diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52007-0.txt | 775 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52007-0.zip | bin | 15554 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52007-h.zip | bin | 273220 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52007-h/52007-h.htm | 1169 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52007-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 93319 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52007-h/images/i_frontis.jpg | bin | 99832 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/52007-h/images/i_title.jpg | bin | 65080 -> 0 bytes |
10 files changed, 17 insertions, 1944 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05dd82a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #52007 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52007) diff --git a/old/52007-0.txt b/old/52007-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f843bed..0000000 --- a/old/52007-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,775 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Discoveries and Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Discoveries and Inventions - A lecture by Abraham Lincoln delivered in 1860 - -Author: Abraham Lincoln - -Release Date: May 5, 2016 [EBook #52007] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - -[Illustration: _Abraham Lincoln_] - - - - -[Illustration (Title Page)] - - DISCOVERIES - AND - INVENTIONS - - A LECTURE BY - ABRAHAM LINCOLN - DELIVERED IN - 1860 - - - SAN FRANCISCO - JOHN HOWELL - 1915 - - - - -COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY JOHN HOWELL - - - - -A PREFATORY NOTE - - -_The Lecture--“Discoveries and Inventions”--by our greatest American, -presents a phase of Lincoln’s activity about which little is generally -known. It shows as clearly as any of his other writings how great was -Lincoln’s knowledge of the progress of mankind, particularly as related -in the Bible, and it reveals also his debt to that Book of Books for -inspiration and illustration, as well as his masterly use of pure -English, largely gained through that study._ - -_In the fateful year of 1860, the year of his election to the -presidency, Lincoln took up, in the pause of his affairs after the long -debate with Douglas, the custom of lyceum lecturing, then in great -vogue. This lecture on “Discoveries and Inventions” was delivered in -towns near his home, Springfield, Illinois, and in Springfield itself -on Washington’s birthday. Five days later Lincoln made his great speech -at Cooper Union in New York._ - -_The lecture is not included with any collection of Lincoln’s -addresses. It appeared in print for the first time in_ Sunset Magazine -_in 1909--the centennial of Lincoln’s birth_. - -_The original manuscript, from which this edition, the first in book -form, is made, was a cherished possession of the late Dr. Samuel -Houston Melvin, of Oakland, California, formerly a resident of -Springfield, Illinois, and a friend of Mr. Lincoln. Just prior to -Dr. Melvin’s death, in 1898, he made an affidavit setting forth the -history of the manuscript; that statement is as follows_: - - - MEMORANDUM OF CERTAIN FACTS FOR INFORMATION OF THOSE WHO FOLLOW - AFTER - - _In the month of February, 1861, being at that time a resident - of Springfield, Illinois, I called one evening at the residence - of my friend, Dr. John Todd. The doctor was an uncle of Mrs. - Abraham Lincoln. While there Mr. Lincoln came in, bringing with - him a well-filled satchel, remarking as he set it down that - it contained his literary bureau. Mr. Lincoln remained some - fifteen or twenty minutes, conversing mainly about the details - of his prospective trip to Washington the following week, and - told us of the arrangements agreed upon for the family to - follow him a few days later. When about to leave he handed the - grip above referred to to Mrs. Grimsley, the only daughter of - Dr. Todd, who was then a widow but who subsequently became - the wife of Rev. Dr. John H. Brown, a Presbyterian minister - located in Springfield, remarking as he did so that he would - leave the bureau in her charge; that if he ever returned to - Springfield he would claim it, but if not she might make such - disposition of its contents as she deemed proper. A tone of - indescribable sadness was noted in the latter part of the - sentence. Lincoln had shown me quite a number of letters a few - days before, threatening his life, some predicting that he - never would be inaugurated, and it was apparent to me that they - were making an impression upon his mind, although he tried to - laugh the matter off. About five years later the Nation was - startled by the announcement of Lincoln’s assassination. The - corporation of Springfield selected twelve of its citizens to - proceed at once to Washington and accompany the remains of the - dead President back to his old home. I was one of that number, - and shall never forget the indescribable sadness manifested - by millions of mourners along the route of travel of the - funeral cortège as it wended its way westward over two thousand - miles. A few evenings after his body was laid to rest, I again - called upon my neighbors, the family of Dr. Todd. Scenes and - incidents connected with the assassination and funeral of the - dead President were discussed, and the remark made by Lincoln - on his last visit to the house was referred to as indicating - a presentiment that he would not return alive. This recalled - the fact of his having left his so-called literary bureau, - and his injunction as to its disposition. Mrs. Grimsley - brought the grip from the place where it had been stored, and - opened it with a view to examining its contents. Among them - was found this manuscript, and attached to it by means of a - piece of red tape was another of like character. They proved - to be manuscripts of two lectures which he had prepared - and delivered within a year prior to his election to the - presidency--one at Jacksonville, Illinois, and a few days later - at Decatur, Illinois; the other a little later at Cook’s Hall, - Springfield, Illinois, at which I was present. Mrs. Grimsley - told me to select from the contents