emerald, and sapphire--to Raja Lachmi -Narayan (of Kuch Bihar). Muruwwat K. had sent three elephants from -Bengal, and two of them were included in my private stud. On the eve -of Friday I ordered lamps to be placed round the tank, and this had a -very good appearance. On Sunday Haji Rafiq came from `Iraq, and had -the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and laid before me a letter -which my brother Shah `Abbas had sent with him. The aforesaid person -is a slave of Mir Muhammad Amin K., the caravan leader, and the Mir -had brought him up from his childhood. In truth, he is an excellent -servant. He frequently visited `Iraq, and became intimate with my -brother Shah `Abbas. This time he had brought tipchaq [2] horses and -fine cloth-stuffs, such that of the horses some were put into the -private stables. As he is a skilful slave, and a servant worthy of -favour, I honoured him with the title of Maliku-t-tujjar (King of -Merchants). On Monday I gave Raja Lachmi Narayan a special sword, -a jewelled rosary, and four pearls for ear-rings. On Mubarak-shamba -(Thursday) I increased by 500 horse the mansab of 5,000 personal -and 1,000 horse held by Mirza Rustam; I`tiqad K. was promoted to a -mansab of 4,000 and 1,000 horse; Sarfaraz K. was promoted to a mansab -of 2,500 and 1,400 horse; Mu`tamid K. to the rank of 1,000 with 350 -horse. On Anira'i Singh-dalan and Fida'i K., horses worth 100 muhars -were conferred. As the guarding and administration of the Punjab had -been entrusted to I`timadu-d-daula, I, at his request, promoted to -the government (hukumat) of the said Subah, Mir Qasim, the Bakhshi -of the Ahadis, who is related to him, and bestowed on him a mansab -of 1,000 personal with 400 horse and the title of Qasim K. Before -this I had given Raja Lachmi Narayan an `Iraq horse. On this day I -conferred on him an elephant and a Turki horse, and gave him leave -to go to Bengal. The Jam was dismissed to his native country with -a present of a jewelled waist-sword, a jewelled rosary, two horses, -one from `Iraq and the other a Turki, and a dress of honour. Salih, -brother's son of the deceased Asaf Khan, [3] was promoted to a mansab -of 1,000 with 300 horse, and allowed to go to Bengal, and a horse -was conferred on him. On this date Mir Jumla [4] came from Persia, -and had the good fortune to pay his respects. The aforesaid is one -of the respectable Sayyids of Isfahan and his family have always -been held in honour in Persia, and now his brother's son, Mir Riza, -is in the service of my brother, Shah `Abbas, and has the rank of -Sadr, and the Shah has married him to his own daughter. Mir Jumla -had left Persia fourteen years before this, and gone to Golconda to -Muhammad Quli Qutbu-l-mulk. His name is Muhammad Amin. Qutbu-l-mulk -gave him the title of Mir Jumla. For ten years he had been his Mudar -`Alaihi (Centre of Affairs) and his Sahib Saman (factotum). After -Qutbu-l-mulk died, and the rule came to his brother's son, the latter -did not treat the Mir properly, and so he took leave and hastened to -his native country. The Shah, on account of his connection with Mir -Riza, and the respect which he had for men [5] of merit, showed much -consideration for and kindness to him. He (the Mir) also presented -fitting offerings, and passed three or four years in Persia, and -amassed properties (estates?). [6] As he several times represented -that he wished to enter the service of this Court, I sent a farman and -invited him. Immediately the farman arrived he severed his connections -there, and set the face of loyalty towards this Court. This day he -attained the honour of kissing the carpet, and produced as offering -twelve horses, nine tuquz [7] of silk cloths, and two rings. As -he had come with devotion and sincerity, I conferred favours and -kindness on him, and presented him with 20,000 darbs (Rs. 10,000) -for his expenses and a dress of honour. On the same day I gave the -post of Bakhshi of the Ahadis to `Inayat K. in place of Qasim K. I -honoured Khwaja `Aqil, who is one of the old servants, with the title -of `Aqil K., and presented him with a horse. On Friday, Dilawar K., -coming from the Deccan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and presented an offering of 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000. Baqir K., -Faujdar of Multan, was promoted to a mansab of 800 personal and 300 -horse. Tijarat K. and Bahu'i, [8] Zamindar of Multan, were honoured -with the gift of elephants. On Saturday, the 11th, marching from -Dohad with the intention of hunting elephants, I pitched at the -village of Kara Bara (Garbara ?). On Sunday, the 12th, the village -of Sajara (Sajwara ?) became the place of alighting. It is 8 koss -from this place to Dohad, and 1 1/2 koss to the hunting-ground. On -the morning of Monday, the 13th, I went to hunt elephants with a body -of my private servants. As the grazing-place of the elephants is in a -hilly country, with elevations and depressions, a passage is obtained -with difficulty by one on foot. Before this, a large body of horse -and foot had surrounded the jungle after the manner of a qamurgha, -and outside the jungle, on a tree, they had prepared a wooden platform -for me. On all sides of this they had arranged seats on other trees for -the Amirs. They had got ready 200 male elephants with strong nooses, -and many female elephants. On each elephant there were seated two -elephant-drivers of the tribe of Jarga, [9] whose special employment -is the hunting of elephants, and it had been arranged that they -should bring the wild elephants from the jungle into my presence, -that I might witness the hunt. It happened that at the time when the -men from all sides entered the jungle, in consequence of the thickness -of the forest and the heights and hollows, the chain was broken, and -the order of the qamurgha did not remain perfect. The wild elephants in -bewilderment turned in every direction, but twelve male and female came -to this side (where J. was). As the fear was that they might escape, -they drove in the tame elephants and tied them (the wild elephants) -up wherever they found them. Although many elephants were not caught, -at least two excellent ones were captured, very handsome in shape, -of good breed, and perfect marks. As there is a hill in the jungle in -which the elephants were, called Rakas (Rakshas) Pahar, [10] or demon -hill, I called these two elephants Ravan Sar and Pavan Sar, these -being the names of two demons. On Tuesday, the 14th, and Kam-shamba -(Wednesday), the 15th, I halted. - -On the eve of Thursday, the 16th, I marched, and halted at the stage of -Kara Bara. Hakim Beg, [11] who is one of the household of the Court, -was honoured with the title of Hakim K., and a sum of Rs. 3,000 was -given to Sangram, a Zamindar of the hill country of the Panjab. As -the heat was very great, and marching by day was to be avoided, -I marched by night. On Saturday, the 18th, a halt was made in the -parganah of Dohad. On Sunday, the 19th, the sun that bestows favour -on the world attained the highest point in the constellation of -Aries. On this day a great entertainment was held, and I sat on the -throne. I promoted Shah-nawaz K., who held a mansab of 5,000, with the -favour of 2,000 horse, of two and three horses. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -the Chief Bakhshi, was given a mansab, original and increased, of -4,000 with 2,000 horse. As Ahmad Beg K., of Kabul, who had obtained -the governorship of Kashmir, had promised that he would conquer in -the space of two years Tibet and Kishtwar, and the promised time -had elapsed, and he had not fulfilled this service, I removed him, -and promoted Dilawar K. Kakar to the Government of Kashmir. I gave -him a dress of honour and an elephant, and sent him off. He also -made a promise in writing that in the course of two years he would -conquer Tibet and Kishtwar. Badi'u-z-Zaman, s. Shahrukh M. came from -the jagir he held in Sultanpur, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. Having at this time honoured Qasim K. with a jewelled dagger -and an elephant, I dismissed him to the Government of the Punjab. - -On the night of Tuesday, the 21st, I marched from the stage mentioned, -and turned the reins of the army of prosperity towards Ahmadabad. As -in consequence of the great heat and the corruption of the air I would -have had to undergo much hardship, and would have had to traverse a -long distance before reaching Agra, it occurred to me not to proceed -at this hot season to the capital. As I heard much praise of the rainy -season in Gujarat, and there was no report about the evil reputation -of Ahmadabad (see infra for account of epidemic there), I finally -conceived the idea of remaining there. Inasmuch as the protection and -guardianship of God (to Him be praise) was in all places and at all -times extended to this suppliant, just at this crisis news arrived -that signs of the plague (waba) had shown themselves again at Agra, -and many people were dying, my intention of not going to Agra, -which had thrown its rays on my mind through Divine inspiration, -was confirmed. The entertainment of Thursday, the 23rd, was held at -the station of Jalod. [12] - -Previously to this, the rule of coinage was that on one face of -the metal they stamped my name, and on the reverse the name of the -place, and the month and year of the reign. At this time it entered -my mind that in place of the month they should substitute the figure -of the constellation which belonged to that month; for instance, in -the month of Farwardin the figure of a ram, and in Urdibihisht the -figure of a bull. Similarly, in each month that a coin was struck, -the figure of the constellation was to be on one face, as if the -sun were emerging from it. This usage is my own, and has never been -practised until now. [13] - -On this day I`tiqad K. was promoted to the dignity of a standard, -and a standard was also conferred on Muruwwat K., who was attached to -Bengal. On the night of Monday, [14] the 27th, the camp was pitched in -the village of Badrwala, in the parganah of Sahra. [15] At this stage -was heard the voice of the koel (koyal). The koel is a bird of the -crow tribe, but smaller. The crow's eyes are black, and those of the -koel red. The female has white spots, but the male is all black. The -male has a very pleasant voice, quite unlike that of the female. It -is in reality the nightingale of India. Just as the nightingale is -agitated and noisy in the spring, so is the cry of the koel at the -approach of the rainy season, which is the spring of Hindustan. Its -cry is exceedingly pleasant and penetrating, and the bird begins its -exhilaration (masti) when the mangoes ripen. It frequently sits on -the mango-trees, and is delighted with the colour and scent of the -mango. A strange thing about the koel is that it does not bring up its -young from the egg, but, finding the nest of the crow unguarded at the -time of laying, it breaks the crow's eggs with its beak, throws them -out, and lays its own in the place of them, and flies off. The crow, -thinking the eggs its own, hatches the young and brings them up. I -have myself seen this strange affair at Allahabad. - -On the night of Kamshamba (Wednesday), the 29th, the camp was on -the bank of the Mahi, and the entertainment of Mubarakshamba was -held there. Two springs appeared on the bank of the Mahi, that had -very clear water, so much so that if a poppy-seed fell into them the -whole of it was visible. All that day I passed with the ladies. As -it was a pleasant place to walk about in, I ordered them to build a -raised seat round each of the springs. On Friday I fished in the Mahi, -and large fish with scales fell into the net. I first told my son, -Shah-Jahan, to try his sword on them. After this I ordered the Amirs -to strike them with the swords they had in their belts. My son's -sword cut better than all of theirs. These fish were divided among -the servants who were present. On the eve of Saturday, the 1st of -Urdibihisht, marching from the above-mentioned stage, I ordered [16] -the mace-bearers (yasawulan) and tawachiyan to collect the widows and -poor people from the villages on the road and near it, and bring them -before me, so that I might bestow charity on them with my own hand, -which would be an occupation, and the helpless ones might also find -grace. What better occupation could there be than this? On Monday, -the 3rd, Shaja`at K. `Arab, and Himmat K., and other servants who -belonged to the Deccan and Gujarat, had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. The holy men and the possessors of blessing (faqirs, -etc.) who lived at Ahmadabad paid their respects to me. On Tuesday, -the 4th, the bank of the river at Mahmudabad became the alighting -place. Rustam K., whom my son, Shah-Jahan, had left in the Government -of Gujarat, was honoured by paying his respects. The entertainment of -Thursday, the 6th, was held on the bank of the Kankriya tank. Nahir -K., according to order, came from the Deccan and raised the head of -honour with the good fortune of prostrating himself before me. - -A diamond ring was presented to my son, Shah-Jahan, as part of the -offering of Qutbu-l-mulk. It was of the value of 1,000 muhars, and on -it there appeared three letters of equal size and of good form, such -that they made the word Lillahi (for God). This diamond had been sent, -as it was reckoned one of the marvels of the world. In fact, veins and -scratches are flaws in precious stones, but it was generally thought -that the marks on this one were fabricated. Moreover, the diamond -did not come from any celebrated mine. As my son, Shah-Jahan, wished -that it should be sent to my brother, Shah `Abbas, as a souvenir of -the conquest of the Deccan it was sent to the Shah along with other -gifts. [17] - -On this day I presented Brikha Ray bad-farush (panegyrist) with -Rs. 1,000. He is a Gujarati by origin, and is fully versed in the -chronicles and circumstances of that country. His name was Bunta--that -is, a sapling (nihal). It seemed to me that it was anomalous to call -an old man Bunta, especially now that he had become verdant (sar-sabz) -and fruit-bearing through the irrigation (sahab, literally, cloud, or -mirage) of our kindness. I therefore ordered that henceforth he should -be called Brikha Ray. Brikha means "tree" in Hindi. On Friday, the -7th of the aforesaid month, corresponding with the 1st Jumada-l-awwal, -at a chosen propitious hour, I entered the city of Ahmadabad with all -enjoyment. At the time of mounting, my son of prosperous fortune, -Shah-Jahan, had brought 20,000 charan, or Rs. 5,000, for the nisar -(scattering), and I scattered them as I hastened to the palace. When I -alighted there he laid before me by way of an offering a jewelled turra -(aigrette) of the value of Rs. 25,000, and those of his officers whom -he had left in this Subah also presented offerings. They altogether -amounted to nearly Rs. 40,000. As it was represented to me that Khwaja -Beg Mirza Safawi had reached the neighbourhood of the forgiveness of -God--i.e., had died--at Ahmadnagar, I promoted to a mansab of 2,000 -personal and horse, original and increased, Khanjar K., whom he had -adopted as his son, and, indeed, held dearer than a son of his loins, -and who was in truth, an intelligent, ambitious youth, and a servant -worthy of patronage, and entrusted him with the charge of the fort -of Ahmadnagar. - -In these days, in consequence of the great heat and the corruption -of the air, sickness had broken out among the people, and of those -in the city and the camp there were few who for two or three days had -not been ill. Inflammatory fever or pains in the limbs attacked them, -and in the course of two or three days they became exceedingly ill--so -much so that even after recovery they remained for a long time weak -and languid. They mostly at last recovered, so that but few were in -danger of their lives. I heard from old men who resided in this country -that thirty years before this the same kind of fever prevailed, and -passed away happily. Anyhow, there appeared some deterioration in the -climate of Gujarat, and I much regretted having come here. I trust -that the great and glorious God, in His mercy and grace, will lift -up this burden, which is a source of uneasiness to my mind, from off -the people. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 13th, Badi`u-z-zaman, -s. Mirza Shahrukh, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal -and horse, and presented with a standard, and appointed faujdar of -Sarkar Patan. Sayyid Nizam, faujdar of Sarkar Lucknow, was raised to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 700 horse. The mansab of `Ali Quli -Darman, who was attached to the province of Qandahar, at the request -of Bahadur K., the governor thereof, was ordered to be 1,000 personal -and 700 horse. Sayyid Hizbar K. Barha was dignified with the mansab -of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. I promoted Zabardast K. to the rank -of 800 personal and 350 horse. On this day Qasim Khwaja of Dihbid [18] -had sent from Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxiana) by the hand of one of his -tribesmen by way of supplication five tuyghun (white) falcons. One died -on the road, and four arrived at Ujjain in safety. I ordered them to -hand over the sum of Rs. 5,000 to someone among them, that he might -purchase and take with him whatever things would be agreeable to the -Khwaja, and gave a reward of Rs. 1,000 to himself. At this time Khan -`Alam, who had been sent as ambassador to the ruler of Persia, sent -an ashyani falcon (bird from the nest), which in the Persian language -they call ukna. [19] Outwardly one cannot distinguish between these -and baz dami [20] falcons by any particular mark, but after they -have been flown the difference is clear. On Thursday, the 20th, Mir -Abu-s-Salih, a relation (? son-in-law) of the deceased Mirza Yusuf -K., came from the Deccan by order, and enjoyed the good fortune of -kissing the threshold. He presented as an offering 100 muhars [21] -and a jewelled plume (kalgi). Mirza Yusuf K. [22] was one of the -Rizawi Sayyids of Mashhad, and his family was always held in great -honour in Khurasan, and just now my brother Shah `Abbas has given -his daughter in marriage to the younger brother of the aforesaid -Abu-s-Salih. His father, Mirza Atagh, [23] was the head of the -attendants of the mausoleum of Riza, the 8th Imam. Mirza Yusuf Khan, -by means of the patronage of H.M. (Akbar), had risen to nobility, and -attained to the mansab of 5,000. Without doubt he was a good Mir, and -held his many servants in good order. A number of relations gathered -round him. He died [24] in the Deccan. Although he left many sons, -who obtained favours in consideration of former services, special -attention was paid to the development of his eldest son. In a short -time I advanced him to the rank of nobility. Certainly there is a -great difference between him and his father. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 27th, I presented Hakim -Masihu-z-zaman with 20,000 darbs (8 anna pieces), and to Hakim -Ruhu-llah 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000. As he had thoroughly diagnosed -my constitution, he perceived that the climate of Gujarat was very -inimical to it. He said: "As soon as you moderate your habit of taking -wine and opium, all these troubles of yours will disappear." Indeed, -when I in one day diminished (the quantity I took of) both of them, -there was a great gain on that first day. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), -the 3rd Khurdad, Qizilbash K. was promoted to the mansab, original and -increased, of 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse. A report was received -from Gajpat K., superintendent of the elephant stables, and Baluch -K., chief huntsman (Qarawul Beg), that up to this time sixty-nine -elephants, male and female, had been caught. Whatever took place after -this would be reported. I ordered them to beware not to take old or -small elephants; but with this exception they should catch all they -saw, male or female. On Monday, the 14th, [25] the sum of Rs. 2,000 -was presented for Shah `Alam's anniversary, to Sayyid Muhammad, -his representative. A special Kachh horse, one of the good horses of -the Jam which had been presented to me, was given to Raja Bir Singh -Deo. I made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Baluch K., the chief huntsman, -who is engaged in capturing elephants. On Tuesday, 15th, I found I had -a severe headache, which at last ended in fever. At night I did not -drink my usual number of cups, and after midnight crop-sickness [26] -was added to my fever, and till morning I rolled about on my couch. On -Wednesday, the 16th, at the end of the day, the fever diminished, -and, after asking the advice of my doctors, I took my usual number of -cups on the third night. Although they urged me to take some broth of -pulse and rice, I could not make up my mind to do so. Since I arrived -at the age of discretion, I never remember having taken bughan [27] -broth, and hope that I may not want it in future. When they brought -food for me this day, I had no inclination for it. In short, for -three days and two nights I remained fasting. Though I had fever for -a day and a night, and my weakness was such that it appeared as if -I had been confined to bed for a long time, I had no appetite left, -and had no inclination towards food. - -I [28] am amazed to think what pleasure or goodness the founder of -this city could have seen in a spot so devoid of the favour (of God) -as to build a city on it. After him, others, too, have passed their -lives in precious trouble in this dustbin. Its air is poisonous, and -its soil has little water, and is of sand and dust, as has already [29] -been described. Its water is very bad and unpalatable, and the river, -which is by the side of the city, is always dry except in the rainy -season. Its wells are mostly salt and bitter, and the tanks in the -neighbourhood of the city have become like buttermilk from washermen's -soap. The upper classes who have some property have made reservoirs -in their houses, which they fill with rainwater in the rainy season, -and they drink that water until the next year. The evils of water to -which the air never penetrates, and which has no way for the vapour to -come out by, are evident. Outside the city, in place of green grass -and flowers, all is an open plain full of thorn-brakes (zaqqum), and -as for the breeze that blows off the thorns, its excellence is known: - - - "[30]O thou, compendium of goodness, by which of thy names shall - I call thee? - I had already called Ahmadabad Gardabad (the abode of dust)." - - -Now, I do not know whether to call it Samumistan (the place of the -samum or simoom) or Bimaristan (abode of sickness), or Zaqqum-zar -(the thorn-bed), or Jahannamabad (the house of Hell), for it contains -all these varieties. If the rainy season had not prevented me, I would -not have delayed one day in this abode of trouble, but, like Solomon, -would have seated myself on the throne of the wind, and hastened -out, and released the people of God from this pain and trouble. As -the men of this city are exceedingly weak-hearted and wretched, in -order to guard against any of the men from the camp entering their -houses with a view to oppress them, or interfering with the affairs -of the poor and miserable: and lest the Qazi and Mir `Adl (judge) -should, from fear of the face of men (ru-didagi), temporize and not -stop such oppression, I, from the date on which I entered the city, -notwithstanding the heat of the air, every day, after completing the -midday prayer, went and sat in the Jharoka. It was towards the river, -and had no impediment in the shape of gate, or wall, or watch-men -(yasawul), or chobdars (mace-bearers). For the sake of administering -justice, I sat there for two or three sidereal hours and listened -to the cries for redress, and ordered punishments on the oppressors -according to their faults and crimes. Even in the time of weakness I -have gone every day to the jharoka, though in great pain and sorrow, -according to my fixed custom, and have looked on ease of body as -something unlawful [31] (haram) for me. - - - "For the care of the people of God - At night I make not mine eyes acquainted with sleep; - For the ease of the bodies of all - I approve of pain for my own body." - - -By the grace of Allah, it has become my habit not to surrender -the nychthemeron, for more than two or three sidereal hours of -the coin of Time, to the plundering of sleep. In this there are two -advantages--one, the knowledge of the kingdom; the other, wakefulness -of heart in calling God to mind. God forbid that this life of a few -days should pass in carelessness. As a heavy sleep is in front, I must -reckon as a gain this time of my wakefulness, which I shall not see -again in sleep, and must not be careless of recollecting God for a -single wink. "Be wakeful, for a wondrous [32] sleep is ahead." On the -same day that I contracted fever, my son Shah-Jahan, who is close to -my heart, also contracted it. His attack lasted a long time, and for -ten days he could not come to pay his respects. He came on Thursday, -the 24th, and waited on me, and appeared very weak and powerless, -so much so that if anyone had not explained the matter, one might -have supposed he had been ill for a month or more. I am grateful -that at last all ended well. On Thursday, the 31st, Mir Jumla, who -had come from Iran--a summary of what had happened to him has been -already written--was honoured with the mansab of 1,500 personal and -200 horse. On this day, in consequence of the weakness I suffered -from, I bestowed as alms on deserving people an elephant, a horse, -and varieties of quadrupeds, with a quantity of gold and silver and -other valuable things. Most of my servants also brought alms according -to their means. I told them that if their object was to parade their -loyalty, their proceeding was not acceptable, and if they were acting -from genuine piety there was no need for bringing their alms into -the Presence; they could secretly and personally distribute them -to the poor and needy. On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 7th Tir, -Divine month, Sadiq K. Bakhshi was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and horse, original and increased; Iradat K., the Mir Saman, -to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Mir Abu Salih Rizawi to the mansab -of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, with the title of Rizawi Khan, and, being -honoured with a standard and an elephant, he took leave for the Deccan. - -At this time it was represented to me that the Commander-in-Chief, -the Ataliq Khan-khanan, as a sequel to the celebrated line, "For every -rose one must bear the pain of a hundred thorns," had written an ode, -and that Mirza Rustam Safawi and Mirza Murad, his son, had also tried -their skill. An impromptu opening couplet came into my mind: - - - "A cup of wine should be poured [33] on the cheek of the rosebud. - There are many clouds, much wine should be poured." - - -Of those who were present at the entertainment who had the poetic -temperament each composed an ode, and presented it. It became known -that the hemistich was from Maulana `Abdu-r-Rahman Jami. I looked at -the whole of his ode (or odes). Except this hemistich, which like a -proverb has become famous over the world, he has not written anything -epigrammatic. All is very simple and smooth. [34] On this day arrived -the news of the death of Ahmad Beg K., governor of Kashmir. His sons, -who were of the house-born ones of the Court, and on whose foreheads -the signs of intelligence and zeal were manifest, obtained suitable -mansabs, and were sent to do duty in the Suba of Bangash and Kabul. His -mansab was that of 2,500; his eldest son obtained that of 3,000 (?), -[35] and three other sons that of 900 each. On Thursday, the 14th, -Khwaja Baqi K., who was adorned with the high qualities of dignity, -honour, generosity, and valour, under whose rule was one of the thanas -of the country of Berar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 -horse, original and increased, and the title of Baqi K. Ray Kahnur -(Kunwar?), who was formerly Diwan of Gujarat, was chosen for the -diwanship of Malwa. - -At this time the pairing of the saras, which I had never seen before, -and is reported never to have been seen by man, was witnessed -by me. The saras is a creature of the crane genus, but somewhat -larger. [36] On the top of the head it has no feathers, and the -skin is drawn over the bones of the head. From the back of the eye -to six finger-breadths of the neck it is red. They mostly live in -pairs on the plains, but are occasionally seen in flocks. People -bring a pair in from the fields, and keep them in their houses, -and they become familiar with men. In fact, there was a pair of -saras in my establishment to which I had given the names of Laila -and Majnun. One day a eunuch informed me that (the) two had paired -in his presence. I ordered that if they showed an inclination to -pair again they should inform me. At dawn he came and told me that -they were about to pair again. I immediately hastened to look on. The -female having straightened its legs bent down a little: the male then -lifted up one of its feet from the ground and placed it on her back, -and afterwards the second foot, and, immediately seating himself -on her back, paired with her. He then came down, and, stretching -out his neck, put his beak to the ground, and walked once round -the female. It is possible they may have an egg and produce a young -one. Many strange tales of the affection of the saras for its mate -have been heard. The following case has been recorded because it is -very strange. Qiyam K., who is one of the khanazads (houseborn ones) -of this Court, and is well acquainted with the arts of hunting and -scouting, informed me that one day he had gone out to hunt, and found -a saras sitting. When he approached, it got up and went off. From its -manner of walking he perceived signs of weakness and pain. He went to -the place where it had been sitting, and saw some bones and a handful -of feathers on which it had been sitting. He threw a net round it, -and drew himself into a corner, and it tried to go and sit in the -same place. Its foot was caught in the net, and he went forward and -seized it. It appeared extremely light, and when he looked minutely -he saw there were no feathers on its breast and belly: its flesh -and skin had separated, and there were maggots. Moreover, there was -no sign of flesh left on any of its members: a handful of feathers -and bone came into his hand. It was clear that its mate had died, -and that it had sate there from the day it lost its companion. - - - "My burning heart hath melted my body with separation's pang; - A soul-consuming sigh burnt me, as 'twere a lamp. - The day of my joy became black like the night of grief, - Separation from thee hath made my day like this." - - -Himmat K., who is one of my best servants, and whose word is worthy -of reliance, told me that in the Dohad [37] pargana he had seen a -pair of saras on the bank of a tank. One of his gunners shot one -of them, and in the same place cut off its head and stripped [38] -it of its feathers (?). By chance we halted two or three days at -that place, and its mate continually walked round it, and uttered -cries and lamentation. "My heart," he said, "ached at its distress, -but there was no remedy for it save regret." By chance, twenty-five -days afterwards, he passed by the same spot, and asked the inhabitants -what had become of that saras. They said it died on the same day, -and there were still remains of feathers and bones on the spot. He -went there himself, and saw it was as they said. There are many tales -of this kind among the people, which it would take too long to tell. - -On Saturday, the 16th, there came the news of the death of Rawat -Shankar, who was one of those on duty in Bihar. Man Singh, his -eldest son, was raised to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 600 horse: -his other sons and connections were also raised in mansab, and were -directed to obey him. On Thursday, the 21st, the elephant Bavan, [39] -the pick of my catch, which had been left in the pargana of Dohad to be -tamed, was brought to Court. I ordered him to be kept near the jharoka -on the river side, that he might be constantly under my eye. In the -elephant-stables of H.M. Akbar the largest elephant I saw was Durjan -Sal. It was long the premier elephant. Its height was 4 yards (dara` -[40]), and 3 1/2 quarters of the Ilahi gaz, which is 8 yards and 3 -fingers of the ordinary gaz. At present, among the elephants of my -establishment, the largest athlete is `Alam-Gajraj, which H.M. Akbar -himself had caught. It is the chief of my special elephants. Its -height is 4 1/8 yards, or 7 yards and 7 fingers [41] of the ordinary -yard. The ordinary gaz has been fixed at 24 fingers' breadth of an -average-sized man, and the Ilahi gaz is 40 fingers' breadth. - -On this day Muzaffar K., who had been promoted to the Subadarship of -Thatta (Sind), had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He presented -100 muhars and Rs. 100 as nazr, and the equivalent of Rs. 100,000 in -jewels and jewelled things. At this time news came that God Almighty -had bestowed on my son Parwiz a son [42] by the daughter of Shah Murad, -deceased. It is to be hoped that his coming will be of good omen to -this State. - -On Sunday, the 24th, Ray Bihari [43] had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold: there is not a greater Zamindar than this in the country of -Gujarat. His country is close to the sea. Bihari and the Jam are from -one stem. They were united ten generations ago. As far as territory and -forces go, the standing of Bihari is greater than that of the Jam. They -say that he never came to see any of the Sultans of Gujarat. Sultan -Mahmud had sent an army against him, but in the fight the army of -Mahmud was defeated. At the time when Khan A`zam went to conquer the -fort of Junagarh in the country of Surat, Nannu, who was called Sultan -Muzaffar, and gave himself out as heir to the kingdom, was passing his -days in a state of misery under the protection of the zamindars. After -this the Jam was defeated in battle with the victorious (Royal) army, -and Nannu took refuge with Ray Bihari. Khan A`zam demanded Nannu from -Ray Bihari, and as he could not oppose the Royal army, he gave him up, -and by this piece of loyalty was saved from the blows of the victorious -army. At the time [44] when Ahmadabad was adorned by the presence of -the retinue of fortune for a short time, he did not come to wait on -me. His country was somewhat distant, and time did not admit of the -appointing of a force (against him). When it happened that I returned -there, my son Shah-Jahan appointed Raja Bikramajit with an army (for -this purpose), and he, seeing his own safety in coming in hastened -to receive the honour of kissing the threshold, giving 200 muhars -and Rs. 2,000 as nazr, and 100 horses. However, there was not one of -his horses that I approved of. His age appeared to me to be more than -eighty [45] years, and he himself said he was ninety. In his senses -and powers there was no appearance of decay. Among his men there was -an old man with white beard, moustaches, and eyebrows. He said that -Ray Bihari remembered him when he (the old man) was a child (infant), -and that he had grown up from childhood in his service. - -On this day Abu-l-Hasan, [46] the painter, who has been honoured -with the title of Nadiru-z-zaman, drew the picture of my accession -as the frontispiece to the Jahangir-nama, and brought it to me. As -it was worthy of all praise, he received endless favours. His work -was perfect, and his picture is one of the chefs d'oeuvre of the -age. At the present time he has no rival or equal. If at this day the -masters `Abdu-l-Hayy and Bihzad were alive, they would have done him -justice. His father, Aqa Riza'i, of Herat, [47] at the time when I -was Prince, joined my service. He (Abu-l-Hasan) was a khanazad of my -Court. There is, however, no comparison between his work and that of -his father (i.e., he is far better than his father). One cannot put -them into the same category. My connection was based on my having -reared him. From his earliest years up to the present time I have -always looked after him, till his art has arrived at this rank. Truly -he has become Nadira-i-zaman ("the wonder of the age"). Also, Ustad -Mansur [48] has become such a master in painting that he has the -title of Nadiru-l-`Asr, and in the art of drawing is unique in his -generation. In the time of my father's reign and my own these two -have had no third. As regards myself, my liking for painting and my -practice in judging it have arrived at such a point that when any work -is brought before me, either of deceased artists or of those of the -present day, without the names being told me, I say on the spur of -the moment that it is the work of such and such a man. And if there -be a picture containing many portraits, and each face be the work of -a different master, I can discover which face is the work of each of -them. If any other person has put in the eye and eyebrow of a face, -I can perceive whose work the original face is, and who has painted -the eye and eyebrows. - -On the eve of Sunday, the 31st of the month of Tir, heavy rain fell, -and it went on raining with great violence till Tuesday, the 1st -of Amurdad. [49] For sixteen days there were constantly clouds and -(? or) rain. As this is a sandy country, and the buildings in it are -weak, many houses fell, and many lives were lost. I heard from the -inhabitants of the city that they remembered no rain like that of -this year. Although the channel of the Sabarmati [50] appears full -of water, it is in most places fordable, and elephants can always -cross it. If for a day there has been no rain, horses and men can -ford it. The fountain head of this river is in the hill-country -of the Rana. It comes out from the ravine of Kokra(?), [51] and, -having traversed 1 1/2 koss, passes below Mirpur, [52] and in this -place they call it the Wakal (?). After passing 3 koss beyond Mirpur, -they call it the Sabarmati. - -On Thursday, the 10th, Ray Bihari was exalted with the favour of a -male and a female elephant, a jewelled dagger, and four rings, of -red ruby and yellow ruby (topaz), sapphire, and emerald. Before this, -the Ataliq Jan-sipar (life-jeoparding), Khan-khanan (`Abdu-r-Rahim), -Commander-in-Chief, by order, had sent a force under the leadership -of his son Amru-llah [53] towards Gondwana, in order to seize the -diamond mine of Barakar [54] (?) that was in the possession of Panju, -a Zamindar of Khandesh. On this day a report came from him that the -aforesaid Zamindar, knowing that opposition to the victorious army -was beyond his power, had made an offering of the mine, and a royal -superintendent had been appointed to manage it. The diamonds of that -place are superior in kind and beauty to all other kinds of diamonds, -and much esteemed by jewellers. They are of good shape, and larger, -and superior. Of the second rank is the mine of Kokhra, [55] which -is on the borders of Bihar; but the diamonds of that place are not -obtained from the mine, but from a river which in the rainy season -comes down in flood from the hills. Before that they dam it up, and -when the flood has passed over the dam and there is little water, -a number of men who are skilled in this art go into the river bed -and bring out the diamonds. It is now three years since this country -came into the possession of the State. The Zamindar of the place is -in confinement. The climate of that land is excessively poisonous, -and strangers cannot live there. The third place is in the province -of the Karnatik (Carnatic), near the frontier of Qutbu-l-mulk. At a -distance of 50 koss [56] there are four mines. Many very fine [57] -diamonds are obtained there. - -On Thursday, the 10th, Nahir K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 1,000 horse, and he was presented with an elephant. Maktub -K., superintendent of the Kutub-khana (library), was given the mansab -of 1,500 personal. As I had ordered that on the Shab-i-Barat they -should place lamps round the Kankriya tank, at the end of the day on -Monday, the 14th Sha`ban, I went out to look at them. The buildings -all round the tank they had arranged with lanterns of different -colours and all kinds of artifices that are practicable with lamps, -and fireworks. Although at this season there were continually clouds -and rain, by God's favour from the beginning of the night the air -had become clear, and not a trace of cloud remained, and the lights -shone just as one could wish. My domestic servants were regaled with -the cups of joy. I ordered them to light lamps in the same manner on -the eve of Friday, and a strange thing was that at the close of the -day of Thursday, the 17th, it continually rained (muttasil baridagi), -but at the time of lighting the lamps the rain ceased, and the show -was well seen. On this day I`timadu-d-daula presented an offering of -a qutbi (?) sapphire exceedingly delicate, and an elephant without -tusks with silver housings. As it was handsome-looking and of good -shape, it was put among my private elephants. On the bank of the -Kankriya tank a sanyasi, one of the most austere sects of Hindus, -had made a hut after the dervish manner, and lived as a hermit. As I -was always inclined to associate with dervishes, I hastened without -ceremony to interview him, and for a while enjoyed his society. He -was not wanting in information and reasonableness, and was well -informed according to the rules of his own faith in the doctrines of -Sufism. He had conformed to the ways of people of religious poverty -and mortification, and given up all desires and ambitions. One might -say that a better than he of his class was never seen. - -On Monday, the 21st (Amurdad), the saras, the pairing of which -has been related in the preceding pages, collected together some -straw and rubbish in the little garden, and laid first of all one -egg. On the third day (afterwards) it laid a second egg. This pair -of saras were caught when they were a month old, [58] and had been -in my establishment for five years. After five and a half years they -paired, and continued doing so for a month; on the 21st of the month -of Amurdad, which the Hindus call Sawan (Sravan) the hen laid the -eggs. The female used to sit on the eggs the whole night alone, and the -male stood near her on guard. It was so alert that it was impossible -for any living thing to pass near her. Once a large weasel made its -appearance, and he ran at it with the greatest impetuosity, and did -not stop until the weasel got into a hole. When the sun illuminated -the world with his rays, the male went to the female and pecked her -back with his beak. The female then rose, and the male sate in her -place. She returned, and in the same manner made him rise, and seated -herself. In short, the female sits the whole night, and takes care -of the eggs, and by day the male and female sit by turns. When they -rise and sit down they take great precautions that no harm shall come -to the eggs. - -During this season, as there was still some of the hunting time left, -Gajpat K., the darogha, and Baluch K., the head huntsman, had been left -to hunt elephants, to catch as many as they possibly could. In the same -manner the huntsmen of my son, Shah-Jahan, had also been employed. On -this day they came and waited on me. Altogether 185 elephants had been -caught, male and female: of these, 73 were males and 112 females. Out -of these, 47 males and 75 females, or 122, the imperial huntsmen and -faujdars had secured, while the huntsmen and elephant-drivers of my -son, Shah-Jahan, had taken 26 males and 37 females, or 63 altogether. - -On Thursday, the 24th, I went to see the Bagh-i-Fath, [59] and -spent two days there in enjoyment and pleasure. At the end of the -day on Saturday I returned to the palace. As Asaf K. had represented -that his hawili (house) garden was exceedingly green and pleasant, -and all sorts of flowers and scented plants had bloomed there, at his -request I went to it on Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 31st. In truth, -it was a very nice villa, and I was much pleased. His offering of -jewels and jewelled things, and cloth, of the value of Rs. 35,000, -was accepted. Muzaffar K. was favoured with a dress of honour and -an elephant, and, as before, was entrusted with the charge of the -government of Thatta (Sind). My brother Shah `Abbas sent a letter -with some trifling presents by `Abdu-l-Karim of Gilan, who had come -with merchandise from Iran. On this day I presented him with a dress -of honour and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, and sent an -answer to the Shah's letter with a memorandum. Khan `Alam was also -honoured with a gracious farman and a special dress of honour. Friday -was the 1st of the month of Shahriwar. From Sunday, the 3rd, till -the eve of Thursday (the 7th) rain fell. It is strange that on other -days the pair of saras sate on the eggs five or six times in turn, -but during this twenty-four hours, when there was constant rain and -the air was somewhat cold, the male, in order to keep the eggs warm, -sate from early in the morning until midday, and from that time until -the next morning the female sat without an interval, for fear that -in rising and sitting again the cold air should affect them, and the -eggs become wet and be spoilt. Briefly, men are led by the guidance -of Reason, and animals according to the Divine wisdom implanted in -them by Nature. Stranger still is it that at first they keep their -eggs together underneath the breast, and after fourteen or fifteen -days have passed they leave a little space between them, for fear the -heat should become too great from their contact with each other. Many -become addled in consequence of (too great) heat. - -On Thursday, the 7th, with great joy and congratulation, the advance -camp was started towards Agra. The astrologers and astronomers had -already fixed the auspicious hour for the march. As excessive rain -fell, the main camp could not cross the river of Mahmudabad (the -Vatrak) and the Mahi at this hour. Out of necessity, the advanced -camp was started at the appointed hour, and the 21st Shahriwar [60] -was fixed for the march of the main camp. - -My son Shah-Jahan took upon himself the responsibility of the conquest -of the fort of Kangra, over which the noose of victory had not been -thrown by any of the Sultans of lofty dignity, and an army under the -leadership of Raja Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, and Taqi, who was one of -his attached servants, had before this been sent for that purpose. It -was now clear that the conquest could not be achieved by the force -that had been previously appointed. Raja Bikramajit, [61] who was -one of his principal officers, with 2,000 horse who were present of -his private attendants, and a force of Jahangiri servants, such as -Shah-baz K. Lodi, Hardi Narayan Hada, Ray Prithi Chand, and the sons -of Ram Chand, with 200 mounted musketeers and 500 foot-musketeers -(topchi, perhaps cannoniers), in addition to the force that had -previously been sent, were appointed to the duty. As the hour for -departure was fixed on this day, the aforesaid (Bikramajit) presented -as an offering a rosary of emeralds of the value of Rs. 10,000. He -was honoured with the gift of a dress of honour and a sword, and -took his leave for this duty. As he had not a jagir in that Subah, -my son Shah-Jahan asked for him as a jagir the pargana of Barhana (?), -[62] the revenue of which was 2,200,000 of dams, which [63] he himself -(? Shah-Jahan) held in in`am. [64] Khwaja Taqi, the Diwan-i-Buyutat, -who had been appointed to the Diwani of the Deccan, was honoured with -the title of Mu`taqid [65] K., a dress of honour, and an elephant. I -appointed Himmat K. to the faujdarship of the Sarkar of Bharuch -(Broach) and that neighbourhood, with the gift of a horse and a -special parm narm (shawl), and despatched him. The pargana of Bharuch -(Broach) was also bestowed on him as jagir. Ray Prithi Chand, who -had been nominated for service at Kangra, was promoted to the rank -of 700 and 450 horse. As the anniversary of Shaikh Muhammad Ghaus -[66] had arrived, I gave his sons 1,000 darbs (Rs. 500) for its -expense. Muzaffar, s. Bahaduru-l-mulk, who was attached to the Deccan, -was given the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. - -As the events of twelve years of Jahangir-nama have been recorded, -I ordered [67] the clerks of my private library to make one volume -of these twelve years, and to prepare a number of copies so that I -might give them to my special servants, and that they might be sent -to the various cities, so that administrators (arbab-i-daulat) and -the auspicious might adopt them as their code. On Friday, the 8th, -[68] one of the news-writers had written the whole and made a volume, -which he produced to me. As it was the first copy that had been -prepared, I gave it to my son Shah-Jahan, whom I consider to be in -all respects the first of my sons. On the back of it I wrote with my -own hand that I had given it him on a certain day and at a certain -place. I hope that the favour of the receipt of those writings which -are intended for the satisfaction of the creature and for supplication -to the Creator may be a cause of good fortune. - -On Tuesday, the 12th, Subhan Quli, huntsman, was brought to -punishment. The details of this are that he is the son of Haji -Jamal Baluch, who was my father's best huntsman, and after his -(the King's) death, he entered the service of Islam K., and went -with him to Bengal. Islam Khan, on account of his (Subhan Quli's) -connection with this Court, showed him proper consideration, and -considering him trustworthy always kept him near him when travelling -or hunting. `Usman, the Afghan, who for many years passed his days -in that Subah in disobedience and stubbornness, and the end of whose -affairs has been recorded in the preceding pages, being much troubled -by Islam Khan, sent someone to this wretch, and made proposals -for his murdering Islam. He undertook the business, and associated -two or three other men with himself. By chance, before the futile -idea of this ungrateful fellow was carried into execution, one of -them came and informed him (Islam K.). Islam K. immediately seized -and imprisoned the scoundrel. After the latter's death he came to -Court. As his brothers and relatives were included among the huntsmen, -he was also ordered to be enrolled among them. At this time the son -(Ikram K.) of Islam K. represented in an enigmatical way that he was -unworthy of service near my person. After explanation it appeared what -the charge was. Notwithstanding this, as his brothers strenuously -represented that there was only suspicion, and Baluch K., the head -huntsman, became security for him, I forbore to put him to death, -and ordered him to do duty with Baluch K. In spite of this grace and -the gift of his life, without cause or motive he fled from the Court, -and went to Agra and that neighbourhood. Baluch K., having become -his security, was ordered to produce him. He sent people to inquire -for him. In one of the villages of Agra, which was not wanting in -sedition, and is called Jahanda, [69] the brother of Baluch Khan, who -had gone to make inquiries, found him, and although he endeavoured -to bring him by persuasion to Court, he would in no way consent, -and the people rose to assist him. - -Being without remedy, he (the brother) went to Khwaja Jahan at Agra, -and told him the circumstances. He sent a detachment against that -village to take him by force and bring him. The people of the village, -seeing their own ruin in the mirror of the case, handed him over to -him. This day he came to Court in chains. I gave an order for his -execution. The man of wrath (the executioner) took him to the place of -punishment with all haste. After a while, through the intercession of -one of the courtiers, I gave him his life, and ordered his feet to be -cut off, but according to his destiny (what was written on his head) -before the order arrived he had been punished. Although that doomed -man was deserving of punishment, yet I regretted [70] the circumstance, -and directed that whenever an order was given for anyone's execution, -notwithstanding that the command were imperative, they should wait -till sunset before putting him to death. If up to that time no order -for release arrived, he should without fail be capitally punished. - -On Sunday there was a great commotion in the River Mahi, and very large -waves were visible. Although there formerly had been (great) rains, -yet such violence, or even the half of it, had never been known. From -the beginning of the day the flood began to come, and at the end of -the day began to decrease. Old inhabitants of this city represented -that once, during the government of Murtaza K. (Farid Bukhari), a -similar great flood had occurred. But with that exception they did -not remember another such flood. - -In these days mention was made of an ode by Mu`izzi, [71] the -panegyrist of Sultan Sanjar, and his Poet-laureate. It is a very -smooth and equable [72] composition. It begins thus: - - - "O thou whose commands heaven obeys - Ancient Saturn is the slave of thy young Fortune." - - -Sa`ida, [73] the chief goldsmith, has a poetical temperament and he -imitated this ode, and presented his paraphrase to me. It was very -well composed. The following are some verses from it: - - - "O thou, of whose threshold the nine spheres are an examplar - Aged Time hath grown young in thy reign - Thy heart is bounteous as the Sun, and like it needs no cause - (for bounty). - All lives are devoted to thy gracious heart - Heaven is but a green [74] orange from the garden of Power - Tossed by thy gardener into the atmosphere, - O God, Thy essence has shone from eternity - The souls of all the saints receive light from Thine, - O king, may the world ever be at thy beck, - May thy Shah-Jahan ever rejoice in thy shade - O Shadow of God, may the world be filled with thy light - May the Light of God ever be thy canopy." - - -On Mubarak-shamba, the 14th, in reward for this ode, I ordered Sa`ida -to be weighed against money (zar, perhaps gold). At the end of the day -I went to walk about the garden of Rustam-bari, [75] which appeared -to me very green and pleasant. Sitting in a boat in the evening, -I returned to the palace. - -On Friday, the 15th, a Mulla of the name of Amiri, an old man, came -from Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxiana), and had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. He represented to me that he was one of the ancient -(servants) of `Abdu-llah Khan Uzbeg, and from the days of infancy -[76] and youth was brought up by the Khan until his death. He had -been included among his old servants, and had been a confidential -friend. [77] After the death of the Khan until now he had passed his -days respected in that country. He had left his native country with -a view to visit the blessed house (Mecca), and had come to pay his -respects to me. I made him free to remain or go. He asked to remain in -attendance on me for some days. Rs. 1,000 for expenses and a dress of -honour were given him. He is an old man of very pleasing face, and -full of talk and anecdote. My son Shah-Jahan also gave him Rs. 500 -and a robe of honour. - -In the middle of the garden of Khurram (Shah-Jahan's) residence -there is a bench and a reservoir. On one side [78] of that bench -there is a Mulsari-tree (Mimusops elengi) against which to lean the -back. As in one side of its trunk there was a hollow to the extent -of three-fourths of a yard, it had an ugly look. I ordered them to -cut a tablet of marble and fix it firmly in that place, so that one -could lean one's back on it and sit there. At this time an impromptu -couplet came to my tongue, and I ordered the stone-cutters to engrave -it on that stone, that it might remain as a memento on the page of -time. This is the couplet: - - - "The seat of the Shah of the seven worlds (kishwar), - Jahangir, son of Akbar Shahinshah. - - -On the eve of Tuesday, [79] the 19th, a bazaar was arranged in the -private palace. Up to this time the custom has been for the people -of the bazaar and the artificers of the city in every place to bring -their shops according to order into the courtyard of the palace (royal -abode, whether in camp or elsewhere), and bring jewels and jewelled -things and various kinds of cloth and other goods such as are sold in -the bazaar. It occurred to me that if a bazaar were prepared in the -night-time, and a number of lamps were arranged in front of the shops, -it would look well. Undoubtedly it came off well and was unusual. Going -round all the shops, whatever jewels and jewelled things pleased me -I bought. I gave some present from each shop to Mulla Amiri, and he -received so many things that he was unable to hold them. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) the 21st of the Divine month of Shahriwar, -in the thirteenth year from my accession, corresponding with the -22nd Ramazan (September 2, 1618), in the Hijri year 1027, when two -and a half hours of day had passed, in prosperity and happiness, -the standards of purpose turned towards the capital of Agra. From the -palace as far as the Kankriya tank, the place of alighting, I passed -along in the usual manner, scattering money (nisar-kunan). On the -same day the feast of my solar weighment took place, and according -to solar reckoning the fiftieth year of the age of his suppliant at -the throne of God commenced auspiciously. According to my usual rule I -weighed myself against gold and other valuables. I scattered pearls and -golden roses, and looking at night at the show of lamps passed my time -in the private apartments of the royal abode in enjoyment. On Friday, -the 22nd, I ordered that all the Shaikhs and men of piety who lived in -the city should be brought in order that they might break their fast -[80] in attendance on me. Three nights were passed after this manner, -and every night at the end of the meeting I stood up and recited with -the tongue of ecstasy: - - - "Thou art the mighty One, O Lord, - Thou art the cherisher of rich and poor; - I'm not a world-conqueror or law-giver, - I'm one of the beggars at this gate. - Help me in what is good and right, - Else what good comes from me to any one? - I'm a master [81] to my servants, - To the Lord I'm a loyal servant." - - -All the Faqirs who as yet had not waited on me prayed for -allowances. According to their merits I gave to each of them land or -money for expenses, and gratified them. - -On the eve of Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) the 21st, the saras hatched -one young one, and on the eve of Monday, the 25th, a second: that -is, one young one was hatched after thirty-four [82] days, and the -other after thirty-six days. One might say that they were one-tenth -[83] larger than the young of a goose, or equal to the young of the -peafowl at the age of a month. Their skin was of a blue colour. On -the first day they ate nothing, and from the second day the mother, -taking small locusts (or grasshoppers) in her mouth, sometimes fed them -like a pigeon, or sometimes like a fowl threw them before them for them -to pick up of themselves. If the locust were small, it went off well, -but if it were large, she sometimes made two or three pieces of it so -that the young ones might eat it with ease. As I had a great liking -for seeing them I ordered them to be brought before me with every -precaution that no harm might happen to them. After I had seen them -I ordered them to be taken back to the same little garden inside the -royal enclosure, and to be preserved with the greatest care, and that -they should be brought to me again whenever they were able to walk. - -On this day Hakim Ruhu-llah was exalted with the gift of -Rs. 1,000. Badi`u-z-zaman, s. M. Shahrukh, came from his jagir and -waited on me. On Tuesday, the 26th, marching from the Kankriya tank, -I halted at the village of Kaj. [84] On Wednesday, the 27th, I pitched -my camp on the bank of the river at Mahmudabad called the Izak [85] -(now called Meshva). As the water and air of Ahmadabad were very bad, -Mahmud Bigara, by the advice of his physicians, founded a city on -the bank of the aforesaid river and lived there. After he conquered -Champaner, he made that place his capital, and until the time of Mahmud -the martyred [86] the rulers of Gujarat chiefly lived there. This -Mahmud was the last of the Sultans of Gujarat, and he took up his -residence at Mahmudabad. Undoubtedly the water and air of Mahmudabad -have no resemblance to those of Ahmadabad. By way of testing this I -ordered them to hang up a sheep on the bank of the Kankriya tank after -taking off its skin, and at the same time one at Mahmudabad, that the -difference of the air might be ascertained. It happened that after -seven gharis of day had passed in that place (Ahmadabad) they hung up -the sheep. When three gharis of day remained it became so changed and -putrid that it was difficult to pass near it. They hung up the sheep -at Mahmudabad in the morning, and it was altogether unchanged until -the evening, and began to be putrid when one and a half watches of -night had passed. Briefly, in the neighbourhood of Ahmadabad it became -putrid in eight sidereal hours, and in Mahmudabad in fourteen hours. - -On Thursday, the 28th, Rustam K., whom my son of prosperous fortune, -Shah-Jahan, had appointed to the charge and government of Gujarat, -was honoured with the gift of an elephant, a horse, and a special -parm narm (shawl), and given leave to depart, and the Jahangiri -officers who were attached to that Subah were presented with horses -and dresses of honour according to the rank and standing of each. On -Friday, 29th Shahriwar, corresponding with 1st Shawwal, Ray Bihari was -honoured with the bestowal of a dress of honour, a jewelled sword and -a special horse, and took leave to go to his native place. His sons -were also honoured with horses and dresses of honour. On Saturday I -ordered Sayyid Muhammad, grandson [87] (?) of Shah `Alam, to ask for -whatever he desired without concealment, and I took an oath on the -Qoran to this effect. He said that as I had sworn on the Qoran he -would ask for a Qoran that he might always have it by him, and that -the merit of reading it might accrue to His Majesty. Accordingly, -I gave the Mir a Qoran in Yaqut's [88] handwriting. It was a small, -elegant [89] volume, and was the wonder of the age. On the back of -it I wrote with my own hand that I had made this gift on a certain -day and in a certain place to Sayyid Muhammad. The real reason for -this is that the Mir is of an exceedingly good disposition, endowed -with personal nobility and acquired excellencies, of good manners and -approved ways, with a very pleasing face and open forehead. I have -never seen a man of this country of such a pleasing disposition as the -Mir. I told him to translate this Qoran into plain language without -ornament, and that without occupying himself with explanations or -fine language he [90] should translate the Qoran in simple language -(lughat-i-rikhta) word by word into Persian, and should not add one -letter to its exact purport. After he had completed it he should -send it by his son Jalalu-d-din Sayyid to the Court. The Mir's son -is also a young man of external and internal intelligence. The signs -of piety and blessedness are distinct on his forehead. The Mir is -proud of his son, and in truth he is worthy, as he is an excellent -youth. As I had repeatedly shown kindness to the holy men of Gujarat, -according to their merits, I again bestowed on each cash and jewels, -and dismissed them to their homes. - -As the climate [91] of this country was not suited to my temperament, -the physicians thought it right that I should decrease somewhat my -usual number of cups. According to their advice I began to decrease -their number, and in the course of a week reduced them by the weight -of one cup. At first it was six cups every evening, each cup being -7 1/2 tola, or altogether 45 tolas. The wine was usually mixed with -water. Now I drank six cups, each of which was 6 tolas and 3 mashas, -[92] altogether 37 1/2 tolas. - -Sixteen or seventeen years ago I had vowed with my God at Allahabad -that when I reached fifty I would give up shooting with gun and bullet, -and would injure no living thing with my own hand. Muqarrab K., who -was one of my confidants, knew of my determination. At this date -I have reached the commencement of my fiftieth year, and one day, -in consequence of excessive fever (dud u bukhar) my breath was short -and I was very unwell. While in this condition the compact I had made -with my God came, by Divine inspiration, into my mind, and I resolved -that when my fiftieth year was completed and the period of fulfilling -my vow had arrived, I would, on the day [93] on which I visited my -father's tomb--may the light of God be his testimony--by God's help, -seek the confirmation of my resolve from my father's holy elements, -and renounce the practice (of shooting). As soon as this thought -occurred to me, my illness and trouble disappeared. I revived, and -opened my mouth to praise God, and tasted the joy of thanksgiving -for His mercies. I hope that I shall be sustained. - - - "How well said Firdusi of pure nature - May mercy rest on that (his) pure tomb. - - "Ah! spare yon emmet [94] rich in hoarded grain, - He lives with pleasure, and he dies with pain." - - -On Thursday, the 4th of the Divine month, Sayyid Kabir and Bakhtar K., -the Wakils of `Adil K., who had brought his offering to the exalted -Court, obtained leave to return. Sayyid Kabir was honoured with a -dress of honour, a horse, and a jewelled dagger, and Bakhtar K. with -a horse, a dress of honour, and a jewelled urbasi, [95] which the -people of that country (the Deccan?) wear round their necks, and a -present of 6,000 darbs was given to each of them for expenses. - -As `Adil K. was constantly asking for a likeness of myself through my -prosperous son Shah-Jahan, I sent him one with a ruby of great value -and a special elephant. A gracious farman was issued that he should -be presented with whatever territory of Nizamu-l-mulk or Qutbu-l-mulk -he might get into his possession, and whenever he should require -any support and assistance, Shah-nawaz K. should prepare an army and -appoint it to assist him. In former days Nizamu-l-mulk was the largest -of the rulers of the Deccan, a superior whom all acknowledged, and -whom they considered as their eldest brother. At this period `Adil -K. did approved service, and was honoured with the exalted title of -"son." I appointed him the head and leader of the whole country of -the Deccan, and wrote this quatrain on the portrait with my own hand: - - - "O thou towards whom is always (turned) the eye of my kindness - Repose at ease under the shadow of my fortune. - I have sent thee my own portrait, - That thou mayest see me spiritually from my picture." - - -My son Shah-Jahan sent Hakim Khush-hal, son of Hakim Humam, who was -one of the excellent house-born ones of this Court, and from his -early years had been in my son's service, in company with the Wakils -of `Adil K. to convey to him the good news of the Jahangiri favour -towards him. On the same day Mir Jumla was honoured with the duty of -`Arz-mukarrir. As Kifayat K., the Diwan of Gujarat, at the time when -he was employed in the Diwani of Bengal, in consequence of certain -accidents, had lost property (az saman uftada), a sum of Rs. 15,000 -was presented to him. - -At this time two copies of the Jahangir-nama that had been prepared -were laid before me. One of these I had some days previously given -to the Madaru-l-mulk (centre of the kingdom), I`timadu-d-daula, and -the other I on this day bestowed on my (adopted) son (farzandi), -Asaf K. On Friday, the 5th, Bahram, son of Jahangir Quli Khan, -came from the province of Bihar, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. He laid before me some diamonds he had obtained from the mine -of Kokra. Approved service had not been performed in that province by -Jahangir Quli K., and it was also frequently reported that certain of -his brothers and sons-in-law had stretched out the hand of tyranny in -that country, and were oppressing the servants of God (the people), -and that each of them, cutting out a governorship for himself, did not -regard the authority of Jahangir Quli. On this account a farman written -with my own hand was given to Muqarrab K., one of my confidential old -servants, stating that he was appointed Governor of Bihar. I ordered -that immediately on receipt of the farman he should hasten to that -quarter. Some of the diamonds that Ibrahim Fath-jang had sent to -Court after the taking of the mine had been given to the Government -lapidaries to cut. At this time Bahram suddenly came to Agra, and -was going on to the Court (in Gujarat). Khwaja Jahan (the Governor of -Agra) sent along with him some diamonds that were ready. One of them -is of a violet [96] colour, and cannot be outwardly distinguished -from a sapphire. Up to this time I had not seen a diamond of this -colour. It weighed several surkh, [97] and jewellers estimated its -value at Rs. 3,000, and represented that if it had been white (safid) -and had had perfect marks, it would have been worth Rs. 20,000. - -This year I had mangoes up to the 6th Mihr (middle of September). In -this country there is abundance of lemons (limun), and they are large -(balida?). A Hindu brought some from a garden called Kaku (or Gangu), -which were very pleasant and large (balida, perhaps ripe). I ordered -them to weigh the largest of them, and it came to 7 tolas. - -On Saturday, the 6th, the Dasahra festival took place. First, they -decked out my horses, and paraded them before me. After that they -produced the elephants, decorated in a similar way. - -As the Mahi had not become fordable, so that the sublime camp could -cross it, and the climate of Mahmudabad was quite different (i.e., -it was better) from that of other stages, I remained here for ten -more days. On Monday, the 8th, I marched and encamped at Muda. [98] -I had already sent Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan Bakhshi with an active body -of servants, such as boatmen, and also oars, [99] to make a bridge -over the Mahi, with instructions not to wait till it was fordable, -so that the victorious camp might cross at ease. On Tuesday, the 9th, -there was a halt, and on Kamshamba (Wednesday), the 10th, the camp -was at the village of Aina. [100] - -At first the male saras used to hold its young one by its leg upside -down in his beak, and there was a fear that he might be unkind to it -and it might be destroyed. I accordingly ordered them to keep the male -separately, and not allow it near its young ones. I now ordered by way -of experiment that it should be allowed near them, that the real degree -of its unkindness and affection might be ascertained. After allowing -it, he displayed much attachment and kindness, and his affection -was found to be no less than that of the female; I thus knew that -this performance was out of real love. On Thursday, the 11th, there -was a halt, and at the end of the day I went to hunt with cheetahs, -and two black buck, four does, and a chikara were caught. On Sunday, -the 14th, I also went to hunt with cheetahs, and caught fifteen -head of male and female antelopes. I had ordered Rustam and Suhrab -[101] Khan, his son, to go out hunting and shoot as many nilgaw as -they could. The father and son together killed seven head, male and -female. As it was represented to me that there was a tiger in this -neighbourhood, a man-killer that had taken to eating men's flesh, and -the people of God were afflicted by it, I ordered my son Shah-Jahan -to save them from its wickedness. He, as ordered, shot it with his -gun, and brought it to me at night. I ordered them to skin it in my -presence. Although large in appearance, as it was thin, it turned -out less in weight than the large tigers I had myself killed. On -Monday, the 15th, and Tuesday, the 16th, I went to shoot nilgaw, and -on each day shot two blue bulls. On Thursday, the 18th, on the bank -of a tank at which I pitched, a feast of cups was held. Rare lotus -(kanwal) flowers had blossomed on the face of the water. My private -servants enjoyed themselves greatly with cups of wine. Jahangir Quli -had sent twenty elephants from Bihar, and Muruwwat K. eight from -Bengal, and these were brought before me. One of Jahangir Quli's and -two of Muruwwat's were placed in my private stud, and the rest were -divided amongst my followers. Mir K., s. Mirza Abu-l-Qasim Namakin, -who was one of the khanazads of this Court, was promoted to the mansab, -original and increased, of 800 personal and 600 horse. Qiyam K. was -appointed to the duty of chief huntsman, and had given him the rank of -600 personal and 150 horse. `Izzat [102] K., one of the Barha Sayyids, -who was distinguished for bravery and ambition, is attached to the -province of Bangash. At the request of Mahabat K., the Governor of -that Subah, he was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 -horse. Kifayat K., Diwan of Gujarat, had an elephant given him, and -was allowed to depart. I conferred a sword on Safi K., Bakhshi of that -Subah. On Friday, the 19th, I went to hunt, and killed a blue bull. I -do not remember a bullet passing through a large male nilgaw. Many have -passed through females. On this day, at a distance of forty-five paces -(qadam), it went through both skins. In the language of hunters a qadam -means two feet (gam [103]) placed one in front of the other. On Sunday, -the 21st, I enjoyed myself with hawking, and ordered Mirza Rustam, -Darab K., Mir Miran, and other servants to go and shoot as many nilgaw -as they could. They killed nineteen head, male and female. Ten head of -antelope were also caught with cheetahs. Ibrahim K., Bakhshi of the -Deccan, was, at the request of the Commander-in-Chief, Khan Khanan, -promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 200 horse. On Monday, the -22nd, a march was made, and on Tuesday, the 23rd, I again marched. The -huntsmen represented that there had been seen in the neighbourhood -a tigress with three cubs. As it was on the road I went myself after -them and shot all four, and then went on to the next stage. I crossed -the Mahi by the bridge that had been made. Though there were no boats -on this river of which a bridge could be made, and the water was very -deep and flowing rapidly, Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the chief Bakhshi, -had built with great exertions a very strong bridge two or [104] -three days before. Its length was 140 yards and its breadth 4 yards -(dara`). By way of testing it I ordered the elephant Gun Sundar Khass -which is one of the large and strong elephants, with three females, -to be sent across it. It was so firmly built that its supports did -not shake with the weight of elephants of mountainous form. - -From the most honoured lips of my father I heard as follows: "In -early youth I had taken two or three cups (of wine), and had mounted -a full-blooded (mast) elephant. Though I was in my senses, and the -elephant in very good training, and was under my control, I pretended -that I was out of my senses, and that the elephant was refractory and -vicious, and that I was making him charge the people. After that, -I sent for another elephant, and made the two fight. They fought, -and in doing so went to the head of the bridge that had been made -over the Jumna. It happened that the other elephant ran away, and as -there was no other escape, he went towards the bridge. The elephant -I was on pursued him, and although I had him under control, and he -would have halted at the slightest signal, I thought that if I held -him back from the bridge the people would regard those drunken ways -(of mine) as a sham, and would believe that neither was I beside -myself, nor was the elephant violent and headstrong. Such pretences -on the part of kings are disapproved of, and so after imploring the -aid of God--Glory be to Him--I did not restrain my elephant. Both -of them went upon the bridge, and as it was made of boats, whenever -an elephant put his forefeet on the edge of a boat, half of it sank, -and the other half stood up. At each step there came the thought that -the lashings might give way. People on seeing this were overwhelmed -in the sea of perplexity and alarm. As the care and guardianship of -the Great and Glorious God is ever and in all places the protection -of this suppliant, both elephants crossed the bridge in safety." [105] - -On Thursday, the 25th, a wine-feast was held on the banks of the -Mahi, and some of my intimate servants who had admittance to such -assemblies had their hearts delighted by brimming cups and ample -favours. Certainly it was an entrancing halting-ground. I stayed here -four days for two reasons--first, because of the beauty of the spot, -and secondly in order that the people might not be confused in crossing -the river. - -On Sunday, the 28th, I marched from the bank of the Mahi. On Monday -I marched again. On this day a strange sight was witnessed. The pair -of saras that had had young ones had been brought from Ahmadabad on -Thursday (the 25th). In the Court of the royal enclosure, which had -been placed on the bank of a tank, they were walking about with their -young ones. By chance both the male and female raised a cry, and a -pair of wild saras hearing it, and crying out from the other side of -the tank, came flying towards them. The male with the male, and the -female with the female, engaged in a fight, and although some people -were standing about, the birds paid no heed to them. The eunuchs who -had been told off to protect them hastened to seize them. One clung to -the male and the other to the female. He who had caught the male kept -hold of it after much struggling, but the one who seized the female -could not hold her, and she escaped from his hand. I with my own hand -put rings in his beak and on his legs, and set him free. Both went and -settled in their own place. [106] Whenever the domestic saras raised -a cry they responded. I saw a sight of this kind in wild antelopes -when I had gone to hunt in the pargana of Karnal. About thirty of my -huntsmen and servants were in attendance when a black buck with some -does came in sight, and we let loose the decoy-antelope [107] to fight -him. They butted two or three times, and then the decoy came back. A -second time I wanted to put a noose on its horns and to let it go, -that it might capture (the wild one). Meanwhile the wild antelope, in -the excess of its rage, not looking at the crowd of men, ran without -regard to anything, and butting the tame buck two or three times fought -with it till it fled. The wild antelope thereupon made its escape. - -On this day news came of the death of `Inayat K. He was one of my -intimate attendants. As he was addicted to opium, and when he had -the chance, to drinking as well, by degrees he became maddened with -wine. As he was weakly built, he took more than he could digest, and -was attacked by the disease of diarrhoea, and in this weak state he -two or three times fainted. By my order Hakim Rukna applied remedies, -but whatever methods were resorted to gave no profit. At the same -time a strange hunger came over him, and although the doctor exerted -himself in order that he should not eat more than once in twenty-four -hours, he could not restrain himself. He also would throw [108] -himself like a madman on water and fire until he fell into a bad [109] -state of body. At last he became dropsical, and exceedingly low and -weak. Some days before this he had petitioned that he might go to -Agra. I ordered him to come into my presence and obtain leave. They -put him into a palanquin and brought him. He appeared so low and weak -that I was astonished. - - - "He was skin drawn over bones." - - -Or rather his bones, too, had dissolved. Though painters have striven -much in drawing an emaciated face, yet I have never seen anything -like this, nor even approaching to it. Good God, can a son of man -come to such a shape and fashion? These two couplets of Ustad [110] -occurred as appropriate: - - - "If my shadow do not hold my leg - I shall not be able to stand till the Resurrection - Nor, from weakness, does my soul see a refuge - Where it may for a while rest on my lips." - - -As it was a very extraordinary case I directed painters to take his -portrait. In fact, I found him wonderfully changed. I said to him: -"Beware; in your present state do not for a moment forget God, nor -despair of His mercy! If Death grant you quarter (aman), regard the -reprieve as a time for apologizing and for amendment. If your life has -come to its close, consider every moment passed in remembrance of God -as gain. Trouble not your head about those you are leaving behind. A -slight claim of service is a great thing with us." As they had spoken -to me about his poverty, I gave him Rs. 2,000 for road-expenses, -and let him go. Next day he travelled the road of non-existence. - -On Tuesday, the 30th, the bank of the River Manab [111] became the -halting-place for the sublime camp. The New Year's [112] feast of -Thursday was prepared at this place on the 2nd of the Ilahi month -of Aban. