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@@ -1,42 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Abstracts of Papers Read at the First -International Eugenics Congress, by Various - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Abstracts of Papers Read at the First International Eugenics Congress - University of London, July, 1912 - - -Author: Various - - - -Release Date: February 17, 2014 [eBook #44948] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE -FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS*** - - -E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, Tom Cosmas, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Preservation Department, Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western -Reserve University -(https://library.case.edu/ksl/aboutus/organization/preservation) - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44948 *** Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. @@ -140,7 +102,7 @@ CONTENTS. C. B. DAVENPORT. IV. Eugenic Selection and the Origin of Defects 20 - FREDERIC HOUSSAY. + FRÉDÉRIC HOUSSAY. V. Preliminary Report of the Committee of Eugenics Section of the American Breeders' Association upon the Best Practical @@ -202,7 +164,7 @@ CONTENTS. H. HALLOPEAU. II. Alcohol and Eugenics 37 - A. MJOEN. + A. MJOËN. III. Alcoholism and Degeneracy 38 M. MAGNAN AND M. FILLASSIER. @@ -420,7 +382,7 @@ true to definite degrees of fecundity. It is further shown that observed variations in actually realized fecundity (number of eggs laid) do not depend upon anatomical -differences in respect to the number of visible oocytes in the ovary. +differences in respect to the number of visible oöcytes in the ovary. The differential factor on which the variations in fecundity depend must be primarily physiological. @@ -553,9 +515,9 @@ Institution and its work. The study is based on the data derived from 397 histories, covering 440 matings. -The matings are classified under the six possible types, of nulliplex x -nulliplex, nulliplex x simplex, nulliplex x normal, simplex x simplex, -simplex x normal, and normal x normal. +The matings are classified under the six possible types, of nulliplex × +nulliplex, nulliplex × simplex, nulliplex × normal, simplex × simplex, +simplex × normal, and normal × normal. Under the first type all those matings where both parents were epileptic, one was epileptic and the other feeble-minded, or both @@ -563,7 +525,7 @@ were feeble-minded, are classified. According to Mendel's Law, all of the children should be nulliplex. The data showed all of the children defective. -Under the type nulliplex x simplex, all matings where one parent was +Under the type nulliplex × simplex, all matings where one parent was epileptic or feeble-minded and the other "tainted," that is, alcoholic, neurotic, migrainous, or showed some mental weakness, are classified. From this type of mating, 50% of the offspring are expected to be @@ -579,26 +541,26 @@ as mentally normal are classified. From this type of mating, the expectations are that all of the children would be simplex. A study of the ancestors of the normal parents showed these parents simplex rather than normal. The analysis of the offspring showed at least 43% -nulliplex, which is a close fitting to the type of mating nulliplex x +nulliplex, which is a close fitting to the type of mating nulliplex × simplex. -The fourth type of mating is simplex x simplex. Here, all matings where +The fourth type of mating is simplex × simplex. Here, all matings where both of the parents were "tainted" are classified. The expectation is that 25% of the offspring would be nulliplex, in reality 35% were found to be mentally deficient. -Simplex x normal is the fifth type of mating considered. The matings +Simplex × normal is the fifth type of mating considered. The matings where one parent was tainted and the other supposedly normal, are classified here. From a study of their ancestors these normal parents appeared to be simplex, and the classification of the offspring showed -more than 25% nulliplex, which is the expectation from simplex x +more than 25% nulliplex, which is the expectation from simplex × simplex mating. -The sixth type is normal x