of the bureau any one of - the manuscripts it contained; and supposing at that time that - the two manuscripts belonged to the same lecture, I selected - them. On subsequent examination I discovered that while they - both treated upon the same subject (Inventions and Discoveries) - they were separate lectures. Twenty-five years later I disposed - of one of the manuscripts to Mr. Gunther[A] of Chicago. The - other it is my hope and desire shall remain in possession of my - family and its descendants._ - -_The manuscript is now owned by Dr. Melvin’s son, the Honorable Henry -A. Melvin, a Justice of the Supreme Court of California, through whose -courtesy this edition is published._ - - [A] _This was published in “Addresses and Letters of Lincoln,” - The Century Company, 1904._ - - - - -DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS - -A LECTURE BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN - - -All creation is a mine, and every man a miner. - -The whole earth, and all _within_ it, _upon_ it, and _round about_ it, -including _himself_, in his physical, moral, and intellectual nature, -and his susceptibilities, are the infinitely various “leads” from -which, man, from the first, was to dig out his destiny. - -In the beginning, the mine was unopened, and the miner stood _naked_, -and _knowledgeless_, upon it. - -Fishes, birds, beasts, and creeping things, are not miners, but -_feeders_ and _lodgers_ merely. Beavers build houses; but they build -them in nowise differently, or better now, than they did, five thousand -years ago. Ants and honey bees provide food for winter; but just in -the _same way_ they did, when Solomon referred the sluggard to them as -patterns of prudence. - -Man is not the only animal who labors; but he is the only one -who _improves_ his workmanship. This improvement he effects by -_Discoveries_ and _Inventions_. His first important discovery was the -fact that he was naked; and his first invention was the fig-leaf apron. -This simple article, the apron, made of leaves, seems to have been -the origin of _clothing_--the one thing for which nearly half of the -toil and care of the human race has ever since been expended. The most -important improvement ever made in connection with clothing, was the -invention of _spinning_ and _weaving_. The spinning jenny, and power -loom, invented in modern times, though great _improvements_, do not, -_as inventions_, rank with the ancient arts of spinning and weaving. -Spinning and weaving brought into the department of clothing such -abundance and variety of material. Wool, the hair of several species of -animals, hemp, flax, cotton, silk, and perhaps other articles, were all -suited to it, affording garments not only adapted to wet and dry, heat -and cold, but also susceptible of high degrees of ornamental finish. -Exactly _when_, or _where_, spinning and weaving originated is not -known. At the first interview of the Almighty with Adam and Eve, after -the fall, He made “coats of skins, and clothed them” (Genesis iii: 21). - -The Bible makes no other allusion to clothing, _before_ the flood. Soon -_after_ the deluge Noah’s two sons covered him with a _garment_; but of -what _material_ the garment was made is not mentioned (Genesis ix: 23). - -Abraham mentions “_thread_” in such connection as to indicate that -spinning and weaving were in use in his day (Genesis xiv: 23), and soon -after, reference to the art is frequently made. “_Linen breeches_” are -mentioned (Exodus xxviii: 42), and it is said “all the women that were -wise-hearted did _spin_ with their hands” (Exodus xxxv: 25), and, “all -the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom _spun_ goats’ hair” -(Exodus xxxv: 26). The work of the “_weaver_” is mentioned (Exodus -xxxv: 35). In the book of Job, a very old book, date not exactly known, -the “_weavers’ shuttle_” is mentioned. - -The above mention of “_thread_” by Abraham is the oldest recorded -allusion to spinning and weaving; and _it_ was made about two thousand -years after the creation of man, and now, near four thousand years -ago. Profane authors think these arts originated in Egypt; and this -is not contradicted, or made improbable, by anything in the Bible; for -the allusion of Abraham, mentioned, was not made until after he had -sojourned in Egypt. - -The discovery of the properties of _iron_, and the making of _iron -tools_, must have been among the earliest of important discoveries and -inventions. We can scarcely conceive the possibility of making much of -anything else, without the use of iron tools. Indeed, an iron _hammer_ -must have been very much needed to make the _first_ iron hammer with. -A _stone_ probably served as a substitute. How could the “_gopher -wood_” for the Ark have been gotten out without an axe? It seems to me -an axe, or a miracle, was indispensable. Corresponding with the prime -necessity for iron, we find at least one very early notice of it. -Tubal-Cain was “an instructor of every artificer in _brass_ and _iron_” -(Genesis iv: 22). Tubal-Cain was the seventh in descent from Adam; -and his birth was about one thousand years before the flood. _After_ -the flood, frequent mention is made of _iron_, and _instruments_ made -of iron. Thus “instrument of iron” at Numbers xxxv: 16; “bedstead of -iron” at Deuteronomy iii: 11; “the iron furnace” at Deuteronomy iv: 20, -and “iron tool” at Deuteronomy xxvii: 5. At Deuteronomy xix: 5, very -distinct mention of “the ax to cut down the tree” is made; and also at -Deuteronomy viii: 9, the promised land is described as “a land whose -stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.” From -the somewhat frequent mention of brass in connection with iron, it is -not improbable that brass--perhaps what we now call copper--was used by -the ancients for some of the same purposes as iron. - -_Transportation_--the removal of person and goods from place to -place--would be an early _object_, if not a _necessity_, with man. By -his natural powers of locomotion, and without much assistance from -discovery and invention, he could move himself about with considerable -facility; and even, could carry small burthens with him. But very soon -he would wish to lessen the labor, while he