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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Discoveries and Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln
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-
-Title: Discoveries and Inventions
-       A lecture by Abraham Lincoln delivered in 1860
-
-Author: Abraham Lincoln
-
-Release Date: May 5, 2016 [EBook #52007]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS ***
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-Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online
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-[Illustration: _Abraham Lincoln_]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration (Title Page)]
-
-  DISCOVERIES
-  AND
-  INVENTIONS
-
-  A LECTURE BY
-  ABRAHAM LINCOLN
-  DELIVERED IN
-  1860
-
-
-  SAN FRANCISCO
-  JOHN HOWELL
-  1915
-
-
-
-
-COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY JOHN HOWELL
-
-
-
-
-A PREFATORY NOTE
-
-
-_The Lecture--“Discoveries and Inventions”--by our greatest American,
-presents a phase of Lincoln’s activity about which little is generally
-known. It shows as clearly as any of his other writings how great was
-Lincoln’s knowledge of the progress of mankind, particularly as related
-in the Bible, and it reveals also his debt to that Book of Books for
-inspiration and illustration, as well as his masterly use of pure
-English, largely gained through that study._
-
-_In the fateful year of 1860, the year of his election to the
-presidency, Lincoln took up, in the pause of his affairs after the long
-debate with Douglas, the custom of lyceum lecturing, then in great
-vogue. This lecture on “Discoveries and Inventions” was delivered in
-towns near his home, Springfield, Illinois, and in Springfield itself
-on Washington’s birthday. Five days later Lincoln made his great speech
-at Cooper Union in New York._
-
-_The lecture is not included with any collection of Lincoln’s
-addresses. It appeared in print for the first time in_ Sunset Magazine
-_in 1909--the centennial of Lincoln’s birth_.
-
-_The original manuscript, from which this edition, the first in book
-form, is made, was a cherished possession of the late Dr. Samuel
-Houston Melvin, of Oakland, California, formerly a resident of
-Springfield, Illinois, and a friend of Mr. Lincoln. Just prior to
-Dr. Melvin’s death, in 1898, he made an affidavit setting forth the
-history of the manuscript; that statement is as follows_:
-
-
-    MEMORANDUM OF CERTAIN FACTS FOR INFORMATION OF THOSE WHO FOLLOW
-    AFTER
-
-    _In the month of February, 1861, being at that time a resident
-    of Springfield, Illinois, I called one evening at the residence
-    of my friend, Dr. John Todd. The doctor was an uncle of Mrs.
-    Abraham Lincoln. While there Mr. Lincoln came in, bringing with
-    him a well-filled satchel, remarking as he set it down that
-    it contained his literary bureau. Mr. Lincoln remained some
-    fifteen or twenty minutes, conversing mainly about the details
-    of his prospective trip to Washington the following week, and
-    told us of the arrangements agreed upon for the family to
-    follow him a few days later. When about to leave he handed the
-    grip above referred to to Mrs. Grimsley, the only daughter of
-    Dr. Todd, who was then a widow but who subsequently became
-    the wife of Rev. Dr. John H. Brown, a Presbyterian minister
-    located in Springfield, remarking as he did so that he would
-    leave the bureau in her charge; that if he ever returned to
-    Springfield he would claim it, but if not she might make such
-    disposition of its contents as she deemed proper. A tone of
-    indescribable sadness was noted in the latter part of the
-    sentence. Lincoln had shown me quite a number of letters a few
-    days before, threatening his life, some predicting that he
-    never would be inaugurated, and it was apparent to me that they
-    were making an impression upon his mind, although he tried to
-    laugh the matter off. About five years later the Nation was
-    startled by the announcement of Lincoln’s assassination. The
-    corporation of Springfield selected twelve of its citizens to
-    proceed at once to Washington and accompany the remains of the
-    dead President back to his old home. I was one of that number,
-    and shall never forget the indescribable sadness manifested
-    by millions of mourners along the route of travel of the
-    funeral cortège as it wended its way westward over two thousand
-    miles. A few evenings after his body was laid to rest, I again
-    called upon my neighbors, the family of Dr. Todd. Scenes and
-    incidents connected with the assassination and funeral of the
-    dead President were discussed, and the remark made by Lincoln
-    on his last visit to the house was referred to as indicating
-    a presentiment that he would not return alive. This recalled
-    the fact of his having left his so-called literary bureau,
-    and his injunction as to its disposition. Mrs. Grimsley
-    brought the grip from the place where it had been stored, and
-    opened it with a view to examining its contents. Among them
-    was found this manuscript, and attached to it by means of a
-    piece of red tape was another of like character. They proved
-    to be manuscripts of two lectures which he had prepared
-    and delivered within a year prior to his election to the
-    presidency--one at Jacksonville, Illinois, and a few days later
-    at Decatur, Illinois; the other a little later at Cook’s Hall,
-    Springfield, Illinois, at which I was present. Mrs. Grimsley
-    told me to select from the contents of the bureau any one of
-    the manuscripts it contained; and supposing at that time that
-    the two manuscripts belonged to the same lecture, I selected
-    them. On subsequent examination I discovered that while they
-    both treated upon the same subject (Inventions and Discoveries)
-    they were separate lectures. Twenty-five years later I disposed
-    of one of the manuscripts to Mr. Gunther[A] of Chicago. The
-    other it is my hope and desire shall remain in possession of my
-    family and its descendants._
-
-_The manuscript is now owned by Dr. Melvin’s son, the Honorable Henry
-A. Melvin, a Justice of the Supreme Court of California, through whose
-courtesy this edition is published._
-
-    [A] _This was published in “Addresses and Letters of Lincoln,”
-        The Century Company, 1904._
-
-
-
-
-DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS
-
-A LECTURE BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN
-
-
-All creation is a mine, and every man a miner.