normal, and the matings where both parents +The sixth type is normal × normal, and the matings where both parents were reported normal is studied under this heading. Here, as before, a study of the ancestors of these normal parents indicates that they are simplex, and not normal. The classification of the children showed a -close fitting to the expectation from a simplex x simplex mating. +close fitting to the expectation from a simplex × simplex mating. A special study of the matings where one or both of the parents was migrainous or alcoholic, shows a close relationship between these @@ -720,7 +682,7 @@ sinuses, the torus occipitalis, ears with the Darwinian tubercles prominent, the forehead receding, etc. At the same time the ascendants of those who presented typical and anomalous characters, due to morbid influences of various kinds and following on faulty development of -the foetus, such as cretinism, congenital goitre, nasal deflections, +the foetus, such as cretinism, congenital goître, nasal deflections, strabismus, plagio-cephaly, hydrocephaly, dental malformation, etc., showed a large number of alcoholics and epileptics. @@ -809,7 +771,7 @@ of this nature has been carefully worked out in particular cases in Lepidoptera and poultry. As yet there is much to be learnt in this direction, and further progress may be expected to lead eventually to a precise knowledge of the mode of transmission of many human defects, -such as colour-blindness and haemophilia. It is not unlikely that a +such as colour-blindness and hæmophilia. It is not unlikely that a similar mode of transmission will be found to hold good for many human characters usually classed as normal. @@ -872,14 +834,14 @@ and which constitutes the first part of child-culture, "a science having for its object the search for information relative to the reproduction, preservation, and improvement of the human species"([1]). -[Footnote 1: v. De la Puericulture in Revue Scientifique, 1897.] +[Footnote 1: v. De la Puériculture in Revue Scientifique, 1897.] The Congress ought then to have for its object to work for the investigation of the conditions necessary to secure a favourable procreation. Now, it appears that the word "Eugenics," from the etymological point of view, does not characterise either explicitly -or sufficiently the proposed object, while the word "Eugenique," of -[Greek: gennao], at once recalls to the mind the idea of a favourable +or sufficiently the proposed object, while the word "Eugénique," of +[Greek: gennaô], at once recalls to the mind the idea of a favourable procreation([2]). [Footnote 2: Besides, the word "Eugenics" recalls in France a chemical @@ -1015,7 +977,7 @@ EUGENIC SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF DEFECTS. (Abstract.) -By Frederic Houssay, +By Frédéric Houssay, _Professor of Science, University of Paris._ @@ -1236,9 +1198,9 @@ as possible, marriages between persons of inferior incomes, or of no income at all. But all this would be plausible if there should be a real analogy -between the economic elite, and the psycho-physical elite, or if the +between the economic élite, and the psycho-physical élite, or if the former were really a product of the latter. Now, this is precisely what -I deny. The _economic elite_ is not in the least the product of the +I deny. The _economic élite_ is not in the least the product of the possession of superior qualities, but is simply the result of a blind struggle between incomes, which carries to the top those who, at the start, possess a larger income through causes which may be absolutely @@ -1358,7 +1320,7 @@ THE FERTILITY OF MARRIAGES ACCORDING TO PROFESSION AND SOCIAL POSITION. By M. Lucien March, -_Directeur de la Statistique Generale de la France._ +_Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France._ Statistics of families furnish, perhaps, the most appropriate data @@ -1832,7 +1794,7 @@ comparison between the two medications is altogether in favour of that by hectine. Indeed, experience proves that the secondary generalization is noticeably more frequent after injections of salvarsan, and, besides, these are far from being always painless. We have made known -to the Academie of Medicine a case