might, at the same time, -extend, and expedite the business. For this object, wheel-carriages, -and water-crafts--wagons and boats--are the most important inventions. -The use of the wheel and axle has been so long known, that it is -difficult, without reflection, to estimate it at its true value. The -oldest recorded allusion to the wheel and axle is the mention of a -“chariot” (Genesis xli: 43). This was in Egypt, upon the occasion of -Joseph being made governor by Pharaoh. It was about twenty-five hundred -years after the creation of Adam. That the chariot then mentioned -was a wheel-carriage drawn by animals is sufficiently evidenced by -the mention of chariot _wheels_ (Exodus xiv: 25), and the mention of -chariots in connection with _horses_ in the same chapter, verses 9 and -23. So much, at present, for land transportation. - -Now, as to transportation by _water_, I have concluded, without -sufficient authority perhaps, to use the term “boat” as a general name -for all water-craft. The boat is indispensable to navigation. It is not -probable that the philosophical principle upon which the use of the -boat primarily depends--to-wit, the _principle_, that anything will -float, which cannot sink without displacing more than its own _weight_ -of water--was known, or even thought of, before the first boats were -made. The sight of a crow standing on a piece of driftwood floating -down the swollen current of a creek or river, might well enough suggest -the specific idea to a savage, that he could himself get upon a log, -or on two logs tied together, and somehow work his way to the opposite -shore of the same stream. Such a suggestion, so taken, would be the -birth of navigation; and such, not improbably, it really was. The -leading idea was thus caught; and whatever came afterwards, were but -improvements upon, and auxiliaries to, it. - -As man is a land animal, it might be expected he would learn to travel -by land somewhat earlier than he would by water. Still the crossing of -streams, somewhat too deep for wading, would be an early necessity with -him. If we pass by the Ark, which may be regarded as belonging rather -to the _miraculous_ than to _human_ invention, the first notice we -have of water-craft is the mention of “ships” by Jacob (Genesis xlix: -13). It is not till we reach the book of Isaiah that we meet with the -mention of “oars” and “sails.” - -As man’s _food_--his first necessity--was to be derived from the -vegetation of the earth, it was natural that his first care should be -directed to the assistance of that vegetation. And accordingly we find -that, even before the fall, the man was put into the garden of Eden “to -dress it, and to keep it.” And when afterwards, in consequence of the -first transgression, _labor_ was imposed on the race, as a _penalty_--a -_curse_--we find the first born man--the first heir of the curse--was -“a tiller of the ground.” This was the beginning of agriculture; and -although, both in point of time, and of importance, it stands at the -head of all branches of human industry, it has derived less direct -advantage from Discovery and Invention, than almost any other. The -plow, of very early origin; and reaping, and threshing, machines, -of modern invention are, at this day, the principal improvements in -agriculture. And even the oldest of these, the plow, could not have -been conceived of, until a precedent conception had been caught, and -put into practice--I mean the conception, or idea, of substituting -other forces in nature, for man’s own muscular power. These other -forces, as now used, are principally, the _strength_ of animals, and -the _power_ of the wind, of running streams, and of steam. - -Climbing upon the back of an animal, and making it carry us, might -not occur very readily. I think the back of the camel would never -have suggested it. It was, however, a matter of vast importance. The -earliest instance of it mentioned, is when “Abraham rose up early in -the morning, and saddled his ass” (Genesis xxii: 3), preparatory to -sacrificing Isaac as a burnt-offering; but the allusion to the _saddle_ -indicates that riding had been in use some time; for it is quite -probable they rode bare-backed awhile, at least, before they invented -saddles. - -The _idea_, being once conceived, of riding _one_ species of animals, -would soon be extended to others. Accordingly we find that when the -servant of Abraham went in search of a wife for Isaac, he took ten -_camels_ with him; and, on his return trip, “Rebekah arose, and her -damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man” (Genesis -xxiv: 61). - -The _horse_, too, as a riding animal, is mentioned early. The Red Sea -being safely passed, Moses and the children of Israel sang to the Lord -“the _horse_ and his _rider_ hath he thrown into the sea” (Exodus xv: -1). - -Seeing that animals could bear _man_ upon their backs, it would soon -occur that they could also bear other burthens. Accordingly we find -that Joseph’s brethren, on their first visit to Egypt, “laded their -asses with the corn, and departed thence” (Genesis xlii: 26). - -Also it would occur that animals could be made to _draw_ burthens -_after_ them, as well as to bear them upon their backs; and hence plows -and chariots came into use early enough to be often mentioned in the -books of Moses (Deuteronomy xxii: 10; Genesis xli: 43; xlvi: 29; Exodus -xiv: 25). - -Of all the forces of nature, I should think the _wind_ contains the -largest amount of _motive power_--that is, power to move things. Take -any given space of the earth’s surface--for instance, Illinois; and -all the power exerted by all the men, and beasts, and running-water, -and steam, over and upon it, shall not equal the one hundredth part -of what is exerted by the blowing of the wind over and upon the same -space. And yet it has not, so far in the world’s history, become -proportionably _valuable_ as a motive power. It is applied extensively, -and advantageously, to sail-vessels in navigation. Add to this a few -windmills, and pumps, and you have about all. That, as yet, no very -successful mode of _controlling_, and _directing_ the wind, has been -discovered; and that, naturally, it moves by fits and starts--now so -gently as to scarcely stir a leaf, and now so roughly as to level a -forest--doubtless have been the insurmountable difficulties. As yet, -the wind is an _untamed_, and _unharnessed_ force; and quite possibly -one of the greatest discoveries hereafter to be made, will be the -taming, and harnessing of it. That the difficulties of controlling -this power are very great is quite evident by the fact that they have -already been perceived, and struggled with more than three thousand -years; for that power was applied to sail-vessels, at least as early as -the time of the prophet Isaiah. - -In speaking of _running streams_, as a motive power, I mean its -application to mills and other machinery by means of the “_water -wheel_”--a thing now well known, and extensively used; but, of which, -no mention is made in the Bible, though it is thought to have been in -use among the Romans. (Am. Ency.