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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Discoveries and Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln
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-
-Title: Discoveries and Inventions
-       A lecture by Abraham Lincoln delivered in 1860
-
-Author: Abraham Lincoln
-
-Release Date: May 5, 2016 [EBook #52007]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS ***
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-Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
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-[Illustration: _Abraham Lincoln_]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration (Title Page)]
-
-  DISCOVERIES
-  AND
-  INVENTIONS
-
-  A LECTURE BY
-  ABRAHAM LINCOLN
-  DELIVERED IN
-  1860
-
-
-  SAN FRANCISCO
-  JOHN HOWELL
-  1915
-
-
-
-
-COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY JOHN HOWELL
-
-
-
-
-A PREFATORY NOTE
-
-
-_The Lecture--“Discoveries and Inventions”--by our greatest American,
-presents a phase of Lincoln’s activity about which little is generally
-known. It shows as clearly as any of his other writings how great was
-Lincoln’s knowledge of the progress of mankind, particularly as related
-in the Bible, and it reveals also his debt to that Book of Books for
-inspiration and illustration, as well as his masterly use of pure
-English, largely gained through that study._
-
-_In the fateful year of 1860, the year of his election to the
-presidency, Lincoln took up, in the pause of his affairs after the long
-debate with Douglas, the custom of lyceum lecturing, then in great
-vogue. This lecture on “Discoveries and Inventions” was delivered in
-towns near his home, Springfield, Illinois, and in Springfield itself
-on Washington’s birthday. Five days later Lincoln made his great speech
-at Cooper Union in New York._
-
-_The lecture is not included with any collection of Lincoln’s
-addresses. It appeared in print for the first time in_ Sunset Magazine
-_in 1909--the centennial of Lincoln’s birth_.
-
-_The original manuscript, from which this edition, the first in book
-form, is made, was a cherished possession of the late Dr. Samuel
-Houston Melvin, of Oakland, California, formerly a resident of
-Springfield, Illinois, and a friend of Mr. Lincoln. Just prior to
-Dr. Melvin’s death, in 1898, he made an affidavit setting forth the
-history of the manuscript; that statement is as follows_:
-
-
-    MEMORANDUM OF CERTAIN FACTS FOR INFORMATION OF THOSE WHO FOLLOW
-    AFTER
-
-    _In the month of February, 1861, being at that time a resident
-    of Springfield, Illinois, I called one evening at the residence
-    of my friend, Dr. John Todd. The doctor was an uncle of Mrs.
-    Abraham Lincoln. While there Mr. Lincoln came in, bringing with
-    him a well-filled satchel, remarking as he set it down that
-    it contained his literary bureau. Mr. Lincoln remained some
-    fifteen or twenty minutes, conversing mainly about the details
-    of his prospective trip to Washington the following week, and
-    told us of the arrangements agreed upon for the family to
-    follow him a few days later. When about to leave he handed the
-    grip above referred to to Mrs. Grimsley, the only daughter of
-    Dr. Todd, who was then a widow but who subsequently became
-    the wife of Rev. Dr. John H. Brown, a Presbyterian minister
-    located in Springfield, remarking as he did so that he would
-    leave the bureau in her charge; that if he ever returned to
-    Springfield he would claim it, but if not she might make such
-    disposition of its contents as she deemed proper. A tone of
-    indescribable sadness was noted in the latter part of the
-    sentence. Lincoln had shown me quite a number of letters a few
-    days before, threatening his life, some predicting that he
-    never would be inaugurated, and it was apparent to me that they
-    were making an impression upon his mind, although he tried to
-    laugh the matter off. About five years later the Nation was
-    startled by the announcement of Lincoln’s assassination. The
-    corporation of Springfield selected twelve of its citizens to
-    proceed at once to Washington and accompany the remains of the
-    dead President back to his old home. I was one of that number,
-    and shall never forget the indescribable sadness manifested
-    by millions of mourners along the route of travel of the
-    funeral cortège as it wended its way westward over two thousand
-    miles. A few evenings after his body was laid to rest, I again
-    called upon my neighbors, the family of Dr. Todd. Scenes and
-    incidents connected with the assassination and funeral of the
-    dead President were discussed, and the remark made by Lincoln
-    on his last visit to the house was referred to as indicating
-    a presentiment that he would not return alive. This recalled
-    the fact of his having left his so-called literary bureau,
-    and his injunction as to its disposition. Mrs. Grimsley
-    brought the grip from the place where it had been stored, and
-    opened it with a view to examining its contents. Among them
-    was found this manuscript, and attached to it by means of a
-    piece of red tape was another of like character. They proved
-    to be manuscripts of two lectures which he had prepared
-    and delivered within a year prior to his election to the
-    presidency--one at Jacksonville, Illinois, and a few days later
-    at Decatur, Illinois; the other a little later at Cook’s Hall,
-    Springfield, Illinois, at which I was present. Mrs. Grimsley
-    told me to select from the contents of the bureau any one of
-    the manuscripts it contained; and supposing at that time that
-    the two manuscripts belonged to the same lecture, I selected
-    them. On subsequent examination I discovered that while they
-    both treated upon the same subject (Inventions and Discoveries)
-    they were separate lectures. Twenty-five years later I disposed
-    of one of the manuscripts to Mr. Gunther[A] of Chicago. The
-    other it is my hope and desire shall remain in possession of my
-    family and its descendants._
-
-_The manuscript is now owned by Dr. Melvin’s son, the Honorable Henry
-A. Melvin, a Justice of the Supreme Court of California, through whose
-courtesy this edition is published._
-
-    [A] _This was published in “Addresses and Letters of Lincoln,”
-        The Century Company, 1904._
-
-
-
-
-DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS
-
-A LECTURE BY ABRAHAM LINCOLN
-
-
-All creation is a mine, and every man a miner.