in which, within 48 hours, they +to the Académie of Medicine a case in which, within 48 hours, they caused the death of a young man in good health. Several similar cases have since been notified, particularly by Dr. Gaucher. Confidently believing in the axiom "Primo non nocere," we explicitly declare @@ -1858,7 +1820,7 @@ THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE GERM-PLASM. (Abstract.) -By Dr. Alfred Mjoen. +By Dr. Alfred Mjoën. The injurious effect of alcohol depends not only upon the amount @@ -2236,7 +2198,7 @@ pathological peculiarities, which prove that the cause of their various dystrophies have a similar origin, and that they often arise from defective function of the sympathic system which appears to be brought into action by the internal glands. The backward children consist -of intoxicated, under-grown or anaemic persons, who, besides, suffer +of intoxicated, under-grown or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer from retention of substances, which ought normally to be eliminated, chiefly the chlorides and phosphates (in cases of apathy) or the hyper excretion of the same substances (in cases of instability). Moreover, @@ -2419,7 +2381,7 @@ INDEX TO EXHIBITS. Birth-rates, and _corrected_ Death-rates, relation between, H. 2 Births _per_ Couple essential to prevent Decay of Nations, - C. 123 _et praeoi_ + C. 123 _et præoi_ Premature in Various Callings, C. 101 Restriction of, C. 125-128 @@ -2743,7 +2705,7 @@ INDEX TO EXHIBITS. H - Haemophylic family, Pedigree of, C. 12 + Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, C. 12 Hair Peculiarities, Heredity of Curled hair, C. 5 @@ -3034,7 +2996,7 @@ INDEX TO EXHIBITS. of Scientific Ability (Wollaston Pedigree), I. 2 Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, I. 3 Family with peculiarly Curled Hair, C. 5 - Haemophylic family, C. 12 + Hæmophylic family, C. 12 Illustrating Royal tendency to Inter-marry, C. 112-14 Reigning Houses, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116 Zero von Jorger family, C. 21 @@ -3103,7 +3065,7 @@ INDEX TO EXHIBITS. General Paralysis, C. 88 Male Life-duration in, Urban and Rural, C. 22 - Ptolemaus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113 + Ptolemäus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113 PUNNETT, PROF. R. C., M. 1-7 (_b_) @@ -3421,7 +3383,7 @@ established in +Alytes obstetricans+--the midwife toad. With them copulation normally takes place on dry land. The male extricates from the female the string of eggs, winds it round his hind legs and carries it about until the eggs are ready. Then, and not till -then, he enters the water where the larvae escape. If, however, one +then, he enters the water where the larvæ escape. If, however, one keeps these toads in a high temperature (25-30 C.) they enter the water to cool themselves and abandon their normal way of manipulating their brood because the string of spawn swells in water and does not remain @@ -3455,8 +3417,8 @@ The heredity of physical qualities is strikingly illustrated in Weinberg's Table C 7, showing the age +at death of the parents and the marital gross and nett fertility+. It is founded on the Stuttgart family registers, and comprises about 1,900 non-tubercular -and about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv fuer Rassen and -Gesellschafts Biologie" and Wuerttemberger Jahrbuecher fuer Statistik und +and about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv für Rassen and +Gesellschafts Biologie" and Württemberger Jahrbücher für Statistik und Landeskunde, 1911). W. Weinberg adds: [Illustration: @@ -3535,7 +3497,7 @@ Figure C 8.] [Sidenote: C 9 & 10] -The same is proved by the two Tables C 9 and 10 by Ploetz referring +The same is proved by the two Tables C 9 and 10 by Ploëtz referring to +age at death of fathers and mothers and child mortality up to the age of five years+. Very striking in both these tables is the extremely low mortality of the offspring of the parents with the @@ -3544,7 +3506,7 @@ greatest longevity. [Sidenote: C 11] Table C 11 by Weinberg: +Hereditary of the disposition to beget -twins+ (Archiv fuer Rassen & Gesellschafts Biologie VI. 1909) is +twins+ (Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts Biologie VI. 1909) is remarkable. "The difference in favour of sisters speaks for Mendel's law of dominance and recessivity. The more twins a woman has borne, the more frequently the same phenomena is found in her nearest @@ -3555,7 +3517,7 @@ well-known fact. Inheritance of Tendency to Bear Twins. -About 2,000 families from Wuertemberg family registers (after Weinberg). +About 2,000 families from Würtemberg family registers (after Weinberg). In every 100,000 Births Twin Births occur in the following numbers: @@ -3590,8 +3552,8 @@ Figure C 11 (_continued_).] [Sidenote: C 12] -Figure C 12 the celebrated pedigree of the Haemophilic +family+ -(bleeders) +Mampel+ (by Ruedin after Lossen). +Figure C 12 the celebrated pedigree of the Hæmophilic +family+ +(bleeders) +Mampel+ (by Rüdin after Lossen). [Sidenote: C 13] @@ -3605,7 +3567,7 @@ over 2,000 people of the family Nongaret suffering from inherited stationary night +blindness+ (compiled by Cunier, Truc and Nettleship). With regard to these figures it is to be noted that only a fraction of the offspring is affected with the illness, the remainder -being perfectly normal. It is remarkable with the bleeders (Haemophilic +being perfectly normal. It is remarkable with the bleeders (Hæmophilic persons) that the females do not suffer from the disease though they transfer it to their male offspring; a similar latent disposition is observable in other hereditary conditions, especially colour-blindness. @@ -3670,7 +3632,7 @@ obtained. [Sidenote: C 21] The pedigree of the +family of Zero von Jorger+, figure C 21 -(Archiv fuer Rassen & Gesellschafts biologie I.), shows in a convincing +(Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts biologie I.), shows in a convincing manner how very important for the protection of society is the prevention of the reproduction of the degenerate. In the course of time this family has burdened the sound and fit with taxation amounting to @@ -3736,7 +3698,7 @@ to 14,511." "The Royal General Commission began its activity later, but since 1906 has been energetically pursuing the settlement of agricultural -labourers. At Muenster, in the years 1908 to 1910, 247 leasehold small +labourers. At Münster, in the years 1908 to 1910, 247 leasehold small holdings for artisans have been created." "The results of the Royal District Administrations are as yet less @@ -3875,7 +3837,7 @@ the one year voluntary service are particularly interesting. [Sidenote: C 31] -In Table C 31 Schwiening (Veroeffentlichungen aus dem Militaer +In Table C 31 Schwiening (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Militär Sanitatswesen. 40. Berlin, Hirschwald, 1909) gives the figures of those finally passed as +fit for military service in the Mittelschulen+ (secondary schools), +which are classified @@ -3986,7 +3948,7 @@ badly their progeny comes off, in spite of the great care bestowed on it, is illustrated in Table C 34. In two Munich Regiments the percentage of fit among all those entitled to offer themselves for the one year's service from the most varied parts of Germany was only, -according to Dieudonne, 21.6, 20.1, and 16.4. +according to Dieudonné, 21.6, 20.1, and 16.4. [Sidenote: C 35 & 36] @@ -3997,7 +3959,7 @@ decrease of the care of the mentally infirm in the family home; the deterioration of the nervous system nevertheless remains according to the general impression an incontestable fact. As a symptom of this may be interpreted the increasing +number of suicides in civilised -countries+, demonstrated in Ruedin's Tables, C 35 and C 36, showing +countries+, demonstrated in Rüdin's Tables, C 35 and C 36, showing the number of suicides in every one million of inhabitants. More serious still than the frequency of mental and nervous diseases @@ -4152,7 +4114,7 @@ of the last male issue of the family. Families in Process of Extinction. -(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden in the Archiv fuer Rassen- und +(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden in the Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschafts-Biologie, 1909, No. 6.) [A] [B] @@ -4229,7 +4191,7 @@ RACE-HYGIENE. As the +nature and aims of race-hygiene+ are still unknown in wide circles it will be useful to show in Tables C 46 and C 47, by -A. Ploetz, what its position is amongst other sciences and what the +A. Ploëtz, what its position is amongst other sciences and what the various branches of its activity consist in. Many theoretical workers hold that the most important mission or @@ -4394,7 +4356,7 @@ larva. (This experiment was carried out by Gustav Wolff.)