--Mill), the language of the Saviour -“Two women shall be grinding at the mill, etc.” indicates that, even -in the populous city of Jerusalem, at that day, mills were operated by -hand--having, as yet had no other than human power applied to them. - -The advantageous use of _Steam-power_ is, unquestionably, a modern -discovery. And yet, as much as two thousand years ago the power of -steam was not only observed, but an ingenious toy was actually made -and put in motion by it, at Alexandria in Egypt. What appears strange -is, that neither the inventor of the toy, nor any one else, for so -long a time afterwards, should perceive that steam would move _useful_ -machinery as well as a toy. - - - OF THIS BOOK 250 COPIES WERE PRINTED ON FABRIANO ITALIAN - HAND-MADE PAPER AND 1000 COPIES ON AMERICAN DRAWING PAPER. THE - FRONTISPIECE IS BY RAY F. COYLE. PRINTED BY THE BLAIR-MURDOCK - COMPANY, SAN FRANCISCO, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF JOHN HENRY NASH, - IN THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1915 - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - - -All pages were enclosed in the decorative border shown here only on the -Title page. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Discoveries and Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 52007-0.txt or 52007-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/0/0/52007/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/52007-0.zip b/old/52007-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d8613bb..0000000 --- a/old/52007-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52007-h.zip b/old/52007-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 52eaccf..0000000 --- a/old/52007-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52007-h/52007-h.htm b/old/52007-h/52007-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 00395bd..0000000 --- a/old/52007-h/52007-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1169 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Discoveries And Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 2.5em; - margin-right: 2.5em; -} - -h1,h2, h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; - margin-top: 2.5em; - margin-bottom: 1em; -} - -h1 {line-height: 1;} - -h2+p {margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2 .subhead {display: block; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} - -.transnote h2 { - margin-top: .5em; - margin-bottom: 1em; -} - -.subhead { - text-indent: 0; - text-align: center; - font-size: smaller; -} - -p { - text-indent: 1.75em; - margin-top: .51em; - margin-bottom: .24em; - text-align: justify; -} -.caption p {text-align: center; text-indent: 0;} -p.center {text-indent: 0;} - -.p1 {margin-top: 1em;} -.p2 {margin-top: 2em;} -.p4 {margin-top: 4em;} -.vspace {line-height: 1.5;} - -.in0 {text-indent: 0;} - -.small {font-size: 70%;} -.larger {font-size: 125%;} -.large {font-size: 150%;} - -p.drop-cap {text-indent: 0; margin-bottom: 1.1em;} -p.drop-cap:first-letter { - float: left; - margin: .08em .15em 0 0; - font-size: 500%; - line-height:0.7em; - text-indent: 0; - clear: both; -} -p.drop-cap.al .smcap1 {margin-left: -1.8em;} -p .smcap1 {font-size: 125%;} -.smcap1 {font-variant: small-caps;} - -.center {text-align: center;} - -hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 4em; - margin-bottom: 4em; - margin-left: 33%; - margin-right: auto; - clear: both; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4px; - text-indent: 0em; - text-align: right; - font-size: 70%; - font-weight: normal; - font-variant: normal; - font-style: normal; - letter-spacing: normal; - line-height: normal; - color: #acacac; - border: 1px solid #acacac; - background: #ffffff; - padding: 1px 2px; - display: none; visibility: hidden; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: 4em auto 0 auto; - text-align: center; - page-break-inside: avoid; - max-width: 100%; -} - -img { - padding: 0; - max-width: 100%; - height: auto; -} - -.caption { - font-weight: bold; - text-align: center; - margin-top: .5em; -} - -.footnote { - border: thin dashed black; - margin: 1.5em 10%; - padding: .5em 1em; - font-size: 95%; -} - -.footnote p {text-indent: 1em;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: 80%; - line-height: .7; - font-size: .75em; - text-decoration: none; - font-style: normal; -} -.footnote .fnanchor {font-size: .8em;} - -blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; - font-size: 95%; -} -blockquote.narrow {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%;} - -.transnote { - background-color: #EEE; - border: thin dotted; - font-family: sans-serif, serif; - color: #000; - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; - margin-top: 4em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - padding: 1em; -} - -cite.n {font-style: normal;} - -@media print, handheld -{ - h1, .chapter, .newpage {page-break-before: always;} - h1.nobreak, h2.nobreak, .nobreak {page-break-before: avoid; padding-top: 0;} - - p { - margin-top: .5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .25em; - } - - p.drop-cap {text-indent: 1.75em; margin-bottom: .24em;} - p.drop-cap:first-letter { - float: none; - font-size: 100%; - margin-left: 0; - margin-right: 0; - text-indent: 1.75em; - } - - p.drop-cap.al .smcap1 {margin-left: 0;} - p .smcap1 {font-size: 100%;} - .smcap1 {font-variant: normal;} - -} - -@media handheld -{ - body {margin: 0;} - - hr { - margin-top: .1em; - margin-bottom: .1em; - visibility: hidden; - color: white; - width: .01em; - display: none; - } - - - blockquote {margin: 1.5em 3% 1.5em 3%;} - - .transnote { - page-break-inside: avoid; - margin-left: 2%; - margin-right: 2%; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - padding: .5em; - } -} - </style> - </head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Discoveries and Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Discoveries and Inventions - A lecture by Abraham Lincoln delivered in 1860 - -Author: Abraham Lincoln - -Release Date: May 5, 2016 [EBook #52007] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 397px;"> -<img src="images/i_frontis.jpg" width="397" height="600" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"><p><i>Abraham Lincoln</i></p></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">2</a></span></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 397px;"> -<img src="images/i_title.jpg" width="397" height="600" alt="Title page" /> -</div> - -<h1 class="vspace"> -<span class="larger">DISCOVERIES<br /> -<span class="small">AND</span><br /> -INVENTIONS</span></h1> - -<p class="p2 center vspace large">A LECTURE BY<br /> -ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br /> -DELIVERED IN<br /> -1860</p> - -<p class="p2 center vspace">SAN FRANCISCO<br /> -<span class="larger">JOHN HOWELL</span><br /> -1915 -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">3</a></span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">4</a></span></p> -<p class="newpage p4 center">COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY JOHN HOWELL</p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2><a id="A_PREFATORY_NOTE"></a>A PREFATORY NOTE</h2> - -<p><i>The Lecture—“Discoveries and Inventions”—by -our greatest American, -presents a phase of Lincoln’s activity -about which little is generally known. -It shows as clearly as any of his other -writings how great was Lincoln’s -knowledge of the progress of mankind, -particularly as related in the Bible, and -it reveals also his debt to that Book of -Books for inspiration and illustration, -as well as his masterly use of pure -English, largely gained through that -study.</i></p> - -<p><i>In the fateful year of 1860, the year -of his election to the presidency, Lincoln -took up, in the pause of his affairs after -the long debate with Douglas, the custom -of lyceum lecturing, then in great<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">5</a></span> -vogue. This lecture on “Discoveries and -Inventions” was delivered in towns -near his home, Springfield, Illinois, and -in Springfield itself on Washington’s -birthday. Five days later Lincoln made -his great speech at Cooper Union in -New York.</i></p> - -<p><i>The lecture is not included with any -collection of Lincoln’s addresses. It appeared -in print for the first time in <cite class="n">Sunset -Magazine</cite> in 1909—the centennial -of Lincoln’s birth</i>.</p> - -<p><i>The original manuscript, from which -this edition, the first in book form, is -made, was a cherished possession of the -late Dr. Samuel Houston Melvin, of -Oakland, California, formerly a resident -of Springfield, Illinois, and a -friend of Mr. Lincoln. Just prior to -Dr. Melvin’s death, in 1898, he made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">6</a></span> -an affidavit setting forth the history -of the manuscript; that statement is as -follows</i>:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<h3 class="center vspace">MEMORANDUM OF<br /> -CERTAIN FACTS FOR INFORMATION OF<br /> -THOSE WHO FOLLOW AFTER</h3> - -<p><i>In the month of February, 1861, being at that -time a resident of Springfield, Illinois, I called one -evening at the residence of my friend, Dr. John Todd. -The doctor was an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. -While there Mr. Lincoln came in, bringing with -him a well-filled satchel, remarking as he set it down -that it contained his literary bureau. Mr. Lincoln -remained some fifteen or twenty minutes, conversing -mainly about the details of his prospective trip to -Washington the following week, and told us of the -arrangements agreed upon for the family to follow -him a few days later. When about to leave he handed -the grip above referred to to Mrs. Grimsley, the -only daughter of Dr. Todd, who was then a widow -but who subsequently became the wife of Rev. Dr. -John H. Brown, a Presbyterian minister located in -Springfield, remarking as he did so that he would -leave the bureau in her charge; that if he ever returned -to Springfield he would claim it, but if not -she might make such disposition of its contents as she -deemed proper. A tone of indescribable sadness was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">7</a></span> -noted in the latter part of the sentence. Lincoln had -shown me quite a number of letters a few days before, -threatening his life, some predicting that he -never would be inaugurated, and it was apparent -to me that they were making an impression upon his -mind, although he tried to laugh the matter off. -About five years later the Nation was startled by -the announcement of Lincoln’s assassination. The -corporation of Springfield selected twelve of its citizens -to proceed at once to Washington and accompany -the remains of the dead President back to his -old home. I was one of that number, and shall never -forget the indescribable sadness manifested by millions -of mourners along the route of travel of the -funeral cortège as it wended its way westward over -two thousand miles. A few evenings after his body -was laid to rest, I again called upon my neighbors, -the family of Dr. Todd. Scenes and incidents connected -with the assassination and funeral of the dead -President were discussed, and the remark made by -Lincoln on his last visit to the house was referred -to as indicating a presentiment that he would not -return alive. This recalled the fact of his having -left his so-called literary bureau, and his injunction -as to its disposition. Mrs. Grimsley brought the grip -from the place