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., at his request, was promoted -to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 [113] horse, and Girdhar, -s. Ray Sal, to that of 1,000 personal and 800 horse. `Abdu-llah, -son of Khan A`zam, obtained the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 -horse. Dilir K., who was one of the jagirdars of Gujarat, I presented -with a horse and an elephant. Ran-baz K., s. Shah-baz K. Kambu, came -by order from the Deccan, and was promoted to the post of Bakhshi -and Recorder of the army of Bangash, and his mansab was fixed at -800 personal and 400 horse. I marched on Friday, the 3rd. At this -stage [114] Prince Shuja`, the beloved son (liver-corner) of my son -Shah-Jahan, who was being brought up in the chaste lap of Nur-Jahan -Begam, and towards whom I have so much affection that he is dearer -to me than life, was attacked by a specially infantile disease which -they call "ummu-s-sibyan," [115] and for a long time his senses left -him. Although experienced people devised many remedies, they were -unprofitable, and his insensibility (bi-hushi) took away my senses -(hush). As visible remedies were hopeless, by way of humility and -submission I rubbed the head of supplication on the Court of the -gracious Ruler who cherishes his slaves, and begged for the child's -recovery. In this state it occurred to me that as I had made a -vow [116] to my God that after I had passed my fiftieth year, this -suppliant would give up hunting with bullet and gun, and would injure -no creature with his own hand, if for the sake of his safety I were -to give up shooting from the present date, it were possible that his -life would become the means of preserving the lives of many animals, -and God Almighty might give him to me. In fine, with true purpose, -and sincere belief I vowed [117] to God that I would thenceforward -not harm any living thing with my own hand. By the grace of Allah his -illness diminished. At the time when this suppliant was in his mother's -womb, one day I made no movement after the manner that other children -make. The attendants were amazed, and inquiring into the cause stated -the case to my father (Akbar). At that time my father was engaged in -hunting with cheetahs. As that day was a Friday, for the purpose of -my safety he made a vow that during his life he would not hunt with -cheetahs on a Friday. Till the end of his life he remained firm in -this determination, and I also in obedience to him until now have -never hunted with cheetahs on a Friday. Finally, on account of the -weakness of the light of my eye, Shah Shuja`, for three days I halted -at this stage, that God Almighty might give him his natural [118] life. - -On Tuesday, the 7th, I marched. One day the son of Hakim [119] -`Ali was praising the milk of a camel. It occurred to me that if -I could continue that for some days, it was possible that it might -do some good, and it might prove agreeable to me. Asaf Khan had a -Persian camel in milk, and I took a little of it. Contrary to the -milk of other camels, which is not devoid of saltness, it appeared -to my taste sweet and delicious, and now for a month past I have been -drinking every day a cup of it, equal in quantity to half a water-cup, -and it is clearly advantageous, for it quenches my thirst. It is -strange that two years ago Asaf K. bought this camel, but at that -time it had not a young one, and had no sign of milk. At this time by -chance milk flowed from its dugs. They gave it every day to drink four -seers of cow's milk with five seers of wheat, one seer of black [120] -sugar, and one seer of fennel (badyan), to make its milk delicious, -sweet, and profitable. Certainly it suited me admirably, and was to my -taste. By way of testing it, I sent for some cow's and buffalo's milk, -and tasted all three. There was no comparison in sweetness and flavour -with the milk of this camel. I ordered them to give the same kind of -food to some other female camels, that it might become clear whether -the purity was in consequence of eating good food, or whether it was -due to the natural sweetness of this (particular) camel's milk. [121] - -On Wednesday, the 8th, I marched, and halted on the 9th. The royal -tent was pitched near a large tank. Shah-Jahan presented me with a -boat made after the Kashmir fashion, the sitting-place of which they -had made of silver. At the end of that day I embarked in that boat and -went round the tank. On this day `Abid K., Bakhshi of Bangash, who had -been summoned, came and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -and was honoured with the post of Diwan-i-buyutat. Sar-faraz Khan, who -was one of the auxiliaries of Gujarat, received a standard, a private -tipchaq horse, and an elephant, and, overwhelmed with honour, obtained -leave to go. `Izzat [122] Khan, who was one of those attached to the -army of Bangash, was exalted with the gift of a standard. Marching was -ordered on Friday, the 10th. Mir Miran was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 600 horse. On Saturday, the 11th, the auspicious -equipage alighted in the pargana of Dohad. On the eve of Sunday, -the 12th of the Ilahi month of Aban, in the thirteenth year from -my accession, corresponding with the fifteenth Zi-l-Qa`da of the -Hijri year 1027, in the nineteenth degree of Libra, the Giver of -blessings gave my prosperous son Shah-Jahan a precious son by the -daughter of Asaf K. I hope that his [123] advent may be auspicious -and blessed to this everlasting State. Halting for three days at this -place, on Wednesday, [124] the 15th Aban, the camp was pitched at the -village of Samarna. [125] As it was necessary that the Mubarak-shamba -entertainment should as far as possible be arranged for on the bank -of a river and a clean place, and there was in this neighbourhood no -spot which met those requirements, there was no help for it but to -order a start when half of the night of Thursday (i.e., Wednesday), -the 16th, had passed, and when the sun rose the camp was pitched on -the bank of the tank of Bakhur. At the end of the day, the feast of -cups was held and I presented cups to some of my private servants. On -Friday, the 17th, I ordered a march. Kesho Das Maru is a jagirdar -in that neighbourhood. According to orders, he came from the Deccan, -and was honoured by doing homage. - -On Saturday, the 18th (Aban), the camp was at Ramgarh. For some -nights before this there appeared, at three gharis before sunrise, -in the atmosphere, a (luminous) vapour in the shape of a pillar. [126] -At each succeeding night it rose a ghari earlier. When it assumed its -full form, it took the shape of a spear (harba), thin at the two ends, -and thick in the middle. It was curved like a sickle, and had its -back to the south, and its face to the north. It now showed itself a -watch (pahar) before sunrise. Astronomers took its shape and size by -the astrolabe, and ascertained that with differences of appearance -(?) it extended over twenty-four degrees. It moved in high heaven, -but it had a movement of its own, differing from that of high heaven, -for it was first in Scorpio and afterwards in Libra. Its declination -(harakat-i-`arz?) was mainly southerly. Astrologers call such a -phenomenon a spear (harba) in their books, and have written that -its appearance portends weakness to the kings of Arabia, and points -to their enemies prevailing over them. God knows! Sixteen nights -after this phenomenon, a star showed itself in the same quarter. Its -head was luminous, and its tail was two or three yards long, but the -tail was not luminous. It has now appeared for eight nights; when it -disappears, the fact will be noticed, as well as the results of it. - -I halted on Sunday, the 19th, and on Monday I alighted at the village -of Sitalkhera. [127] On Tuesday, the 21st, there was again a halt. I -presented Rashid K., the Afghan, with a robe of honour and an elephant, -sending them to him by Ran-baz K. On Wednesday, the 22nd, the camp -rested in pargana Madanpur. [128] On Thursday, the 23rd, I halted and -had a feast of cups, and Darab K. had a nadiri dress of honour given -to him. Halting on Friday, on Saturday the camp was pitched in the -pargana of Nawari. [129] On Sunday, the 26th, I pitched on the bank -of the River Chambal, and on Monday on the bank of the River Kahnar -[130] (?). On Tuesday, the 28th, the royal standards were raised -in the neighbourhood of the city of Ujain. From Ahmadabad to Ujain -is a distance of ninety-eight kos. It was traversed in twenty-eight -marches and forty-one halts--that is, in two months and nine days. On -Wednesday, the 29th, I had an interview with Jadrup, who is one -of the austere ones of the Hindu religion, and the particulars of -whose circumstances have been described in the preceding pages, and -went with him to see Kaliyadaha. Certainly association with him is -a great privilege. - -On this day it was made known to me in the contents of a report -from Bahadur K., the Governor of Qandahar, that in the Hijri year -1026--that is, last year--the number of mice in Qandahar and the -neighbourhood was so great that they destroyed all the crops and -grain and cultivation and the fruits of the trees of the province, -so that there had been no produce. They (the mice) cut off the ears of -corn and ate them. When the cultivators gathered their crops, before -they were threshed and cleaned, another [131] half was destroyed, -so that perhaps one-fourth of the crops only came to hand. In the -same way no vestige was left of the melons (melon-beds) or garden -produce. After some time the mice disappeared. - -As my son Shah-Jahan had not made a birthday entertainment for his -son (Aurangzib), he petitioned at Ujain, which is the place of his -jagir, that the Thursday entertainment of the 30th should be held -at his abode. Of necessity, having consented to the carrying out of -his wish, the day was passed in enjoyment at his quarters. My private -servants who have the entree into this kind of parties and assemblies -were delighted with brimming cups. My son Shah-Jahan brought that -auspicious child before me, and, presenting as offerings a tray of -jewels, and jewelled ornaments, and fifty elephants, thirty male and -twenty female, asked me for a name for him. Please God it will be -given him in a favourable hour. Of his elephants seven were included -in my private stud; the rest were distributed among the faujdars. The -value of the offerings that were accepted will be Rs. 200,000. - -On this day `Azudu-d-daula (Jamalu-d-din Husain Anju) came from -his jagir, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave -eighty-one muhars as nazr, and an elephant as an offering. Qasim K., -whom I had dismissed from the government of Bengal, had been sent for, -and having had the good fortune to do homage, presented 1,000 muhars as -nazr. On Friday, the 1st of Azar, I amused myself with hawking. As the -retinue passed along, a field of millet (jwar) was met with. Though -generally a stem has only one head, each of them had twelve. I was -astonished, and at this time the tale of "The King and the Gardener" -occurred to me. - - - -TALE OF "THE KING AND THE GARDENER." [132] - -A King came to the gate of a garden in the heat of the day. He saw -an old gardener standing at the gate, and asked him if there were -any pomegranates in the garden. He said: "There are." He told him -to bring a cup of pomegranate juice. The gardener had a daughter -adorned with grace of person, and beauty of disposition. He made -a sign to her to bring the pomegranate juice. The girl went and at -once brought a cup full of pomegranate juice, and placed some leaves -upon it. The King took it from her hand and drank it. Then he asked -the girl what was her reason for placing leaves on the top of the -juice. She, with an eloquent tongue and a sweet voice, represented -that it was not wise at once to drink off a quantity of liquid when -he was bathed in perspiration, and in such a hot air. On this account -she had placed the leaves on the liquid by way of precaution, so that -he might drink it slowly. The King was greatly pleased with her sweet -ways, and it crossed his mind to admit the girl into his Palace. After -this he asked the gardener: "How much profit do you derive from this -garden every year?" He answered: "Three hundred dinars." The King -asked: "What do you pay the Diwan (tax-collector)?" He answered: -"The King takes nothing from the trees, but takes a tenth of the -cultivated crops." It came into the King's mind that there were in -his dominions many gardens and countless trees. If he were to get -a tenth of the garden produce as well, it would amount to a large -sum, and there would be no great loss to the cultivator. Hereafter -he would order a tax to be levied on garden produce. He said then: -"Bring me a little more pomegranate juice." The girl went, and after -a long time brought a small quantity. The King said: "The first time -thou camest quickly, and broughtest more. This time thou didst stay -a long time, and broughtest less." The girl said: "The first time I -had filled the cup with the juice of one pomegranate, and brought it; -this time I pressed out five or six pomegranates and did not get as -much juice." The astonishment of the King increased. The gardener -represented: "The blessing of produce depends on the goodwill of the -King. It occurs to me that you must be a King. At the time when you -inquired of me the income from the garden, your disposition must have -changed. Consequently the blessing passed away from the fruit." The -Sultan was impressed, and drove that idea out of his heart. He then -said: "Bring me once more a cup of pomegranate juice." The girl went -again, and quickly bringing a cup full to the brim, gave it, smiling -and gladly, into the Sultan's hand. He praised the intelligence of -the gardener, and explained the actual state of affairs, and begged -the girl of him in marriage, and married her. - - - -This true tale of that truth-preserving King has remained as a memento -on the page of time. In truth, the manifestation of such spiritual -(?) [133] results is the mark of good intentions, and the fruit of -justice. Whenever all the energies and purposes of justice-observing -Kings are devoted to the comfort of the people and the contentment of -their subjects, the manifestations of well-being and the productions -of fields and gardens are not far off. God be praised that in this -age-enduring State no tax has ever been levied on the fruit of trees, -and is not levied now. In the whole of the dominion not a dam nor -one grain (habba) [134] on this account enters the public treasury, -or is collected by the State. Moreover, there is an order that whoever -makes a garden on arable land, its produce is exempted. I trust that -God (to whom be glory!) will always incline this suppliant towards -what is good. - - - "When my purpose is good, do Thou grant me good." [135] - - -On Saturday, for the second time, my desire for the company of Jadrup -increased. After performing the midday devotions, I embarked in a boat -and hastened to meet him, and at the close of day I ran and enjoyed his -society in the retirement of his cell. I heard many sublime words of -religious duties and knowledge of divine things. Without immoderate -praise, he sets forth clearly the doctrines of wholesome Sufism, -and one can find delight in his society. He is sixty years old. He -was twenty-two years of age, when, forsaking all external attachments, -he placed the foot of determination on the highroad of asceticism, and -for thirty-eight years he had lived in the garment of nakedness. When -I took leave he said: "In what language can I return thanks for this -gift of Allah that I am engaged in the reign of such a just King in the -worship of my own Deity in ease and contentment, and that the dust of -discomposure from any accident settles not on the skirt of my purpose?" - -On Sunday, the 3rd, marching from Kaliyadaha, I encamped at the village -of Qasimkhera. I employed myself on the road in hawking. By chance a -crane rose, and the tuyghun falcon, of which I am very fond, was let -fly after it. The crane sought to escape, and the falcon soared and -flew so high as to disappear from sight. Although the huntsmen and -the head-beaters ran after it in all directions, they found no trace -of it, and it was impossible for the falcon to be caught in such a -desert. Lashkar Mir Kashmiri, who is the head of the Kashmir huntsmen, -in whose charge the falcon was, ran in a bewildered state through the -desert in all directions without finding a sign or trace. Suddenly he -saw a tree in the distance, and when he went up to it he found the -falcon sitting on the end of a branch. Showing a domestic fowl, he -called to the falcon. Three gharis more had not passed when he brought -it to me. This gift from the hidden world, that had entered into the -thoughts of no one, increased the joy of my mind. Increasing his mansab -as a reward for this service, I gave him a horse and a dress of honour. - -On Monday, the 4th, Tuesday, the 5th, Wednesday, the 6th, I marched -continuously, and, halting on Thursday, the 7th, I arranged a feast -of pleasure on the bank of a tank. Nur-Jahan Begam had been ill for -some time, and the physicians who had the good fortune to be chosen -to attend on her, Musulmans and Hindus, perceived no gain from all -the medicines they gave her, and confessed their helplessness in -treating her. At this time Hakim Ruhu-llah began to wait upon her, -and undertook (to find) a remedy. By the aid of God (Glory be to -His name!), in a short time she quite recovered. In reward for this -excellent service I increased his mansab and bestowed on the Hakim -three villages in his native country as his private property, and -an order was given that he should be weighed against silver, which -should be given him as a reward. From Friday, the 8th, until Sunday, -[136] the 13th, I made successive marches, and every day up to the -end of the stage employed myself in hunting with hawks and falcons -(baz u jurra). Many durraj (partridges) were caught. On last Sunday, -Kunwar Karan, s. Rana Amar Singh, having enjoyed the good fortune of -kissing the ground, presented his congratulations on the conquest of -the Deccan, offering 100 muhars and Rs. 1,000 by way of nazr, and -the value of Rs. 21,000 in jewelled vessels, with some horses and -elephants as pishkash. The horses and elephants I returned to him, -and the rest was accepted. The next day I presented him with a dress -of honour. To Mir Sharif, Vakil of Qutbu-l-mulk, and to Iradat K., -the chief butler, an elephant each was given. Sayyid Hizabr K. was -given the faujdari of Mewat, and his mansab, original and increased, -was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Having selected Sayyid -Mubarak for the charge of the fort of Rohtas, I conferred on him the -mansab of 500 personal and 200 horse. On Thursday, the 14th, the camp -was pitched on the bank of the tank of the village of Sandhara, and -the feast of cups was held, and chosen servants were made happy with -cups of pleasure. The birds of chase, "that had been shut up in Agra to -moult" (ba-kuriz basta budand), were this day brought to me by Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Latif, the Chief Fowler. Picking out those that were fit for -my own use, the rest were given to the Amirs and other servants. - -On this day the news of the revolt and ingratitude for favours -of Raja Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, came to my ear. Baso had several -[137] sons. Although the above-mentioned was the eldest, his father -mostly kept him in confinement on account of his evil thoughts and -mischievous tendencies, and regarded him with displeasure. After his -(Baso's) death, as this wretch was the eldest, and he had no other -capable or intelligent son, I, looking to the services rendered by -Raja Baso, for the purpose of preserving the family of a Zamindar, -and the protection of his hereditary property and country, conferred -on this wretch the title of Raja, with a mansab of 2,000, and gave him -the position and jagir of his father, which the latter had obtained -by his loyalty and good service. I also gave him the sums of money -and goods that his father had collected during long years. When the -deceased Murtaza K. was sent off on the duty of conquering Kangra, as -this wretch was the chief Zamindar of that hill country, he outwardly -displayed zeal in the service and loyalty, and was nominated as an -auxiliary. After he reached the spot, Murtaza K. pressed the siege -tightly against the garrison. This evil-minded fellow discovered -from the appearance of things that he would soon be victorious, -and began to disagree and be troublesome. He took off the veil of -respect from his face, and proceeded to quarrel and be hostile to -Murtaza K.'s men. Murtaza K. read the writing of misery and ruin on -the page of the wretch's forehead, and reported unfavourably of him -to the Court, or rather wrote plainly that the signs of rebellion -and want of loyalty were clear in his conduct. As there was there -such an officer as Murtaza K. and a large army in the hill-country, -the wretch did not find the time convenient for the preparation of -a disturbance. He sent a report to my son Shah-Jahan that Murtaza -K., at the instigation of interested parties, had turned against -him, and desired to overthrow and ruin him, and was accusing him of -wrong-doing and rebellion. He hoped that he would summon him to Court, -and thus provide a means for his escape and (the prolonging of) -his life. Although I had every confidence in the words of Murtaza -K., yet as he (Suraj Mal) begged to be sent for to Court, a doubt -passed into my mind that possibly Murtaza K., at the instigation of -seditious people, might cause a confusion, and might have accused him -without due reflection. Briefly, at the request of my son Shah-Jahan, -passing over his offence, I summoned him (Suraj Mal) to Court. Just -at this time Murtaza K. died, and the conquest of the fort of Kangra -was delayed till the dispatch of another leader. When this seditious -fellow arrived at Court, I, under the pressure of affairs, rapidly -encompassed him with favours and sent him off to do duty with my son -Shah-Jahan in the conquest of the Deccan. After this, when the Deccan -had come into the possession of the servants of the enduring State, -he, having acquired influence in my son's service, was appointed to -superintend the taking of the fort of Kangra. Although the sending -back of this ungrateful and untruthful one into that hill-country -showed a want of caution and care, yet as my son had taken on himself -the responsibility of the undertaking, I was obliged to give in to -his wish and to leave the matter to him. My fortunate son appointed -him, along with one of his own servants of the name of Taqi and a -suitable army of mansabdars, ahadis, and royal musketeers, as has -already been related summarily in these pages. When he arrived at -the place, he began to show enmity and trickery toward Taqi also, -and displayed his natural disposition. He continually reported -unfavourably of him (Taqi), until he wrote plainly that he could -not get on with him, and that Taqi could not do the work. If another -general were appointed, the fort would be quickly conquered. In fine, -he (Shah-Jahan) had no choice but to summon Taqi to Court, and to -appoint Raja Bikramajit, who was one of his chief servants, with an -army of fresh men on this service. When the wretch discovered that his -stratagems could no longer continue, and his deceit go no farther, -he, before the arrival of Bikramajit, gave leave to a number of the -servants of the Court, on the pretence that they had been on service -a long time without proper arrangements (commissariat), to hasten to -their jagirs and provide themselves with their equipments before the -arrival of Raja Bikramajit. As palpably this came to a dispersion of -the forces of the loyal, and most of them left for their own jagirs, -only a few experienced men remained there. Seeing his opportunity, -he showed the signs of revolt and sedition. Sayyid Safi Barha, who -was distinguished for his bravery, with some of his brothers and -relatives, advanced the feet of courage, and tasted the wholesome -draught of martyrdom, and some who were wounded with severe wounds, -which are the adornment of the lions of battle, that rascal took -captive from the field of strife and carried off to his own house -of calamity. [138] Some from love [139] of life hastily withdrew -themselves to the corner of safety. That rascal stretched out the -hand of oppression and possession over the parganas on the skirts of -the hill-country (daman-i-kuh), which mostly belonged to the jagir of -I`timadu-d-daula, and did not abate a hair's breadth from attacking -and plundering. It is hoped that with the same swiftness, he will be -caught with the reward of his deeds and the recompense of his actions, -and that the spirit [140] of this State will do its work, please God! - -On Sunday, the 17th, I crossed Ghati Chanda. On Monday, the 18th, -the Jan-sipar Ataliq Khan-khanan, Commander-in-Chief, had the honour -of kissing the threshold. As he had been absent from my presence for a -long time, and the victorious retinue was passing by near the Sarkars -of Khandesh and Burhanpur, he asked to wait upon me, and an order was -given that if his mind were at ease in all respects, he should come -unattended and return quickly. He accordingly came with all speed, -and had the good fortune to pay his respects on this day, and, having -been exalted by the receipt of all kinds of royal favours and kingly -benefits, he presented an offering of 1,000 muhars and Rs. 1,000. - -As the camp had undergone great hardship in crossing the Ghati, -I ordered a halt for the refreshment of the people on Tuesday, the -19th. I marched on Wednesday, the 20th, and on Thursday, the 21st, -halted again and held a feast of cups on the bank of a river that is -known as the Sind. [141] I gave a special horse, of the name of Sumer, -which was one of the finest horses, to the Khan-khanan. In the Hindi -language they call a hill of gold Sumer (Sumeru), and he was called -by this name on account of his colour and size. On Friday, the 22nd, -and Saturday, the 23rd, two successive marches were made. On this day -a wonderful waterfall was seen. The water is exceedingly clear, and -pours down with boiling and noise from a lofty place. On all sides -of it there are halting places where one may praise God. Certainly -I have not recently seen such another fine waterfall, and it is a -delightful recreation-place. I was delighted with the spectacle for -a while. On Sunday, the 24th, I halted, and, sitting in a boat on a -tank which was in front of the royal enclosure (daulat-khana), were -shot [142] ducks (murghabi). On Monday, the 25th, Tuesday, the 26th, -and Wednesday, the 27th, I marched one after the other. I bestowed on -the Khan-khanan the pustin (sheep-skin coat) I had on my own person, -and seven horses from my stable, on which I always rode, were also -given him. On Sunday, the 2nd of the Ilahi month of Dai, the royal -standards were raised at the fort of Ranthambur. This is one of the -great forts of the Indians. In the time of Sultan `Ala'u-d-din Khalji, -Ray Pitambar Deo was in possession of it. The Sultan besieged it for -a long time, and conquered it with labour and great exertions, and -in the beginning [143] of the reign of H.M. (Akbar)--may the light of -God be his witness!--Ray Surjan Hada had it in his possession. He had -always 6,000 or 7,000 horse in attendance on him. That revered one, -by the aid of the glorious God, conquered it in the space of one -month and twelve days, and Ray Surjan, by the guidance of fortune, -having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, was enrolled -among the number of the loyal, and became one of his respectable and -trusted Amirs. After him his son Ray Bhoj also was included among -the great Amirs. Now his grandson, Sar-buland Ray, is among the chief -officers. On Monday, [144] the 3rd, I went to inspect the fort. There -are two hills close to each other. They call one Ran, and the other -Thanbur. The fort is built on the top of Thanbur, and, putting these -two names together, they have called it Ranthambur. Although the -fort is exceedingly strong, and has plenty of water, the hill of -Ran is a specially strong fortress (in itself), and the capture of -the fortress depends upon the possession of this hill. Accordingly, -my revered father ordered that they should plant cannon on the top of -the hill of Ran, and aim at (majra girand) the buildings inside the -fort. The first gun they fired reached the square building (chaukandi) -[145] of the palace of Ray Surjan. From the fall of that building, -a trembling found its way into the foundations of his courage, and a -great perplexity overpowered his heart, and thinking he would best -consult his own safety in delivering up the fort, he rubbed the -head of worship and humility on the throne of the king of kings, -who forgave faults and accepted excuses. - -I had intended to pass the night in the fort, and the next day to -return to camp. As the buildings inside the fort had been built after -the fashion of the Hindus, and the rooms were without air and with -little space, they did not please me, nor was I disposed to stay -there. I saw a bath house, which one of the servants of Dastam [146] -Khan had built near the wall of the fort. A little garden and a lodging -(nishiman) which overlooks (mushrif) the open space is not wanting in -space and air, and there is no better place in the whole fort. [147] -Dastam K. was one of the Amirs of the late King (Akbar), and from his -early years had been brought up in his service. His connection with -him was confidential and intimate. H.M. had entrusted this fort to -him from his exceeding confidence in him. - -After completing my inspection of the fort and houses, I ordered that -they should bring before me the criminals who were confined in the -fort, so that I might look into the case of each of them and give -an order in accordance with justice. In brief, with the exception of -affairs of murder, and of any person through whose release disturbance -or calamity might ensue in the country, I freed them all, and to -each one in accordance with his circumstances gave his expenses and -dresses [148] of honour. On the eve of Tuesday, the 4th, I returned -to the royal abode after a watch and three gharis had passed. On -Sunday (properly Wednesday), the 5th, having marched nearly 5 koss, -I halted on Thursday, the 6th. On this day the Khan-khanan presented -his offering of jewels, ornamented vessels, cloth, and an elephant. Of -these I chose whatever pleased me, and returned the rest. What was -accepted of his offering was of the value of Rs. 150,000. On Friday, -the 7th, I marched 5 koss. I had before this captured a saras with a -falcon, but until now I had never seen the hunting of a durna [149] -(crane). As my son Shah-Jahan had great pleasure in durna hunting -with the falcon (shahin), and his falcons were well grown, at his -request I rode out early in the morning, and caught one durna myself, -whilst the falcon my son had on his wrist caught another. Certainly, -of all good hunting amusements, this is the best. I was exceedingly -pleased with it. Although the saras is large, it is lazy and heavy on -the wing. The chase of the durna has no resemblance to it. I praise -the heart and courage of the falcon that can seize such strong-bodied -animals, and with the strength of his talons can subdue them. Hasan K., -the chief huntsman of my son, was honoured with an elephant, a horse, -and a dress of honour, as a reward for this exhibition of sport, and -his son also received a horse and a dress of honour. On Saturday, the -8th, having marched 4 1/4 koss, I halted on Sunday, the 9th. On this -day the Khan-khanan, the Commander-in-Chief, having raised the head -of dignity through the gift of a special dress of honour, a jewelled -waist-sword, and a private elephant with trappings, was reappointed -to Khandesh and the Deccan. The mansab of that pillar of the kingdom, -original and increase, was fixed at 7,000 personal and horse. As -he did not get on with Lashkar K., at his request I assigned to -`Abid K. the duty of Diwan-i-buyutat, [150] and having given him -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse, as well as a horse, -an elephant, and a dress of honour, sent him to that Subah. On the -same day Khan Dauran arrived from Kabul, and had the good fortune to -pay his respects, and presented as nazr 1,000 muhars and Rs. 1,000, -as well as an offering of a pearl rosary, fifty horses, ten Persian -male and female camels, and some hawks, and china, [151] and porcelain -(?), and other things. On Monday, the 10th, I marched 3 1/4 koss, and -on Tuesday, the 11th, 5 3/4 koss. On this day the Khan Dauran arranged -his men before me, and passed in review a thousand Mughal cavalry, -most of whom had Turki horses, and some `Iraq and some Mujannas [152] -horses. Though his troopers had been mostly dispersed, some going -into the service of Mahabat K. and remaining in that Subah, whilst -a number left him at Lahore and went into different parts of the -dominion, yet he could show this body of well-mounted men. Certainly -the Khan Dauran for valour and generalship is one of the unique -of the ages, but alas! I found he had become a decrepit old man, -and his sight was very weak. He has two intelligent young sons, who -are not wanting in reasonableness, but it will certainly be a great -and difficult thing for them to show themselves his equals. On this -day I gave him and his sons dresses of honour and swords. On Sunday, -the 12th, traversing 3 1/2 koss, I alighted on the bank of the tank -of Mandu. [153] In the middle of the tank there is a stone building, -and on one of the pillars the quatrain of someone had been engraved. I -saw it, and was amazed. In truth, it is a fine verse: - - - "My congenial friends have left me: - One by one they've fallen into the hands of death. - They were poor drinkers at the banquet of life. - A moment sooner than us they became drunken." [154] - - -At this time I also heard another quatrain of the same description, -which I have recorded because it was very well said: - - - "Alas! that people of intelligence and wisdom have passed away. - They have been forgotten in the minds of their contemporaries. - Those who spoke with a hundred tongues - Ah! what heard they that they became silent." - - -On Thursday, the 13th, I made a halt. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., having come -from Bangash, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Ikram K., -who was in charge of the faujdari of Fathpur and the neighbourhood, -was honoured with waiting on me. Khwaja Ibrahim K., Bakhshi of the -Deccan, was exalted with the title of `Aqidat K. Mir Hajj, who is -one of the auxiliaries attached to that Subah, and one of the brave -young officers, was promoted to the title of Sharza (tiger-whelp) -K., and received a standard. On Friday, the 14th, I marched 5 1/4 -koss. On Saturday, the 15th, having marched 3 koss, I halted in the -neighbourhood of Bayana. [155] There I hastened with the ladies to see -the spectacle of the top of the fort. Muhammad, the Bakhshi of Humayun, -who was entrusted with the charge of the fort, had built a fine house -overlooking the plain, of great height and with fine air. The tomb -of Shaikh Bahlul is also in that neighbourhood, and is not wanting -in excellence. The Shaikh was the elder brother of Shaikh Muhammad -Ghaus, and was much versed in the science of incantations by names -(of God). Humayun had great affection for him, and the most perfect -reliance on him. When he conquered the province of Bengal, he took -up his abode there for some time. Mirza Hindal, by his order, had -remained [156] at Agra. A body of avaricious servants (qulluq-chiyan), -whose character was mischievous and seditious, taking to the way of -faithlessness, came from Bengal to the Mirza, and, working upon his -base nature (shaking the chain of his vile heart), led the Mirza on -the road of rebellion and ingratitude for favours, and of irrecognition -of duty. The thoughtless Mirza had the khutba recited in his own name -(proclaimed himself king), and openly raised the standard of rebellion -and strife. When the royal ear heard what had taken place from the -reports of those who were loyal, he sent Shaikh Bahlul to admonish the -Mirza, and to turn him back from his vain purpose, and to establish -his feet on the highroad of sincerity and concord. As these wretches -had made the flavour of royalty sweet to the Mirza's palate, he became -imbued with futile ideas, and would not be loyal. At the instigation of -these seditious people he made Shaikh Bahlul a martyr with the sword of -recklessness at the Charbagh (garden) which H.M. Babar had made on the -bank of the Jumna. As Muhammad Bakhshi was a disciple of the Shaikh, -he carried the body into the fort of Bayana, and buried it there. - -On Sunday, the 16th, marching 4 1/2 koss, I came to the stage of -Barah. [157] As the garden and well which had been built by the order -of Maryam-zamani (Jahangir's mother) in the pargana of Jusat was on -the road, I went to inspect them. Certainly the ba'oli (step-well) was -a grand building, and had been built exceedingly well. I ascertained -from the officials that a sum of Rs. 20,000 had been expended on this -well. As there was much game in this neighbourhood, I halted on Monday, -the 17th. - -On Tuesday, the 18th, marching 3 1/8 koss, the host of prosperity -halted at the village of Dayarm'a'u. [158] On Wednesday, the 19th, -marching 2 1/2 koss, the victorious standards were raised on the bank -of the Lake of Fathpur. As at the time when the conquest of the Deccan -was meditated, the stages and distances from Ranthambur to Ujain were -recorded, it appears unnecessary to repeat them. From Ranthambur [159] -to Fathpur by the road by which I came was a distance of 234 koss, -in sixty-three marches and fifty-six halts, traversed in 119 days, -or, according to solar reckoning, in one day under four months, -and by lunar four full months. From the date on which the army of -fortune started from the capital for the conquest of the Rana and the -acquisition of the Deccan until now, when the victorious and prosperous -standards have been planted again in the centre of the empire, it is -five years and four months. The astrologers and astronomers chose the -day of Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 28th of the Divine month of Dai, -in my thirteenth year, corresponding with the last day of the Muharram -in the Hijri year 1028 (January 7, 1619), as the proper time at which -to enter the capital of Agra. - -At this time, again, it appeared from the reports of the loyal that -the disease of the plague was prevalent in Agra, so that daily about -100 people, more or less, were dying of it. Under the armpits, or in -the groin, or below the throat, buboes formed, and they died. This is -the third year that it has raged in the cold weather, and disappeared -in the commencement of the hot season. It is a strange thing that -in these three years the infection has spread to all the towns and -villages in the neighbourhood of Agra, while there has been no trace -of it at Fathpur. It has come as far as Amanabad, which is 2 1/2 koss -from Fathpur, and the people of that place (Amanabad) have forsaken -their homes and gone to other villages. There being no choice, and -considering the observance of caution necessary, it was decided that -at this propitious [160] hour the victorious army should enter the -inhabited part of Fathpur in all joy and auspiciousness, and after -the sickness and scarcity had subsided and another auspicious hour -had been chosen, I should enter the capital, please the Almighty and -most holy Allah! - -The Thursday entertainment took place on the bank of the Lake of -Fathpur. As the time for entering the town (of Fathpur) was fixed for -the 28th, I halted eight days in this place. I ordered them to measure -the circumference of the lake, [161] and it came to 7 koss. At this -stage, with the exception of the revered Maryam-zamani, who had become -very weak, all the Begams and inhabitants of the enclosure of chastity -and all the palace employes came out to meet me (istiqbal). The -daughter [162] of Asaf K., deceased, who is in the house of `Abdu-llah -K. (i.e., is married to `Abdu-llah), s. Khan A`zam, told me a strange -and wonderful tale, and strongly insisted upon its truth. I write it -on account of its strangeness. She said: "One day in the courtyard of -the house I saw a mouse rising and falling in a distracted state. It -was running about in every direction after the manner of drunkards, -and did not know where to go. I said to one of my girls: 'Take it by -the tail and throw it to the cat!' The cat was delighted, and jumped up -from its place and seized it in its mouth, but immediately dropped it -and showed disgust. By degrees an expression of pain and trouble showed -itself in its face. The next day it was nearly dead, when it entered -into my mind to give it a little treacle [163] (tiryaq, opium?). When -its mouth was opened, the palate and tongue appeared black. It passed -three days in a state of misery, and on the fourth day came to its -senses. After this the grain (dana) of the plague (buboes) appeared -in the girl, and from excess of temperature and increase of pain she -had no rest. Her colour became changed--it was yellow inclining to -black--and the fever was high (tap muhriq gardid). The next day she -vomited [164] and had motions, and died. Seven or eight people in that -household died in the same way, and so many were ill that I went to -the garden from that lodging. Those who were ill died in the garden, -but in that place there were no buboes. In brief, in the space of -eight or nine days seventeen people became travellers on the road of -annihilation." She also said: "Those in whom the buboes appeared, if -they called another person for water to drink or wash in, the latter -also caught the infection (sirayat), and at last it came to such a -pass that through excessive apprehension no one would come near them." - -On Saturday, the 22nd, Khwaja Jahan, who had had the charge of Agra, -having had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, presented 500 muhars -by way of nazr, and Rs. 400 [165] as charity. On Monday, the 24th, a -special dress of honour was conferred on him. On Mubarak-shamba [166] -(Thursday), the 28th (? 27th), after four ghari [167] or nearly two -sidereal hours (sa`at), had passed, - - - "In an hour which agreed with two almanacs (?) (or which marked - two events)," - - -the royal standards auspiciously and happily entered the inhabited -part of Fathpur. At the same hour the entertainment (of weighing) -for my prosperous and noble son, Shah-Jahan, was held. I ordered him -to be weighed against gold and other things, and his twenty-eighth -year according to the solar [168] months began auspiciously. It -is hoped that he may reach the natural [169] limit of life. On the -same day H.M. the revered Maryam-zamani (his mother) came from Agra, -and I acquired eternal good fortune from the blessing of waiting on -her. I hope that the shadow of her bringing up and affection may be -perennial on the head of this suppliant. As Ikram K., s. Islam K., -had performed the duties of faujdar of this neighbourhood in a proper -manner, I bestowed on him the mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse, -original and increased. Suhrab [170] K., s. Mirza Rustam Safavi, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 300 horse. - -On this day, going over in detail the buildings of the palace of the -late King (Akbar), I showed them to my son, Shah-Jahan. Inside of them -a large and very clear reservoir of cut stone has been constructed, -and is called the Kapur-talao (camphor tank). It is a square of 36 -yards by 36, [171] with a depth of 4 1/2 yards. By the order of that -revered one, the officials of the public treasury had filled it with -fulus (copper coins) and rupees. It came to 34 krors, and 48 lakhs, -and 46,000 dams, and 1,679,400 rupees, or a total of 10,300,000 (one -kror and three lakhs) according to Hindustani reckoning, and 343,000 -tuman according to Persian. For a long time the thirsty-lipped ones -of the desert of desire were satisfied from that fountain of benignity. - -On Sunday, the 1st Bahman, a reward of 1,000 darb (Rs. 500) was given -to Hafiz Nad `Ali, [172] the reciter. For a long time past Muhibb -`Ali, s. Budagh [173] K. Chikani, and Abu-l-Qasim Gilani, whom the -Ruler of Iran had blinded and driven into the desert of exile, have -passed their days in ease under the refuge of this State. To each of -them, according to his condition, an allowance for living had been -granted. On this day they came from Agra, and had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold, and each of them was presented with Rs. 1,000. The -Mubarak-shamba entertainment was held in state in the palace, and my -private servants were gladdened with cups of pleasure. Nasru-llah, whom -my son, Sultan Parwiz, had sent to Court with the elephant Kuh-daman, -[174] took his leave and returned. A copy (jild) of the Jahangir-nama, -together with a special tipchaq horse, were given to him to take to -my son. On Sunday, the 8th, Kunwar Karan, son of Rana Amar Singh, was -presented with a horse, an elephant, a dress of honour, a jewelled -khapwa, and a phul-katara. I gave him leave to go to his jagir, -and sent a horse with him for the Rana. On the same day I went out -sporting to Amanabad. As there was an order that no one should kill -the antelope of that region, in the course of six years many antelope -had come together, and they had grown very tame. On Thursday, the -12th, I returned to the palace, and on that day, according to custom, -a feast of cups was prepared. - -On the eve of Friday, the 13th (Bahman), I went to the mausoleum of -the refuge of pardon, Shaikh Salim Chishti, a little concerning whose -blessed qualities has been written in the preface [175] to this record -of prosperity, and the fatiha was recited. Although the manifestation -of miracles and wonders is not approved by the elect of the throne -of God, and from humility and a feeling of their low rank (as saints) -they avoid such display, yet occasionally in the excitement of ecstasy -an appearance is manifested unintentionally and without control, [176] -or for the sake of teaching someone the exhibition is made. Among these -was this, that he before my birth gave my father the good news of the -advent of this suppliant and of my two brothers. Again, one day my -father incidentally asked him how old he was, and when would he depart -to the abiding regions. He replied: "The glorious God knows what is -secret and hidden." After much urgency he indicated this suppliant -(Prince Salim), and said: "When the Prince, by the instruction of -a teacher or in any other way, shall commit something to memory -and shall recite it, this will be a sign of my union with God." In -consequence of this, His Majesty gave strict orders to all who were -in attendance on me that no one should teach me anything in prose -or verse. At length when two years and seven months had passed away, -it happened one day that one of the privileged [177] women was in the -palace. She used to burn rue constantly in order to avert the evil eye, -and on this pretext had access to me. She used to partake of the alms -and charities. She found me alone and regardless of (or ignorant of) -what had been said (by Akbar), she taught me this couplet: - - - "O God, open the rosebud of hope - Display a flower from the everlasting garden." [178] - - -I went to the Shaikh and repeated this couplet. He involuntarily -rose up and hastened to wait on the King, and informed him of what -had occurred. In accordance with Fate, the same night the traces -of fever appeared, and the next day he sent someone to the King -(with the request) to call Tan Sen Kalawant, who was unequalled as a -singer. Tan Sen, having gone to wait upon him, began to sing. After -this he sent some one to call the King. When H.M. came, he said: -"The promised time of union has come, and I must take leave of -you." Taking his turban from his head, he placed it on mine, and said: -"We have made Sultan Salim our successor, and have made him over to -God, the protector and preserver." Gradually his weakness increased, -and the signs of passing [179] away became more evident, till he -attained union with the "True Beloved." - -One of the greatest monuments of my father's reign is this mosque -and cemetery (rauza). Certainly they are exceedingly lofty and solid -buildings. There is nothing like this mosque in any other country. It -is all built of beautiful stone, and five lakhs of rupees were -expended from the public treasury upon it. Qutbu-d-din K. Kokaltash -made the marble railing (mahjar) round [180] the cemetery, the flooring -(farsh) of the dome and portico, and these are not included in the five -lakhs. The mosque has two great gateways. The one [181] towards the -south is extremely lofty, and is very beautiful. The archway (pishtaq) -is 12 yards broad, 16 long, and 52 high. One must mount thirty-two -steps to get to the top of it. The other gateway is smaller, and is -towards the east. The length of the mosque from east to west, including -the width of the walls, is 212 yards. Out of this, the Maqsura (the -chancel) is 25 1/2 yards, the middle is 15 yards by 15, the portico -(pishtaq) is 7 yards broad, 14 yards long, and 25 yards high. On each -side of the large dome are two smaller domes 10 yards by 10. Then -there is a veranda (aiwan) which is pillared. The breadth of the mosque -from north to south is 172 yards. Round it are ninety verandas (aiwan) -and eighty-four cells. The breadth of each cell is 4 yards, [182] and -the length 5 yards. The verandas are 7 1/2 yards broad. The courtyard -(sahn) of the mosque, exclusive of the maqsura, and the verandas, and -the gates, is 169 yards long and 143 yards broad. Above the verandas, -the gates, and the mosque, small domes have been constructed, and on -the eves of anniversaries and on holy days lamps are placed in these, -and they are enveloped in coloured [183] cloths, so that they look -like lamp-shades (?). Under the courtyard they have made a well, and -they fill this with rainwater. As Fathpur has little water, and what -there is is bad, this well [184] yields a sufficient supply for the -whole year for the members of the family (of Salim Chishti) and for -the dervishes who are the mujawirs (caretakers) of the mosque. Opposite -the great entrance and towards the north-north-east is the tomb of the -Shaikh. The middle dome is 7 yards, and round the dome is a portico -of marble, and on the front side of this is a marble lattice. It is -very beautiful. Opposite this tomb on the west, at a little distance, -is another dome, in which are laid to rest the sons-in-law and sons -of the Shaikh, such as Qutbu-d-din K., Islam K., Mu`azzam K., [185] -and others, who were all connected with this family, and rose to the -position of Amirs and to lofty rank. Accordingly, the circumstances -of each have been recorded in their places. At present the son of -Islam K., who is distinguished by the title of Ikram K., is the lord -of the prayer-carpet. The signs of auspiciousness are manifest in him; -I am much inclined to cherish him. - -On Thursday, the 19th, I promoted `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and nominated him to the duty of taking -the fort of Kangra, and the overthrow of the ungrateful Suraj Mal. I -bestowed on him an elephant, a horse, and a dress of honour. Tursun -Bahadur was also dispatched on this duty, and his mansab was fixed -at 1,200 personal and 450 horse. He was given a horse, and took his -leave. As the house of I`timadu-d-daula was on the bank of a tank, -and people praised it greatly as a delightful place and enchanting -residence, at his request on Thursday, the 26th, an entertainment -was held there. That pillar of the kingdom engaged in the dues of -prostration and offerings, and prepared a grand meeting. At night, -after eating food, I returned to the palace. On Thursday, the 3rd -of the Divine month of Isfand-armuz, Sayyid `Abdu-l-Wahhab Barha, -who had done active service in Gujarat, was promoted to the mansab of -1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was honoured with the title of Dilir -K. On Saturday, the 12th, I went out to Amanabad for sport, and until -Sunday, with the ladies, employed myself in the pleasure of hunting. On -the eve of Thursday, the 27th [186] (17th), I returned to the palace. - -By chance, on Tuesday, during the hunting, a string of pearls and -rubies that Nur-Jahan Begam had on her neck was broken, and a ruby of -the value of Rs. 10,000 and a pearl worth Rs. 1,000 were lost. Although -the huntsmen made every search for it on Wednesday, it did not fall -into their hands. It occurred to me that as the name of the day was -Kam-shamba, it was impossible to find it on that day. On the contrary, -as Mubarak-shamba (Thursday) was always a lucky day for me, and had -been blessed to me, the huntsmen on that day with but a little search -found both in that track-less place (without head or foundation) -and brought them to me. The best of coincidences was that on the same -propitious day the entertainment for my lunar weighing and the feast -of Basant-bari (Spring festival) also took place, and the good news of -the conquest of the fort of Mau and the defeat of that evil-fortuned -Suraj Mal arrived. - -The particulars of this are that when Raja Bikramajit with the -victorious army arrived in that region, the ill-fated Suraj Mal -desired to delay him for some days by trickery and babblement, but the -aforesaid knew the real state of the case and did not pay attention to -his words, but advanced with the foot of valour. That abandoned one, -letting fall from his hand the thread of plan, neither planted the foot -of intrepidity firmly for battle nor had the courage to defend the -fort. After a slight struggle, and when many of his people had been -slaughtered, he took to flight, and the forts of Mau [187] and Mahri -(?), which were the chief reliance of that ill-fated man, were both -taken without difficulty. A country which he had held by hereditary -right from his fathers was trodden under foot by the victorious troops, -and he became a wanderer and a vagabond. He retired to the ravines -of the hills, and cast the dust of ruin and contempt on the head of -his Fortune. Raja Bikramajit, leaving his country behind, hastened -in pursuit of him with the victorious army. When the state of affairs -reached the royal ears, in reward for this becoming service I ordered -drums for the Raja, and a fateful farman was issued from the Sovereign -of Wrath that they should overthrow from their foundation the fort and -buildings that had been erected by Suraj Mal's father and himself, -and leave not a trace of them on the face of the earth. A strange -thing is that the unfortunate Suraj Mal had a brother called Jagat -Singh. When I promoted Suraj Mal to the title of Raja, and made him -an Amir, and gave him dominion, etc., without a partner or sharer, -I, in order to please him, gave a small mansab to Jagat Singh, who -did not get on well with him, and sent him to Bengal. This wretched -one was passing his days in a poor condition far from his home, -in contempt, and to the delight of his enemies, and waiting for -some hidden aid, until by his good fortune this affair took place, -and that unblessed one struck an axe on his own foot. Summoning Jagat -Singh in all haste to Court, I honoured him with the title of Raja and -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and bestowed 20,000 darbs -[188] on him out of the public treasury for his expenses. Giving him -a jewelled khapwa, a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant, I sent -him to Raja Bikramajit, and issued a farman that if the aforesaid, by -the guidance of a good destiny, should perform laudable service, and -display loyalty, that country should be given over into his hand. [189] - -As the praise of the garden of Nur-manzil and the buildings that -had been newly-erected there continually reached me, I on Monday -mounted my steed, and went to the stage of Bustan-saray, and passed -Tuesday in pleasure and at ease in that entrancing rose-garden. On -the eve of Wednesday the garden of Nur-manzil (the abode of light) -was adorned by the alighting of the hosts of prosperity. This garden -contains 330 jaribs (bighas), according to the Ilahi gaz. Around it -there has been built a wall, lofty and broad, of bricks and cement, -exceedingly strong. In the garden there is a lofty building and a -residence, highly decorated. Pleasant reservoirs have been constructed, -and outside the gate a large well has been made, from which thirty-two -pairs of bullocks continually draw water. The canal passes through the -garden, and pours water into the reservoirs. Besides this, there are -other wells, the water of which is distributed to the reservoirs and -plots. The beauty is increased by all kinds of fountains and cascades -and there is a tank in the exact middle of the garden which is filled -by rainwater. If by chance its water should fail in the extreme heat, -they supplement it by water from the wells, so that it may always -be full to the brim. Nearly Rs. 150,000 have been spent up to now -on this garden, and it is still unfinished, and large sums will be -expended in making avenues and laying down plants. It has also been -settled that the middle garden shall be newly walled [190] round, -and the channels for the coming and going of the water shall be made -so strong that it may always remain full of water and the water shall -not leak out in any way, and no damage accrue. It is possible that -before it is complete nearly Rs. 200,000 will have been spent on it. - -On Thursday, the 24th, Khwaja Jahan presented an offering of jewels, -jewelled vessels, cloths, an elephant, and a horse, of the value -of Rs. 150,000. Having made a selection from them, I gave him the -remainder. Until Saturday I passed my time in that garden of delight -in enjoyment. On the eve of Sunday, the 27th, I inclined the reins of -returning towards Fathpur, and an order was given that the great Amirs, -according to annual custom, should decorate the palace. On Monday, -the 28th, I found that something had gone wrong with my eye. As it -arose from too much blood, I ordered `Ali Akbar, the surgeon, to open -a vein. On the next day the benefit of this was apparent. I bestowed -Rs. 1,000 on him. On Tuesday, the 29th, Muqarrab K. came from his -native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and I -favoured him with many sorts of kindness. - - - - - - - - -THE FOURTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST FROM THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the morning of Thursday, the 4th of the month of Rabi`u-l-akhir, -Hijri 1028 (March 10, 1619), the world-enlightening sun entered his -house of honour in Aries, and the fourteenth year of the reign of this -suppliant commenced in all prosperity and happiness. On Thursday, -the 1st of the New Year, my prosperous son, Shah-Jahan, who is the -star of the forehead of accomplished desires, and the brilliancy of -the brow of prosperity, prepared a grand entertainment, and presented -me as offerings with a selection of the precious things of the age, -and rareties and curiosities of every country. One of these is a ruby, -weighing 22 surkhs, of good colour, and water, and shape. The jewellers -have valued it at Rs. 40,000. Another is a Qutbi [191] (?) ruby, -in weight 3 tanks, and very delicate, valued at Rs. 40,000. Further, -six pearls, one of them 1 tank and 8 surkhs in weight. The Vakils of -my son had bought it in Gujarat for Rs. 25,000, and the five others for -Rs. 33,000. Also one diamond, the price of which was Rs. 18,000. Also a -jewelled parda (sash), a sword-hilt made in his own goldsmith's shop; -most of the jewels he had himself set and cut. He had brought great -dexterity to bear on the design. Its value was fixed as Rs. 50,000. The -designs [192] were his own; no one else had up to this day thought of -them. Undoubtedly it was a fine piece of workmanship. There was also -a pair of drums made of gold for playing the mursal (overture?) with a -whole orchestra--viz., kuwarga, naqqara, karana, surna, etc.--whatever -was required for the naqqara-khana (music-hall) of great princes, -and all made of silver. At the auspicious hour at which I had seated -myself on the throne of success these were all sounded. The whole of -them came to a value of Rs. 65,000. Another was a seat for riding -an elephant, called by moderns a howdah (hauda), made of gold, -worth Rs. 30,000. Beside this there were two large elephants and -five elephant-trappings of the offerings of Qutbu-l-mulk, ruler -of Golconda. The first elephant was named Dad-i-Ilahi (the gift of -God). As it entered the private elephant-house on New Year's Day, -I gave it the name of Nur-i-Nauruz (the Light of New Year's Day). In -truth he is a grand elephant, and lacks nothing of size, beauty, -and dignity. As he looked well to my eye, I mounted him and rode him -into the courtyard of the palace. His value was fixed at Rs. 80,000, -and the value of six [193] others at Rs. 20,000. Its golden trappings, -consisting of golden chains, etc., my son had had made for the elephant -Nur-i-Nauruz, were worth Rs. 30,000. The second elephant, with silver -housings, was also presented, with Rs. 10,000 more in various choice -jewels. The kurkaraqs [194] of my son had also prepared and sent -delicate cloths from Gujarat. If all details were to be written, -it would take too long. Briefly, the whole of his offerings was of -the value of Rs. 450,000. It is hoped that he will eat the fruit of -long life and prosperity. - -On Friday, the 2nd, Shaja`at K. `Arab, and Nuru-d-din Quli, the kotwal, -laid their offerings before me. On Saturday, the 3rd, Darab K., son -of the Khan-khanan, and on Sunday, the 4th, Khan Jahan, prayed to -be allowed to entertain me. Out of the latter's offerings I accepted -one pearl, bought for Rs. 20,000, with other rareties, altogether of -the value of Rs. 130,000, and presented him with the rest. On Monday, -the 5th, Raja Kishan Das and Hakim K., on Tuesday, the 6th, Sardar K., -and on Wednesday, the 7th, Mustafa K. and Amanat K., presented their -offerings. From each of these I took a trifle in order to dignify -them. On Thursday, the 8th, I`timadu-d-daula, Madar-ul-mulk (the -pivot of the country), having prepared a royal entertainment, begged -to be allowed to receive me. In accepting this request his standing -was raised. In fact, in decorating the assembly and the largeness -of his offering, he had exceeded himself, and made many decorations, -and illuminated all sides of the lake as far as the eye could reach, -and decorated the streets both near and far with all kinds of lights -and coloured lanterns. Among the offerings of that Madar-us-saltana -there was a throne of gold and silver, much ornamented and decorated, -the supports of which were in the form of tigers. It had been completed -with great assiduity in the space of three years, and was made at the -cost of Rs. 450,000. This throne had been made by a skilful European -of the name of Hunarmand (skilful), who had no rival in the arts of a -goldsmith and a jeweller, and in all sorts of skill (hunarmandi). He -had made it very well, and I gave him this name. In addition to the -offerings he had brought for me, he offered the value of Rs. 100,000 -in jewelled ornaments and cloths to the Begams and other ladies of -the Palace. Without exaggeration, from the beginning of the reign -of the late king (may the light of Allah be his testimony!) until -now, which is the fourteenth year of the rule of this suppliant, -not one of the great Amirs has presented such offerings. In fact, -what comparison is there between him and others? - -On this day Ikram K., s. Islam K. was honoured with the mansab, -original and increased, of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and Anira'i -Singh-dalan with that of 2,000 personal and 1,600 horse, original -and increased. On Friday, the 9th, I`tibar K. presented his offering, -and on the same day Khan Dauran, having been presented with a horse -and an elephant, took leave to go to the government of Patna. [195] -His mansab, according to a previous rule, was fixed at 6,000 personal -and 5,000 horse. On Saturday, the 10th, Fazil K., on Sunday, the 11th, -Mir Miran, on Monday, the 12th, I`tiqad K. on Tuesday, the 13th, -Tatar K. and Anira'i Singh-dalan, and on Wednesday, the 14th, Mirza -Raja Bhao Singh, presented their offerings. Selecting from them what -was delicate and new, I gave the remainder to them. On Thursday, the -15th, Asaf Khan prepared a grand assembly and a royal entertainment in -his own house, which is a very fine and pleasant place, and begged to -be allowed to receive me. At his request, giving him the dignity of -acceptance, I went there with the ladies. That pillar of the kingdom -looked on this as a bounty from the secret Giver, and in the increase -of his offering and preparation of the entertainment displayed great -magnificence. Of jewels of great price and delicate gold brocades -and all sorts of gifts, that which was approved was selected, and -I presented him with the remainder. Among the offerings was a ruby -weighing 12 1/2 tanks, which was bought for Rs. 125,000. The value of -the offerings that were accepted was Rs. 167,000. On this day Khwaja -Jahan was raised to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 2,500 horse. - -Lashkar K., having come, by order, from the Deccan, had the honour of -waiting on me. As I had determined, after the rainy season had passed -and in the beginning of the good weather, to go to the perpetual -spring garden of Kashmir under the favour of Almighty God, it seemed -right to me that the guardianship and administration of the fort and -city of Agra and the faujdarship of the district, after the manner in -which they had been held by Khan Jahan, should be entrusted to Lashkar -K., and I honoured him with the good news. Amanat K. was entrusted -with the duty of superintendent of branding (of horses) and of -parading the troopers. [196] On Friday, the 16th, Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -Chief Bakhshi, on Saturday, the 17th, Sadiq K. Bakhshi, on Sunday, -the 18th, Iradat K., Chief Butler, and on Monday, the 19th, which -was the day of the sun's culmination, `Azudu-d-daula K., presented -offerings, and I accepted from each of them, by way of exalting their -dignity, what I approved. At this New Year the value of the accepted -offerings of the servants of the Court came to Rs. 2,000,000. On the -day of culmination I conferred on my auspicious son Sultan Parwiz -[197] the mansab of 20,000 personal and 10,000 horse, original and -increased. I`timadu-d-daula was promoted to that of 7,000 personal -and horse. I selected `Azudu-d-daula for the duty of tutor to the -pupil of the eye of the Sultanate, Shah Shuja`. I hope that he (the -latter) may endure for his natural term of life and may be one of the -prosperous ones. Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 1,500 personal -and 500 horse, and Baqir K. to that of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As -Mahabat K. had asked for reinforcements, I appointed 500 Ahadi horse -to Bangash, and presented `Izzat K., who had done approved service -in that province, with a horse and a jewelled khapwa. At this time -`Abdu-s-Sattar [198] presented as an offering a compendium in the -handwriting of the late king Humayun (may the lights of Allah be his -testimony!), containing some prayers, an introduction to the science of -astronomy, and other marvellous things, most of which he had studied -and carried into practice. After reverently inspecting his auspicious -handwriting, I felt a joy such as I had seldom experienced. I was -exceedingly rejoiced, for, by God, no precious thing I have can be -compared with this. In return I increased his mansab beyond what he -had imagined possible, and gave him a present of Rs. 1,000. Hunarmand, -the European who had made the jewelled throne, I presented with 3,000 -darb, a horse and an elephant. I gave Rs. 1,000 to Khwaja Khawand -Mahmud, who is a pilgrim of the Path of the Khwajas, and is not void -of dervishism and spirituality. Lashkar K. was promoted to the mansab -of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Ma`mur K. to that of 900 personal -and 450 horse, Khwajagi Tahir to that of 800 personal and 300 horse, -and Sayyid Ahmad Qadiri to that of 800 and 60 horse. On Raja Sarang -Deo was conferred the mansab of 700 personal and 30 horse, on Mir -Khalil-u-llah, s. `Azudu-d-daula, that of 600 personal and 250 horse, -on the eunuch Firuz K., that of 600 and 150 horse, on Khidmat Khan -that of 550 and 130 horse, on Mahram K. that of 500 and 120 horse, on -`Izzat K. that of 600 personal and 100 horse, on Ray Newali Das, the -accountant of the elephant department, that of 600 personal and 120 -horse, on Ray Mani Das, the superintendent of the Palace, that of 600 -personal and 100 horse, on Nathmal and Jagmal, sons of Kishan Singh, -that of 500 and 225 horse each. If the increase of mansab given to -those of less than 500 were to be written in full it would be too -long. Rs. 2,000 were given to Khizr K., who belonged [199] to Khandesh. - -On Wednesday, the 21st, I went to Amanabad for the purpose of -sport. Some days before this, in accordance with orders, Khwaja -Jahan, and Qiyam K., the head huntsman, had chosen a wide plain for a -qamargha hunt, and drawn an enclosure round it, and driven within it -many antelope from the neighbouring plains. As I had vowed that I would -hereafter not kill any living thing with my own hand, it occurred to me -to take them all alive, and place them within the Chaugan (polo-ground) -of Fathpur, so that I might both enjoy the pleasure of sport and -that at the same time no harm should happen to them. I accordingly -took 700 head and sent them to Fathpur. As the hour for entering the -capital was near, I ordered Ray Man, khidmatiyya, [200] to put up a -screen on two sides, like a lane, from the hunting-place to the plain -of Fathpur, and to drive the antelope there. About 800 antelope were -sent in this way, or altogether 1,500. On the night of Wednesday, -the 28th, marching from Amanabad, I halted in Bustan Saray, and on -the eve of Thursday, the 29th, I halted at the Nur-manzil garden. - -On Friday, the 30th, the mother [201] of Shah-Jahan attained the mercy -of God. The next day I myself went to the house of that precious son, -and having condoled with him in every way, took him with me to the -palace. On Sunday, the 1st Urdibihisht, at the auspicious hour chosen -by the astrologers and astronomers, I mounted a special elephant -of the name of Dilir, and in all prosperity and happiness entered -the city. A great crowd of people, men and women, had collected -together in the streets and bazaars, and at the gates and walls, -expecting me. According to custom, I went on, scattering money on -the way, to inside the palace. From the date on which the army of -prosperity started for this happily terminated journey until now, -when I returned in happiness and good fortune, it was five years, -seven months, and nine days. At this time I ordered my son Sultan -Parwiz that, as a long time had passed during which he had been -deprived of waiting on me personally, or had been fortunate enough to -pay his respects, if he were desirous of meeting me, he should come -to Court. On the arrival of the gracious farman, that son, considering -the manifestation of this favour a gift from the hidden world, turned -the face of his hope towards the sphere-resembling Court. At this time -I gave away, as a means of livelihood, to Faqirs and deserving people -44,786 bighas of land, and two entire villages, with 320 ass-loads -(kharwar, a weight) of grain from Kashmir, and seven ploughs [202] -of land in Kabul. I hope that the Grace of the Bestower of desires -and benevolence may be their daily lot. - -One of the occurrences of this time is the revolt of Allahdad, -son of Jalal, the Afghan. The details of this are that when Mahabat -K. obtained leave to go and take possession of Bangash and overthrow -the Afghans, from an idea that that wretch would do some service in -return for the favours and kindness I had conferred on him, he prayed -that he might take him with him. As the natural tendency of such -ungrateful men who do not recognize what is right, tends to enmity -and malevolence, by way of precaution it was decided to send his son -and brother to the Court that they might be as hostages. After the -arrival there of his son and brother, I, by way of comforting them, -did them all kinds of kindness, but, as they have said: - - - "The blanket of fortune of anyone that has been woven black - Cannot be whitened even by the waters of Zamzam and Kausar." - - -From the day on which he arrived in that country the signs of rascality -and want of recognition of the right began to be apparent on the -cheeks of his affairs, and Mahabat K., in order to control matters, -did not loose from his hand the rope of forbearance until, at this -time, he sent a force under the leadership of his son against a band -of Afghans, and sent Allahdad with him. When they reached the purposed -place, from the enmity and malevolence of the aforesaid, that attack -did not succeed, and they returned with their aim uncompleted. The -evil-dispositioned Allahdad, from a suspicion lest this time Mahabat -K. should abandon his method of conciliation, and ascertain the real -state of affairs, and that he should be caught in recompense for his -evil deeds, lifted up the veil of reverence, and betrayed involuntarily -the faithlessness to his salt, which he had till then concealed. When -I heard from Mahabat K.'s letter the true state of affairs, I ordered -them to imprison his son and brother in the fort of Gwalior. As it -had happened (Jalal Tariki), the father of this wretch had also fled -from the service of the late king, and for years passed his time in -thieving and highway robbery, until he was caught in the recompense -of his own evil deeds. It is hoped that this rascal will also soon -obtain the reward of his bad actions. - -On Thursday, the 5th, Man Singh, s. Rawat Shankar, who was one of the -auxiliaries of Bihar, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 600 horse. I sent off `Aqil K. to look after the cavalry, [203] -and inquire into the corps of the mansabdars who had been appointed -for duty in Bangash, and gave him an elephant. I sent as a gift -to Mahabat K. a private dagger made after the Mazandaran fashion, -along with Dust Beg. The offering of Monday was given as a present -to Mahmud Ab-dar, who from the time when I was a prince and the days -of my childhood had served me. Miran (not Bizan, [204] as in the -printed book), son-in-law of Payanda K. Moghul, was promoted to the -mansab of 700 personal and 450 horse. Muhammad Husain, brother of -Khwaja Jahan, who was Bakhshi of Kangra, was promoted to the mansab -of 600 personal and 450 horse. On this day Tarbiyat K., who is one -of the hereditary houseborn ones of this Court, and had been enrolled -among the Amirs by reason [205] of his good disposition, died. He was -not devoid of sluggishness (na-muradi, literally want of desires) -and self-indulgence (salamat-i-nafs), and was a young man fond of -pleasure (`ayyash-tabi`at). He wished to pass his whole life at ease, -and was devoted to Hindu music and did not understand it badly. He -was a man void of evil. Raja Suraj Singh was raised to the mansab of -2,000 personal and horse. To Karamu-llah, s. `Ali Mardan K. Bahadur, -Baqir K., Faujdar of Multan, Malik Muhibb Afghan, and Maktub K. were -given elephants. Sayyid Bayazid Bhakkari, to whom was entrusted the -charge of the fort of Bhakkar and the faujdarship of that region, -was also honoured with an elephant. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K. was -distinguished with the gift of a jewelled dagger. I gave elephants -to Shaikh Ahmad Hansi, Shaikh `Abdu-l-Latif Sambhali, the eunuch -Firasat K., and Ray Kunwar Chand Mustaufi (auditor). Muhammad Shafi` -Bakhshi of the Panjab, was raised to the mansab of 500 personal and 300 -horse. The mansab of 500 personal and 150 horse was conferred on Munis, -s. Mihtar [206] K. He (Munis) had charge of the fort of Kalinjar. - -On this day arrived the news of the death of Shah-nawaz K. s. the -Commander-in-Chief Khan Khanan. It was the cause of distress of -mind to me. At the time when that Ataliq (Khan Khanan) took leave -from waiting on me, it had been strictly impressed upon him that, -as it had been repeatedly brought to my ear that Shah-nawaz K. had -been maddened with wine and drank immoderately, if there was truth -in this it was a pity that he should destroy himself at his age. It -was necessary that he should not leave him to his own way, but look -after his case properly. If he could not leave his charge himself, -he should write a clear report, so that, having summoned him into -my presence, I might give the best order practicable under the -circumstances. When he arrived at Burhanpur, having found Shah-nawaz -Khan very weak and low, he tried to make some remedy for him. After -some days' confinement to bed (literally, lord of the carpet) he -fell on the couch of powerlessness. Whatever remedies and plans the -physicians employed were of no avail, and in the best time of his -youth and prosperity, in the thirty-third year of his age, to the -sorrow and grief of the world, he went to the place of the mercy and -pardon of God. On hearing this unpleasant news I was greatly grieved, -for in truth he was an intelligent youth and born in the house. He -would have performed important services in this State, and left great -traces behind him. Although this road is before all and there is no -escape for anyone out of the command of destiny, yet it appears sad -to depart in this fashion. It is hoped he will be among those who are -pardoned. I sent Raja Sarang Deo, who was one of my close attendants -and is a tactful person, to the Ataliq, and favoured and consoled him -in every way. The mansab of 5,000 held by Shah-nawaz I added on to -those of his brothers and sons. To Darab, his younger brother, I gave -the mansab of 5,000 personal, original and increased, and presented -him with a dress of honour, an elephant, a horse, and a jewelled sword, -and gave him leave to go to his father to fill, in place of Shah-nawaz, -the post of governor of Berar and Ahmadnagar. Rahman-dad, another -brother, I promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 800 horse. Manuchahr, -s. Shah-nawaz, was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 -horse. Taghzal (Toghril?), s. Shah-nawaz [207] K. was promoted to the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, Qasim -K., son-in-law of I`timadu-d-daula, was honoured with the favour of a -standard. Asadu-llah, s. Sayyid Haji, who had come with the intention -of obtaining service, had the mansab bestowed on him of 500 personal -and 100 horse. Sadr Jahan, son-in-law of the deceased Murtaza K., -received that of 700 personal and 600 horse, and was appointed to the -faujdarship of Sambhal, and, having had an elephant bestowed on him, -I gave him leave. Bharat Bandila was also presented with the mansab -of 600 personal and 400 horse, and had an elephant given him, and an -elephant was bestowed on Sangram, the Raja of Jammu. - -In Ahmadabad I had two male markhur goats. As I had not a female in -my establishment to pair with them, it occurred to me that if I could -pair them with Barbary goats, which they bring from Arabia, especially -from the port of the city of Darkhar, [208] young of their form and -qualities might be obtained. In short, I paired them with seven Barbary -ewes, and after six months had elapsed each of the latter had a young -one at Fathpur: there were four females and three males, very pleasing -in appearance, of good shape and good colour. In their colour, those -(kids) which resembled the male (taka, not baka, as in the printed -copy) were dun-coloured with black stripes on their backs. Red, [209] -indeed, appears to me a more pleasing colour than any other, and it is -the mark of a better breed. Of their liveliness and laughable ways and -their manner of gamboling and leaping, what can be written? Some of -their ways are such that the mind derived uncontrolled pleasure from -looking at them. It is notorious that painters cannot draw properly -the motions of a kid. Granting that they may chance to draw the -movements of an ordinary kid after a fashion, they certainly would -have to acknowledge themselves at a loss how to draw the motions -of these kids. When one month, or even twenty days old, they would -leap up upon high places and throw themselves on to the ground in a -way that if any other but a kid were to do so, not one limb would be -left whole. As it pleased me, I ordered them always to be kept near -me, and I gave each of them an appropriate name. I am much delighted -with them, and pay great attention to bringing together markhur males -and well-bred she-goats. I desire to have many young ones from them, -and that they may become well known among men. After their young shall -have paired, most probably more delicate ones will be obtained. One of -their peculiarities is that ordinary kids immediately they are born, -and until they begin to suck, make a great bleating, whilst these, -on the contrary, make no sound, and stand quite contented and without -wailing. Perhaps their flesh would be very pleasant to the taste. - -Before this, an order had been given that Muqarrab K., having been -appointed to Bihar, should hasten off there. He came to Court in -order to pay his respects before he repaired to his destination, and -accordingly, on Thursday, the 2nd Khurdad, an elephant with trappings, -two horses, and a jewelled khapwa were conferred on him, and he took -leave. Rs. 50,000 were given him as an advance of pay. On the same day -Sardar Khan received a dress of honour, an elephant, and a horse, and -obtained the Sarkar of Monghyr, which is in the province of Bihar and -Bengal, and took leave. Mir Sharif, [210] the Vakil of Qutbu-l-mulk, -who was at Court, took leave. My fortunate son, Shah-Jahan, sent -with him the brother of Afzal K., his Diwan. As Qutbu-l-mulk had -shown attachment and desire to please, and repeatedly importuned me -for a portrait, I presented him, at his request, with my likeness, -a jewelled khapwa, and a phul katara. 