-
-The whole earth, and all _within_ it, _upon_ it, and _round about_ it,
-including _himself_, in his physical, moral, and intellectual nature,
-and his susceptibilities, are the infinitely various “leads” from
-which, man, from the first, was to dig out his destiny.
-
-In the beginning, the mine was unopened, and the miner stood _naked_,
-and _knowledgeless_, upon it.
-
-Fishes, birds, beasts, and creeping things, are not miners, but
-_feeders_ and _lodgers_ merely. Beavers build houses; but they build
-them in nowise differently, or better now, than they did, five thousand
-years ago. Ants and honey bees provide food for winter; but just in
-the _same way_ they did, when Solomon referred the sluggard to them as
-patterns of prudence.
-
-Man is not the only animal who labors; but he is the only one
-who _improves_ his workmanship. This improvement he effects by
-_Discoveries_ and _Inventions_. His first important discovery was the
-fact that he was naked; and his first invention was the fig-leaf apron.
-This simple article, the apron, made of leaves, seems to have been
-the origin of _clothing_--the one thing for which nearly half of the
-toil and care of the human race has ever since been expended. The most
-important improvement ever made in connection with clothing, was the
-invention of _spinning_ and _weaving_. The spinning jenny, and power
-loom, invented in modern times, though great _improvements_, do not,
-_as inventions_, rank with the ancient arts of spinning and weaving.
-Spinning and weaving brought into the department of clothing such
-abundance and variety of material. Wool, the hair of several species of
-animals, hemp, flax, cotton, silk, and perhaps other articles, were all
-suited to it, affording garments not only adapted to wet and dry, heat
-and cold, but also susceptible of high degrees of ornamental finish.
-Exactly _when_, or _where_, spinning and weaving originated is not
-known. At the first interview of the Almighty with Adam and Eve, after
-the fall, He made “coats of skins, and clothed them” (Genesis iii: 21).
-
-The Bible makes no other allusion to clothing, _before_ the flood. Soon
-_after_ the deluge Noah’s two sons covered him with a _garment_; but of
-what _material_ the garment was made is not mentioned (Genesis ix: 23).
-
-Abraham mentions “_thread_” in such connection as to indicate that
-spinning and weaving were in use in his day (Genesis xiv: 23), and soon
-after, reference to the art is frequently made. “_Linen breeches_” are
-mentioned (Exodus xxviii: 42), and it is said “all the women that were
-wise-hearted did _spin_ with their hands” (Exodus xxxv: 25), and, “all
-the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom _spun_ goats’ hair”
-(Exodus xxxv: 26). The work of the “_weaver_” is mentioned (Exodus
-xxxv: 35). In the book of Job, a very old book, date not exactly known,
-the “_weavers’ shuttle_” is mentioned.
-
-The above mention of “_thread_” by Abraham is the oldest recorded
-allusion to spinning and weaving; and _it_ was made about two thousand
-years after the creation of man, and now, near four thousand years
-ago. Profane authors think these arts originated in Egypt; and this
-is not contradicted, or made improbable, by anything in the Bible; for
-the allusion of Abraham, mentioned, was not made until after he had
-sojourned in Egypt.
-
-The discovery of the properties of _iron_, and the making of _iron
-tools_, must have been among the earliest of important discoveries and
-inventions. We can scarcely conceive the possibility of making much of
-anything else, without the use of iron tools. Indeed, an iron _hammer_
-must have been very much needed to make the _first_ iron hammer with.