-
-The whole earth, and all _within_ it, _upon_ it, and _round about_ it,
-including _himself_, in his physical, moral, and intellectual nature,
-and his susceptibilities, are the infinitely various “leads” from
-which, man, from the first, was to dig out his destiny.
-
-In the beginning, the mine was unopened, and the miner stood _naked_,
-and _knowledgeless_, upon it.
-
-Fishes, birds, beasts, and creeping things, are not miners, but
-_feeders_ and _lodgers_ merely. Beavers build houses; but they build
-them in nowise differently, or better now, than they did, five thousand
-years ago. Ants and honey bees provide food for winter; but just in
-the _same way_ they did, when Solomon referred the sluggard to them as
-patterns of prudence.
-
-Man is not the only animal who labors; but he is the only one
-who _improves_ his workmanship. This improvement he effects by
-_Discoveries_ and _Inventions_. His first important discovery was the
-fact that he was naked; and his first invention was the fig-leaf apron.
-This simple article, the apron, made of leaves, seems to have been
-the origin of _clothing_--the one thing for which nearly half of the
-toil and care of the human race has ever since been expended. The most
-important improvement ever made in connection with clothing, was the
-invention of _spinning_ and _weaving_. The spinning jenny, and power
-loom, invented in modern times, though great _improvements_, do not,
-_as inventions_, rank with the ancient arts of spinning and weaving.
-Spinning and weaving brought into the department of clothing such
-abundance and variety of material. Wool, the hair of several species of
-animals, hemp, flax, cotton, silk, and perhaps other articles, were all
-suited to it, affording garments not only adapted to wet and dry, heat
-and cold, but also susceptible of high degrees of ornamental finish.
-Exactly _when_, or _where_, spinning and weaving originated is not
-known. At the first interview of the Almighty with Adam and Eve, after
-the fall, He made “coats of skins, and clothed them” (Genesis iii: 21).
-
-The Bible makes no other allusion to clothing, _before_ the flood. Soon
-_after_ the deluge Noah’s two sons covered him with a _garment_; but of
-what _material_ the garment was made is not mentioned (Genesis ix: 23).
-
-Abraham mentions “_thread_” in such connection as to indicate that
-spinning and weaving were in use in his day (Genesis xiv: 23), and soon
-after, reference to the art is frequently made. “_Linen breeches_” are
-mentioned (Exodus xxviii: 42), and it is said “all the women that were
-wise-hearted did _spin_ with their hands” (Exodus xxxv: 25), and, “all
-the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom _spun_ goats’ hair”
-(Exodus xxxv: 26). The work of the “_weaver_” is mentioned (Exodus
-xxxv: 35). In the book of Job, a very old book, date not exactly known,
-the “_weavers’ shuttle_” is mentioned.
-
-The above mention of “_thread_” by Abraham is the oldest recorded
-allusion to spinning and weaving; and _it_ was made about two thousand
-years after the creation of man, and now, near four thousand years
-ago. Profane authors think these arts originated in Egypt; and this
-is not contradicted, or made improbable, by anything in the Bible; for
-the allusion of Abraham, mentioned, was not made until after he had
-sojourned in Egypt.
-
-The discovery of the properties of _iron_, and the making of _iron
-tools_, must have been among the earliest of important discoveries and
-inventions. We can scarcely conceive the possibility of making much of
-anything else, without the use of iron tools. Indeed, an iron _hammer_
-must have been very much needed to make the _first_ iron hammer with.
-A _stone_ probably served as a substitute. How could the “_gopher
-wood_” for the Ark have been gotten out without an axe? It seems to me
-an axe, or a miracle, was indispensable. Corresponding with the prime
-necessity for iron, we find at least one very early notice of it.
-Tubal-Cain was “an instructor of every artificer in _brass_ and _iron_”
-(Genesis iv: 22). Tubal-Cain was the seventh in descent from Adam;
-and his birth was about one thousand years before the flood. _After_
-the flood, frequent mention is made of _iron_, and _instruments_ made
-of iron. Thus “instrument of iron” at Numbers xxxv: 16; “bedstead of
-iron” at Deuteronomy iii: 11; “the iron furnace” at Deuteronomy iv: 20,
-and “iron tool” at Deuteronomy xxvii: 5. At Deuteronomy xix: 5, very
-distinct mention of “the ax to cut down the tree” is made; and also at
-Deuteronomy viii: 9, the promised land is described as “a land whose
-stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.” From
-the somewhat frequent mention of brass in connection with iron, it is
-not improbable that brass--perhaps what we now call copper--was used by
-the ancients for some of the same purposes as iron.