24,000 darb, a jewelled dagger, -a horse, and a dress of honour were also given to the aforesaid Mir -Sharif. Fazil K., director of buildings, was advanced to the mansab -of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Hakim Ragho Nath to that of -600 personal and 60 horse. As at this time the anniversary of the -late king (Akbar) occurred, Rs. 5,000 were handed over to some of -my chief servants to divide among poor and deserving people. Hasan -`Ali K., jagirdar of the Sarkar of Monghyr, was honoured with the -mansab of 2,500 personal and horse, and sent to the assistance of -Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, governor of the province of Bengal, and he -was presented with a sword. As Mirza Sharafu-d-din Husain Kashghari -sacrificed his life on duty in Bangash, I promoted his son Ibrahim -Husain to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. At this time -Ibrahim K. constructed two boats, [211] which in the language of the -country they call Kosha, one of gold and the other of silver, and sent -them to me by way of offering. Undoubtedly, of their own kind they are -the finest. One of these I gave to my son Shah-Jahan. On Thursday, -the 9th, Sadat K. was granted the mansab of 1,000 personal and 60 -horse. On this day `Azudu-d-daula and Shaja`at K. `Arab took leave -for their jagirs. On this Thursday I presented Asaf K. with a jewelled -khapwa and a phul katara. As my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz proposed -to come to Court, he asked for a special nadiri dress of honour, a -chira, and a fota, so that he might wear them and be distinguished -on the day of meeting me and of having the good fortune to pay his -respects. According to his request, I sent by the hand of his Vakil, -Sharif, a sumptuous dress of honour with a chira and a special sash. On -Thursday, the 23rd, Mirza Wali, son of the aunt of this suppliant, -came by order from the Deccan, and had the good fortune to kiss the -threshold. His father, Khwaja Hasan Khaldar (the freckled?), was one -of the Naqshbandi Khwajas. My uncle, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, gave his -sister in marriage to the Khwaja. I heard much praise of the Khwaja -from people: he had both good family and got on well with every one, -and for a long time the management of the affairs of my uncle Mirza -Muhammad Hakim had been in his hands, and he was on very good terms -with him. Before the Mirza's death he had himself delivered [212] -over the deposit of his life. Two sons survived him--viz., Mirza -Badi`u-z-zaman and Mirza Wali. M. Badi`u-z-zaman, after the death of -the Mirza, ran away, and went to Ma-wara'a-n-nahr (Transoxania), and in -that exile became a traveller on the road of non-existence. The Begam -and Mirza Wali came to the glorious Court, and H.M. (Akbar) behaved -very kindly to the Begam. The Mirza also is a steady and sedate young -man, not devoid of reasonableness and understanding. He is very skilled -in the science of music. At this time it occurred to me to marry the -daughter of the deceased Prince Daniyal to the Mirza, and my reason -for sending for the Mirza to Court was this. This girl (Bulaqi Begam) -is the offspring of the daughter of Qilij Muhammad K. It is hoped that -the grace of striving to please and to serve, which is the means of -good fortune and prosperity, may be his (M. Wali's) lot and fortune. - -On this day Sarbuland Ray, who had been sent on duty to the Deccan, -was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,500 horse. - -At this time it was reported to me that a Shayyad (a loud talker, -a cheat) of the name of Shaikh [213] Ahmad had spread the net -of hypocrisy and deceit in Sirhind, and caught in it many of the -apparent worshippers without spirituality, and had sent into every -city and country one of his disciples, whom he called his deputy -(khalifa), and whom he considered more skilled than others in the -adorning of shops (of deceit) and selling of religious knowledge, -and in deceiving men. He had also written a number of idle tales to -his disciples and his believers, and had made them into a book which -he called Maktubat (letters). In that album (Jung) of absurdities -many unprofitable things had been written that drag (people) into -infidelity and impiety. Amongst these he had written in a letter -as follows: "In the course of my travels I had come to the dwelling -of the Two Lights (the Sun and Moon), and saw a very lofty and very -splendid building. From there I passed to the abode of Discrimination -(Faruq), and from there I passed to the abode of Truth (Siddiq), and -to each I wrote a suitable explanation (or perhaps, of each I wrote -a suitable description). From there I reached the abode of Love, and -I beheld a brilliant dwelling. It had divers colours and lights and -reflected glories. That is to say (God forgive us!--an exclamation -of Jahangir's), I passed from the abode of the Vicegerents (khulafa) -and attained to the highest rank." There were other presumptuous -expressions which it would be too long to write, and would be contrary -to good manners. I accordingly gave an order that they should bring him -to the Court that is based on justice. According to order he came to -pay his respects. To all that I asked him he could give no reasonable -answer, and appeared to me to be extremely proud and self-satisfied, -with all his ignorance. I considered the best thing for him would -be that he should remain some time in the prison of correction until -the heat of his temperament and confusion of his brain were somewhat -quenched, and the excitement of the people also should subside. He -was accordingly handed over to Anira'i Singh-dalan to be imprisoned -in Gwalior fort. - -On Saturday, the 25th Khurdad, my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz came -from Allahabad, and with prostration at the threshold of the Khalifate -illuminated the forehead of sincerity. After he had performed the -ceremony of kissing the ground and been honoured with special favour, -I bade him sit. He presented 2,000 muhars and 2,000 rupees by way -of nazr, and made an offering of a diamond. As his elephants had -not yet arrived, he would produce them on another occasion. He had -brought with him to the Court, which is the asylum of the world, Raja -Kalyan, Zamindar of Ratanpur, against whom this my son had by order -sent an army, and had taken from him as an offering 80 elephants and -Rs. 100,000. My son brought him with him, and he had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold. Wazir K., my son's Diwan who is one of the old -servants of the Court, having had the good fortune to pay his respects -to me, presented as offerings 28 elephants, male and female. Of these -nine were accepted, and the rest bestowed on him. - -As it had been represented to me that Muruwwat K., s. Iftikhar K., -who was one born and bred up at this Court, had fought with a band of -Maghs on the borders of Bengal and had sacrificed his life, I promoted -Allah-yar, his brother, to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -and another brother to that of 400 personal and horse, so that those -he had left behind should not be distressed. On Monday, the 3rd of -the Divine month of Tir, in the neighbourhood of the city four black -bucks, a doe, and a fawn were taken. As I passed by the house of my -fortunate son, Sultan Parwiz, he presented two tusked elephants with -their trappings by way of offering; both were ordered to be placed -in the private elephant-stud. - -On Thursday, the 13th, Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador of my happy -brother, Shah `Abbas, ruler of Persia, having had the good fortune -to kiss the threshold, produced a letter, together with a crystal -drinking-cup, on the cover of which was a ruby. As it was given from -excessive friendship and sincerity it was the cause of the increase -of amity and good fellowship. On this day Fida'i K. was promoted -to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and Nasru-llah, -s. Fathu-llah, in whose charge was the fort of Ambar, that of 1,500 -personal and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 20th, Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat -K., was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 personal and 800 horse. Having -conferred on Wazir K. the Diwanship of Bengal, I gave him a horse, -a dress of honour, and a jewelled dagger. Elephants were given to -Mir Husamu-d-din and Zabar-dast K. On this day Hafiz Hasan, a servant -of Khan `Alam, came to Court with a precious letter from my brother -Shah `Abbas, and a report from that pillar of the Sultanate (Khan -`Alam). He laid before me a dagger the hilt of which was made of a -fish's [214] tooth spotted with black, that my brother had given to -Khan `Alam. As it was a great rarity, he (Khan `Alam) had sent it to -me. I greatly approved of it; in fact, it is a rare present. I had -never seen a spotted one until now, and I was much pleased. - -On Thursday, the 27th, M. Wali was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 personal and 1,000 horse. On the 24th, I gave 1,000 darbs -as a present to Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador, and an elephant to -`Abdu-llah K. Bahadur Firuz-jang. On Thursday, the 2nd of the Divine -month of Amurdad, a horse was presented to I`tibar K. `Aqil K. was -promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse. - -On the night of Saturday, the 4th of the Ilahi month of Amurdad, -corresponding with 15 Sha`ban, was the feast of the Shab-i-barat. By -order, they decorated and brought before me on the river, boats -with lamps and all kinds of fireworks. In truth, the lamps they -had arranged appeared very pretty, and for a long time I enjoyed -myself in going round and looking at them. On Tuesday, Miran, [215] -s. Nad `Ali Maidani, who was one of the well-brought-up khanazads, -was selected for the mansab of 700 personal and 500 horse, and -Khwaja Zainu-d-din for that of 700 personal and 300 horse, and -Khwaja Muhsin for that of 700 personal and 100 horse. On Thursday, -the 9th, I went to hunt at the village of Samunagar. Passing my time -pleasantly in going round and hunting on that pleasant plain until -Monday, I returned on the eve of Tuesday to the palace. On Thursday, -the 16th, Bishutan, grandson of Shaikh Abu-l-Fazl (the author), was -promoted to the mansab of 700 personal and 350 horse. On this day -I went round to see the garden of Gul-afshan, which is on the bank -of the Jumna. On the way rain fell heavily and filled the mead with -freshness and greenness. Pineapples had arrived at perfection, and I -made a thorough inspection. Of the buildings that overlooked the river -none [216] that I saw were without the charm of verdure and flowing -water. These verses of Anwari appeared appropriate to the place: - - - VERSE. - - "'Tis a day of mirth and jollity, - A daily market of flowers and odours; - The earth-heaps are suffused with ambergris, - The zephyr sheds rose-water from his skirt, - From contact with the morning breeze the pool - Is roughened and pointed, like the edge of a file." - - -As this garden is in the charge of Khwaja Jahan, he presented me -as offerings with some pieces of brocade of a new fashion they had -lately brought for him from `Iraq. Selecting what I approved of, -I presented the remainder to him. He had arranged the garden well, -and his mansab was ordered to be raised to 5,000 personal and 3,000 -horse, original and increased. - -A strange circumstance was that I was so much delighted with a jewelled -dagger-hilt of piebald teeth which Khan `Alam had got from Shah -`Abbas and sent to me (see ante), that I appointed several skilful -men to go to Iran and Turan to look for them and to be consistently -searching for them, and to bring some from anywhere and any person, -anyhow, and at any price. Many of my servants who knew my disposition, -and dignified Amirs in the course of their duty, engaged in the -search. It happened that in this city a stupid stranger bought in -the open bazaar a coloured tooth of great beauty and delicacy for a -trifle; he believed that some time or other it had fallen into the -fire, and that the black on it was the mark of burning! After some -time he showed it to one of the carpenters on the establishment -of my prosperous son Shah-Jahan, desiring that he should take off -a piece of the tooth in order to make a ring (shast), and pointed -out that he should remove the marks of burning and the blacknesses, -being ignorant that the blackness enhanced the value and price of the -whiteness. Those moles and patches were what the tirewoman of destiny -had given as an adornment of its beauty. The carpenter at once went -to the Superintendent of his workshop, and gave him the good news -that such a rare and precious thing, in search of which people were -wandering and going long distances, and hastening to all corners and -in all directions in various countries, had fallen for nothing into -the hands of an ignorant man, who did not know its value. It could -be easily and cheaply obtained from him. The Superintendent went -off with him and immediately procured it, and next day produced it -before my son. When my son Shah-Jahan came to wait on me, he at first -showed great delight, and after his brain had become free from the -intoxication of the wine of joy, produced it, and greatly pleased me-- - - - VERSE. - - "Thy Time is happy in that thou hast made mine happy." - - -I invoked so many blessings on him that if one of them out of a -hundred obtain acceptance, it will suffice for his spiritual and -material well-being. - -On this day Bahlim K., one of the chief servants of `Adil K. came and -waited on me. As he had chosen my service out of sincerity, I bestowed -on him unstinted favours, and presented him with a dress of honour, a -horse, a sword, and 10,000 darbs, with the mansab of 1,000 personal and -500 horse. At this time a petition came from Khan Dauran, stating that: -"Your Majesty, from the perfection of kindness and knowledge of his -worth, had appointed to the government of Thatta (Sind) an old slave, -notwithstanding his great age and weak sight. As this weak old man was -exceedingly bent and decrepit, and had not in him the ability to exert -himself or to ride, he prays that he may be excused military service, -and that he may be enrolled in the army of prayer." At his request, -I ordered the chief Diwans to confirm him in the pargana of Khushab, -[217] with a revenue of 3,000,000 of dams, and which he for a long -time had held as a tankhwah jagir, and which had become peopled and -cultivated, by way of providing for his expenses, so that he might -pass his time in easy circumstances. His eldest son, by name Shah -Muhammad, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, -his second son, Ya`qub Beg, obtaining that of 700 personal and 350 -horse. The third son, Asad Beg, was promoted to the mansab of 300 -personal and 50 horse. - -On Saturday, the 1st of the Divine month of Shahriwar, I sent dresses -of honour for the rainy season to the Ataliq Commander-in-Chief -Khan-khanan Jan-sipar and the other great Amirs, who had been sent -on duty to the Deccan, by the hand of Yazdan. [218] - -As the purpose of visiting the eternal spring of the rose-garden of -Kashmir was settled in my mind, I sent off Nuru-d-din Quli to hasten -on before, to repair as far as was possible the ups and downs of the -Punch [219] route to it, and to prepare it, so that the passage of -laden beasts over difficult hilltops might be accomplished with ease, -and that the men should not undergo labour and hardship. A large number -of artificers, such as stone-cutters, carpenters, spadesmen, etc., were -despatched with him, to whom an elephant was also given. On the eve of -Thursday, the 13th, having gone to the garden of Nur-manzil, I passed -the time in enjoyment in that rose-garden of delight until Sunday, the -16th. Raja Bikramajit Baghela came from the fort of Mandpur, which is -his native place, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and -by way of offering presented an elephant and a jewelled plume. Maqsud -K. was honoured with the mansab of 1,000 personal and 130 horse. On -Thursday, the 20th, my son Shah Parwiz produced two elephants as an -offering, and they were ordered to be included in the private stud. On -the 24th of the aforesaid month the feast of the solar weighing took -place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamani, and my 51st year according -to the solar months began in gladness and victory. It is hoped that -the period of my life may be passed in obedience to God (to whom be -glory!). To Sayyid Jalal, s. Sayyid Muhammad, the grandson (?) of Shah -`Alam Bukhari, an account of whom has been written among the events -of my Gujarat expedition, I gave leave to return. I gave him a female -elephant for his riding, as well as his expenses. On the eve of Sunday, -[220] the 30th, corresponding with the 14th Shawwal, when the disk of -the moon was perfect (at full moon) a moonlight feast was prepared -in the buildings of the garden which overlook the River Jumna, and -a very pleasant entertainment took place. On the 1st of the Divine -month, out of the veined (jauhar-dar) spotted tooth (walrus) which -my son Shah-Jahan had given me as an offering, I ordered to be cut -off sufficient for two dagger-hilts and a thumb-stall: [221] it came -out of a beautiful colour and was very choice. I ordered the Ustads -(masters) Puran and Kalyan, who had no rivals in the art of engraving, -[222] to make dagger-hilts of a shape that was approved at this time, -and has become known as the Jahangiri fashion. At the same time the -blade and the sheath and fastenings were given to skilful men, each of -whom was unique in his age in his art. Truly, it was all carried out -according to my wish. One hilt came out coloured in such a way as to -create astonishment. It turned out of all the seven colours, and some -of the flowers looked as if a skilful painter [223] had depicted them -in black lines round it with a wonder-working pencil. In short, it was -so delicate that I never wish it to be apart from me for a moment. Of -all the gems of great price that are in the treasury I consider it -the most precious. On Thursday I girded it auspiciously and with joy -round my waist, and the masters who in their completion had exercised -great skill and taken great pains were rewarded, Ustad Puran with the -gift of an elephant, a dress of honour, and a golden bracelet for the -wrist, which the people of India call Kara, [224] and Kalyan with the -title of `Aja'ib-dast (wondrous hand), and increased mansab, a dress -of honour, and a jewelled bracelet (pahunchi), and in the same way -every one according to his circumstances and skill received favours. - -As it had been represented to me that Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., -having fought with the rebel Ahdad, had defeated his army, and had -made many of the Afghans--who are black-faced and black-hearted--the -harvest of his blood-drinking sword, I sent him a special sword in -order to dignify him. - -On Saturday the 5th, news came of the death of Raja Suraj Singh, -who had died a natural death in the Deccan. He was the descendant -of Maldeo, who was one of the principal Zamindars of Hindustan, -and had a zamindari which equalled that of the Rana, and he had even -overcome him in one battle. There is a full account of him (Maldeo) -in the Akbar-nama. Raja Suraj Singh, through the advantage of his being -brought up by the late king (Akbar), and this suppliant at the throne -of God, reached high rank and great dignities. His territory surpassed -that of his father or grandfather. [225] He had a son called Gaj Singh, -[226] whom he entrusted with all his administrative affairs. As I knew -him to be capable and worthy of favour, I promoted him to the mansab -of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, with a standard and the title of -Raja, and his younger brother to that of 500 personal and 250 horse, -and gave him a jagir in his native country. - -On Thursday, the 10th of Mihr, at the request of Asaf K., I went to -his house built on the bank of the Jumna. He has erected a very fine -bath-house (hammam), with which I was much delighted. After bathing, -a feast of cups was held, and my private servants were made happy with -cups of delight. Having chosen out of his offerings what I approved, -I gave the remainder to him. What I took of his offering might be of -the value of Rs. 30,000. Baqir K., faujdar of Multan, was honoured -with a standard. - -Previously to this, according to order, they had planted trees on -both sides from Agra as far as the River of Attock (the Indus), and -had made an avenue, and in the same way from Agra to Bengal. I now -ordered that from Agra to Lahore they should put up a pillar [227] -(mil) at every koss, to be the sign of a koss, and at every three koss -make a well, so that wayfarers might travel in ease and contentment, -and not endure hardships from thirst or the heat of the sun. - -On Thursday, the 24th of Mihr, the festival of the Dasahra was -held. After the custom of India, they decorated the horses and produced -them before me. After I had seen the horses they brought some of the -elephants. As Mu`tamid K. on last New Year's Day had not made any -offering, at this festival he presented a golden tablet (takht), a -ruby ring, a piece of coral (bussad), and other items. The tablet was -beautifully made. The total value of the offering was Rs. 16,000. As -he had brought the things from pure sincerity and loyalty, they were -accepted. On this day Zabar-dast K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 400 horse. As the day of the Dasahra had been fixed as -the time of starting, I embarked on a boat with all happy omens and -pleasure in the evening, and went on to my goal. I halted for eight -days at the first stage that the men might come on, after making all -preparations at leisure. Mahabat K. had sent apples from Bangash by -runners (dak-choki). They arrived very fresh, and were of excellent -flavour. I was greatly pleased in eating them. They cannot be compared -with the sib-i-khub ("the good [228] apples"?) of Kabul which I ate -there, or with the Samarkand apples that they bring every year. For -sweetness and delicacy of flavour they cannot be compared with either -of the latter (i.e., the Bangash apples were far better). I had until -now never seen such delicate and delicious apples. They say that in -Upper Bangash, near Lashkar-dara, [229] there is a village called Siv -Ram, in which there are three trees of this apple, and although they -have made many trials, they have never found so good ones in any other -place. I gave Sayyid Hasan, ambassador of my brother Shah `Abbas, a -dish of these apples in order that he might tell me if there were any -better apples in `Iraq. He said: "In the whole of Persia the apples -of Isfahan are preferred, and they are of the same quality as these." - -On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, I went on pilgrimage -to the mausoleum of the late king (Akbar) (may the lights of Allah be -his testimony!), and rubbed the head of supplication on the threshold, -the abode of angels, and presented 100 muhars as nazar. All the -Begams and other ladies, having sought the blessing of circulating -round that shrine, which is the circling-place of angels, presented -offerings. On the eve of Friday a lofty assembly was held of the -holy men (Masha'ikh), the turbaned people (arbab-i-`ama'im--i.e., -ecclesiastics, etc.), Huffaz (those who recite the Qoran), and -singing people, assembled in numbers, and practised ecstasies and -religious dancing (wajd and sama`), to each of whom, according to -the circumstances of his merit and skill, I gave a dress of honour, -a farji, and a shawl. The buildings of this blessed mausoleum have -been made very lofty. At this time the money expended satisfied me, -and was far more than it had previously been. (The MS. [230] here is -clear, and the printed words wrong.) - -On the 3rd, after four gharis of day had passed, I marched on from -that stage, and having traversed 5 1/2 koss by the river at four -gharis of the day, arrived at the next stage. After midday I left -the boat and caught seven partridges (durraj). At the end of the day -I gave Rs. 20,000 to Sayyid Hasan, the ambassador (of Persia), as a -present, and a dress of honour of gold brocade with a jewelled jigha -(turban-ornament), and an elephant, and gave him leave to return, -and sent for my brother with him a jewelled jug made in the shape -of a cock, which could hold my usual stint of wine. It is hoped that -it may reach its destination in safety. I gave leave to Lashkar K., -who had been appointed to the defence and government of Agra, with a -gift of a dress of honour, a horse, an elephant, drums, and a jewelled -dagger. Ikram K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and -1,500 horse, and to the duty of faujdar of the Sarkar of Mewat. He is -s. Islam K., who was the grandson of the venerable asylum of pardon -Shaikh Salim, whose excellency of person and approved disposition -and connection in blessing with this illustrious family have been -described in these pages with the pen of sincerity. - -At this time I heard from a certain person whose words are adorned with -the light of truth that at the time when I was sick and weak at Ajmir, -before this evil news arrived in the province of Bengal, one day Islam -K. was sitting in private, when he suddenly became unconscious. When -he came to himself he said to one of his confidants, of the name of -Bhikan, that it had been shown him from the world of mysteries that -the holy person of the Emperor had been attacked by sickness, and -that the remedy for it was to sacrifice for him something that was -exceedingly dear and precious to himself. It at first occurred to him -to sacrifice for the head of the revered one his own son Hushang, but -as he was young in years and as yet had derived no profit from life, -and not attained to the desire of his heart, he had compassion on him, -and would sacrifice himself for his lord and master. He hoped that as -this was from the bottom of his heart, and the sincerity of his being, -it would be accepted at the throne of Allah. The arrow of prayer -at once reached the target of acceptance, and he perceived himself -afflicted with weakness and disease. Verily, verily, the disease -increased till he reached the neighbourhood of the compassion of God -(he died). The Great Physician bestowed from the hidden dispensary -complete recovery on this suppliant. Although the late king (the lights -of Allah be his testimony!), was much attached to the children and -grandchildren of the Shaikhu-l-Islam, and bestowed favours on them all -according to the capacity and aptitude of each, yet when the turn of -rule came to this suppliant, they received great kindnesses in order -to perform what was due to that revered one (Salim Chishti), and many -of them attained to the high nobility, and were advanced to the posts -of head of Subahs, as has been brought to record each in its own place. - -As in this village the eunuch Hilal K., [231] who was one of my -attendants from the time when I was prince, had built a saray, and made -a garden, he made an offering to me. In order to dignify him I took a -trifle from him. After marching four stages from this halting-place, -the army of prosperity encamped outside Mathura. On Thursday, the 8th, -I went to see Bindraban and the idol temples of that place. Although -[232] in the time of the late king the Rajput nobles had built temples -after their fashion, and ornamented them highly on the outside, inside -them bats and owls (ababil) had made their abode to such an extent, -that on account of the malodours one could not breathe. - - - VERSE. - - "Outside, like an infidel's grave, full of cracks, [233] - Inside, the anger of God, the honoured and glorious." - - -On this day Mukhlis K., according to order, came from Bengal, and -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. He gave 100 muhars and -100 rupees as nazar, and by way of offering, a ruby and jewelled -aigrette (turra). On Friday, the 9th, Rs. 600,000 of treasure for -the maintenance (zakhira) of the fort of Asir were sent to the -Commander-in-Chief, Khan-khanan. - -In the foregoing pages, something has been written about Gosa'in -Jadrup, [234] who lived as a hermit in Ujain. At this time he changed -his residence to Mathura, which is one of the greatest places of -worship of the Hindus, and employed himself in the worship of the true -God on the bank of the Jumna. As I valued his society, I hastened -to wait on him, and for a long time enjoyed his company without the -presence of any stranger. In truth, his existence is a great gain to -me: one can be greatly benefited and delighted. - -On Saturday, the 10th, the huntsmen represented that there was in -that neighbourhood a tiger that greatly troubled and injured the -ryots and wayfarers. I immediately ordered them to bring together -a number of elephants and surround the forest and at the end of the -day myself rode out with my ladies. As I had vowed that I would not -injure any living thing with my own hand, I told Nur-Jahan [235] -to shoot at him. An elephant is not at ease when it smells a tiger, -and is continually in movement, and to hit with a gun from a litter -(`imari) is a very difficult matter, insomuch that Mirza Rustam, who, -after me, is unequalled in shooting, has several times missed three -or four shots from an elephant. Yet Nur-Jahan B. so hit the tiger -with one shot that it was immediately killed. - -On Monday, the 12th, my desire to see the Gosa'in Jadrup again -increased, and hastening to his hut, without ceremony, I enjoyed -his society. Sublime words were spoken between us. God Almighty -has granted him an unusual grace, a lofty understanding, an exalted -nature, and sharp intellectual powers, with a God-given knowledge -and a heart free from the attachments of the world, so that, putting -behind his back the world and all that is in it, he sits content in -the corner of solitude and without wants. He has chosen of worldly -goods half a gaz of old cotton (kirpas) like a woman's veil, and a -piece of earthenware from which to drink water, and in winter and -summer and the rainy season lives naked and with his head and feet -bare. He has made a hole in which he can turn round with a hundred -difficulties and tortures, with a passage such that a suckling could -hardly be put through it. These two or three couplets of Hakim Sana'i -(may God have mercy on him!) appeared appropriate: - - - VERSE. [236] - - "Luqman had a narrow hut, - Like the hollow of a flute or the bosom of a harp. - A noodle put the question to him-- - 'What is this house--two feet and a span?' - Hotly and with tears the sage replied-- - 'Ample for him who has to die.'" - - -On Wednesday, the 14th, I again went to visit the Gosa'in and bade -him good-bye. Undoubtedly parting from him weighed upon my mind, that -desires the truth. On Thursday the 15th, I marched and pitched near -Brindaban. At this stage my fortunate son Sultan Parwiz took leave -of me for Allahabad, and went to his jagir. I had intended that he -should accompany me on this expedition, but as he had already shown -symptoms of distress, I could not avoid letting him go. I presented -him with a tipchaq horse, a waist dagger with a veined (jauhar-dar) -walrus-tooth (hilt), and a sword and special shield. I hope he will -come again soon, and have the good fortune of my presence. As the -period of Khusrau's imprisonment had been a long one, it seemed to -me that to keep him longer in confinement and deprive him of the good -fortune of waiting on me, would be wanting in kindness. I accordingly -sent [237] for him and bade him salute me. Once again the marks of -his offences were washed with the pure water of forgiveness, and the -dust of disgrace and humiliation was rubbed off his brow. I hope that -the blessing of pleasing me, and the grace of service may be his lot. - -On Friday, the 16th, I gave leave to Mukhlis K., whom I had sent for -to take up the duties of diwan to Shah Parwiz, and I gave him the rank -he had [238] had in Bengal--viz., 2,000 with 700 horse. On Saturday -I halted. At this stage Sayyid Nizam s. Mir Miran Sadr Jahan, who -was faujdar of Kanauj, waited upon me, and presented two elephants, -and some hawks. I accepted one elephant and a pair of hawks. On -Sunday, the 18th, we marched. At this time the King of Persia had -sent with Pari Beg Mir Shikar (chief huntsman) one falcon (shunqar) -of good colour. There was another which had been given to the Khan -`Alam. This one was sent along with the Shahi falcon (i.e., the one -intended for Jahangir), and it died on the road. The Shahi falcon, too, -got mauled by a cat owing to the carelessness of the Mir Shikar. Though -it was brought to Court, it did not live more than a week. What can -I write [239] of the beauty and colour of this falcon? There were -many beautiful black markings on each wing, and back, and sides. As -it was something out of the common, I ordered Ustad Mansur, who has -the title of Nadiru-l-`asr (wonder of the age) to paint and preserve -[240] its likeness. I gave the Mir Shikar Rs. 2,000 and dismissed him. - -In my father's reign (the light of God be his testimony!) the weight -of the seer was 30 dams. [241] About this time it came into my mind: -"Why should I act contrary to his rules?" It would be better to have -it still of 30 dams. One day Gosa'in Jadrup said that in the book of -the Vedas, which the lords of his faith had written, the weight of -the sir was 36 dams. "As from the coincidences of the hidden world -your order has fallen in with what is laid down in our book, if it -be fixed at 36 dams, it will be well." It was ordered that hereafter -throughout the whole territory it should be 36 dams. - -On Monday, the 19th, I marched. A horse and dress of honour were -given to Raja Bhao Singh, who had been ordered to the support of -the army of the Deccan. From this day, till Wednesday, the 28th, -I made successive marches. On Thursday, the 29th, Delhi, the abode -of blessings, was adorned by the alighting of the army of good -fortune. At first I hastened with my children and the ladies on a -visit to the enlightened shrine of Humayun (may the lights of God -be his testimony!), and having made our offerings there, went off -to circumambulate the blessed mausoleum of the king of holy men -(Shaikh Nizamu-d-din Chishti), and strengthened my courage, and at -the end of the day alighted at the palace, which had been got ready -in Salimgarh. On Friday, the 30th, I halted. As they had at this -time preserved the hunting-place of the pargana of Palam, according -to order, it was represented that a great number of antelope had -collected there. Accordingly, on the 1st of the Divine month of Azar -I started to hunt [242] with cheetahs. At the end of the day, during -the hunt, much hail fell of the size of apples, and made the air very -cold. On this day three antelope were caught. On Sunday, the 2nd, -I hunted 46 antelope, and on Monday, the 3rd, 24 antelope were caught -with cheetahs. My son Shah-Jahan killed two antelope with his gun. On -Tuesday, the 4th, five antelope were caught. On Wednesday, the 5th, -27 antelope were caught. On Thursday, the 6th, Sayyid Bahwa Bukhari, -who was in charge of the government of Delhi, made an offering of -three elephants and eighteen horses, and other things. One elephant -and other things were accepted, and I gave the rest to him. Hashim of -Khost, faujdar of some parganas in Mewat, had the honour of kissing the -threshold. I employed myself within the limits of Palam until Thursday, -the 13th, in hunting with cheetahs. In the space of twelve days 426 -antelopes were caught, and I returned to Delhi. I had heard, when in -attendance on my father, that it is impossible for an antelope that has -escaped from the grasp of a cheetah to live, although it has not been -injured by its claws. In this hunt I, in order to ascertain the fact, -released several antelopes of handsome appearance and strong bodies, -before they had received any wounds from teeth or claws, and ordered -them to be kept in my presence, and that they should be taken the -greatest care of. For a whole day and night they remained at ease in -their natural conditions: on the second day a change was observed, and -they threw about their legs as if they were drunk, without any reason, -and fell down and rose up. However much tiryaq-i-faruqi (preparation -of opium) and other suitable medicines were administered to them, -they had no effect, and when one watch had passed in this condition, -they died. - -On this day the bad news arrived that the eldest son of Shah Parwiz had -died at Agra. As he was somewhat grown-up, [243] and was very attached -and affectionate towards his father, the latter was exceedingly grieved -and wounded at heart at this event, and great bewilderment and weakness -manifested themselves in him. In order to console and please him, I -sent him gracious letters, and covered over the deadly wound of his -heart with the balm of affection and kindness. I hope that God, the -great and glorious, may grant him patience and resignation, for in -this kind of calamities there can be no better driver away of grief -than endurance and resignation. - -On Friday, the 14th, at the request of Aqa [244] Aqayan, I went to -her house. On account of her previous service and her hereditary -attachment to this illustrious family, when the late king made me -a married man, he took her from my sister Shah-zada Khanam, and -placed her in charge of my Zanana. It is 33 years from that date -that she has been in my service, and I esteem her greatly, for she -has served me with sincerity. In no journey or expedition had she -of her own will remained absent from attendance on me. When she felt -her increasing age, she requested me to order her to remain at Delhi, -and to spend the remainder of her life in prayer for me, for she had -no longer the power to move about, and found it a great hardship and -trouble to come and go (as she used). One of her felicities was that -she was of the same age [245] as `Arsh-ashyani (Akbar). In brief, -with a view to giving her rest, I ordered her to remain at Delhi, -and in that place she had made for herself a garden, a saray, and -a tomb, in the constructing which she has employed herself for some -time past. In short, to please this ancient servitor, I went to her -house, and strictly ordered Sayyid Bahwa, the governor of the city, -to serve and guard her in such a manner that no dust from any road -of vexation might settle on the hem of her contentment. - -On this day Raja Kishan Das was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 300 horse, original and increased. As Sayyid Bahwa [246] -had performed satisfactorily the duties of faujdar of Delhi, and the -people of the place were much pleased with his excellent conduct, -according to previous custom, the protection and administration of -the city of Delhi and the faujdarship of the surrounding country -were entrusted to him, and he was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 600 horse, original and increased, and he was presented -with an elephant, and allowed to take leave. On Saturday, the 15th, -I honoured Mirza Wali with the mansab of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -and presenting him with a standard and an elephant, appointed him to -the Deccan. Shaikh `Abdu-l-Haqq Dihlawi, [247] who was a pious and -estimable man, had the good fortune to pay his respects to me. He had -composed a book containing the biographies of the Shaikhs of India, -and produced it to me. He had endured some hardships, and for a long -time had lived in Delhi in seclusion, and the practice of reliance on -God, and of asceticism. He is a very worthy man, and his company is -not without pleasure (for me). Bestowing various kinds of kindnesses -on him, I dismissed him. - -On Sunday, the 16th, I marched from Delhi, and on Friday, the 21st, -halted in the pargana of Kairana. [248] This pargana is the native -place of Muqarrab K. Its climate is equable and its soil good. Muqarrab -had made buildings and gardens there. As I had often heard praise -of his garden, I wished much to see it. On Saturday, the 22nd, -I and my ladies were much pleased in going round it. Truly, it is -a very fine and enjoyable garden. Within a masonry (pukhta, pucca) -wall, flower-beds have been laid out to the extent of 140 bighas. In -the middle of the garden he has constructed a pond, in length 220 -yards, and in breadth 200 yards. In the middle of the pond is a -mah-tab terrace (for use in moonlight) 22 yards square. There is no -kind of tree belonging to a warm or cold climate that is not to be -found in it. Of fruit-bearing trees belonging to Persia I saw green -pistachio-trees, and cypresses of graceful form, such as I have never -seen before. I ordered the cypresses to be counted, and they came to -300. All round the pond suitable buildings have been begun and are -in progress. - -On Monday, the 24th, Khanjar K., in whose charge is the Fort -of Ahmadnagar, was promoted to the mansab of 2,500 personal and -1,600 horse. On Wednesday, the 26th, the Giver of Bounties gave my -son Shah-Jahan a son by the daughter of Asaf Khan. He presented an -offering of 1,000 muhars, and begged for a name for him. I gave him -the name of Umid-bakhsh (bestower of hope). I hope his advent [249] -may be auspicious to this State. On Thursday, the 27th, I halted. In -these few days I was delighted with hawking the jarz [250] (bustard -or florican) and tugh-dari (also a kind of bustard). I ordered -the jarz-i-bur (the red bustard?) to be weighed. It came to 2 1/4 -Jahangiri sirs, and the variegated (ablaq) one to 2 1/8 sirs. The large -tugh-dari was 1/4 sir heavier than the jarz-i-bur. On Thursday, the -5th of the Divine month of Day, I left the boat at Akbarpur, and the -victorious army then marched by land. From Agra to this halting-place, -which is situated within two koss of the pargana of Buriya, [251] is -by river 123 koss or 91 koss by road. I did it in 34 marches and 17 -halts. In addition to this I delayed a week in leaving the city, and -12 days in sporting in Palam: altogether (I took) 70 days. On this day -Jahangir Quli K. came from Bihar, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. He presented 100 muhars and Rs. 100. From the last Thursday -to Wednesday, the 11th, I marched every day. On Thursday, the 12th, -I was pleased with going round to see the garden of Sirhind. It is one -of the old gardens, and has old trees in it. It has not the freshness -it formerly had, but it is still valuable. Khwaja Waisi, who is well -acquainted with agriculture and buildings, was appointed the karori -of Sirhind for the purpose of keeping the garden in order. I had sent -him off from Agra before I marched from the capital, and he had put -it somewhat in order. I strictly enjoined him again that he should -remove all the old trees that had no freshness in them, and put in -fresh plants, to clean up the `irqbandi [252] (it is `iraq-bandi -in the text. The word does not occur in the B.M. MS. but is in the -I.O. MS.), and repair the old buildings, and erect other buildings in -the shape of baths, etc., in fitting places. On this date Dust Beg, -who was one of the auxiliaries of `Abdu-llah K., was promoted to the -mansab of 700 personal and 50 horse, Muzaffar Husain, s. Wazir K., -to that of 600 personal and 300 horse. Shaikh Qasim was sent to duty -in the Deccan. On Thursday, the 19th, at the request of my auspicious -son Shah-Jahan, I went to his house. On account of the birth of the son -that God Almighty had bestowed on him a grand entertainment was given, -and he presented offerings. Among these was a short, broad sword [253] -(shamshir-i-nimcha), which was of Venetian workmanship. The hilt and -fastenings were made of a sapphire [254] cut in Europe: in short, it -had been beautifully made. Another offering was an elephant which the -Raja of Baglana had presented to my son in Burhanpur. As that elephant -was handsome and well-behaved, it was ordered to be included among -the private elephants. The value of the offerings that were accepted -was Rs. 130,000, and he offered about Rs. 4,000 to his mothers and -benefactors. On this day Sayyid Bayazid Bukhari, faujdar of Bhakkar, -sent as an offering a rang (ibex), which he had brought from the -hills when it was small and brought up in his house. It pleased -me greatly. Of mar-khur and hill sheep I have seen many brought -up in the house, but I never saw a rang (tame). I ordered them to -keep it with the Barbary goats, in order that they might pair and -produce young ones. Without doubt, it is not allied to the mar-khur -or the quchqar. Sayyid Bayazid was raised to the mansab of 1,000 -personal and 700 horse. On Monday, the 23rd, having honoured Muqim -K. with a robe of honour, a horse, an elephant, and jewelled khapwa, -I appointed him to Bihar. On Sunday, the 29th, a feast was prepared -for my auspicious son Shah-Jahan on the bank of the Biya (Beas), -and on the same day Raja Bikramajit, who was employed in the siege of -Kangra, came to Court, by order, to represent certain requirements, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On Monday, the 30th, -my son Shah-Jahan took ten days' leave, and hastened to Lahore in -order to see the palace buildings lately erected. Raja Bikramajit -was presented with a special dagger, a robe of honour, and a horse, -and returned to duty on the siege of Kangra. On Wednesday, the 2nd -of the Divine month of Bahman, the garden of Kalanaur was honoured -by my halting there. At this place my father had ascended the throne. - -When the news of the speedy arrival of Khan `Alam reached the Court, -every day I sent one of my servants to meet him. I loaded him with all -kinds of favours and kindnesses, and added to his rank and dignity, -and I decked the headings of the farmans sent to him with an impromptu -hemistich or couplet suitable to the occasion, and so filled him -with favours. Once I sent him some Jahangiri (otto of roses), and -this opening verse came on my tongue: - - - VERSE. [255] - - "To thee I've sent the scent of myself. - That I may bring thee the more quickly to myself." - - -On Thursday, the 3rd (Bahman), at the garden of Kalanaur, Khan `Alam -was honoured by kissing the threshold. By way of nazar he brought 100 -muhars and Rs. 1,000, and (stated that he) would present his offerings -in due course. Zambil Beg, the ambassador of my brother Shah `Abbas, -was following him with the royal letter and the rarities of that -country (Persia), which he had sent as presents. Of the favours and -kindness conferred by my brother on Khan `Alam, if I were to write of -them in detail, I should be accused of exaggeration. In conversation -he always gave him the title of Khan `Alam, and never had him out -of his presence. If he ever voluntarily stayed in his own quarter, -he (`Abbas) would go there without ceremony, and show him more and -more favour. One day there was a qamurgha hunt at Farrukhabad, and he -ordered Khan `Alam to shoot with a bow. Out of good manners he brought -a bow with two arrows (only). The Shah gave him 50 other arrows from -his own quiver. It happened that 50 of these arrows struck the game, -and two arrows missed. Then he ordered some of his attendants who had -the entree at feasts and assemblies to shoot with arrows. Most shot -well. Among them Muhammad Yusuf (qarawul), shot an arrow which went -through two boars, and those who were standing by broke out without -control into applause. At the time Khan `Alam took his leave, he seized -him in the embrace of honour, and showed him great affection. After -he had left the city, he went to his halting-place, and made many -apologies and bade him farewell. As for the beautiful and costly -things that the Khan `Alam brought, it was indeed the assistance of -his destiny that gave such rare things into his hand. Among them was -the picture of the fight of Sahib Qiran (Timur) with Tuqtamish K., -and the likenesses of him and his glorious children and the great -Amirs who had the good fortune to be with him in that fight, and -near each figure was written whose portrait it was. In this picture -there were 240 figures. The painter had written his name as Khalil -Mirza Shahrukhi (in the MS. it is Savaj and not Shahrukhi). The work -was very complete and grand, and resembled greatly the paint-brush of -Ustad Bihzad. If the name of the painter had not been written, the work -would have been believed to be his. As it was executed before Bihzad's -date it is probable that the latter was one of Khalil Mirza's pupils, -and had adopted his style. This precious relic had been obtained from -the illustrious library of Shah Isma`il (the 1st), or had come to my -brother Shah `Abbas from Shah Tahmasp. A person of the name of Sadiqi, -a librarian of his, had stolen it, and sold it to someone. By chance -(the painting) fell into the hands of Khan `Alam at Isfahan. The -Shah heard that he had found such a rare prize, and asked it of him -on the pretence of looking at it. Khan `Alam tried to evade this by -artful stratagems, but when he repeatedly insisted on it, he sent it -to him. The Shah recognized it immediately he saw it. He kept it by -him for a day, but at last, as he knew how great was our liking for -such rarities, he--God be praised--made no request [256] whatever for -it, but told the facts of the case (about its being stolen) to Khan -`Alam, and made the picture over to him. - -At the time when I sent Khan `Alam to Persia, I had sent with him a -painter of the name of Bishan Das, who was unequalled in his age for -taking likenesses, to take the portraits of the Shah and the chief -men of his State, and bring them. He had drawn the likenesses of -most of them, and especially had taken that of my brother the Shah -exceedingly well, so that when I showed it to any of his servants, -they said it was exceedingly well drawn. - -On the same day Qasim K., with the Bakhshi and Diwan of Lahore, had the -good fortune to do homage. Bishan Das, the painter, was honoured with -the gift of an elephant. Baba Khwaja, who was one of the auxiliaries of -Qandahar, was accorded the mansab of 1,000 personal and 550 horse. On -Tuesday, the 3rd, Madaru-l-mahammi (centre of important affairs) -I`timadu-d-daula made ready his army. Inasmuch as the charge of the -Panjab is entrusted to his agents, and he has also various jagirs -in Hindustan, he held a review of 5,000 horsemen. As the area of -Kashmir is not such that its produce may suffice for the expenses of -the force that is always on service with the servants of the army of -prosperity, and as, in consequence of the report (of the approach) -of the glorious and victorious standards, the price of grains and -vegetables had risen very high, an order was given, for the comfort -of the public, that those servants who were in attendance on the royal -stirrup should arrange their retinues, and only taking with them those -who were indispensable, should send the remainder to their jagirs, -and in the same way should take every precaution to reduce as far -as possible the number of their beasts and followers. On Thursday, -the 10th, my fortunate son, Shah-Jahan returned from Lahore, and -had the good fortune to do homage. Having honoured Jahangir Quli -K. with a dress of honour, a horse and an elephant, I gave him leave -to proceed with his brothers and sons to the Deccan. On this day -Talib Amuli received the title of Maliku-sh-shu`ara (king of poets), -and was clothed in a dress of honour. His origin was from Amul. For -some time he was with I`timadu-d-daula. As the merits of his style -surpassed that of his contemporaries, he was enrolled among the poets -of the throne. The following couplets are by him: - - - VERSE. [257] - - "Spring longs to rifle thy parterre. - For the flowers in thy hand are fresher than those on his - branch. - I've so closed my lips from speech that you'd say - 'His mouth is but a scar on his face.'" [258] - - - VERSE. - - "Both first and last, Love is aye music and joy-- - A pleasant wine both when fresh and when mellow. - - - VERSE. - - "Were I glass instead of body, - I'd reveal thee to thyself without thy unveiling. - Two lips have I; one for drinking, - And one to apologize for drunkenness." - - -On Monday, the 14th, Husaini s. Sultan Qiwam produced this quatrain: - - - QUATRAIN. - - "A speck of dust sprinkled on thee from thy skirt - Becomes Solomon's collyrium; from the moisture of thy face [259] - Were the earth at thy door examined, - The sweat of kings' brows would exude." - - -At this time Mu`tamid K. repeated a quatrain which greatly pleased me, -and which I entered in my common-place book: - - - QUATRAIN. [260] - - "You give me the poison of parting to taste, (and say) 'What - matters it?' - You shed my blood and expel me (and say), 'What matters it?' - O, heedless of what your dividing sword can do, - Sift my dust and then you'll know." - - -Talib (i.e., Baba Talib) is by family an Isfahani. In his early youth -he went to Kashmir clothed as an ascetic and calendar, and from the -beauty of the place and the pleasantness of the climate set his heart -on the country and settled there. After the conquest of Kashmir he -joined the service of the late king (Akbar), and became enrolled -among the servants of the Presence. His age is now nearly 100 years, -and he is now with his sons and dependants in Kashmir, engaged in -praying for the everlasting State. - -As it was reported to me that in Lahore one Miyan Shaikh Muhammad -Mir by name, who was a Darvish, a Sindi by origin, very eloquent, -virtuous, austere, of auspicious temperament, a lord of ecstasy, had -seated himself in the corner of reliance upon God and retirement, and -was rich in his poverty and independent of the world, my truth-seeking -mind was not at rest without meeting him, and my desire to see him -increased. As it was impossible to go to Lahore, I wrote a note to -him, and explained to him the desire of my heart, and that saint, -notwithstanding his great age and weakness, took the trouble to come. I -sate with him for a long time alone, and enjoyed a thorough interview -with him. Truly he is a noble personage, and in this Age he is a great -gain and a delightful existence. This suppliant for Grace was taken -out of himself by companionship with him, [261] and heard from him -sublime words of truth and religious knowledge. Although I desired to -make him some gift, I found that his spirit was too high for this, and -so did not express my wish. I left him the skin of a white antelope to -pray upon, and he immediately bade me farewell and went back to Lahore. - -On Wednesday, the 23rd, I pitched my camp at Daulatabad. A daughter -of a gardener was brought before me who had a moustache and a thick -beard as big as the hilt of a sword. Her appearance was like that of -a man. There was hair in the middle of her chest as well, but she had -no breasts. [262] I discovered by her appearance that she ought not to -have children. I told some women to take her aside and examine her, -as perhaps she might be a hermaphrodite. They found she was in no -way different from other women. I have recorded this in this volume -on account of its strangeness. - -On Thursday, the 24th, Baqir K., having come from Multan, had the -good fortune to pay his respects. In the preceding pages it has -been recorded that Allah-dad, s. Jalala Tariki, had deserted from -the victorious army and taken the road to ruin. He now repented, -and through Baqir K. petitioned I`timadu-d-daula for pardon. At the -latter's request I ordered that if he repented of what he had done, -and turned his face in hope towards the Court, his crimes would be -forgiven. On this day Baqir K. brought him to Court, and at the -intercession of I`timadu-d-daula, the traces of disgrace and the -dust of sorrow were washed off his forehead with the pure water of -pardon. Sangram, Zamindar of Jammu, was honoured with the title of -Raja and the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and was exalted -with the gift of an elephant and a dress of honour. Ghairat K., -faujdar of the Du-ab, was promoted to the mansab of 800 personal -and 500 horse. Khwaja Qasim received the rank of 700 and 250 horse, -and Taham-tan Beg, s. Qasim Koka, received that of 500 personal and -300 horse. I gave Khan `Alam a private elephant with trappings. From -this stage, having given Baqir K. the mansab of 1,500 personal and -500 horse, I dismissed him again to his Subadarship. - -On Monday, the 28th, I pitched in the pargana of Karohi, which is -on the bank of the Bihat (Jhelam). As this hilly country is one of -the established hunting-places, the huntsmen, according to order, -had come on in advance and prepared a jarga (ring in which game is -enclosed). On Wednesday, the 1st of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz, -they drove in the game from six koss. On Thursday, the 2nd, they -brought them into the enclosure, where 101 head of mountain sheep -and gazelles were taken. As Mahabat K. had been prevented from the -good fortune of coming before me for a long time, I ordered, at his -request, that if he was satisfied with the order of affairs, and was -not troubled with regard to any occurrence, he should leave his forces -at their posts (thanas), and come to Court unattended. On this day he -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, and presented 100 muhars -as nazar. Khan `Alam was promoted to the mansab of 5,000 personal and -3,000 horse. About this time a written report came from Nuru-d-din -Quli that he had repaired the Punch road, and levelled the defiles -as far as possible, but that snow fell for some days and nights, and -lay on the kotals to the depth of three cubits. It was still falling, -and if I would delay outside the hills for a month, I could cross -by that route, otherwise it appeared difficult. As my intention in -this undertaking was to see the spring and the sprouting of bloom, -my chance of seeing this was lost by this delay, and I necessarily -turned my rein, and the royal standards proceeded by the way of Pakli -and Damtur. On Friday, the 3rd, I crossed the River Bihat (Jhelam), -although the water was waist-deep. As it was running very fast, and -men crossed with great trouble, I ordered them to take 200 elephants -to the fords, and cross the effects of the people over, and take -across as well those who were weak and feeble, so that there might -be no loss of life or goods. - -On this day news arrived of the death of Khwaja Jahan. He was one of -the old servants, and from the time when I was prince. Although at -last he left my service, and was for some time in that of my father, -yet as he had not gone to any strange place, this did not weigh heavily -on my mind. Accordingly, after my accession, I did him such kindness -as he had never conceived possible, and gave him the mansab of 5,000 -personal and 3,000 horse. I take this opportunity to record in this -volume an account of his idiosyncrasy. He became practised in great -affairs and acquired a wonderful skill in business. His capabilities -were the result of labour, and he was void of natural ability, and -of the other qualities which are the adornment of men's nature. On -this journey he suffered from heart-failure, but for some days, in -spite of illness and breakdown, he kept up with the march. When his -weakness increased, he was allowed to go back at Kalanaur, and went -to Lahore, and there died a natural death. [263] - -On Saturday, the 4th of the aforesaid month, the camp was pitched at -the Fort of Rohtas (in the Panjab). I favoured Qasim K. with a horse, -a sword, and a special shawl (parm-narm, literally very soft, and -Akbar's name for a shawl, see Blochmann, 90). I gave him leave to go -to Lahore. There was a small garden by the roadside, and I inspected -the blossoms. - -At this stage tihu [264] were obtained. The flesh of the tihu is -better than that of the partridge (kabak). - -On Sunday, the 5th, M. Hasan s. Mirza Rustam, was promoted to the -rank of 1,000 with 400 horse, and was appointed to the Deccan. Khwaja -`Abdu-l-Latif, the chief fowler, also received the rank of 1,000 -with 400 horse. At this place I saw a flower, white inside, and red -outside, while some of them were red inside and yellow outside. In -Persian they call it La`la-i-bigana, and in Hindi thal kanal. Thal -means land, and as the lotus (kanal) is an aquatic plant, they have -called this land-lotus. [265] - -On Thursday, the 9th, a report came from Dilawar K., Governor of -Kashmir, containing the good news of the conquest of Kishtwar. Details -will be recorded by the pen of the newswriter after he (Dilawar) -comes to the foot of the throne. I sent him a gracious farman with a -special dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, and granted him the -revenue of the conquered province for a year, as a reward for this -acceptable service. On Tuesday, the 14th, I halted at Hasan Abdal. As -the occurrences on this road and particulars of the stages have been -related in detail in the account of the expedition to Kabul, I shall -not repeat them. From this place as far as Kashmir, they will be -written stage by stage, please Almighty God. From the date on which, -disembarking from a boat, I reached Akbarpur in safety and prosperity, -up to Hasan Abdal, a distance of 178 koss, I took 69 days in 48 marches -and 21 halts. [266] As at this place there is a spring full of water, -and a cascade, and a very beautiful reservoir, I halted here two -days, and on Thursday, the 16th (Isfandarmuz), the feast of my lunar -weighing took place. The 53rd year, according to lunar calculation, -of this suppliant at the throne commenced auspiciously. As beyond -this stage, hills, passes, and many ups and downs were before us, the -passage of the camp appeared a difficult matter, and it was settled -that H. M. Maryamu-z-zamani and the other Begams should delay for -some days, and come on at leisure. Madaru-l-mulk I`timadu-d-daula -al-Khaqani, Sadiq K. Bakhshi, and Iradat K. Mir-Saman, with the -directors of the buildings and other offices, should attend to -their transit. At the same time Rustam Mirza Safawi, Khan-A`zam, -and a number of other servants, obtained leave to go by the Punch -road, while the royal retinue went on with some privileged courtiers -(manzuran-i-bisat-i-qarb) and the necessary servants. On Friday, -the 17th, we marched 3 1/2 koss, and halted at the village of -Sultanpur. [267] On this day came the news of the death of Rana Amar -Singh, who had died a natural death at Udaipur (become a traveller on -the road of non-existence). Jagat Singh, his grandson, and Bhim, [268] -his son, who were in attendance on me, were presented with dresses -of honour, and an order was given that Raja Kishan Das should proceed -with a gracious farman conferring the title of Rana, a dress of honour, -a horse, and a private elephant for Kunar Karan, to perform the dues -of condolence and congratulation. I heard [269] from people of this -country that when it is not the rainy season, and there is no sign -of a cloud or lightning, a noise like the voice of the clouds comes -from this hill, which they called Garj (thunder). This noise is heard -every year or at least every two years. I had repeatedly heard of this -also when I was in attendance on the late king. I have written this as -it is not devoid of strangeness, [270] but wisdom is from Allah. On -Saturday, the 18th, marching 4 1/2 koss, I halted at the village of -Sanji. From this stage I entered the pargana of Hazara Qarlugh. [271] -On Sunday, the 19th, marching 3 3/4 koss, I halted at the village -of Naushahra. [272] From this place we entered Dhantur. As far as -the eye could reach there were green meadows [273] interspersed with -the thal-kanwal (hibiscus) and other flowers in bloom. It was a very -beautiful sight. On Monday, the 20th, marching 3 1/2 koss, the camp -was pitched at the village of Salhar. [274] Mahabat K. presented as -offerings jewels and inlaid vessels to the value of Rs. 60,000. In -this country I saw a flower of the redness of fire, of the shape of -gul-i-khatmi, [275] but smaller, and several flowers blooming together -in one place, looked from a distance as if they were one flower. Its -stem is of the size of the apricot-tree. On the hill-slopes here there -are many wild violets, [276] with a very sweet scent, but paler than -the violet. On Tuesday, the 21st, marching 3 koss, I halted at the -village of Malgalli. [277] On this day I dismissed Mahabat K. to his -duty in Bangash, and conferred on him a special elephant and dress of -honour with a pustin (sheepskin coat). This day there was a drizzling -rain till the end of the march. On the eve of Wednesday, the 22nd, -also there was rain. In the morning snow fell, and as most of the roads -had become very slippery, the weak animals fell in every place, and -could not rise again, and 25 of my own elephants were lent to assist -[278] them. I halted for two days on account of the snow. On Thursday, -the 23rd, Sultan Husain, Zamindar of Pakli, had the good fortune to -pay his respects: this is the entrance to the Pakli country. It is a -strange thing that when H. M. Akbar came here it snowed at this stage, -and it has now snowed as well. For many years no snow has fallen, and -there has even been little rain. On Friday, the 24th, I marched 4 koss -and pitched at the village of Sawadnagar. [279] On this road, too there -was much mud. [280] Apricot and peach trees were blooming on all sides, -and fir-trees like cypresses rejoiced the eye. On Saturday, the 25th, -having marched nearly 3 1/2 koss, the camp was pitched near Pakli. On -Sunday, the 26th, I rode out to hunt partridges (kabak), and at the -end of the day, at the request of Sultan Husain, went to his house, and -increased his dignity among his equals and neighbours. H. M. Akbar had -also gone to his house. He offered several kinds of horses, daggers, -hawks, and falcons. I presented him with the horses and daggers. I -ordered the hawks and falcons to be got ready [281] (kamar bar basta), -and shown everything that might fly up. The Sarkar of Pakli is 35 koss -in length and 25 in breadth. On the east, on two sides, is the hill -country of Kashmir; on the west, Atak Benares (Atak); on the north, -Kator; and on the south, the Gakkar country. At the time when Timur, -after conquering Hindustan, turned his rein backwards towards the -capital of Turan, they say that he placed in these regions this body -of people, who were in attendance on the victorious stirrup. They -say themselves that they are Qarlughs, but do not know for certain -who was their leader at that time. In fact, they are pure Lahauris, -and speak the same language. The people of Dhantur think the same -thing. In the time of my father, one of the name of Shahrukh was -Zamindar of Dhantur; now it is Bahadur, his son. Although they are -all related to one another, there are always disputes, as is usual -with Zamindars, about boundaries. They have always been loyal. Sultan -Mahmud, the father of Sultan Husain and Shahrukh, both came to wait -on me when I was prince. Although Sultan Husain is seventy years old, -to all outward appearance there is no diminution in his powers, and -he can still ride and be as active as possible. In this country they -make buza (a beverage) from bread and rice, which they call sar. [282] -It is much stronger than buza, and the older it is the better. This -sar is their chief sustenance. They put this sar into a jar, and -fastening it up, keep it for two or three years in the house. Then -they take off the scum and call the liquor achhi. The achhi can be -kept for ten years, and according to them, the older it is the better, -and the shortest time in which they use it is a year. Sultan Mahmud -used to take cup after cup of this sar; nay! he would drink a jar -of it. Sultan Husain is also addicted to it, and brought me some -of his choicest quality. I took some in order to try it. I had also -drunk it before. Its intoxicating effects are aphrodisiac, but its -taste is harsh. It appeared that they mix some bhang (bang) with it, -which increases its intoxicating power. If there were no wine, it -could in case of necessity be used as a substitute. The fruits are -apricots, peaches, and pears (?) (amrud). As they do not cultivate -them, but they spring up of themselves, they are harsh-flavoured and -unpleasant. Their blossoms are a joy. Their houses are of wood, and -are built after the Kashmiri fashion. They have hawks, and horses, -camels, cattle, and buffaloes, and many goats and fowls. Their mules -are small and are not fit for heavy loads. As it was represented -to me that some stages farther on the cultivation was not such as -to provide sufficient grain for the royal camp, I gave an order -that they should only take a small advanced camp, sufficient for -our needs and the necessary establishments, and diminish the number -of elephants, and take with them provisions for three or four days; -that they should take with them only some of the immediate attendants -on the royal stirrup, and that the rest of the men should come on some -stages behind under the command of Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Bakhshi. In -spite of precautions and injunctions, it was found necessary to have -700 elephants for the advanced camp and the establishments. - -The mansab of Sultan Husain was 400 personal and 300 horse; I now -promoted him to 600 personal and 350 horse, and conferred on him a -robe of honour, a jewelled dagger, and an elephant. Bahadur Dhanturi -was an auxiliary of the army of Bangash. An order was given that -he should hold the mansab, original and increased, of 200 personal -and 100 horse. On Wednesday, the 27th, having marched 5 1/4 koss, and -crossing by bridges the Nainsukh, [283] I chose a halting-place. This -Nainsukh (repose of the eyes) flows from the North, and comes down -from the hills of Dard [284] (?), which is between the country of -Badakhshan and Tibet. As at this place it forms two branches, they had, -according to order, prepared two wooden bridges for the crossing of -the victorious army, one 18 cubits and the other 14 cubits in length, -with a breadth each of 5 cubits. The way in which they make bridges in -this country is to throw pine-trees [285] on the surface of the water, -and fasten the two ends strongly to rocks, and having thrown on to -these thick planks of wood, make them firm with pegs and ropes, -and these, with a little repair, last for years. Briefly, they -made the elephants ford, whilst the horsemen and foot passed over -by the bridge. Sultan Mahmud called this river Nainsukh--that is, -"Repose of the eye." On Thursday, the 30th, having marched about 3 -1/2 koss, a halt was made on the bank of the Kishan Ganga. On this -road there is a kotal of great height, the ascent being 1 koss, and -the descent 1 1/2 koss, which they call Pim darang. The reason for -this name is that in the language of Kashmir they call cotton (pamba) -pim. As the rulers of Kashmir had placed a superintendent there, who -took duties from loads of cotton, and delay takes place here for the -collection of the duty, it has become known as the Pim darang [286] -(cotton delay). After traversing the pass, there is a very fine -and clear waterfall. Having drunk my usual cups on the edge of the -water in the shade of the trees, I went on to my halting-place in the -evening. There was an old bridge over this river, 54 yards long and 1 -1/2 yards wide, which footmen crossed by. According to orders, another -bridge was prepared parallel to this, in length 53 yards and breadth 3 -yards. As the water was deep and swift, they took the elephants across -without loads, and the footmen and horses crossed by the bridge. By -order of my father, a very strong saray of stone and lime was erected -on the top of the ridge overlooking the river. One day before New -Year's Day we had sent Mu`tamid K. forward to select a spot for the -placing of the throne and preparing the New Year's entertainment. This -had to be lofty and choice. By chance, as he crossed the bridge, -there was a ridge overlooking the water, green and pleasant. On the -top of this was a flat place of 50 cubits which one might say the -rulers of fate had specially prepared for such a day. The aforesaid -officer had made ready everything necessary for the New Year's feast -on the top of that ridge, which was much approved. Mu`tamid K. was -much applauded for this. The river Kishan Ganga comes from the south -[287] and flows northwards. The Bihat (Jhelam) comes from the East, -and joining the Kishan Ganga, flows to the North. - - - - - - - - -THE FIFTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -The transit of the sun, that fulfils the hopes of the world, into -his house of honour in Aries, took place on Friday, the 15th of the -month of Rabi`u-s-sani in the Hijri year 1029, (10 March), 1620, -after 12 1/2 gharis, or 5 sidereal hours, [288] had passed, and -the 15th year of the reign of this suppliant at the throne of Allah -commenced happily and auspiciously. On Saturday, the 2nd (Farwardin), -having marched 4 1/2 koss, I halted at the village of Bakkar. On this -road there was no hill-pass (kotal), but it was rather stony. I saw -peacocks, black partridges, and monkeys (langur), such as exist in -the Garmsir country (Afghanistan). It is evident that these can also -exist in cold countries. From this place to Kashmir the road is along -the bank of the river Bihat. There are hills on both sides, and in -the bottom of the valley the water flows with great force, boiling -and raging. However large an elephant may be, he cannot hold his feet -firmly in it, but immediately rolls over, and is carried away. There -are also water-dogs [289] in the river. On Sunday, the 3rd, marching -4 1/2 koss, I pitched at Musaran. On the eve of Friday the merchants -who live in the pargana of Bara Mula came and paid their respects. I -asked the reason of the name of Bara mula, and they represented that -in the Hindi language they call a boar Barah (Varaha) and mula a -place--that is, the boars' place. Among the incarnations that belong -to the religion of the Hindus, one is the boar incarnation, and Barah -mula by constant use has become Bara mula. On Monday, the 4th, marching -2 1/2 koss, I pitched at Bhulbas. As they said these hills were very -narrow and difficult (to pass), and they could be crossed by a crowd -of men only with great trouble, I gave orders to Mu`tamid K. that, -with the exception of Asaf K. and a few of the necessary attendants, -no one should be allowed to march along with the prosperous stirrup -(with the king personally), and the camp should be kept one stage -behind. By chance, before this order was given, he had sent on his own -tent. After this he wrote to his men that this order had been given -with regard to him, and they should halt at whatever spot they had -reached. His brothers heard this at the foot of the kotal of Bhulbas, -[290] and pitched their own tent there. When the royal host reached -the place, snow and rain began to fall. One plain of the road had -not been crossed when his tent became visible. Looking on this as a -gift from the hidden world, I and the ladies alighted, and remained -protected from the cold and snow and rain. His brothers, according to -orders, sent someone in haste to summon him. When the news reached -him that the elephants and the advance camp had arrived at the top -of the kotal, and blocked up the road, as it was impossible to ride, -with great zeal, he, not knowing his head from his feet, traversed a -distance of 2 1/2 koss on foot in two hours, and came to wait on me, -and repeated this couplet with the tongue of gesture. [291] - - - VERSE. - - "At midnight came the thought of thee. I was ashamed and - resigned my life. - The poor man was abashed when suddenly the guest arrived." - - -All that was in his store (bisat) in the way of money and goods, -of live stock or dead, he offered for me to tread upon. I gave them -all back, and said: "What do worldly goods appear worth to the eye of -our magnanimity? We buy the jewel of loyalty at a high figure. Such -an event arising out of his devotion should be reckoned as the rising -of his good star, in that a king like me with the people of his harem -should remain in his house in comfort and at ease for a night and a -day. It would be a cause of honour to him among his contemporaries and -comrades." On Tuesday, the 5th, having traversed 2 koss, I alighted at -the village of Kaha'i. [292] I presented the dress (sar u pay) I had -on to Mu`tamid K., and an order was given assigning him the mansab -of 1,500 personal and l,500 [293] horse. From this stage we entered -within the boundary of Kashmir. In the same kotal of Bhulbas, Ya`qub, -s. Yusuf K. Kashmiri, fought with the victorious army of my father, -of which Raja Bhagwan Das, father of Raja Man Singh, was the leader. - -On this day, the news came that Suhrab K., s. Rustam Mirza, had been -drowned in the Jhelam. The details are as follows: He, according -to orders, was coming up one stage in the rear, and on the road it -came into his mind that he would have a bathe in the river, though -warm water was ready. The people forbade him, and said that when the -air was so cold, unnecessarily to get into a river so agitated and -bloodthirsty that it would roll over a war-elephant, was contrary to -the dictates of caution. He was not restrained by their words, and -as the unavoidable destined time had arrived, got in. From excessive -self-will and pride and carelessness, in reliance on his powers of -swimming, in which art he was unequalled, he was more determined than -ever, and with a khidmatiyya (Blochmann 252) and another servant, both -of whom could swim, mounted a rock on the river bank and threw himself -in. Immediately he fell, from the violent movement of the waves, he -could not pull himself together or try to swim; to fall in and go were -the same thing, and Suhrab K. [294] and the khidmatiyya thus gave away -the goods of their lives to the flood of destruction. The boatman, -[295] with a hundred difficulties, brought the boat of his being -(himself) in safety to the shore. Mirza Rustam was much attached to -this son. On hearing of this fatal news on the Punch road, he rent the -robe of patience, and showed great agitation. With all his dependants, -clothed in mourning garments, with head and feet bare, he came to -wait on me. What shall I write of the grief of the mother? Although -the Mirza has other sons, his heart was bound up in this one. His age -was twenty-six years. In shooting with a gun he was an excellent pupil -of his father, and knew well how to drive elephants and carriages. On -the expedition to Gujarat he was often ordered to ride on the front -part of my private elephant, and he was an active soldier. [296] - -On Wednesday, the 6th, marching 3 koss, I pitched at the village -of Riwand. On Thursday, the 7th, crossing the kotal of Kuwarmat, -[297] which is the most difficult on this road (MS.), I alighted at -the village of Wachaha (MS. and print differ). The distance of this -stage is 4 1/4 koss. The kotal of Kuwarmat (Kulamat in the MS.) is a -difficult one, and is the last of the kotals on the road. On Friday, -the 8th, having traversed nearly 4 koss, I halted at the village -of Baltar. [298] There was no kotal on this road. It was broad, and -plain after plain, and mead after mead, of flowers. Sweet-smelling -plants of narcissus, violet, and strange flowers that grow in this -country, came to view. Among these flowers I saw (noticed especially) -one extraordinary one. It had five or six orange flowers blooming with -their heads downwards. From the middle of the flowers there came out -some green leaves, as in the case [299] of the pineapple (?). This is -the bulanik [300] flower. There is another flower like the puy (?), -round which are small flowers of the shape and colour of the jessamine, -some blue in colour and some red, with yellow points in the middle, -exceedingly pretty in appearance: its name is "ladar push." They -call it push-i-`aliyyu-l-`umum [301] (the common push?). There are -many yellow arghawan (Judas-trees) on the road as well. The flowers -of Kashmir are beyond counting and calculation. Which shall I write -of? And how many can I describe? I have only mentioned the most -remarkable. There is a waterfall on this road, very high and fine. It -flows down from a high place. No other waterfall of such beauty was -seen on the road. I delayed a moment at it, and filled my eye and heart -with gazing on it from a high spot. On Saturday, the 9th, I marched 4 -3/4 koss, and crossed over at Baramula. [302] It is one of the noted -towns of Kashmir, and 14 koss [303] distant from the city, situated on -the bank of the Bihat. A number of the merchants of Kashmir live in it, -and have built houses and mosques on the bank of the river, and spend -their days in ease and contentment. According to orders, before the -arrival of the host of prosperity, they had prepared decorated boats -at the place. As [304] the hour for entry (into Srinagar) had been -fixed for Monday, when two watches of the day had passed, on Sunday, -the 10th, I entered Shihabu-d-din-pur. On this day Dilawar K. Kakar, -the Governor of Kashmir, came from Kishtwar, [305] and had the good -fortune to kiss the threshold. He was exalted with various royal -favours and all kinds of imperial gratifications. He had done his duty -here in an acceptable manner, and it is hoped that the great Giver -of favours may light up the foreheads of all my servants with honour. - -Kishtwar is to the south of Kashmir. From the city of Kashmir -(Srinagar) to the stage of Alkah (?), [306] which is the capital -of Kishtwar, the distance is 60 koss by measurement. On the 10th -of the Ilahi month of Shahriwar, in my 14th year, Dilawar K., with -10,000 horse and foot, determined to conquer Kishtwar. He appointed -his son, Hasan by name, with Gird `Ali Mir-bahr (admiral) to guard -the city and administer the territory. And as Gohar Chak and Aiba -Chak laid claim to Kashmir as heirs, and were stirring up strife in -Kishtwar, and were wandering in the valley of confusion and ruin, -he left Haibat, one of his brothers, with a force at Desu, which is -near the kotal of Pir Panjal, by way of caution, and, dividing his -forces at that place, he himself hastened with a force by the road -of Sanginpur, sending his son Jalal, with Nasru-llah `Arab, and `Ali -Malik Kashmiri, and a band of Jahangiri servants by another road, and -his elder son Jamal with a band of zealous young men as an advanced -guard to his own force. At the same time he placed two other forces -to move forward on his right and left. As no horses could go on the -road, by way of precaution he took some with him, but left nearly -[307] all his sipahis' horses behind, and sent them to Kashmir (i.e., -Srinagar). The young men girded the belt of duty on their waists, -and went up the hills on foot. The ghazis of the army of Islam fought -from post to post with the ill-fated unbelievers as far as Narkot, -which was one of the enemy's strongholds. There the corps of Jalal and -Jamal, which had been sent by different roads, met, and the enemy, -not having the power to oppose them, took to flight. The brave ones -who offered their lives traversed many ups and downs with the courage -of determination, and hastened on to the Maru river. On the bank of -that river the fire of slaughter was lighted, and the ghazis of the -army of Islam displayed approved activity. The ill-fated Aiba Chak, -with many of the people of ruin, were slain. By the death of Aiba the -Raja became powerless and without heart, and took the road of flight, -and, crossing by the bridge, stopped at Bhandarkot, which is on the -other side. A band of the brave ones (bahaduran) quickly advanced, -wishing to cross the bridge. A great fight took place at its head, and -some of the young men attained to martyrdom. In this way for twenty -days and nights the servants of the Court tried to cross the river, -and the unbelievers of darkened fortune did not fail to attack and try -to drive them back, until Dilawar K., after establishing thanas and -arranging for the commissariat, arrived with his army. The Raja, by -way of stratagem and vulpine trickery, sent his Vakils to Dilawar K., -and begged that