[A] Thus an organ which normally is not concerned with the formation of the lens takes charge of its regeneration. -[Footnote A: Studies in the Physiology of Development II. Archiv. fuer +[Footnote A: Studies in the Physiology of Development II. Archiv. für Entwicklungs mechanic der Organismen, XII. Vol., 3 Part, 1901.] A large number of tables deal with the influence of the numerical @@ -4556,7 +4518,7 @@ Bluhm; the exhibitor gives the following explanation-- How little the increasing mortality of the later born children up to the tenth child is based on a biological law is shown in Figure C 53. +Numerical position of birth and infant mortality up to the age -of five in princely families+, by Ploetz; 463 seventh to ninth +of five in princely families+, by Ploëtz; 463 seventh to ninth children show the same mortality as the 614 first born. Pearson endeavored to prove a high degree of inferiority in the first @@ -4792,7 +4754,7 @@ well-known curve, dealing with Saxon miners, in which not only the first born show up less favourably than the second and third born, but in which, from the fourth child on, the mortality increases rapidly. The economical condition of both groups being similar (85% of Baum's -families had a maximum yearly income of L75), it is highly probable +families had a maximum yearly income of £75), it is highly probable that the difference in the curves arises from different methods of infant feeding. In the Rhine provinces, as is also proved by Baum's figures, the feeding is good; in Saxony, however, it is notoriously @@ -5002,14 +4964,14 @@ after Bunge; and by the three figures, C 76, 77, and 78--"+average duration of breast-feeding and physical development, duration of breast-feeding and average school reports+, and +duration of breast-feeding and frequency of rachitic disturbances of -development+," after the extensive and valuable researches by Roese. +development+," after the extensive and valuable researches by Röse. It must be pointed out that a far more direct connection exists between breast-feeding, duration of suckling, infant mortality and physical development than through the mere provision of suitable nourishment for the child. A good suckling capacity is a symptom of a strong constitution which is transmitted from mother to child. Examination of -Roese's table offers this suggestion. +Röse's table offers this suggestion. [Sidenote: C 79-82] @@ -5017,7 +4979,7 @@ Roese's table offers this suggestion. considers is dependent on soil and climate) +as regards infant mortality+ v. Vogel expresses in four maps of Bavaria (Figures 79-82), so which he has furnished the following comments (contained in -the pamphlet, "Der Oertliche Stand der Saeuglingsterblichkeit in Bayern," +the pamphlet, "Der Örtliche Stand der Säuglingsterblichkeit in Bayern," Munich, Piloty and Loehle, 1911): "The district of the highest infant mortality in Bavaria is inhabited by a population of small height, small fitness for military service, and high tuberculous mortality. The @@ -5185,7 +5147,7 @@ day, Jena, Fischer, 1910, page 234.] +Alcohol and Degeneration+, from the tables on the alcohol question by Gruber and Kraepelin, Munich; Lehmann; contains the well-known -statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivee. Table C 92 adds to the summary +statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivée. Table C 92 adds to the summary of the statistical observations of Demme, further details of the +kind of abnormalities+ which were +observed in children of drunkards+. Representing, as they do, exceptionally bad cases with a high degree @@ -5246,7 +5208,7 @@ feeble-mindedness+. With their help the curve on Figure C 97 has been constructed, showing the distribution of illegitimate births in Switzerland during the different months of the year from Bezzola's data and