-
-_Transportation_--the removal of person and goods from place to
-place--would be an early _object_, if not a _necessity_, with man. By
-his natural powers of locomotion, and without much assistance from
-discovery and invention, he could move himself about with considerable
-facility; and even, could carry small burthens with him. But very soon
-he would wish to lessen the labor, while he might, at the same time,
-extend, and expedite the business. For this object, wheel-carriages,
-and water-crafts--wagons and boats--are the most important inventions.
-The use of the wheel and axle has been so long known, that it is
-difficult, without reflection, to estimate it at its true value. The
-oldest recorded allusion to the wheel and axle is the mention of a
-“chariot” (Genesis xli: 43). This was in Egypt, upon the occasion of
-Joseph being made governor by Pharaoh. It was about twenty-five hundred
-years after the creation of Adam. That the chariot then mentioned
-was a wheel-carriage drawn by animals is sufficiently evidenced by
-the mention of chariot _wheels_ (Exodus xiv: 25), and the mention of
-chariots in connection with _horses_ in the same chapter, verses 9 and
-23. So much, at present, for land transportation.
-
-Now, as to transportation by _water_, I have concluded, without
-sufficient authority perhaps, to use the term “boat” as a general name
-for all water-craft. The boat is indispensable to navigation. It is not
-probable that the philosophical principle upon which the use of the
-boat primarily depends--to-wit, the _principle_, that anything will
-float, which cannot sink without displacing more than its own _weight_
-of water--was known, or even thought of, before the first boats were
-made. The sight of a crow standing on a piece of driftwood floating
-down the swollen current of a creek or river, might well enough suggest
-the specific idea to a savage, that he could himself get upon a log,
-or on two logs tied together, and somehow work his way to the opposite
-shore of the same stream. Such a suggestion, so taken, would be the
-birth of navigation; and such, not improbably, it really was. The
-leading idea was thus caught; and whatever came afterwards, were but
-improvements upon, and auxiliaries to, it.
-
-As man is a land animal, it might be expected he would learn to travel
-by land somewhat earlier than he would by water. Still the crossing of
-streams, somewhat too deep for wading, would be an early necessity with
-him. If we pass by the Ark, which may be regarded as belonging rather
-to the _miraculous_ than to _human_ invention, the first notice we
-have of water-craft is the mention of “ships” by Jacob (Genesis xlix:
-13). It is not till we reach the book of Isaiah that we meet with the
-mention of “oars” and “sails.”
-
-As man’s _food_--his first necessity--was to be derived from the
-vegetation of the earth, it was natural that his first care should be
-directed to the assistance of that vegetation. And accordingly we find
-that, even before the fall, the man was put into the garden of Eden “to
-dress it, and to keep it.” And when afterwards, in consequence of the
-first transgression, _labor_ was imposed on the race, as a _penalty_--a
-_curse_--we find the first born man--the first heir of the curse--was
-“a tiller of the ground.” This was the beginning of agriculture; and
-although, both in point of time, and of importance, it stands at the
-head of all branches of human industry, it has derived less direct
-advantage from Discovery and Invention, than almost any other. The
-plow, of very early origin; and reaping, and threshing, machines,
-of modern invention are, at this day, the principal improvements in
-agriculture. And even the oldest of these, the plow, could not have
-been conceived of, until a precedent conception had been caught, and
-put into practice--I mean the conception, or idea, of substituting
-other forces in nature, for man’s own muscular power. These other
-forces, as now used, are principally, the _strength_ of animals, and
-the _power_ of the wind, of running streams, and of steam.
-
-Climbing upon the back of an animal, and making it carry us, might
-not occur very readily. I think the back of the camel would never
-have suggested it. It was, however, a matter of vast importance. The
-earliest instance of it mentioned, is when “Abraham rose up early in
-the morning, and saddled his ass” (Genesis xxii: 3), preparatory to
-sacrificing Isaac as a burnt-offering; but the allusion to the _saddle_
-indicates that riding had been in use some time; for it is quite
-probable they rode bare-backed awhile, at least, before they invented
-saddles.
-
-The _idea_, being once conceived, of riding _one_ species of animals,
-would soon be extended to others. Accordingly we find that when the
-servant of Abraham went in search of a wife for Isaac, he took ten
-_camels_ with him; and, on his return trip, “Rebekah arose, and her
-damsels, and they rode upon the camels, and followed the man” (Genesis
-xxiv: 61).
-
-The _horse_, too, as a riding animal, is mentioned early. The Red Sea
-being safely passed, Moses and the children of Israel sang to the Lord
-“the _horse_ and his _rider_ hath he thrown into the sea” (Exodus xv:
-1).