he might send his brother with offerings to the Court, -so that when his offences obtained pardon, and his mind were freed -from fear and trouble, he could also himself proceed to the Court, the -refuge of the world, and kiss the threshold. Dilawar K. did not lend -his ear to these deceitful words, and did not throw away from his hand -the coin of opportunity. He dismissed the envoys of the Raja without -the attainment of their object, and made every exertion to cross the -bridge. His eldest son Jamal, with a band of the crocodiles of the -sea of bravery and valour, went up the river, and by bravely swimming -it although swollen crossed over, and engaged in a fierce battle with -the enemy. The devoted servants of the Court made an attack from the -other side, and made matters tight for these ruined people. These, -when they found they had no longer the strength to oppose them, broke -down the planking of the bridge, and took to flight. The victorious -servants made the bridge strong again, and transported the remainder -of the army. Dilawar Khan drew up his forces at Bhandarkot. From the -aforesaid river (the Maru) to the Chenab, which is a strong support of -these unfortunate people, is a distance of two bow-shots, and on the -bank of the Chenab there is a lofty hill. The crossing of the water is -a difficult matter, and, with a view to the coming and going of people -on foot, they attach strong ropes, and place planks of the width of a -cubit between two ropes, and fasten one rope's end to the top of the -hill, and the other on the other side of the water. Then they attach -two other ropes a gaz higher than these, that foot-passengers may -place their feet on the planks, and, taking hold of the upper ropes, -may descend from the top of the hill to the bottom, and so cross the -river. This bridge they call zampa, in the language of the people -of the hill country. Wherever they apprehended that a rope bridge -might be constructed, they stationed musketeers and archers and -men-at-arms, and so felt secure. Dilawar K. made rafts (jhala), and, -placing on them eighty of his valiant young men, sent them across -the river at night. As the water was flowing with great violence, the -rafts were carried down by the flood of destruction, and sixty-eight -of these gallant men were drowned in the sea of non-existence, and -obtained the renown of martyrdom, whilst ten, by the aid of swimming, -reached the shore of safety (i.e., returned), and two on the other -side became prisoners in the hands of the infidels. In short, for -four months and ten days Dilawar Khan, having planted the foot of -courage at Bhandarkot, made endeavours to cross over; but the arrow -of stratagem did not reach the target of intent until a Zamindar -pointed out a place which the enemy had no idea of. There, having -constructed a zampah, in the heart of night, Jalal, Dilawar K.'s son, -with some of the servants of the Court and a band of Afghans, about -200 in number, crossed over in safety, made unawares in the morning -an attack on the Raja, and blew loudly the trumpets of victory. A -few who were around and before the Raja rushed out, bewildered, half -asleep and half awake, and most of them became the harvest of the -blood-drinking sword, while the rest quickly withdrew themselves from -that whirlpool of calamity. In that encounter one of the soldiers came -upon the Raja, and wished to finish him with a sword. He called out: -"I am the Raja; take me alive to Dilawar Khan." The men rushed on -him and made him prisoner. After the Raja was made prisoner, his -people all fled. When Dilawar Khan heard this good news of victory, -he prostrated himself in thankfulness to Allah, and, having crossed -the river with the victorious army, came to Mandal Badr, [308] which -was the capital of the country, and is 3 koss from the river. The -daughter [309] of Sangram Raja of Jammu, and the daughter of the -abandoned Suraj Mal, s. Raja Baso, were in the Raja's house (i.e., -married to him). By Sangram's daughter he had children. Before the -victory he had, by way of caution, sent his family for refuge to -the Raja of Jaswal and other Zamindars. When my victorious retinue -approached, Dilawar Khan, according to order, took the Raja with him, -and came to kiss the threshold, leaving Nasru-llah `Arab with a body -of horse and foot to guard the country. - -In Kishtwar there are produced much wheat, barley, lentils, millet, -and pulse. Differing from Kashmir, it produces little rice. Its saffron -is finer than that of Kashmir. About a hundred hawks and falcons are -caught there (annually). Oranges, citrons, and water-melons of the -finest kind are obtained. Its melons are of the same kind as those of -Kashmir, and other fruits, such as grapes, apricots, peaches, and sour -pears, are grown. If they were cultivated, it is possible they would -improve. A coin [310] of the name of sanhasi [311] is a relic of the -old rulers of Kashmir, one and a half of which equal a rupee. In their -business transactions they reckon fifteen sanhasi, or ten rupees, -as one padshahi muhar. They call two seers of Hindustani weight a -man (maund). It is not the custom for the Raja to take revenue from -cultivation; he takes annually six sanhasi--that is, four rupees--from -each house. All the saffron is assigned, as pay, to a body of Rajputs -and to 700 musketeers (tupchi) who are old retainers. When the saffron -is sold, four rupees per maund, or two seers, are taken from the -purchaser. The whole income of the Raja consists of fines, and for a -small offence he takes a heavy sum. From whomsoever is wealthy and in -comfortable circumstances the Raja, on some pretext, clears out all -that he has. From all sources his income is about Rs. 100,000. In time -of war 6,000 or 7,000 men on foot collect together; there are but few -horses among them. The Raja and the chief men have about fifty between -them. I bestowed a year's revenue on Dilawar K. by way of reward. By -conjecture, his jagir was worth about 1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -according to the Jahangiri rules. When the chief diwans calculate -the allowances to the jagirdars, the exact amount will be ascertained. - -On Monday, the 11th, after two watches and four gharis had passed, -the royal cortege alighted auspiciously and happily at the buildings -lately erected on the bank of the lake (the Dal lake). By order of my -father, a very strong fort of stone and lime had been built. It is not -quite completed, one side being unfinished. It is hoped that hereafter -it will be completed. From Hasan Abdal to Kashmir by the road I came -is a distance of 75 koss; this was accomplished in nineteen marches -and six halts--that is, in twenty-five days. From Agra to Kashmir, -in the space of 168 days, a distance of 376 koss was traversed in -102 marches and 63 halts. By land [312] and the ordinary route the -distance is 304 1/2 koss. - -On Tuesday, the 12th, Dilawar K., according to order, brought the Raja -[313] of Kishtwar, chained, into my presence, and did homage. He (the -Raja) is not wanting in dignity. His dress is after the Indian fashion, -and he knows both the Hindi and the Kashmiri languages. Contrary to -other Zamindars of these regions, he looked like the inhabitant of -a town. I told him that, notwithstanding his offences, if he would -bring his sons to Court, he should be released from confinement, and -might live at ease under the shadow of the eternal State, or else he -would be imprisoned in one of the forts of Hindustan. He said that -he would bring his people, his family, and his sons to wait on me, -and was hopeful of my clemency. - -I shall now give a brief account of the country of Kashmir and of -its peculiarities. - -Kashmir [314] belongs to the fourth climate. Its latitude is 35 deg. -N., and its longitude, from the White Islands, 105 deg.. In old times -the country was in the possession of Rajas. Their dynasty lasted for -4,000 years. An account of them, and a list of their names, are given -in the Raja-tarang, which, by my father's order, was translated [315] -from the Sanskrit (Hindi in text) into Persian. In the Hijri year 712 -(1312-13) Kashmir was illumined by the religion of Islam. Thirty-two -Muhammadan princes reigned over it for 282 years, until, in 994 -(1586), my father conquered it. From that date till now, being a -period of thirty-five years, the country has been in the possession -of the Crown. Kashmir, from the Pass of Buliyasa [316] to Qambarbar, -is 56 Jahangiri koss long, and its breadth is never more than 27 -koss, or less than 10 koss. Shaikh Abu-l-Fazl has, in the Akbar-nama, -stated, by guess and conjecture, that the length of Kashmir from the -Kishan Ganga to Qambarbar is 120 koss, and its breadth from 10 to 25 -koss. I, out of prudence and caution, appointed a number of trustworthy -and intelligent men to measure the length and breadth with ropes -(tanab). The result was that what the Shaikh wrote as 120 koss came -out as 67. As it is agreed that the boundary of a country is the place -up to which people speak the language of that country, it follows -that the boundary of Kashmir is Buliyasa, which is 11 koss on this -side (i.e., east) of the Kishan Ganga. So, according to the preceding -figures, the length of Kashmir is 56 (67 - 11) koss. The variations in -breadth were found to be not more than 2 koss. The koss [317] which -is in use during my reign is that prescribed by my father. That is, -a koss is 5,000 yards, and the yard is 2 shar`i yards, each of the -latter (yards) being 24 digits [318] (angusht). Wherever the koss or -gaz is mentioned, the reference is to the above koss and the above -gaz. The name of the city is Srinagar, and the Bihat river flows -through the midst of it. They call its fountain-head Vir-nag. [319] -It is 14 koss to the south. By my order they have made a building and -a garden at that source. There have been built in the city four very -strong stone and wooden bridges, over which people come and go. They -call a bridge in the language of this country kadal. There is a -very lofty mosque in the city, one of the marks of Sultan Sikandar, -[320] made in 795 (1393). After a time it was burnt, but was rebuilt -by Sultan Husain. It had not been completed when the mansion of his -life fell down. In 909 (1503-04) Ibrahim Maqri, Vizier of Sultan -Husain, finished it handsomely. From that day till now it is 120 -years since it has been in existence. From the Mihrab to the eastern -wall it is 145 yards, and its breadth is 144 yards, containing four -(taq) alcoves. On all sides of the hall they have erected beautiful -cloisters and pillars. In short, no better memorial of the rulers -of Kashmir has been left than this. Mir Sayyid `Ali of Hamadan (may -his grave be sanctified!) was for some time in this city. There is -a monastery [321] to his memory. Near the city there are two [322] -large lakes full of water all the year round. Their flavour [323] -does not vary; they are the means for coming and going of the people, -and for the conveyance of grain and firewood on boats. In the city -and parganas there are 5,700 boats, with 7,400 [324] boatmen. The -country of Kashmir has thirty-eight parganas. It is divided into two -provinces; the territory on the upper part of the river they call -Marraj, and that on the lower Kamraj. It is not the custom to use -gold and silver for payment of the revenue from land or in commerce, -except for a portion of the cesses (sa'ir-jihat). [325] They reckon -the value of things in kharwars of rice, each kharwar being three -maunds and eight seers of the current weight. The Kashmiris reckon -two seers as one maund, and four maunds, or eight seers, make one -tark. The revenue of Kashmir is 30,63,050 kharwars and 11 tarks, which -in cash represents 7,46,70,000 dams. Ordinarily it maintains 8,500 -horse. It is very difficult to enter Kashmir. The routes by Bhimbhar -[326] and Pakli are the best. Though that by Bhimbhar is the shorter, -yet if one wishes to find spring in Kashmir, he is confined to the -road by Pakli, for the other roads at this season are blocked with -snow. If one were to take to praise Kashmir, whole books would have -to be written. Accordingly a mere summary will be recorded. - -Kashmir is a garden [327] of eternal spring, or an iron fort to -a palace of kings--a delightful flower-bed, and a heart-expanding -heritage for dervishes. Its pleasant meads and enchanting cascades -are beyond all description. There are running streams and fountains -beyond count. Wherever the eye reaches, there are verdure and -running water. The red rose, the violet, and the narcissus grow of -themselves; in the fields, there are all kinds of flowers and all -sorts of sweet-scented herbs more than can be calculated. In the -soul-enchanting spring the hills and plains are filled with blossoms; -the gates, the walls, the courts, the roofs, are lighted up by the -torches of banquet-adorning tulips. What shall we say of these things -or of the wide meadows (julgaha) and the fragrant trefoil? - - - VERSE. - - "The garden-nymphs [328] were brilliant, - Their cheeks shone like lamps; - There were fragrant buds on their stems (or 'under their rind'), - Like dark amulets on the arms of the beloved. - The wakeful, ode-rehearsing nightingale - Whetted the desires of wine-drinkers; - At each fountain the duck dipped his beak - Like golden scissors cutting silk; - There were flower-carpets and fresh rosebuds, - The wind fanned the lamps of the roses, - The violet braided her locks, - The buds tied a knot in the heart." - - -The finest inflorescence is that of the almond and the peach. Outside -the hill-country the commencement of blossoming is the 1st -Isfandarmuz (February 10). In the territory of Kashmir it is 1st -Farwardin (March 10), and in the city gardens it is the 9th and -10th of that month, and the end of their blooming joins on to -the commencement of that of the blue jessamine. In attendance on -my revered father I frequently went round the saffron fields, and -beheld the spectacle of the autumn. Thank God that on this occasion -I beheld the beauties [329] of the spring. The beauties of the -autumn shall be described in their place. The buildings of Kashmir -are all of wood; they make them two-, three-, and four-storied, and -covering the roofs with earth, they plant bulbs of the chaughashi -[330] tulip, which blooms year after year in the spring season, -and is exceedingly beautiful. This custom is peculiar to the -people of Kashmir. This year, in the little garden [331] of the -palace and on the roof of the chief mosque, the tulips blossomed -luxuriantly. There are many blue jessamines in the gardens, and -the white jessamines that the people of India call chambili are -sweet-scented. Another kind is of the colour of sandal-wood, and -this is also very sweet-scented. This is special to Kashmir. I -saw several sorts of red roses: one is specially sweet-scented, -and another is a flower of the colour of sandal (light yellow), -with an exceedingly delicate scent. It (the scent?) is of the -nature of (that of) the red rose, and its stem is like that -of the red rose. There are two kinds of lilies. That which is -grown in gardens is vigorous (balida) and fresh (lit. green) -coloured, the other is a wild kind. Although the latter has less -colour it is very sweet-scented. The flower of the Ja`fari [332] -(a yellow flower) is large and sweet-scented; its stem is above a -man's height, but in some years, when it has grown large and has -flowered, a worm is produced, and spreads over the flower a kind -of spider's web, and destroys it and dries up its stem. This year -it has so happened. The flowers that are seen in the territories -of Kashmir are beyond all calculation. Those that Nadiru-l-`asri -Ustad Mansur, [333] has painted are more than 100. Before my -father's time there were no shah-alu (cherries). [334] Muhammad -[335] Quli Afshar brought them from Kabul and planted them, -and there are now ten or fifteen fruit-bearing trees. There were -also some apricot-trees. The aforesaid made them known in this -country, and now there are many of them. In fact, the apricot [336] -of Kashmir is good. There was a tree in the Shahr-ara garden at -Kabul, called Mirza'i, better fruit than which I had not eaten, -but in Kashmir there are trees equal to this in the gardens. There -are pears (nashpati) of the best kind, better than those of Kabul, -or Badakhshan, and nearly equal to those of Samarkand. The apples -of Kashmir are celebrated for their goodness. The guavas (amrud) -are middling. Grapes are plentiful, but most of them are harsh and -inferior, and the pomegranates are not worth much. Water-melons -of the best kind can be obtained. The melons are very sweet -and creased, (? shikananda) [337], but for the most part when -they become ripe a worm is found in them that spoils them. If -by chance they are preserved from this misfortune they are -very delicate. There are no shah-tut [338] (some kind of large -mulberry), but there are other (tut) mulberries everywhere. From -the foot of every mulberry-tree a vine-creeper grows [339] up. In -fact, the mulberries of Kashmir are not fit to eat, with the -exception of some on trees grown in gardens, but the leaves are -used to feed the silkworm. They bring the silkworms' eggs from -Gilgit and Tibet. There is plenty of wine and vinegar, but the -wine is sour and inferior, and in the Kashmir language is called -mas. After they take cups of it some heat of head ensues. They make -various pickles with the vinegar. As the garlic of Kashmir is good, -the best pickle is that of garlic. There are all kinds of crops -except peas. If they sow peas, they give a crop the first year, -in the second they are inferior, and in the third year they are -like mushang. [340] Rice is the principal crop. Probably there are -three parts under rice and one under all other grains. The chief -food of the people of Kashmir is rice, but it is inferior. They -boil it fresh, [341] and allow it to get cold, and then eat it, and -call it batha. It is not usual to take their food warm, but people -of small means keep a portion of the batha for a night, and eat -it next day. Salt is brought from India. It is not the custom to -put salt into the batha. They boil vegetables in water, and throw -in a little salt in order to alter the flavour, and then eat them -along with the batha. Those who want to have something tasty put -a little walnut-oil into the vegetables. Walnut-oil soon becomes -bitter and evil-flavoured. They also use cow-oil (raughan--i.e., -ghi), but this is taken fresh, and fresh from newly-made butter -(maska). They throw this into the food, and call it "sada-pak" -in the Kashmiri language. As the atmosphere is cold and damp, -it becomes altered by being kept for three or four days. There -are no buffaloes, and the cattle are small and inferior. The -wheat [342] is small and of little substance (kam maghz). It -is not the custom to eat bread (nan). There are tailless sheep, -resembling the kadi [343] (or gaddi) of India. They are called -handu, and their flesh is not without flavour. Fowls, geese, -and ducks (murghabi)--golden and others--are plentiful. There -are all kinds of fish, both with and without scales, but they are -inferior. The woollen cloths are well known. Men and women wear a -woollen tunic (kurta), and call it pattu. If they do not put on -a tunic, they believe that the air affects them, and even that -it is impossible to digest their food without it. The shawls of -Kashmir, to which my father gave the name of parm-narm, are very -famous: there is no need to praise them. Another kind is taharma -(naharma in the printed version); it is thicker than a shawl, and -soft. [344] Another is called darma. It is like a jul-i-khirsak, -[345] and is put over carpets. With the exception of shawls they make -other woollen materials better in Tibet. Though they bring the wool -for the shawls from Tibet they do not make them there. The wool for -shawls comes from a goat which is peculiar to Tibet. In Kashmir they -weave the pattu shawl from wool, and sewing two shawls together they -smooth them into a kind of saqarlat (broad-cloth), which is not bad -for a rain-coat. The men of Kashmir shave the head and put on a round -turban, and the common women do not wear clean, washed clothes. They -use a tunic of pattu for three or four years; they bring it unwashed -from the house of the weaver, and sew it into a tunic, and it does -not reach the water till it falls to pieces. It is considered wrong -to wear drawers (izar); they wear the tunic long and ample as far -as the head and falling down to the feet, and they also wear [346] -a belt. Although most of the houses are on the river-bank not a drop -of water touches their bodies. In short, they are as dirty outside -as inside, without any cleanliness. In the time of Mirza Haidar there -were many skilled people there. They were skilled in music, and their -lutes, dulcimers, harps, drums, and flutes were celebrated. In former -times they had a musical instrument like a lute, and used to sing in -the Kashmiri language compositions according to Hindi musical modes, -there being even two or three modes combined together. Moreover, -many sing together in chorus. In fact, Kashmir is much indebted to -Mirza Haidar for its excellencies. Before the reign of my father the -chief method by which the people of these parts rode was on gunts -(ponies). They had no large horses, but used to bring `Iraq and Turki -horses by way of rare gifts for their rulers. Gunt means a yabu [347] -(pony). They have thick shoulders, and are low in the body. They -are common in other of the hill-countries of India. For the most -part they are vicious [348] and hard-mouthed. When this God-created -flower-garden acquired eternal beauty under the auspices of the State, -and by the blessing of the teaching of the Alexander-minded Khaqan, -many of the Aimaqs (cavalry) were presented with jagirs in this Subah, -and herds of `Iraqi and Turki horses were given them to breed from -(kih kurra bagirand). The soldiers also brought horses [349] on -their own account, and in a short time horses were obtainable, so -that many Kashmiri horses were bought and sold for 200 and Rs. 300, -and even for Rs. 1,000. - -The merchants and artificers of this country are mostly Sunnis, -while the soldiers are Imamiyya Shias. There is also the sect -of Nur-bakhshis. [350] There is also a body of Faqirs whom they -call Rishis. [351] Though they have not religious knowledge or -learning of any sort, yet they possess simplicity, and are without -pretence. They abuse no one, they restrain the tongue of desire, -and the foot of seeking; they eat no flesh, they have no wives, -and always plant fruit-bearing trees in the fields, so that men may -benefit by them, themselves deriving no advantage. There are about -2,000 of these people. There is also a body of brahmans living from of -old in this country, who still remain there and talk in the Kashmiri -tongue. Outwardly one cannot distinguish them from Mussulmans. They -have, however, books in the Sanskrit language, and read them. They -carry into practice whatever relates to the worship of idols. Sanskrit -is a language in which the learned of India have composed books, and -esteem them greatly. The lofty idol temples which were built before -the manifestation of Islam are still in existence, and are all built -of stones, which from foundation to roof are large, and weigh 30 or 40 -maunds, placed one on the other. Near the city there is a small hill -which they call Kuh-i-Maran [352] ("The Wicked Hill," Lawrence, 298), -as well as Hari Parbat. On the east side of the hill there is the -Dal Lake, which measures round a little more than 6 1/2 koss. [353] -My father (may the lights of Allah be his testimony!) gave an order -that they should build in this place a very strong fort of stone -and lime; this has been nearly completed during the reign of this -suppliant, so that the little hill has been brought into the midst -of the fortifications, and the wall of the fort built round it. The -lake is close to the fort, and the palace overlooks the water. In -the palace there was a little garden, with a small building in it -in which my revered father used constantly to sit. At this period it -appeared to me to be very much out of order and ruinous. As it was the -place where that veritable qibla (place turned towards in prayer) and -visible Deity used to sit, and it is really a place of prostration for -this suppliant, therefore its neglected state did not appear right to -me. I ordered Mu`tamid K., who is a servant who knows my temperament, -to make every effort to put the little garden in order and repair the -buildings. In a short space of time, through his great assiduity, -it acquired new beauty. In the garden he put up a lofty terrace 32 -yards square, in three divisions (qit'a), and having repaired the -building he adorned it with pictures by masterhands, and so made it -the envy of the picture gallery of China. I called this garden Nur-afza -(light increasing). - -On Friday, the 15th of the Divine month of Farwardin, two qutas oxen, -out of the offerings of the Zamindar of Tibet, were brought before -me. In form and appearance they closely resemble the buffalo. All the -limbs are covered with wool which properly belongs to animals in a cold -country. For instance, the rang goats (ibex), which they brought from -the country of Bhakkar (Sind) and the hill-country of the Garmsir (in -Afghanistan) were very handsome, and had but little wool, and those -that are met with in these hills, on account of the excessive cold -and snow, are covered with hair and ugly. The Kashmiris call the rang -kapal. [354] On this day they brought a musk deer as an offering. As -I had not tasted its flesh, I ordered it to be cooked; it appeared -very tasteless and bad for food. The flesh of no other wild animal -is so inferior. The musk-bag when fresh has no scent, but when it is -left for some days and becomes dry, it is sweet-scented. The female -has no musk-bag. In these two or three days I frequently embarked in -a boat, and was delighted to go [355] round and look at the flowers of -Phak and Shalamar. Phak is the name of a pargana situated on the other -side of the lake. Shalamar is near the lake. It has a pleasant stream, -which comes down from the hills, and flows into the Dal Lake. I bade -my son Khurram dam it up and make a waterfall, which it would be a -pleasure to behold. This place is one of the sights of Kashmir. - -On Sunday, the 17th, a strange affair took place. Shah Shuja` -was playing in the buildings of the palace. By chance there was a -window with a screen in front of it looking towards the river. They -had put a screen in front, but had not fastened the door, and the -prince in play went towards the window to look out. As soon as -he arrived there he fell headlong. By chance they had laid down a -carpet below the wall, and a farrash (carpet-spreader) was sitting -near it. The child's head fell on this carpet, and his feet on the -back and shoulders of the farrash, and so came to the ground. Though -the height was 7 yards [356] (dara`), the compassion of God, the -Great and Glorious, came to his aid, and the carpet and the farrash -became the means of saving his life. God forbid, but if it had not -been so it would have been a serious matter for him. At the time Ray -Man, the head of the Khidmatiyya [357] piyadas, was standing below -the jharoka. He immediately ran and picked him up, and holding him -in his arms, was taking him upstairs. In that condition he asked: -"Whither are you carrying me?" He replied: "Into the presence of His -Majesty." Then weakness overcame him, and he could speak no more. I -was lying down when this alarming news reached me, and ran out in a -state of bewilderment. When I saw him in this state my senses forsook -me, and for a long time holding him in my affectionate embrace I was -distracted with this favour from Allah. When a child of four years of -age falls headlong from a place ten ordinary (shar`i) gaz in height, -and no harm happens to his limbs, it is a cause for amazement. Having -performed my prostrations for this fresh act of goodness, I distributed -alms, and ordered that deserving people and the poor who lived in the -city should be brought before me in order that I might assure them -their means of livelihood. A strange thing was that three or four -months before this event Jotik Ray, the astrologer, who is one of -the most skilled of the class in astrology, had represented to me, -without any intermediary, that it was predicted from the Prince's -horoscope that these three or four months were unpropitious to him, -and it was possible he might fall down from some high place, but that -the dust of calamity would not settle on the skirt of his life. As -his prognostications had repeatedly proved correct, this dread dwelt -in my mind, and on these dangerous roads and difficult mountain -passes I was never for a moment forgetful of that nursling of the -parterre of Fortune. I continually kept him in sight, and took the -greatest precautions with regard to him. When I arrived in Kashmir -this unavoidable [358] catastrophe occurred. His nurses (anagaha) -and wet-nurses must have been very careless. God be praised that it -ended well! - -In the garden of `Aishabad [359] (abode of pleasure) I saw a tree -which had numerous [360] blossoms. They were very large and beautiful, -but the apples that the tree produced were bitter. - -As excellent service had been done by Dilawar K. Kakar, I promoted him -to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and also conferred -mansabs on his sons. Shaikh Farid, s. Qutbu-d-din K. was raised to -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 400 horse. The mansab of Sar-barah -K. was ordered to be 700 personal and 250 horse, and I promoted -Nuru-llah Kurkiraq (in charge of furriery?) to that of 600 personal -and 100 horse, bestowing on him the title of Tashrif K. The offerings -of Thursday, the 21st, were handed over as a reward to Qiyam K., the -chief huntsman. As Allah-dad Afghan, s. the Tariki, [361] had repented -of his evil deeds and come to Court at the request of I`tmadu-d-daula -I pardoned his offences; the signs of disgrace and shame were evident -on his forehead and, according to the previous arrangement, I bestowed -on him the mansab of 2,500 and 200 horse. Mirak Jalayir, one of the -auxiliaries of Bengal, was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal -and 400 horse. - -As it was reported that the jughasi (i.e., black) tulips were in -good bloom on the roof of the Jami` mosque, on Saturday, the 23rd, -I went to see them. In truth, one side of that flower-garden was -very beautiful. The parganas of Mau [362] and Mihri (?) (text has -Maud Mihri), which previously to this had been granted to Raja Baso, -and afterwards continued to his rebel son Suraj Mal, were now bestowed -on Jagat Singh, his brother, who had not obtained the tika (mark of -royal succession), and I gave the pargana of Jammu to Raja Sangram. On -Monday, the 1st of Urdibihisht, I went to the house of Khurram, -and entered his bath-house, and when I came out he presented his -offerings. Of these I accepted a trifle in order to please him. On -Thursday, the 4th, Mir Jumla was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 300 horse. On Sunday, the 7th, I rode to the village of -Chardara, [363] which is the native country of Haidar Malik, to hunt -partridges. In truth this is a very pleasant spot of ground, and has -flowing streams and lofty plane-trees. At his request I gave it the -name of Nurpur [364] (city of light). On the road there was a tree -[365] called halthal; when one takes one of the branches and shakes it, -the whole of the tree comes into movement. The common people believe -that this movement is peculiar to that tree. By chance in the said -village I saw another tree of the same kind, which was in similar -movement, and I ascertained that it was common to that species of -tree, and not confined to one tree. In the village of Rawalpur, -2 1/2 koss from the city towards Hindustan, there is a plane-tree, -burnt in the inside. Twenty-five years before this, when I myself was -riding on a horse, with five other saddled horses and two eunuchs, -we went inside it. Whenever I had chanced to mention this people were -surprised. This time I again ordered some of the men to go inside, -and what I had in my mind came to pass in the same manner. It has -been noted in the Akbar-nama that my father took [366] thirty-four -people inside and made them stand close to each other. - -On this day it was represented to me that Prithi-chand, s. Ray -Manohar, who was one of the auxiliaries of the army against Kangra, -had sacrificed his life in a useless (bi-sarfa [367]) battle with -the enemy. - -On Thursday, the 11th, certain servants of the State were promoted -in the following manner: Tatar K. to 2,000 personal and 500 horse; -`Abdu-l-`Aziz K. to 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse; Debi Chand of -Gwalior to 1,500 personal and 500 horse; Mir Khan, s. Abu-l-Qasim -K. Namakin to 1,000 personal and 600 horse; Mirza Muhammad to 700 -personal and 300 horse; Lutfu-llah to 300 personal and 500 horse; -Nasru-llah `Arab to 500 personal and 250 horse; and Tahawwur K. was -appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat. On Thursday, the 25th, Sayyid -Bayazid Bukhari, faujdar of Bhakkar, raised his head of honour with -the Subadarship of Sind, and his mansab, original and increased, was -fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and he was also presented -with a standard. Shaja`at K. `Arab obtained the honour of exaltation -to the mansab of 2,500 personal and 2,000 horse. Anira'i Singh-dalan, -at the request of Mahabat K., was appointed to Bangash. Jan-sipar -K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. - -At this time, on the representation of the Commander-in-Chief, -Khan-Khanan, and all the loyal people, it was shown to me that `Ambar, -the black-fated one (he was an Abyssinian), had again placed his foot -beyond the bounds of good behaviour, and had, according to his nature, -laid a foundation for trouble and sedition, and as the victorious army -had proceeded to a distant part of the country, he, considering it a -good opportunity, had broken the pledges he had given to the servants -of the Court, and had stretched out his hand to take possession of -royal territory. It is hoped that he will soon be entangled in the -disgrace of his deeds. As he (the Commander-in-Chief) had asked -for treasure, it was ordered that the diwans of Agra should send -Rs. 20,00,000 to the Commander-in-Chief. Close upon this news came that -the Amirs had left their posts, and come together to Darab K., and that -the Bargis [368] (the Mahrattas) were surrounding his camp, and that -Khanjar K. had taken refuge in Ahmadnagar. Two or three battles had -already taken place between the rebels and the servants of the Court, -and each time the enemy had been defeated, and many of them killed. On -the last occasion Darab K., taking with him well-mounted young men, -attacked the rebels' camp. A fierce battle ensued, and the enemy being -defeated turned the face of ruin towards the valley of flight. Their -camp had been plundered, and the victorious army had returned in safety -to their camp. As difficulty and distress had fallen on the victorious -army, those who were loyal came to the conclusion that they should -go down by the Pass of Rohangarh [369] and remain below the ghat, -so that forage and grain might be easily obtained, and the men not -incur any labour or distress. Having no choice, they prepared the -army of prosperity at Balapur, and the rebels of black fortune, with -impertinence and importunity, appeared near Balapur. Raja Bir Singh -Deo, with some of the devoted servants, plucking up courage in order -to beat back the enemy, slew many of them. An Abyssinian of the name of -Mansur, who was in the rebel army, fell into their hands, and although -they wished to put him on an elephant (see Iqbal-nama 161, the text -wrongly has zir "under"), he would not agree, and was insolent. [370] -Raja Bir Singh Deo ordered them to separate his head from his body. It -is hoped that the circling sphere will lay the recompense of improper -deeds on the skirt of life of all who do not recognize the right. - -On the 3rd Urdibihisht I rode to see the Sukh Nag. [371] It is a -beautiful summer residence (ilaq). This waterfall is in the midst -of a valley, and flows down from a lofty place. There was still ice -on its sides. The entertainment of Thursday was arranged for in that -flower-land, and I was delighted at drinking my usual cups on the edge -of the water. In this stream I saw a bird like a saj. [372] A saj is -of a black colour and has white spots, while this bird is of the same -colour as a bulbul with white spots, and it dives and remains for -a long time underneath, and then comes up from a different place. I -ordered them to catch and bring two or three of these birds, that I -might ascertain whether they were waterfowl and were web-footed, or -had open feet like land birds. They caught two and brought them. One -died immediately, and the other lived for a day. Its feet were not -webbed like a duck's. I ordered Nadiru-l-`asr Ustad Mansur to draw -its likeness. The Kashmiris call it galkar [373]--that is, "water saj." - -On this day the Qazi and the Chief Justice represented to me that -`Abdu-l-Wahhab, the son of Hakim `Ali, claimed Rs. 80,000 from -the Sayyids of Lahore, and produced a bond with the seal of Qazi -Nuru-llah. He said that his father had placed that sum in deposit -with Sayyid Wali, the father of these men, who denied it. [374] If -an order were given, the Hakim's son, by way of caution, [375] would -swear an oath on the Qoran, and would take what was his due from -them. I told them to do whatever was right by the Divine Law. The -next day Mu`tamid Khan represented that the Sayyids showed great -humility and submissiveness. The matter was a complicated [376] -one. The greater reflection shown in ascertaining the truth in the -matter the better. I accordingly ordered that Asaf K. should take -exceeding trouble and forethought in ascertaining the truth of this -quarrel, and point out such a way (of unravelling it) that no doubt -whatever should remain. With all this, if it could not be cleared -up, I would examine them in my own presence. Immediately he heard -these words, the Hakim's son lost both his hands and his heart in the -affair, and made a number of his friends intercessors, and proposed -a withdrawal. His representation was that if the Sayyids would not -[377] refer the matter to Asaf K. he would give a release, and that -hereafter he would have no right against nor claim from them. Whenever -Asaf K. sent to fetch him, as he was a low deceiver, he passed his -time in making excuses, and did not appear until he handed over the -deed of release to one of his friends, and the true state of affairs -became evident to Asaf K. They brought him by force into the place -of examination, and, having no choice, he confessed that the deed had -been prepared by one of his servants, who himself witnessed it, and had -misled him. He gave a writing to this effect. When Asaf K. informed -me of the real state of matters, I took away his mansab and jagir, -and cast him out of my presence, and gave the Sayyids leave to return -to Lahore in all honour and respect. - -On Mubarak-shamba (Thursday), the 8th of Khurdad, I`tiqad Khan was -promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sadiq -Khan to that of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. Zainu-l-`abidin, -son of the deceased Asaf Khan (Ja`far), was promoted to be Bakhshi -of Ahadis. Raja Bir Singh Deo Bandila raised his head of honour with -the high mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. - -In Kashmir the most juicy(?) fruit is the ashkan(?) (askami in the -MSS.). It is subacid (mai-khush), smaller than the alu balu (sour -cherry), much better flavoured, and more delicate. When drinking -wine, one cannot eat more than three or four alu balu, but of these -one can take as many as a hundred in twenty-four hours, especially -of the paiwandi(?) sort. I ordered that the ashkan should hereafter -be called the khushkan. It grows in the hills of Badakhshan and in -Khurasan; the people there call it jamdami. The largest of them weigh -1/2 misqal. The shah-alu (cherry), on the 4th Urdibihisht, appeared -of the size of a grain of pulse; on the 27th it reddened, and on the -15th Khurdad it was ripe, and new fruit (nau-bar) had formed(?). The -shah-alu (cherry), to my taste, is better than most fruits. Four -trees had borne fruit in the Nur-afza garden. I called one of these -Shirin-bar, the second Khush-guwar, the third, which bore the most -fruit, Pur-bar, and the fourth, which had less, Kam-bar. One tree in -Khurram's garden had also borne fruit, and I called it Shahwar. There -was a young plant in the little garden of `Ishrat-afza (joy enhancing), -and this I called Nau-bar (new fruit). Every day I plucked with my own -hand sufficient to give a flavour to my cups. Although they sent them -by runners from Kabul as well, yet to pick them oneself from one's -home garden gave additional sweetness. The shah-alu of Kashmir is -not inferior to that of Kabul; it is even better grown. The largest -of them weighed one tank, five surkhs. - -On Tuesday, the 21st, Padshah [378] Banu Begam died (became a -sitter in the bridal chamber of the permanent world), and grief for -this heart-rending event laid a heavy load on my mind. I hope that -Almighty God may give her a place near his own forgiveness. A strange -thing is--that Jotik Ray, the astrologer, two months before this, -had informed some of my servants that one of the chief sitters in the -harem of chastity would hasten to the hidden abode of non-existence. He -had discovered this from the horoscope of my destiny, and it fell -out accordingly. - -One of the events (that now took place) was the martyrdom of Sayyid -`Izzat [379] K. and of Jalal K. Gakhar in the army of Bangash. The -particulars of this are that when the season for the collection -of revenue arrived, Mahabat K. appointed a force to go into the -hill-country to eat up the crops of the Afghans, and not omit one -tittle of raiding and plundering, and killing and binding. When the -servants of the Court arrived at the foot of the Pass the ill-fated -Afghans attacked them from all sides, and took the head of the Pass, -and fortified it. Jalal K., who was an experienced man, and an old man -that had undergone labours, thought it better to delay for a few days, -so that the Afghans might expend the few days' provisions they had -brought with them on their backs, and necessarily disperse of their -own accord; that then his men would be able to cross with ease over the -head of the difficult Pass. When he once passed the head of the defile -they would be unable to do any more, and would be punished. `Izzat -K., who was a battle-lighting flame and a foe-burning lightning, did -not fall in with Jalal K.'s idea, and excited the steed of courage -of some of the Sayyids of Barha. The Afghans, swarming round on all -sides, like ants and locusts, attacked him, and caught him in their -midst. Though the battlefield was not fit for cavalry, yet wherever -the forehead of his wrath shone, he consumed many with the fire of -his sword. In the midst of the fighting they hamstringed his horse, -but he fought on foot and as long as he had breath, and at last fell -bravely. At the time when `Izzat K. made his attack, Jalal K. Gakhar -[380] and Mas`ud, s. Ahmad Beg K., and Bizan (or Bizhan), s. Nad -`Ali Maidani, and other servants, lost restraint, and rushed on from -all sides of the pass, and the rebels seized the tops of the hills, -and fought with stones and arrows. The devoted young men, both of -the servants of the Court and the retainers of Mahabat K., performed -the duties of valour, and slaughtered many of the Afghans. In this -contest Jalal K. and Mas`ud, with many other brave men, sacrificed -their lives. Owing to the rashness of `Izzat K. such a disaster as -this befell the Imperial army. - -When Mahabat K. heard this fearful news, he sent a fresh body of -men to assist, and strengthened the posts. Wherever they found a -trace of those ill-fortuned ones, they did not fail to slay or bind -them. When I heard this news, I summoned Akbar Quli, s. Jalal K. who -had been told off for duty in the conquest of the fort of Kangra, to my -presence, and gave him the mansab of 1,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and confirmed to him, according to custom, his hereditary territory -(the Gakhar country) in jagir, presented him with a dress of honour -and a horse, and sent him to the support of the army of Bangash. As -`Izzat K. had left a son of very tender years, keeping before my eyes, -that discerned the truth, his life-sacrifice, I gave him (the child) -a mansab and a jagir, so that those left behind should not be scattered -abroad, and others might have increased hope. - -On this day Shaikh Ahmad of Sirhind, who had for some time been -placed in the prison of correction on account of his pretentiousness -(literally, adorning his shop and selling himself) and immoderate -language, was summoned to my presence, and I released him, giving him -a dress of honour and Rs. 1,000 for expenses, and making him free to -go or remain. He justly represented that his punishment had really -been a valuable lesson to him, and that his desire was to wait on me. - -On the 27th Khurdad apricots arrived [381] (from Kabul). The -picture-gallery in the garden had been ordered to be repaired; it -was now adorned with pictures by master hands. In the most honoured -positions were the likenesses of Humayun and of my father opposite -to my own, and that of my brother Shah `Abbas. After them were the -likenesses of Mirza Kamran, Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Shah Murad, and -Sultan Daniyal. On the second storey (row?) were the likenesses of -the Amirs and special servants. On walls of the outer hall the stages -of the road to Kashmir were recorded in the order in which I had come -to them. A poet fixed the date by this hemistich: - - - Pictures of kings of Solomon-like glory. [382] - - -On Thursday, the 4th of the Ilahi month of Tir, the Feast of -buriya-kubi [383] took place. On this day the Kashmir cherries came -to an end. From the four trees of the Nur-afza garden, 1,500, and from -other trees 500 had been plucked. I strictly ordered the officials of -Kashmir to plant shah-alu (cherry) trees in all the gardens. On this -day Bhim, s. Rana Amar Singh, was honoured with the title of Raja, -and Dilir K., brother of the brave `Izzat K., was promoted to the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 800 horse, Muhammad Sa`id, s. Ahmad -Beg K., to that of 600 personal and 400 horse, and Mukhlis-ullah, -his brother, to that of 500 personal and 250 horse. On Sayyid Ahmad -Sadr the mansab of 1,000, and on Mirza Husain, s. Mirza Rustam Safawi, -that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, were bestowed, and the last-named -was despatched for duty to the Deccan. On Sunday, the 14th of the -Divine month of Tir, Hasan `Ali Turkman was made Governor of Orissa, -and his personal and horse mansab was raised to 3,000. On this day -Bahadur K., Governor of Qandahar, sent offerings of nine Iraq horses, -some nine pieces of gold brocade, some brocaded satin, and some marten -[384] skins, and other things; these were laid before me. - -On Monday, the 15th, I rode to see the summer quarters of Tusi-marg -[385] (?). Arriving in two matches at the foot of the kotal, on -Wednesday, the 17th, I reached the top of the pass. For a distance -of 2 koss very elevated ground was crossed with difficulty. From the -top of the kotal to the Ilaq (summer quarters) was another koss of -high and low land. Although here and there flowers of various colours -had bloomed, yet I did not see so many as they had represented to me, -and as I had expected. I heard that in this neighbourhood there was -a very beautiful valley, and on Thursday, the 18th, I went to see -it. Undoubtedly, whatever praise they might use in speaking of that -flowery land would be permissible. As far as the eye reached flowers of -all colours were blooming. There were picked fifty kinds of flowers in -my presence. Probably there were others that I did not see. At the end -of the day I turned my reins in order to return. That night an account -was given in my presence of the siege of Ahmadnagar. Khan-Jahan told -a strange tale, which I had also heard before, and it is written on -account of its strangeness. At the time when my brother Daniyal was -besieging the fort of Ahmadnagar, one day the garrison laid the gun -Malik-maidan [386] (king of the plain) against the Prince's camp, -and fired it. The ball reached nearly to the Prince's tent; from that -place it bounded (ricocheted), and went to the lodging of Qazi Bayazid, -who was one of the Prince's companions, and fell there. They had tied -up the Qazi's horse at a distance of 3 or 4 gaz. As the ball touched -the ground, the horse's tongue [387] was torn out by the root and fell -on the ground. The ball was of stone, weighing 10 maunds as current -in Hindustan, or 80 Khurasar maunds. The said gun is so large that -a man can sit comfortably in it. - -On this day I promoted Abu-l-Hasan, the chief Bakshi, to the mansab of -5,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Mubariz K. to that of 2,000 personal -and 1,700 horse. Bizan (or Bizhan) s. Nad `Ali, to that of 1,000 -personal and 500 horse, and Amanat K. to that of 2,000 personal -and 400 horse. On Thursday, the 25th, I gave Nawazish K., s. Sa`id -K., the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse, Himmat K. that -of 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse, and Sayyid Ya`qub K., s. Sayyid -Kamal Bukhari, that of 800 personal and 500 horse. Mir `Ali `Askar, -[388] s. Mir `Ali Akbar Musawi, was dignified with the title of Musawi -K. As I had repeatedly heard praise of the Ilaq of Kuri-marg, [389] -I felt much disposed to visit it at this time, and on Tuesday, the -7th Amurdad, rode in that direction. How shall I write its praise? As -far as the eye could reach flowers of various hue were blooming, and -in the midst of the flowers and verdure beautiful streams of water -were flowing: one might say it was a page that the painter of destiny -had drawn with the pencil of creation. The buds of hearts break into -flower from beholding it. Undoubtedly there is no comparison between -this and other Ilaqs, and it may be said to be the place most worth -seeing in Kashmir. - -In Hindustan (i.e., Upper India) there is a bird called Papiha, -[390] of a sweet voice, which in the rainy season utters soul-piercing -(jan-suz, lit. soul-burning) laments. As the koyal lays its egg in the -nest of the crow, and the latter brings up its young, so I have seen -in Kashmir that the papiha lays its egg in the nest of the ghaugha'i -[391] (ring-dove?) and the ghaugha'i brings up its young. - -On Thursday, the 17th, Fida'i K. was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 -personal and 700 horse. On this day the ambassador of `Izzat [392] -K., ruler of Urganj, by name Muhammad Zahid, came to the Court, -and presented a petition, accompanied with some trifling presents, -and recalled the existence of hereditary relations (lit., shook the -chain of hereditary connection). I distinguished him with the eye of -kindness, and on the spur of the moment gave the ambassador 10,000 -darbs (Rs. 5,000) as a present, and ordered the officials of the -buyutat (household) to prepare and send (by him) such things as he -might ask for. - -At this time a strange act of grace occurred to my son [393] Khan-Jahan -(Lodi). He had become very ill from the madness of wine, and from the -overpowering of this man-destroying intoxication things had come to -such a pass that it threatened his precious life. Suddenly he reformed, -and God directed him, and he made a vow that thereafter he would not -defile the fringe of his lip with wine. Although I warned him that -it was not good to give it up all at once, and that he should leave -it off gradually, he would not consent, but gave it up manfully. - -On the 25th of Amurdad Bahadur K., Governor of Qandahar, was promoted -to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and on the 2nd of -the Divine month of Shahriwar, Man Singh, s. Rawat Shankar, to that of -1,500 and 800 horse, Mir Husamu-d-din to that of 1,500 and 500 horse, -and Karamu-llah, s. `Ali Mardan K. [394] to that of 600 with 300 horse. - -As at this time I was much inclined to parti-coloured [395] veined -teeth, the great Amirs exerted themselves greatly in looking out for -them. Of these, `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi sent a servant of the name -of `Abdu-llah with a letter to Khwaja Hasan and Khwaja `Abdu-r-Rahim, -ss. Khwaja Kalan Juybari, who are to-day the leading holy men of -Transoxiana, containing a request for these things. By chance, Khwaja -Hasan had a perfect tooth, exceedingly delicate, and immediately -sent it with the aforesaid (servant) to the Court, which it reached -this day. I was greatly pleased, and ordered them to send the value -of Rs. 30,000 in choice goods to the Khwajas, a service for which -Mir Baraka Bukhari was fixed upon. On Thursday, the 12th Shahriwar, -Mir Miran obtained leave to take up the faujdarship of Mewat, and -his mansab, original and increased, was fixed at 2,000 with 1,500 -horse. I gave him a special horse, with a dress of honour and a sword. - -At this time it was made clear from a report of Sundar [396] that -Jauhar Mal, the rebel, had delivered his soul to the lords of hell -(had died). It was also reported that a force sent against one of the -Zamindars had abandoned the path of caution, and without fortifying -the way of entrance and exit, or taking possession of the hill-tops, -had entered into the fastnesses of the hills, and had fought without -any good result. As the day drew towards its close, they had turned -their reins with their object unaccomplished, and in turning back, -had made every haste. Many people had been killed, especially those -who would not put up with the disgrace of flight. They purchased -martyrdom with their lives. Out of them Shah-baz K. Dalumani [397] -(?), which is a tribe of Lodi Afghans, sacrificed his life with a -band of his servants and tribesmen. In truth he was a good servant, -and had intelligence combined with modesty. Another report was that -Jamal Afghan, Rustam, his brother, Sayyid Nasib Barha, and some -others had come in wounded. It was also reported that the siege (of -Kangra) had become a close one, and the affair was going hard with -the besieged. They had sent (literally thrown out) men as mediators, -and had asked for quarter. It was hoped that by the blessing of -increasing fortune the fort would be subdued. - -On Wednesday, the 18th of the same month (Shahriwar), Dilawar -K. Kakar died a natural death. Beyond all the other Amirs of high -rank, he combined valour with leadership and knowledge of affairs, -and from the time when I was a prince carried away from all the ball -of superiority in my service. He acted constantly with the perfection -of sincerity and the jewel of doing right, and had thus arrived at -the dignity of Amirship. In the end of his life God Almighty bestowed -grace upon him, and the conquest of Kishtwar, which was an exemplary -service, was accomplished by his courage. It is hoped he may be one -of the pardoned. His sons and the others that he left behind him I -exalted with all kinds of favours and patronage, and enrolled those -of his people who were fit for mansabs amongst the servants of the -Court. I ordered the rest, to remain as usual with his sons, so that -his company might not be split up. - -On this day Qur Yasawul came with a diamond that Ibrahim K. Fath-jang -had obtained from the Bengal mine, and waited on me. Wazir K., diwan -of Bengal, who was an old servant of the Court, died a natural death. - -On the night of Thursday, the 19th, the Kashmiris had lined with lamps -both sides of the Bihat. It is an ancient custom that every year on -this day everyone, whether rich or poor, whoever has a house on the -bank of the river, should light lamps as on the Shab-i-barat. I asked -the brahmans the reason of this, and they said that on this day the -fountain-head of the Jhelam was disclosed, and the custom had come -down from old days that on this date must take place the feast of Veth -tarwah. [398] Veth means the Jhelam, and they call thirteen tarwah; -as this day is the 13th of Shawwal, they light lamps. In this way they -call it the Veth tarwah. Undoubtedly the lamp-lighting was good. I -sate in a boat and went round to see it. On this day the feast of -my solar weighing took place, and according to the usual custom, -I weighed myself against gold and other things, which I distributed -among deserving people. The 51st year of the age of this suppliant -at the throne of Allah came to an end; the 52nd year lit up the face -of expectation. It is hoped that the period of my life will be spent -in pleasing God. The entertainment of Thursday, the 26th, was held -in the lodging of Asaf K. (Nur-Jahan's brother), and that pillar -of the Sultanate fulfilled the duties of homage, and of offerings, -and thereby acquired eternal bliss. - -On 1 Shahriwar (about 11 August) ducks (murghabi) appeared on the Wular -lake, and on the 24th of that month they appeared on the Dal lake. The -following is the list of birds which are not met with in Kashmir: - - - LIST. - - 1. Crane [399] (kulang). - 2. Saras (grus Antigone). - 3. Peacock. - 4. Bustard (jarz or charz). - 5. Stork (laglag). - 6. Bustard (tughdari). - 7. Bustard (tughdagh). - 8. Karwanak (kind of crane?). - 9. Zard-tilak (golden oriole?). - 10. Nuqra-pay (silver-foot). - 11. `Azam-pay. - 12. Boza laglag (royal curlew). - 13. Pelican (hawasil). - 14. Makisa (Ardea indica?). - 15. Baghla (paddy-bird). - 16. Goose (qaz). - 17. Konkla (kokila, the black cuckoo?). - 18. Partridge (durraj). - 19. Shavak (starling). - 20. Nol-i-surkh (redbeak, [parrot]?). - 21. Musicha (wood-pigeon?). - 22. Hariyal (green pigeon?). - 23. Dhing (adjutant). - 24. Koyal (Eudynamys Orientalis). - 25. Shakar-khwara (sugar-eater, [parrot]?). - 26. Mahokha (cuculus castaneus?). - 27. Mahirlat (?). - 28. Dhanesh (hornbill). - 29. Gulchari (quail?). - 30. Tatiri, which the Turks call (blank in MSS.) and I have named - bad-awaz, "evil-voiced." (It is perhaps the sandpiper.) - - -As the Persian names of some of these are not known, or rather, -these birds don't exist in Persia (Wilayat), I have written the Hindi -names. [400] The names of the carnivorous and herbivorous animals -that are not in Kashmir are as follows: The tiger, the panther -(yuz), the rhinoceros, [401] the wild buffalo, the black antelope, -the gazelle, the kotah pacha (hog-deer), the nil-gaw, the wild ass, -the hare, the lynx, the wild cat, the mushak-i-karbala'i (?), [402] -the porpoise, and the porcupine. - -On this day peaches came from Kabul by runners. The largest of these -weighed 26 tolas, [403] or 65 misqals. As long as their season lasted, -such a number came that I gave them to most of the Amirs, and to the -private servants fed from the royal table. - -On Friday, [404] the 27th, I went out to see Virnag, [405] the source -of the Bihat. Going up the river 5 koss in a boat, I alighted at the -village of Pampur. - -On this day unpleasant news came from Kishtwar. The details of this -are that when Dilawar K. conquered it and returned to Court, he left -Nasru-llah `Arab, with some of the mansabdars to guard it. Nasru-llah -made two mistakes. One was that he treated the Zamindars and the people -of the place harshly, and did not observe a conciliatory demeanour -towards them. The second was that the forces sent as auxiliaries to -him, in expectation of increase of mansab, asked him for leave to go to -Court and transact their affairs. He yielded to their representations, -[406] and gave them leave one after the other. When only a small -force was left with him, the Zamindars, whose hearts had been wounded -by him, and were on the look out for a disturbance, found their -opportunity and made an attack from all quarters. Having burnt the -bridge by which the army had crossed, and by which assistance could -come, they lighted the fire of disturbance and sedition. Nasru-llah -shut himself up, and for two or three days defended himself with the -greatest difficulty (literally, with a thousand life-extractions). As -he had no provisions, and they had closed the road, he determined to -accept martyrdom, and manfully, with some of those who were with him, -performed the dues of bravery and valour until most of his men were -killed, and some became captives in the hands of destiny. - -When this news reached my ear, I appointed Jalal, s. Dilawar K., -on whose forehead the traces of bravery and ambition were manifest, -and who had done good service in the conquest of Kishtwar, with the -mansab of 1,000 personal and 600 horse, giving him the attendants -of his father who were enrolled among the servants of the Court, -and an army of the soldiers of Kashmir, with many of the Zamindars -and men on foot with muskets, to assist him in overcoming that mob, -doomed to a vile end. An order was also given that Raja Sangram, the -Zamindar of Jammu, with his own men, should come in by the hill-road -from Jammu. It is hoped that the rebels will quickly obtain the -recompense for their deeds. - -On Saturday, the 28th, I marched 4 1/2 koss. Passing one koss beyond -Kakapur, I came to the bank of the river. The bang [407] (bhang) -of Kakapur is well-known. It grows wild on the bank of the river in -quantities. On Sunday, the 29th, I halted at the village of Panj -Brara. [408] This village [409] has been bestowed on my fortunate -son Shah Parwiz. His Vakils had prepared a small building and a -little garden overlooking the river. In the neighbourhood of Panj -Brara there is a meadow (julga) [410] exceedingly clean and pleasant, -with seven lofty plane-trees in the middle of it, and a stream of the -river flowing round it. The Kashmiris call it Satha Bhuli(?) [411] -It is one of the great resorts of Kashmir. - -On this day arrived the news of the death of Khan Dauran, [412] -who died a natural death at Lahore. He had nearly reached ninety -years of age. He was one of the brave men of the age and valiant in -the battlefield. He combined bravery with leadership. He performed -great services for the dynasty. It is hoped that he will be among -the pardoned ones. He left four sons, but none of them was worthy to -be his son. He left about Rs. 400,000 in cash and goods, which were -given to his sons. - -On Monday, the 30th, I first visited the fountain of Inch. This -village had been given by my father to Ram Das Kachhwaha, [413] and -he had erected buildings and basins at the spring. Undoubtedly, it -is an exceedingly sweet and delightful place. Its water is perfectly -clear and pure, and many fish swim in it. - - - VERSE. - - So clear the water that the grains of sand at bottom - Could be counted at midnight by a blind man. - - -As I gave [414] the village to my son Khan Jahan, he prepared an -entertainment there, and presented offerings. I chose a trifle in order -to please him. Half a koss from this spring, there is a fountain that -they call Machhi Bhawan, [415] above which Ray Bihari Chand, one of -the servants of my father, built an idol-temple. The beauty of this -spring is more than one can describe, and large trees of ancient -years, planes, white and black poplars, have grown up round it. I -passed the night at this place, and on Tuesday, the 31st, pitched -at the fountain of Achval. [416] The water of this spring is more -plentiful than that of the other, and it has a fine waterfall. Around -it lofty plane-trees and graceful white poplars, bringing their heads -together, have made enchanting places to sit in. As far as one could -see, in a beautiful garden, Ja`fari flowers had bloomed, so that one -might say it was a piece of Paradise. On Wednesday, the 1st of Mihr, -marching from Achval, I pitched camp near the fountain of Virnag. [417] -On Thursday, the 2nd, the feast of cups was prepared at the spring. I -gave my private attendants permission to sit down. Filling brimming -cups, I gave them Kabul peaches as a relish, and in the evening they -returned drunk (mastan, exhilarated?) to their abodes. This spring is -the source of the River Bihat, and is situated at the foot of a hill, -the soil of which, from the abundance of trees and the extent of green -and grass, is not seen. When I was a prince, I had given an order that -they should erect a building at this spring suitable to the place. It -was now completed. There was a reservoir of an octagonal shape, -forty-two yards in area and fourteen [418] gaz in depth. Its water, -from the reflection of the grass and plants on the hill, had assumed -a hue of verdure. Many fish swam in it, round it halls with domes -had been erected, and there was a garden in front of them. From the -edge of the pond to the gate [419] of the garden there was a canal 1 -gaz in width and 180 [420] gaz in length, and 2 gaz in depth. Round -the reservoir was a stone walk (khiyaban-i-sang). The water of the -reservoir was so clear that, notwithstanding its 4 gaz of depth, if -a pea had fallen into it, it could have been seen. Of the trimness of -the canal and the verdure of the grass that grew below the fountain, -what can one write? Various [421] sorts of plants and sweet-smelling -herbs grew there in profusion, and among them was seen a stem -(buta), which had exactly the appearance of the variegated tail of -a peacock. It waved about in the ripple, and bore flowers here and -there. In short, in the whole of Kashmir there is no sight of such -beauty and enchanting character. It appears to me that what is upstream -[422] in Kashmir bears no comparison with (i.e., is far superior to) -what is downstream. One should stay some days in these regions, and go -round them so as to enjoy oneself thoroughly. As the hour for marching -was near, and snow was beginning to fall at the head of the passes, -I had not the leisure to linger there, and was obliged to turn my rein -towards the city. I gave an order that plane-trees should be planted -on both sides, on the banks of the canal above mentioned. On Saturday, -the 4th, I encamped at the spring of Loka Bhawan. [423] This spring -is also a pleasant spot. Although at present it is not equal to the -others, if it were to be repaired it would be very good. I ordered -them to construct a building worthy of the place, and to repair the -reservoir in front of it. On the road I passed by a spring which -they call Andha Nag [424] (blind fountain. See Iqbal-nama, 166). It -is well known that the fish in this fountain are blind. I delayed a -while near this spring, and threw in a net and caught twelve of the -fish. Of these, three were blind and nine had eyes. Evidently the -water of this spring has the effect of making them blind. Certainly -this is not devoid of strangeness. On Sunday, the 5th, I again passed -by the springs of Machhi Bhawan and Inch, and went to the city. - -On Wednesday, the 8th, news arrived of the death of Hashim, s. Qasim -K. On Thursday, the 9th, Iradat K. was promoted to the governorship of -Kashmir. Mir Jumla in his place was chosen for the duty of Khansaman, -and Mu`tamid [425] K. to that of `Arz-muqarrir. The mansab of 2,000 -personal and 500 horse was ordered for Mir Jumla. On the night of -Saturday, the 11th, I entered the city. Asaf K. was appointed to the -duty of Diwan of Gujarat. Sangram, Raja of Jammu, was promoted to -the mansab of 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. - -On this day I saw an unusual kind of fishing on the part of the -fishermen of Kashmir. In a place where the water was up to a man's -chest, they propelled two boats that were side by side, and so that -at one end they were in contact, and at the other end they were 14 -or 15 yards apart. Two boatmen held long poles in their hands, and -sate on the outside edge of each boat (?) so as to regulate the space -between each boat, and that they should proceed equally. Then ten or -twelve boatmen got down into the water, and laying hold of the ends -of the two boats that were joined [426] together with their hands, -trampled the bottom with their feet, and moved on. The fish which -were between the boats wanted to get out of the narrow space, and -came against the feet of the boatmen. Immediately one of the boatmen -dived, and another one pressed upon his back, and with his two hands -kept him from coming to the surface. The latter caught a fish and -produced it. Some who are skilful in the art catch two fish with their -hands, and bring them to the surface. Among them was an old boatman, -who generally at each dive brought up two fish. This kind of fishing -occurs at Panj Brara, [427] and is peculiar to the Jhelam. It is not -used in ponds or in other streams. It also only takes place in the -spring when the water is not cold or impetuous (gazanda, "biting"?). - -On Monday, the 13th, the feast of the Dasahra took place. According to -the annual custom, they decorated the horses in the special stables, -and those that had been entrusted to Amirs, and brought them out. At -this time I experienced in myself a shortness of breath and difficulty -in breathing. I hope that in the end, please God, it may all go well. - -On Wednesday, the 15th, I went to make an autumn tour in the direction -of Safapur and the valley of Lar, situated downstream of the Kashmir -River. In Safapur there is a fine tank, and on the north side of -it a hill full of trees. It being the beginning of autumn, it had a -wonderful appearance, with trees of all colours, such as the planes, -the apricot, and others, reflected in the middle of the tank, and -very beautiful. Undoubtedly the beauties of autumn are not less than -those of spring. - - - VERSE. - - There's no exhilaration in decay, but to the eye - The glory of autumn is more brilliant than the Spring. - - -As the time was short and the hour of marching near, I took a short -circuit and returned. These few days I passed pleasantly in catching -[428] ducks. One day, in the midst of the sport, a boatman caught and -brought me a young qarqara (the demoiselle crane, Ardea virgo). It was -very thin and miserable. It did not live longer than one night. The -qarqara does not live in Kashmir. This had become ill and thin at -the time of coming from, or going to, Hindustan, and fallen there. - -On Friday news came of the death of Mirza Rahmandad, s. the -Khan-khanan. He died a natural death at Balapur. It appears that he -had been suffering from fever for some days. When he was recovering, -the Deccanis one day appeared with an army. His elder brother, -Darab K., mounted with the intention of fighting. When the news -reached Rahman-dad, with great bravery, notwithstanding his weakness -and failing health, he went to his brother. After he had beaten the -enemy, he returned and in taking off his jubba (quilted waistcoat) -was not sufficiently careful. The wind immediately caught him, and -he was seized with convulsions, and his tongue became powerless to -speak. He remained two or three days in this state and died. He -was a good and brave youth, was fond of sword-play, and was very -zealous. In every place it was his idea to display his skill with the -sword. Although fire burns equally what is green and what is dry, -yet it appeared very grievous to me, and what must it have been to -his broken-hearted old father? Hardly had the wound from the calamity -of Shah-nawaz K. healed, when he received this fresh wound. I trust -that God Almighty may give him patience and resignation. - -On Thursday, the 16th, Khanjar K. was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 -personal and horse, Qasim K. to that of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, -and Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja Jahan, who held the post of -Bakhshi to the army of Kangra, that of 800 personal and horse. On the -night [429] of Monday, the 27th of the Divine month of Mihr, after -one watch and seven gharis had passed, the royal standards were raised -auspiciously and happily to return towards Hindustan. As the saffron -had blossomed, a march was made from the neighbourhood of the city to -the village of Pampur. [430] In the whole country of Kashmir there is -saffron only in this place. On Thursday, the 30th, the feast of cups -was held in a saffron field. Groves on groves, and plains on plains -were in bloom. The breeze in that place scented one's brain. The stem -is attached (close?) to the ground. The flower has four petals, and -its colour is that of a violet. It is of the size of a champa flower, -and from the middle of it three stigmas of saffron grow. They plant -the bulbs, and in a good year obtain 400 maunds of the current weight -or 3,002 [431] Khurasan maunds. The custom is for half to go to the -government, and half to the cultivators. A seer is bought and sold -for Rs. 10. Occasionally its market price is more or less, and it is -an established custom that they bring the saffron flowers plucked, and -according to the plan they have adopted from of old, they take half its -weight in salt as wages. There is no salt in Kashmir, and they bring -it from Hindustan. Again, among the excellencies of Kashmir are the -plumes of feathers (kalgi) and the hawks (janwar-i-shikari). As much -as 10,700 feathers are yearly obtained. Hawks and falcons are taken -in nets to the number of 260. It has also nest sparrow-hawks (basha), -[432] and the nest sparrow-hawk is not bad. On Friday, the 1st of -the divine month of Aban, marching from Pampur, I pitched my camp at -Khanpur. As it was reported to me that Zambil [433] Beg, ambassador -from my brother Shah `Abbas, had reached the neighbourhood of Lahore, -a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000 for expenses were sent to him by Mir -Husamu-d-din s. `Azudu-d-daula Inju. [434] I ordered that whatever he -might expend on entertaining the ambassador should be sent to him to -the extent of Rs. 5,000. [435] Before this I had directed that from -Kashmir to the end of the hilly country buildings should be erected -at each stage for the accommodation of myself and the ladies, for in -the cold weather one should not be in tents. Although the buildings at -this stage had been completed, as they were still damp and there was -a smell of lime, we put up in tents. On Saturday, the 2nd, I halted -at Kalampur. As it had repeatedly been represented to me that in -the neighbourhood of Hirapur there was a waterfall [436] very high -and wonderful, as it was 3 or 4 koss off on the left of the road, -I hastened there to see it. What can be written in its praise? The -water pours down in three or four gradations(?). I had never seen such -a beautiful waterfall. Without hesitation, it is a sight to be seen, -very strange and wonderful. I passed the time there in enjoyment till -the third watch of the day, and filled my eye and heart with the sight; -but in the cloudy and rainy season it is not devoid of wildness. After -the third watch had passed, in the evening I rode back to Hirapur, -[437] and passed the night at that stage. On Monday, the 4th, crossing -over the kotal of Bari Brari, [438] I chose Pirpanjal, at the head -of the kotal, for a halting-place. Of the roughnesses of the pass and -the difficulties of this road what shall I write? It is difficult for -thought even to cross it. In these last few days snow had repeatedly -fallen, the hills had become white, and in the middle of the path in -some places ice had formed, so that the hoof of a horse had no hold, -and a rider could only pass with difficulty. God Almighty bestowed -upon us His mercy, for it did not snow on this day. The advantage -was for those who went on in front. Those who followed came in for -snow. On Tuesday, the 5th, going by the pass of Pirpanjal the camp -was pitched at Poshana. Although on this side there is a descent, yet -as it is high, most of the people passed it on foot. On Wednesday, -the 6th, we pitched at Bahramgalla. Near this village there is a -waterfall and a very fine spring. According to orders, they had made -a terrace for me to sit upon; indeed, this is a sight to be seen. I -ordered that they should engrave on a stone tablet the date of the -crossing, and place it on the top of the terrace (suffa). Bi-badal -K. [439] composed some couplets, and this mark of my fortune remains -on the path of poetry as a memorial on the tablet of Time(?). There -are two Zamindars on this road in whose charge are the arrangements -for the traffic on it, and they are in reality the keys of the -country of Kashmir. They call one Mahdi Nayak and the other Husain -Nayak. The charge of the road from Hirapur to Bahramgalla is in their -hands. Bahram Nayak, the father of Mahdi Nayak, during the Kashmiri -government, was an important person. When the authority passed to the -imperial servants, Mirza Yusuf K., during his government, made Bahram -Nayak a traveller to the country of non-existence. It is now equally -in the possession and charge of the two. [440] Although outwardly -they are on good terms, they really bear great enmity towards each -other. On this day Shaikh Ibn Yamin, who was one of the old trusted -servants, went to the neighbourhood of God's mercy (died). [441] -On account of my great reliance on him, my opium and drinking water -[442] were in his charge. On the night when we were encamped above -the kotal of Pirpanjal, the tents and furniture had not arrived. He -was rather infirm and the cold affected him, and he became cramped -so that he could not speak. He remained alive for two days in this -state and then died. I gave over the private opium to Khawass K., -and the ab-dar-khana (the water department) to Musawi K. On Thursday, -the 7th, the village of Thana [443] became the encamping place. Many -monkeys (maimun) were seen in Bahramgalla, and from that stage a great -difference was apparent in the climate, the language, the clothing, -the animals, and whatever properly belongs to a warm country. The -people here speak both Persian and Hindi. Evidently Hindi is their real -language, and they have acquired Kashmiri on account of the proximity -of Kashmir. Briefly, one enters India at this place. The women do -not wear woollen clothing, and like Indian women, they wear nose-rings. - -On Friday, the 8th, Rajaur was the camping-ground. The people of -this country were in old times Hindus, and the landholders are called -Rajas. Sultan Firuz made them Muhammadans, but they are still called -Rajas. They still have the marks of the times of ignorance. One of -these is that just as some Hindu women burn themselves along with their -husbands (bodies), so these women (the Rajaur women) are put into the -grave along with their (dead) husbands. I heard that recently they -put alive into the grave a girl of ten or twelve along with her (dead) -husband, who was of the same age. Also, when a daughter is born to a -man without means, they put her to death by strangulation. [444] They -ally themselves with Hindus, and both give and take girls. Taking them -is good, but giving them, God forbid! I gave an order that hereafter -they should not do such things, and whoever was guilty of them, should -be capitally punished. There is a river at Rajaur. Its water during -the rainy season becomes much poisoned. Many of the people there get -a swelling (bughma) under the throat, and are yellow and weak. The -rice of Rajaur is much [445] better than the rice of Kashmir. There -are self-grown and sweet-scented violets in this skirt of the hills. - -On Sunday, the 10th, I encamped at Naushahra. At this place, by order -of my father, they had built a stone fort, and there is constantly -here, by way of a station (thana), a body of men from the governor -of Kashmir. On Monday the camp was at Chauki Hatti. A chela named -Murad had exerted himself to complete the buildings at this place, -and had done it well. In the middle of the royal abode there was -a fine terrace, superior to those of other stages. I increased -his mansab. On Tuesday, the 12th, I halted at Bhimbar. Passing -this day out of kotals and hills, we entered the broad plains of -Hindustan. The hunters had previously been dispatched to form -qamurghas, so as to prepare jirgas (hunting rings) in Bhimbar -and Girjhak [446] and Makhiyala. On Wednesday and Thursday they -drove in the game. On Friday I rejoiced in a hunt. Hill quchqar, -[447] etc., to the number of 56 head were taken. On this day Raja -Sarang Deo, who was one of the intimate attendants, was promoted -to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 horse. On Saturday, the 16th, -I went towards Girjhak, and in five marches encamped on the bank of -the Bihat. On Thursday, the 21st, I hunted in the hunting-ring of -Girjhak. Less game than usual was taken, and I was not satisfied. On -Monday, the 25th, I hunted with much enjoyment in the hunting-ring -of Makhiyala, [448] thence in ten stages I encamped at the stage -of the hunting-place of Jahangirabad. When I was prince, this was -my hunting-place. Afterwards, I founded a village with my own name, -and erecting a small building, placed it in charge of Sikandar Mu`in, -who was one of my best huntsmen. After I came to the throne I made -a pargana of it, and bestowed it as a jagir on him. I gave an order -that they should construct there a building as a royal residence, -with a tank and a minaret [449] (manara). After his death this pargana -was given in jagir to Iradat K., and the charge of the buildings was -given to him. It has now been handsomely completed. Undoubtedly the -tank was very broad, [450] and in the middle there is a delightful -building. Altogether the buildings here cost Rs. 1,50,000. Really it -is a kingly hunting-place. On Thursday and Friday, having halted, -I enjoyed myself with various kinds of sport. Qasim K., who was -honoured with the charge of Lahore, had the good fortune to pay his -respects to me, and presented 50 muhars. - -In one march after this stage I encamped at the garden of Mumin -`Ishq-baz, [451] which is on the bank of the Lahore River (the -Ravi), and has some lofty plane-trees and handsome cypresses. It -is certainly a rare garden. On Monday, the 9th of the Divine month -of Azar, corresponding with the 5th Muharram of A.H. 1030 [452] -(20 November, 1620), mounting an elephant of the name of Indra, I -went towards the city, scattering coin as I proceeded. After three -watches and two gharis of day had passed, at the selected auspicious -hour, having entered the royal residence, I alighted happily and -auspiciously at the building recently brought to completion and -finished handsomely by the exertions of Ma`mur K. Without exaggeration, -charming residences and soul-exciting sitting places had been erected -in great beauty and delicacy, adorned and embellished with paintings -by rare artists. Pleasant green gardens with all kinds of flowers -and sweet-scented herbs deceived the sight. - - - VERSE. [453] - - From head to foot, wherever I look, - A glance plucks at the heart's skirt (saying), - "This is the place" (to stop at). - - -Altogether, there had been expended on these buildings the sum of -Rs. 700,000 or 23,000 current tumans of Persia. [454] - -On this day the joy-enhancing news of the conquest of the fort -of Kangra rejoiced our mind. In thankfulness for this great boon -and important victory, which was one of the renewed favours of the -Bestower of Gifts, I bowed the head of humility at the throne of the -merciful Creator, and beat with loud sounds the drum of gladness -and pleasure. Kangra is an ancient fort to the North of Lahore, -situated in the midst of the hill country, famous for its strength -and the difficulty of conquering it. Who was the founder of this fort -God only knows. The belief of the Zamindars of the province of the -Panjab is that, during this period the said fort has never passed to -any other tribe, and no stranger has stretched out to it the hand of -dominion. Wisdom is from Allah! But certainly from the time when the -voice of Islam and the sound of the established religion of Muhammad -reached Hindustan, not one of the Sultans of lofty dignity has obtained -the victory over it. Sultan Firuz-shah, with all his power and might, -himself went to conquer it, and besieged it for a long time. As he -knew that the strength of the fort was such that as long as the means -for holding it and provisions were with the besieged, victory over -them was unattainable, nolens volens he was contented with the coming -of the Raja to pay his respects to him, and withheld his hand. They -say that the Raja prepared an offering and an entertainment, and at -his request took the Sultan inside the fort. The Sultan, after going -round and inspecting it, said to the Raja that to bring a king like -him inside the fort was not according to the dictates of caution. What -could he do if the body of men who were in attendance were to attack -him and take possession of the fort? The Raja made a sign to his men, -and instantaneously an army of valiant men armed and accoutred, came -out from a concealed place and saluted the Sultan. The Sultan became -suspicious and anxious about an attack from these men, and suspected -some stratagem. The Raja came forward and kissed the ground of service, -and said: "I have no thought but that of service and obedience, but -as has been spoken by the auspicious tongue, I observe far-sighted -caution, for all times are not the same." The Sultan applauded -him. The Raja, having accompanied him for some stages, obtained -leave to return. After this, whoever sat on the throne of Delhi -sent an army to subdue Kangra, but the thing went no further. My -revered father also sent a large army once under the leadership of -Husain Quli K., who, after approved service, was honoured with the -title of Khan Jahan. Whilst the siege was in progress, the outbreak -of Ibrahim Husain Mirza took place. That ingrate fled from Gujarat, -and raised the flag of rebellion and calamity towards the Panjab. Khan -Jahan was compelled to raise the siege, and to turn to extinguish the -flame of his sedition. Thus the acquisition of the fort fell into the -knot of delay. The thought was continually lurking in the royal mind: -"The longed-for Fair one does not show her face from the secret place -of Destiny." When by the Grace of the Glorious God the throne of the -State was adorned by the existence of this suppliant, this was one -of the holy wars which I considered incumbent on me. In the first -instance I dispatched Murtaza K., who was governor of the Panjab, -with a force of brave men skilled in war, to conquer the fort. This -important matter had not been completed when Murtaza K. attained -to the mercy of God (died). After this Jauhar Mal, [455] s. Raja -Baso, undertook this duty. I sent him, giving him the command of the -army. That wicked one, taking to evil revolt and ingratitude, committed -sin, and dispersion found its way into that army, and the acquisition -of the fort fell into the knot of delay. No long time elapsed before -that ingrate received the recompense of his deeds and went to hell, -as has been described in its own place. [456] In fine, at this time -Khurram undertook that duty, and sent his own servant Sundar [457] -with all haste, and many of the royal servants obtained leave to go -to his support. On the 16th Shawwal, A.H. 1029, (5 September, 1620), -the armies, having invested the fort, erected batteries. Looking to the -ways of entrance into and exit from the fort with the eye of caution, -they closed the road for the entrance of provisions. By degrees the -besieged became straitened, and when there remained in the fort no -grain that they could eat, for four months more they boiled dry grasses -[458] with salt and ate it. When destruction was imminent, and no hope -of escape was left, they asked for quarter and surrendered the fort. - -On Thursday, the 1st Muharram, A.H. 1030, [459] Hijri (16 November, -1620), the victory unattainable by all preceding Sultans of lofty -dignity, and which appeared distant to the short-sighted, God Almighty -of His own grace and mercy granted to this suppliant. The troops, -who had displayed praiseworthy activity in this service, were exalted -according to their exertions and fitness by increase of mansab and -dignities. - -On Thursday, the 11th, I went, at the request of Khurram, to his -newly-built house. I took those of his offerings that pleased me. Three -elephants were placed in the private stud. On the same day I appointed -`Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi to the faujdarship of the district of -Kangra, and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 1,500 horse. I -gave a private elephant to I`tiqad K. Alf K. Qiyam-khani K. obtained -leave to take charge of the fort of Kangra, and his mansab, original -and increased, was fixed at 1,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Shaikh -Faizu-llah, son-in-law of Murtaza K., was appointed in company with -him to stay at the top of the fort (bala-i-qil`a). - -On the night of Saturday, the 13th of the same month, a lunar eclipse -took place. Having performed the dues of humility at the throne of the -highest and most powerful God, cash and goods were distributed by way -of charity among the faqirs and poor, and deserving people. On this day -Zambil Beg, ambassador of the ruler of Persia, had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. After performing salutation, he laid before me the -gracious letter of that brother of high degree, containing expressions -of sincerity and perfect friendship. He presented 12 `Abbasi [460] -(coin) as nazar, four horses with trappings, three tuyghun (white) -falcons, five mules, five camels, nine bows, and nine scimitars. The -Shah had given him leave, in company with Khan `Alam, but for certain -necessary matters he could not come with him. On this day he arrived -at Court. I presented him with a superb dress of honour, with a -plume and a jewelled turban fringe, and a jewelled dagger. Wisal Beg -and Haji Ni`mat, who had come with him, were honoured by waiting on -me. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was promoted to the mansab, original -and increased, of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. At the request of Mahabat K., -I added 300 horse to the mansab of Mubariz K. Afghan, and brought it up -to 2,000 personal and 1,700 horse. One hundred horse were also added -to the mansab of Kabak [461] (?). I sent winter dresses of honour to -`Abdu-llah K. and Lashkar K. At the request of Qasim K. I went to -his garden in the neighbourhood of the city, and in the course of -the procession, scattered 10,000 charans (4-anna pieces). Out of his -offerings I selected one ruby and one diamond, and some cloths. - -On the night of Sunday, the 21st, the advanced camp proceeded -auspiciously and happily towards Agra. Barq-andaz K. was appointed -superintendent of artillery with the army of the Deccan. Shaikh Ishaq -(Isaac) was appointed to duty at Kangra. The brother of Allah-dad, the -Afghan, I released from prison, and made him a present of Rs. 10,000. I -gave also a tuyghun falcon to Khurram. On Thursday, the 26th, the -usual entertainment took place. The presents from the ruler of Persia, -which had been sent by Zambil Beg, were laid before me. I gave an -elephant to Sultan Husain, and made a present of Rs. 1,000 to Mulla -Muhammad Kashmiri. [462] The mansab of Sardar Afghan, at the request -of Mahabat K., was fixed at 1,000 personal and 400 horse. As Raja Rup -Chand of Gwalior [463] had been very active in his service at Kangra, -an order was given to the chief diwans to hand over half of his native -place to him in free gift, and the remaining half as a tankhwah jagir. - -On the 3rd I demanded in marriage for my son Shahriyar the daughter's -daughter [464] of Madaru-l-mulk I`timadu-d-daula, and sent Rs. 100,000 -in cash and goods by way of sachaq (dowry given as part of the marriage -rites). Most of the Amirs and the chief servants went to his house -with gifts. He prepared a grand entertainment with much ceremony. It -is hoped that it may be auspicious to him. As that Chief of the State -had erected lofty buildings, and highly decorated bowers in his house, -he invited me to an entertainment. I went there with the ladies. He -had prepared a great feast, and laid before me appropriate offerings -of all kinds. In order to please him, I took such as I approved of. On -this day Rs. 50,000 were presented to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. The -mansab of Zabar-dast K. was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse, -original and increased. Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was promoted to -the mansab of 500 personal and 300 horse, and Mirza Dakhani, s. Mirza -Rustam, to that of 500 personal and 200 horse. - -At this auspicious time [465] when the standards of victory and -conquest were in Kashmir, the province of eternal spring, happily -employed in sight-seeing and sport, representations constantly -came from the officials in the Southern territories to the effect -that when the victorious standards went to a distance from the -centre of the Khalifate, the rulers of the Deccan, owing to their -wickedness, broke their promises and raised their heads by giving -trouble and exciting sedition, and placing their feet beyond their -own boundary, took possession of many of the districts of Ahmadnagar -and Berar. It was constantly reported that the chief object of these -evil-fortuned ones was to plunder and ruin the cultivated fields and -the grazing-lands. When at the first time the world-opening standards -had proceeded to the conquest of the regions of the south and the -overthrow of that band, and Khurram, with the vanguard, had gone to -Burhanpur, they, by feline tricks suitable to such seditious people, -made him their intercessor and evacuated the royal dominions. They -also sent by way of tribute large sums in cash and goods, and promised -that they would not let loose from their hands the rope of service, -and would not place their feet beyond the boundary of respect, as -has been recorded in the preceding pages. At the request of Khurram, -I had halted for a few days at the Fort of Shadi'abad Mandu, and -at his intercession, and on their humiliation and bewailing, they -were pardoned. - -As they had now broken their agreement through evil disposition -and quarrelsomeness, and had turned back from the way of obedience -and service, I sent off the hosts of good fortune again under his -leadership, that they might receive retribution for their evil deeds, -and be an example to all those of crooked fortune and turned heads. But -as the important business of Kangra had been entrusted to him, he had -sent most of his experienced men there. For some days, accordingly, he -could not arrange the matter. At last, report followed on report one -after another, that the enemy had gathered strength, and that nearly -60,000 vagabond horsemen had collected together and taken possession -of royal territory, and wherever there were posts, had removed them, -and joined together in the town of Mahakar. For three months the -imperialists had passed their days in strife and fighting with their -rascally enemies, and during this time three pitched battles had taken -place, and each time the self-sacrificing servants (of the State) had -proved superior to the evil-fortuned rebels. As grain and provisions -could not reach the camp by any road, and the enemy was plundering -on all sides of the army of good fortune, a great scarcity of grain -resulted, and the animals were in bad plight. Having no choice, they -came down from the Balaghat, and took up their position at Balapur. The -rebels, waxing valiant in their pursuit, engaged in plundering in the -neighbourhood of Balapur. Of the servants of the Court 6,000 or 7,000 -horsemen, well mounted, were selected, and they made an attack on the -enemy's camp. They (the enemy) numbered about 60,000 cavalry. Briefly, -a great fight took place, and their camp was plundered. Having killed -and taken prisoners many of them, they returned in safety and with -plunder. When they turned back those wretches again attacked them from -all sides, and they came on, fighting as far as the camp. On both sides -about 1,000 were killed. After this fight they (the imperialists) -remained about four months at Balapur. When the scarcity of grain -became excessive, many of the qulaqchis (servants) ran away and -joined the enemy, and constantly bands of them, taking to the road -of disloyalty, were enrolled among the rebels. On this account, not -considering it advisable to delay any longer, they (the imperialists) -came to Burhanpur. Again, those wretches followed them and besieged -Burhanpur, and they were six months shut up there. Many parganas of the -provinces of Berar and Khandesh passed into their possession, and they -stretched out the hand of oppression over the cultivators and poor, -and engaged in collecting the revenues. As the army had undergone -great hardships and the animals had fallen into bad condition, they -could not leave the city to inflict substantial punishment. Thus the -pride and conceit of those short-sighted ones became greater. Just -at this time the royal standards returned to the capital, and by the -grace of God Kangra was conquered. - -Accordingly, on Friday, the 4th of Dai, I despatched Khurram in -that direction, bestowing on him a dress of honour, a sword, and an -elephant. Nur Jahan Begam also gave him an elephant. I told him after -he had conquered the province of the Deccan he should take as a reward -two [466] crores of dams from the conquered country. 650 mansabdars, -1,000 Ahadis, 1,000 Turkish musketeers, and 1,000 [467] gunners on -foot, in addition to the 31,000 horse already in that quarter, and -a large force of artillery, and many elephants, were appointed to -accompany him. I also gave him a crore of rupees for the expenses of -the victorious army. The servants (of the Court) who were appointed -on this duty received each, according to his standing as a reward, -horses, elephants, and dresses of honour. - -At the same auspicious hour and favourable time, the standards -of the expedition were turned toward Agra, and a halt was made at -Naushahr. [468] Muhammad Riza Jabiri was appointed Diwan to Bengal, -and Khwaja Mulki to the post of Bakhshi in the same, and were promoted -in mansab. Jagat Singh, s. Rana Karan, came from his native place, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 6th of the -same month the open space on the bank of Raja Todar Mal's tank [469] -became the alighting place of the Court of good fortune. Here I halted -for four days. On this day some of the mansabdars who had obtained -leave to go to the conquest of the Deccan were promoted as follows: -Zahid K. held the mansab of 1,000 and 400 horse; he received that -of 1,000 and 500 horse; Hardi Narayan Hada I promoted to 900 and -600 horse, original and increased; Ya`qub, s. Khan Dauran, was given -that of 800 and 400 horse, and in the same manner a great number of -the servants of the State received increase of mansab according to -their capabilities. Mu`tamid K. was appointed to the post of Bakhshi -and newswriter to the royal army, and was honoured with a tugh. The -offering of Lachmi Chand, Raja of Kumaon, consisting of hawks and -falcons and other hunting animals, was brought before me. Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan, obtained leave to proceed as an auxiliary to the army -of the Deccan, being presented with a private horse and saddle. Raja -Rup Chand, having been honoured with the gift of an elephant and a -horse, took leave to go to his jagir. On the 12th my son Khan Jahan -(Lodi) was made governor of Multan, and was given leave. There were -conferred on him a complete dress together with a nadiri (a robe of -Jahangir's invention), a jewelled dagger, a special elephant with -trappings, a female elephant, a special horse of the name of Khadang -(i.e., Arrow), and a pair of hawks. Sayyid Hizabr K. held the mansab -of 1,000 and 400 horse. Increasing these by 500 and 200 horse, I gave -him leave to accompany Khan Jahan. Muhammad Shafi` was appointed -Bakhshi and newswriter to the Subah of Multan. Bhawal (or Bahwal), -who was one of the old servants, was made Ashraf-i-tup-khana (head of -the artillery?), and received the title of Ray. On the 13th the bank -of the river Gobindwal became the camp of the army of prosperity, and -a halt of four days was made. A special elephant called Jai Singh, -with a female, were given to Mahabat K., and sent to him by Safiyya -his servant. Robes of honour were also forwarded to the Amirs of the -Subah of Bangash by `Isa Beg. - -On the 17th [470] the feast of my lunar weighing took place. As -Mu`tamid K. had been appointed Bakhshi to the army of the Deccan and -given leave, the post of `Arz-muqarrir was given to Khwaja Qasim. Mir -Sharaf was made Bakhshi of the Ahadis, and Fazil Beg made Bakhshi of -the Panjab. As Bahadur K., governor of Qandahar, in consequence of a -disease in his eyes, had requested to be allowed to kiss the threshold, -entrusting the government of Qandahar this day to `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., -an order was issued to Bahadur K., that when he arrived he should -hand over the fort to him and come himself to Court. On the 21st -of the same month I took up my quarters at Nur-saray. [471] At this -spot the Vakils of Nur Jahan Begam had built a lofty house, and made -a royal garden. It was now completed. On this account the Begam, -having begged for an entertainment, prepared a grand feast, and by -way of offering, with great pains produced all kinds of delicate and -rare things. In order to please her, I took what I approved. I halted -two days at this place. It was settled that the officials of the -Panjab should send Rs. 200,000, in addition to the Rs. 60,000 already -ordered for provisions for the fort of Qandahar. Mir Qiwamu-d-din, -the diwan of the Panjab, obtained leave to go to Lahore, and received -a dress of honour. Qasim K., with a view to punish the seditious in -the neighbourhood of Kangra, and to preserve order in those regions, -was given leave to go, and I presented him with a special nadiri, a -horse, a dagger, and an elephant. His mansab, original and increased, -was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse. At his request, I allowed -Raja Sangram (of Jammu) to proceed to that region, conferring on him -a robe of honour, a horse, and an elephant. - -On Thursday the camp was pitched outside the town of Sihrind. I halted -one day, and amused myself with going round the garden. On Sunday, -the 4th, Abu-l-Hasan was sent on service for the conquest of the -Deccan. A dress of honour, with a nadiri, a special shawl, an elephant -named Subh-dam (breath of morn), a horsetail banner, and drums, being -given him. I gave leave to Mu`tamid K., presenting him with a dress of -honour, and a special horse called Subh-i-sadiq (the true dawn). On -the 7th of the same month the bank of the river Sarasati (Saraswati) -was the place of encampment of good fortune in the neighbourhood of -the qasba of mustafa'abad. The next day I encamped at Akbarpur, [472] -whence I sat in a boat on the river Jumna, to reach my object. On -this day `Izzat K. Chachi, [473] with the faujdar of that region, -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Giving Muhammad Shafi` -leave to proceed to Multan, I presented him with a horse, a dress -of honour, and a nur-shahi muhar, and sent by him a special turban -(chira) to Khan Jahan, my son (farzand). - -Thence, in five marches, I reached the pargana of Kirana, the native -country of Muqarrab K., and the Court encamped there. By way of -offering, his Vakils laid before me 91 rubies [474] and 4 diamonds, -1,000 gaz of mikhmal (satin) as a pa-andaz (foot-carpet), with a -petition from him, presenting also 100 camels as charity. I ordered -them to be distributed among deserving people. From this place, -in five marches Delhi became the halting-place of the standards of -good fortune I sent It`imadu-d-daula to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz -with a special farji (a dress), for him, and it was settled that he -should return in the space of one month and wait on me. Having halted -for two days at Salimgarh, on Thursday, the 23rd, I passed through -the district of Delhi with the intention of hunting in the pargana -of Palam, and halted on the bank of the Shamsi tank. On the road -I scattered 4,000 charans (Rs. 1,000) with my own hand. Twenty-two -elephants, male and female, had arrived from Bengal as an offering -from Allah-yar, s. Iftikhar K., and were passed before me. - -Zu-l-Qarnain [475] obtained leave to proceed to the faujdarship of -Sambhar. He is the son of Iskandar, the Armenian, and his father -had the good fortune to be in the service of `Arsh-ashyani (Akbar), -who gave him in marriage the daughter of `Abdu-l-Hayy, [476] the -Armenian, who was in service in the royal harem. By her he had two -sons. One was Zu-l-Qarnain, who was intelligent and fond of work, and -to him, during my reign, the chief diwans had entrusted the charge -of the government salt works at Sambhar, a duty which he performed -efficiently. He was now appointed to the faudjarship of that region. He -is an accomplished composer of Hindi songs. His method in this art was -correct, and his compositions were frequently brought to my notice -and were approved. La`l Beg [477] was selected for the daroghahship -of the records in the place of Nuru-d-din Quli. I passed four days -pleasantly in sporting in the neighbourhood of Palam and returned to -Salimgarh. On the 29th, 19 elephants, 2 eunuchs, [478] 1 slave, 41 -[479] fighting cocks, 12 bullocks, and 7 buffaloes were brought before -me as offerings from Ibrahim K. Fath-jang. On Thursday, the 30th, -corresponding with the 25th Rabi`u-l-awwal, the ceremony of my lunar -weighing [480] was performed. I had sent Koka K. to the Khan-khanan, -and forwarded some messages by him. On this day a petition from him -arrived. Mir Miran, who had been appointed to the faujdarship of Mewat, -on this day came and paid his respects, and was dignified with the -governorship of Delhi, in the room of Sayyid Bahwa. - -On this day Aqa Beg and Muhibb `Ali, the envoys of the ruler of -Persia, paid their respects, and presented a loving letter from that -noble brother, together with a black and white plume (kalgi-i-ablaq), -valued by the jewellers at Rs. 50,000. My brother also sent me a ruby -weighing 12 tanks, [481] which had belonged to the jewel-chamber of -M. Ulugh Beg, the successor of M. Shah-rukh. In the course of time, -and by the revolutions of fate, it had come into the hands of the -Safawi family. On this ruby there were engraved in the Naskh [482] -character the words: "Ulugh Beg b. M. Shah-rukh Bahadur b. Mir Timur -Gurgan." My brother, Shah `Abbas, directed that in another corner -they should cut the words: - - - Banda-i-Shah-i-Wilayat [483] `Abbas - "The slave of the King of Holiness, `Abbas." - - -in the Nasta`liq character. He had this ruby inserted in a jigha -(turban ornament), and sent to me as a souvenir. As the ruby bore -the names of my ancestors, I took it as a blessing for myself, -and bade Sa`ida, the superintendent of the goldsmith's department, -engrave in another corner the words "Jahangir Shah b. Akbar Shah," -and the current date. After some days, when the news of the conquest -of the Deccan arrived, I gave that ruby to Khurram, and sent it to him. - -On Saturday, the 1st of Isfandarmuz, I marched from Salimgarh, and -going first to the glorious mausoleum of Humayun (may the lights -of Allah be his testimony!), performed the dues of humility, and -presented 2,000 quarter rupees (charan) to those who sat in seclusion -in that pure cemetery. I encamped twice on the bank of the Jumna in the -environs of the city. Sayyid Hizabr K., [484] who had been appointed -an auxiliary to Khan Jahan, was sent off with the distinction of a -dress of honour, a sword, a dagger, a horse, and a standard. Sayyids -`Alim and `Abdu-l-Hadi, his brothers, were also each honoured with -a horse and a dress of honour. Mir Baraka Bukhari was allowed to go -to Transoxiana. I entrusted Rs. 10,000 to him, 5,000 of them to be -conveyed to Khwaja Salih Dihbidi, who from his fathers was one of the -well-wishers of this State, and the other 5,000 to be divided among the -mujawirs (custodians) attached to the tomb of Timur (may the lights -of Allah be his testimony!). I also gave a special turban (chira) -to Mahabat K., and sent it to him by Mir Baraka. I also ordered Mir -Baraka to make every effort to procure mottled fish-teeth, and to -procure them from any possible quarter, and at any price. - -I went by boat from Delhi, and in six stages reached the plain of -Brindaban. I gave an elephant to Mir Miran, and permitted him to -go to Delhi. Zabar-dast K. was selected to be Mir Tuzuk (master of -ceremonies) in the place of Fida'i K., and I presented him with -a special shawl (parm-narm). Next day, Gokul [485] was the place -of encampment. At this stage, Lashkar K., the governor of Agra, -`Abdu-l-Wahhab Diwan, Raja Nath Mal, Khizr K. Faruqi, ruler (deposed) -of Asir and Burhanpur, Ahmad K., his brother, the Qazi, the Mufti, -and other chief men of the city (of Agra), had the good fortune to wait -[486] on me. On the 11th I halted auspiciously at the Nur-afshan [487] -garden, which is on the opposite side of the Jumna. As the auspicious -hour for entering the city had been fixed for the 14th, I halted here, -and at the selected auspicious hour proceeded to the fort, and entered -the palace happily and victoriously. The propitious journey from -Lahore to Agra was accomplished in the period of two months and two -[488] days, with 49 marches and 21 halts. No day either of marching or -halting, on land or water, passed without sport. 114 deer, 51 duck, -4 heron (karwanak), 10 black partridge (durraj), and 200 bodna [489] -were taken on the way. - -As Lashkar K. had satisfactorily performed his duties at Agra, -I increased his mansab by 1,000 personal and 500 horse, and made -it 4,000 personal and 2,500 horse, and sent him as an auxiliary to -the army of the Deccan. Sa`ida, superintendent of the goldsmith's -department, was dignified with the title of Bi-badal K. Four horses, -some silver ornaments and cloths, which the ruler of Persia had -sent me by Aqa Beg and Muhammad Muhibb `Ali, were produced before -me on this day. The entertainment of Thursday, the 20th, took place -in the Nur-manzil garden. I gave a present of Rs. 1,00,000 to my -son Shahriyar. Muzaffar K., according to order, came from Thatta, -and had the good fortune to wait on me. He offered 100 muhars and -Rs. 100. Lashkar K. produced a ruby as an offering. It was valued -at Rs. 4,000. A special horse of the name of Musahib (companion) -was given to `Abdu-llah K. `Abdu-s-Salam, s. Mu`azzam K., having -arrived from Orissa, had the good fortune to wait on me: 100 muhars -and Rs. 100 were laid before me as his nazar. The mansab of Dust Beg, -s. Tulak K., was fixed at 900 personal and 400 horse. The entertainment -of Thursday, the 27th, was held in the Nur-afshan garden. A special -dress of honour was given to M. Rustam, and a horse to his son, who -was called Dakhani, and a special horse and an elephant to Lashkar K. - -On Friday, the 28th, I went to hunt to the village of Samonagar, -and returned at night. Seven Persian horses, with their trappings, -were laid before me as an offering from Aqa Beg and Muhibb `Ali. I -presented Zambil Beg, the ambassador, with a Nur-jahani muhar of the -weight of 100 tolas, and gave a jewelled penholder to Sadiq K., the -chief Bakhshi. I also gave a village [490] in Agra, by way of in`am, -to Khizr K. Faruqi. In this year 85,000 bighas of land, 3,325 khar-wars -(of rice), 4 villages, 2 ploughs (of land), and a garden, Rs. 2,327, 1 -muhar, 6,200 darbs (half rupees), 7,880 quarter rupees (charan), 1,512 -tolas of gold and silver, and 10,000 dams from the treasury were given, -in my presence, as alms to faqirs and necessitous people. Thirty-eight -elephants, of the value of Rs. 2,41,000, [491] were presented as -offerings, and were placed in the special elephant house, whilst 51 -were presented by me to the great Amirs and the servants of the Court. - - - - - - - - -THE SIXTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On Monday, [492] the 27th Rabi`u-l-akhir, A.H. 1030 (10 March, 1621), -the sun that bestows bounty on the world lit up the abode of fortune -of Aries with his world-illuminating light, and gladdened the world -and its inhabitants. The sixteenth year of the reign of this suppliant -at the throne of Allah commenced with gladness and victory, and at the -auspicious hour and blessed time I sat on the throne of success in the -capital of Agra. On this joy-enhancing day my fortunate son Shahriyar -lifted up his head with the honour of the mansab of 8,000 and 4,000 -horse. My revered father bestowed, for the first time, this mansab -[493] on my brothers. It is hoped that in the shadow of my education -and in carrying out my pleasure, he may reach the extreme of life -and prosperity. On this day Baqir K. arrayed his men and passed them -before me in order. The great Bakhshis recorded (the number as) 1,000 -horse and 2,000 foot, and reported to me. Having promoted him to the -mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, I entrusted the duties of -faujdar of Agra to him. - -On Wednesday, together with the ladies seated in a boat, I went to the -Nur-afshan garden, and rested there at night. As the garden belongs to -the establishment of Nur Jahan B., on Thursday, the 4th, she held the -royal [494] entertainment and presented great offerings. Of jewels, -jewelled ornaments, and all sorts of precious goods, I selected -what I approved of, of the value of Rs. 100,000. During these days, -every day after midday I embarked in a boat, and went to Samonagar, -4 koss distant from the city, for sport, returning to the palace at -night. Sending Raja Sarang Deo to my prosperous son Shah Parwiz, -I sent with him a special dress of honour, with a jewelled belt, -which contained a sapphire [495] and several rubies. As I had -given Behar to that son in the place of Muqarrab K., I started off -a sazawul to conduct him from Allahabad to Behar. Mir Zahid, [496] -son-in-law of Muzaffar K., having come from Thatta, waited on me. As -Mir `Azudu-d-daula [497] had become very old and decrepit, he could -not carry out the duties of the camp and his jagir. I released him -from the trouble of service and active work. I ordered that he should -receive Rs. 4,000 every month out of the public treasury, and living -at ease and in comfort at Agra or Lahore, or wherever he wished, -should employ himself in prayers for my increased life and welfare. - -On the 9th Farwardin the offering of I`tibar K. was laid before -me. Of jewels, cloths, etc., the value of Rs. 70,000, was accepted, -and I returned the remainder to him. Muhibb `Ali and Aqa Beg, envoys -of the ruler of Persia, presented twenty-four horses, two mules, -three camels, seven greyhounds (sag-i-tazi), twenty-seven pieces -(taq) of brocade, a shamama [498] of ambergris, two pairs of carpets, -and two namad takya [499] (woollen coverlets). Two mares with foals -that my brother had sent with them were also brought before me. - -On Thursday, at the request of Asaf K., I went to his house with the -ladies. Having prepared a grand entertainment, he submitted to me many -delicate gems and wonders in cloths, and rare gifts. Choosing out of -these to the value of Rs. 130,000, I gave the rest to him. Mukarram -K., governor of Orissa, sent by way of offering thirty-two elephants, -male and female, and these had the honour of being accepted. At -this time I saw a wild ass [500] (gur-khar), exceedingly strange in -appearance, exactly like a lion. From the tip of the nose to the end -of the tail, and from the point of the ear to the top of the hoof, -black markings, large or small, suitable to their position, were seen -on it. Round the eyes there was an exceedingly fine black line. One -might say the painter of fate, with a strange brush, had left it -on the page of the world. As it was strange, some people imagined -that it had been coloured. After minute inquiry into the truth, it -became known that the Lord of the world was the Creator thereof. As -it was a rarity, it was included among the royal gifts sent to my -brother Shah `Abbas. Bahadur K. Uzbeg had sent as an offering some -tipchaq horses and cloth stuffs from `Iraq, and they were produced -before me. Dresses of honour for the winter were sent for Ibrahim -K. Fath-jang and the Amirs of Bengal by Mumin Shirazi. On the 15th -the offering of Sadiq K. was produced. It was of all sorts. Having -taken what was worth Rs. 15,000, I gave the remainder to him. Fazil -K. on this day also gave an offering according to his condition. Of -this a trifle was taken. On Thursday (19th Farwardin) the feast of the -culmination was held, and when two watches and one ghari of the day -had passed, I took my seat on the throne. According to the request -of Madar-ul-mulk I`timadu-d-daula, the feast of the culmination was -held in his house. He presented a remarkable offering of rare and -choice things from all countries. Altogether I took the value of -Rs. 138,000. On this day I gave Zambil Beg, the ambassador, a muhar -[501] equal to 200 tolas in weight. At this time Ibrahim K. had sent -some eunuchs from Bengal. One of these was a hermaphrodite. Among -the offerings of the above-mentioned were two boats made in Bengal, -of a very pleasant shape, on the decoration of which a sum of -Rs. 10,000 had been expended. They were really kingly boats. Having -made Shaikh Qasim K. governor of Allahabad, I honoured him with the -title of Muhtashim K. and the mansab of 5,000, and gave an order -that the Diwans should give him an increase to his jagir out of the -unappropriated (mahall-i-ghair-i-`amali) estates. Raja Shyam Singh, -Zamindar of Srinagar (in Garhwal) was given a horse and an elephant. - -At this time it was reported to me that Yusuf K., s. Husain K., [502] -had died in the victorious army of the Deccan a sudden death. The -report said that when he was at his jagir he had become so fat that he -got out of breath with the least exertion. One day when he was paying -his respects to Khurram, in coming and going his breathing [503] -became difficult. When a dress of honour was given him, in putting -it on and saluting he became helpless, and a trembling affected -all his limbs, and with a hundred labours and exertions he saluted -and stumbled out and fell under the shelter of the tent enclosure, -and became unconscious. His servants placed him in a palanquin, -and took him home, and as he arrived, the messenger of death came -also. He received his command, and left his heavy lump of earth in -the perishable dustbin. On 1st Urdibihisht, I gave a special dagger -to Zambil Beg, the ambassador. On the 4th of the same month the feast -of the kar-i-khair (consummation of marriage) of my son Shahriyar -increased the joy of my heart. The Hinna-bandi (putting on henna) -assembly took place in the palace of Maryamu-z-zamani. The feast of -the nikah (marriage) was held in the house of I`timadu-d-daula. I -myself went there with the ladies and adorned the feast of joy. After -seven gharis of night had passed, on Friday [504] the marriage took -place with rejoicings. I hope that it will be propitious to this -daily-increasing State. On Tuesday, the 19th, in the Nur-afshan garden, -I presented my son Shahriyar with a jewelled charqab (coat), with a -turban and waist-belt (kamar-band), and two horses, one an `Iraqi, -with a gold saddle, and the other a Turki, with an embroidered saddle. - -In these days Shah Shuja` had an eruption so violent that water would -not go down his throat, and his life was despaired of. As it had been -recorded in his father's horoscope that his son would die this year, -all the astrologers were unanimous that he would not live, but Jotik -Ray said, on the contrary, that the dust of calamity would not settle -on the skirt of his life. I asked: "By what proof?" He said that -in the horoscope of my destiny it was recorded that in this year -no distress or trouble would find its way to the royal mind from -any road, and as I had a great affection for the child, it behoved -that no calamity should happen to him, and some other child would -die. It came to pass as he said, and he carried his life out of this -deadly place, and a son that he (Shah Jahan) had by the daughter of -Shah-nawaz K., died at Burhanpur. Besides this, many of Jotik Ray's -judgments (ahkam) turned out correct. This is not without strangeness, -and it is therefore recorded in these memoirs. I accordingly ordered -him (Jotik Ray) to be weighed against money and the weight came to -Rs. 6,500. This was given him as a reward. - -Muhammad Husain Jabiri was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter of the -Subah of Orissa. The mansab of Lachin Munajjim (astrologer) Qaqshal, -at the request of Mahabat K., was fixed, original and increased, -at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja -Jahan, came from Kangra and waited on me. Having presented an elephant -to Bahadur K. Uzbeg, I sent it with his Vakil. Hurmuz and Hushang, -grandsons of the asylum of pardon Mirza Muhammad Hakim, by reason -of the caution that is fitting to rulers, had been imprisoned in the -fort of Gwalior. At this time, having summoned them into my presence, -I ordered them to remain in Agra, and a daily allowance sufficient for -their expenses was allowed for them. At this time a brahman of the -name of Rudar Bhattacharaj, who was one of the learned ones of this -caste, and was engaged at Benares in teaching, had the good fortune -to pay his respects to me. In truth, he has studied well, both in -the rational and traditional sciences, and is perfect in his own line. - -One of the strange events of this time [505] was that on 30 Farwardin -(about 10 April, 1621) in the present year, in a certain village of the -pargana of Jalandhar, in the morning, a terrible noise arose from the -East, such that its inhabitants, from fright at that terror-increasing -sound, nearly deserted their bodies. Whilst this noise and disturbance -were going on, a light fell from above on the ground, and the people -thought that fire was raining down from heaven. After a moment, when -that noise ceased, and their troubled hearts recovered from their -bewilderment and terror, they sent a quick runner to the collector -(`amil) Muhammad Sa`id, and informed him of what had occurred. He -immediately rode there himself, and went to look at the spot. For ten -or twelve yards in length and breadth the land was so burnt that no -trace of any grass or green was left, and there were still signs of -heat and burning. He ordered them to dig up the soil, and the more -they dug the greater the heat appeared to be till they came to a place -where a piece of heated iron appeared. It was as hot as if it had been -taken out of a furnace. After a while it became cold, and taking it -up, he conveyed it to his house, and placing it in a kharita (cover), -which he sealed, he sent it to Court. I ordered them to weigh it in -my presence, and it came to 160 tolas. I ordered Master (Ustad) Da'ud -[506] to make a sword, a dagger, and a knife of it, and bring them to -me. He represented that it would not stand below the hammer, and fell -to pieces. I told him in that case to mix it with other iron and make -use of it. As I had told him, he mixed three parts of lightning-iron -and one of other iron, and having made two swords, one dagger, and -one knife, brought them to me. From the mixing of other iron he had -brought out its quality (watering). According to the manner of the -excellent swords of Yaman [507] and the South, it could be bent, and -became straight again. I ordered them to test it in my presence. It -cut very well, equal to true swords. I called one the Shamshir-i-qati` -(keen sword) and the other Barq-sirisht (lightning-natured). Bi-badal -K. composed a quatrain which demonstrated [508] these particulars, -and recited it: - - - By Shah Jahangir the world acquired order. - There fell in his reign raw iron from lightning. - From that iron were made by his world-taking command, - A dagger, a knife, and two scimitars. - - -And "Spark of royal lightning" gave the date (A.H. 1030). - -At this time Raja Sarang Deo, who had gone to my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz, came and waited on me. Parwiz represented that he, according -to order, had proceeded from Allahabad to Behar. I hope he will be -prosperous (there). Qasim K. was dignified with the gift of drums. On -this day one `Alimu-d-din, a servant of Khurram, brought a report -from him containing the good news of the victory, with a jewelled -thumbstall (shast, perhaps a ring), which he had sent as nazar. I gave -him leave, sending by him a dress of honour. Amir Beg, brother of Fazil -Beg. K., was appointed Diwan to my son Shahriyar and Muhammad Husain, -brother of Khwaja Jahan, was made Bakhshi, and Ma`sum was appointed -Mir-Saman. Sayyid Haji obtained leave to go as an auxiliary to the -army of the Deccan, and I gave him a horse. Muzaffar K., was also -promoted to the post of Bakhshi. - -As at this time the mother [509] of Imam-quli K., the ruler of Turan, -had sent to Nur Jahan Begam a letter containing expressions of good -will and the dues of acquaintanceship, and sent some rarities from -that country. Khwaja Nasir, who was one of the old servants and -one of my attendants from the time when I was a prince, was sent by -way of embassy on the part of Nur Jahan Begam with a letter, with -choice gifts from this country. At the time when the ladies were -staying in the Nur-afshan garden, a rang (ibex) fawn eight days old, -jumped down from the terrace of the palace, which is 8 gaz in height, -on to the ground, and began to leap about, no sign of injury or pain -being perceptible in it. - -On the 4th of the Divine month [510] of Khurdad, Afzal K., Khurram's -Diwan brought a letter from him containing the good news of his -victory, and kissed the threshold. The details are as follows: -When the victorious army reached Ujain, a band of the servants of -the Court, who were in the fort of Mandu, sent a report that an army -of the rebels, putting forward the foot of audacity, had crossed the -Narbada, and burning several villages that were under [511] the fort, -were busy with rapine and plunder. Madaru-l-mahamm Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -with 5,000 cavalry, were appointed to go in all haste and inflict -punishment on that vain lot of people. The Khwaja made a night march, -and at the dawn of day reached the bank of the Narbada. When the -enemy learnt this, they in one moment threw themselves into the -river and reached the bank of safety. The brave cavalry galloped -after them, and pursued them for nearly 4 koss, [512] and with the -sword of vengeance, made many of them travellers on the road of -non-existence. The ill-fated rebels did not turn back the reins of -haste till they reached Burhanpur. Khurram wrote to Abu-l-Hasan to -remain on that (the South) side of the river till he came. Soon he, -with his army, joined this advanced force, and hastened on, march by -march, till he reached Burhanpur. The graceless rebels were still -keeping [513] their ground, and were encamped round the city. As -the imperial servants had been contending with the rebels for two -years, they had suffered much hardship from want of land (bi-jagiri, -[514] non-possession of fiefs, landlessness) and scarcity of corn, -and their horses were worn out by continued service. Accordingly, -they had to delay nine days in order to recruit. During this period, -thirty lakhs of rupees and many cuirasses [515] were distributed -among the soldiers, and sazawuls had been sent out and had brought -many men out of the city (Burhanpur). The gallant troops had not -yet put their hands to the work, when the black-fated rebels felt -that they could not resist, and scattered like "the daughters of -the Bier" (the stars of the constellation of the Great Bear, which -are dispersed over the heavens, instead of being clustered like the -Pleiades). The brave and swift cavaliers followed them, and with the -sword of vengeance cast many of them upon the earth of perdition. They -gave them no rest, but smiting and slaying them, pursued them as -far as Khirki, which was the residence of the Nizamu-l-mulk and the -other rebels. One day before this the ill-starred one (Malik `Ambar) -had got information of the approach of the imperialists, and had -removed the Nizamu-l-mulk and his family and effects to the fort -of Daulatabad. There he had encamped, with his back resting on the -fort, while in front of him there were marshes and quagmires. [516] -Most of his men became scattered in all directions. The leaders of -the victorious army, with their vengeance-seeking soldiers, halted -three days in the town of Khirki, and so destroyed a city which had -taken twenty years to build, that it is not known if it will regain -its splendour in other twenty years. In fine, after throwing down -its buildings, all agreed in opinion that as an army of rebels was -still besieging Ahmadnagar, they must at once go there, and inflict -condign punishment on the originators of the disturbance, renew the -supplies (of the Ahmadnagar garrison), and leave assistance there, -and then return. With this view they set out, and came as far as the -town of Patan (in Berar, Jarrett II. 233). Meanwhile, the crafty `Ambar -[517] sent agents and officers, and said: "After this I will not drop -the thread of service and loyalty from my hand, nor put out my foot -beyond orders, and will regard whatever tribute and fine be commanded -as a favour, and will send it to the government." It happened that -just then there was great scarcity in the camp in consequence of -the dearness of provisions, and also that news came that the rebel -force which was besieging Ahmadnagar had withdrawn on hearing of the -approach of the imperialists. Accordingly, a force was sent to help -Khanjar K. (the governor of Fort Ahmadnagar), and a sum of money -for his charges. Thereupon the imperialists were relieved from all -anxiety and returned (across the Narbada?). After much entreaty and -lamentation (on the part of `Ambar) it was settled that in addition -to the territory which of old had belonged to the empire, the rebels -should surrender 14 koss of the adjoining country, and should pay -into the public treasury fifty lakhs of rupees as tribute. - -I gave Afzal K. (Shah Jahan's diwan) leave to return, and sent with -him, for Khurram, the ruby plume (kalgi-i-la`li) which the King -of Persia had sent to me, and which has been already described, -and I gave to the aforesaid (Afzal) a dress of honour, an elephant, -an inkpot, and a jewelled pen. Khanjar K., who, when besieged in the -Fort of Ahmadnagar, had performed approved services, and shown proper -activity, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 1,000 horse. - -Mukarram K., having come by order from Orissa, had, with his -brothers, the good fortune to wait upon me. He presented a string -of pearls by way of offering. Muzaffaru-l-mulk, s. Bahaduru-l-mulk, -was honoured with the title of Nusrat K. A standard was conferred -on Uda Ram, Dakhani, and to `Azizu-llah, s. Yusuf K., was given -the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On Thursday, the 21st, -Muqarrab K. arrived from Behar, and had the good fortune to wait upon -me. At this time Aqa `Ali, Muhibb `Ali Beg, Haji Beg, and Fazil Beg, -the envoys of the ruler of Persia, who had come at different times, -were allowed to depart. To Aqa Beg I made a present of a dress of -honour, a jewelled dagger, and Rs. 40,000 in cash; to Muhibb `Ali -Beg a dress of honour and Rs. 30,000; and to the others in the same -way I presented gifts according to their positions. I also sent a -suitable souvenir by them to my brother. On this day Mukarram K. was -appointed Subahdar of Delhi, and faujdar of Mewat. Shaja`at K. `Arab -was dignified with the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,500 horse, -original and increased; Sharza K. with that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse; -Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Kachhwaha, with that of 1,200 and 900 horse. - -On the 29th, Qasim Beg, an envoy of the ruler of Persia, came and -waited on me, bringing a letter from that brother of lofty dignity, -containing expressions of sincerity and friendship. What he had -sent by way of royal gifts was laid before me. On the 1st of Tir, -I sent a special elephant called Gaj Ratan, for my son (farzand) -Khan Jahan. Nazar Beg, a servant of Khurram, laid before me a letter -from him asking for the gift of horses. I ordered Raja Kishan Das, -the mushrif (accountant) to prepare within fifteen days 1,000 horses -from the royal stables, and to send them off with him. I sent to -Khurram as a present a horse of the name of Rum-ratan [518] ("the -jewel of Turkey"), which the ruler of Persia had sent me out of the -spoils of the Turkish camp. - -On this day a servant of Iradat K., of the name of Ghiyasu-d-din, -laid before me a report from him containing the good news of his -victory. In the preceding pages there has been written with the pen of -demonstration an account of the rebellion of the Zamindars of Kishtwar -and of the despatch of Jalal, s. Dilawar K. As this important matter -had not been properly managed by him, an order was given to Iradat -K. to hasten to take up that duty, and to inflict severe punishment -on the rebels, and make such arrangements in the hill-country that the -dust of dispersion and calamity might not settle on its frontiers. He, -as ordered, hastened there and did approved service, and the people of -sedition and disturbance, having turned their heads towards the desert -of exile, escaped half dead. Thus once more was the thorn of calamity -and mischief rooted out of that country, and having established the -officials and established posts, he returned to Kashmir. As a reward -for this service I added 500 horse to his mansab. - -As Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan had done good service and shown proper -activity in the affair of the Deccan, I increased his mansab by 1,000 -horse. Ahmad Beg, nephew of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, being exalted to -the Subahdarship of Orissa, was dignified with the title of Khan, -and had given him a standard and drums. His mansab also was raised -to 2,000 with 500 horse. - -As I had often heard of the virtues and good qualities of Qazi Nasir -of Burhanpur, my truth-seeking mind had a desire for his society. At -this time he came, according to summons, to the Court. Doing honour to -his learning, I paid him great regard. The Qazi is one of the unique of -the age for rational and traditional sciences, and there are few books -that he has not read, but his exterior did not agree with his interior, -and I could not be delighted with his company. As I found him much -devoted to being a dervish and seclusion, I respected his feelings, -and did not give him the trouble of serving me. I gave him Rs. 5,000, -and dismissed him to his native country to pass his days in ease. - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Amurdad Baqir K. was promoted -to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,200 horse, and of the Amirs -and royal servants who had distinguished themselves in the conquest -of the Deccan, thirty-two individuals were exalted by having their -mansabs raised. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. Naqshbandi, who had been appointed -to the governorship of Qandahar at the request of my son Khan Jahan, -was promoted to that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 1st -Shahriwar I gave the ambassador Zambil Beg a jewelled sword, and also -presented him with a village under the jurisdiction of the capital, -the revenue of which was Rs. 16,000. - -At this time, knowing that he was unfit for duty on account of his -bad temper and want of knowledge, I dismissed Hakim Rukna, [519] -and told him he might go wherever he wished. As it was reported to -me that Hushang, the brother's son of Khan `Alam, had committed an -unjust murder, having summoned him to my presence, I investigated -the charge, and after it was established, gave an order for his -execution. God forbid that in such affairs I should consider princes, -and far less that I should consider Amirs. I hope that the grace of God -may support me in this. On 1st Shahriwar, at the request of Asaf K., -I went to his house and bathed in the bath-house that he has lately -built. It is beautifully finished. After I had done bathing he laid -before me offerings fit for a nazar. I took what I approved of and -gave him the rest. The Wazifa (pension) of Khizr Khan (late ruler) -of Khandesh, was fixed at Rs. 30,000, [520] original and increased. - -At this time it was reported to me that a blacksmith of the name of -Kalyan was much in love with a woman of his own caste, and was always -laying his head at her feet, and showing symptoms of infatuation. The -woman, though she was a widow, would in no way consent to accept him, -and the love of this wretch who had given his heart to her made no -impression on her. Having summoned both of them into my presence, I -cross-examined them, and however much I advised her to unite herself -to him, she did not agree. At this time the blacksmith said that if -he could make sure that I would [521] give her to him, he would throw -himself down from the Shah-burj of the fort. I said by way of jest: -"Never mind the Shah-burj; if your love be genuine, fling yourself -from the roof of this house, and I'll make her submit herself to -you." I had not ended before he ran like lightning and threw himself -down. When he fell, blood began to flow from his eyes and mouth. I -repented myself greatly of that jest, and was grieved in my mind, -and bade Asaf Khan take him to his house and look after him. As the -cup of his life was brimming over, he died from the injury. - - - VERSE. - - The life-sacrificing lover who stood on that threshold - Gave up his life with joy and regarded death as a trifle. - - -At the request of Mahabat K. the mansab of Lachin Qaqshal, original -and increased, was fixed at 1,000 personal and 500 horse. - -It has been mentioned [522] that on the day of the Dasahara festival -in Kashmir, I had perceived in myself a catching and shortness of -breath. Briefly, from excessive rain and the dampness of the air, -a difficulty in drawing breath showed itself on my left side near -the heart. This by degrees increased and became intensified. Of the -physicians who were in waiting on me, Hakim Ruhu-llah first tried -his remedies, and for some time warm, soothing medicines were of use, -for there was evidently a slight diminution (of the symptoms). When I -came down from the hills, they came on again violently. This time for -some days I took goats' milk, and again camel's milk, but I found no -profit whatever from them. About this time Hakim Rukna, who had been -excused from the journey to Kashmir, and whom I had left at Agra, -joined me, and confidently and with a show of power, undertook my -cure, and relied on warm and dry medicines. From his remedies, too, -I derived no advantage; on the contrary, they appeared to increase -the heat and dryness of my brain and temperament, and I became very -weak. The disease increased and the pain was prolonged. At such a -time and in this state, at which a heart of stone would have burnt -(been distressed) about me, Sadra, [523] s. Hakim Mirza Muhammad, -who was one of the chief physicians of Persia (was in attendance on -me). He had come from Persia in the reign of my revered father, and -after the throne of rule had been adorned by this suppliant, as he -was distinguished above all others by natural skill and experience -(tasarruf-i-tabi`at), I was attended to by him, and I distinguished -him with the title of Masihu-z-zaman (Messiah of the Age). I made his -position more honourable than that of the other Court-physicians, with -the idea that at some crisis he would help me. That ungrateful man, -in spite of the claims which I had on him, though he saw me in such -a state, did not give me medicines or treat me. Notwithstanding that -I distinguished him beyond all the physicians who were waiting on me, -he would not undertake my cure. However great attention I showed him -and troubled myself to soothe him, he became more obstinate (sullab), -and said: "I have no such reliance on my knowledge that I can undertake -the cure." It was the same with Hakim Abu-l-Qasim, s. Hakimu-l-mulk, -notwithstanding his being a khanazad, and what was due for his -bringing up; he professed himself suspicious and afraid, and that -considering the matter in his mind, he was terrified and vexed, and -how, then, could he prescribe a remedy? As there was no help for it, -I gave them all up, and weaning my heart from all visible remedies, -gave myself up to the Supreme Physician. As drinking alleviated my -sufferings, I took to it in the daytime, contrary to my habit, and -gradually I carried this to excess. When the weather became hot, the -evil effects of this increased, and my weakness and laboured breathing -were augmented. Nur Jahan Begam, whose skill and experience are greater -than those of the physicians, especially as they are brought to bear -through affection and sympathy, endeavoured to diminish the number of -my cups, and to carry out the remedies that appeared appropriate to -the time, and soothing to the condition. Although previously to this -she had approved of the remedies made use of by the physicians, yet at -this time I relied on her kindness. She, by degrees, lessened my wine, -and kept me from things that did not suit me, and food that disagreed -with me. I hope that the True Physician will grant me perfect recovery -from the hospital of the hidden world. - -On Monday, the 22nd [524] of the same month, corresponding with the -25th of Shawwal, A.H. 1030 (2 September, 1621), the feast of my solar -weighing took place auspiciously and happily. As in the past year -(of my life) I had suffered from severe illness, I had passed it in -continuous pain and trouble. In thankfulness that such a year ended -well and in safety, and that in the commencement of the present year -the signs of health became apparent, Nur Jahan Begam begged that her -Vakils might make the arrangements for the entertainment (of the -solar weighment). In truth, they prepared one which increased the -astonishment of beholders. From the date on which Nur Jahan Begam -entered into the bond of marriage with this suppliant, although in -all weighing entertainments, both solar and lunar, she had made such -arrangements as were becoming to the State, and knew what were the -requirements of good fortune and prosperity; yet on this occasion she -had paid greater attention than ever to adorn the assembly, and arrange -the feast. All the servants of approved service and the domestics who -knew my temperament, who in that time of weakness had constantly been -present and been ready to sacrifice their lives, and had fluttered -round my head like moths, were now honoured with suitable kindnesses, -such as dresses of honour, jewelled sword-belts, jewelled daggers, -horses, elephants, and trays full of money, each according to their -positions. And though the physicians had not done good service, yet -in consideration of the slight contempt [525] with which they had -been treated for two or three days, they received various favours, -and on the occasion of this feast also, they received presents in -jewels and cash. - -After the conclusion of the weighment, trays of gold and silver were -poured out by way of nisar (coin-scattering) into the hope-skirts of -the ministers of amusement (ahl-i-nishat), and of the poor. Jotik -Ray, astrologer, who had given the glad news of my recovery and -restoration to health, I had weighed against muhars and rupees, and -by this method a present was made [526] him of 500 muhars and 7,000 -rupees. At the end of the entertainment the offerings she (Nur Jahan) -had prepared for me were produced. Of the jewels, jewelled ornaments, -cloths and various rarities I selected what I approved of. Altogether -the cost of this great entertainment which Nur Jahan Begam gave was -recorded to be two lacs of rupees, exclusive of what she laid before -me as offerings. In previous years, when I was in health, I weighed -3 maunds and 1 or 2 seers more or less, but this year, as a result -of my weakness and leanness, I was only 2 maunds and 27 seers. - -On Thursday, the 1st of the Divine month of Mihr, I`tiqad K., the -Governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the mansab of 4,000 and 2,500 -horse, and Raja Gaj Singh to that of 4,000 and 3,000 horse. When the -news of my illness reached my son, Shah Parwiz, without waiting for a -farman he came to see me, being unable to restrain himself. On the 14th -[527] of the same month (September 25, 1621), at an auspicious hour -and propitious time, that fortunate son had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold, and went three times round the couch (takht). However -much I adjured him and forbade him to do so, he insisted the more -in lamentation and importunity. I took him by the hand and drew him -towards me, and by way of kindness and affection held him fast in an -embrace, and displayed great love to him. I hope that he may enjoy -a long life with prosperity. - -At this time Rs. 20,00,000 were sent to Khurram for the expenses -of the army of the Deccan by Allah-dad K., who was honoured with an -elephant and a standard. On the 28th Qiyam K., chief huntsman, died -a natural death. He was a confidential servant, and apart from his -skill in hunting, looked over every trifling detail relating to it, -and consulted my pleasure in it. In short, I was much grieved at this -event. I hope that God may grant him forgiveness. - -On the 29th the mother of Nur Jahan Begam died. Of the amiable -qualities of this matron (Kad-banu) of the family of chastity what -can I write? Without exaggeration, in purity of disposition and in -wisdom and the excellencies that are the ornament of women no Mother -of the Age [528] was ever born equal to her, and I did not value -[529] her less than my own mother. With regard to the attachment -that I`timadu-d-daula bore towards her it is certain that no husband -was equal to him. Here one must imagine what had happened to that -grief-stricken old man. Also with regard to the attachment of Nur Jahan -Begam to her mother what can one write? A son like Asaf K., exceedingly -intelligent and clever, rent in pieces his robe of patience and left -off the dress of men of the social state (lit., men of dependence, -or connection). At the sight of his dear son, the grief and sorrow of -the father, wounded at heart, increased more and more. However much -we admonished him, it had no result. On the day on which I went to -condole with him, as the disturbance of his mind and grief of his heart -had commenced, I spoke a few words of admonition by way of affection -and kindness, but did not urge him. I left him until (the sense of) -his calamity should abate. After some days I ministered to his inward -wound the balm of kindness, and brought him back to the position of -sociable beings. Although in order to please me and satisfy my mind -he outwardly controlled himself, and made a show of resignation, yet -with regard to his affection for her what resignation could there be? - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, Sar-buland K., Jan-sipar K., -and Baqi K., were honoured with the gift of drums. `Abdu-llah K. had -gone to his jagir without the leave of the Subahdar [530] of the -Deccan: I accordingly told the Chief Diwans to deprive him of his -jagir, and I`timad Ray was ordered to act as a sazawul, and to send -him back to the Deccan. - -It has been recorded with regard to the case of Masihu-z-zaman (Hakim -Sadra) that, notwithstanding what was due from him for his bringing-up -and my kindness to him, he had not the grace to attend upon me in -such an illness, and more strange still is it that he suddenly threw -off the veil of modesty and asked for leave to undertake a journey -to the Hijaz, and make a pilgrimage to the holy house. Inasmuch -as at all times and under all circumstances the reliance of this -suppliant is on the Lord, that needs no return, and the gracious -Creator, I gave him leave with an open brow. Though he had all kinds -of things (for the journey) I made him a present of Rs. 20,000 in aid -of his expenses, and I hope that the Supreme Physician, without the -assistance of physicians and the means of medicine, may grant this -suppliant complete recovery from the Dispensary of His mercy. - -As the air of Agra, in consequence of the increase of the temperature, -did not agree with me, on Monday, the 13th of the Divine month of -Aban and 16th year (of my reign), the standards were raised to go -towards the hill country of the North, so that if the air of that -quarter should be equable, I might choose some spot of ground on -the bank of the River Ganges, and found a city there, to make a -permanent place of residence for the hot weather, or else turn the -reins of purpose in the direction of Kashmir. Leaving Muzaffar K. to -guard and administer Agra, I dignified him with drums, a horse, and -an elephant. Having appointed his nephew, M. Muhammad faujdar of the -city, I gave him the title of Asad K., and selected him for increase -of mansab. Having exalted Baqir K. to the duty of the Subah of Oudh, -I dismissed him. On the 26th of the said month my prosperous son Shah -Parwiz obtained leave to proceed from Mathura to Bihar and his jagir. I -gave him leave after presenting him with a special dress of honour, -a nadiri, a jewelled dagger, a horse, and an elephant. I hope that -he may enjoy long life. On 4 Azar, Mukarram K., governor of Delhi, -was exalted with the good fortune of paying his respects. On the 6th I -alighted at Delhi, and having halted two days in Salimgarh I employed -myself with the pleasure of sport. At this time it was reported to me -that Jado Ray Kaitha (or Kathiya), who is one of the leading Sardars -of the Deccan, by the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, -had elected for loyalty, and had been enrolled amongst the loyal -servants. Bestowing on him a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger, -I sent a gracious farman to him by the hand of Narayan Das Rathor. On -the 1st of the Divine month of Dai, corresponding with the 7th Safar, -A.H. 1031, Maqsud, brother of Qasim K., was honoured with the title -of Hashim K. and Hashim Beg Khushi [531] with that of Jan-nisar K. - -On the 7th of the same month the camp was pitched at Hardwar on the -bank of the Ganges. It is one of the most famous places of worship -of the Hindus, and many brahmans and recluses have chosen a corner -of retirement in this place and worship God according to the rule -of their religion. I gave alms in cash and goods to each of them -according to his requirements. As the climate of this skirt of the -hills was not approved by me, and I could not see a spot of ground -on which to make a permanent residence, I proceeded towards the skirt -of the hill country of Jammu and Kangra. - -At this time it was reported to me that Raja Bhao Singh had died in -the Deccan (become a traveller on the road of non-existence). From -excess of wine-drinking he had become very weak and low. Suddenly a -faintness came over him. However much the physicians tried remedies -for him and burnt scars on the top of his head, he did not come to his -senses: for a night and a day he lay without perception, and died the -next day. Two wives and eight concubines burnt themselves in the fire -of fidelity for him. Jagat Singh, his elder brother, and Maha Singh, -his nephew, had spent the coin of their lives in the wine-business, -and the aforesaid, not taking warning from them, sold sweet life for -bitter fluid. He was of very good disposition and sedate. From the -days when I was a prince he was constantly in my service, and by the -blessing of my education had reached the high rank of 5,000. As he -left no son, I dignified the grandson of his elder brother, though of -tender years, with the title of Raja, and gave him the mansab of 2,000 -personal and 1,000 horse. The pargana of Amber, his native place, -was assigned to him as jagir, according to former custom, in order -that his family might not be dispersed. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 horse. On the -20th [532] of the same month I halted at the saray of Alwatu. [533] -As I am constantly engaged in the pleasure of hunting, and the flesh -of animals I have killed with my own hand is very much to my taste, in -consequence of the suspicions and caution that I have in such matters, -I order them to be cleaned in my presence, and myself inspect their -stomachs to see what they have eaten and what the food of the animals -is. If by chance I see anything to which I have a dislike I forbear -from eating the flesh. Before this I was not inclined towards any -kind of waterfowl except the sona (golden duck?). When I was at Ajmir -I saw a tame sona duck eating horrible worms. From seeing this, my -taste turned against it, and I gave up eating tame sona ducks until -now, when a duck was caught, and I ordered them to clean it in my -presence. From its crop there first came out a small [534] fish: -after this there appeared a bug [535] so large that I could not -believe till I saw it with my own eye that it could swallow a thing -of such a size. Briefly I this day determined that I would not eat -waterfowl. Khan `Alam represented that the flesh of the white heron -(`uqab-i-safid) was very delicious and tender. I accordingly sent for -a white heron, and ordered them to clean it in my presence. By chance -there came out of its crop ten bugs in a manner disgusting to me, -at the remembrance of which I am distressed and disgusted. - -On the 21st the garden of Sirhind brought joy to my senses, and on -the day of halt there I delighted myself by going round and looking -at it. At this time Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan came from the Deccan, and had -the good fortune to wait on me. He had great favour shown him. On -the 1st of the Divine month of Bahman I halted at Nur-Saray. [536] -The mansab of Mu`'tamid K., original and increased, was ordered to -be 2,000 personal and 600 horse. Khan `Alam was made governor of -Allahabad, [537] and having been presented with a horse, a dress -of honour, and a jewelled sword, took his leave. Muqarrab K. was -selected for the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. On Thursday, -when I was encamped on the bank of the Biyah (Beas), Qasim K. came -from Lahore, and had the good fortune to wait on me. Hashim K., his -brother, with the Zamindars of the country bordering on the hills, -had the honour of kissing the threshold. - -Baso'i, [538] the zamindar of Talwara, brought me a bird, which the -hill-people call jan-bahan. Its tail resembles the tail of the qirqawul -(pheasant), which is also called the tazru, and its colour is exactly -like that of the hen-pheasant, but it is half as large again. The -circle round the eyes of this bird is red, while the orbit of the -pheasant is white. The said Baso'i stated that this bird lived in -the snow-mountains, and that its food was grass and other stuff. I -have kept pheasants and have reared young ones, and have often eaten -the flesh both of young birds and of mature ones. One may say that -there is no comparison between the flesh of the pheasant and this -bird. The flesh of the latter is much more delicate. Among the birds -which I saw in the hill-country one was the phul-paikar, [539] which -the Kashmiris call sonlu. It is one-eighth (nim sawa'i?) less than -a pea-hen. The back, tail, and wings resemble those of the bustard, -and are blackish, with white spots. The breast to the end of the -bosom is black, with white spots, and some red ones. The ends of the -feathers are fiery red, and very lustrous and beautiful. From the end -of the back of the neck it is also brilliantly black. On the top of -its head it has two fleshy horns of a turquoise colour. The skin of -its orbits and round its mouth is red. Below its throat there is skin -round it enough to cover the palms of two hands, and in the middle -of this the skin is of a violet colour of the size of a hand, with -blue spots in the middle. Around it each streak is of a blue colour, -consisting of eight plumes; round the blue streak it is red to the -breadth of two fingers, like the peach flower, and again round its -neck is that blue-coloured streak: it has red legs also. The live -bird, which was weighed, came to 152 tolahs. After it was killed and -cleaned it weighed 139 tolahs. Another bird is of a golden colour: -this the people of Lahore call Shan [540] (?) and the Kashmiris -put. Its colour is like that of a peacock's breast. Above its head -is a tuft (kakul). Its tail of the width of five fingers is yellow, -and is like the long feather (shah-par) of the peacock, and its body as -large as that of a goose. The neck of the goose is long and shapeless: -that of this one is short, and has a shape. - -My brother, Shah `Abbas, had asked for golden birds, [541] and I sent -some to him by his ambassador. On Monday [542] the ceremony of my lunar -weighing took place. At this entertainment Nur Jahan Begam gave dresses -of honour to forty-five of the great Amirs and private servants. On the -14th of the same month the camp was pitched at the village of Bahlwan -[543] belonging to the Siba district. As I constantly longed for the -air of Kangra and the hill-country above-mentioned, I left the large -camp at this place, and proceeded to inspect the said fort with some -of my special servants and attendants. As I`timadu-d-daula was ill -I left him in the camp, and kept Sadiq K., the chief Bakhshi, there -to look after him and guard the camp. The next day news came that his -state had undergone a change, and that the signs of hopelessness were -apparent. I could not bear the agitation of Nur Jahan Begam, and, -considering the affection which I bore towards him, I returned to -the camp. At the end of the day I went to see him. It was the hour of -his death agony. Sometimes he became unconscious and sometimes came -back to his senses. Nur Jahan Begam indicated me, and said: "Do you -recognise (him)?" At such a time he recited this couplet of Anwari: - - - Were a mother-born blind man present - He'd recognise Majesty in the World-Adorner. - - -I was for two hours at his pillow. Whenever he was conscious, -whatever he said was intelligent and rational. In fine, on the 17th -of the said month (Bahman) (about the end of January, 1622), after -three gharis had passed he attained to eternal mercy. What shall I -say about my feelings through this terrible event? He was a wise and -perfect Vizier, and a learned and affectionate companion. - - - VERSE. [544] - - By the reckoning of the eye, there's one frame less: - By Wisdom's reckoning, the lessening is more than thousands. - - -Though the weight of such a kingdom was on his shoulders, and it is -not possible for or within the power of a mortal to make everyone -contented, yet no one ever went to I`timadu-d-daula with a petition -or on business who turned from him in an injured frame of mind. He -showed loyalty to the sovereign, and yet left pleased and hopeful -him who was in need. In fact, this was a speciality of his. From the -day on which his companion (his wife) attained to the mercy of God he -cared no longer for himself, but melted away from day to day. Although -outwardly he looked after the affairs of the kingdom, and taking pains -with the ordering of civil matters, did not withdraw his hand from -business, yet in his heart he grieved at the separation, and at last, -after three months and twenty days, he passed away. The next day I -went to condole with his sons and sons-in-law, and, presenting 41 of -his children and connections and 12 of his dependents with dresses -of honour, I took them out of their mourning garments. - -The next day I marched with the same purpose (as before), and went -to see the fort of Kangra. In four stages the camp was pitched at -the river Banganga. Alf K. and Shaikh Faizu-llah, the guards of the -fort, had the good fortune to pay their respects. At this stage the -offering of the Raja of Chamba [545] was laid before me. His country -is 25 koss beyond Kangra. There is no greater Zamindari in these -hills than this. The country is the asylum of all the Zamindars of -the country. It has passes (`aqabaha) difficult to cross. Until now -he had not obeyed any king nor sent offerings. His brother also was -honoured by paying his respects, and on his part performed the dues of -service and loyalty. He seemed to me to be reasonable and intelligent -and urbane. I exalted him with all kinds of patronage and favour. - -On the 24th [546] of the same month I went to see the fort of -Kangra, and gave an order that the Qazi, the Chief Justice (Mir -`Adl), and other learned men of Islam should accompany me and carry -out in the fort whatever was customary, according to the religion -of Muhammad. Briefly, having traversed about one koss, I went up to -the top of the fort, and by the grace of God, the call to prayer and -the reading of the Khutba and the slaughter of a bullock, which had -not taken place from the commencement of the building of the fort -till now, were carried out in my presence. I prostrated myself in -thanksgiving for this great gift, which no king had hoped to receive, -and ordered a lofty mosque to be built inside the fort. The fort of -Kangra is situated on a high hill, and is so strong that if furnished -with provisions and the necessaries for a fort the hand of force -cannot reach its skirt, and the noose of stratagem must fall short of -it. Although there are heights (sar-kubha) in some places, and guns -and muskets might reach (the fort) from them, yet no harm would accrue -to the garrison, for they could move to another part of the fort, -[547] and be safe. It has 23 bastions and seven gates. Its inner -circumference is 1 koss and 15 ropes, its length is 1/4 koss and 2 -ropes (tanab), its breadth not more than 22 ropes nor less than 15. Its -height is 114 cubits. There are two reservoirs inside the fort, one 2 -ropes long and 1 1/2 broad; the other is of the same length (?). [548] - -After going round the fort I went to see the temple of Durga, which -is known as Bhawan. [549] A world has here wandered in the desert of -error. Setting aside the infidels whose custom is the worship of idols, -crowds on crowds of the people of Islam, traversing long distances, -bring their offerings and pray to the black stone (image). Near the -temple, and on the slope of the hill there is a sulphur-mine (kan), -and its heat causes flames to continually burst forth. They call it -Jwala Mukhi [550] (Flame-Face or Burning Mouth), and regard it as -one of the idol's miracles. In fact, Hindus, while knowing the truth, -[551] deceive the common people. Hindus say [552] that when the life -of Mahadeo's wife came to an end and she drank the draught of death, -Mahadeo, in his great love and attachment to her, took her dead body -on his back, and went about the world carrying her corpse. When some -time had passed in this manner, her form dissolved and dropped asunder, -and each limb fell in a different place: they give honour and dignity -to the place according to the dignity and grace of the member. As -the breast, which when compared with other members has the greatest -dignity, fell in this place, they hold it more precious than any -other. Some maintain that this stone, which is now a place of worship -for the vile infidels, is not the stone which was there originally, -but that a body of the people [553] of Islam came and carried off -the original stone, and threw it into the bottom of the river, with -the intent that no one could get at it. For a long time the tumult -of the infidels and idol-worshippers had died away in the world, -till a lying brahman hid a stone for his own ends, and going to the -Raja of the time said: "I saw Durga in a dream, and she said to me: -'They have thrown me into a certain place: quickly go and take me -up.'" The Raja, in the simplicity of his heart, and greedy for the -offerings of gold that would come to him, accepted the tale of the -brahman, and sent a number of people with him, and brought that stone, -and kept it in this place with honour, and started again the shop of -error and misleading. But God only knows! - -From the temple I went to see the valley which is known as -Kuh-i-Madar. [554] It is a delightful place. From its climate, -the freshness of its verdure, and its delightful position it is a -place of pleasure worthy to be seen. There is a waterfall here which -pours down water from the top of the hill. I ordered them to put up a -symmetrical building there. On the 25th of the month the standards were -turned back to return. Having presented Alf K. and Shaikh Faizu-llah -with horses and elephants I left them to defend the fort. Next day I -encamped at the fort of Nurpur. [555] It was reported to me that in -this neighbourhood there were many jungle fowl. As I had never yet -caught these, I made a halt of another day, and enjoyed myself with -the sport, having caught four. One cannot distinguish them in shape -and colour from domestic fowls. One of the peculiarities of these -birds is that if they are caught by the feet and turned upside down, -wherever they are taken they make no sound, and remain silent, contrary -to the domestic fowl, which makes an outcry. Until the domestic fowl -is plunged into hot water its feathers do not come off easily. The -jungle fowl, like the partridge and podna, [556] can be plucked when -dry. I ordered them to roast them. It was found that the flesh of -the full-grown ones was very tasteless and dry. The chickens had -some juiciness, but were not good to eat. They cannot fly farther -than a bow-shot. The cock [557] is chiefly red, and the hen black -and yellow. There are many in this Nurpur jungle. The ancient name of -Nurpur is Dhameri. [558] Since Raja Baso built the fort and made houses -and gardens they call it Nurpur, after my name. About Rs. 30,000 were -expended on the building. Certes, the buildings Hindus construct after -their fashion, however much they decorate them, are not pleasant. As -the place was fit and the locality enchanting, I ordered them to spend -Rs. 1,00,000 out of the public treasury, and to erect buildings at it, -and to make lofty edifices suited to the spot. - -At this time it was reported to me that there was a Sannyasi Moti -[559] in the neighbourhood who had entirely renounced control over -himself. I ordered them to bring him that I might ascertain the real -state of affairs. They call Hindu devotees Sarb basi. [560] By usage -the word has become San-nyasi (laying down everything). There are -many degrees among them, and there are several orders among the Sarb -basi. Among them there is the Moti order. They put themselves into the -figure of a cross (?) (salb ikhtiyar mikunand) and surrender themselves -(taslim [561] misazand). For instance, they never speak. If for ten -days and nights they stand in one place, they do not move their feet -forwards or backwards; in fact, make no movement at all, and remain -like fossils. When he came into my presence I examined him, and found -a wonderful state of persistence. It occurred to me that in a state -of drunkenness and absence of mind and delirium, some change might -be wrought in him. Accordingly I ordered them to give him some cups -of spirit (`araq) of double strength. This was done in royal fashion -(liberally?), but not the least change took place, and he remained in -the same impassive state. At last his senses left him, and they carried -him out like a corpse. God Almighty granted him mercy so that he did -not lose his life. Certainly there was great persistence in his nature. - -At this time Bi-badal K. presented me with the chronogram of the -conquest of Kangra, and that of the foundation of the mosque which -I had ordered. As he had hit it off well, I here record it: - - - VERSE. - - World-gripper, World-giver, World-holder, World-king, - With the sword of ghazi-ship he conquered this fort. - Wisdom spoke the date "The Jahangiri Fortune opened this fort." - - -He composed the chronogram [562] of the building of the mosque -as follows: - - - VERSE. - - Nuru-d-din Shah Jahangir s. Shah Akbar - Is a king who in the Age hath no equal. - He took Fort Kangra by the aid of God. - A drop from the cloud of his sword is a tempest. - As by his order this illumined mosque was built, - May his forehead shine by his prostration. - A hidden messenger said: "In seeking for the date - (Say) The mosque of Shah Jahangir was illumined." [563] - - -On the first of the Divine month of Isfandarmuz I gave the -establishment and everything belonging to the government and Amirship -of I`timadu-d-daula to Nur Jahan Begam, and ordered that her drums -and orchestra should be sounded after those of the king. On the 4th -of the same month I pitched in the neighbourhood of the pargana -of Kashhuna. [564] On this day Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan was raised to -the lofty dignity of supreme Diwan. I conferred dresses of honour -on 32 individuals of the Deccan Amirs. Abu Sa`id, grandson of -I`timadu-d-daula, was raised to the mansab of 1,000 personal and 500 -horse. At this time a report came from Khurram that Khusrau, on the -8th [565] (20th) of the month, had died of the disease of colic pains -(qulanj), and gone to the mercy of God. - -On the 19th of the month I pitched on the bank of the Bihat -(Jhelam). Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 2,000 -horse. Raja Kishan Das was selected for the duty of faujdar of Delhi, -and his mansab was fixed at 2,000 personal and 500 horse, original -and increased. Previously to this, huntsmen and yasawulan (guards) -had been ordered to prepare a jarga (hunting-ring) in the shikar-gah -(hunting-place of) Girjhak. When it was reported to me that they -had brought the game into the enclosure, on the 24th of the month I -went out to hunt with some of my special servants. Of hill quchqar -(rams?) and gazelles 124 [566] head were taken. On this day it was -reported that Zafar K. s. Zain K., had died. I promoted Sa`adat Umid, -his son, to the mansab of 800 personal and 400 horse. - - - - - - - - -THE SEVENTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the eve of Monday, the ----, [567] of the month of Jumada-l-awwal, -A.H. 1031, March 10-12, 1622, after one watch, five gharis and a -fraction had passed, the sun that illuminates the world lighted the -mansion of Aries, and the 17th year of the reign of this suppliant -began auspiciously and happily. On this joy-increasing day Asaf K. was -promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and horse. Having given Qasim -K. leave to proceed to the government of the Panjab, I presented him -with a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. Eighty thousand darbs -were given to Zambil Beg, ambassador of the ruler of Persia. On the 6th -of the same month (Farwardin) the royal camp was at Rawalpindi. Fazil -K. was promoted to the post of Bakhshi. Zambil Beg was ordered to -remain at ease in Lahore until the return of the victorious army from -Kashmir. An elephant was conferred on Akbarquli K. Gakkar. - -At this time I frequently heard that the ruler of Persia had hastened -from Khurasan for the purpose of conquering Qandahar. Although looking -to our previous and present connections, it appeared very unlikely, -and beyond all calculation, that such a great king should entertain -such light and crude ideas, and himself come against one of my humble -slaves who was in Qandahar with 300 or 400 [568] servants, yet as -caution is one of the duties of a ruler and becoming to a king, I sent -Zainu-l-`Abidin, Bakhshi of Ahadis, with a gracious farman to Khurram -to come and wait on me with all possible speed with a victorious host, -and elephants of mountain hugeness, and the numerous artillery that -were assigned for his support in that Subah. So that, if these words -should be near the truth, he might come and be despatched with an -innumerable army and countless treasure, in order that he (the king of -Persia) might discover the result of breaking faith and of wrong-doing. - -On the 8th I halted at the fountain of Hasan Abdal. Fida'i K. was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 personal and 1,000 horse, and -Badi`u-z-zaman was appointed Bakhshi of the Ahadis. On Friday, -the 12th, Mahabat K., having come from Kabul, waited on me and had -the good fortune to pay his respects, and became the recipient of -daily-increasing favours. He presented 100 muhrs as a present and -Rs. 10,000 as alms. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan passed his followers before me -in review; 2,500 well-horsed cavalry were enrolled of whom 400 were -matchlock men. At this stage a qamurgha hunt was arranged, and I shot -[569] 33 hill quchqar (mountain sheep), etc. At this time Hakim Mumina, -at the recommendation of the pillar of the State, Mahabat K., had -the good fortune to wait on me. With power and courage he undertook -my cure, and I hope that his coming may prove auspicious to me. The -mansab of Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was fixed at 2,000 personal and -1,800 horse. On the 19th I encamped near Pakhli, and the feast of the -culmination was held there. Having given Mahabat K. leave to return to -Kabul, I gave him a horse, an elephant, and a dress of honour. The -mansab of I`tibar K. was ordered to be 5,000 personal and 4,000 -horse. As he was an old servant, and had become very weak and old, -I promoted him to the Subah of Agra, and entrusted to him the defence -of the fort and the treasury, and, presenting him with an elephant, -a horse, and a dress of honour, dismissed him. At the Pass of Kunwar -[570] Mast, Iradat K. came from Kashmir, and had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Urdibihisht, -I entered the enchanting region of Kashmir. Mir Miran was promoted to -the mansab of 2,500 personal and 1,400 horse. At this time, in order -to ease the condition of the ryots and soldiery, I did away with the -faujdari cess, and gave an order that in the whole of my dominions -they should not impose anything on account of faujdari. Zabar-dast -K., Master of the Ceremonies (Mir Tuzuk), was promoted to the mansab -of 2,000 personal and 700 horse. On the 13th, by the advice of the -physicians, and especially of Hakim Mumina, I was lightened by being -bled from my left leg. A present of a dress of honour was made to -Muqarrab K., and one of 1,000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. At the request -of Khurram the mansab of `Abdu-llah K. was fixed at 6,000. Sar-faraz -[571] K. was honoured with the gift of drums. Bahadur K. Uzbeg, -having come from Qandahar, had the good fortune to pay his respects: -by way of nazar he gave 100 muhrs, and by way of charity offered -Rs. 4,000. Mustafa K., governor of Thatta, had sent as an offering -a Shah-nama and a Khamsa (quintet) of Shaikh Nizami illustrated -by masters (of painting), along with other presents: these were -laid before me. On the 1st of the Divine month of Khurdad Lashkar -K. was exalted to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and -to Mir Jumla was given that of 2,500 personal and 1,000 horse. Some -of the Amirs of the Deccan were similarly honoured with an increase -of mansab. Promotion was also given as follows: Sardar K., 3,000 and -2,500 horse; Sar-buland K., 2,500 personal and 2,200 horse; Baqi K., -2,500 and 2,000 horse; Sharza K., 2,500 and 1,200 horse; Jan-sipar K., -2,000 personal and 2,000 horse; Mirza Wali, 2,500 and 1,000 horse; -Mirza Badi`u-z-zaman s. Mirza Shahrukh, 1,500 personal and horse; -Zahid K., 1,500 and 700 horse; `Aqidat K., 1,200 and 300 horse; -Ibrahim Husain Kashghari, 1,200 and 600 horse; and Zu-l-faqar K., -1,000 personal and 500 horse. Raja Gaj Singh and Himmat K. were -selected for drums. On the 2nd of the Divine month of Tir, Sayyid -Bayazid was honoured with the title of Mustafa K., and was also -presented with drums. At this time Tahawwur K., who is one of the -personal servants, was despatched with a gracious farman to summon -my fortunate son Shah Parwiz. - -Some days before this, petitions came from the officials in Qandahar -reporting the intention of the ruler of Persia to conquer Qandahar, -but my mind, which is actuated by sincerity, looking to past and -present relations, placed no reliance on the truth of this until the -report of my son Khan Jahan arrived that Shah `Abbas, with the armies -of Iraq and Khurasan, had come and besieged Qandahar. I ordered them -to fix an hour for leaving Kashmir. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, the Diwan, -and Bakhshi Sadiq K. hastened to Lahore in advance of the victorious -army to expedite the arrival of the princes of high degree with the -armies of the Deccan, Gujarat, Bengal, and Behar, and to send on the -Amirs who were present with the victorious stirrups, and those who -one after another should come in from the districts of their jagirs -to my son Khan Jahan at Multan. At the same time the artillery, -with the strings of warlike elephants, and the armoury [572] were to -be prepared and forwarded. As there was little cultivation between -Multan and Qandahar, the despatch of a large army without provisions -was not to be thought of. It was therefore decided to encourage the -grain-sellers, who in the language of India are called banjara, and, -providing them with money, to take them along with the victorious army, -so that there might be no difficulty about supplies. The Banjaras -[573] are a tribe. Some of them have 1,000 bullocks, and some more -or less. They take grain from different districts (bulukat) into the -towns and sell it. They go along with the armies, and with such an -army there would be 100,000 bullocks or more. It is hoped that by the -grace of the Creator, the army will be furnished with numbers and arms -so that there may be no delay or hesitation until it reaches Isfahan, -which is his (the Shah's) capital. A farman was sent to Khan Jahan to -beware and not start in that direction (Qandahar) from Multan before -the arrival of the victorious army, and not be disturbed, but attend -to orders. Bahadur K. Uzbeg was selected to go as an auxiliary to the -army of Qandahar, and favoured with a horse and dress of honour. Fazil -K. was given the mansab of 2,000 personal and 750 horse. - -As it had been brought to notice that the poor of Kashmir suffer -hardships in the winter from the excessive cold, and live with -difficulty, I ordered that a village of the rental of Rs. 3,000 or -Rs. 4,000 should be entrusted to Mulla Talib Isfahani, [574] to be -expended in providing clothes for the poor, and for warming water, -for purposes of ablution, in the mosques. - -As it was reported that the Zamindars of Kishtwar had again raised -their heads in disobedience and sin, and engaged in sedition and -disturbance, Iradat K. was ordered to proceed hot-foot, before -they had time to establish themselves firmly, and having inflicted -condign punishment on them to tear up the root of sedition. On this -day Zainu-l-`Abidin, who had been sent to summon Khurram, came and -waited on me, and reported that the stipulation he made was that he -should pass the rainy season in the fort of Mandu, and then come to -Court. His report was read. I [575] did not like the style of its -purport nor the request he made, and, on the contrary, the traces -of disloyalty (bi-daulati) were apparent. There being no remedy, -an order was given that as he proposed to come after the rains, -he should despatch the great Amirs, the servants of the Court who -were employed in assisting him, and especially the Sayyids of Barha -and Bukhara, the Shaikh-zadas, the Afghans, and the Rajputs. Mirza -Rustam and I`tiqad K. were ordered to go to Lahore in advance, and -assist the army of Qandahar. Rs. l,00,000 were given them as advance -of pay, and I also granted drums to `Inayat K. and I`timad K. Iradat -K., who had hastened to punish the rebels of Kishtwar, having killed -many of them and regained the mastery and established himself firmly, -returned to duty. Mu`tamid K. had been appointed Bakhshi to the army -of the Deccan. As that matter was over [576] he was sent for at his own -request. He came on this day, and on his arrival kissed the threshold. - -It is a strange thing that when a pearl of the value of Rs. 14,000 or -15,000 was lost in the harem, Jotik Ray, the astrologer, represented -that it would be found in two or three days. Sadiq K. Rammal -(soothsayer) represented that in the same two or three days it would -come from a place which was perfectly clean and pure, such as the -place of worship or oratory. A female soothsayer represented that it -would soon be found, and that a woman with white skin would bring it -in a state of ecstasy, and give it into the hand of the Hazrat (the -king). It happened that on the third day one of the Turkish girls -found it in the oratory, and all in smiles and in a happy frame of -mind gave it to me. As the words of all three came true each one was -favoured with an acceptable reward. This is written because it is -not devoid of strangeness. - -At this time I appointed Kaukab and Khidmatgar K., and others to the -number of twelve in all, of the familiar servants to be sazawuls of -the Amirs in the Deccan in order that they might exert themselves -and send them forward as soon as possible to Court, so that they -(the Amirs) might be sent to the victorious army at Qandahar. [577] -At this time it was frequently reported to me that Khurram had -taken into his possession some of the estates of the jagir of Nur -Jahan Begam and Shahriyar, and especially the pargana of Dholpur, -which had by the High Diwan been assigned to Shahriyar, and had -sent there an Afghan of the name of Darya, one of his own servants, -with a body of men. Darya fought with Sharifu-l-mulk, a servant of -Shahriyar, who had been appointed to the faujdari of that region, -and many were killed on both sides. Although in consequence of his -(Khurram's) remaining in the fort of Mandu, and the unreasonable -requests made in his letter it appeared that his reason was turned, -yet from hearing this news it became clear that he was unworthy of -all the favours and cherishing I had bestowed on him, and that his -brain had gone wrong. Accordingly I sent Raja Ruz-afzun, who was a -confidential servant, to him, and made inquiries as to the cause of -this boldness. He was ordered hereafter to behave properly, and not -place his foot beyond the path of reasonableness and the high road of -politeness, and content himself with the districts of his own jagir -that he had obtained from the High Diwan. He must also beware not to -form any intention of coming to wait upon me, but to send the body -of the servants of the State I had requisitioned on account of the -disturbance at Qandahar to the Court. If anything contrary to this -order should come to notice, he would repent it. - -At this time Mir Zahiru-d-din, the grandson of Mir Miran, s. the famous -Shah Ni`matu-llah, came from Persia and waited on me, and received as -a present a dress of honour and 8,000 darbs. Ujala Dakhani obtained -leave to go to Raja Bir Singh Deo with a gracious farman in order -that he should act as sazawul and collect the men. Previously to -this, on account of the great regard and abundant affection I bore to -Khurram and his sons, at the time when his son (Shuja`) was very ill, -I had determined that if God Almighty would grant him to me I would -not again sport with a gun, and would inflict no injury on a living -thing with my own hand. Notwithstanding my inclination and love for -hunting, especially with a gun, I had given it up for five years. At -this time, when I was greatly distressed at his unkind behaviour, -I took again to sporting with a gun, and gave orders that nobody -should remain in the palace without one. In a short time most of -the servants took a liking to shooting with guns, and the archers, -[578] in order to perform their duties, became cavalry soldiers. - -On the 25th of the month, corresponding with the 7th Shawwal, at -the favourable hour that had been chosen, I turned towards Lahore -from Kashmir (apparently means Srinagar, the capital). I sent Bihari -Das Brahman with a gracious farman to Rana Karan to the effect that -he should bring his son with a body of men to pay his respects to -me. Mir Zahiru-d-din was promoted to the mansab of 1,000 personal and -400 horse. As he represented to me that he was in debt, I made him -a present of Rs. 10,000. On the 1st of Shahriwar I encamped at the -fountain of Achbal, [579] and on Thursday I had a feast of cups beside -the fountain. [580] On this auspicious day my fortunate son Shahriyar -was appointed to the Qandahar expedition, and was promoted to the -mansab of 12,000 personal and 8,000 horse. A special dress of honour, -with a nadiri with pearl buttons, was also given him. At this time -a merchant had brought two large pearls from the country of Turkey, -one of them weighing 1 1/4 misqals, and the second 1 surkh less. Nur -Jahan Begam bought the two for Rs. 60,000, and presented them to me -as an offering on the same day. On Friday, the 10th, by the advice of -Hakim Mumina, [581] I was relieved by bleeding from the arm. Muqarrab -K., who has great skill in this art, always used to bleed me, and -possibly never failed before, but now failed twice. Afterwards Qasim, -his nephew, bled me. I gave him a dress of honour and Rs. 2,000, -and gave 1,000 darbs to Hakim Mumina. Mir Khan, at the request of -Khan Jahan, was promoted to the mansab of 1,500 and 900 horse. - -On the 21st of the month the feast of my solar weighing took place, -and the 54th year of the age of this suppliant at the throne of God -began auspiciously and happily. I hope that the whole of my life will -be spent in fulfilling the will of God. On the 28th, I went to see -the waterfall of Ashar [582] (?). As this spring is famous for its -sweetness and agreeable flavour, I weighed it in my presence against -Ganges water, and that [583] of the valley of Lar. The water of Ashar -was 3 masha heavier than that of the Ganges, and the latter was 1/2 -masha lighter than that of the valley of Lar. On the 30th the camp was -at Hirapur. Though Iradat K. had done his duty in Kishtwar well, yet -as the ryots and inhabitants of Kashmir complained of his treatment of -them, I promoted I`tiqad K. to the governorship of Kashmir. I bestowed -on him a horse, a dress of honour, and a special enemy-piercing -[584] sword, and appointed Iradat K. to do duty with the army of -Qandahar. Having brought Kunwar Singh, the Raja of Kishtwar, out of -the fortress of Gwalior, where he was imprisoned, I bestowed Kishtwar -on him, and gave him a horse and a dress of honour, with the title of -Raja. I sent Haidar Malik to Kashmir (i.e., Srinagar) to bring a canal -from the valley of Lar to the Nur-afza garden, giving him Rs. 30,000 -for the materials and labour. On the 12th of the month I came down -from the hill country of Jammu, and pitched at Bhimbhar. The next day I -had a qamurqha hunt. To Dawar-bakhsh, s. Khusrau, I gave the mansab of -5,000 personal and 2,000 horse. On the 24th I crossed the Chenab. [585] -Mirza Rustam came from Lahore, and waited on me. On the same day Afzal -[586] K., Khurram's Diwan, bringing a petition from him, waited on -me. He had clothed his immoderate acts in the garment of apology, -and had sent him with the idea that perhaps he might carry his point -by flattery and smooth speeches, and so correct his improprieties. I -[587] paid no attention, and did not listen to him. The Diwan Khwaja -Abu-l-Hasan and Sadiq K. Bakhshi, who had hastened to Lahore to make -provision for the army of Qandahar, had the good fortune to kiss -the threshold. On the 1st of the Divine month of Aban, Amanu-llah, -s. Mahabat K., was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and 1,700 -horse. A gracious farman was sent to summon Mahabat K. At this time -`Abdu-llah K., whom I had sent for for service at Qandahar, having come -from the district of his jagir, paid his respects. On the 4th of the -same month I entered the city of Lahore auspiciously and happily. Alf -K. was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse. I gave [588] -an order to the chief Diwans to levy the pay of the force of servants -of the State who had been appointed for service at Qandahar out of -the jagirs of Khurram, which were in the Sarkar of Hisar, and in -the Du-ab and those regions. In the place of these he might take -possession of districts from the Subah of Malwa and the Deccan, and -Gujarat and Khandesh, wherever he wished. Presenting Afzal K. with a -dress of honour I gave him leave to go. An order was passed that the -Subahs of Gujarat, Malwa, the Deccan and Khandesh should be handed -over to him (Khurram), and he might take up a permanent residence -wherever he might wish, and employ himself in the administration -of those regions. He was to send quickly the sazawuls who had been -appointed to bring the servants of the State who had been summoned to -my presence on account of the disturbance at Qandahar. After that he -was to look after his own charge, and not depart from order: otherwise, -he would repent. On this day I gave the best tipchaq horse that was in -my private stable to `Abdu-llah K. On the 26th Haidar Beg and Wali Beg, -envoys of the ruler of Persia, had an audience. After performing the -ceremony of salutation they produced a letter from the Shah. My son -Khan Jahan, according to order, having come post from Multan, waited -on me. He presented as offerings 1,000 muhrs, 1,000 rupees, and 18 -horses. Mahabat K. was promoted to the mansab of 6,000 personal and -5,000 horse. I gave an elephant to Mirza Rustam. Raja Sarang Deo was -appointed sazawul to Raja Bir Singh Deo. I told him to produce him at -Court as quickly as possible. On [589] the 7th of the Divine month of -Azar the ambassadors of Shah `Abbas, who had come at different times, -were presented with dresses of honour and their expenses, and given -leave to go. The letter he had sent by Haidar Beg making excuses in -the matter of Qandahar has been given in this record of good fortune -(Iqbal-nama) along with my reply. - - - -Letter of the King of Persia. - -(After compliments, and good wishes for that "brother dear as life" -the letter proceeds as follows): - -"You will be aware that after the death of the Nawab Shah Jannat-makan -(Shah Tahmasp) great misfortunes befell Persia. Many territories -which belonged to our saintly family passed out of possession, -but when this suppliant at the throne of Grace became sovereign, -he, by God's help, and the excellent measures of friends, recovered -the hereditary lands which were in the possession of enemies. As -Qandahar was held by the agents of your lofty family, I regarded you -as myself, and did not make any objection. From feelings of unity and -brotherhood we waited, thinking that you would, after the manner of -your ancestors [590] who are in Paradise, voluntarily take the matter -into your consideration. When you neglected to do this, I repeatedly, -by writing and verbal messages, directly and indirectly, asked for the -disposal of the question, thinking that perhaps that petty country -(Qandahar) was not regarded as worthy of your notice. You said -several times that by making over the territory to our family, the -notions of enemies and censurers would be disposed of, and praters, -enviers, and fault-finders would be put to silence. A faction [591] -formerly delayed the settlement of this matter. As the truth of the -affair was known to friends and enemies, and as no clear answer, -either of refusal or concession, came from you, it occurred to me -that I would go to Qandahar to see it, and to hunt. In this way the -agents of my distinguished brother, in accordance with the ties of -friendship which exist between us, might welcome us and wait upon -us. By this means the relationship of union would be renewed, and -would be made evident to the world, and the tongues of the envious -and the evil-speaking be shortened. With this view, I set off without -apparatus for taking forts, and when I came to Farah I sent a rescript -to the governor of Qandahar, mentioning that I intended to see the -place and hunt there. I did this in order that he might treat me -as a guest. We also called the honourable Khwaja Baqi Kurkaraq, -and sent a message to the governor and the other officers in the -fort to the effect that there was no difference between Your Majesty -and ourselves, and that we were aware of each other's territories, -and that we were coming to see the country. Therefore they were not -to act in such a way as to give umbrage or to vex anyone. They did -not receive the conciliatory order and message in the proper way, -but showed obstinacy and a rebellious spirit. When I came to the fort -I again called the honourable aforesaid (K. Baqi), and sent him with -the message that I had directed my troops not to invest the fort till -the lapse of ten days. They did not receive the wholesome advice, -and were stubborn in their opposition. As there was nothing more to -be done, the Persian army set about taking the fort, though it was in -want of appliances, and soon levelled the walls and bastions with the -ground. The garrison became straitened, and asked for quarter. We, -too, maintained the ties of love which had existed from of old -between the two exalted dynasties, and the brotherly relation which -was formed between you and me when you were prince (Mirza), and which -was an object of envy to contemporary sovereigns, and from my innate -kindness forgave their errors and offences. Encompassing them with -favours, I sent them safe and sound to your Court along with Haidar Beg -Qurbashi, who is one of the sincere Sufis of this family. Of a truth, -the foundation of love and union, both inherited and acquired, on the -part of this seeker after affection, has not grown old or decayed, -and is strong so that no rupture in it can take place on account of -any things which may have transpired owing to the action of Fate. - - - VERSE. - - Between us and you there cannot be trouble, - There can be naught but love and trust. - - -"It is hoped that you, too, will preserve your affection for us, and -that you will not approve of certain strange actions, and that if any -suspicion about friendship arise you will endeavour by your innate -goodness and continual love to efface it. May the ever-vernal flower -of union and cordiality remain in bloom, and every effort be made to -strengthen the foundations of concord, and to cleanse the fountains of -agreement which regulate temperaments and territories. You will regard -all our dominions as belonging to you, and will extend your friendship -to everyone (in them?), and will proclaim that it (Qandahar) has been -given up to him (`Abbas) without any objection, and that such trifles -are of no importance, and that though the governor and officers who -were in the fort did some things which were obstacles to friendship, -yet what took place was done by you and me. They performed the duties -of service and life devotion. It is certain, too, that Your Majesty -will be gracious to them, and will treat them with royal kindness, -and will not shame me before them. What more need I write? May thy -star-brushing standards ever be associated with the Divine aids!" - - - -Reply to the Letter of Shah `Abbas. - -"Unfeigned thanks, and pure thanksgivings are due to the sole object of -worship (God) for that the maintenance of the compacts and treaties of -great princes is the cause of the order of Creation and the repose of -mankind. A proof of this is the harmony and unity which existed between -us and the exalted family (of Persia), and which were increased during -our time. These things were the envy of contemporary sovereigns. The -glorious Shah--the star of heaven's army, the ruler of the nations, -the adorner of the Kayani tiara, the fitting occupant of the throne -of Chosroes, the fruitful tree of the gardens of sovereignty, the -splendid nursling of the parterres of prophecy and saintship, the -cream of the Safawi dynasty--hath without ground or reason, engaged -in disturbing the rose-garden of love and friendship and brotherhood -in which for long periods there has been no possibility of a breath -of confusion. Clearly the methods of union and concord among princes -require that they make oaths of friendship to one another, and that -there should be perfect spiritual agreement between them. There -should be no need of physical contact, and still less should there -be any necessity for visiting one another's countries for 'shooting -and spectacle' (sair u shikar). - - - VERSE. - - Alas, a hundred times for the love passing thought! - - -"By the arrival of your loving letter apologizing for the 'spectacle -and shooting' (sair u shikar) of Qandahar, which came with the -honourable Haidar Beg and Wali Beg, I became apprised of the bodily -health of your angelic personality, and the flowers of joy were -scattered over the world. Let it not be hidden from the world-adorning -mind of my exalted and prosperous brother that until the arrival of -the letter and messages brought by Zambil Beg no mention had been made -by you in letters or verbal messages of your wish for Qandahar. At the -time when we were engaged in visiting the delightful land of Kashmir, -the Deccan lords, in their shortsightedness, extended their feet beyond -the limits of obedience, and trod the path of rebellion. Accordingly -it became necessary for me to chastise them. I moved my standards -to Lahore, and appointed my worthy [592] son Shah Jahan to proceed -against them with a victorious army. I myself was proceeding to Agra -when Zambil Beg arrived, and produced your loving letter. I took it -as a good omen, and went off to Agra to put down the enemies and the -rebels. In the jewelled and pearl-dropping letter there was no mention -of a wish for Qandahar. It was mentioned verbally by Zambil Beg. In -reply, I said to him that I made no difficulty with regard to anything -that my brother wished. Please God, after settling the Deccan affair, -I would send him back in a manner suitable to my sovereignty. I also -said that as he had made long marches he should repose for some days -in Lahore, and that I would afterwards send for him. After coming to -Agra, I sent for him and gave him leave to depart. As the favour of -God attaches to this suppliant, I withdrew my mind from victories and -proceeded to the Panjab. My intention was to send him away, but after -disposing of some necessary matters I went to Kashmir on account of -the hot weather. After coming there I sent for Zambil Beg in order -to give him his leave. I also wished to show him something of that -delightful country. Meanwhile news came that my prosperous brother -had come to take Qandahar. This idea had never entered my mind, and I -was entirely astonished. What could there be in a petty village that -he should set out to take it, and that he should shut his eyes to so -much friendship and brotherly feeling? Though truthful reporters sent -the news, I could not credit it! When it became certain I immediately -gave orders to `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. not to transgress in any way the good -pleasure of that prosperous brother. Up to now the relationship of -brotherhood stands firm, and I do not value the world in comparison -therewith, nor do I consider any gift equal to it. But it would have -been right and brotherly that he should have waited till the arrival -of the ambassador. Perhaps he would be successful in the object [593] -and claim for which he had come. When he (`Abbas) takes such steps -before the return of the ambassador, to whom will mankind ascribe the -merit of keeping compacts and of preserving the capital of humanity -and liberality! May God preserve you at all times!" - - - -After I had given leave to the ambassadors, I devoted all my energy -to urging on the Qandahar force, and presented my son Khan Jahan, -who had been sent for for certain matters, with an elephant, a special -horse, a jewelled sword and dagger, and a dress of honour. I sent him -on as an advance guard, and directed him to remain in Multan until the -arrival of Prince Shahriyar with the victorious army. Baqir K., who was -faujdar of Multan, was summoned to Court, and I appointed `Ali-quli -Beg Darman to assist him (Khan Jahan), and raised him to the mansab -of 1,500. In the same manner, having raised M. Rustam to the mansab -of 5,000, I appointed him to the duty of assisting that son with the -(Qandahar) army. Lashkar K. came from the Deccan, and waited on me, and -was also attached to that army. Allah-dad K. Afghan, M. `Isa Tarkhan, -Mukarram K., Ikram K., and other Amirs, who had come from the Deccan -and from their fiefs, after being presented with horses and dresses -of honour, were sent with Khan Jahan. `Umdatu-s-saltana Asaf K. was -sent to Agra to bring to Court the whole of the treasure in muhrs -and rupees which had accumulated from the beginning of the reign of -my father. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, was promoted to the mansab of -2,000 and 1,000 horse. Muhammad Shafi`a, Bakhshi of Multan, had the -title of Khan conferred on him. I gave leave to Sharif, Vakil of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, to go with all possible haste, and bring -my son to wait on me with the army of Behar, and writing a gracious -farman with my own hand I urged him to come. - -On this day Mir Miran, the grandson of Shah Ni`matu-llah, died -suddenly. I hope that he will be among the pardoned. A raging elephant -threw down the huntsman Mirza Beg and killed him: I assigned his -duties to Imam-wirdi. - -As in consequence of the weakness that came over me two years ago -and still continues, heart and brain do not accord. I cannot [594] -make notes of events and occurrences. Now that Mu`tamid K. has come -from the Deccan, and has had the good fortune to kiss the threshold, -as he is a servant who knows my temperament and understands my words, -and was also formerly entrusted with this duty, I gave an order that -from the date which I have written he shall hereafter write them with -his own hand, and attach them to my Memoranda. Whatever events may -occur hereafter he should note after the manner of a diary, and submit -them for my verification, and then they should be copied into a book. - - - - -FROM THIS PLACE THE NOTES ARE WRITTEN BY MU`TAMID KHAN. [595] - -As the whole of my world-opening mind was taken up with the preparation -of the Qandahar army, and the remedy for that business, the unpleasant -news that reached me of a change in the condition of Khurram, and his -want of moderation, became a cause for aversion and dissension. I -accordingly sent Musawi K., who is one of the sincere servants who -knows my temperament, to that wretch (bi-daulat) to lay before him the -threatening messages and my wishes, and to give admonitions that might -sharpen his intelligence, so that by the guidance of good fortune he -might awake from the dream of carelessness and pride, and that he -(Musawi) having gained a (true) knowledge of his futile ideas and -aims might hasten to my presence, and carry out whatever appeared to -be necessary. On the 1st of the Divine month of Bahman the feast of -my lunar weighing took place. At this auspicious ceremony Mahabat K., -having come from Kabul, paid his respects, and was the recipient of -special favours. I appointed Ya`qub K. Badakhshi to Kabul, exalting -him with the gift of drums. About this time report came from I`tibar -K. from Agra that Khurram, with the army of adversity, had left -Mandu and started in that direction. He had evidently heard the news -that the treasure had been sent for, and fire had fallen into his -mind, and having let fall from his hand the reins of self-control, -had started (with the idea) that on the road he might lay hold of -the treasure. Accordingly I thought it best to proceed for a tour, -and in order to hunt to the bank of the river of Sultan-pur (the -Beas). If that wretch by the guidance of error should place his -foot in the desert of audacity, I might hasten farther forward and -place the punishment of his unbecoming behaviour in the skirt of his -fortune. If matters turned out in any other way I might take steps -accordingly. With this purpose, on the 17th of the same month, at -an auspicious hour, I marched. Mahabat K. was dignified with a dress -of honour. Rs. 1,00,000 were ordered to be given to Mirza Rustam and -Rs. 2,00,000 to `Abdu-llah K. by way of advance of pay. I sent Mirza -Khan, s. Zain K., with a gracious farman to my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz, and renewed my urgency for his attendance. Raja Sarang Deo -had gone to summon Raja Bir Singh Deo: he came, and having paid his -respects, reported that the Raja, with a proper force and an equipped -army, would join me at Thanesar. At this time constant reports [596] -came from I`tibar K. and other servants of the State from Agra that -Khurram in revolt and disloyalty (bi-daulati) had changed what was -due by him for rearing into undutifulnesses, [597] and having placed -the foot of ruin in the valley of ignorance and error, had started in -that direction. They therefore did not consider it advisable to bring -the treasure, and were engaged in strengthening the towers and gates, -and providing things necessary for the defence of the fort. Similarly -a report came from Asaf K. that the wretch had torn off the veil of -respect, and turned his face towards the valley of ruin, and that the -odour of good came not from the manner of his approach. As it was not -for the advantage of the State to bring the treasure, he had entrusted -it to God, and was himself on the way to wait on me. Accordingly, -having crossed the river at Sultanpur, by successive marches I -proceeded to punish that one of dark fortune, and gave an order -that henceforth they should call him Bi-daulat (wretch). Wherever -in this record of fortune "Bi-daulat" is mentioned it will refer to -him. From the kindnesses and favours bestowed upon him I can say that -up till the present time no king has conferred such on his son. What -my reverend father did for my brothers I have done for his servants, -giving them titles, standards, and drums, as has been recorded in the -preceding pages. It will not be hidden from the readers of this record -of prosperity what affection and interest I have bestowed on him. My -pen's tongue fails in ability to set them forth. What shall I say of -my own sufferings? In pain and weakness, in a warm atmosphere that -is extremely unsuited to my health, I must still ride and be active, -and in this state must proceed against such an undutiful son. Many -servants cherished by me for long years and raised to the dignity of -nobility, whom I ought to employ to-day in war against the Uzbeg or -the Persian, I must punish [598] for his vileness and destroy with -my own hand. Thank God that he has given me such capacity to bear my -burdens that I can put up with all this, and go on in the same path, -and reckon them as light. But that which weighs heavily on my heart, -and places my eager temperament in sorrow is this, that at such a time -when my prosperous sons and loyal officers should be vying with each -other in the service against Qandahar and Khurasan, which would be -to the renown of the Sultanate, this inauspicious one has struck with -an axe the foot of his own dominion, and become a stumbling-block in -the path of the enterprise. The momentous affair of Qandahar must now -be postponed, but I trust that Almighty God will remove these griefs -from my heart. - -At this time it was reported to me that Muhtarim K., the eunuch, -Khalil Beg Zu-l-qadr, and Fida'i K., the Master of the Ceremonies, -had allied themselves with Bi-daulat, and opened the gates of -correspondence with him. As it was no time for mildness and winking at -matters, I imprisoned all three, and as, after making inquiry into the -circumstances, no doubt remained as to their falseness to their salt, -and about the evil designs and malevolence of Khalil and Muhtarim, and -as Amirs like Mirza Rustam swore to the insincerity and malevolence -of Khalil, having no remedy I punished them [599] capitally. Fida'i -K., the dust of whose sincerity was free of suspicion and pure, I -brought out of confinement and promoted. I sent Raja Ruz-afzun by post -(dak-chauki) to my son Shah Parwiz that he might bring him with all -haste to wait on me; so that Bi-daulat might be brought to punishment -for his improper conduct. Jawahir K., the eunuch, was appointed to -the post of Ihtimam-i-darbar-i-mahall (superintendent of the harem). - -On the 1st of Isfandarmuz the royal army arrived at Nur-saray. On this -day a report came from I`tibar K., that Bi-daulat had arrived in all -haste in the neighbourhood of Agra, in the hope that before the fort -was strengthened, the gates of strife and mischief might be opened, -and he might attain his end. When he arrived at Fathpur, he found -the gates closed against him, and, being struck with the disgrace -of ruin, he had halted. The Khan-khanan and his son and many of the -royal Amirs attached to the Deccan and Gujarat had come with him as -companions on the road of rebellion and ingratitude. Musawi K. saw -him at Fathpur, and showed him the royal orders, and it was settled -that he should send his servant Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz with him to Court -to put his requests before me. He sent to Agra his servant Sundar, -[600] who was the ringleader of the people of error and the chief of -the seditious, to take possession of the treasures and hidden wealth -of those servants of the State who were at Agra. Amongst [601] others -he entered the house of Lashkar K., and seized Rs. 9,00,000. In -the same manner, wherever he suspected there was property in the -houses of other servants (of the Court), he stretched out his hand -to seize it, and took possession of all that he found. When nobles -like Khan-khanan, who had been distinguished with the rank of Atalik -and arrived at the age of seventy years, made their faces black with -rebellion and ingratitude, how could one complain of others? It may -be said that his very nature was seditious and ungrateful. His father -(Bairam K.) at the end of his life behaved in the same unbecoming way -towards my reverend father. He, following the example of his father, -at his age made himself accursed and rejected to all eternity. - - - In the end a wolf's cub becomes a wolf - Although he grow up with man. (Sa`di.) - - -On this day Musawi K. arrived with `Abdu-l-`Aziz, the envoy of -Bi-daulat. As his requests were unreasonable, I did not allow him -to speak, but handed him over to Mahabat to be kept in prison. On -the 5th of the month I pitched on the bank of the river of Ludiyana -(the Sutlej). I promoted Khan A`zam to the mansab of 7,000 with 5,000 -horse. Raja Bharat, the Bandila, from the Deccan, and Dayanat K. from -Agra, came and waited on me. I pardoned the offences of Dayanat K., -and gave him the same mansab that he had previously held. Raja Bharat -was raised to the mansab of 1,500 and 1,000 horse, and Musawi K. to -that of 1,000 and 300 horse. On Thursday, the 12th, in the pargana of -Thanesar, Raja Bir Singh Deo, having waited on me, reviewed his army -and elicited great praise. Raja Sarang Deo was promoted to the mansab -of 1,500 with 600 horse. In Karnal Asaf K., coming from Agra, lifted -up the head of honour in kissing my stirrup. His coming at this time -was the herald of victory. Nawazish K., s. Sa`id K., having arrived -from Gujarat, paid his respects. When Bi-daulat was at Burhanpur, at -his request I had appointed Baqi K. to Junagarh. He had been ordered -to come to Court, and now came and shared in my service. As my march -from Lahore took place without previous notice, and time did not -admit of delay or reflection, I came with the few Amirs who were in -attendance. Until I arrived at Sihrind only a few men had the good -fortune to accompany me, but after passing beyond it, great numbers -of the army came in from all sides and quarters. Before arrival at -Delhi such a force had come together that in any direction in which -one looked the whole plain was occupied by troops. - -As it was reported that Bi-daulat had left Fathpur and was coming -in this direction, and making continuous marches towards Delhi, -I gave the victorious army orders to put on their chiltas (quilted -coats). In this disturbance the pivot of the management of affairs and -the arrangement of the army were entrusted to Mahabat K. The command -of the vanguard was given to `Abdu-llah K. Of the selected young men -and experienced sipahis, whoever was asked for by him was enrolled in -his corps. I ordered him to march a koss ahead of the other forces. He -was also entrusted with the intelligence department and the control -of the routes. I was ignorant of the fact that he was in league with -Bi-daulat, and that the real object of that evil-natured one was to -send news from my army to him. Previously to this he used to bring -long written slips of true and false news, saying that his spies -had sent them from that place. The purport was that they (the spies) -suspected some of my servants of being in league with Bi-daulat, and -of sending him news. Had I been led away by his intrigues and become -alarmed at this time when the wind of disturbance was blowing strongly -I would have been obliged to destroy many of my servants. Although some -faithful servants suspected his evil intentions and untruthfulness, -the time was not one for removing the veil openly from the face of his -deeds. I guarded my eye and tongue from doing anything which might -carry terror into his evil mind, and showed him more attention and -favour than before, with the idea that possibly he would be struck -with shame, and might turn away from his evil deeds, and give up his -evil nature and sedition. That rejected one to all eternity, in whom -a tendency to vileness and falsity was natural, did not fail to do -what was in accordance with himself, as will be related hereafter. - - - The tree [602] that is bitter in its nature - If you plant it in the garden of Paradise, - And water it from the eternal stream thereof, - If you pour on its root pure honey, - In the end it shows its natural quality, - And it bears the same bitter fruit. - - -In fine, when I was near Delhi, Sayyid Bahwa Bukhari, Sadr K., and -Raja Kishan Das came out of the city, and had the good fortune to -kiss my stirrup. Baqir K., faujdar of Oudh, also on this day came to -the victorious camp. On the 25th of the month, passing by Delhi, I -pitched my camp on the bank of the Jumna. Girdhar, s. Ray Sal Darbari, -having come from the Deccan, had the honour to pay his respects. He -was promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, and obtained the -title of Raja, and was clothed in a dress of honour. Zabar-dast K., -Master of the Ceremonies, was honoured with a standard. - - - - - - - - -THE EIGHTEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On the eve of Tuesday, the 20th of Jumada-l-awwal, A.H. 1032 (March 10, -1623), the sun that lights the world entered his house of honour in -Aries, and the eighteenth year from the beginning of my reign commenced -auspiciously and happily. On this day I heard that Bi-daulat, having -gone to the neighbourhood of Mathura, had encamped the army tainted -with ruin in the pargana of Shahpur, and reviewed 27,000 cavalry. It -is hoped that they will soon be subdued and miserable. Raja Jay Singh, -grandson [603] of Raja Man Singh, came from his native country, and had -the good fortune to kiss my stirrup. I dignified Raja Bir Singh Deo, -than whom in the Rajput caste there is no greater Amir, with the title -of Maharaja, and promoted his son Jograj to the mansab of 2,000 with -1,000 horse. Sayyid Bahwa was presented with an elephant. As it was -reported to me that Bi-daulat was coming by the bank of the Jumna, -the march of the victorious army in that direction was also decided -on. The array of the army that resembled the waves of the sea was -divided into the van, the right and left wings, the altmish, the -tarah (reserve), the chandawul (rear), etc., and arranged in a manner -suitable to the circumstances and according to the locality. Close -upon this came the news that Bi-daulat, with the wretch Khan-khanan, -had turned his reins from the right road and gone towards the pargana -Kotila, 20 koss towards the left, along with the brahman Sundar, -who was his guide to the desert of error, with Darab, s. Khan-khanan, -and many of the Amirs who had accompanied him on the road of rebellion -and rascality, such as Himmat K., Sar-buland K., Sharza K. `Abid K., -Jado Ray, Uday Ram, Atash K., Mansur K., and other mansabdars, who -were attached to the Deccan, Gujarat, and Malwa, the recital of whom -would take too long, and all his own servants, such as Raja Bhim, -s. Rana, Rustam K., Bairam Beg, the Afghan Darya, Taqi, and others -whom he had left to confront the royal army. There were five [604] -armies (corps?). Although nominally the command was in the hands of -the wretch (bar-gashta-i-ruzgar) Darab, yet in reality the leader -and centre of the whole affair was Sundar, of evil deeds. These men -of darkened fortune pitched in the neighbourhood of Baluchpur to -their ruin. On the 8th I pitched at Qabulpur. On this day the turn -to take the rear fell upon Baqir K. We had left him behind all the -rest. A body of the rebels attacked him on the march, and stretched -out the hand of plunder. Baqir planted firmly the foot of courage, -and succeeded in beating them back. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan got news of -this, and turned his reins to support him. Before the arrival of the -Khwaja the rebels (mardudan), not being able to stand, had taken -to flight. On Wednesday, the 9th of the month, having separated -25,000 horse under the leadership of Asaf K., Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, -and `Abdu-llah K., I sent them to attack the rebels who did not look -to the end of things. Qasim K., Lashkar K., Iradat K., Fida'i K., -and other servants, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to -Asaf K.'s force. Baqir K., Nuru-d-din Quli, Ibrahim Husain Kashghari, -and others, to the number of 8,000 horse, were appointed to support -Abu-l-Hasan. Nawazish K., `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., `Azizu-llah, and many of -the Barha and Amroha Sayyids, were ordered to accompany `Abdu-llah. In -this army 10,000 horse were enrolled. Sundar had arranged the army -of ruin and put forward the foot of shamelessness. At this time I -sent my special quiver by Zabar-dast K., Master of Ceremonies, to -`Abdu-llah K., that it might be the means of animating his zeal. When -the encounter of the two sides took place, that black-faced one -to all eternity, in whom the tendency to rebellion and ingratitude -was innate, taking to flight, joined the rebels. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K., -the son of the Khan Dauran, God knows whether knowingly or not, -went off with him. Nawazish K., Zabar-dast K., and Shir-hamla, who -were in the corps of that shameless one (`Abdu-llah K.), planted -firmly the foot of courage, and were not disturbed at his going. As -the aid of Almighty God is ever near this suppliant, at this crisis, -when a leader of the army such as `Abdu-llah K. threw 10,000 cavalry -into confusion and joined the enemy, and there was nearly a great -disaster, a shot from a mysterious hand reached Sundar. At his fall -the pillars of the courage of the rebels shook. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan -also drove before him the army in front of him and defeated it. Asaf -K., when Baqir K. arrived, showing great activity, finished the -affair, and a victory which might be the tughra (sign manual) of -the victories of the age showed its face of purpose from the hidden -world. Zabar-dast K., Shir-hamla, Shir-bacha, his son, and the son -of Asad K., the architect, and Muhammad Husain, brother of Khwaja -Jahan, and a number of the Sayyids of Barha who were in the corps of -the black-faced `Abdu-llah, having tasted the sweet-flavoured wine of -martyrdom, obtained everlasting life. `Azizu-llah, grandson of Husain -K. (Tukriya), being wounded by a gun-shot, got off safely. Although at -this time the desertion of that rejected hypocrite was a secret help, -yet it is probable that if he had not performed this detestable action -in the crisis of the battle, many of the rebel leaders would have been -killed or captured. It chanced that he was known to the common people -by the title of La`natu-llah (God's curse), and as he had received -this name from the hidden world I also called him by it. Hereafter, -wherever the expression La`natu-llah is used it refers to him. Briefly, -after the rebels, whose end was evil, took to flight from the field of -battle, and turned their faces towards the valley of ruin and could -not reassemble, La`natu-llah, with all the rebels, did not turn his -rein till he reached Bi-daulat, who was at a distance of 20 koss. - -When the news of the victory of the servants of the State reached this -suppliant to God, he prostrated himself in thankfulness for this gift, -which was from the renewed favour of Allah, and summoned the loyal ones -into his presence. On the next day they brought before me the head of -Sundar. It appeared that when the ball struck him he gave up his soul -to the lords of hell, and they took his body to a neighbouring village -to be burnt. When they were about to light the fire, an army appeared -in the distance, and for fear lest they should be taken prisoners, -everyone took to flight. The Muqaddam (head man) of the village cut -off his head, and for his own acquittal took it to Khan A`zam, as it -occurred in his jagir. He was brought to me (with the head): the head -was quite recognizable and had as yet undergone no change, but they -had cut off the ears for the sake of the pearls in them. No one knew -by whose hand he had been shot. In consequence of his destruction, -Bi-daulat did not gird his loins again. One might say his good fortune -and courage and understanding lay in that dog of a Hindu. When, with a -father like me, who in truth am his ostensible creator, and in my own -lifetime have raised him to the great dignity of Sultanship, and denied -him nothing, he acts in this manner, I appeal to the justice of Allah -that He may never again regard him with favour. Those servants who -in this disturbance had done fitting service were honoured with more -and more favours, each according to his degree. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan was -raised to the mansab of 5,000, original and increased, Nawazish K. to -that of 4,000 and 3,000 horse, Baqir K. to that of 3,000 and 500 horse, -with drums, Ibrahim Husain Kashghari to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -`Azizu-llah to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, Nuru-d-din Quli to that -of 2,000 and 700 horse, Raja Ram Das to that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse, -Lutfu-llah to that of 1,000 and 500 horse, Parwarish K. to that of -1,000 and 500 horse. If all the servants were to be written in detail -it would take too long. Briefly I remained at that place one day -and marched on the next. Khan `Alam, having marched from Allahabad, -had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. On the 12th of the month -I encamped at the village of Jhansa (?). - -On this day Sar-buland Ray came from the Deccan and waited -on me, and was honoured with a special jewelled dagger, with a -phul katara. `Abdu-l-`Aziz K. and some of those who had gone with -La`natu-llah released themselves from the hand of Bi-daulat, and paid -their respects, and represented that when La`natu-llah charged, they -thought it was for a cavalry encounter. When they found themselves -in the midst of the rebels they saw nothing for it but to submit and -pay their respects, but now they had found an opportunity and had -obtained the good fortune of kissing the threshold. Though they had -taken 2,000 muhrs from Bi-daulat for their expenses, as the times -were critical I made no inquiry, but accepted [605] their statement. - -On the 19th the Feast of the culmination was held, and many of the -servants of the State were raised in mansab, and had suitable favours -conferred on them. - -Mir `Azudu-d-daulah, having come from Agra, waited on me. He brought a -vocabulary [606] of words that he had prepared. In truth he had taken -much pains, and collected together all the words from the writings -of ancient poets. There is no book like this in the science. - -Raja Jay Singh was raised to the mansab of 3,000 with 1,400 horse, -and a special elephant was presented to my son Shahriyar. The post -of `Arz-mukarrir (examiner of petitions) was conferred on Musawi -K. Amanu-llah, s. Mahabat K., was given the title of Khan-zad Khan, -was favoured with a mansab of 4,000 personal and horse, and was -honoured with a flag and drums. - -On the 1st of the Divine month of Urdibihisht I pitched on the -bank of the lake at Fathpur. I`tibar K. came from Agra and waited -on me, and was graciously received. Muzaffar K., Mukarram K., and -his brother also came from Agra, and had the good fortune to wait -on me. As I`tibar K. had done approved service in the charge of -the Agra fort he was dignified with the title of Mumtaz K., and I -gave him the mansab of 6,000 personal and 5,000 horse, and having -bestowed on him a dress of honour, a jewelled sword, a horse, and -a special elephant, I sent him back to his duty. Sayyid Bahwa was -promoted to the mansab of 2,000 and 1,500 horse, Mukarram K. to that -of 3,000 and 2,000 horse, and Khwaja Qasim to that of 1,000 with 400 -horse. On the 4th Mansur K. Farangi, whose circumstances have been -recorded [607] in the preceding pages (?), with his brother [608] and -Naubat [609] K. Dakhani, by the guidance of good fortune separated -themselves from Bi-daulat, and came into my service. I sent Khawass -K. to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz. Mirza `Isa Tarkhan, having come -from Multan, had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. A special -sword was given to Mahabat K. On the 10th the camp was pitched in the -pargana of Hindaun. Mansur K. (the Farangi) was raised to the mansab -of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse, and that of Naubat [610] K. to -that of 2,000 and 1,000 horse. On the 11th was a halt. As on this -day a meeting with my fortunate son Shah Parwiz had been arranged, -I ordered that the powerful princes and the illustrious Amirs and all -the devoted servants should go out to meet him, and bring him to wait -on me in a fitting manner. After midday had passed, at an auspicious -chosen hour he kissed the ground and illuminated the forehead of -his sincerity. After the usual salutations had been performed and -the customary ceremonies gone through I embraced my fortunate son -with the greatest pleasure and affection, and loaded him with more -and more favours. At this time news came that Bi-daulat, when he -was passing through the township (hawali) of the pargana of Amber, -which was the hereditary abode of Raja Man Singh, had sent a band of -scoundrels and plundered that cultivated spot. - -On the 12th I pitched outside the village of Sarwali. I had previously -sent Habash K. (Abyssinian) to repair the buildings at Ajmir. I -promoted my fortunate son Shah Parwiz to the high mansab of 40,000 -and 30,000 horse. As it was reported that Bi-daulat had sent off -Jagat Singh, s. Raja Baso, to his own country to raise disturbances -in the hills of the Panjab, I promoted Sadiq K., chief Bakhshi, -to the governorship of that province, and ordered him to punish him, -giving him a dress of honour, with a sword and an elephant, and making -up his mansab, original and increased, to 4,000 personal and 3,000 -horse. I also honoured him with a standard (tugh) and drums. - -At this time it was reported to me that the younger brothers of -Mirza Badi`u-z-zaman, s. Mirza Shahrukh, who was known as Fathpuri, -had attacked him unawares and killed him. About this time his brothers -came to Court and paid their respects. His own mother also waited on -me, but did not make a claim, as was proper, for her son's blood, and -(so) proceedings [611] could not be taken according to law. Although -his disposition was so bad that his murder was not to be regretted, but -on the contrary was opportune and advantageous, yet, as these wretches -had shown such audacity with regard to their elder brother, who was to -them in the position of a father, I ordered them to be put in gaol, -and afterwards what was deemed proper should be done to them. On the -21st Raja Gaj Singh and Ray Suraj Singh arrived from their jagirs, -and had the good fortune to kiss my stirrup. Mu`izzu-l-mulk, whom -I had sent to Multan to summon my son Khan Jahan, came and waited -on me, and presented me with a letter about his severe illness and -weakness. He had sent his son Asalat K. with 1,000 horse to wait on me, -and expressed great regret at being deprived of the honour of meeting -me. As his apology was evidently sincere, I accepted it. On the 25th -my fortunate son Prince Parwiz, with the victorious army, was sent -in pursuit to overthrow Bi-daulat. The reins of authority over the -powerful Prince, and the centre of the ordering of the victorious -army, were given into the hand of Mu'taminu-d-daula Mahabat K. Of -the illustrious Amirs and life-sacrificing brave men who were in -attendance on the Prince of lofty fortune, this is the detail. - -Khan `Alam, Maharaja [612] Gaj Singh, Fazil K., Rashid K., Raja -Girdhar, Raja Ram Das Kachhwaha, Khwaja Mir `Abdu-l-`Aziz, `Azizu-llah, -Asad K., Parwarish K., Ikram K., Sayyid Hizbar K., Lutfu-llah, Ray -Narayan Das, and others to the number of 40,000 horse, with much -artillery. Rs. 20,00,000 (twenty lakhs) of treasure were sent with -them. At a propitious hour they were started with my son, and bridle -to bridle with victory. Fazil K. was appointed Bakhshi and newswriter -to the victorious army. A special dress of honour was bestowed on -the Prince, with a nadiri of gold brocade, and pearls on the collar -and skirt worth Rs. 41,000, prepared in the royal establishment, and -a private elephant of the name Ratan Gaj, ten [613] female elephants, -a private horse, and a jewelled sword, the value of the whole of which -was Rs. 77,000. These were all given to the Prince. Nur Jahan Begam -also gave him a dress of honour, a horse, and an elephant, as is the -custom. To Mahabat K. and the other Amirs, according to their standing, -horses, elephants, and dresses of honour were presented. The immediate -attendants of the prince were also honoured with favours. On this -day Muzaffar K. received a dress of honour on appointment to the post -of chief Bakhshi. On the first of the Divine month of Khurdad Prince -Dawar-bakhsh, s. Khusrau, was appointed to Gujarat, and Khan A`zam to -the high dignity of tutor to him. I conferred on the prince a horse, -an elephant, a dress of honour, a private jewelled dagger, a standard -(tugh), and drums. Khan A`zam, Nawazish K. and other servants were -honoured with presents according to their standing. Iradat K. was -appointed Bakhshi in place of Fazil K. Ruknu-s-saltana Asaf K. exalted -his head with the dignity of the Subadarship of Bengal and Orissa. A -special dress of honour, with a jewelled sword, were conferred on -him. Abu Talib (i.e., Shaista K.), his son, was appointed to accompany -him, and promoted to the mansab of 2,000 with 1,000 horse. On Saturday, -the 9th, corresponding with the 19th Rajab, A.H. 1032 (May 9, 1623), -the camp was pitched at the Ana-Sagar lake outside Ajmir. Prince -Dawar-bakhsh, being honoured with the mansab of 8,000, and 3,000 -horse, was granted Rs. 2,00,000 of treasure for the expenses of the -army which accompanied him. Rs. 1,00,000 I also gave as an advance to -Khan A`zam. Allah-yar, s. Iftikhar Beg, who was in the service of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, was at his request granted a standard. Tatar -K. took leave on his appointment to the charge of Fort Gwalior. Raja -Gaj Singh was appointed to the mansab of 5,000, with 4,000 horse. - -On this day news came from Agra that Her Highness (hazrat) -Maryamu-z-zamani, [614] by the decree of God, had died. I trust -that Almighty God will envelop her in the ocean of His mercy. Jagat -Singh, s. Rana Karan, having come from his native place, had the -good fortune to pay his respects. Ibrahim K. Fath-jang, governor -of Bengal, had sent thirty-four elephants by way of offering, and -they were submitted to me. Baqir K. was appointed faujdar of Oudh, -and Sadat K. to the Du-ab. The Mir Mushrif was made Diwan-i-buyutat. - -On the 12th of the Divine month of Tir a report came from the -officials of Gujarat with the good news of victory and conquest. The -particulars of this summary are that I had granted the Subah of -Gujarat, the abode of Sultans of high dignity, to Bi-daulat as a -reward for his victory over the Rana, as has been fully related in the -preceding pages. Sundar, the brahman, administered and protected the -country. When futile ideas entered his ungrateful mind, he sent for -that dog of a Hindu, who was always shaking the chain of enmity and -perversity, along with Himmat K., Sharza K., Sar-afraz K., and many -of the royal servants who were fiefholders in the province. Sundar's -brother Kunhar was appointed in his room. When Sundar was killed, and -Bi-daulat retreated after his defeat to Mandu, the province of Gujarat -was put in the charge of La`natu-llah as his fief, and Kunhar was sent -for along with Safi K., the diwan. At the same time the treasure, the -jewelled throne on which five lakhs had been expended, and the pardala -(belt) on which two lakhs had been spent--and which things had been -prepared as a present for myself--were also sent for. Safi K. was the -brother's son (text says "brother") of Ja`far Beg, who received in my -father's service the title of Asaf K., and was married to a daughter -of Nur Jahan's brother, who by my favour had received the title of -Asaf K. An elder daughter was the wife of Bi-daulat. Both daughters -were by one mother, and Bi-daulat expected that on account of this -connection Safi K. would be on his side. But an eternal decree had -gone forth for Safi K.'s loyalty and prosperity, and that he should -attain to high rank! Accordingly, Almighty God made him loyal and -the performer of good deeds, as will now be described. In short, the -faithless (bi-wafa) La`natu-llah sent his eunuch named Wafa-dar to be -governor of that country, and he, with a few ragamuffins (bi-sar-u-pa) -entered Ahmadabad, and took possession of the city. As Safi K. had made -up his mind to be loyal, he courageously looked after the servants, and -collected a force, and won the hearts of the people. Some days before -Kunhar came out of the city he (Safi) encamped on the bank of the -Kankariya lake, and thence hastened to Mahmudabad, giving out openly -that he was going to Bi-daulat. Secretly, he opened communication -and made arrangements to be loyal with Nahir K., Sayyid Dilir K., -Nanu [615] K., Afghan, and other devoted servants of the State, who -were waiting in their own jagirs. He awaited his opportunity. Salih, -a servant of Bi-daulat, who was faujdar of the Sarkar of Pitlad, and -had a good force with him, heard rumours that Safi K. entertained -other ideas. Kunhar [616] had also discovered this, but as Safi -K. soothed them and was very cautious and careful in his conduct, -they could not move hand or foot. Salih, for fear lest Safi K., -abandoning dissimulation, should stretch his hand towards the treasure, -exercised foresight, and went farther on with the treasure, taking -nearly Rs. 10,00,000 to Bi-daulat at Mandu. Kunhar (or the younger -brother?) also, having seized the jewelled pardala, started after -him, but could not take the throne on account of its weight. Safi K., -knowing this was his opportunity, changed his place from Mahmudabad to -the pargana of Karang, [617] which is to the left of the usual road, -where Nanu K. was, and arranged by letter and verbal messages with -Nahir K. and other loyal servants that each of them should ride from -his jagir with the force that he had, and at the hour of sunrise, -which was the morning of prosperity for people of good fortune, and -the evening of ruin to those who practised villainy, enter the city -by the gate to which each was opposite. He (Safi) left his women in -the aforesaid pargana, and, in company with Nanu (Babu?) K., came at -dawn to the outskirts of the city. He halted for a short time in the -Sha`ban [618] garden until it had become light and friend could be -distinguished from enemy. After the world-illuminating sun of good -fortune (had risen), when he found the gate of prosperity open, -though he could see no trace of Nahir K. and the other loyalists, -yet lest possibly the enemy might obtain information and fasten the -gates of the fort he placed his confidence in God who gives victory, -and entered the city by the Sarangpur gate. About this time Nahir -K. also arrived, and, entering by the gate, came into the city. The -eunuch of La`natu-llah, having ascertained the unfailing good fortune -of (Jahangir), took refuge in the house of Shaikh Haidar, grandson -of Nizam Wajihu-d-din. The royal servants of approved service, -having proclaimed their victory with loud voices, set to work to -strengthen the towers and gates. They sent men to the houses of -Muhammad Taqi, Bi-daulat's diwan, and of Hasan Beg, his Bakhshi, and -seized them. Shaikh Haidar himself came and informed Safi K. that the -eunuch of La`natu-llah was in his house, and they tied his hands to -his neck, and brought him. Having imprisoned a number of Bi-daulat's -servants and dependants, they engaged in keeping order in the city. The -jewelled throne, the cash of Rs. 2,00,000, and the property and effects -of Bi-daulat and his men in the city, came into their possession. When -this news reached Bi-daulat, he sent off La`natu-llah with Himmat K., -Sharza K., Sar-afraz K., Qabil Beg, Rustam Bahadur, Salih Badakhshi, -and other criminals. What with royal servants and his own men, he -had some 5,000 or 6,000 horse. Safi K. and Nahir K., becoming aware -of this, planted firmly the foot of courage, and employed themselves -in encouraging their men and collecting forces. Whatever cash and -valuables they could obtain, even to the throne, which they broke up, -they divided amongst both the old and new troopers as pay. Raja Kalyan, -Zamindar of Idar (printed wrongly "Andur"), and the son of Lal Gopi -(?) [619], and all the Zamindars from every quarter, were summoned -into the city. A good number was thus assembled. La`natu-llah did -not wait for auxiliaries, and in the space of eight days came from -Mandu to Baroda. The loyal party, by the guidance of their courage, -and in reliance on God, came out of the city and encamped on the bank -of the Kankariya Lake. It occurred to La`natu-llah that if he came -on quickly, the rope of order of the loyal might be broken. When he -obtained news of the coming out of the loyal servants, drawing in the -reins of ruin, he delayed in Baroda till the arrival of help. After -the evil-ending criminals collected together at that chief place of -mischief, he put forward the foot of error and deviation from the -right path, and the loyal party, marching from the Kankariya tank, -encamped outside the village of Batoh, near the mausoleum of Qutb -`Alam. La`natu-llah traversed a road of three days in two, [620] -and arrived at Mahmudabad. As Sayyid Dilir K. had seized the women -of Sharza K. and brought them from Baroda to the city, and the -women of Sar-afraz K. were also in the city, Safi K. sent a secret -message to both of them that if by the guidance of good fortune they -would rub off the stain of sin (rebellion) from the tablet of their -foreheads, and would enrol themselves among the loyal servants, their -position in the present and future worlds would approach salvation; -otherwise he would subject their wives and children to all kinds of -indignities. Hearing this, La`natu-llah sent for Sar-afraz K. on some -excuse to his house, and imprisoned him. As Sharza K., Himmat K., -and Salih Badakhshi were in league together, and had alighted at the -same place, he could not get Sharza K. into his hands. Briefly, on -the 21st of Sha`ban, A.H. 1032, June 10, 1623, La`natu-llah mounted -and arrayed the forces tinged with calamity. Those who were loyal -also arrayed their forces and prepared for the fight. It occurred to -La`natu-llah that if he were to go, their foot of courage would not -stand firm, and, without a battle taking place, they would be dispersed -in a miserable condition. When he saw the firm attitude of the loyal, -he could not screw up his courage (tab nayawarda), but turned his rein -towards the left, and gave out that they had hidden gunpowder under the -ground of that plain, and that his men would be destroyed by it--that -it would therefore be better to go into the plain of Sarkhej and -deliver battle there. These futile ideas were due to the aid of good -fortune, for on the turning back of his rein a rumour of his defeat -was spread abroad, and the horsemen of the plain of victory attacked -him in flank, and that ill-omened one was unable to reach Sarkhej, -and halted in the village of Naranja. The loyal party arranged their -forces in the village of Balud, which is nearly three koss off. At -dawn on the next day they went to battle after the approved manner, -their forces being drawn up in this way. In the vanguard were Nahir -K., Raja Kalyan, the Zamindar of Idar, and other valiant men; on the -left wing Sayyid Dilir K., Sayyid Sidu, and other loyal servants were -stationed; and on the right wing Nanu K., Sayyid Ya`qub, Sayyid Ghulam -Muhammad, and the rest of the life-sacrificing devoted ones, whilst in -the centre were Safi K., Kifayat K. Bakhshi, and some other servants -of approved service. It so happened, fortunately, that in the place -where La`natu-llah had halted, the land was undulating, full of thorn -brakes and narrow lanes. The forces, accordingly, were not in compact -order. He had sent on most of the experienced men with Rustam Bahadur, -and Himmat K., and Salih Beg were amongst the foremost in (the ranks -of) error. The army doomed to calamity first of all came in contact -with Nahir K. and Shams K., and a notable fight took place. By chance -Himmat K. fell in the dust of destruction from a gun-shot wound, -and a fight ensued between Salih Beg, and Nanu K., Sayyid Ya`qub, -Sayyid Ghulam Muhammad, and other servants. In the height of the -battle the elephant of Sayyid Ghulam Muhammad came and threw him -(Salih) from his horse; he fell severely wounded to the ground, and -about a hundred of his men were slain. At this moment an elephant -which was in the van of the rebel army turned round at the noise of -the rockets and the lightning of the guns, and got into a narrow lane, -on both sides of which were thorn brakes, and trod down many of the -rebels. By the turning back of the elephant the ranks of the enemy -were disordered. At this moment Sayyid Dilir K. came fighting from -the right wing. La`natu-llah did not know of the killing of Himmat -K. and Salih, and, with the idea of helping them, urged on the steed -of ruin. As the brave ones in the van, having displayed activity, had -been mostly wounded, they could not stand the onset of La`natu-llah, -and turned back their rein, and it nearly happened that there was a -great disaster. At this time the assistance of God displayed itself, -and Safi K. hastened from the centre to the support of the van. Just -then La`natu-llah heard of the killing of Himmat K. and Salih Beg, -and, on the appearance of the centre and the attack of Safi K., his -courage failed him, and he became a vagabond in the desert of defeat -and disaster. Sayyid Dilir K. pursued him for a koss, and made many -of the defeated the harvest of the sword of vengeance. Qabil Beg, -unfaithful to his salt, with a body of rebels, became captives in the -claws of retribution. As La`natu-llah was not sure about Sar-afraz -K., he on the day of battle placed him in chains on an elephant and -put him in charge of one of his slaves, with orders that if a defeat -occurred he should kill him. In like manner he placed in chains on one -of the elephants Bahadur, s. Sultan Ahmad, and gave permission to kill -him. When the fight took place the man in charge of Sultan Ahmad's son -put him to death with a dagger, but Sar-afraz K. threw himself down -off the elephant. The man in charge of him in that confusion aimed a -blow at him in his bewilderment, but it was not effectual. Safi K., -finding him in the fight, sent him into the city. La`natu-llah did not -turn back till he arrived at Baroda. As the women of Sharza K. were -captives of those who were loyal, he was helpless, and came and waited -upon Safi K. Briefly, La`natu-llah hastened from Baroda to Broach. The -sons of Himmat K. were in the fort there. Although they did not admit -him, yet they sent him 5,000 mahmudis by way of maintenance. For three -days he remained outside the fort of Broach in a wretched state, and -on the fourth went to Surat by sea. For nearly two months he remained -there assembling his scattered men. As Surat was in Bi-daulat's jagir, -he took nearly 4 lakhs of mahmudis from his officials there, and took -possession of whatever he could by oppression and injustice. He again -collected together those whose fortune was reversed and whose stars -had been burnt, and betook himself to Bi-daulat at Burhanpur. - -In fine, when this approved service performed by Safi K. and other -loyal servants in Gujarat became known, each one was exalted with -favours and kindnesses. Safi K. held the mansab of 700 personal -and 300 horse: having given him that of 3,000 personal and 2,000 -horse, I honoured him with the title of Saif K. Jahangir-shahi, -and conferred on him a standard and drums. Nahir K. had 1,000 with -200 horse; having given him the mansab of 3,000 with 2,000 horse, -I bestowed on him the title of Shir K., and raised his head of -honour with a horse, an elephant, and a jewelled sword. He is the -(descendant?) grandson of (?) [621], the brother of Puran Mal Lulu -(?), who was governor of Raysin and Chanderi. When Shir K., the -Afghan (i.e., Shir Shah), besieged the fort of Raysin, it is well -known that he killed him (Puran Mal) after promising him quarter, -and that his women burnt themselves, committing "Johar," according to -the Hindu custom, in the fire of fame and modesty, so that the hand -of no unlawful person should touch the skirt of their chastity. His -sons and caste fellows went off to various [622] places. The father -of Nahir K., whose title was Khan Jahan, having gone to Muhammad K., -governor of Asir and Burhanpur, became a Musalman, and when Muhammad -K. died, Hasan, his son, when in tender years, succeeded him. Raja -`Ali K., brother of Muhammad K., put the child in confinement, and -took possession of the government. After some time news reached Raja -`Ali K. that Khan Jahan and a body of the servants of Muhammad K. had -leagued together to attack him, and had determined to take Hasan -K. out of the fort and raise him to power. He was beforehand with -them, and sent Hayat Khan Habashi, with many brave men, to the house -of Khan Jahan, either to take him alive or to kill him. He, planting -his foot firmly on his good fame, took to fighting, and when things -went badly with him committed Johar, and passed from this borrowed -life. At that time Nahir K. was very young. Hayat Khan Abyssinian, -having asked `Ali K.'s permission, adopted him as his son, and made -him a Musalman. After his death Raja `Ali K. brought up Nahir K., -and took good care of him. When my revered father conquered Asir, -Nahir K. joined his service. He (Akbar) discerned the signs of bravery -on his forehead, and raised him to a suitable mansab, and gave him in -jagir the pargana of Muhammadpur in Malwa. In my service he