the corresponding curve of the births of mentally eminent -individuals (taken from Brockhaus' encyclopaedia.) The author supplies +individuals (taken from Brockhaus' encyclopædia.) The author supplies the following comments:-- "+Comparison between the general birth curve and the corresponding @@ -5302,7 +5264,7 @@ one for the birth of feeble-minded children+." We cannot suppress the remark that the fluctuations of the curve for the feeble-minded are much too small to admit of the drawing of an -aetiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the intelligence curve +ætiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the intelligence curve and the illegitimate curve partly exceed the limits of probable error. The peaks of both birth curves in February, correspond to a peak in the procreation curve in May. Perhaps one may attribute them to the @@ -5492,7 +5454,7 @@ related distantly or not at all. [Sidenote: C 109] The harm of inbreeding amongst the pathological is also illustrated by -the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schuele). Pedigrees from wine-growing +the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schüle). Pedigrees from wine-growing districts in the centre of Baden; against this it may be taken as proved that inbreeding in itself between the healthy and fit is not harmful. Animal breeders (as well as plant cultivators) make @@ -5570,11 +5532,11 @@ It is well-known to what degree +inbreeding+ is practised in +reigning families+. We show as an example for this, Chart C 112, the +pedigree of the Archduchess Maria de los Dolores of Tuscany+, exhibited by Dr. Stephan Kekule von Stradonitz, and -Chart C 113 of the same exhibitor, +pedigree of Ptolemaus X+. +Chart C 113 of the same exhibitor, +pedigree of Ptolemäus X+. Soter II. (Lathros), and Chart C 114, +pedigree of the celebrated -Cleopatra+. Though with Ptolemaus X. the effect of sexual +Cleopatra+. Though with Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual reproduction in bringing about new combinations of hereditary units was -very limited, since the couple, Ptolemaus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra +very limited, since the couple, Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra Syra having produced all the germ cells from which he developed, he appears, nevertheless, to have been a perfectly normal being. In his granddaughter Cleopatra certainly much "extraneous blood" circulated. @@ -5642,7 +5604,7 @@ shown by several tables. Figure C 118 "+Fertility and Wealth+," after Goldstein and Tallquist, gives the condition in the French Departments; Figure C 119, "+Number of Children and Wealth+," after Bertillon, for the Arrondissements of Paris; Figure C 120, -"+Fertility and Wealth+," after Mombert, for Muenich, 1901, Table +"+Fertility and Wealth+," after Mombert, for Münich, 1901, Table C 121, "+The Number of Children in Families of Different Classes in Denmark+, 1901," after Westergaard; Table C 122, "+Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch @@ -5985,7 +5947,7 @@ in the last generation, ten are certainly illegitimate; 15 were, or are, being brought up in Poor Law Institutions, and nine received out-door relief with their parents. The collective period of pauperism in this case exceeds 115 years and the cost to the ratepayers is -estimated at about L2,400. +estimated at about £2,400. [Sidenote: E 4] @@ -6174,7 +6136,7 @@ causes in five districts of +London+. Relation between the +birth rate and death rate+ for various arrondissements of +Paris+ in 1906. (Note that the increase in -the Elysee quarter is as high as the average in the quarters of high +the Elysée quarter is as high as the average in the quarters of high birth rate.) [Sidenote: H 5-6] @@ -6285,7 +6247,7 @@ WESTERN EUROPE. (COMPRISING THE UNITED KINGDOM, NORWAY, SWEDEN, FINLAND, DENMARK, HOLLAND, BELGIUM, FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND, ITALY, SPAIN, & PORTUGAL.) -(SEE SUNDBARG'S APERCUS STATISTIQUES INT'ONAUX 1905. pp. 76 & 80.) +(SEE SUNDBARG'S APERÇUS STATISTIQUES INT'ONAUX 1905. pp. 76 & 80.) Figures H 29-30] @@ -6406,7 +6368,7 @@ Red Indian and European type of nose are easily distinguishable. In the Red Indian