-
-Seeing that animals could bear _man_ upon their backs, it would soon
-occur that they could also bear other burthens. Accordingly we find
-that Joseph’s brethren, on their first visit to Egypt, “laded their
-asses with the corn, and departed thence” (Genesis xlii: 26).
-
-Also it would occur that animals could be made to _draw_ burthens
-_after_ them, as well as to bear them upon their backs; and hence plows
-and chariots came into use early enough to be often mentioned in the
-books of Moses (Deuteronomy xxii: 10; Genesis xli: 43; xlvi: 29; Exodus
-xiv: 25).
-
-Of all the forces of nature, I should think the _wind_ contains the
-largest amount of _motive power_--that is, power to move things. Take
-any given space of the earth’s surface--for instance, Illinois; and
-all the power exerted by all the men, and beasts, and running-water,
-and steam, over and upon it, shall not equal the one hundredth part
-of what is exerted by the blowing of the wind over and upon the same
-space. And yet it has not, so far in the world’s history, become
-proportionably _valuable_ as a motive power. It is applied extensively,
-and advantageously, to sail-vessels in navigation. Add to this a few
-windmills, and pumps, and you have about all. That, as yet, no very
-successful mode of _controlling_, and _directing_ the wind, has been
-discovered; and that, naturally, it moves by fits and starts--now so
-gently as to scarcely stir a leaf, and now so roughly as to level a
-forest--doubtless have been the insurmountable difficulties. As yet,
-the wind is an _untamed_, and _unharnessed_ force; and quite possibly
-one of the greatest discoveries hereafter to be made, will be the
-taming, and harnessing of it. That the difficulties of controlling
-this power are very great is quite evident by the fact that they have
-already been perceived, and struggled with more than three thousand
-years; for that power was applied to sail-vessels, at least as early as
-the time of the prophet Isaiah.
-
-In speaking of _running streams_, as a motive power, I mean its
-application to mills and other machinery by means of the “_water
-wheel_”--a thing now well known, and extensively used; but, of which,
-no mention is made in the Bible, though it is thought to have been in
-use among the Romans. (Am. Ency.--Mill), the language of the Saviour
-“Two women shall be grinding at the mill, etc.” indicates that, even
-in the populous city of Jerusalem, at that day, mills were operated by
-hand--having, as yet had no other than human power applied to them.
-
-The advantageous use of _Steam-power_ is, unquestionably, a modern
-discovery. And yet, as much as two thousand years ago the power of
-steam was not only observed, but an ingenious toy was actually made
-and put in motion by it, at Alexandria in Egypt. What appears strange
-is, that neither the inventor of the toy, nor any one else, for so
-long a time afterwards, should perceive that steam would move _useful_
-machinery as well as a toy.
-
-
-    OF THIS BOOK 250 COPIES WERE PRINTED ON FABRIANO ITALIAN
-    HAND-MADE PAPER AND 1000 COPIES ON AMERICAN DRAWING PAPER. THE
-    FRONTISPIECE IS BY RAY F. COYLE. PRINTED BY THE BLAIR-MURDOCK
-    COMPANY, SAN FRANCISCO, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF JOHN HENRY NASH,
-    IN THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1915
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Note
-
-
-All pages were enclosed in the decorative border shown here only on the
-Title page.
-
-
-
-
-
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-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Discoveries and Inventions, by Abraham Lincoln
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Discoveries and Inventions
-       A lecture by Abraham Lincoln delivered in 1860
-
-Author: Abraham Lincoln
-
-Release Date: May 5, 2016 [EBook #52007]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Chris Curnow, Charlie Howard, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1">1</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 397px;">
-<img src="images/i_frontis.jpg" width="397" height="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption"><p><i>Abraham Lincoln</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">2</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 397px;">
-<img src="images/i_title.jpg" width="397" height="600" alt="Title page" />
-</div>
-
-<h1 class="vspace">
-<span class="larger">DISCOVERIES<br />
-<span class="small">AND</span><br />
-INVENTIONS</span></h1>
-
-<p class="p2 center vspace large">A LECTURE BY<br />
-ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br />
-DELIVERED IN<br />
-1860</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center vspace">SAN FRANCISCO<br />
-<span class="larger">JOHN HOWELL</span><br />
-1915
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">3</a></span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">4</a></span></p>
-<p class="newpage p4 center">COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY JOHN HOWELL</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2><a id="A_PREFATORY_NOTE"></a>A PREFATORY NOTE</h2>
-
-<p><i>The Lecture&mdash;“Discoveries and Inventions”&mdash;by
-our greatest American,
-presents a phase of Lincoln’s activity
-about which little is generally known.