where it had been stored, and opened -it with a view to examining its contents. Among -them was found this manuscript, and attached to it -by means of a piece of red tape was another of like -character. They proved to be manuscripts of two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">8</a></span> -lectures which he had prepared and delivered within -a year prior to his election to the presidency—one -at Jacksonville, Illinois, and a few days later at Decatur, -Illinois; the other a little later at Cook’s Hall, -Springfield, Illinois, at which I was present. Mrs. -Grimsley told me to select from the contents of the -bureau any one of the manuscripts it contained; and -supposing at that time that the two manuscripts belonged -to the same lecture, I selected them. On subsequent -examination I discovered that while they -both treated upon the same subject (Inventions and -Discoveries) they were separate lectures. Twenty-five -years later I disposed of one of the manuscripts -to Mr. Gunther<a id="FNanchor_A" href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> of Chicago. The other it is my hope -and desire shall remain in possession of my family -and its descendants.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p><i>The manuscript is now owned by Dr. -Melvin’s son, the Honorable Henry A. -Melvin, a Justice of the Supreme Court -of California, through whose courtesy -this edition is published.</i></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_A" href="#FNanchor_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> <i>This was published in “<cite>Addresses and Letters of Lincoln</cite>,” The Century -Company, 1904.</i></p></div> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">10</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 id="Lecture">DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS<br /> - -<span class="subhead">A LECTURE BY<br /> -ABRAHAM LINCOLN</span></h2> - -<p class="drop-cap al"><span class="smcap1">All</span> creation is a mine, and every man -a miner.</p> - -<p>The whole earth, and all <em>within</em> -it, <em>upon</em> it, and <em>round about</em> it, including -<em>himself</em>, in his physical, moral, and -intellectual nature, and his susceptibilities, -are the infinitely various “leads” from which, -man, from the first, was to dig out his destiny.</p> - -<p>In the beginning, the mine was unopened, -and the miner stood <em>naked</em>, and <em>knowledgeless</em>, -upon it.</p> - -<p>Fishes, birds, beasts, and creeping things, -are not miners, but <em>feeders</em> and <em>lodgers</em> merely. -Beavers build houses; but they build them in -nowise differently, or better now, than they -did, five thousand years ago. Ants and honey -bees provide food for winter; but just in the -<em>same way</em> they did, when Solomon referred -the sluggard to them as patterns of prudence.</p> - -<p>Man is not the only animal who labors; -but he is the only one who <em>improves</em> his -workmanship. This improvement he effects<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">11</a></span> -by <em>Discoveries</em> and <em>Inventions</em>. His first important -discovery was the fact that he was -naked; and his first invention was the fig-leaf -apron. This simple article, the apron, made -of leaves, seems to have been the origin of -<em>clothing</em>—the one thing for which nearly half -of the toil and care of the human race has -ever since been expended. The most important -improvement ever made in connection -with clothing, was the invention of <em>spinning</em> -and <em>weaving</em>. The spinning jenny, and power -loom, invented in modern times, though -great <em>improvements</em>, do not, <em>as inventions</em>, rank -with the ancient arts of spinning and weaving. -Spinning and weaving brought into -the department of clothing such abundance -and variety of material. Wool, the hair of -several species of animals, hemp, flax, cotton, -silk, and perhaps other articles, were all -suited to it, affording garments not only -adapted to wet and dry, heat and cold, but -also susceptible of high degrees of ornamental -finish. Exactly <em>when</em>, or <em>where</em>, spinning -and weaving originated is not known. -At the first interview of the Almighty with -Adam and Eve, after the fall, He made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">12</a></span> -“coats of skins, and clothed them” (<cite class="n">Genesis -iii: 21</cite>).</p> - -<p>The Bible makes no other allusion to clothing, -<em>before</em> the flood. Soon <em>after</em> the deluge -Noah’s two sons covered him with a <em>garment</em>; -but of what <em>material</em> the garment was -made is not mentioned (<cite class="n">Genesis ix: 23</cite>).</p> - -<p>Abraham mentions “<em>thread</em>” in such connection -as to indicate that spinning and weaving -were in use in his day (<cite class="n">Genesis xiv: 23</cite>), -and soon after, reference to the art is frequently -made. “<em>Linen breeches</em>” are mentioned -(<cite class="n">Exodus xxviii: 42</cite>), and it is said “all the -women that were wise-hearted did <em>spin</em> with -their hands” (<cite class="n">Exodus xxxv: 25</cite>), and, “all -the women whose heart stirred them up in -wisdom <em>spun</em> goats’ hair” (<cite class="n">Exodus xxxv: 26</cite>). -The work of the “<em>weaver</em>” is mentioned -(<cite class="n">Exodus xxxv: 35</cite>). In the book of Job, a -very old book, date not exactly known, the -“<em>weavers’ shuttle</em>” is mentioned.</p> - -<p>The above mention of “<em>thread</em>” by Abraham -is the oldest recorded allusion to spinning -and weaving; and <em>it</em> was made about two -thousand years after the creation of man, and -now, near four thousand years ago. Profane<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">13</a></span> -authors think these arts originated in Egypt; -and this is not contradicted, or made improbable, -by anything in the Bible; for the allusion -of Abraham, mentioned, was not made -until after he had sojourned in Egypt.