advanced -more and more. Now that the grace of gratitude has been bestowed upon -him, he has found the advantage of doing what was right. - -Sayyid Dilir K. is of the Sayyids of Barha; formerly his name was -Sayyid `Abdu-l-Wahhab. I raised him from the mansab of 1,000 and 800 -horse to 2,000 and 1,200 horse, and presented him with a standard. They -call twelve bara in Hindi. As in the Du-ab there are twelve villages -near each other which are the native country of these Sayyids, they -have become known as the Sayyids of Barha. Some people make remarks -about their lineage, but their bravery is a convincing proof of -their being Sayyids, for there has never been a battle in this reign -in which they have not been conspicuous, and in which some have not -been killed. Mirza `Aziz Koka always said the Sayyids of Barha were -the averters of calamity from this dominion, and such is in reality -the case. - -Nanu K. Afghan held the mansab of 800 personal and horse: it was -ordered to be one of 1,500 personal and 1,200 horse. In the same manner -the other loyal servants, according to their services and sacrifices, -were promoted to high mansabs, and obtained the desire of their -hearts in lofty employments. At this time Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -was deputed to the assistance of my son (grandson) Dawar-bakhsh in -Gujarat, and I sent Nuru-d-din Quli into the Subah to bring Sharza K., -Sar-afraz K., and the other leaders of the rebel army who had been -made captive in the land of retribution, chained, to the Court. - -On this day it was reported to me that Minu-chihr, s. Shah-nawaz -K., had separated himself from Bi-daulat under the guidance of -good fortune, and had joined the service of my fortunate son Shah -Parwiz. I`tiqad K., governor of Kashmir, was promoted to the mansab -of 4,000 personal and 3,000 horse. - -As the huntsmen brought news that in this neighbourhood a tiger had -made its appearance, I felt disposed to hunt it. After entering the -forest three other tigers became visible. Having killed all four, -I returned to the palace. I have such a liking for tiger shooting -that whilst I can get it I do not go after other sport. Sultan -Mas`ud, s. Sultan Mahmud (of Ghaznin) (may the lights of Allah be -his testimony!), was also much inclined to tiger shooting. With -regard to his killing of tigers strange tales have been recorded, -especially in the history of Baihaqi, [623] who has kept a diary of -what he saw with his own eyes. Among these things he writes that one -day he (Mas`ud) went to hunt tigers in the borders of Hindustan, and -was riding an elephant. A very large tiger came out from the wood, -and made for the elephant. He threw a javelin (khisht) and struck -the tiger's chest. The tiger, enraged at the pain, came up on the -elephant's back, and the Amir knelt down and struck him such a blow -with his sword that he cut off both the tiger's fore-feet, and the -tiger fell backwards and died. It happened to me once when I was -prince that I had gone out in the Punjab to hunt tigers. A powerful -tiger appeared out of the wood. I fired at him from the elephant -and the tiger in great fury rose and came on the elephant's back, -and I had not time to put down my gun and seize my sword. Inverting -the gun, I knelt, and with both hands struck him with the stock over -the head and face so that he fell on to the ground and died. - -One of the strange things that happened was that one day I was on an -elephant, and was hunting wolves in Aligarh [624] in the Nuh forest. A -wolf appeared, and I struck it with a bullet on its face (mana) near -the lobe of the ear. The bullet penetrated for about a span. From -that bullet it fell and gave up its life. It has often happened in -my presence that powerful (jawanan) men, good shots with the bow, -have shot twenty or thirty arrows at them, and not killed. As it is -not right to write about oneself, I must restrain the tongue of my -pen from saying more. - -On the 29th of the month I presented a string of pearls to Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan. At this time it was reported to me that Sultan Husain, -Zamindar of Pakli, had died. I gave his mansab and jagir to Shadman, -his eldest son. - -On the 7th of the month of Amurdad Ibrahim Husain, a servant of my -fortunate son Shah Parwiz, came from the victorious army, and brought -news of the victory of the chiefs of the everlasting State. The -report of my son laid before me the particulars of the fight, and -the exertions of the brave and distinguished men in it. I performed -the dues of thanksgiving for this favour, which was of God's grace -alone. The details of this are as follows: When the royal troops in -the army of the prince of high degree crossed the pass of Chanda, -[625] and entered the province of Malwa, Bi-daulat, with 20,000 horse, -300 fighting elephants, and a large force of artillery, left Mandu -in order to fight. He dispatched a body of the Bargis (Mahrattas) -of the Deccan with Jadu Ray and Uday Ram, Alash K., and other rebels -to make a raid (qazzaqi) on the royal camp. Mahabat K. made proper -arrangements. He placed the illustrious prince in the ghaul (centre), -and he himself proceeded with the whole army, and in marching and -in halting observed the conditions of caution. The Bargis kept at -a great distance, and did not put forward the foot of bravery. One -day it was Mansur K. Farangi's turn to be with the rear-guard. At the -time of pitching the camp Mahabat K., by way of caution, was standing -with his army drawn up outside the camp, in order that the men might -fence it in at their ease. As Mansur K. had been drinking on the road, -he was coming to the stage drunk with the wine of pride. It happened -an army was seen in the distance, and the wine put the idea into his -head that he must charge. Without telling his brothers or his men, -he mounted and charged, and drove off two or three Bargis, and came to -where Jadu Ray and Uday Ram were standing with two or three thousand -cavalry drawn up. As was their custom, they attacked him from all -sides and surrounded him. He fought as long as there was breath in -his body, and gave up his life on the path of loyalty. - -During these days Mahabat K. was continually capturing, by messages and -letters, the afflicted hearts of a number of men who out of timidity -and confusion had accompanied Bi-daulat. When men read the lines of -despair on the page of his (Shah Jahan's) condition, letters also came -from that side, asking for agreements (qaul). After Bi-daulat came out -of the fort of Mandu, he in the first instance sent forward a body of -Bargis, and after them he sent Rustam K., Taqi, and Barq-andaz K. with -a body of musketeers. Then he sent Darab K., Bhim, Bairam Beg, and his -other active men. As he could not resolve to give battle in person, -he was continually looking backwards. He crossed the war-elephants -over the Narbadda with the artillery waggons, and went himself -unattended behind Darab and Bhim, turning his face of ruin towards -the battle. On the day when the royal camp was pitched at Kaliyadaha, -Bi-daulat sent his army against the victorious forces, and stationed -himself with Khan-khanan and a few men at the distance of a koss in -the rear. Barq-andaz K., who had made an agreement with Mahabat K., -was lying in wait. When the armies were ranged opposite to each other, -he got his opportunity, and attacked with a body of musketeers, and -joined the royal army, crying out, "Success to King Jahangir!" When he -reached Mahabat K., the latter took him to wait on my fortunate son -Parwiz, who bestowed royal favours upon him. Previously he bore the -name of Baha'u-d-din, and was a servant of Zain K. After the latter's -death he enlisted among the Turkish gunners. As he was active in the -performance of his duty, and had a band of men with him, considering -him worthy of patronage, I gave him the title of Barq-andaz K. When I -sent Bi-daulat to the Deccan, I put him at the head of the artillery, -and sent him with him. Although in the beginning he placed the scar of -curse on the forehead of his obedience, yet in the end he turned out -well and came at a good time. On the same day Rustam, who was one of -his (Shah Jahan's) chief servants and on whom he had perfect reliance, -when he found that Fortune had turned away from him, made a compact -with Mahabat K. By the guidance of good fortune and reliance on God, -he, with Muhammad Murad Badakhshi and other mansabdars, left the -ill-fated army, and joined that of the illustrious prince. Bi-daulat's -hand and heart were paralyzed on hearing this news, and he suspected -all his own servants, and still more the royal servants he had with -him, of faithlessness and unreliability. During the night he sent for -the men who were in front, and decided on flight, and in bewilderment -crossed the Narbadda. At this time, again, some of his servants took -the opportunity of separating themselves from him, and joined the -service of my fortunate son. Each of them received favours according -to his condition. On the day that he crossed the river Narbadda, -a letter fell into the hand of one of his men, that Mahabat K. had -written in answer to Zahid's K. letter, making him hopeful of the -royal favour, and urging him to come in. This they sent direct to -Bi-daulat, and he, becoming suspicious of Zahid K., imprisoned him -with his three sons. Zahid K. is s. Shaja`at K., who was one of the -Amirs and trusted servants of my revered father. I had patronized this -wretch in consideration of his claims of service and of his position -as a house-born one (khana-zad), and given him the title of Khan and -the rank of 1,500, and had sent him with Bi-daulat for the conquest -of the Deccan. When I summoned the Amirs of that quarter on account -of the business of Qandahar, although a special farman of urgency -was sent to him, the wretch did not come to Court, and gave himself -out as an adherent and devoted servant of Bi-daulat. After the defeat -near Delhi, he turned back. Though [626] he had not a family, he had -not the good fortune to pay his respects, or to cleanse the dust -of shame and the stain of sin from the tablet of his forehead. At -last the True Recompenser caught him on this day, and his property, -to the extent of one lac and Rs. 30,000, was confiscated by Bi-daulat. - - - When [627] thou hast done evil, think not thyself free of - calamities - For retribution is according to natural law. - - -Briefly, Bi-daulat having quickly crossed the Narbadda, drew all -the boats over to that side, and having secured the fords with men -that he trusted, he left Bairam Beg, his Bakhshi, with a force of -trustworthy men and a body of the Bargis from the Deccan on the bank -of the river. Taking the artillery-waggons, he himself went towards -the fort of Asir and to Burhanpur. Meanwhile Taqi, his servant, -caught the runner whom Khan-khanan had sent to Mahabat K., and took -him to Bi-daulat. This couplet was written on the margin of the letter: - - - Hundreds are watching me - Otherwise I'd fly away from trouble. - - -Bi-daulat sent for him with his sons from his quarters, and showed him -the writing. Although he made excuses, he could give no answer that -could be listened to. In short, he kept him with Darab and his other -sons in surveillance near his own station, and the lot he had himself -drawn--viz., that hundreds were watching him--happened to him. At -this time I gave Ibrahim Husain, the servant of my prosperous son who -had brought the report of the victory, the title of Khush-khabar K., -with a dress of honour, and an elephant, and sent a gracious farman -to the Prince and Mahabat K. by Khawass K. I also sent with him a -pahunchi [628] (bracelet) of great value to my son (Parwiz) and a -jewelled sword to Mahabat K. As Mahabat K. had done approved service, -I gave him the mansab of 7,000 personal and horse. - -Sayyid Salabat K., having come from the Deccan, had the good fortune -to pay his respects, and received special favours. He was one of those -employed in the Deccan. When Bi-daulat, having been defeated near -Delhi, went to the fort of Mandu, he placed his children in independent -territory under the protection of God, and went off by secret routes -to pay his respects (to me). Mirza Hasan, s. Mirza Rustam Safawi, -having obtained leave to proceed to his appointment as faujdar of -Bahraich, was given the mansab of 1,500 personal and 500 horse, -original and increased. Having sent La`l Beg, Superintendent of the -Record Department, to my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, I sent with him a -special dress of honour and a nadiri for him, and a turban for Mahabat -K. Khawass K., who had previously been sent to him and had returned, -waited upon me with good news (of him). Khana-zad K., s. Mahabat K., -was given the mansab of 5,000 personal and horse. - -At this time I enjoyed myself for a day with hunting nilgaw. Whilst -I was hunting I saw a snake the length of which was 2 1/2 yards, -and its girth equal to three cubits (dast). He had swallowed half -a hare, and was in the act of swallowing the other half. When the -huntsmen picked him up and brought him to me, the hare fell out of -his mouth. I ordered them to put it into its mouth again, but they -could not do it, however much they exerted themselves; but by using -great violence the corner of his mouth was torn to pieces. After this -I ordered them to open its belly. Thereupon another entire hare came -out. They call this kind of snake chital [629] in Hindustan, and it -grows so large that it swallows a hog-deer (kotah-pacha) entire; but -it is not poisonous, and does not bite. One day during the same hunt -I shot a female nilgaw, and two fully formed young ones were found -inside. As I heard that the flesh of nilgaw fawns was delicate and -delicious, I ordered the royal cooks to prepare a du-piyaza [630] -(a kind of rich fricassee). Certainly it was not without flavour. - -On the 15th of the Divine month of Shahriwar Rustam K., Muhammad Murad, -and several other servants of Bi-daulat, who under the guidance of -good luck had separated themselves from him and entered the service -of my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, according to orders came to Court, -and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Having promoted Rustam -K. to the mansab of 5,000 personal and 4,000 horse, and Muhammad Murad -to that of 1,000 personal and 500 horse, I made them hopeful of daily -increasing favours. Rustam K. by extraction is a Badakhshi. His name -was Yusuf Beg. He is connected with Muhammad-quli of Isfahan, who was -agent for and prime minister of Mirza Sulaiman (of Badakhshan). He was -first of all in the service of the Court, and passed his days mostly -in the Subahs. He was included among the smaller mansabdars. Having -been deprived of his jagir for some reason, he came to Bi-daulat, and -entered his service. He had a perfect knowledge of tiger-hunting. He -also did good service with him, especially in the affair of the -Rana. Bi-daulat selected him out of all his servants, and made him an -Amir. As I bestowed much favour on him (Shah Jahan), at his request -I gave him the title of Khan, with a standard and drums. For some -time he conducted as his agent the government of Gujarat, and did not -manage badly. Muhammad Murad is the son of Maqsud Mir-ab (butler), -who was one of the old servants of Mirza Sulaiman and Mirza Shah-rukh. - -On this day Sayyid Bahwa came from Gujarat, and waited on -me. Nuru-d-din Quli brought in chains to the Court forty-one of the -rebels, who had been taken prisoners at Ahmadabad. Sharza K. and Qabil -Beg, who were ring-leaders of the seditious, I executed by throwing -them under the feet of warlike (mast) elephants. On the 20th of the -same month, corresponding with the 18th of the month of Zi-qa`da, -a daughter was given by the grace of God to my son Shahriyar by the -granddaughter [631] of I`timadu-d-daula. I hope that her advent [632] -will be propitious and blessed to this State. On the 22nd of the month -the feast of my solar weighment took place, and the 55th year of the -age of this suppliant began auspiciously and happily. According to -annual custom, I had myself weighed against gold and other valuables, -and gave them to deserving people. Among these I gave Rs. 2,000 to -Shaikh Ahmad [633] of Sihrind. On the 1st of the Divine month of -Mihr Mir Jumla was promoted to the mansab of 3,000 personal and -300 horse. Muqim, the Bakhshi of Gujarat, was given the title of -Kifayat K. As the innocence of Sar-faraz K. [634] was established to -my satisfaction, I took him out of prison, and allowed him to pay his -respects. At the request of my son Shahriyar, I went to his house. He -had prepared a grand entertainment, and presented suitable offerings, -and gave dresses of honour to most of the servants. - -At this time a report came from my fortunate son Shah Parwiz that -Bi-daulat had crossed the river of Burhanpur (the Tapti), and was -wandering in the desert of error. The particulars are that when -he crossed the Narbadda and drew all the boats to that side, and -fortified the banks of the river and the ferries with cannon and -muskets, he left Bairam Beg on the bank with a large number of the -rebels, and withdrew towards Asir and Burhanpur. The Khan-khanan and -Darab he took with him under surveillance. - -And now, for the sake of enlivening my narrative, a few words must -be said about Asir. The said fort, in its great height and strength, -is not in want of my praise. Before Bi-daulat went to the Deccan it -was in the charge of Khwaja Nasru-llah, s. Khwaja Fathu-llah, who -was one of the household slaves and ancient servants. Afterwards, -at the request of Bi-daulat, it was handed over to Mir Husamu-d-din, -s. Mir Jamalu-d-din Husain. [635] As the daughter of Nur Jahan Begam's -maternal uncle (tagha'i) was married [636] to him, when Bi-daulat, -having been defeated in the neighbourhood of Delhi, turned his rein -towards Malwa and Mandu, Nur Jahan Begam wrote to him and strictly -urged him, saying: "Beware, a thousand times beware, not to allow -Bi-daulat and his men to come near the fort, but strengthen the -towers and gates, and do your duty, and do not act in such a manner -that the stain of a curse and ingratitude for favours should fall on -the honour or the forehead of a Sayyid." In truth, he strengthened -it well, and the arrangements of the fort were not of such a sort -that Bi-daulat's bird of thought could fly up to its border, or the -conquest of it be quickly accomplished. In brief, when Bi-daulat sent -one of his attendants, of the name of Sharifa, to the above-mentioned, -he (Sharifa) seduced him by means of promises and threats, and it -was settled (between Shah Jahan and Sharifa) that when Husamu-d-din -should come down to take the letter and dress of honour which had -been sent, he should not be allowed to go up again. That wretch, -immediately Sharifa arrived, put away on the shelf of forgetfulness -what he owed on account of his bringing up and the favours conferred -on him, and without opposition or effort handed over the fort to -Sharifa, and with his wife [637] and child went to Bi-daulat, who -made him accursed of the Faith and in the world by bestowing on him -the mansab of 4,000 personal, and a standard and drums, and the title -of Murtaza K.--a disgraceful name to all eternity. - -In short, when that one of reversed fortune reached the foot of -the fort of Asir, he took with him Khan-khanan, Darab, and all his -evil-minded offspring up to the fort, and remaining there for three -or four days, and having set his mind at ease about provisions, etc., -handed it over to one Gopal Das, a Rajput, who had formerly been an -attendant of Sar-buland Ray, and entered his service when he went to -the Deccan. He left the women and his superfluous baggage, and took -with him his three wives with their children and some maid-servants. At -first he proposed to imprison Khan-khanan and Darab in the fort, but -at last changed his mind, and bringing them down with him, hastened -to Burhanpur. At this time La`natu-llah, after suffering disgrace -and contempt, came from Surat and joined him. In great perplexity, -Bi-daulat employed Sar-buland Ray, the son of Ray Bhoj Hara, who is -one of the brave Rajput servants, and who is fed from the royal table -(?), as his mediator, and by letters and messages made proposals -of peace. Mahabat K. said that until Khan-khanan came, peace was -impossible. His (Mahabat's) sole purpose was by these means to separate -from him that head of deceivers who was the ring-leader of trouble -and sedition. Being helpless, Bi-daulat brought him (Khan-khanan) -out of prison, and satisfied himself by taking an oath from him on the -Qoran. In order to please him and strengthen his promises and oath, he -took him inside the female apartment and made a confidant [638] of him, -and brought his own wife and son to him, and made use of all kinds of -entreaty and lamentation. The gist of his (Shah Jahan's) remarks was: -"My times are hard, and my position difficult; I make myself over to -you, and make you the guardian of my honour. You must act so that -I no longer undergo contempt and confusion." The Khan-khanan, with -a view to bring about peace, parted from Bi-daulat and proceeded -to the royal army. It was settled that he should remain on the -other side of the river, and arrange matters relating to peace in -writing. According to fate, before Khan-khanan arrived on the bank of -the river, some of the brave warriors and victorious youths one night -found an opportunity and crossed over at a place where the rebels were -careless. On hearing this news the pillars of their courage trembled, -and Bairam Beg could not keep firm the foot of error and ignorance, -or engage in driving them back. Whilst he was in this agitation -[639] many crossed the river, and on the same night the rebels of -evil fortune were separated from each other like the Banatu-n-na`ash, -[640] and took to flight. By the unfailing good fortune (of Jahangir) -the Khan-khanan fell into perplexity (lit. fell into the shash-dar -[641] position), and could neither go nor stay where he was. At this -time again letters arrived from my prosperous son mingling threats -with promises. The Khan-khanan, finding only despair and ruin in -the page of Bi-daulat's affairs, hastened, through the mediation -of Mahabat K., to wait upon my fortunate son. Bi-daulat, on hearing -of the departure of Khan-khanan and the crossing of the Narbadda by -the victorious army and the flight of Bairam Beg, lost courage, and, -notwithstanding a flood in the river and the violence of the rain, -crossed the Tapti in a state of wretchedness, and went off towards -the Deccan. In this confusion many of the royal servants and his own -attendants willingly or unwillingly separated, and did not accompany -him. As the native country of Jado Ray and Uday Ram and Atash K. was -on the route, they thought it better for themselves to keep with him -for some stages, but Jado Ray did not come into his camp, and followed -him at the distance of one stage. He took possession of such property -as the men in this confusion and fear for their lives abandoned. On -the day he (Shah Jahan) started from the other side of the river -(the Tapti) he sent a message by one of his immediate attendants of -the name of Zu-l-faqar K. Turkman, summoning Sar-buland K. Afghan, -with the message that it seemed to him contrary to courage and the -due performance of his engagements that he had as yet not crossed the -river. "Fidelity was the glory of men; the faithlessness of no one -has touched me (Shah Jahan) so much as yours." He (Sar-buland) was -standing on horseback on the river-bank when Zu-l-faqar [642] K. came -and delivered the message. Sar-buland did not give a precise answer, -and was undecided as to whether to stay or go. In his perplexity and by -way of objection he told Zu-l-faqar to let go his bridle. Zu-l-faqar -drew his sword, and struck at his waist. At this crisis an Afghan -interposed a short spear which the people of India call a barchha, -and the blow of the sword caught the shaft, and the point of the sword -did not reach Sar-buland's waist. After swords were drawn, the Afghans -attacked Zu-l-faqar and cut him in pieces. The son of Sultan Muhammad, -the treasurer, who was Bi-daulat's page, for friendship's sake had come -(with Zu-l-faqar) without Bi-daulat's permission, and was also killed. - -Briefly, when the news of his leaving Burhanpur and of the victorious -army's approaching that city reached me, I sent Khawass K. on the -wings of haste to my loyal son, and strongly impressed upon him that -he must not relax his efforts, but must determine either to take him -alive or to drive him out of the imperial territory. It was said that -if things went badly with him on this side, it was probable that he -would throw himself by the road of Qutbu-l-mulk's country into the -provinces of Orissa and Bengal. This, too, was in accordance with -military plans. So out of caution, which is becoming to a ruler, -I appointed Mirza Rustam to be governor of Allahabad and dismissed -him with orders that if such circumstances should so occur (as Shah -Jahan's going to Bengal), he should rectify matters. - -At this time my son (farzand) Khan Jahan came from Multan, and had -the good fortune to pay his respects. By way of nazar he presented -1,000 muhrs and a ruby of the value of Rs. 100,000, a pearl, and -other jewels. I gave an elephant to Rustam K. On the 9th of the -Divine month of Aban Khawass K. brought a report from the prince and -Mahabat K. to the effect that when my son (Parwiz) reached Burhanpur, -though many of his men had remained behind in consequence of the heavy -rains, he, according to orders, without delay had crossed the river -(Tapti), and gone in pursuit of Bi-daulat. Bi-daulat, on hearing -this terrible news, was marching on. On account of the heaviness -of the rain and the excessive quantity of mud and constant marching -his beasts of burden had become exhausted. If any baggage was left -behind no inquiries were made, and he (Shah Jahan) and his children -and dependents thought themselves lucky to save their lives and did -not trouble about their goods. The army of good fortune having come -down the pass of Bhangar, hastened after him as far as the pargana of -Ankot, [643] about forty koss from Burhanpur. Bi-daulat in this state -reached the fort of Mahur, and when he knew that Jado Ray and Uday Ram -and the other Dakhanis would not go with him any farther, he did not -disgrace them, but let them go. Leaving the heavy elephants with the -goods and chattels with Uday Ram in the fort, he himself started for -Qutbu-l-mulk's territory. When his departure from the royal territory -was ascertained, my fortunate son, with the approval of Mahabat K. and -other loyalists, turned rein from that pargana. On the first of the -Divine month of Aban he entered Burhanpur. Raja Sarang Deo was sent -to my son with a gracious farman. - -Qasim K. was raised to the mansab of 4,000 personal and 2,000 -horse. Mirak Mu`in, Bakhshi of Kabul, at the request of Mahabat K., was -honoured with the title of Khan. Alf K. Qiyam-khani, having come from -the Subah of Patna, paid his respects, and was appointed to the charge -of the fort of Kangra. I presented him with a standard. On the 1st of -the Divine month of Azar Baqi K. came from Junagarh and waited on me. - -As I was at ease with regard to the affair of Bi-daulat, and the heat -of Hindustan did not agree with my constitution, on the 2nd of the -month, corresponding with the 1st of Safar [644] my camp started from -Ajmir for a tour and to hunt in the pleasant regions of Kashmir. Before -this I had appointed the chief of the state Asaf K. Subahdar of Bengal, -and gave him leave. As I had taken a great liking to his society, -and he was distinguished above all the other servants for ability and -good disposition and tact, and is moreover unequalled in all kinds of -propriety, and I regretted separation from him, I had broken through -that purpose, and had sent for him to wait upon me. He came on this -day, and had the good fortune to kiss the threshold. Jagat Singh, -s. Rana Karan, took leave on his return to his native country, -and was given a dress of honour and a jewelled dagger. Raja Sarang -Deo brought a report from my fortunate son Shah Parwiz and Mahabat -K. Madaru-s-saltana, and kissed the threshold. It was written that -their minds were at ease with regard to the affair of Bi-daulat, -and that the rulers of the Deccan, willingly or unwillingly, were -performing the dues of obedience and submission. His Majesty (Jahangir) -might make his mind at ease about that quarter and enjoy himself in -hunting and travelling in whatever place in the royal dominions he -might approve of and which was good for his health. On the 20th of -the month Mirza Wali, having come from Sironj, waited on me. Hakim -Mumina was raised to the mansab of 1,000. Asalat K., s. Khan Jahan, -according to order, came from Gujarat, and had the good fortune to -pay his respects. - -At this time a report came from `Aqidat K., Bakhshi of the Deccan, -containing the news of Raja Girdhar's having been killed. The -particulars of this event are that one of the brothers of Sayyid -Kabir Barha, who was an attendant of my fortunate son Shah Parwiz, -gave his sword to brighten and put on the wheel (to sharpen) to a -cutler who had a shop close to the house of Raja Girdhar. The next day, -when he came to fetch his sword, a conversation took place as to the -charge for the work, and the people of the Sayyid struck the cutler -some blows with a stick. The Raja's people in supporting him used -their whips on them. By chance two or three young Sayyids of Barha -had lodgings in that neighbourhood, and hearing of this disturbance, -went to the assistance of the aforesaid Sayyid. The fire of strife -was lighted, and a fight took place between the Sayyids and Rajputs, -ending in an encounter with arrows and swords. Sayyid Kabir, becoming -aware of this, came to assist with thirty or forty horsemen, and at -this time Raja Girdhar, with a body of Rajputs and his caste people, -according to the custom of the Hindus, were sitting barebodied and -eating their food. Becoming aware of the coming of Sayyid Kabir and -the violence of the Sayyids, he brought his men inside the house -and firmly closed the door. The Sayyids, setting fire to the door, -forced their way inside and the fight went to such a length that Raja -Girdhar and twenty-six of his servants were killed and forty others -wounded. Four of the Sayyids were also killed. After Raja Girdhar was -killed, Sayyid Kabir took the horses out of his stable to his own house -and returned. The Rajput officers, when informed of the slaying of Raja -Girdhar, came on horseback in great numbers from their houses, and all -the Barha Sayyids came to the aid of Sayyid Kabir. They assembled in -the plain outside the citadel, and the fire of trouble and calamity -increased, and it nearly came to a great disturbance. Mahabat K., -being informed of it, immediately mounted and went there, and bringing -the Sayyids into the citadel, and soothing the Rajputs in a manner -suitable to the occasion, took some of their chief men with him and -went to the house of Khan `Alam, which was near there. He soothed -them down in a proper way, and promised and became security for an -inquiry into the matter. When this news reached the prince he also -went to the quarters of the Khan `Alam, and soothed them with words -appropriate to the state of affairs, and sent the Rajputs to their -own houses. Next day Mahabat K. went to the house of Raja Girdhar, -condoled and sympathized with his sons, and having contrived to get -hold of Sayyid Kabir put him into confinement. As the Rajputs would -not be consoled without his being put to death, after a few days he -executed him. - -On the 23rd I appointed Muhammad Murad faujdar of Ajmir, and sent him -off. On this road I continually enjoyed myself in sporting. One day, -while hunting, a tuyghun (albino) partridge, which till now I had never -seen, came to my sight, and I caught it with a hawk. By chance the -hawk that caught it was also a tuyghun. I ascertained by trial that -the flesh of the black partridge was better than that of the white, -and that the flesh of the large quail (budana), which the people of -India call ghaghar, [645] is better than that of the quail, which -is a fighter. I compared the flesh of a fat kid with that of a lamb; -the flesh of the fat kid is more delicious. By way of test I ordered -them both to be cooked in the same way, so that I might discern the -matter accurately. On this account I have recorded it. - -On the 10th of the month of Dai, in the neighbourhood of the pargana -of Rahimabad, [646] the huntsmen brought in news of a tiger. I -ordered Iradat K. and Fida'i K. to take with them some of the guards -(ahl-i-yatish) and surround the wood, and mounting (an elephant) -I followed them and went towards the hunt. From the number of trees -and thickness of the jungle it could not be well seen. Driving the -elephant forward, the tiger's flank came into view, and with one -wound from my gun he fell and gave up his life. Of all the tigers -I have shot from the time when I was a prince until now I never -saw a tiger like this for size and majesty and the symmetry of its -limbs. I ordered the artists to take its portrait according to its -real form and body. He weighed 8 1/2 Jahangiri maunds; his length, -from the top of his head to the end of his tail, was 3 1/2 cubits -[647] and 2 tassu (1/24 of a yard). - -On the 16th it was reported that Mumtaz [648] K., the governor of Agra, -had died. At first he was in the service of Bahadur K., the brother -of Khan Zaman. After they were killed he entered the service of my -revered father. When I placed my foot in the world of existence that -revered person favoured me with making him the Nazir (Superintendent) -of my establishment. For a period of fifty-six years he served me -sincerely and zealously and in a manner to please me, and at no time -did a speck of dust from him settle on the fringe of my heart. What is -due to him for the excellence of his service is more than a clerk could -write. May God Almighty overwhelm him in the ocean of His forgiveness! - -Having conferred on Muqarrab K., who is one of the old officials, -[649] the government and administration of Agra, I gave him his -leave. In the neighbourhood of Fathpur, Mukarram K. and his brother -`Abdu-s-Salam had the good fortune to pay their respects. On the 22nd -the entertainment for my lunar weighment took place in the town of -Mathura, and the fifty-seventh year of my age began auspiciously and -happily. At Mathura I went on by boat seeing what was to be seen, -and hunting. On the way the huntsmen reported that a tigress with -three cubs had appeared. Disembarking from the boat I engaged in -the pleasure of sport. As the cubs were small I ordered them to be -taken by hand, and killed the mother with my gun. At this time it was -reported to me that the villagers [650] and cultivators on the other -side of the river Jumna had not given up stealing and highway robbery, -and, passing their time in the shelter of thick jungles and difficult -strong places in stubbornness and fearlessness, would not pay their -rents to the jagirdars. I gave an order to Khan Jahan to take a force -of mansabdars with him and give them exemplary punishment, and having -slaughtered, imprisoned, and plundered them, raze to the ground their -strongholds and forts, and tear up from the root their thorn-brakes of -mischief and disturbance. The next day the force crossed the river and -made a hot attack on them. As they had no time for escape by flight -they planted firmly the foot of folly, and showed fight. Many of -them were slaughtered: their women and children were taken prisoners, -and much booty fell into the hands of the victorious army. - -On 1st Bahman, having promoted Rustam K. to the faujdarship of the -Sarkar of Qanauj, I sent him there. - -On the 2nd `Abdu-llah, s. Hakim Nuru-d-din, of Teheran, was ordered -to be capitally punished in my presence. The explanation of this brief -announcement is as follows: When the ruler of Persia, on suspicion of -his having money and other property, tortured his father, the aforesaid -fled from Persia, and with a hundred miseries and adversities threw -himself into Hindustan, and by the patronage of I`timadu-d-daula was -enrolled among the servants of the Court. By the aid of good fortune, -having in a short time become well known, he was included among those -who were in immediate attendance, and obtained a mansab of 500 and -a fertile jagir, but as his capacity was small (lit., his digestion -was narrow) he could not stand such great good fortune, and assumed -ingratitude and unthankfulness and constantly defiled his tongue with -abuse [651] of his lord and master. At this time it was continually -reported to me that as my kindness to him and observance of what -was due to him increased, that ungrateful one blamed and abused me -the more. When I considered the favours I had bestowed upon him, I -could not believe these stories about him, but at last I heard from -impartial and disinterested persons the disrespectful language which -he had used with respect to me in assemblies and companies. The charge -was thus confirmed, and accordingly I summoned him to my presence -and had him executed. [652] - -"A red [653] tongue gives the green head to the winds." As the -huntsmen reported that there was a tigress in this neighbourhood, by -the mischief caused by which the inhabitants were oppressed, I ordered -Fida'i K. to take elephants with him and surround it. Mounting myself, -I followed him into the forest. It soon came to view, and with one -shot from my gun its affairs were finished. One day I was enjoying -myself with sport, and caught a black partridge with a hawk. I ordered -them to open its crop in my presence. A mouse it had swallowed whole -came out of its crop, and which was not yet digested. I was greatly -astonished that the pipe of its gullet, small as it was, should -swallow a whole mouse and how it had done so. Without exaggeration, -if anyone had told me the tale I should not have believed it. As I -saw this myself I have recorded it on account of its strangeness. On -the 6th of the month Delhi became the abode of good fortune. - -As Jagat Singh, s. Raja Baso, at the instigation of Bi-daulat, had -gone out into the hills in the north of the Panjab, which is his -hereditary abode, and raised a disturbance there, I appointed Sadiq -K. to punish him, as has been related in the preceding pages. At this -time Madho Singh, his younger brother, was promoted to the title of -Raja, and given a horse and robe of honour. An order was given for -him to go to Sadiq K. and attack the rebels with him. - -Next day I marched from the outskirts of the city, and alighted at -Salimgarh. As the house of Raja Kishan Das was on the road, and he had -made great efforts and entreated me to do so, I at his request threw -the shadow of prosperity on his dwelling, and gratified the desire -of that old servant. A few of his offerings were accepted in order to -dignify him. Marching on the 20th from Salimgarh, I appointed Sayyid -Bahwa Bukhari to the governorship of Delhi, which is his ordinary -residence. In fact, he had already done this service well, and I had -given him high rank. - -At this time `Ali Muhammad, s. `Ali Ray, [654] ruler of Tibet, by his -father's order came to Court, and had the good fortune to pay his -respects. It was clear that `Ali Ray had a great affection for and -attachment to this son, and held him dearer than his other children. He -wished to make him his successor, and he was consequently envied by -his brothers, and disputes arose between them. Abdal, s. `Ali Ray, -who was the eldest of his children, through this jealousy sought -the patronage of the Khan of Kashghar and made him his protector, -so that when `Ali Ray, who was very old and decrepit, should die, -he might, under the protection of the Wali of Kashghar, become ruler -of Tibet. `Ali Ray, suspecting that the brothers might attack `Ali -Muhammad, and a disturbance might arise in his country, sent him to -Court, his desire being that he might be attached to this Court, -and his affairs might prosper by service to and kindness shown by -the Court. - -On the 1st of the Ilahi month of Isfandarmuz I pitched in the pargana -of Umbala. Lashkari, s. Imam-wirdi, who had run away from Bi-daulat, -and joined the service of my auspicious son Shah Parwiz, having come -on this date to Court, kissed the threshold. A report came from my -son and Mahabat K. It contained the recommendation and the offer of -service of `Adil K., with a letter which he had sent to Mahabat, -in which were set forth his submissiveness and loyalty. Lashkari -was sent back to Parwiz with a dress of honour, a nadiri with pearl -buttons for the prince, and a dress of honour for Khan `Alam and -Mahabat K. At the request of my son I wrote a gracious farman to -`Adil K. showing great favour to him, and sent him a robe of honour -with a special nadiri. I gave an order that if they thought fit they -should send the above-mentioned [655] to `Adil K. - -On the 5th I alighted at the garden of Sihrind. On the bank of the -Beas Sadiq K., Mukhtar K., Isfandiyar, Raja Rup Chand of Gwalior, and -other Amirs who had been appointed to support him, having succeeded in -restoring order in the northern hill-country, had the good fortune to -kiss the threshold. The facts, briefly, are that Jagat Singh, at the -instigation of Bi-daulat, had taken to the hills above-mentioned, and -engaged in stirring up sedition and strife. As the field was clear -(i.e., there was no one to oppose him) he passed over difficult -mountains and defiles, and by attacking and plundering peasantry -and the weak, heaped misfortune on them until Sadiq K. arrived. He -brought the Zamindars under control by means of fears and hopes, -and made the overthrow of that wretched creature the object of his -exertions. Jagat Singh strengthened the fort of Mau, and was protected -by it. Whenever he found an opportunity he left that fortress and -fought with the royal servants. At last his provisions were exhausted, -and he came to despair of assistance from the other Zamindars. The -elevation of his younger brother became a source of disturbance and -anxiety to him. Helplessly he then sought for patronage, and begged -the protection of Nur Jahan Begam, expressing shame and contrition, -and sought a refuge in her mediation. In order to please and satisfy -her, the pen of pardon was drawn through the record of his faults. - -On this day reports came in from the officials in the Deccan that -Bi-daulat, with La`natu-llah, Darab, and other wretched (with broken -wing and feathers) creatures in miserable condition, with blackened -faces, had gone from the borders of Qutbu-l-mulk's territory towards -Orissa and Bengal. In this journey great loss fell on him and his -companions, many of whom, when a chance offered, with bare heads -and feet, and having washed their hands of life (desperate), took to -flight. Out of these one day Mirza Muhammad, s. Afzal K., his Diwan, -with his mother and his family, ran away during the march, and when -the news reached Bi-daulat, he sent Ja`far and Khan-quli Uzbeg and -some others of his confidential men in pursuit of him, that, if they -could take him alive, well and good, or otherwise they should cut -off his head and bring it into his presence. They with all speed -proceeded and caught him up on the road. Becoming aware of this, -he sent his mother and family into the jungles and hid them there, -and himself with a body of young men whom he relied on as companions, -planted manfully the foot of courage and stood with their bows. In -front of them there was a canal and a swamp (chihla). Sayyid Ja`far -K. wished to approach near him and take him with him by deceiving him, -but however much he tried to persuade him by threatening and holding -out hopes, it had no effect, and he answered him with life-taking -arrows. He made a good fight of it, and sent Khan-quli and some others -of Bi-daulat's men to hell. Sayyid Ja`far also was wounded. Finally -Mirza Muhammad received severe wounds and gambled away the cash of -his life. But as long as he had breath he deprived many thereof. After -he was killed, they cut off his head and took it to Bi-daulat. - -When Bi-daulat was defeated near Delhi and went to Mandu, he sent Afzal -K. to get assistance and support from `Adil K. and others, forwarding -with him an armlet (bazu-band) for `Adil K., and a horse, an elephant, -and a jewelled sword for `Ambar. He first went to `Ambar. After -delivering his message he produced what Bi-daulat had sent for him, -but `Ambar would not accept them, saying he was the servant of `Adil -K., who was at present the head of those in power in the Deccan: he -should go first to him and explain what he desired. If he agreed, his -slave would ally himself to and obey him, and in that case he would -take whatever was sent, otherwise not. Afzal K. went to `Adil K., -who received him very badly, and for a long time kept him outside the -city and did not look into his affair, but put all kinds of slights -upon him, but secretly asked for what Bi-daulat had sent for him and -`Ambar, and took possession of it. The aforesaid (Afzal K.) was there -when he heard the news of the killing of his son and the ruin of his -family, and so fell upon evil days. In short, Bi-daulat, in spite -of all his (original) good fortune and happy auspices, undertook -a long and distant journey, and came to the port of Machhli Patan -(Masulipatam), which belongs to Qutbu-l-mulk. Before reaching this -place, he sent some of his men to Qutbu-l-mulk, and besought him -for all sorts of assistance and companionship. Qutbu-l-mulk sent him -a small amount of cash and goods for his support, and wrote to the -warden of his frontier to conduct him in safety out of his territory, -and encourage the grain-sellers and Zamindars to send grain and all -other necessaries to his camp. - -On the 27th of the month a strange event took place. Returning from -the hunting-place, I had come back to the camp at night. By chance I -crossed a stream of water, the bed of which was very rocky and the -water running violently. One of the servants of the sharbat-khana -(wine-cellar) was conveying a huntsman's relish. He had a gold tray, -which contained a salver and five cups. There were covers to the cups, -and the whole was in a cotton bag. When he was crossing, his foot -slipped and the tray fell out of his hand. As the water was deep and -running rapidly, however much they searched and beat their hands and -feet (exerted themselves), no trace of it could be found. Next day -the state of the case was reported to me, and I ordered a number of -boatmen and huntsmen to go to the place and make a careful search, -and it perhaps might appear. By chance, in the place where it had -fallen it was found, and more strange still, it had not been turned -upside down, and not a drop of water had got into the cups. This -affair is similar to what happened when Hadi was seated on the throne -of the Khalifate. A ruby ring had been inherited by Harun from his -father. Hadi sent a slave to Harun and asked for it. It happened that -at that time Harun was seated on the bank of the Tigris. The slave gave -the message, and Harun, enraged, said: "I have allowed thee [656] to -have the Khalifate, and thou dost not allow me one ring." In his rage -he threw the ring into the Tigris. After some months by the decree -of fate Hadi died, and the turn of the Khalifate came to Harun. He -ordered divers to look for the ring in the place where he had thrown -it. By the chances of destiny, and the aid of good fortune, at the -first dive the ring was found, and brought and given into Harun's hand! - -At this time one day on the hunting ground the chief huntsman -Imam-wirdi brought before me a partridge that had a spur on one leg -and not on the other. As the way to distinguish the female lies in -the spur, by way of testing me he asked whether this was a male or a -female. I said at once "A female." When they opened it an egg appeared -inside (pishina) its belly. The people who were in attendance asked -with surprise by what sign I had discovered this: I said that the head -and beak of the female are shorter than the male's. By investigation -and often seeing (the birds) I had acquired this dexterity. [657] -It is a strange thing that the windpipe in all animals (haiwanat), -which the Turks call halq, [658] is single from the top of the throat -to the crop (china-dan), while in the case of the bustard (jarz) -it is different. In the bustard it is for four finger-breadths from -the top of the throat single and then it divides into two branches -and in this form reaches the crop. Also at the place where it divides -into two branches there is a stoppage (sar-band) and a knot (girih) -is felt by the hand. In the kulang (crane) it is still stranger. In -it the windpipe passes in a serpentine manner between the bones of -the breast to the rump and then turns back from there and joins the -throat. The jarz or charz (bustard) is of two kinds: one is a mottled -black and the other bur (a kind of dun colour). I now [659] discovered -that there are not two kinds, but that which is a mottled black is -the male, and that which is dun-coloured is the female. The proof of -it is this, that in the piebald there are testicles and in the dun -one there are eggs; this has been repeatedly found on examination. - -I have a great liking for fish, and all kinds of good fish are brought -for me; the best fish in Hindustan is the rohu, and after that the -barin. [660] Both have scales, and in appearance and shape are like -each other. Everyone cannot at once distinguish between them. The -difference in their flesh also is very small, but the connoisseur -discovers that the flesh of the rohu is rather more agreeable of -the two. - - - - - - - - -THE NINETEENTH NEW YEAR'S FEAST AFTER THE AUSPICIOUS ACCESSION - - -On Wednesday, the 29th Jumada-l-awwal, A.H. 1033, March 10, 1624, -after one watch and two gharis of day had passed, the sun, that -bestows bounty on the world, passed into its house of honour in -Aries. The royal servants obtained promotions and increase of -mansab. Ahsanu-llah, s. Khwaja Abu-l-Hasan, received as original -and increase that of 1,000 and 300 horse. Muhammad Sa`id, s. Ahmad -Beg K. Kabuli, the same, Mir Sharaf Diwan-i-buyutat, and Khawass K., -each of them that of 1,000. Sardar K., having come from Kangra, had -the good fortune to pay his respects. At this time I gave orders to -the yasawuls and men of the yasaq (guards) that hereafter at the time -when I came out of the palace they should keep away defective people, -such as the blind, and those whose noses and ears had been cut off, -the leprous and the maimed, and all kinds of sick people, and not -permit them to be seen. On the 19th the feast of the culmination -was held. Ilah-wirdi, the brother of Imam-wirdi, had run away from -Bi-daulat and came to Court, and was honoured with great favours. - -As the news of Bi-daulat's coming to the border of Orissa was -constantly repeated, a farman was issued to the prince and Mahabat -K. and the Amirs who had been sent to the support of my son, that -they should set their minds at ease about the administering the -provinces (of the Deccan), and go quickly to Allahabad and Behar, -and if the Subahdar of Bengal could not forestall him, and he should -put forward the foot of audacity, he must be made a wanderer in the -desert of disappointment by the blows of the victorious army which is -in the shadow of the flag of my son. By way of precaution on the 2nd -Urdibihisht I gave my son Khan Jahan leave to proceed to Agra to remain -in that neighbourhood and wait for a sign. If there should happen to -be any necessity for a particular service and an order should be given -him, he must act as occasion might require. I sent him a special dress -of honour, with a nadiri with pearl buttons, a special jewelled sword, -and to Asalat K., his son, a horse, and a dress of honour. - -On this day a report came from `Aqidat K., Bakhshi of the Deccan. He -wrote that, according to order, my prosperous son Shah Parwiz had -married the sister of Raja Gaj Singh. I hope that her coming will be -auspicious to the State. He also wrote that, having sent for Turkuman -K. from Pattan he had appointed `Azizu-llah in his place. Jan-sipar -K., also by order, came and waited on me. When Bi-daulat crossed -the Burhanpur river and took the road of ruin, Mir Husamu-d-din, -considering his own evil deeds, could not remain at Burhanpur. Taking -his children with him, he conveyed the goods of ruin to the Deccan, in -order that he might pass his days under the protection of `Adil K. By -chance, as he passed by Bir, Jan-sipar K. obtained information, and -sent a body of men to head him off. He seized him and his dependants, -and brought them before Mahabat. Mahabat placed him in confinement, -and took from him Rs. 1,00,000 in cash and goods. (Also) Jado Ray -and Uday Ram had taken the elephants which Bi-daulat had left in -Burhanpur and brought them to the prince (Parwiz). - -Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz, who had come to Delhi from Bi-daulat in order -to state his objects, had not been allowed by me an opportunity to -speak and I had handed him over to Mahabat K. After his (Bi-daulat's) -defeat and ruin Mahabat K. had made him his own servant. As he was an -old friend of `Adil K., and was for some years at Bijapur as Vakil of -Khan Jahan. Mahabat K. now sent him again as his representative [661] -to `Adil Khan, and the leading men of the Deccan, nolentes volentes, -looking to the necessities of the time and the upshot of affairs, -were contented and professed loyalty and desire for service. The rebel -`Ambar sent one of his confidential men of the name of `Ali Shir, -and displayed great humility. He (`Ambar) wrote in the capacity of -a servant to Mahabat K., and engaged that he (`Ambar) should come to -Dewalgaon [662] and wait upon Mahabat. He would make his eldest son -a servant of the State, and keep him in the service of my auspicious -son. About this time there arrived a letter from Qazi `Abdu-l-`Aziz -that `Adil K. from the bottom of his heart had elected for service -and loyalty, and agreed that he would send Mulla Muhammad Lari, -who was his principal agent and minister, and whom both in spoken -and written messages he called Mulla Baba, with 5,000 horse, that -he might remain continually on duty, and they might know that other -[663] troops would follow (?). Urgent farmans had been sent that -my son should proceed to Allahabad and Behar in order to overthrow -Bi-daulat. At this time news arrived that notwithstanding the rainy -season and the violence of the rain, that son, on the 6th Farwardin -had marched out of Burhanpur with the army of fortune, and had taken -up his quarters in Lal Bagh, [664] and that Mahabat K. was awaiting at -Burhanpur the arrival of Mulla Muhammad Lari, so that when he arrived -he would relieve himself of the care of the maintenance of order in -that neighbourhood, and come with him (Muhammad Lari) to wait on my -son. Lashkar K., Jado Ray, Uday Ram, and other servants of the State -had been ordered to go to the Balaghat (the country above the Ghats), -and remain at Zafarnagar. Having given Jan-sipar K. leave as before, -he (Parwiz) kept Asad K. Ma`muri at Elichpur. Minuchihr, s. Shah-nawaz -K., was appointed to Jalnapur. He sent Rizawi K. to Thalner, to guard -the province of Khandesh. - -On this day news came that Lashkari had taken the farman to `Adil K., -and he, having decorated the city, had gone out four koss to meet -him, and had performed salutations and prostrations for the farman -and the dress of honour. On the 21st I sent dresses of honour for my -son Dawar-bakhsh and Khan A`zam and Safi K. Having appointed Sadiq -K. to the government of Lahore, and given him a dress of honour and an -elephant, I gave him leave. An order was given that he should have the -mansab of 400 personal and 400 horse. Multafat K., s. Mirza Rustam, -raised the head of distinction with the mansab of 1,500 personal and -300 horse. - -One day while hunting it was reported to me that a snake with a -black hood (kafcha) had swallowed another hooded (kafcha?) snake -and gone into a hole. I ordered them to dig up the place and bring -out the snake. Without exaggeration I had never seen a snake of this -size. When, they opened its belly, the hood of the snake that it had -swallowed came out whole. Although this snake was of another kind, -in length and girth little difference was visible. - -At this time it was represented to me in a report [665] by the news -writer of the Deccan that Mahabat K. had ordered `Arif s. Zahid to -be executed, and had put him (i.e., Zahid), with two other sons, -in prison. It appeared that that wretched man had written with his -own hand a petition to Bi-daulat representing on the part of his -father and himself his loyalty, sincerity, repentance, and shame. By -fate that letter fell into the hands of Mahabat K. Having sent for -`Arif into his presence he showed him the letter. As he had written a -decree for his own blood, he could not make any acceptable excuse, and -of necessity he was executed, and his father and brothers imprisoned. - -On the 1st Khurdad it was reported that Shaja`at K. `Arab, had died -a natural death in the Deccan. - -At this time a report came from Ibrahim K. Fath-jang that Bi-daulat had -entered Orissa. The particulars of this are that between the boundary -[666] of Orissa and the Deccan there is a barrier. On one side there -are lofty mountains, and on the other swamps and a river. The ruler -of Golconda had also erected a wall (dar-band) and a fort, and armed -it with muskets and cannon. The passage of men by that closed route -was impracticable without the leave of Qutbu-l-mulk. Bi-daulat, with -the guidance of Qutbu-l-mulk, having passed by that route, entered the -country of Orissa. It happened that at this time Ahmad Beg K., nephew -of Ibrahim K., had attacked the Zamindars of Khurda. At this strange -occurrence, which happened without precedent or news or information, -he became confused and bewildered and without seeing a remedy gave up -his campaign, and came to the village of Bulbuli [667] (Pipli), the -seat of the governor of that Subah (Orissa). He then took his women -with him and hastened to Cuttack, which is 12 koss from Pipli towards -Bengal. As the time was short, he had not leisure to collect troops -and arrange his affairs. He did not feel himself equal to a war with -Bi-daulat, and he had not with him associates such as were necessary, -so he went on from Cuttack to Bardwan, of which Salih, nephew of Asaf -K. deceased, was the Jagirdar. At first Salih was astonished [668], -and did not believe that Bi-daulat was coming, until a letter came from -La`natu-llah to conciliate him. Salih fortified Bardwan and remained -in it. Ibrahim K. was surprised on hearing the terrible news. Though -most of his auxiliaries and soldiers were scattered in the villages -round about and unprocurable, he yet planted the foot of courage firmly -in Akbarnagar (Rajmahal), and set himself to strengthen the fort and -collect troops, and encourage the heads of tribes and retainers. He -prepared the things necessary for his guns and other weapons and for -battle. In the meanwhile a notice came to him from Bi-daulat that by -the decree of God and the ordinances of heaven what was not suitable -to him had appeared from the womb of non-existence. By the revolving -of crooked-moving time and the changes of night and day his passage -towards these regions had come to pass. Although to the view of -manly courage the extent and breadth of that country were not more -than an exercising-ground, or rather than a rubbish-heap (pur-kahi, -"full of straw"), and his aims were higher, yet as he had to pass -by this way, he could not pass for nothing. If it were Ibrahim's -determination to go to the royal Court, he (Shah Jahan) would hold -back the hand of injury from him and his family, and he might go -to Court with an easy mind. If he considered it advisable to stay, -he would bestow upon him any corner of the country he might ask for. - - - - -ADDENDUM BY MIRZA MUHAMMAD HADI, THE WRITER OF THE PREFACE - -The MS. states: "Up to this place is the writing (ta'lif) of the -deceased king Jahangir. The rest, up to the end of the book, is -written by Muhammad Hadi from some trustworthy MS. collected together -to complete the book. - - - - - - - - -ADDENDUM - - -Mr. Berthold Laufer's paper on "Walrus and Narwhal Ivory," reprinted -at Leyden, 1913, from the Toung Pao, throws light on Jahangir's remarks -about fish-tooth dagger-hilts. It now seems certain that they were made -of the canine tooth of the walrus, or the horn of the narwhal. Possibly -one reason why Jahangir attached so much value to the fish-teeth was -because they were supposed to be an antidote to poison. He was fond -of such things, and one day, when he was heir-apparent, Father Jerome -Xavier found him engaged at Fathpur in extracting copper from peacocks' -tails, on account of its supposed antitoxine properties. - -It is stated in Mr. Laufer's paper, pp. 13 and 15, that walrus-teeth -were supposed to be also useful in reducing swellings. As they -were often made into knife-handles, it is not improbable that the -knife which a Rajah of Cochin appears to have sent to Akbar in 1569 -(Akbar-nama, i. 342) was, wholly or in part, made of walrus ivory. The -Rajah said that whenever it was applied to a swelling it reduced it, -and Akbar told Abu-l-Fazl that over 200 persons had benefited by -touching it. - -In the British Museum there is a fascinating set of chessmen made of -walrus or narwhal ivory. They were discovered in the island of Lewis -in 1831, but are supposed to be as old as the twelfth century. - - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] Jahangir was born on Wednesday, 17 Rabi`u-l-awwal 977 A.H., -or August 31, 1569, and so on March 11, 1618, or 23 Rabi`u-l-awwal, -1027, he was in the beginning of his fifty-first lunar year. By solar -computation he was not yet fifty, that is, he was in his fiftieth -year. The text wrongly has 1017 instead of 1027. - -[2] Text wrongly has panchaq. In Turki dictionaries it is spelt -topchaq, and means a large or long-necked horse. See P. de Courteille -Dict., etc. - -[3] Asaf K. III. of Blochmann; his name was Ja`far Beg. - -[4] See "Iqbal-nama," p. 111. etc. He is not the famous Mir Jumla, -who was Aurangzeb's general, though possibly the latter was his -son. According to the "Iqbal-nama, he was the nephew, and not -the uncle, of Mir Riza, but Jahangir's statement agrees with the -`Alam-ara'i (p. 623). Mir Jumla's patron, Muhammad Quli Qutb-Shah, -died in 1612. He himself died in 1637, while Aurangzeb's general died -in 1663. - -[5] Possibly what is meant is that Shah `Abbas was greedy after Mir -Jumla's (Saman) wealth. Kamgar Husaini distinctly says that `Abbas -wanted to get hold of Mir Jumla's goods. - -[6] The Iqbal-nama says that `Abbas only gave Mir Jumla flattering -words, and did not give him any high appointment. See also `Alam-ara'i, -623, and Ma'asiru-l-umara, III. 415. - -[7] Tuquz means "nine," but perhaps it is here only used to express -a gift, and the pieces of cloth were perhaps only nine, and not -eighty-one. See Vullers s.v., who refers to Quatremere. - -[8] The I.O. MSS. have Mamu'i, and the meaning may be "the maternal -uncle of the Zamindar." - -[9] Jariya in No. 181. It seems to be the Jareja tribe of Abu-l-Fazl, -Jarrett II. 250. Compare Blochmann's translation, p. 285 n., of the -corresponding passage in the Iqbal-nama. The tribe is there called -Jhariyah. - -[10] This must be Pavagarh, a hill fort in the Panch `Mahal district, -which is 2,800 feet above the sea. See I.G. XX. 79, and XIX. 380. - -[11] Son-in-law of I`tmadu-d-daula, being married to a sister of -Nur-Jahan. See Ma'asiru-l-umara I. 573. - -[12] Jhalod in the Dohad ta'luqa of the Panch Mahal district, Bombay. - -[13] The text (pp. 227, 228) has drawings of the twelve Zodiacal -coins. See also Tavernier's account of their institution. - -[14] Text wrongly has Saturday. - -[15] Probably the Seyreh of Bayley's map, in the Lunavada State, -E. of Ahmadabad. - -[16] Quoted by Blochmann, Calcutta Review, 1869, p. 128. - -[17] The text has dar zir-i-an ("under it") in mentioning the position -of the letters, but the I.O. MS. No. 181, has dar zabar ("above" -or "on it."). The words khatt-i-muharraf might mean "inverted or -slanting letters," and Mr. Rogers has taken the passage to mean that -two of the letters were on a line with one another, and that the -third was inverted and below the other two. But muhrif, as the word -may also be read, has the meaning of "handsome," and I think this is -the meaning here. Possibly the meaning is that there was a letter or -mark above--viz., the tashdid. Another meaning may be that all three -letters were equal in size, and in a slanting position on the stone. - -[18] Dihbid, "the village of the willow," a well-known place in -Transoxiana. It is Dihband in text. - -[19] Ukna. The word appears to be Arabic, and signifies a nest. It -is commonly written wukna. - -[20] Baz dami apparently means hawks reared in captivity, or it may -mean hawks brought by dealers--dami. Information about hawks may be -found in Blochmann, 293, etc., and in Col. Phillott's recent articles -in the J.A.S.B., May, 1907, etc. - -[21] The I.O. MS. has "rupees." - -[22] Blochmann, 346. - -[23] Ulugh in MSS. - -[24] Blochmann, 346. Yusuf died in November, 1601. His eldest son -was M. Lashkari. - -[25] The MSS. have 24th and 25th for the following day, but 14th and -15th seem right. - -[26] The passage is translated in Elliot, VI. 357, but the mention of -Saturday and of Multan doctors there is a mistake. Text has afzudam, -"I increased my intoxication," but this seems wrong. The MSS. have -afzud. Jahangir means that the stoppage of his wine increased -crapulousness. See Elliot, VI. 357. - -[27] Apparently this should be yughan, which is a Turki word meaning -"thick." - -[28] Elliot, VI. 358. - -[29] See Vol. I., p. 414. - -[30] The Iqbal-nama, 115, has a different reading of this line. - -[31] It should be recorded to Jahangir's credit that he has a -reputation even at the present day for his love of justice. - -[32] `ajabi. The MSS. have `ajsi, "lasting," which seems better. - -[33] Compare Elliot, VI. 359. Rukh-i-gulzar also means the cheek of -the rosebud (i.e., the beloved one). Apparently the conceit is that -the cheek of the fair one is clouded over, so it should be reddened -by pouring wine on it. - -[34] hamwar. Perhaps it means "mediocre" here, but we have the word -a little lower down, p. 240, used in a laudatory sense. - -[35] According to the Ma'asir and Blochmann, 465, it was the second -son who attained the highest rank. - -[36] dah duwazdah, "10, 12"--i.e., it is one-fifth larger. The saras -is the Ardea Antigone of naturalists. - -[37] Two boundaries. The name signifies that it is on the borders of -Malwa and Gujaru, I. G. XI. 366. - -[38] pak sakht. Lit. cleaned it, which may mean also that he -disembowelled it, or even that he cooked it. Probably the gunner -left the body or part of it there, and it was this that the male -circumambulated. - -[39] Apparently this should be Pavan. It was one of those caught in -the elephant hunt. It is written Bavan in the MSS. - -[40] For meaning of dara, "yard," see text (15th year), pp. 298 and -303. For 3 1/2 quarters (pao) the text wrongly has 3 1/2 feet (pa). - -[41] MSS. has 17. Text has 7. According to Elliot, Supplement II., -177, the Ilahi gaz was one of 41 fingers. - -[42] This was not the son who died in the following year. See text, -p. 282. That son was the eldest son, and probably was the one born -in the 9th year. See Tuzuk, p. 137. - -[43] The Zamindar of Cutch, whose residence was at Bhuj. See Jarrett, -II. 250, where it is said that the Jam left his original country 60 -years ago. - -[44] Jahangir is referring to his visit to Gujarat in the 12th year -of his reign. - -[45] MSS. have this 70 or 80. - -[46] Elliot, VI. 359. - -[47] Text "of Merv," but the MSS. have Herat. - -[48] Mansur Naqqash is one of the illustrators to the Babar-nama in -the British Museum. Rieu Supplement, p. 52. There is also a Husain -Naqqash mentioned in the MS. there described. - -[49] Apparently there were 32 days in this Tir. - -[50] The Sabarmati rises in the hills of Mewar. - -[51] I cannot find this Kokra or Gogra. The Sabarmati falls into the -Gulf of Cambay. Possibly Kokra thereby means "mountains." - -[52] Apparently the Mairpur of Bayley's map. - -[53] Blochmann, 339. - -[54] Perhaps this is the Biragam of the A'in A. (Jarrett, -II. 230). Panju Zamindar may be the Bab-jiu, Zamindar of the Gond -tribe, whom Abu-l-Fazl mentions. The word Barakar is omitted in text. - -[55] See Blochmann, 480 n., Elliot, VI. 344, and the Tuzuk, annals -of 10th year. - -[56] Probably the meaning is that the four mines occur within a space -of 50 koss. Tavernier, vol. II., may be consulted. - -[57] Pukhta in text, but the MSS. have not this word. Instead, they -have a word which seems to be tahsina, "beautiful." The R.A.S. MS. also -seems to have tahsina. - -[58] mahagi? Probably it means that they were caught when a month old, -and Elliot's translator so took it. - -[59] This was the garden which `Abdu-r-Rahim made after his victory -over Muzaffar Gujarati. In Price's Jahangir, pp. 115-16, there is an -account of an entertainment given there to Jahangir by `Abdu-r-Rahim's -daughter. - -[60] Or 22 Ramazan, 1027 = September 2, 1618. - -[61] Cf. Iqbal-nama, 117. - -[62] In MSS. written Marhana or Sarhana. Perhaps Harhana in the Bet -Jalandhar Du'ab, Jarrett, II. 317. Though the text says 22 lakhs of -dams, the MSS. only say 22 lakhs, and possibly rupees are meant. - -[63] Khud bi-in`am iltimas namud. "As a favour to himself." It is -not likely that Shah Jahan would ask for the pargana for Bikramajit -if it was already his own. I presume the meaning is that Shah Jahan -asked that this pargana should be given to Bikramajit as a favour to -himself. But perhaps the meaning is "which he (Shah Jahan) had asked -for, for himself." - -[64] In the MSS. the word khud follows in`am instead of preceding -it. Perhaps the meaning is, "which was his own appanage," "and he -requested," etc. - -[65] Text wrongly has Mu`tamid. - -[66] The saint who is buried at Gwalior. He died September 14, 1562. - -[67] Elliot, VI. 360. - -[68] The 8th Shahriwar = August 20, 1618. The departure had been -fixed for the 21st, and having mentioned this, Jahangir goes on to -describe what occurred between the 7th and the 21st. - -[69] So in text, but MSS. give Jahanda as the name of the brother -of Baluch. - -[70] Elliot, VI. 361. - -[71] Text wrongly has Maghribi, who was a much later poet, for he -died in 809 A.H. = 1416. Sultan Sanjar belonged to the sixth century -of the Hijra, and Mu`izzi, who is the poet meant by Jahangir, died -in 542 A.H. (1147-48), having been accidentally killed with an arrow -by Sultan Sanjar. See Rieu, II. 552b. The ode quoted by Jahangir is -to be found at p. 138b of British Museum MS. Add. 10588. - -[72] hamwar used here in a favourable sense, though some pages farther -back, 233 of Persian text, it seems to be used, when speaking of Jami, -in disparagement. - -[73] See Beale art. Sa`ida-i-Gilani. He was styled Bi-badal. The date -1116 in Beale is manifestly wrong. He is the Mulla Shaida of Rieu, -III., 1083e. See also Sprenger's Catalogue, 124; there is a notice -of him in the Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 405. He was the artist of the -Peacock-throne. - -[74] Turunj, rendered by Vullers as "citron." Probably the reference -is to the colour of the sky, which is often spoken of by Orientals as -green. The concluding lines play upon Jahangir's title of Nuru-d-din, -on his son's title of Shah-Jahan, and his name of Khurram. - -[75] Bari is a Hindu word meaning garden. - -[76] ayyam-i-jawani. The MSS. have qazzaqi, "raids." The name of the -Mulla there seems to be Asiri. - -[77] dar khala wa-mala mahram buda. - -[78] MS. 305. "On every side there are Bulsari-trees." Both -I.O. MSS. have Bulsari, for which see Blochmann, 70. Apparently there -was only one tree. - -[79] Elliot, VI. 361. - -[80] This was not the `Id, for the month was not over. It was the -feasting after nightfall usual in the Ramazan. - -[81] khudawandi-gar. For which word see Vullers and the -Bahar-i-`Ajam. Perhaps it means here a locum-tenens or officiating -master. - -[82] Apparently this should be thirty-two. The egg was laid on 21 -Amurdad, see p. 237, and the interval between the hatching of the -two chicks was three or four days. - -[83] Text dah yazdah, ten to eleven. But MS. 305 has dah panzdah, -ten to fifteen, which is more likely. The meaning then would be that -the young of the saras were 50 per cent., or one-half, larger than -goslings. The common expression for one-tenth is dah yak. - -[84] Ganj in No. 181. Perhaps it should be Gajna, see I.G., 17, p. 11. - -[85] MSS. Atrak. It is the Watrak of Bayley's Gujarat, p. 201, and -the Vatrak of I.G., XXI. 344. - -[86] Sultan Mahmud III., killed by Burhan in February, 1554. Bayley's -Gujarat, pp. 449 and 453. Jahangir calls him the last Sultan of -Gujarat, because Ahmad II. and Muzaffar III. were regarded as -spurious. See Ayin-i-Akbari, Jarrett, II. 261. - -[87] Probably great-grandson, for Shah `Alam died in 880 (1475-76), as -Jahangir tells us supra, and he says that he questioned Sayyid Muhammad -about Shah `Alam's raising the dead, and that Sayyid Muhammad said he -had the story from his father and grandfather. The Ma'asiru-l-Umara, -III. 447, says Sayyid Muhammad was five removes from Shah `Alam. - -[88] For Yaqut, see Blochmann, 99-100. He was a famous calligrapher, -and lived in the thirteenth century. It appears, however, that Yaquti -is also the name of a particular kind of writing. - -[89] Ba-qita`-i-matbu`a-i-mukhtasar. Matbu`a is used in modern times to -mean "printed," but here, I think, it means "elegant." It is so used -in the annals of the 12th year, p. 208, line 18, where it is applied -to a building. Qita` probably refers to the shape of the volume, -and mukhtasar to its small size, or to the minuteness of the writing. - -[90] Sayyid Muhammad, the Mir referred to by Jahangir, lived into -Shah-Jahan's reign, not dying till 1045 (1635-36). See Padshah-nama, -I., Part II., p. 329. But we do not hear anything more of his -translation. Perhaps his ill-health prevented him. It is also the -fact that orthodox Muhammadans object to translations of the Qoran, -regarding it as an impossible task. The Mir's son became chief -ecclesiastical officer (Sadr) under Shah-Jahan. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, -III. 447, and Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 328. - -[91] Elliot, V. 361. - -[92] There were twelve mashas in a tola; the six cups, then, of 6 -tolas and a quarter came to 37 1/2 tolas. - -[93] Jahangir visited his father's tomb in the following year (the -14th). The passage describing the renunciation of shooting (not of -hunting) is translated in Elliot, VI. 362. - -[94] The version of the last two lines is by Sir William Jones, -and is given by him in his Tenth Anniversary Discourse, delivered on -February 28, 1793. As my friend Mr Whinfield has pointed out to me, -the quotation comes from the story of Shibli and the ant in the second -chapter of the Bustan. It occurs in the sixth story of the second -book and p. 161 of Graf's edition. Sir William Jones's remark is: -"Nor shall I ever forget the couplet of Firdausi, for which Sadi, who -cites it with applause, pours blessings on his departed spirit." The -quotation from Firdusi occurs on p. 67 of Vol. I. in Macan's edition -of the Shah-nama. - -[95] Urvasi is the name of a celestial nymph. It is also stated by -Forbes to be the name of an ornament worn on the breast. - -[96] Text ba naqsh by mistake for banafsha. - -[97] I.O. MS. 181 has "thirty surkh." - -[98] Perhaps the Moondah of Bayley's map, east of Mahmudabad. - -[99] The text has khAdA khada, "an oar," but the word is perhaps -kharwa, "a sailor." I.O. MS. 181, has kharwa. - -[100] The I.O. MSS. have Albatta. - -[101] The youth who was afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. - -[102] I.O., No. 181, has Ghairat K. - -[103] gam sometimes means a step, but here it seems to mean one -foot-length. The distance mentioned by Jarrett appears to be 90 feet. - -[104] No. 181 has "in three days." - -[105] Compare account in Akbar-nama, II. 150. Akbar was then twenty -years old. There is a picture of the two elephants crossing the bridge -with Akbar on the elephant Hawa'i in the Clarke MS. in the Victoria -and Albert Museum, South Kensington. - -[106] Presumably the other side of the tank; it was the wild male -saras that Jahangir put rings upon. - -[107] The hunting of deer with decoys is described in Blochmann's -Ayin, 291. - -[108] Apparently a metaphorical expression, "fought with fire and -water." - -[109] su'u-l-qinya, "Bad state of the body, cachexy" (Steingass). - -[110] I do not know of any poet with the takhallus Ustad. Possibly -Jami is referred to. The lines are obscure, and I am not certain of -the meaning. The I.O. MSS. omit the negatives in the first two lines. - -[111] Not identified. I.O. MS. 305, seems to have Panib. Can it be -the Manchan or Majham? Possibly we should read Banas. - -[112] The I.O. MSS. have not the words Nau Ruz, "New Year," and I am -not sure what New Year's day is meant. The time was October. Perhaps it -was the first day of Zi-l-Qa`da that was celebrated, or it may be what -is described in Richardson as the New Year's day of the Balance--viz., -the entry of the Sun into the Sign of the Balance. Jahangir may have -had special regard to that Sign as he was born under it. Perhaps all -that is meant is that the feast of 1 Aban was celebrated. Aban was -a sacred month because Akbar was born in it, and it may be that the -feast was celebrated on Thursday the 2nd because the previous day, -Wednesday, was regarded by Jahangir as unlucky, and was always spoken -of as Kam-shamba. But most probably Nau Ruz is simply a mistake of -the text. - -[113] I.O. MS. has 600. - -[114] The name of the stage is not given. - -[115] Literally the mother of children, but explained as meaning a -female demon (larva) who torments children. See Lane's Dictionary, -1650, where it is described as "flatulence." - -[116] See above, p. 243 of text. - -[117] Apparently the vow applied only to shooting. Jahangir was not -at that time fifty-one years of age by solar computation. - -[118] The natural term of life, which some Orientals regarded as -being 120 years. - -[119] The name `Ali is omitted in text. - -[120] qand-i-siyah (? treacle). - -[121] We are not told what was the result of this experiment. - -[122] MSS., as before, have Ghairat instead of `Izzat. - -[123] This son was Aurangzib. See Khafi K., I. 296. Khafi K. has 11th -instead of 15th Zi-l-Qa`da. The 11th Zi-l-Qa`da corresponds to 20th -October, 1618. - -[124] Text has Sunday, but Wednesday must be the correct day, for -immediately after Friday is spoken of as the 17th (Aban). - -[125] Perhaps the Samarni of Jarrett, II. 207. The I.O. MSS. have -Tamarna. - -[126] I have been assisted by the translation in Elliot, VI. 363. See -also Iqbal-nama, 117. The author there expatiates on the calamities -which followed these celestial appearances. Elliot, loc. cit., p. 364, -has eight years, but the text of the Tuzuk and all the MSS. have -"eight nights." The Iqbal-nama has Dai instead of Aban, but probably -Dai is a mistake for Zi-l-(qa`da). Perhaps the first phenomenon was -the Zodiacal Light. - -[127] The MSS. have Sambhalkhera. - -[128] MSS. have Badhnur. Perhaps it is the Badhnawar of Jarrett, II. - -[129] Pargana Nula'i in MSS., and this seems right as Nola'i, is -mentioned in Jarrett, II. 198, as having a brick fort and as being -on the Chambal. - -[130] It seems to be Gambhir in the MSS. - -[131] There seems to be an omission in the recital. We are not told of -the first half, but evidently the meaning is that the mice (or rats) -ate half the crop on the field, and half of what was brought into -the threshing floor. See also Iqbal-nama, p. 118. - -[132] Elliot, VI. 364. - -[133] The word ma`ni, "spiritual," does not occur in the I.O. MSS., -and does not appear to be wanted. - -[134] Also a weight = two barley-grains. Blochmann, 36. - -[135] The line is wanting in some MSS. In I.O. MS. 181, the conjunction -wa is omitted (p. 145b). - -[136] So in text, but Sunday was either the 10th or the -17th. Apparently Sunday is a mistake for Wednesday, as, later on, -Thursday is mentioned as the 14th. - -[137] Iqbal-nama, 119, "Three sons." - -[138] Apparently the meaning is that he carried them off as prisoners. - -[139] Text jada-dusti by mistake for jan-dusti. - -[140] Namak, "salt." See for a similar expression, p. 149, in the -account of Chin Qilij. Perhaps the phrase is a reminiscence of -the answer given by Muhammad Husain M. when asked who had captured -him. "The king's salt," was his reply. - -[141] The Sind is mentioned in Tieffenthaler, I. 184. See also I.G., -new ed., XXII., p. 432. It is one of the chief rivers of Central India. - -[142] The word is shikar. Either the ducks were caught in nets and -not shot, or the shooting was done by others, for Jahangir had vowed -to give up shooting from the time of Shuja`'s illness. - -[143] Akbar really took it in the 14th year of his reign (March, -1569). The siege lasted a month, according to Abu-l-Fazl. Akbar-nama, -II. 339. - -[144] Elliot, VI. 366. - -[145] For notes about the meaning of the word chaukandi, -"four-cornered," see Elliot, V. 347 and 503. - -[146] Text Rustam, but it is Dastam in MS. 181, and it appears from -Blochmann that Dastam or Dostam is the proper spelling. See pp. 398 -and 620. - -[147] Apparently Jahangir spent the night in this summer-house. - -[148] Khila`at, surely used here on account of the alliteration -kharji u Khila`at. At p. 10 of Price's "Jahangir" it is stated that -he released 7,000 prisoners from Gwalior Fort! - -[149] durna, or turna, a crane. It is a Turki word. - -[150] The words diwan-i-buyutat are repeated. It looks as if the -word buyutat in the second place was a mistake, or if some word -implying that Lashkar K. had been appointed director of buildings -(diwan-i-buyutat) had been omitted. Apparently `Abid K. went to the -Deccan as Diwan, and not as Diwan-i-buyutat. Compare Iqbal-nama, 122. - -[151] No. 181 has no conjunction, and makes the meaning "porcelain -from Tartary." - -[152] See Blochmann, 140 and 233. Abu-l-Fazl says the mujannas horses -resemble Persian horses, and are mostly Turki or Persian geldings. - -[153] So in text, but evidently Mandu, or at least Mandu in Malwa -cannot be correct. The MSS. seem to have Hindaun, and possibly -this is the place meant. Or it may be the place called Mandawar or -Hindaun Road (see I.G., new ed., XIII. 135). The position of Hindaun -agrees fairly well with Jahangir's itinerary, for Tieffenthaler, -I., 172, says that Hindaun is 12 leagues--i.e., koss--S.S.