-It shows as clearly as any of his other
-writings how great was Lincoln’s
-knowledge of the progress of mankind,
-particularly as related in the Bible, and
-it reveals also his debt to that Book of
-Books for inspiration and illustration,
-as well as his masterly use of pure
-English, largely gained through that
-study.</i></p>
-
-<p><i>In the fateful year of 1860, the year
-of his election to the presidency, Lincoln
-took up, in the pause of his affairs after
-the long debate with Douglas, the custom
-of lyceum lecturing, then in great<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">5</a></span>
-vogue. This lecture on “Discoveries and
-Inventions” was delivered in towns
-near his home, Springfield, Illinois, and
-in Springfield itself on Washington’s
-birthday. Five days later Lincoln made
-his great speech at Cooper Union in
-New York.</i></p>
-
-<p><i>The lecture is not included with any
-collection of Lincoln’s addresses. It appeared
-in print for the first time in <cite class="n">Sunset
-Magazine</cite> in 1909&mdash;the centennial
-of Lincoln’s birth</i>.</p>
-
-<p><i>The original manuscript, from which
-this edition, the first in book form, is
-made, was a cherished possession of the
-late Dr. Samuel Houston Melvin, of
-Oakland, California, formerly a resident
-of Springfield, Illinois, and a
-friend of Mr. Lincoln. Just prior to
-Dr. Melvin’s death, in 1898, he made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">6</a></span>
-an affidavit setting forth the history
-of the manuscript; that statement is as
-follows</i>:</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<h3 class="center vspace">MEMORANDUM OF<br />
-CERTAIN FACTS FOR INFORMATION OF<br />
-THOSE WHO FOLLOW AFTER</h3>
-
-<p><i>In the month of February, 1861, being at that
-time a resident of Springfield, Illinois, I called one
-evening at the residence of my friend, Dr. John Todd.
-The doctor was an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln.
-While there Mr. Lincoln came in, bringing with
-him a well-filled satchel, remarking as he set it down
-that it contained his literary bureau. Mr. Lincoln
-remained some fifteen or twenty minutes, conversing
-mainly about the details of his prospective trip to
-Washington the following week, and told us of the
-arrangements agreed upon for the family to follow
-him a few days later. When about to leave he handed
-the grip above referred to to Mrs. Grimsley, the
-only daughter of Dr. Todd, who was then a widow
-but who subsequently became the wife of Rev. Dr.
-John H. Brown, a Presbyterian minister located in
-Springfield, remarking as he did so that he would
-leave the bureau in her charge; that if he ever returned
-to Springfield he would claim it, but if not
-she might make such disposition of its contents as she
-deemed proper. A tone of indescribable sadness was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">7</a></span>
-noted in the latter part of the sentence. Lincoln had
-shown me quite a number of letters a few days before,
-threatening his life, some predicting that he
-never would be inaugurated, and it was apparent
-to me that they were making an impression upon his
-mind, although he tried to laugh the matter off.
-About five years later the Nation was startled by
-the announcement of Lincoln’s assassination. The
-corporation of Springfield selected twelve of its citizens
-to proceed at once to Washington and accompany
-the remains of the dead President back to his
-old home. I was one of that number, and shall never
-forget the indescribable sadness manifested by millions
-of mourners along the route of travel of the
-funeral cortège as it wended its way westward over
-two thousand miles. A few evenings after his body
-was laid to rest, I again called upon my neighbors,
-the family of Dr. Todd. Scenes and incidents connected
-with the assassination and funeral of the dead
-President were discussed, and the remark made by
-Lincoln on his last visit to the house was referred
-to as indicating a presentiment that he would not
-return alive. This recalled the fact of his having
-left his so-called literary bureau, and his injunction
-as to its disposition. Mrs. Grimsley brought the grip
-from the place where it had been stored, and opened
-it with a view to examining its contents. Among
-them was found this manuscript, and attached to it
-by means of a piece of red tape was another of like
-character. They proved to be manuscripts of two<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">8</a></span>
-lectures which he had prepared and delivered within
-a year prior to his election to the presidency&mdash;one
-at Jacksonville, Illinois, and a few days later at Decatur,
-Illinois; the other a little later at Cook’s Hall,
-Springfield, Illinois, at which I was present. Mrs.
-Grimsley told me to select from the contents of the
-bureau any one of the manuscripts it contained; and
-supposing at that time that the two manuscripts belonged
-to the same lecture, I selected them. On subsequent
-examination I discovered that while they
-both treated upon the same subject (Inventions and
-Discoveries) they were separate lectures. Twenty-five
-years later I disposed of one of the manuscripts
-to Mr. Gunther<a id="FNanchor_A" href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> of Chicago. The other it is my hope
-and desire shall remain in possession of my family
-and its descendants.</i></p></blockquote>
-
-<p><i>The manuscript is now owned by Dr.
-Melvin’s son, the Honorable Henry A.
-Melvin, a Justice of the Supreme Court
-of California, through whose courtesy
-this edition is published.</i></p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a id="Footnote_A" href="#FNanchor_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> <i>This was published in “<cite>Addresses and Letters of Lincoln</cite>,” The Century
-Company, 1904.</i></p></div>
-</div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">10</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h2 id="Lecture">DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS<br />
-
-<span class="subhead">A LECTURE BY<br />
-ABRAHAM LINCOLN</span></h2>
-
-<p class="drop-cap al"><span class="smcap1">All</span> creation is a mine, and every man
-a miner.</p>
-
-<p>The whole earth, and all <em>within</em>
-it, <em>upon</em> it, and <em>round about</em> it, including
-<em>himself</em>, in his physical, moral, and
-intellectual nature, and his susceptibilities,
-are the infinitely various “leads” from which,
-man, from the first, was to dig out his destiny.</p>
-
-<p>In the beginning, the mine was unopened,
-and the miner stood <em>naked</em>, and <em>knowledgeless</em>,
-upon it.</p>
-
-<p>Fishes, birds, beasts, and creeping things,
-are not miners, but <em>feeders</em> and <em>lodgers</em> merely.