-A _stone_ probably served as a substitute. How could the “_gopher
-wood_” for the Ark have been gotten out without an axe? It seems to me
-an axe, or a miracle, was indispensable. Corresponding with the prime
-necessity for iron, we find at least one very early notice of it.
-Tubal-Cain was “an instructor of every artificer in _brass_ and _iron_”
-(Genesis iv: 22). Tubal-Cain was the seventh in descent from Adam;
-and his birth was about one thousand years before the flood. _After_
-the flood, frequent mention is made of _iron_, and _instruments_ made
-of iron. Thus “instrument of iron” at Numbers xxxv: 16; “bedstead of
-iron” at Deuteronomy iii: 11; “the iron furnace” at Deuteronomy iv: 20,
-and “iron tool” at Deuteronomy xxvii: 5. At Deuteronomy xix: 5, very
-distinct mention of “the ax to cut down the tree” is made; and also at
-Deuteronomy viii: 9, the promised land is described as “a land whose
-stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.” From
-the somewhat frequent mention of brass in connection with iron, it is
-not improbable that brass--perhaps what we now call copper--was used by
-the ancients for some of the same purposes as iron.
-
-_Transportation_--the removal of person and goods from place to
-place--would be an early _object_, if not a _necessity_, with man. By
-his natural powers of locomotion, and without much assistance from
-discovery and invention, he could move himself about with considerable
-facility; and even, could carry small burthens with him. But very soon
-he would wish to lessen the labor, while he might, at the same time,
-extend, and expedite the business. For this object, wheel-carriages,
-and water-crafts--wagons and boats--are the most important inventions.
-The use of the wheel and axle has been so long known, that it is
-difficult, without reflection, to estimate it at its true value. The
-oldest recorded allusion to the wheel and axle is the mention of a
-“chariot” (Genesis xli: 43). This was in Egypt, upon the occasion of
-Joseph being made governor by Pharaoh. It was about twenty-five hundred
-years after the creation of Adam. That the chariot then mentioned
-was a wheel-carriage drawn by animals is sufficiently evidenced by
-the mention of chariot _wheels_ (Exodus xiv: 25), and the mention of
-chariots in connection with _horses_ in the same chapter, verses 9 and
-23. So much, at present, for land transportation.
-
-Now, as to transportation by _water_, I have concluded, without
-sufficient authority perhaps, to use the term “boat” as a general name
-for all water-craft. The boat is indispensable to navigation. It is not
-probable that the philosophical principle upon which the use of the
-boat primarily depends--to-wit, the _principle_, that anything will
-float, which cannot sink without displacing more than its own _weight_
-of water--was known, or even thought of, before the first boats were
-made. The sight of a crow standing on a piece of driftwood floating
-down the swollen current of a creek or river, might well enough suggest
-the specific idea to a savage, that he could himself get upon a log,
-or on two logs tied together, and somehow work his way to the opposite
-shore of the same stream. Such a suggestion, so taken, would be the
-birth of navigation; and such, not improbably, it really was. The
-leading idea was thus caught; and whatever came afterwards, were but
-improvements upon, and auxiliaries to, it.
-
-As man is a land animal, it might be expected he would learn to travel
-by land somewhat earlier than he would by water. Still the crossing of
-streams, somewhat too deep for wading, would be an early necessity with
-him. If we pass by the Ark, which may be regarded as belonging rather
-to the _miraculous_ than to _human_ invention, the first notice we
-have of water-craft is the mention of “ships” by Jacob (Genesis xlix:
-13). It is not till we reach the book of Isaiah that we meet with the
-mention of “oars” and “sails.”
-
-As man’s _food_--his first necessity--was to be derived from the
-vegetation of the earth, it was natural that his first care should be
-directed to the assistance of that vegetation. And accordingly we find
-that, even before the fall, the man was put into the garden of Eden “to
-dress it, and to keep it.” And when afterwards, in consequence of the
-first transgression, _labor_ was imposed on the race, as a _penalty_--a
-_curse_--we find the first born man--the first heir of the curse--was
-“a tiller of the ground.” This was the beginning of agriculture; and
-although, both in point of time, and of importance, it stands at the
-head of all branches of human industry, it has derived less direct
-advantage from Discovery and Invention, than almost any other. The
-plow, of very early origin; and reaping, and threshing, machines,
-of modern invention are, at this day, the principal improvements in
-agriculture. And even the oldest of these, the plow, could not have
-been conceived of, until a precedent conception had been caught, and
-put into practice--I mean the conception, or idea, of substituting
-other forces in nature, for man’s own muscular power. These other
-forces, as now used, are principally, the _strength_ of animals, and
-the _power_ of the wind, of running streams, and of steam.