the nose is prominent and its frontal profile is formed by two lines which diverge from the bridge towards the base. The latter is, in consequence, very broad. The form of nose is sometimes known as -the _busque_ or curved type, since its lateral profile is in outline +the _busqué_ or curved type, since its lateral profile is in outline markedly aquiline. But examination of a series of photographs of Red Indians shows some variation in the lateral profile, since some are decidedly concave. But the broadness at the base is apparently never @@ -6696,8 +6658,8 @@ _Key to Signs_. [M-] colour-blind male; [F-] colour-blind female. [circle] batch of whom there are no particulars. [OO with over bar] twins. [Greek: ph] died in infancy. [ob]: dead. - [x] seen and examined. - [x x] reported normal, but not seen. + [×] seen and examined. + [× ×] reported normal, but not seen. [Sidenote: L 2] @@ -6772,7 +6734,7 @@ Mendelian Inheritance in Rabbits. [Sidenote: M 1.] Yellow Himalayan - Dutch x (Black) + Dutch × (Black) | F_{1} Agouti (reversion to wild colour). @@ -6848,7 +6810,7 @@ Experiments with +Poultry+, illustrating the +recombination of characters+. Brown - Leghorn [F-] x Silky [M-] + Leghorn [F-] × Silky [M-] | (_a_) Coloured (chiefly brown) | (_a_) White plumage (with or plumage | without slight buff tinge) @@ -6860,7 +6822,7 @@ of characters+. F_1 [F-] (_a_) Coloured F_1 [M-] (_b_) Normal feathers --------________ ________--------- - --------- x --------- + --------- × --------- | | | @@ -6877,7 +6839,7 @@ of characters+. Experiment with +Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion on crossing, followed by the appearance of numerous types in next generation+. - White x White + White × White | F_1 Purple | @@ -6908,7 +6870,7 @@ reversionary talls consists of talls, Bush, Cupids, and a new form, the "Bush-Cupid." These last combine the erect bush-like habit of growth with the dwarfness of the Cupid. - Bush x Cupid + Bush × Cupid | F_1 Tall | @@ -6931,7 +6893,7 @@ which the original cross was made. (A) When each parent has one of the dominant characters. Dark axil} {Light axil - Sterile} x {Fertile + Sterile} × {Fertile | F_{1} Dark axil Fertile @@ -6953,7 +6915,7 @@ and neither with the other parent, they tend to remain associated in F_{2}; thus:-- Light} {Dark - Sterile} x {Fertile + Sterile} × {Fertile | F_{1} Dark Fertile | @@ -6982,7 +6944,7 @@ cross was made. (A) When one dominant character goes in with each parent. Purple} {Red - hood} x {erect + hood} × {erect | Purple erect +--------+-------+-------+ @@ -7000,7 +6962,7 @@ cross was made. associated in the F_{2} generation. Purple} {Red - erect} x {hood + erect} × {hood | +--------+----+------+--------+ | | | | @@ -7275,7 +7237,7 @@ belonging to different groups of population. Set of questions +adopted by the Commission of Criminology+ instituted and presided over by Mr. ---- Keeper of the Seals; -Vice-presidents, Messrs. Leon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron, +Vice-presidents, Messrs. Léon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron, Vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and Reporter to the Commission; Scientific Secretary, Dr. G. Papillault. @@ -7529,7 +7491,7 @@ London. Dr. C. B. Davenport, Secretary of the American Breeders' Association. -Dr. J. Dejerine, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpetriere. +Dr. J. Déjérine, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpêtrière. Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University. @@ -7546,7 +7508,7 @@ German Society for Race Hygiene. Dr. David Starr Jordan, Principal, Leland Stanford University. President of the Eugenic Section, American Breeders' Association. -Monsieur L. March, Director, Statistique Generale de la France. +Monsieur L. March, Director, Statistique Générale de la France. The Right Hon. Reginald McKenna, M.P., Secretary of State for Home Affairs. @@ -7572,7 +7534,7 @@ Dr. E. Perrier, Director, Natural History Museum, Paris. Gifford Pinchot, Washington. -Dr. Alfred Ploetz, President of the International Society for Race +Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President of the International Society for Race Hygiene, Germany. Sir William