-Beavers build houses; but they build them in
-nowise differently, or better now, than they
-did, five thousand years ago. Ants and honey
-bees provide food for winter; but just in the
-<em>same way</em> they did, when Solomon referred
-the sluggard to them as patterns of prudence.</p>
-
-<p>Man is not the only animal who labors;
-but he is the only one who <em>improves</em> his
-workmanship. This improvement he effects<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">11</a></span>
-by <em>Discoveries</em> and <em>Inventions</em>. His first important
-discovery was the fact that he was
-naked; and his first invention was the fig-leaf
-apron. This simple article, the apron, made
-of leaves, seems to have been the origin of
-<em>clothing</em>&mdash;the one thing for which nearly half
-of the toil and care of the human race has
-ever since been expended. The most important
-improvement ever made in connection
-with clothing, was the invention of <em>spinning</em>
-and <em>weaving</em>. The spinning jenny, and power
-loom, invented in modern times, though
-great <em>improvements</em>, do not, <em>as inventions</em>, rank
-with the ancient arts of spinning and weaving.
-Spinning and weaving brought into
-the department of clothing such abundance
-and variety of material. Wool, the hair of
-several species of animals, hemp, flax, cotton,
-silk, and perhaps other articles, were all
-suited to it, affording garments not only
-adapted to wet and dry, heat and cold, but
-also susceptible of high degrees of ornamental
-finish. Exactly <em>when</em>, or <em>where</em>, spinning
-and weaving originated is not known.
-At the first interview of the Almighty with
-Adam and Eve, after the fall, He made<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">12</a></span>
-“coats of skins, and clothed them” (<cite class="n">Genesis
-iii: 21</cite>).</p>
-
-<p>The Bible makes no other allusion to clothing,
-<em>before</em> the flood. Soon <em>after</em> the deluge
-Noah’s two sons covered him with a <em>garment</em>;
-but of what <em>material</em> the garment was
-made is not mentioned (<cite class="n">Genesis ix: 23</cite>).</p>
-
-<p>Abraham mentions “<em>thread</em>” in such connection
-as to indicate that spinning and weaving
-were in use in his day (<cite class="n">Genesis xiv: 23</cite>),
-and soon after, reference to the art is frequently
-made. “<em>Linen breeches</em>” are mentioned
-(<cite class="n">Exodus xxviii: 42</cite>), and it is said “all the
-women that were wise-hearted did <em>spin</em> with
-their hands” (<cite class="n">Exodus xxxv: 25</cite>), and, “all
-the women whose heart stirred them up in
-wisdom <em>spun</em> goats’ hair” (<cite class="n">Exodus xxxv: 26</cite>).
-The work of the “<em>weaver</em>” is mentioned
-(<cite class="n">Exodus xxxv: 35</cite>). In the book of Job, a
-very old book, date not exactly known, the
-“<em>weavers’ shuttle</em>” is mentioned.</p>
-
-<p>The above mention of “<em>thread</em>” by Abraham
-is the oldest recorded allusion to spinning
-and weaving; and <em>it</em> was made about two
-thousand years after the creation of man, and
-now, near four thousand years ago. Profane<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">13</a></span>
-authors think these arts originated in Egypt;
-and this is not contradicted, or made improbable,
-by anything in the Bible; for the allusion
-of Abraham, mentioned, was not made
-until after he had sojourned in Egypt.</p>
-
-<p>The discovery of the properties of <em>iron</em>,
-and the making of <em>iron tools</em>, must have been
-among the earliest of important discoveries
-and inventions. We can scarcely conceive
-the possibility of making much of anything
-else, without the use of iron tools. Indeed,
-an iron <em>hammer</em> must have been very much
-needed to make the <em>first</em> iron hammer with.
-A <em>stone</em> probably served as a substitute. How
-could the “<em>gopher wood</em>” for the Ark have
-been gotten out without an axe? It seems to
-me an axe, or a miracle, was indispensable.
-Corresponding with the prime necessity for
-iron, we find at least one very early notice
-of it. Tubal-Cain was “an instructor of every
-artificer in <em>brass</em> and <em>iron</em>” (<cite class="n">Genesis iv: 22</cite>).
-Tubal-Cain was the seventh in descent from
-Adam; and his birth was about one thousand
-years before the flood. <em>After</em> the flood, frequent
-mention is made of <em>iron</em>, and <em>instruments</em>
-made of iron. Thus “instrument of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">14</a></span>
-iron” at Numbers xxxv: 16; “bedstead of
-iron” at Deuteronomy iii: 11; “the iron furnace”
-at Deuteronomy iv: 20, and “iron
-tool” at Deuteronomy xxvii: 5. At Deuteronomy
-xix: 5, very distinct mention of “the
-ax to cut down the tree” is made; and also
-at Deuteronomy viii: 9, the promised land
-is described as “a land whose stones are iron,
-and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass.”