-
-Climbing upon the back of an animal, and making it carry us, might
-not occur very readily. I think the back of the camel would never
-have suggested it. It was, however, a matter of vast importance. The
-earliest instance of it mentioned, is when “Abraham rose up early in
-the morning, and saddled his ass” (Genesis xxii: 3), preparatory to
-sacrificing Isaac as a burnt-offering; but the allusion to the _saddle_
-indicates that riding had been in use some time; for it is quite
-probable they rode bare-backed awhile, at least, before they invented
-saddles.
-
-The _idea_, being once conceived, of riding _one_ species of animals,
-would soon be extended to others. Accordingly we find that when the
-servant of Abraham went in search of a wife for Isaac, he took ten
-_camels_ with him; and, on his return trip, “Rebekah arose, and her
-damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man” (Genesis
-xxiv: 61).
-
-The _horse_, too, as a riding animal, is mentioned early. The Red Sea
-being safely passed, Moses and the children of Israel sang to the Lord
-“the _horse_ and his _rider_ hath he thrown into the sea” (Exodus xv:
-1).
-
-Seeing that animals could bear _man_ upon their backs, it would soon
-occur that they could also bear other burthens. Accordingly we find
-that Joseph’s brethren, on their first visit to Egypt, “laded their
-asses with the corn, and departed thence” (Genesis xlii: 26).
-
-Also it would occur that animals could be made to _draw_ burthens
-_after_ them, as well as to bear them upon their backs; and hence plows
-and chariots came into use early enough to be often mentioned in the
-books of Moses (Deuteronomy xxii: 10; Genesis xli: 43; xlvi: 29; Exodus
-xiv: 25).
-
-Of all the forces of nature, I should think the _wind_ contains the
-largest amount of _motive power_--that is, power to move things. Take
-any given space of the earth’s surface--for instance, Illinois; and
-all the power exerted by all the men, and beasts, and running-water,
-and steam, over and upon it, shall not equal the one hundredth part
-of what is exerted by the blowing of the wind over and upon the same
-space. And yet it has not, so far in the world’s history, become
-proportionably _valuable_ as a motive power. It is applied extensively,
-and advantageously, to sail-vessels in navigation. Add to this a few
-windmills, and pumps, and you have about all. That, as yet, no very
-successful mode of _controlling_, and _directing_ the wind, has been
-discovered; and that, naturally, it moves by fits and starts--now so
-gently as to scarcely stir a leaf, and now so roughly as to level a
-forest--doubtless have been the insurmountable difficulties. As yet,
-the wind is an _untamed_, and _unharnessed_ force; and quite possibly
-one of the greatest discoveries hereafter to be made, will be the
-taming, and harnessing of it. That the difficulties of controlling
-this power are very great is quite evident by the fact that they have
-already been perceived, and struggled with more than three thousand
-years; for that power was applied to sail-vessels, at least as early as
-the time of the prophet Isaiah.
-
-In speaking of _running streams_, as a motive power, I mean its
-application to mills and other machinery by means of the “_water
-wheel_”--a thing now well known, and extensively used; but, of which,
-no mention is made in the Bible, though it is thought to have been in
-use among the Romans. (Am. Ency.--Mill), the language of the Saviour
-“Two women shall be grinding at the mill, etc.” indicates that, even
-in the populous city of Jerusalem, at that day, mills were operated by
-hand--having, as yet had no other than human power applied to them.
-
-The advantageous use of _Steam-power_ is, unquestionably, a modern
-discovery. And yet, as much as two thousand years ago the power of
-steam was not only observed, but an ingenious toy was actually made
-and put in motion by it, at Alexandria in Egypt. What appears strange
-is, that neither the inventor of the toy, nor any one else, for so
-long a time afterwards, should perceive that steam would move _useful_
-machinery as well as a toy.
-
-
-    OF THIS BOOK 250 COPIES WERE PRINTED ON FABRIANO ITALIAN
-    HAND-MADE PAPER AND 1000 COPIES ON AMERICAN DRAWING PAPER. THE
-    FRONTISPIECE IS BY RAY F. COYLE. PRINTED BY THE BLAIR-MURDOCK
-    COMPANY, SAN FRANCISCO, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF JOHN HENRY NASH,
-    IN THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1915
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Note
-
-
-All pages were enclosed in the decorative border shown here only on the
-Title page.
-
-
-
-
-
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