</p> - -<p>The discovery of the properties of <em>iron</em>, -and the making of <em>iron tools</em>, must have been -among the earliest of important discoveries -and inventions. We can scarcely conceive -the possibility of making much of anything -else, without the use of iron tools. Indeed, -an iron <em>hammer</em> must have been very much -needed to make the <em>first</em> iron hammer with. -A <em>stone</em> probably served as a substitute. How -could the “<em>gopher wood</em>” for the Ark have -been gotten out without an axe? It seems to -me an axe, or a miracle, was indispensable. -Corresponding with the prime necessity for -iron, we find at least one very early notice -of it. Tubal-Cain was “an instructor of every -artificer in <em>brass</em> and <em>iron</em>” (<cite class="n">Genesis iv: 22</cite>). -Tubal-Cain was the seventh in descent from -Adam; and his birth was about one thousand -years before the flood. <em>After</em> the flood, frequent -mention is made of <em>iron</em>, and <em>instruments</em> -made of iron. Thus “instrument of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">14</a></span> -iron” at Numbers xxxv: 16; “bedstead of -iron” at Deuteronomy iii: 11; “the iron furnace” -at Deuteronomy iv: 20, and “iron -tool” at Deuteronomy xxvii: 5. At Deuteronomy -xix: 5, very distinct mention of “the -ax to cut down the tree” is made; and also -at Deuteronomy viii: 9, the promised land -is described as “a land whose stones are iron, -and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.” -From the somewhat frequent mention of -brass in connection with iron, it is not improbable -that brass—perhaps what we now -call copper—was used by the ancients for -some of the same purposes as iron.</p> - -<p><em>Transportation</em>—the removal of person and -goods from place to place—would be an early -<em>object</em>, if not a <em>necessity</em>, with man. By his -natural powers of locomotion, and without -much assistance from discovery and invention, -he could move himself about with considerable -facility; and even, could carry small -burthens with him. But very soon he would -wish to lessen the labor, while he might, at -the same time, extend, and expedite the business. -For this object, wheel-carriages, and water-crafts—wagons -and boats—are the most<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">15</a></span> -important inventions. The use of the wheel -and axle has been so long known, that it is difficult, -without reflection, to estimate it at its -true value. The oldest recorded allusion to the -wheel and axle is the mention of a “chariot” -(<cite class="n">Genesis xli: 43</cite>). This was in Egypt, upon -the occasion of Joseph being made governor -by Pharaoh. It was about twenty-five hundred -years after the creation of Adam. That -the chariot then mentioned was a wheel-carriage -drawn by animals is sufficiently -evidenced by the mention of chariot <em>wheels</em> -(<cite class="n">Exodus xiv: 25</cite>), and the mention of chariots -in connection with <em>horses</em> in the same -chapter, verses 9 and 23. So much, at present, -for land transportation.</p> - -<p>Now, as to transportation by <em>water</em>, I have -concluded, without sufficient authority perhaps, -to use the term “boat” as a general -name for all water-craft. The boat is indispensable -to navigation. It is not probable -that the philosophical principle upon which -the use of the boat primarily depends—to-wit, -the <em>principle</em>, that anything will float, -which cannot sink without displacing more -than its own <em>weight</em> of water—was known,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">16</a></span> -or even thought of, before the first boats were -made. The sight of a crow standing on a -piece of driftwood floating down the swollen -current of a creek or river, might well enough -suggest the specific idea to a savage, that he -could himself get upon a log, or on two logs -tied together, and somehow work his way -to the opposite shore of the same stream. -Such a suggestion, so taken, would be the -birth of navigation; and such, not improbably, -it really was. The leading idea was thus -caught; and whatever came afterwards, were -but improvements upon, and auxiliaries to, it.</p> - -<p>As man is a land animal, it might be expected -he would learn to travel by land somewhat -earlier than he would by water. Still -the crossing of streams, somewhat too deep -for wading, would be an early necessity with -him. If we pass by the Ark, which may be -regarded as belonging rather to the <em>miraculous</em> -than to <em>human</em> invention, the first notice -we have of water-craft is the mention of -“ships” by Jacob (<cite class="n">Genesis xlix: 13</cite>). It is not -till we reach the book of Isaiah that we meet -with the mention of “oars” and “sails.”</p> - -<p>As man’s <em>food</em>—his first necessity—was to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">17</a></span> -be derived from the vegetation of the earth, -it was natural that his first care should be -directed to the assistance of that vegetation. -And accordingly we find that, even before -the fall, the man was put into the garden of -Eden “to dress it, and to keep it.” And when -afterwards, in consequence of the first transgression, -<em>labor</em> was imposed on the race, as a -<em>penalty</em>—a <em>curse</em>—we find the first born man—the -first heir of the curse—was “a tiller of -the ground.” This was the beginning of agriculture; -and although, both in point of time, -and of importance, it stands at the head of -all branches of human industry, it has derived -less direct advantage from Discovery -and Invention, than almost any other. The -plow, of very early origin; and reaping, and -threshing, machines, of modern invention -are, at this day, the principal improvements -in agriculture. And even the oldest of these, -the plow, could not have been conceived of, -until a precedent conception had been caught, -and put into practice—I mean the conception, -or idea, of substituting other forces in -nature, for man’s own muscular power. These -other forces, as now used, are principally, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">18</a></span> -<em>strength</em> of animals, and the <em>power</em> of the -wind, of running streams, and of steam.