-From the somewhat frequent mention of
-brass in connection with iron, it is not improbable
-that brass&mdash;perhaps what we now
-call copper&mdash;was used by the ancients for
-some of the same purposes as iron.</p>
-
-<p><em>Transportation</em>&mdash;the removal of person and
-goods from place to place&mdash;would be an early
-<em>object</em>, if not a <em>necessity</em>, with man. By his
-natural powers of locomotion, and without
-much assistance from discovery and invention,
-he could move himself about with considerable
-facility; and even, could carry small
-burthens with him. But very soon he would
-wish to lessen the labor, while he might, at
-the same time, extend, and expedite the business.
-For this object, wheel-carriages, and water-crafts&mdash;wagons
-and boats&mdash;are the most<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">15</a></span>
-important inventions. The use of the wheel
-and axle has been so long known, that it is difficult,
-without reflection, to estimate it at its
-true value. The oldest recorded allusion to the
-wheel and axle is the mention of a “chariot”
-(<cite class="n">Genesis xli: 43</cite>). This was in Egypt, upon
-the occasion of Joseph being made governor
-by Pharaoh. It was about twenty-five hundred
-years after the creation of Adam. That
-the chariot then mentioned was a wheel-carriage
-drawn by animals is sufficiently
-evidenced by the mention of chariot <em>wheels</em>
-(<cite class="n">Exodus xiv: 25</cite>), and the mention of chariots
-in connection with <em>horses</em> in the same
-chapter, verses 9 and 23. So much, at present,
-for land transportation.</p>
-
-<p>Now, as to transportation by <em>water</em>, I have
-concluded, without sufficient authority perhaps,
-to use the term “boat” as a general
-name for all water-craft. The boat is indispensable
-to navigation. It is not probable
-that the philosophical principle upon which
-the use of the boat primarily depends&mdash;to-wit,
-the <em>principle</em>, that anything will float,
-which cannot sink without displacing more
-than its own <em>weight</em> of water&mdash;was known,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">16</a></span>
-or even thought of, before the first boats were
-made. The sight of a crow standing on a
-piece of driftwood floating down the swollen
-current of a creek or river, might well enough
-suggest the specific idea to a savage, that he
-could himself get upon a log, or on two logs
-tied together, and somehow work his way
-to the opposite shore of the same stream.
-Such a suggestion, so taken, would be the
-birth of navigation; and such, not improbably,
-it really was. The leading idea was thus
-caught; and whatever came afterwards, were
-but improvements upon, and auxiliaries to, it.</p>
-
-<p>As man is a land animal, it might be expected
-he would learn to travel by land somewhat
-earlier than he would by water. Still
-the crossing of streams, somewhat too deep
-for wading, would be an early necessity with
-him. If we pass by the Ark, which may be
-regarded as belonging rather to the <em>miraculous</em>
-than to <em>human</em> invention, the first notice
-we have of water-craft is the mention of
-“ships” by Jacob (<cite class="n">Genesis xlix: 13</cite>). It is not
-till we reach the book of Isaiah that we meet
-with the mention of “oars” and “sails.”</p>
-
-<p>As man’s <em>food</em>&mdash;his first necessity&mdash;was to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">17</a></span>
-be derived from the vegetation of the earth,
-it was natural that his first care should be
-directed to the assistance of that vegetation.