-W. from -Biana, and Jahangir gives the distance from Mandu or Hindaun to the -neighbourhood of Bayana as 8 1/4 koss. Bayana is in the Bhartpur State, -and apparently about 21 miles from Hindaun. - -[154] The quatrain which Jahangir describes as that of someone -(shakhsi) is included in `Umar Khayyam's poems, and is thus translated -by Whinfield: - - - "My comrades all are gone, Death, deadly foe, - Hath caught them one by one, and trampled low; - They shared life's feast, and drank its wine with me, - But lost their heads and dropped a while ago." - - (Quatrain 219, p. 148.) - - -FitzGerald has it as Quatrain XXII., and his version is: - - - "For some we loved, the loveliest and the best - That from his Vintage rolling Time hath prest, - Have drunk their Cup a Round or two before, - And one by one crept silently to rest." - - -The quatrain is also quoted by Badayuni, Lowe's translation, -p. 192. The phrase tang-sharab in the third line means "poor -drinkers." Whinfield has ba-yak sharab. But tang-sharab is given in -Johnson's dictionary with the meaning of being easily made drunk, -unable to carry much liquor. - -[155] Bayana (Biana) is described in I.G., new ed., VII. 137. It -is stated there that it used to have a fort with a very high -tower. Bahlul's tomb still exists. It was his brother, M. Ghaus, -who was most known for his skill in incantations, and who wrote a -book on the subject. - -[156] The story is told in the Akbar-nama, Vol. I. Jahangir is -not correct in saying that Humayun had ordered Hindal to remain in -Agra. Hindal went there without permission, and doubtless in order -to rebel. See also Gul-badan Begam's "Memoirs," who, naturally, -tries to excuse her brother. - -[157] This must be the Barmadh Mata mentioned by Beale (see Proceedings -A.S.B. for August, 1873, p. 159). Beale says there is a place of -worship of the Hindus about 1 1/2 koss from Biana in the district -of Bhartpur called Barmadh Mata. In the 7th year of Jahangir, 1022, -1613, Jahangir's mother Maryam-zamani made a garden and a ba'oli -(step-well) here at a cost of Rs. 20,000. The garden has disappeared, -but the building which is over the ba'oli still exists. Beale gives -the inscription. William Finch (Hakluyt Society) speaks of a place -called Menhapur, near Biana, where there was a garden made by the -Queen-Mother. It was a great saray. The pargana Jusat of the text is no -doubt the Chausath of Jarrett, II. 183, and of Elliot's Supp. Gloss., -II., p. 83. Barah may be the Parath or Berath of Jarrett, II. 181. - -[158] Apparently this is the Da'ir or Dabar of Badayuni, II. 171, -and Akbar-nama, III. 145. It is described by Badayuni as being 4 koss -from Fathpur. Da'ir may also be read Dabar in MSS., and it is Dabar -in the map. It is in the Bhartpur State. - -[159] So in the MSS. and the text, but must be a mistake for Ahmadabad, -which Jahangir left on 21 Shahriwar or 22 Ramazan. See also Iqbal-nama, -117. He arrived at the environs of Fathpur on 19 Dai, or about 22 -Muharram, 1028 (end of December, 1618). Apparently he considered -that he arrived at Fathpur on 20 Dai. He remained on the outskirts -and did not enter the town till the 28th (apparently should be 26th -or 27th). The Iqbal-nama 122 makes Jahangir arrive at the outskirts -of Fathpur on 20 Dai, and it gives the date of his entering the town -as 26 Dai or 1 Safar, 1028 (January 8, 1619). See p. 123. - -[160] Viz., the propitious hour of the 28th Dai, which had been -fixed for the entry into Agra, but was now made the time for entering -Fathpur. - -[161] The lake was to the north of the city, and is now dried up. It -had been made by damming up a stream. - -[162] Apparently this lady was relating what had occurred in Agra, for -Jahangir has just told us that the plague did not come to Fathpur. Her -father was the Asaf K., known also as Ja`far K. The ladies seem to -have come out from Agra to welcome Jahangir. His mother came later -from Agra, see infra. - -[163] Tiryaq-i-Faruq. See Lane's Dict., p. 304, col. 3. - -[164] I.O. MSS. have az bala radd u az payan itlaq shud, "there was -vomiting from above and evacuations from below." The text misses out -the words az bala radd. - -[165] 4,000 in No. 181. - -[166] Certainly Thursday was the 27th according to Jahangir. The 28th -must be a copyist's mistake here and previously. - -[167] Jahangir says four ghari are nearly equal to two sidereal -hours. According to Abu-l-Fazl, a ghari is the sixteenth part of -a nychthemeron, or 360 out of the 21,600 breathings which make -up a nychthemeron--i.e., 24 hours. See Jarrett, III. 16 and 17, -and II. 16, n. 4. According to the Bahar-i-`ajam, 2 1/2 ghari = -one sidereal hour, so that, correctly speaking, five ghari = two -sidereal hours. Each ghari is 24 minutes (Jarrett, II. 16, n. 4). Here -it should be noted that there is a mistake in the translation at -p. 17, line 2, of Jarrett, vol. III., due to a faulty reading in the -Bib. Ind. edition of the text. Instead of yaki we should read pali, -as in two MSS. in my possession. Abu-l-Fazl's meaning then becomes -clear. What he says is, a ghari is 360 breathings, consequently (pas) -every pal (already defined as the sixtieth part of a ghari) is 360 -divided by 60, and equal to six breathings (nafas). Jahangir's line, -however, is obscure. In two I.O. MSS. we have ba-tala`i instead of -ba-sa`ati. I think the meaning probably is that the same day which -marked Jahangir's arrival at Fathpur also marked Shah-Jahan's birthday. - -Tawalla is defined in the Bahar-i-`ajam as meaning to have -friendship with anyone. It also says that it is used in the sense of -taqarrub--i.e., nearness. It may be therefore that Jahangir's line -means "At a moment which nearly corresponded to two (hours)." Taqwim -would then mean established or fixed, and not a calendar. Taqwim -kardan is a phrase which means "to adjust, to arrange." - -[168] Shah-Jahan was born on January 5, 1592, so that in January, -1619, he began to be in his 28th year--i.e., he was 27 complete. - -[169] That is, 120 according to Muhammadan idea. - -[170] Afterwards drowned in the Jhelam. - -[171] Text dar`a, MSS. zira`. See text 298, account of fifteenth year, -where a dar`a is defined. The Ilahi gaz or dara` consisted of 40 digits -(fingerbreadths), according to Jahangir. If the Kapur tank be the one -described in the Archaeological Survey Reports, Vol. XVIII., for 1894, -yards seem to be required here, for the tank is mentioned in the Report -as being 95 feet 7 inches square. According to Jahangir, 34 krors -odd of dams--i.e., I presume, fulus, in copper money, and 16 lakhs -and 80,000 rupees in silver were poured into the tank, making a total -of 1 kror and 3 lakhs of rupees, or 3 lakhs 43,000 tumans. Apparently -the tuman, which was a gold coin, was, in Jahangir's time, reckoned as -worth 30 rupees, and Wollaston, in his Dictionary, says it was worth -L3 in Shah `Abbas I.'s time. Jahangir's account of the tank should -be compared with that given in the Akbar-nama, III. 246 and 257, -where the tank is called the Anup-talao, or the "Unequalled Tank." - -In the text, difficulty has, I think, been made by the introduction -of the word kih in p. 260, six lines from foot, and bashad in the -fifth line from the foot. These words make the sense to be that 34 -krors odd of dams were only equal to 16 lakhs odd of rupees. But -this cannot be, for the dam was the fortieth part of a rupee, and -so 34 krors of dams would be not far short of one kror--i.e., 100 -lakhs of rupees. The MSS. have not the kih and bashad in question, -and have only a conjunction after the word dam. Thirty-four krors odd -of copper and 16 lakhs of silver were poured into the tank, making a -total, in round numbers, of 1 kror, 3 lakhs of rupees. According to -Abu-l-Fazl gold was also thrown in. - -[172] Text Yad `Ali, but the MSS. have Nad. See also Blochmann, 508. - -[173] This name is Bairam or Siram in MSS. Chikani may be a trade -designation, and mean embroiderer, or worker in gold thread. - -[174] Kuh-daman, "hill-subduing." - -[175] dibacha. Here meaning the early part of the Memoirs. - -[176] The text has ba by mistake for ya. - -[177] `aurat-i-mustahaqqa. Perhaps "pensioned women." - -[178] These are the opening lines of Jami's Yusuf and Zulaikha (note -by Mr. Rogers). - -[179] Salim Chishti died on 29 Ramazan 979, or February 15, -1572. Jahangir was born on 17 Rabi` 1st, 977; and so he would be -about two years and seven months old at the time of Salim's death. See -Beale and Khazinatu-l-asfiya, I. p. 435. - -[180] The conjunction wa in text, p. 262, line 16, is a mistake. - -[181] This is the Buland Darwaza. It was built many years after the -mosque. For an account of it, see Mr. Edmund Smith's Fathpur Sikri. The -gateway is there said to be 134 feet high from the pavement and 176 -feet from the roadway. The thirty-two steps mentioned in text must -be those from the roadway to the gate. There are two flights of -steps, and the total number, up to the top, is 123. The quadrangle -or court is stated by Keene to be 433 feet by 366. Another statement -(in the Archaeological Report) is 438-9 by 359-10 feet. Salim's tomb -was erected in 1581 (988). It is 47 feet 11 inches each way. - -[182] 4 1/2, Iqbal-nama, 124. - -[183] Text aiwan, but should be alwan, "coloured." See Iqbal-nama, 124. - -[184] Finch says: "Under the courtyard is a good tank of excellent -water." He also speaks of the lake and of its being covered with the -singara (Trapa bicornis). - -[185] That is, Bayazid, a grandson of the saint. Ikram K. is another -name for Hushang. His mother was Abu-l-Fazl's sister. According to -the Ma'asir, I. 120, he was a tyrant. According to local tradition, -Qutbu-d-din is buried in Bardwan near Shir-afgan. - -[186] So in text, but ought to be the 17th. - -[187] Mau was a Himalayan fort. Blochmann, 345. The text has Mau u -shahri, and so have the MSS. The Iqbal-nama has Maud u Mahri, p. 124, -and so has the Ma'asir U., II. 178. Evidently from what follows there -were two places, unless one was the fort and the other the city. See -also Tuzuk, 304, l. 10, which has pargana Maud Mahri. In the Ayin, -Jarrett, II. 319, we have Mau and Nabah, and the next name in the -list is Mahror. Gladwin has Mowd, and possibly we should translate -"Mowd, a city on which he relied." - -[188] The Iqbal-nama, 125, says Rs. 20,000 which would be 40,000 darbs. - -[189] Jagat Singh afterwards became a rebel, joining Shah-Jahan, -as also did Raja Bikramajit, or Sundar. He rebelled also in -Shah-Jahan's reign, but was pardoned, and did good service in Kabul -and Badakhshan. He died in Peshawar in 1055 (1645). See Ma'asir U., -II. 238, and Padishah-nama, II. 481. - -[190] It is hasr in text, but surely this is a mistake for hafr, and -the meaning is that a new pit or well should be made in the middle -of the garden. It appears to be hafr in MSS. The Nur-manzil garden -is the same as the Bagh Dahra, and was near Agra. Blochmann, 499. - -[191] Egyptian. Hitherto this has been read Qutbi, but it really is, -I think, Qibti, "Egyptian." Chardin, IV. 70, ed. 1723, says that -the Persians state that the ruby of the East comes from Egypt. The -etymology, however, is doubtful. - -[192] Possibly the praise of Shah-Jahan's inventive powers refers -to his arrangements for the orchestra. The kuwarga is defined -in the Ain, Blochmann, 50, as a damama--i.e., a large drum. See -illustration in Plate VIII. to Blochmann's Ain. The karana and surna -are wind-instruments, and are also represented in Plate VIII. With -regard to the mursal, Blochmann, p. 51, has: "The mursali, which -is the name of a tune played by the mursil." Apparently the mursal -is the overture, or some introductory strain, and played only by a -portion of the band. - -[193] MS. No. 181 has ten instead of two as the number of elephants -presented by Qutbu-l-mulk, and this seems likely to be correct, else -where do the six now mentioned come from? But six should probably -be eight. - -[194] Kurkaraqs. See Blochmann, 87, n. 2, and p. 616. Kurk means fur, -and kurkaraqan may be translated furriers. - -[195] So in text, but it should be Tatta--i.e., Sind. See Blochmann, -378, n. 2, and also the Tuzuk, infra, p. 275. - -[196] Suwaran-i-khud-mahalla. I do not know the exact force of the -last two words. Possibly they are pleonastic. The word mahalla is -explained in Irvine A. of M. 46. - -[197] The Iqbal-nama, 127, mentions that Parwiz came from Allahabad -to pay his respects. See infra, Tuzuk, 268, and 273. - -[198] Probably this is the friend of Father Jerome Xavier and the -abridger of the Zafar-nama. See Rieu, 177b and 1077a. - -[199] He was of the royal house of Khandesh. - -[200] See Blochmann, 252, and n. 1. Jahangir himself saw 700 antelope -taken, and Ray Man afterwards made a drive of 800 more. - -[201] This was Jodh Ba'i, d. the Mota (fat) Raja. See Blochmann, 619. - -[202] Qulba, ploughs. Here apparently used as a measure of land. But -the expression is obscure. In Wilson's Glossary kulba is stated to be -a measure of land in Sylhet, and equal to 1,008 cubits by 144. The -corresponding Sanskrit word Sir ("a plough") is used to mean land -held by the landholder in his own possession. - -[203] Mahalla. Here used apparently for musters. - -[204] Mr. Rogers corrects this to Miran on the authority of R.A.S., -MS. It is, however, Bizhan in I.O. MS., 181, and as Blochmann points -out, Bizan or Bizhan is twice referred to in the Tuzuk, pp. 307, -309. He was son of Nad `Ali Maidani. - -[205] I.O. MS. has "by favour of my rearing" (tarbiyat) and probably -the words in text rather mean that he was promoted by virtue of -Jahangir's liking for him, than that he was of good disposition. His -real name was `Abdu-r-Rahim. He was the son of Qa'im K., and his -sister Saliha Banu was one of Jahangir's wives, and had the title -of Padishah-Mahall. Blochmann, 371. Before Nur-Jahan she was the -chief wife. - -[206] Mihtar K. was a very old servant, and died in the third year -of Jahangir. Blochmann, 417. - -[207] Text wrongly has Shah Nur. - -[208] This is the ancient Dhafur or Dofar on the south coast of Arabia -now known as Mirbat. The proper spelling was Zafr. See Redhouse's -Annotations to the History of Yemen, published by the Gibb Trust, -Nos. 349, 578, and 836. See also d'Herbelot, 269, and Jarrett, III, 51. - -[209] The description is rather obscure. Apparently Jahangir regards -bamand (dun- or bay-coloured) as equal to red (surkh). - -[210] Text has Mushrif. - -[211] Du manzil kishti must surely mean "tray" here; or perhaps they -were models. Kosha is a well-known Bengali name for a swift boat. - -[212] Apparently Khwaja Hasan died in Badakhshan. Ma'asir, III., 459. - -[213] This S. Ahmad is a well-known man. He is mentioned in -Beale as Ahmad Sirhindi (Shaikh), and as having had the title of -Mujaddid-i-Alf-i-Sani, because he believed that he was the man of the -second millenium. In other words, he claimed to be a Mahdi. He was -s. `Abdu-l-Wahid Faruqi, and born in 1503. He died 29 November, 1624, -and is buried at Sirhind. The I.G. new edition, XXIII. 21., says there -are two tombs in Sirhind known as those of the Master and the Disciple, -and it may be that one of them is S. Ahmad's, although the Gazetteer -says they probably belong to the fourteenth century. There is also -a reference to him in Rieu's Catalogue, III. 1058a., fol. 16. He -belonged to the Naqshbandi order, and one of his writings is called -Majmu`atu-t-tasawwuf. There is a very long account of him, and of his -interviews with Jahangir in the Khazinatu-l-Auliya, I. 607, etc. It is -said there that he was imprisoned for two years, and then released, -and that he died on the last day of Safar, 1035, November 20, 1625, -at the age of sixty-three. Jahangir afterwards pardoned S. Ahmad. See -Tuzuk, 308, account of fifteenth year. - -[214] Dandan-i-mahi, explained in dictionary as the canine tooth of the -Walrus (Trichechus rosmarus). But there is nothing black or piebald -about walrus-teeth, and Jahangir would surely not admire greatly a -kind of ivory which was inferior to that of the elephant. I incline -to think that what is here meant is tortoise-shell. Jauhar-dar has two -meanings--it may mean jewelled and also "striated." See Vullers, 542a. - -[215] Apparently Miran is a mistake for Bizhan. See ante and Blochmann, -508, and Tuzuk, 307. It is Bizan in I.O. MS., 181. - -[216] The buildings referred to are the garden-houses made by Khwaja -Jahan in the Nur-manzil garden. - -[217] See Jarrett, II. 323; it was near the Jhelam. See also I.G., -new edition, XV. 297. It is in the Shahpur district. The land-revenue -of it was 24 lakhs of rupees in 1903-1904. 30 lakhs of dams would be -equal to Rs. 75,000. Khan Dauran's name was Shah Beg K. The Ma'asir -says his resignation was not altogether voluntary. See Blochmann, 378. - -[218] In the MSS. the name is written Nardani. - -[219] The route from the South. See Jarrett, II. 347, n. 3. - -[220] I.O. MSS. have Monday. - -[221] The word in text is shashsat. Shast is a thumbstall, but it -may also mean a ring. See Blochmann, 166 and n. 1. - -[222] Khatam-bandi. It also means "inlaying." - -[223] Bandu ban. In I.O. MSS. it is bandu baran. Perhaps "skilful -painter" should be "the Painter of Creation." - -[224] Should be Kara. See Herklots Qanun-i-Islam, Appendix XXIV. - -[225] Nabira here cannot mean grandson, for Suraj Singh, commonly -called Sur Singh, was fifth in descent from Maldeo (Blochmann, -359). Suraj or Sur was s. Ray Ray Singh of Bikaner. See Tod, who says -Sur Singh passed nearly all his life as an alien. - -[226] Tod has much to say about Gaj Singh, but the account seems -hardly trustworthy. - -[227] The text, p. 277, has a representation of one of these milestones -which was outside Delhi. - -[228] Perhaps sib-i-khub is the name of a kind of apple. - -[229] I.O. MS. 181 has Shukr-dara and the name of the village as -Shin-waran. The printed text has Siwaran. - -[230] Mr. Rogers here refers to the R.A.S. MS. The I.O. MSS. are not -clear. Apparently what Jahangir says is: "On this occasion fresh items -of expenditure occurred to me, and the former outlay was greatly -increased." The word tasarrufat ("expenditure") is omitted in the -printed copy. - -[231] The village must be Hilalabad, near Rankatta (Blochmann, 332). - -[232] Jahangir says nothing about the permission that he gave to -Bir Singh Deo--as a reward for murdering Abu-l-Fazl--to build a very -splendid temple at Mathura. It was destroyed by Aurangzib. See Growse's -"Mathura." - -[233] Text halal, which means "weakness," or hulal ("striped -garments"). But according to the MSS., the true reading is khalal, -which means "a crack" and also "corruption." - -[234] The Iqbal-nama, 128, calls him Achadrup, and says that the -Khan A`zam went privately to him and begged him to use his influence -with Jahangir for the release of Khusrau. Achadrup spoke accordingly, -and Khusrau was released and allowed to pay his respects. See infra -for account of his release. After Jadrup removed to Mathura, he was -cruelly beaten by Hakim Beg. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 576. - -[235] Elliot, VI. 367. - -[236] Luqman is the Eastern AEsop, and there is much about him in -D'Herbelot. In the second line the word translated "hollow" is gulugah, -literally "throat place," and the word for bosom is sina, the whole -expression being sina-i-chang. Chang is a harp or lyre, and apparently -the expression refers to the narrowness of the space between the horns -of a lyre (chang, which appears to be the Jew's harp), or the sides -of a harp. The fourth line is obscure, and the version in text seems -corrupt. The words shash bidast du pay seem unintelligible. They, -however, occur in I.O. MS. 181, f. 161a, and in I.O. MS. 305, -f. 225a. The only difference is that they have a conjunction after -bidast. On the other hand, the Iqbal-nama, which inserts the lines -into the record of the eleventh year, has, at p. 95, a different -reading for the fourth line. The words there are khana yak bidast -u sih pay. Bidast is given in Richardson, and the Farhang-i-Rashidi -as meaning a span, so the line as given in the Iqbal-nama may mean -3 feet and 1 span. The author of the Iqbal-nama was so struck with -the verse of Hakim Sana'i and the appearance of Jadrup's dwelling, -that he composed a masnavi on the subject, which he gives at pp. 95, -96. There is a third version in Daulat Shah's anthology, p. 97 of -Professor Browne's edition. There, in the second line we have halqa -("ring"), or perhaps "plectrum" instead of sina. We have also two lines -not given in the Tuzuk or the Iqbal-nama, and the line containing the -noodle's question is given thus: "Kin chih jayast yak pust u du pay." - - - "What place is this, one skin (?) and two feet." - - -As if the meaning was that Luqman lived in a tent propped up by two -sticks. In the first line, also, we have wisaqi instead of kurichi. - -The lines may be versified thus: - - - "Luqman's cell was small and narrow to boot, - Like the throat of a pipe, or the breast of a lute. - A foolish one said to the grand old man-- - 'What house is this--three feet and six span?' - With tears and emotion the sage made reply-- - 'Ample for him whose task is to die.'" - - -In the Nawalkishor edition of Hakim Sana'i's poem the lines -are entered as in the seventh book of the Hadiqa, but in two -B.M. MSS. (Add. 25,329, f. 145a, and Or. 358, f. 172b), they are -placed in the fifth book. Both of these MSS. have bidast, apparently, -and Add. 25,329, has shash ("six"), but Or. 358 has shass. There is -such a word, meaning hard ground. Both MSS. have sih ("three"). Bidast -may properly be bad-pusht ("bad-backed"), or it may be bad-past ("bad -and mean"). The reference in verse may be rather to the curvature of -the chang (Arabic, sanj) than to its narrowness, for Jami speaks of -the back "being bent like a harp." - -[237] Compare Price, 123. - -[238] Ba dusturi kih dar Bangala dasht. - -I think this must mean that his men were allowed the Bengal batta, or -exceptional allowance, which used to be 50 p.c. of pay elsewhere. See -A.N., III. 293, the eighth reason for the rebellion. - -[239] This passage has been translated by Colonel Phillott in the -A.S.B.J. for February, 1907, p. 113. There is something wrong in the -text. Khan `Alam certainly did not die on the road (see Blochmann, -513), for he waited upon Jahangir at Kalan ur (Tuzuk, 284); nor did -the Mir Shikar, for Jahangir says he gave him a present and dismissed -him. I presume, therefore, that the word "aforesaid" refers to Khan -`Alam's hawk. - -[240] Nigah-darad. Perhaps this means that the painter was afterwards -to stuff the bird. - -[241] This is an obscure passage, and Jadrup's reference to the -mention of dams in the Vedas is curious, for dam is said to be -derived from the Greek drachma. However, it appears from the Ayin -(Blochmann, 31), that the dam, though in value only the fortieth -part of a rupee, weighed 5 tanks or 1 tola, 8 mashas, 7 surkhs. The -rupee, we are told there, weighed 11 1/2 mashas--i.e., half a masha -less than a tola. Consequently the dam weighed over 20 mashas, and -so was not far from being equal in weight to 2 rupees. The weight -of a seer varied, and it may be 30 or 36 copper dams were reckoned -as equal to a seer. By dam Jahangir probably meant paisa, or double -paisa. According to Gladwin, 3 1/2 tanks are by jeweller's weights = -one tola, and a tank is 70.112 grs. Troy. - -[242] As stated below, the antelope which were caught all eventually -died. - -[243] Text gul-rang, which seems unintelligible. No. 181 MS. has -kalanak ("somewhat grown-up"). The child was presumably the Sultan -Dur-andish, born at the end of the ninth year (Tuzuk, 137), and so was -now about five years old. Gul-rang occurs in B.M. MS., and may mean -"ruddy." - -[244] Text has Agha-i-Aghaman. The MSS. have Aqa Aqayan ("Agha -of Aghas"). - -[245] Akbar was born in October, 1542, so she was now seventy-seven -years old. - -[246] Sayyid Bahwa is commonly known as Din-dar K. Bukhari, and is -described under that name in the Ma'asir, II. 23. - -[247] Elliot, VI. 366, and Rieu, I. 14 and 355. The book is called -Akhbaru-l-Akhyar, id. - -[248] In Sarkar Saharanpur. Elliot, Supp. Gloss., II. 129. I.G. new -edition, XIV. 287. - -[249] The child was born at Sirhind on Wednesday, 11 Muharram, 1029 -(December 8, 1619), and died at Burhanpur in Rabi`u-s-sani, 1031 -(February-March), 1622. Padishah-nama, I. 392. - -[250] See Erskine's Babur, p. 321. - -[251] Perhaps this is Biru'i in Sambhal, Jarrett, II. 200. Or it may -be the Miyani Nuriya of Jarrett, II. 317. - -[252] To clear the roots? Or is it to let the sap flow? Or is -`iraq-bandi right, meaning footpaths? Jahangir's order then would be -to clear out the brick footpaths. - -[253] Yak-awiz. Defined in Vullers as a short, broad sword, and also -as a two-edged knife. See Vullers, 1519a. The weapon is described in -text as shamshir-i-nimcha-i-yak-awiz. - -[254] Az nilam-i-farang-tarash. It is difficult to suppose that the -hilt was a sapphire. Possibly "nilam" is the European artist's name, -or nilam-i-farang may be some kind of European work or material. Query -niello? - -[255] Buy-i-khwish ("my own scent"). The scent (otto of roses) was -invented by Jahangir's mother-in-law (the mother of Nur-Jahan). She -called it after Jahangir's name. - -[256] The meaning of the clause is obscure. - -[257] The first line is obscure and the MSS. do not help. Possibly the -meaning is Spring thanks thee for robbing his garden, or it may be, -Spring is exhorted to rob thy garden. The quatrain is also given in -the Iqbal-nama, 132. - -[258] Meaning that the lips were so closed that the mouth looked like -a thin scar. - -[259] The collyrium of Solomon was something which enabled one to -see hidden treasures. - -[260] This quatrain is stated in the Iqbal-nama, 133, to be by -Baba Talib Isfahani. He is a quite different person from Talib -Amuli. The same quatrain is given by Abu-l-Fazl, and I am indebted -to Mr. Blochmann, p. 607, for being able to understand it. Baba -Talib Isfahani is not mentioned by Dr. Rieu. At Vol. II., 679b, of -his Catalogue, there is an account of Talib Amuli, who, it is said, -died young. Baba Talib died somewhat later, and at the age of over -100. See Iqbal-nama, loc. cit., and Badayuni, III. 265. - -[261] A Muhammad Shaikh is mentioned in Beale as the author of two -books (see p. 273, col. 2). One of them was the Jam-i-Jahan-numa, -and is perhaps the work mentioned in Rieu, II. 866a, V. - -[262] Some unnecessary details have been omitted here. - -[263] Khwaja Jahan's real name was Dust Muh., and he was from -Kabul. See Blochmann, 424. Jahangir's characterization of him is rather -obscure, and I am not sure if my translation is correct. Jahangir -had married his daughter. Blochmann, 477, n. 2. - -[264] This is the seesee partridge or Ammoperdrix Bonhami of Jerdon, -p. 567 of first edition. Jerdon states that in Afghanistan it is -called the teehoo, and that its flesh is said to be delicious. - -[265] Apparently this is the Hibiscus mutabilis, for which the Bengali -name is thal padma ("land lotus"). - -[266] The word for twenty is omitted in text, and also in Elliot, -VI. 367. - -[267] "On the southern bank of the Harroh River," Elliot, VI. 367. - -[268] Bhim was the younger brother of Karan (Tod). The passage is -translated in Elliot, VI. 367. - -[269] Elliot, VI. 368 and n. 1. - -[270] Elliot, VI. 368, and note. - -[271] Elliot has Hazara Farigh. - -[272] On the eastern bank of the Dhor. Elliot, loc. cit. - -[273] Elliot has: "As far as the eye could reach, the blossoms of -the thal kanwal, and other flowers were glowing between the green -foliage. It was a beautiful scene." - -[274] Salhar in text, but Salhar in Elliot. - -[275] Marsh-mallow of Steingass and Elliot. Query Hollyhock? - -[276] The word violets occurs in MS. 181 and also in Elliot. - -[277] The Bib. Ind. edition, Iqbal-nama, p. 135, changes this into -Pakli. MS. 181 has Bankli (?) apparently. Pakli is probably not right, -for the entrance to it is mentioned lower down. - -[278] Tasadduq shud. This is how Mr. Rogers has translated the -passage, and this seems to me to be right. Elliot has "lost," -but surely Jahangir would not pass over so lightly the loss of 25 -elephants. Tasadduq is often used in the sense of almsgiving, or of -granting a favour. The text 290, line 2, has aksar-i-rah basta bud. The -word basta seems unintelligible, and in the corresponding passage of -the Iqbal-nama, 135, the words are aksar-i-rah ajama bud. This word -perhaps means "muddy," and this would fit the sense. - -[279] Elliot has Tawadkar. - -[280] Achamba. But MS. 305 has ajamat, and this may mean forest, -or woods. Perhaps Elliot's "mud" is a clerical error for wood, but -ajamat means pools as well as woods. Perhaps this is the same word -as occurs in the Iqbal-nama, 135, and means "muddy." - -[281] So in text, but the MSS. ba garaz basta ("loosely tied"), -so that they could be thrown off if any game appeared. - -[282] Elliot has sir. - -[283] Now known as the Kunhar. It rises in Lake Lohusur at the head -of the Kagan glen. See I.G., old edition, VIII. 365, and ditto new -edition, XIV. 272, for Kagan Valley. - -[284] Text Waru. Iqbal-nama 136 has Kuh-i-Wazuh. MS. 181 seems to -have Dard. - -[285] Text shakhdar ("with branches"), but the true reading seems to -be naj ("pine"). Elliot has "sal." - -[286] This is a fanciful derivation. The word is not darang, but -drang, which means a watch-station. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, -p. 84. The Pamba-drang, however, was near the Kishan Ganga, and so -is not the drang mentioned by Stein. - -[287] A mistake. See Elliot, VI. 373, note. - -[288] Each sidereal hour being equal to 2 1/2 gharis. - -[289] Sag-i-abi. Probably otters are meant, as a name for them is -pani kutta ("water-dogs"). But in the dictionaries sag-i-abi is given -as meaning the beaver. The otter occurs in Kashmir, and is known as -wudar. Lawrence, Valley of Kashmir, 111. - -[290] Properly Buliyasa. See Stein, A.S.B.J., for 1899, p. 85. It is -the Peliasa of the maps. Later on, Jahangir indicates its position -by saying that it is 11 koss on the Kashmir side of the Kishan Ganga. - -[291] That is, I presume, he did not really utter the words, -but his appearance represented them. The Iqbal-nama has, p. 138, -mihman chu Biga ("a guest such as a Begam"). MS. 181 has nagah chu -Sultan. I.O. MS. 305 has nagah chu mihman. The reading Bega or Begam -certainly seems preferable. The text is wrong as usual, and has mihan -("the great"), unless it is to be read mahan, and taken in the sense -of Moons--i.e., ladies. - -[292] The Iqbal-nama, 139, has Kahta'i. - -[293] The Iqbal-nama, 139, has 500 horse. - -[294] The name of M. Rustam's son, who was drowned. - -[295] Kushtigir, which means a wrestler. But Jahangir puns on the -word as if it were kishtigir ("a boatman"). Perhaps kushtigir was -his name. I presume that the person meant is the other servant. There -was no boat there. The Iqbal-nama has either kishtigir, or kushtigir. - -[296] There is an extraordinary account of the Mirza's death in Price's -"Jahangir" which quite differs from the story told here. See Price, -p. 138. It is also stated there that he had been married six months -before to a daughter of I`timadu-d-daula. There is also an account -of the accident in the Iqbal-nama, p. 139. - -[297] Or Kuwarmast. - -[298] Perhaps we should read Buniyar. See Stein, loc. cit., -p. 87. Jahangir seems to have crossed over to the left bank of the -Jhelam in the course ot his march. Perhaps he did so at Ooriu of the -map (Uri). Buniyar seems to be the Bhaniar of the map. I.O. MS. 181 -has Butiyar. - -[299] The allusion may be to the tuft of leaves at the top of a -pineapple. - -[300] Perhaps bula nik. - -[301] Push means flower in Kashmiri. Does the name mean "flower of -`Ali the Perfect"? - -[302] Baramula is on the left bank of the Jhelam according to the -I.G., new edition. But maps and travellers seem to place it on the -right bank. - -[303] Fourteen koss seem too little. The distance to Srinagar seems -to be 31 miles by the road. The old city Varamula was on the right -bank. Stein, 201. It is 32 miles from Srinagar. - -[304] There is an omission in the text here. The MSS. have: "As Monday -had been fixed for entering Srinagar, I did not think it advisable to -halt at this stage, but immediately entered boats with the ladies and -proceeded on with blessings towards the goal. On Sunday, the 10th, when -two watches of the day had passed, I arrived at Shihabu-d-din-pur." - -[305] See Jarrett, II. 310, n. 7. - -[306] The MSS. have La? Apparently the kah of text is a relative -pronoun and not part of the name. Perhaps Lah in Ladakh is the -place meant. - -[307] Dar kull ("in general, in bulk") (?). - -[308] The MSS. have also Mandal Badr. They have not Mulk after Badr -as in text. - -[309] Sister in MSS. - -[310] Zar here does not, I think, mean gold. - -[311] The silver sasnu of Jarrett, II. 354, and n. 2. - -[312] Jahangir went part of the way by water. - -[313] Perhaps he is the Raja Bhagwan Singh mentioned by Drew in his -book on Kashmir, p. 119. - -[314] Abu-l-Fazl, Jarrett, II. 347, puts Kashmir into the third -and fourth climates, but at Vol. III., p. 89, he puts Kashmir into -the fourth climate. Probably both he and Jahangir mean by Kashmir -Srinagar. The appellation "White Islands" is probably a mistake for -"The Fortunate Islands," safid (white) being written instead of sa`ada, -which is the word in the Iqbal-nama. Jaza'ir-i-Sa`ada ("The Fortunate -Isles") is also the expression used in the Zafar-nama, II. 178, which -is probably the source of the Ayin and the Tuzuk. In the extract from -the Zafar-nama given in the T. Rashidi translation, 430, the longitude -is given as 105 deg. from the "Fortunate Islands." The text of the Ayin, -Bib. Ind. edition, II. 42, gives 105.40 deg. as the longitude. - -[315] See Rieu, I. 296. The translator was Mulla Shah Muh. of -Shahabad. See also Blochmann, 106. - -[316] The Peliasa of the maps and the Bolvasaka of Stein. Qambarbar is -Farutar in text. The Iqbal-nama, 147, has Qambarbar. It is evidently -the Qambarber of Jarrett, II. 347 and 361. It lies in the south-east of -Kashmir. Measured by the compass, Jahangir's 67 is much more correct -than Abu-l-Fazl's 120. The I.G. new edition gives the area of Kashmir -and Jammu as 80,900 square miles. Lawrence states the approximate -length of the valley as 84 miles, and the breadth as from 20 to -25 miles. - -[317] The word used by Jahangir is dara`, which is given by Steingass -as Arabic, and as meaning a yard. Zara` again, is given as equal to a -cubit. Clearly Jahangir uses the word here as equivalent to a gaz or -yard, for he says that there are 5,000 dara` in the koss adopted by -himself and his father, and Abu-l-Fazl in the Ayin (Jarrett, II. 414) -says the koss is 5,000 gaz. The word dara` is also rendered gaz in -the Hindustani translation of the Memoirs. There is an important -discrepancy between the two I.O. MSS. and the printed text of the -Memoirs. The former, instead of saying that the dara` or yard is = -2 shar`i dara`, say that 1 1/4 dara` are = 2 shar`i dara`. In the -Ayin (Jarrett, II. 417) the gaz is given as equal to 24 digits. See -later on, p. 303 of text, where, in describing Shah Shuja's accident, -7 dara` are said to be equal to 10 shar`i, or ordinary, gaz. - -[318] See text (thirteenth year), p. 234, where it is stated that -the Ilahi gaz is 40 finger-breadths. - -[319] Vir is willow, so Vir-nag means Willow-fountain. - -[320] Jarrett, II. 387. The I.G., XXIII. 100, says it was built by -Zainu-l-`abidin. The inscription shows that Zainu-l-`abidin built -it (Lawrence, 290). It is stated there that it was also burnt in -1029. A.H.--i.e., in the year of Jahangir's visit. - -[321] Khanaqahi. Lawrence, 292. - -[322] So in text and MSS., but perhaps du is a mistake for -Dal. However, the I.G. speaks of two lakes, the Dal and the Anchar -(north of Srinagar). See also Lawrence, 20 and 36. - -[323] Probably the meaning is that the water never causes -indigestion. Abu-l-Fazl speaks of the streams being khush-guwar--i.e., -their water is digestible. - -[324] The number of boatmen, when compared with the number of boats, -seems very small, but the figures are the same in the I.O. MSS. and in -the Iqbal-nama, 149. Perhaps the word bist, 20, has been omitted, and -we should read 27,400 boatmen. Lawrence states the number of boatmen -at 33,870, and the boats, exclusive of private ones, at 2,417. The -revenue of Kashmir, as stated by Jahangir, is that mentioned in the -Ayin, Jarrett, II. 366, and is according to the assessment of Qazi -'Ali. In the two I.O. MSS. the corresponding number of dams is given -as 7,46,70,400 (Rs. 1,866,760), being only 11 less than that given -in Jarrett, II. 367, line 3. The figures given in Lawrence, 234, are -taken apparently from the Persian text (compare Bib. Ind. edition, -I. 571), corresponding to Jarrett, II. 368. The pargana Der, which -Lawrence failed to trace, is a mistake for the well-known Ver, dal -having been written or read by mistake for wa. - -[325] Compare Jarrett, II. 366. "Some part of the Sair Jihat cesses -are taken in cash." - -[326] Jarrett, II. 347. - -[327] Compare Jarrett, II. 348, where we have "the country is -enchanting, and might be fittingly called a garden of perpetual spring -surrounding a citadel terraced to the skies." - -[328] That is, the flowers. - -[329] Text jawaniha, but I.O. MSS. have khubiha. - -[330] Apparently the proper spelling is jughashi. See Vullers' -s. v. and Bahar-i-`ajam, 368, col. a. It is a black tulip. Sir George -King thought it might be the Fritillaria imperialis. See Jarrett, -349, and n. 1. - -[331] Nur-afza garden. See infra. - -[332] Tagetes patula. The genda of Bengal? - -[333] Compare text, p. 235. - -[334] Compare Jarrett, II. 349, where the words "Besides plums and -mulberries" should be "except cherries (shah-alu) and shah-tut" -(a large mulberry). - -[335] Blochmann, 411. Abu-l-Fazl, Ayin, Blochmann, 65, speaks of -cherries coming from Kabul. But cherries both sweet and sour are -mentioned in the T. Rashidi as growing in Kashmir (Translation, -p. 425). - -[336] Zard-alu-i-paiwandi. - -[337] Shikananda, query, melting. The word occurs also in Iqbal-nama, -152. Possibly it means "with good markings." - -[338] But see I.G., XV. 124, where shah-tut is mentioned. See also -Lawrence, 348. - -[339] Compare Jarrett, II. 349. - -[340] Mushang or mushanj, a small pea ("pisum arvense"). - -[341] Text khushka-tar. MSS. have khushka narm. Perhaps we should -translate "it is inferior and dry. They boil till it is soft, etc." The -Iqbal-nama has khushka narm mi-pazand. - -[342] The sentence about wheat is omitted in the text. - -[343] Text kuhi ("hill"); but this is opposed to the MSS. and also to -the Ayin-i-Akbari which Jahangir is evidently copying. See Jarrett -II. 350, and n. 3, and Persian text, I. 563. The I.O. MSS. of -Tuzuk have kaddi or gaddi. Gaddi is the name of a pastoral tribe -(see Lawrence, 12), and there is a Turkish word kedi meaning a cat, -and a word gaddi which means "horned." The Iqbal-nama, 153, has -"kadi-i-Hindustan." Jarrett, loc. cit. states that handu in Kashmiri -means a domestic ram. The word for tailless is bi-dumba, and perhaps -means that the sheep have not the enormously thick tails of some -kinds of hill sheep. - -[344] Possibly nahrma ("like a river"), is right, for the garment -is said to be mauj-dar ("having waves"). The word mauj-dar occurs in -the Iqbal-nama, 153, and in the two I.O. MSS. - -[345] Jul is a coverlet, and khirsak means a little bear, but is -applied to a rough woollen coverlet--a drugget. Darma is a name in -Bengal for a reed mat. - -[346] Perhaps "tie it at the waist." But see Lawrence, 252: "The -Panditana wears a girdle, but no drawers." - -[347] The MSS. have tattu. Both they and the text have also the words -chahar shana ba-zamin nazdik. Chahar shana means a dwarf. Literally -it means "four shoulders," and Vullers following, the Bahar-i-`Ajam, -defines it as a man of small stature with thick shoulders. Evidently -the words ba-zamin nazdik are meant as an explanation or addition to -Chahar-shana, and signify that the yabu or tattu has his withers near -the ground. The words also occur in the Iqbal-nama, 154. - -[348] Jangrah u shakh-jilau. Jangrah, however, may refer to their -gait, and may mean that they don't go straight, and very likely we -should read changrah "going crookedly." Shakh-jilau is not in the -dictionaries, and I only guess at the meaning. The phrase is also in -the Iqbal-nama, 154. - -[349] Text ilchi-i-saman. The real word is ilkhi, which is also -spelt ilqi and ilghi, and is a Turki word meaning a horse, and also -a troop of horses. See Pavet de Courteille Dictionary, p. 132, and -Vullers I. 149b, who refers to the Burhan-i-qati`, Appendix. See also -Zenker, p. 152. The Iqbal-nama, p. 155, top line, wrongly has balkhha -(from Balkh?). - -[350] Jarrett, II. 352, and n. 1, also T. Rashidi, translation, -435. But perhaps all that is meant is the followers of the national -saint Shaikh Nuru-d-din. Lawrence, 287. - -[351] Taken from the Ayin, see Jarrett, II. 353. There they are called -brahmans, but this seems to be an error of the Bib. Ind. text. Gladwin -has "Rishi." The Rishis were Muhammadans. See Jarrett, II. 359, where -mention is made of Baba Zainu-d-din Rishi. See also Colonel Newall's -paper on the Rishis or Hermits of Kashmir, A.S.B.J., 1870, p. 265. - -[352] Text Baran. MSS. have Maran, and Eastwick has Koh-i-Mahran. He -calls it an isolated hill 250 feet high. It is on the north outskirts -of the city. See also Lawrence, 184, and n. 2, and Stein, 147-48. - -[353] The Dal Lake is 3.87 miles long and 2.58 broad, the Anchar Dal -is 3.51 miles long and 2.15 broad. Lawrence, 20. - -[354] MSS. have kil, and so has the Iqbal-nama. Kil is given in -Lawrence, 114, as the Kashmir name for the ibex. - -[355] Jarrett, II. 360. - -[356] This is the Ilahi gaz. - -[357] Blochmann, 252, and note. - -[358] So called because in Shuja`'s horoscope. - -[359] A village called `Aish-maqam is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 359, -n. 1, but it is probably not the `Aishabad here mentioned, for -`Aish-maqam was on the Lidar and a long way S.S.E. Srinagar. - -[360] Shigufa-i-sad-barg ("the blossoms of the hundred-leaved rose"?). - -[361] Allah-dad was s. Jalalu-d-din Tariki, also called Raushani, -and he became a distinguished officer of Shah-Jahan under the title -of Rashid K. See Ma'asir, II. 248, and Dabistan, 390. - -[362] There are different readings. No. 181 has Maud and -Mihri. Apparently it is the Mau and Nabah of Jarrett, II. 319, where -also there are various readings. See also Tuzuk, 263, where the text -has Mau u shahra. - -[363] Or Charvara. See Rieu Catalogue, I. 297. Haidar Malik wrote -a history of Kashmir. It was he who protected Nur-Jahan after her -first husband's murder. Stein has Cadura, recte Isadur p. 43; it is -10 miles south of Srinagar. - -[364] An allusion to Nur-Jahan and to Nuru-d-din Jahangir. - -[365] See Akbar-nama, III. 542, and Tabaqat-i-Akbari extract in -Appendix, translation of Tarikh-i-Rashidi, p. 490. The place was -Khanpur or near it. Perhaps the tree is the Adansonia. See also -Jarrett, II. 363. According to Stein, 191, Halthal is the name of the -village, and is a corruption of Salasthala. This agrees with the Ayin -I. 569, but not with Akbar-nama III. 542, where halthal is given as -the name of the tree. - -[366] I have not found this passage in the Akbar-nama. The -Iqbal-nama, 159, says that 70 people stood erect inside of the -trunk. Rawal-pur is marked on the map of Kashmir, a little to the -south of Srinagar. Nizamu-d-din, in his chapter on Kashmir in the -Tabaqat-i-Akbari, speaks of a tree under the shade of which 200 -horsemen could stand. - -[367] Possibly bi-sarfa only means "unsuccessful." But it is used lower -down (text 308, line 8), in the sense of immoderate or unprofitable. - -[368] Text has Turks (Turkiyan). - -[369] Apparently the Rohankhed of I.G., XXI. 304. - -[370] Literally, "raised the foot of ignorance." - -[371] Perhaps Sukh Nag is the Shakar Nag of Jarrett, II. 361. The Sukh -Nag River is mentioned in Lawrence, 16. It may also be the waterfall -mentioned by Bernier, which he says Jahangir visited and levelled a -rock in order to see properly. - -[372] From Dr. Scully's list it appears that this is the sach, the -rose-coloured starling, Pastor roseus. See also Vullers, Dictionary, -s. v. The bird seen by Jahangir may have been a dipper, Lawrence, 153. - -[373] The MSS. have kulhai. - -[374] According to the two I.O. MSS.--which are corroborated by -the Iqbal-nama--the text has here omitted an important part of the -report--presumably a written one--submitted by the Qazi and the -Mir `Adl. After the words "denied it," there comes in the MSS. the -statement: "The Hakim-zada (Hakim's son) produced two witnesses in -court. The Sayyids invalidated (or impeached) the testimony of one of -them, and the Hakim-zada brought a third witness and proved his case -according to law." The Iqbal-nama, p. 161, has not the whole of this, -and it has kharij instead of jarih, but it has the words guwah-i-salis -("a third witness"). - -[375] The meaning seems to be that he would in corroboration and ex -cautela take the oath. He had already proved his claim in the ordinary -way by witnesses and the production of the bond. See the account in -the Iqbal-nama, 160-63, which is fuller than that in text. - -[376] Mu`amala-i-kulli ast. "The case was involved" (like a bud?), -or perhaps "the case was important." - -[377] The text wrongly omits the negative. See Iqbal-nama, I. 62. - -[378] Apparently this was Saliha Banu d. Qa'im K. Blochmann, 371, and -477, n. 2. She had the name of Padshah-mahall. See Hawkins' account -in Purchas, IV. 31, and Khafi K. I. 259. He calls the father Qasim. - -[379] It is Ghairat K. in I.O. MS., 181. - -[380] For Jalal K., see Blochmann, 455 and 486. He was grandson of -Sultan Adam. - -[381] Rasid. See lower down text 308, where it is noted that the -cherries came to an end. - -[382] This represents A.H. 1029, or 1620. - -[383] Mat-treading or beating = house-warming. This was in honour of -the new picture-gallery. - -[384] Danaha-kish. See Vullers, s.v. Kesh. The kish is a marten of -whose skin neckcloths, etc., are made. This note corrects the one at -p. 321 of translation, as also the text there. - -[385] It is Busi-marg in the I.O. MSS. But perhaps the text is right, -and the place is the Tosh Maidan of Lawrence, 16. - -[386] The gun is now at Bijapur, I.G., VIII. 186. - -[387] Compare Iqbal-nama, 163-64. The text has ran ("thigh") instead -of zaban. - -[388] Blochmann, 382. The name of the son is given in the MSS. as Mir -`Ali Asghar. - -[389] Perhaps this is the Gurais Valley of Lawrence, 16, for Kuri -may be read Guri. - -[390] See Jarrett, III. 121 and n. 5. The bird is either the -common hawk-cuckoo of Jerdon (Hierococcyx varius) or his Coccystes -melanoleucos--i.e., the pied-crested cuckoo, for both birds seem -to have the native name of Papiha. The Hierococcyx varius is the -"brain-fever" bird of the Anglo-Indian, I.G., I. 250. The pied-crested -cuckoo occurs in Kashmir, and so also apparently does a bird of the -genus Hierococcyx. Lawrence, pp. 138, 139. - -[391] I am not sure what bird this is. Ghaugha'i means a turtle dove in -Bengal, but I doubt if this be the bird meant by Jahangir. Ghaugha'i -would mean a noisy bird, and perhaps is the Bengal Babbler of Jerdon, -or the Sat Bha'i (seven brothers) of the Indians. It belongs to the -Malacocircus genus, and Jerdon, I. 340, states that the pied-crested -cuckoo generally lays her egg in the nest of the Malacocirci. The -babbling thrushes occur in Kashmir. In Blochmann, 296, there is an -account of how ghaugha'is are caught. - -[392] MS. 305 has Ghairat K., but No. 181 has `Arab K., and this -agrees with Stanley Lane Poole's Muhammadan dynasties (p. 279), -which has 'Arab Muhammad as ruling down to 1623. Urganj is in Khiva. - -[393] Jahangir called Khan-Jahan his farzand (son). - -[394] Not the famous `Ali Mardan, but `Ali Mardan, who was killed in -the Deccan. Blochmann, 496. - -[395] Dandan-i-ablaq-i-jauhar-dar. Jauhar-dar here does not mean -"jewelled," but veined or striped. See Vullers, I. 542a. Walrus-teeth -may be meant by Jahangir, but tortoise-shell is more likely. - -[396] Sundar is another name for Raja Bikramajit, and the reference -must be to the Siege of Kangra. Jauhar Mal was a son of Raja Baso, -and appears to be the same person as Suraj Mal. It is Jauhar in -I.O. MS., 181. - -[397] Deotani in No. 181. Blochmann has the name Dutani, apparently -as a tribal name (p. 504), and Elphinstone speaks in vol. II., p. 82, -of a small tribe called Dumtauny. - -[398] Veth is the Kashmiri name for the Jhelam (Lawrence, 18). It is -contracted from Vitasta. It is curious that the date of the festival -should be given according to a Muhammadan month (Shawwal), which must -recur at different seasons. Apparently the meaning is that the birth -of the Jhelam took place on that day. - -Apparently the festival is not much celebrated nowadays, for it -is not mentioned by Lawrence (264-266), except that in a note to -p. 266 the Vathtrwah is mentioned as a day on which daughters receive -presents. The 19th Shahriwar, the corresponding date mentioned by -Jahangir, would answer to the end of August or beginning of September, -and to the Hindu month of Asin. 13 Shawwal, 1029, would correspond -to 1 September, 1620. Possibly the Shawwal of text is a mistake for -the Hindu month Sawan--i.e., Sravan. The legend of the birth of the -Jhelam is told in Stein, 97. Possibly Shawwal does not here mean the -month, and we should read shaghal-i-chiraghan, "the business of lamps." - -[399] The crane visits Kashmir in winter, but Jahangir was never -there in that season. - -[400] The text wrongly gives this as a list of birds which are found -in Kashmir. The Iqbal-nama 159 and the MSS. show that the text has -omitted a negative, and that the list consists of Indian birds which -are not met with in Kashmir. Several of the names do not occur in -the dictionaries. No 2 (the saras) is described in Babur's Memoirs, -321. No. 4 is the florikan, or Otis Bengalensis. For Nos. 5-7 see -Babur's Memoirs, 321. Karawan is a crane in Arabic, apparently, and so -Karwanak should be a little crane. It is also described as a kind of -partridge. Perhaps the Karwanak is the demoiselle crane. No. 9 may be -the oriole, or mango-bird, but that, too, is common in Kashmir. For -No. 12, which may be the ibis, see Babur's Memoirs, 322. For No. 14 -see Babur's Memoirs, p. 321, and for No. 18 Babur's Memoirs, 320. For -the Sharak (No. 19), see Babur's Memoirs, 319. No 22 may possibly be -the bee-eater (Merops viridis). For No. 23 see Babur's Memoirs, 267 -and 321. No. 25 may be one of the parrots, as Hafiz called the Indian -parrots and poets tutiyan-i-shakar-shikan. See Ayin-i-Akbari, Persian -text, I. 415, and Jarrett, II. 150. The tatiri, No. 30, is apparently -the black partridge Francolinus vulgaris. The names of the birds seem -to be often wrong in the text, and so I have followed the I.O. MSS. - -[401] Kurg, but perhaps Gurg, "the wolf," is meant. The wolf is very -rare in Kashmir (Lawrence, 109). - -[402] Query, mushak-i-kur--i.e., mole. - -[403] According to Wilson's Glossary, the tola is = 180 grains Troy, -and the misqal = 63 1/2 grains Troy. - -[404] Elliot, VI. 373, and Iqbal-nama 165. - -[405] Vernag of Lawrence, 23. - -[406] Text u an; in MSS. u. - -[407] Lawrence, 67. - -[408] Jarrett, II. 356, where it is written Vej Brara. - -[409] Iqbal-nama, 164. - -[410] This must be the Nandimarg of Jarrett II. 357 and of Akbar-nama -III. 551. In the Ayin (Jarrett II. 356), mention is made of a place -where there are seven fountains. Stein, 182, speaks of a spring sacred -to the seven Rishis. Is it possible that chashma in the A.N. (Persian -text, I. 565) is a mistake for chinar? - -[411] Satha phuli? Seven fountains? - -[412] Khan Dauran is the Shah-Beg K. Arghun of Blochmann, 377. - -[413] See Ma'asir, II. 155, and Blochmann, 483, for an account of Ram -Das. Inch is mentioned in Jarrett, II. 356. Perhaps Inch is the Yech -pargana of Stein, 190-191. - -[414] Ram Das had died eight years before this. - -[415] Akbar-nama, III. 725, last line; Lawrence, 298; Stein, loc. cit., -176, 177. - -[416] The Achh Dal of Jarrett, II. 358, and the Achabal of Lawrence, -22. - -[417] Jarrett, II. 361. The Dir Nag of Iqbal-nama, 165. See also -Jarrett, II. 361. The Vernag of Lawrence, 23. Jahangir interpolates -an account of Virnag into the annals of the second year. See p. 92 -of translation. - -[418] So in text, but a few lines lower down the depth is spoken of -as four gaz. The Ibqal-nama has "fourteen yards." - -[419] The Iqbal-nama has "to the end of the garden." - -[420] Iqbal-nama, 165, has "186 yards." - -[421] Compare Iqbal-nama, 166. - -[422] The meaning is that the Maraj (or Marraj), the upper part of -Kashmir, is superior to the lower part, or Kamraj. See Tuzuk, 298. - -[423] Iqbal-nama, 166. Perhaps the Bawan Send of Jarrett, II. 361. Loka -Bhavan (bhavan means "abode") is mentioned in Stein, 180. It is the -Lokapunya of the Rajatarangini. It is five miles south of Achbal. - -[424] Is this a corruption of Anantanag--i.e., Islamabad? - -[425] Author of Iqbal-nama, 166. The appointment was that of examiner -of petitions. - -[426] I presume that the ends laid hold of by the boatmen were -the disengaged ends--i.e., the ends 14 or 15 yards apart. But see -Iqbal-nama, 166-167. - -[427] Text Panj Hazara. The MSS. are not clear. It may be the Sendbrary -of Bernier. - -[428] The word is shikar, but, as he had renounced shooting, netting -is probably what is meant. - -[429] Iqbal-nama, 169. - -[430] Or Pampar, the ancient Padmapura. See Stein, J.A.S.B. for 1899, -p. 167; Elliot, VI. 375. But the passage, as in Elliot, does not come -directly from the Tuzuk or the Iqbal-nama. - -[431] MSS. have 3,200. - -[432] I.e., hawks taken from the nest, and not born in captivity. - -[433] Iqbal-nama, 169. - -[434] This is Mir Jamalu-d-din, the dictionary-maker and friend of -Sir Thomas Roe. - -[435] The sentence appears obscure, but probably it was an order to -the authorities at Lahore to supply Husamu-d-din with the cost of -entertaining the ambassador up to the amount of Rs. 5,000. - -[436] Perhaps the waterfall described by Bernier in his ninth letter, -and mentioned as having been admired by Jahangir. - -[437] Hirapur is Hurapur and the ancient Surapura. - -[438] Mari or Nari Brara in the MSS. - -[439] Bi-badal K. is the name given by Jahangir to Sa`ida or Shaida who -was chief goldsmith. See end of 15th year, p. 326 of text. For Shaida, -who died in Kashmir in 1080 (A.D. 1669-70), see Rieu, III. 1083a, -and I. 251, and Supp. Catalogue, p. 207, and Sprenger's Catalogue 124. - -[440] Text calls them brothers, but the MSS. show that biradar is a -mistake for barabar, "equally." - -[441] The MSS. add: "He was a good youth (jawan) and without guile." - -[442] Ab-i-hayat, "water of life," a name given by Akbar to his -ab-dar-khana, or supply of drinking-water, etc. See Blochmann, 51. - -[443] Text wrongly has Thatta. - -[444] Elliott, VI. 376. Apparently Sati was not practised by burning, -but by burying. - -[445] Bisyar bihtar, MS., 181. - -[446] Girjhak is said to be the Hindu name for Jalalpur, and -the probable site of Bukephala, Jarrett, II. 324. Makhiyala -is also mentioned there. It seems that Mukhyala is the famous -Manikiyala, where the Buddhist tope is which was first described -by Elphinstone. Abu-l-Fazl says in the Ayin that it was a place of -worship. See I.G., new ed., XVII. 182. - -[447] Mountain-sheep. Apparently three rings were made. - -[448] The I.O. MSS. add here 76 head of markhwur, etc., were taken. - -[449] Perhaps the reference is to the tomb he formerly put up over -a favourite deer. - -[450] MSS. have "is very noble." - -[451] Pigeon-fancier. He belonged to Herat, and is mentioned in -Blochmann, 302. - -[452] Text wrongly has 1031. It should be 1030, as in the Iqbal-nama, -171. - -[453] The couplet is given in Iqbal-nama, 171, with some verbal -differences. - -[454] Elliott, VI. 374. - -[455] Jauhar Mal is mentioned at p. 310. Perhaps he was not Suraj Mal, -but it looks as if he was the same person. Cf. corresponding passage -in Iqbal-nama, 173, where he is called Suraj Mal. - -[456] P. 310 of text. - -[457] Raja Bikramajit. See ante, p. 310. - -[458] Text wrongly has ghalla grain, instead of `alafha fodder, -grasses, etc. See MSS. and Iqbal-nama, 174. - -[459] Text wrongly has 1031, but it is 1031 in the MSS. and in Elliot, -VI., 375. See, however, Elliot, VI. 378, and text, 326, which shew -that the 16th year began in 1030. - -[460] The `Abbasi is also the name of a dress. The MSS. have fourteen, -instead of four, horses. Apparently the presents were Zambil's own -offering, not that of his master. See below. - -[461] Mansab-i-kabak. Perhaps we should read katak, and regard the -increase as made to the office of guarding the palace. It is katak, -apparently, in I.O. MSS. It may, however, be Kang or Gang and a -man's name. - -[462] Apparently the translator of the Rajatarangini. - -[463] Doubtless the Gwalior in the Panjab. - -[464] Nur Jahan's daughter by Shir-afgan. The date of the asking is -given in the text as the third, but should be the 30th, as in the -I.O. MSS. - -[465] Elliot, VI. 376. - -[466] The Iqbal-nama, 176, has "ten crores." - -[467] The MSS. have 5,000. The word for "gunners" is tupchi. - -[468] The MSS., instead of Naushahr, have sawad-i-shahr, "the environs -of the city" (cf. Lahore?). - -[469] It was in the vicinity of Lahore. Akbar-nama, III. 569. - -[470] But the next page of text records another feast of the lunar -weighment. Can it be that the lunar weighment refers to Nur Jahan's -birthday, not to Jahangir's? The 17th here mentioned is the 17th -of the solar month of Dai, and corresponded to about December 28, -1620. In the following page (324) we are told that the lunar weighment -took place on 30 Bahman, corresponding to 25 Rabi`u-l-awwal--i.e., -February 8, 1621: Jahangir's birthday was on Rabi`u-l-awwal 17, -so the anniversary fell this year on 22 Bahman. Consequently, if he -celebrated it, as stated on p. 323, on 17 Dai, he did so more than -a month too soon! Evidently there is a mistake somewhere. - -[471] This place is mentioned again in the account of the 16th year, -p. 338. It evidently received its name from Nur Jahan. - -[472] Akbarpur, twelve miles N.W. Mathura. J. Sarkar's India of -Aurangzeb, 171. - -[473] That is, of Chach in Transoxiana, but according to I.O. MS. 181, -the word is Khafi--i.e., from Khaf or Khwaf. - -[474] Ninety-one rubies is surely a mistake. The Iqbal-nama, 177, -only speaks of one. It is, however, 91 yaqut in I.O. MS., 181. - -[475] This is the Armenian of whom so much is said by Father Botelho -and other missionaries. It is mentioned in M. Waris's continuation -of the Padishah-nama, p. 392, of B.M. MS., that Zu-l-Qarnain Farangi -came from Bengal and presented poems which he had composed on Shah -Jahan's name, and got a present of Rs. 4,000. He it was, probably, -who entertained Coryat. The passage in the text seems to show that -Akbar had an Armenian wife. - -[476] He is mentioned in some MSS. of the Akbar-nama, vol. III., -as taking part in the religious discussions. - -[477] Probably this is the La`l Beg who wrote a book about the -Naqshbandi order. See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, II., 382. - -[478] The Iqbal-nama has "42 eunuchs." - -[479] The MSS. have 40 cocks, 12 buffaloes, and 7 buffalo-horns. The -text also has shakh, horns, but this has been taken as a pleonasm. - -[480] But there was such a ceremony a few days before (see p. 323 -of text). - -[481] For tank see Blochmann, 16 n. The Iqbal-nama, 178, has "twelve -misqals." - -[482] For the Naskh character see Blochmann, 99-100, and for the -Nasta`liq, 101. See also the elaborate article on Writing in Hughes' -Dictionary of Islam. - -[483] By Shah-i-Wilayat is meant the Caliph `Ali b. Abi Talib. - -[484] The Houshabarchan of Hawkins. - -[485] Mahaban, five or six miles from Mathura. - -[486] They had made an istiqbal, or visit of welcome, from Agra. - -[487] This was Babar's garden. It was on the opposite side of the -Jumna to Agra. - -[488] So in text, but two (du) must be a mistake for "ten," as 2 -months, 2 days = 62, and the marches and halts 49 + 21 amount to 70, -or 8 more. It is 10 in I.O. MSS. - -[489] The budna, or bodna, is a species of quail. See Babar's Memoirs, -Erskine, p. 320, where it is spelt budinah. There is a description -in the Ayin, Blochmann, 296, of the mode of catching them. - -[490] The word "village" is omitted in both the I.O. MSS. - -[491] This gives an average of Rs. 6,342 for each animal. - -[492] The I.O. MSS. have "Saturday." But Monday seems right, as -Thursday was 4 Farwardin. - -[493] In the Ayin, which was composed in the 40th year of Akbar's -reign, Salim's rank is given as 10,000, Murad's as 8,000, and Daniyal's -as 7,000 (p. 308). - -[494] In celebration of the commencement of the 16th year of the reign. - -[495] Yaqut-i-kabud, "a blue ruby." - -[496] The I.O. MSS. have Mirza Muhammad. - -[497] Jamalu-d-din Husain Inju. - -[498] See Vullers, s.v. It is a smelling-bottle or case containing -ambergris. - -[499] Blochmann, 55. - -[500] Apparently a zebra. See Iqbal-nama, 179, where it is stated that -it was brought by sea. The text of the Tuzuk is wrong, as usual. What -we should read is: "It was like a tiger (MS. 181 and Iqbal-nama have -shir, not babar), but the markings on a tiger are black and yellow, -and these were black and white." - -[501] Perhaps this is the muhar now in Germany. - -[502] Husain K. Tukriya. - -[503] Nafs mi-suzad. - -[504] Thursday night or Friday eve is what is meant. - -[505] Elliot, VI. 378. - -[506] King David was said to be a maker of cuirasses. - -[507] Yamani. Elliot has almasi (adamant-like). - -[508] See Blochmann's translation and remarks in Proceedings A.S.B. for -1869, p. 167. It is there stated that the date of the fall of the -meteorite was Friday, April 10, 1621, O.S., and that the weight would -be nearly 5.271 pounds troy. - -[509] A widow of Baqi Muhammad. - -[510] Elliot, VI. 379. - -[511] Elliot, VI. 379, has "in sight of the fort." Perhaps the meaning -is that the villages were in the jurisdiction of the fort. - -[512] The Iqbal-nama, 181, has "fourteen." - -[513] The account of Shah Jahan's spirited attack on the Deccanis -is in some places rather obscurely worded, and the printed edition -is not always correct. Help can be obtained from the Iqbal-nama, -181, etc., and from Elliot, VI. 379. The text has firar, "flight," -and this has been followed by Elliot, who has "on their approach the -rebels took to flight, and removed to a distance from Burhanpur." But -the true reading, as shown by the Iqbal-nama, is qarar, "firmness," -not firar, and the words are bar daur-i-shahr, "round the city," -not bar dur, "far from." The rebels were, as the Iqbal-nama states, -"in the environs of the city," "dar sawad-i-shahr," but apparently not -in such force as to prevent Shah Jahan's sazawuls--i.e., his apparitors -and summoners--from going into the city and bringing out recruits. - -[514] In the I.O. MSS. the word looks like bi-jagari (want of settled -home or residence?). - -[515] Text has chasa. The word may be jushsha, given in Vullers, 516b, -as meaning robes or garments, and this is the meaning given to it by -Elliot, but the Iqbal-nama has jubba, "cuirasses," and this I have -adopted. It is jubba in I.O. No. 181. - -[516] Text, chihla u khamcha. The last word should, I think, be -jamjama. Chihla in Hindustani means a "slimy place." It is jamjama -in I.O. MS., No. 181. - -[517] Text has ghair instead of `Ambar. - -[518] Text wrongly has Rup-ratan. - -[519] Padishah-nama, I., Part II., p. 349. - -[520] The text wrongly has 1,000. - -[521] The Bib. Ind. ed. of Iqbal-nama, 184, inserts a negative here, -but this seems wrong. In a MS. in my possession there is no negative. - -[522] Elliot, VI. 380. - -[523] Elliot, VI. 448, the Ma'asiru-l-Umara, I. 577, and Padishah-nama -I., Part II., 347. - -[524] Text wrongly has 12th. Jahangir's birthday was on the 18th -Shahriwar. - -[525] Khiffati. I am not sure of the reading. One B.M. MS. seems to -have haqqi, and perhaps the meaning is that the physicians had already -been abundantly recompensed for their labour for two or three days, -haqqi being taken as equal to haqq-i-sa`i. - -[526] A little before his weight came only to Rs. 6,500 (p. 329 of -text). But possibly Jahangir means that he had himself weighed for -Jotik's benefit. - -[527] Elliot, VI. 381. - -[528] Madar-i-dahr. - -[529] Text and MSS. have madar-i-ura, "her mother"(?) Perhaps we should -read ma ura, "we (esteemed) her not less than our own mother." Or -it may be that the "her" means Nur Jahan, and that Jahangir means he -esteemed his mother-in-law as much as his own mother. - -[530] That is, Shah Jahan (see Iqbal-nama, 186). - -[531] The MSS. seem to have Khosti--i.e., of Khost. - -[532] Text 8th, but should be 20th. - -[533] Alwanu in MSS. It appears to be Aluwa, 11m. S.-E. of Sirhind. - -[534] Text pahangi, which seems unintelligible. The MSS. have -mahiki(?)-i-khurd, "a small fish." - -[535] Baqqa. - -[536] Founded by Nur Jahan (see Cunningham, "Archaeological Reports," -XIV. 62). - -[537] Spelt Ilah-bas. - -[538] I have translated this passage from the MSS., which differ -a good deal from the text. Talwara was in the Bari Du'ab Sarkar -(Jarrett, II. 318.) - -[539] Apparently this is the pulpaikar of Babar (Erskine, 320), though -the two descriptions do not altogether agree. Perhaps it is a hornbill. - -[540] The MSS. have sal and lut. Is it the sham of Babar? (Erskine, -320). - -[541] Murgh-i-zarin, goldfinch or golden oriole (?). - -[542] The date and month are not mentioned, but it appears from the -Iqbal-nama, which gives the next entry as 14 Bahman, that the month -was Bahman, and that the date was probably about 20 January, 1622. - -[543] The Bhalon of Jarrett, II. 316. Sibah is mentioned at p. 317, -ibid. The text has Sita. - -[544] The couplet comes from Budags's elegy on Abu-l-Hasan Nahid -Balkhi. See Aufi's Lababu-l-Albab. Browne's ed., Part II., p. 3. - -[545] Text wrongly has Chita. Chamba is N.-W. of Kangra. - -[546] Elliot, VI. 382. - -[547] The fort was destroyed by the earthquake of 1905 (I.G., -XIV. 397). Presumably Jahangir's mosque was also destroyed then. - -[548] The breadth of the second tank is not mentioned in the MSS. - -[549] "The present temple of Bajreswari Devi is at Bhawan, a suburb -of Kangra" (I.G., XIV. 386). - -[550] See I.G., XIV. 86, and Jarrett, II. 314 and n. 1. Jarrett states -that Jwala Mukhi is two days' journey from Kangra. Apparently Jahangir -took his statement from the Ayin, which has the words "in the vicinity" -(Jarrett, ibid.). Jarrett's statement that Jwala Mukhi is two days' -journey from Kangra is taken from Tieffenthaler, I. 108. Tieffenthaler -adds that the distance is 14 to 15 milles (leagues, or kosses). He -speaks of the Fort of Kangra as being only one-fourth of a mille -in circumference. The image, he states, was that of Bhowani, and -represented the lower part of the goddess's body. The head was alleged -to be at Jwala Mukhi. - -[551] I.e., know the physical cause of the flame. The MSS. do not -mention Hindus in this clause. - -[552] See Jarrett, II. 313, and note 2. - -[553] The temple was sacked by Mahmud of Ghaznin. - -[554] This might be Koh-i-Mandar, the hill which was used as a -churning-stick by the gods. There is a hill of this name in Bhagalpur -district which is known as Mandargiri. But probably Kuh-i-Madar here -means the centre-hill, for in the Bib. Ind. text of the Ayin-i-Akbari, -I. 538, two lines from foot, it is said that the place is called -Jalandhari, and a note (7) gives the various reading, "this spot is -regarded as the centre," "sar-i-zamin-ra madar pindarand." Apparently -it is regarded as the central place because the breast fell here, -Jarrett, II. 314, n. According to the list given there the right -breast fell at Jalandhara and the tongue at Jwala Mukhi. - -[555] I.G., new ed., XIX. 232. - -[556] Podna, or budana. The quail. - -[557] Text khirdash, which I presume is a mistake for khurus. - -[558] Dhameri. See I.G., XIX. 232. - -[559] Mauti might mean "dead," but probably the word means "Pearl," and -was the title assumed by a tribe or family among the Sannyasis. See -infra. The statement that this order put themselves into the -figure of a cross doubtless means that they belong to the Urdu bahu -(arms-aloft) sect--i.e., the sect who raise their arms above their -heads, in the figure of a cross. In Tavernier, II. 378, of ed. of -1676, this is the 8th posture of ascetics, and at that page and at -376 there are figures of such ascetics. The I.O. MSS. have salab, -"mourning," instead of salb. - -[560] Sarva vasi means "all-abiding." Perhaps the word should be -Sarva nasi, "all-destroying." - -[561] For taslim, see Hughes' Dict. of Islam. Possibly we should read -taslib, "make the sign of the cross." - -[562] The chronogram of the taking of the fort yields 1029, and that -of the building of the mosque 1031. - -[563] Nurani, "illumined," an allusion to Jahangir's name. - -[564] The MSS. have Kahtuma apparently. ? Kahuta in Rawalpindi -district. - -[565] This should be, I think, the 20th, and though the name of the -month is not given, it should be Bahman. See MSS. and Iqbalnama, -191. Khusrau died in the Deccan, and presumably at Burhanpur or -Asir. 20 Bahman, 1031, corresponds to January 29, 1622, O.S. But the -date of his death has not been quite determined. See J.R.A.S. for 1907, -p. 601. - -[566] The I.O. MSS. have 121 instead of 124, and they add to the -information about Zafar K. that he died in Ghaznin. They also give -his son's name as Sa`adatu-llah. The Iqbal-nama, p. 191, has 121 hill -sheep, markhur and deer. - -[567] Date not given. The Iqbal-nama, 191, has "the 8th." - -[568] The Iqbal-nama, p. 192, speaks of a report of Khan Jahan that -Khwaja `Abdu-l-`Aziz Naqshbandi, the governor of Qandahar, had a -garrison of 3,000 men. - -[569] Jahangir appears on this occasion to have forgotten the vow he -made in the 13th year. See Elliot, VI. 362. Jahangir's words are clear: -"ba tir u tufang andakhtam." - -[570] Apparently this is the Barahmula Pass. It is mentioned in -the Akbar-nama, III. 480-81 and 558, but does not appear on modern -maps. Jahangir refers to it in the account of the 15th year, p. 204, -and says it is the last of the passes. - -[571] Sar-afraz in No. 181. - -[572] The I.O. MS., No. 181, adds "and treasure." - -[573] "Wilson" Glossary, p. 60. Elliot, Supp. Glossary, I. 52. The -word seems connected with barinj, "rice." - -[574] This is the poet Baba Talib Isfahani of Blochmann, 607. - -[575] Elliot, VI. 383. - -[576] Not that the question of the Deccan had been settled, but that -Shah Jahan had left Burhanpur and come to Mandu. See Iqbal-nama, 193. - -[577] Elliot, VI. 383. - -[578] Tarkash-bandan, literally quiver-holders. Apparently the -meaning is that the archers who were footmen (see Blochmann, 254, -about Dakhili troops) lost their vocation when guns came into use, -and became cavalry soldiers. But the meaning in text may be that -the archers took to practising with bows and arrows on horseback. It -appears from a Dasturu-l-`amal in the I.O., No. 1,855 (E. 2736) that -the tarkash-bands were an inferior order of servants receiving 1,000 -dams or less a year. They probably were not necessarily archers. - -[579] The Achh Dal of the Ayin, Jarrett, II. 358. - -[580] No. 181 has "at Virnag." - -[581] Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 349. - -[582] May also be read Uhar and Adhar. It is Adhar or Udhar in -I.O. MSS. - -[583] The Sind River of Kashmir is meant. Jarrett, II. 364. - -[584] This seems a translation of Akbar's word arinas -(enemy-destroying). - -[585] Elliot, VI. 384, where Jhelam is a mistake. - -[586] Padshah-nama, I., Part II., p. 339. His name was Mulla -Shukru-llah, and he was from Shiraz. He is the Mirza Sorocolla of Roe. - -[587] Compare Iqbal-nama, 194 and 196. It is stated there that Nur -Jahan would not allow Afzal K. to have an audience, and that he was -dismissed without gaining his object. - -[588] See Iqbal-nama, 196, where it is said that these orders were -not really given by Jahangir, but were Nur Jahan's. - -[589] Elliot, VI. 280. - -[590] This alludes to the facts that Humayun promised Shah Tahmasp -that he would restore the fort after he had conquered India, and that -Akbar had acknowledged the justice of Persia's claim. - -[591] The clause is very obscure. Perhaps it is part of what Jahangir -had said. - -[592] Farzand-i-barkhurdar. - -[593] It is noteworthy that Jahangir does not attempt to controvert -the statement of Shah `Abbas that Qandahar rightfully belonged to -Persia. There is a very long account in the `Alam-ara'i of the claims -of Persia to Qandahar, and of the various attempts made to realize -them, until at last it was taken by Shah `Abbas. See the account -of the 35th year in the Teheran lithograph, p. 682, etc. The fort -of Qandahar surrendered on 11 Sha`ban, 1031, or June 11, 1622. The -Shah's letter announcing the fact and explaining his procedure was -presented by Haidar Beg on 26 Aban, 1031--i.e., early in November, -1622. He brought the officers of the garrison with him. See `Alam-ara'i -and the Tuzuk text, 348 (annals of the 17th year). - -[594] Elliot, VI. 280. - -[595] These words do not appear in the I.O. MSS. And what is written -in this chapter about the fates of Khalil and Muhtarim, etc., does -not agree with Mu`tamid's writing in Iqbal-nama. - -[596] Elliot, VI. 384. - -[597] Huquq ba-`uquq, "rights into wrongs." - -[598] I rather think the meaning is "he by his baseness and -illfatedness has capitally punished them, and has (as it were) slain -them by his own hand," the meaning being that they will fall in the -civil war about to take place. - -[599] Compare Iqbal-nama, 199. - -[600] This is the man whom Jahangir had made Raja Bikramajit. - -[601] Elliot, VI. 385. - -[602] The lines come from Firdusi's satire on Mahmud of Ghazni. - -[603] He was the great-grandson, being the son of Maha Singh s. Jagat -Singh s. Man Singh. - -[604] Panj fauj. But perhaps the word is binj, or bikh, "root." Or -it may be pichha fauj, "the hinder army." Apparently the reference -is to the arrangement of the royal army into five divisions. - -[605] "Bought it as if it were genuine." - -[606] The Farhang-i-Jahangiri, Rieu Cat., p. 496 b. - -[607] Where is this account? He is mentioned later, p. 359 of -text. Perhaps he is the Armenian mentioned in the 15th year as -Zu-l-Qarnain. But an Armenian would hardly be called a Farangi. - -[608] The MSS. have "his brother Maghrur." - -[609] The MSS. have a name that is not Naubat, and perhaps is Yunas -or Yunash Khan. - -[610] Yunas or Yunash in MSS. - -[611] Perhaps it means that qisas or retaliation could not -be inflicted. See Ma'asiru-l-umara, III. 335, and Iqbal-nama, -204. Evidently the mother did not want to prosecute. It is probable -that his murderers were only his half-brothers. - -[612] The MSS. have Maharaja Gaj Singh, and they also have the names -Mansur Khan, Sar-buland Ray and Lashkar K. - -[613] "Two" in MSS. - -[614] Jahangir's mother. - -[615] MS. 181 has Baba Khan. - -[616] MS. 181 has Kuhnar or Kunhar, and it seems that it is a name, -and not merely "younger brother." The Iqbal-nama, 205, has Kunhar Das. - -[617] Karij in text. See Jarrett, II. 253. But perhaps it should -be Kaira. - -[618] It is Sha`ban in Nos. 181 and 305. The famous garden of Ahmadabad -is the Shahi, for which see the Bombay Gazetteer, vol. for Ahmadabad, -p. 283. But besides being Sha`ban in the MSS. it is also Sha`ban in the -Iqbal-nama, 207. The Shahi garden lies to the north of Ahmadabad, and -Safi was at the south or south-east of the city. Perhaps the Sha`ban -garden was near the Malik Sha`ban lake, which was east of the city, -and is referred to in Bombay Gazetteer, p. 18. The Bagh Sha`ban is -also referred to in Bayley's Gujarat, 236. - -[619] Name very doubtful. MSS. seem to have Pir Lal Koli, or it may -be Bir Lal. - -[620] The MSS. have "in ten." - -[621] Text, Nar Singh Deo. But the MSS. seem to have another name, -Silhadi Deo (?). The name Lulu is also doubtful. The MSS. seem to -have Bulur. In Elliot, IV. 402, Puran Mal is called Bhaia. - -[622] Har kudam ba-tarafi aftadand. - -[623] Rieu, Cat., I. 158 b. - -[624] Text has Kuh-i-Kul. But the I.O. MSS. show that the true reading -is Kul Nuh ban, and it appears from the Ayin, Jarrett, II. 186, that -Nuh is a district in Kul--i.e., Aligarh. Gurg is a wolf, and Kurag -a rhinoceros, but probably a wolf is here meant. It is not likely -that there were rhinoceros in Aligarh, though Abu-l-Fazl says there -were rhinoceros in Sambhal (Jarrett, II. 281). Tir means an arrow as -well as a bullet. The word mana, "face," is not in text, but occurs -in both the I.O. MSS. - -[625] Chanda Ghat between Ajmere and Malwa. - -[626] Apparently the meaning is that he had no family with Shah -Jahan's army, and so could not be deterred from leaving Shah Jahan -through fear of their fate. See below, the reference to S. Salabat's -arrangements about his family. - -[627] This couplet comes from Nizami's Khusrau u Shirin, and is quoted -by Babur. - -[628] See Ja`far Sharif's Qanun-i-Islam. App., p. xxiv. - -[629] Dhamin, python (?). - -[630] See Blochmann, 60. - -[631] Daughter of Nur Jahan. - -[632] Blochmann, p. 311, calls her Arzani Begam. The Iqbal-nama (306) -calls her Lardili Begam. A MS. of the Iqbal-nama in my possession -calls her Wali Begam. She was born on September 4, 1623. - -[633] The holy man formerly mentioned. - -[634] He had been captured in Gujarat when Safi K. defeated `Abdu-llah. - -[635] The author of the dictionary. - -[636] See Ma'asiru-l-Umara, III. 382. His wife was the sister of Ahmad -Beg, the brother's son of Ibrahim K. Fath-jang. But if so would she not -be the daughter of Sharif and niece of Nur Jahan? See Blochmann, 512. - -[637] I.O. MS., 381, and the Iqbal-nama mention the wife. - -[638] Mahram sakht, "made him one who could enter the Harem." - -[639] The text wrongly has ba-chand instead of ba-jambid. - -[640] Daughters of the Bier--i.e., the constellation of the Plough. - -[641] Shash-dar is the name of an impasse in the game of nard. - -[642] The Muhammad Beg of Roe? - -[643] Jarrett, II. 239. - -[644] 1 Safar, 1033 = November 14, 1623. - -[645] Jerdon states that the black partridge is called ghaghar about -Benares. - -[646] Probably Rahimabad in the Bari Du-ab. Jarrett, II. 332. - -[647] Dara` or zara`, yards? The text gives his weight as 20 1/2, -but bist must be a mistake for hasht. - -[648] He was a eunuch, and originally had the name of I`tibar -K. He received the title of Mumtaz K. in this year. Tuzuk, 359. See -Blochmann, 433. - -[649] Az qadiman u babariyan (properly bairiyan). - -[650] Ganwaran u muzari`an. - -[651] Text ba shukr u shukuh, but the Iqbal-nama, 213, has ba-shakwa, -"with complaints," and this must be correct. `Abdu-llah indulged -in abuse of his lord and master, khuda u khudawand-i-khwish--i.e., -Jahangir. - -[652] Cf. Iqbal-nama, 213-214. - -[653] A proverbial expression. It is quoted by Nizamu-d-din in the -Tabaqat. - -[654] `Ali Ray was ruler of Little Tibet (Baltistan). Jahangir had -married his daughter. Blochmann, 310, and Akbar-nama, III. 603. The -marriage took place in A.H. 1000 (1592). - -[655] That is, Lashkari. - -[656] Hadi was Harunu-r-Rashid's elder brother. - -[657] Text mulka. Perhaps the word may be malka-i-an, "possession of -it"--i.e., possession of such knowledge. The MSS. have an after malka. - -[658] Text hanaq. But the MSS. have merely haqq, and it is said in -the dictionaries that there is a bird called the haqq. - -[659] This corrects a previous statement to the effect that the black -and red bustards were two species. - -[660] The MSS. have either barin or parin. I cannot find the name in -the dictionaries, but my friend Sir K. C. Gupta suggests that the word -may be bans (Labeo calbasa). This fish is also a carp, and resembles -the rohu (L. rohita), but is smaller. It may also be the catla. - -[661] Ba-rism-i-hajabat. - -[662] Dewalgaon is about 60 miles S. of Burhanpur, Elliot, VII. 11. - -[663] Or, perhaps, they might be sure he was coming shortly. - -[664] Lal Bagh was on the outskirts of Burhanpur. Though the rainy -season is spoken of, the date Farwardin is in March. - -[665] Perhaps the meaning is that Mahabat had imprisoned `Arif, the son -of the Zahid whom Jahangir had condemned to death, for in the 18th year -Jahangir speaks of Zahid as a rebel. But the sentence is not clear. - -[666] Elliot, VI. 390. It seems probable that this is the place -mentioned in the Ma'asiru-l-umara, I. 410, in the biography of Baqir -K. Najm Sani, and also in the Padishah-nama, I. 333. It is called -there "the Pass of Chhatar Diwar," and is described as the boundary -between Orissa and Telingana, and is two koss from Khairapara. One -Mansur, a servant of Qutbu-l-mulk, had built a fort there, and called -it Mansur-garh. - -[667] Bulbuli. I had supposed this to be Pipli, but the latter place -is in the Balasore district, and nearer Bengal than Cuttack. Curiously -enough Pipli or Pippli is not given in the I.G. new ed., though it is -given as Pippli in the old. There is also a Pipli in the Puri district -(I.G., new ed., XX. 404). In the Ma'asiru-l-umara, I. 137 and 194, in -the biographies of Ibrahim Fath K. and Ahmad Beg, the place is taken to -be Pipli. It is also Pipli in the Iqbal-nama, 217, where also Cuttack -is described as being 12 koss off, towards Bengal. The maps show a -Pipalgaon between Puri and Cuttack, and about 30 m. from the latter -place. A Pipli in the Puri district is mentioned in the I.G., new ed. - -[668] Text isti`dad, but the true reading is istib`ad. Istib`ad namuda, -"regarded the thing as at a distance," or "was surprised." The -I.O. MSS. end here, their last words being "Till at length there -came a conciliatory letter from La`natu-llah (`Abdu-llah)." The -R.A.S. MS. continues with Muhammad Hadi's supplement. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: or, Memoirs of -Jahangir (volume 2 of 2), by Alexander Roger and Henry Beveridge and Nuru-d-din Jahangir - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TUZUK-I-JAHANGIRI *** - -***** This file should be named 53716.txt or 53716.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/3/7/1/53716/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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