</p> - -<p>Climbing upon the back of an animal, and -making it carry us, might not occur very -readily. I think the back of the camel would -never have suggested it. It was, however, a -matter of vast importance. The earliest instance -of it mentioned, is when “Abraham -rose up early in the morning, and saddled his -ass” (<cite class="n">Genesis xxii: 3</cite>), preparatory to sacrificing -Isaac as a burnt-offering; but the allusion -to the <em>saddle</em> indicates that riding had -been in use some time; for it is quite probable -they rode bare-backed awhile, at least, -before they invented saddles.</p> - -<p>The <em>idea</em>, being once conceived, of riding -<em>one</em> species of animals, would soon be extended -to others. Accordingly we find that -when the servant of Abraham went in search -of a wife for Isaac, he took ten <em>camels</em> with -him; and, on his return trip, “Rebekah arose, -and her damsels, and they rode upon the -camels, and followed the man” (<cite class="n">Genesis -xxiv: 61</cite>).</p> - -<p>The <em>horse</em>, too, as a riding animal, is mentioned -early. The Red Sea being safely passed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">19</a></span> -Moses and the children of Israel sang to the -Lord “the <em>horse</em> and his <em>rider</em> hath he thrown -into the sea” (<cite class="n">Exodus xv: 1</cite>).</p> - -<p>Seeing that animals could bear <em>man</em> upon -their backs, it would soon occur that they -could also bear other burthens. Accordingly -we find that Joseph’s brethren, on their first -visit to Egypt, “laded their asses with the -corn, and departed thence” (<cite class="n">Genesis xlii: 26</cite>).</p> - -<p>Also it would occur that animals could be -made to <em>draw</em> burthens <em>after</em> them, as well -as to bear them upon their backs; and hence -plows and chariots came into use early enough -to be often mentioned in the books of Moses -(<cite class="n">Deuteronomy xxii: 10</cite>; <cite>Genesis xli: 43</cite>; -<cite class="n">xlvi: 29</cite>; <cite>Exodus xiv: 25</cite>).</p> - -<p>Of all the forces of nature, I should think -the <em>wind</em> contains the largest amount of <em>motive -power</em>—that is, power to move things. -Take any given space of the earth’s surface—for -instance, Illinois; and all the power exerted -by all the men, and beasts, and running-water, -and steam, over and upon it, shall not -equal the one hundredth part of what is exerted -by the blowing of the wind over and -upon the same space. And yet it has not, so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">20</a></span> -far in the world’s history, become proportionably -<em>valuable</em> as a motive power. It is applied -extensively, and advantageously, to sail-vessels -in navigation. Add to this a few windmills, -and pumps, and you have about all. -That, as yet, no very successful mode of <em>controlling</em>, -and <em>directing</em> the wind, has been discovered; -and that, naturally, it moves by fits -and starts—now so gently as to scarcely stir a -leaf, and now so roughly as to level a forest—doubtless -have been the insurmountable difficulties. -As yet, the wind is an <em>untamed</em>, and -<em>unharnessed</em> force; and quite possibly one of -the greatest discoveries hereafter to be made, -will be the taming, and harnessing of it. That -the difficulties of controlling this power are -very great is quite evident by the fact that they -have already been perceived, and struggled -with more than three thousand years; for -that power was applied to sail-vessels, at least -as early as the time of the prophet Isaiah.</p> - -<p>In speaking of <em>running streams</em>, as a motive -power, I mean its application to mills and -other machinery by means of the “<em>water -wheel</em>”—a thing now well known, and extensively -used; but, of which, no mention is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">21</a></span> -made in the Bible, though it is thought to -have been in use among the Romans. (<cite class="n">Am. -Ency.</cite>—Mill), the language of the Saviour -“Two women shall be grinding at the mill, -etc.” indicates that, even in the populous city -of Jerusalem, at that day, mills were operated -by hand—having, as yet had no other -than human power applied to them.</p> - -<p>The advantageous use of <em>Steam-power</em> is, -unquestionably, a modern discovery. And yet, -as much as two thousand years ago the power -of steam was not only observed, but an ingenious -toy was actually made and put in -motion by it, at Alexandria in Egypt. What -appears strange is, that neither the inventor -of the toy, nor any one else, for so long a -time afterwards, should perceive that steam -would move <em>useful</em> machinery as well as a toy.</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">22</a></span></p> - -<blockquote class="newpage p4 vspace narrow"> - -<p class="in0">OF THIS BOOK 250 COPIES WERE -PRINTED ON FABRIANO ITALIAN -HAND-MADE PAPER AND 1000 -COPIES ON AMERICAN DRAWING -PAPER. THE FRONTISPIECE IS BY -RAY F. COYLE. PRINTED BY THE -BLAIR-MURDOCK COMPANY, SAN -FRANCISCO, UNDER THE DIRECTION -OF JOHN HENRY NASH, IN -THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1915</p></blockquote> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="transnote"> -<h2 class="nobreak p1"><a id="Transcribers_Note"></a>Transcriber’s Note</h2> - -<p>All pages were enclosed in the decorative border shown here only on the -Title page.</p> -</div></div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Discoveries and Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 52007-h.htm or 52007-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/2/0/0/52007/ - -Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/52007-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/52007-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 89c75d5..0000000 --- a/old/52007-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52007-h/images/i_frontis.jpg b/old/52007-h/images/i_frontis.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f66eb64..0000000 --- a/old/52007-h/images/i_frontis.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/52007-h/images/i_title.jpg b/old/52007-h/images/i_title.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index bbe93bc..0000000 --- a/old/52007-h/images/i_title.jpg +++ /dev/null |