-And accordingly we find that, even before
-the fall, the man was put into the garden of
-Eden “to dress it, and to keep it.” And when
-afterwards, in consequence of the first transgression,
-<em>labor</em> was imposed on the race, as a
-<em>penalty</em>&mdash;a <em>curse</em>&mdash;we find the first born man&mdash;the
-first heir of the curse&mdash;was “a tiller of
-the ground.” This was the beginning of agriculture;
-and although, both in point of time,
-and of importance, it stands at the head of
-all branches of human industry, it has derived
-less direct advantage from Discovery
-and Invention, than almost any other. The
-plow, of very early origin; and reaping, and
-threshing, machines, of modern invention
-are, at this day, the principal improvements
-in agriculture. And even the oldest of these,
-the plow, could not have been conceived of,
-until a precedent conception had been caught,
-and put into practice&mdash;I mean the conception,
-or idea, of substituting other forces in
-nature, for man’s own muscular power. These
-other forces, as now used, are principally, the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">18</a></span>
-<em>strength</em> of animals, and the <em>power</em> of the
-wind, of running streams, and of steam.</p>
-
-<p>Climbing upon the back of an animal, and
-making it carry us, might not occur very
-readily. I think the back of the camel would
-never have suggested it. It was, however, a
-matter of vast importance. The earliest instance
-of it mentioned, is when “Abraham
-rose up early in the morning, and saddled his
-ass” (<cite class="n">Genesis xxii: 3</cite>), preparatory to sacrificing
-Isaac as a burnt-offering; but the allusion
-to the <em>saddle</em> indicates that riding had
-been in use some time; for it is quite probable
-they rode bare-backed awhile, at least,
-before they invented saddles.</p>
-
-<p>The <em>idea</em>, being once conceived, of riding
-<em>one</em> species of animals, would soon be extended
-to others. Accordingly we find that
-when the servant of Abraham went in search
-of a wife for Isaac, he took ten <em>camels</em> with
-him; and, on his return trip, “Rebekah arose,
-and her damsels, and they rode upon the
-camels, and followed the man” (<cite class="n">Genesis
-xxiv: 61</cite>).</p>
-
-<p>The <em>horse</em>, too, as a riding animal, is mentioned
-early. The Red Sea being safely passed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">19</a></span>
-Moses and the children of Israel sang to the
-Lord “the <em>horse</em> and his <em>rider</em> hath he thrown
-into the sea” (<cite class="n">Exodus xv: 1</cite>).</p>
-
-<p>Seeing that animals could bear <em>man</em> upon
-their backs, it would soon occur that they
-could also bear other burthens. Accordingly
-we find that Joseph’s brethren, on their first
-visit to Egypt, “laded their asses with the
-corn, and departed thence” (<cite class="n">Genesis xlii: 26</cite>).</p>
-
-<p>Also it would occur that animals could be
-made to <em>draw</em> burthens <em>after</em> them, as well
-as to bear them upon their backs; and hence
-plows and chariots came into use early enough
-to be often mentioned in the books of Moses
-(<cite class="n">Deuteronomy xxii: 10</cite>; <cite>Genesis xli: 43</cite>;
-<cite class="n">xlvi: 29</cite>; <cite>Exodus xiv: 25</cite>).</p>
-
-<p>Of all the forces of nature, I should think
-the <em>wind</em> contains the largest amount of <em>motive
-power</em>&mdash;that is, power to move things.
-Take any given space of the earth’s surface&mdash;for
-instance, Illinois; and all the power exerted
-by all the men, and beasts, and running-water,
-and steam, over and upon it, shall not
-equal the one hundredth part of what is exerted
-by the blowing of the wind over and
-upon the same space. And yet it has not, so<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">20</a></span>
-far in the world’s history, become proportionably
-<em>valuable</em> as a motive power. It is applied
-extensively, and advantageously, to sail-vessels
-in navigation. Add to this a few windmills,
-and pumps, and you have about all.
-That, as yet, no very successful mode of <em>controlling</em>,
-and <em>directing</em> the wind, has been discovered;
-and that, naturally, it moves by fits
-and starts&mdash;now so gently as to scarcely stir a
-leaf, and now so roughly as to level a forest&mdash;doubtless
-have been the insurmountable difficulties.
-As yet, the wind is an <em>untamed</em>, and
-<em>unharnessed</em> force; and quite possibly one of
-the greatest discoveries hereafter to be made,
-will be the taming, and harnessing of it. That
-the difficulties of controlling this power are
-very great is quite evident by the fact that they
-have already been perceived, and struggled
-with more than three thousand years; for
-that power was applied to sail-vessels, at least
-as early as the time of the prophet Isaiah.</p>
-
-<p>In speaking of <em>running streams</em>, as a motive
-power, I mean its application to mills and
-other machinery by means of the “<em>water
-wheel</em>”&mdash;a thing now well known, and extensively
-used; but, of which, no mention is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">21</a></span>
-made in the Bible, though it is thought to
-have been in use among the Romans. (<cite class="n">Am.
-Ency.</cite>&mdash;Mill), the language of the Saviour
-“Two women shall be grinding at the mill,
-etc.” indicates that, even in the populous city
-of Jerusalem, at that day, mills were operated
-by hand&mdash;having, as yet had no other
-than human power applied to them.</p>
-
-<p>The advantageous use of <em>Steam-power</em> is,
-unquestionably, a modern discovery. And yet,
-as much as two thousand years ago the power
-of steam was not only observed, but an ingenious
-toy was actually made and put in
-motion by it, at Alexandria in Egypt. What
-appears strange is, that neither the inventor
-of the toy, nor any one else, for so long a
-time afterwards, should perceive that steam
-would move <em>useful</em> machinery as well as a toy.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">22</a></span></p>
-
-<blockquote class="newpage p4 vspace narrow">
-
-<p class="in0">OF THIS BOOK 250 COPIES WERE
-PRINTED ON FABRIANO ITALIAN
-HAND-MADE PAPER AND 1000
-COPIES ON AMERICAN DRAWING
-PAPER. THE FRONTISPIECE IS BY
-RAY F. COYLE. PRINTED BY THE
-BLAIR-MURDOCK COMPANY, SAN
-FRANCISCO, UNDER THE DIRECTION
-OF JOHN HENRY NASH, IN
-THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1915</p></blockquote>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<div class="transnote">
-<h2 class="nobreak p1"><a id="Transcribers_Note"></a>Transcriber’s Note</h2>
-
-<p>All pages were enclosed in the decorative border shown here only on the
-Title page.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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