Ramsay, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University of @@ -7595,11 +7557,11 @@ Professor August Weismann, Professor of Zoology, Freiburg. Honorary Members. -Monsieur Henri Jaspar, Avocat a la Cour D'Appel, President de la -Societe Protectrice de l'Enfance Anormale; Secretaire de la Commission +Monsieur Henri Jaspar, Avocat à la Cour D'Appel, Président de la +Société Protectrice de l'Enfance Anormale; Secrétaire de la Commission Royale des Patronages, Brussels. -Monsieur Adolph Prins, Inspecteur Generale des Prisons, Brussels. +Monsieur Adolph Prins, Inspecteur Générale des Prisons, Brussels. Professor Ludwig Schemann, President of the Gobineau-Vereinigung, Germany. @@ -7633,7 +7595,7 @@ Brussels. Committee. MM. Dr. Boulenger, Dr. Bordet, Dr. Caty, Dr. Decroly, Dr. Gengou, Dr. -Herman, Dr. L. MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Selys Longchamps, +Herman, Dr. L. MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Sélys Longchamps, Nyns, E. Waxweiler, Professor Marchal. * * * * * @@ -7642,7 +7604,7 @@ FRENCH CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. Hon. Presidents. -MM. Bouchard, Henry Cheron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville, +MM. Bouchard, Henry Chéron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville, Landouzy, Paul Strauss. =President=--M. Edward Perrier. @@ -7650,15 +7612,15 @@ Landouzy, Paul Strauss. Committee. -M. M. Dejerine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot. -=Secretary and Treasurer=--M. Huber, Statistique Generale de la France, +M. M. Déjérine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot. +=Secretary and Treasurer=--M. Huber, Statistique Générale de la France, Paris, 97, Quai D'Orsay. * * * * * GERMAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. -=President=--Dr. Alfred Ploetz, Gundelinden Str., 5, Munchen. +=President=--Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, Gundelinden Str., 5, Munchen. Committee. @@ -7755,7 +7717,7 @@ later than July 10th.= =Tickets of Membership.= In order to take advantage of the reduced fares offered by the railway companies (see below), the official Congress ticket must be produced when paying the fare. The subscription -entitling to membership of the Congress is L1 sterling; for an +entitling to membership of the Congress is £1 sterling; for an Associate it is 10/-. Members may obtain additional tickets for ladies at the cost of 10/- each. These additional ladies' tickets are transferable to ladies. Associates are entitled to all the privileges @@ -7888,7 +7850,7 @@ A limited number of Tickets for the Zoological Gardens, tickets to hear debates in the House of Commons, and invitations to tea on the Terrace of the House of Commons, etc., will also be available. -The German Athenaeum Club has very kindly signified its willingness to +The German Athenæum Club has very kindly signified its willingness to accord the privilege of Hon. Membership of the Club to German Readers of Papers and Members of the German Consultative Committee, and to a limited number of German Members of the Congress. @@ -8107,7 +8069,7 @@ Discussion. [Sidenote: 4-45 p.m.] -"Influence de l'age des Parents sur les Caracteres Psycho-Physique des +"Influence de l'age des Parents sur les Caractères Psycho-Physique des Enfants." (The Influence of Parental Age on the Psycho-Physiological Characters @@ -8153,7 +8115,7 @@ MORNING SESSION. [Sidenote: 10 a.m.] -Considerations Generales sur "La Puericulture avant la Procreation." +Considérations Générales sur "La Puériculture avant la Procreation." (General Considerations on "Education before Procreation.") @@ -8166,18 +8128,18 @@ Discussion. "The Bearing of Neo-Malthusianism upon Race Hygiene." -Dr. Alfred Ploetz, President, International Society for Race Hygiene. +Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President, International Society for Race Hygiene. Discussion opened by Dr. Drysdale. [Sidenote: 11-30 a.m.] -"Rapport sur l'organisation Pratique de l'Action Eugenique." +"Rapport sur l'organisation Pratique de l'Action Eugénique." (Report on the Practical Organisation of Eugenic Action). -Dr. Louis Querton, Professor of the "Universite Libre," Brussels. +Dr. Louis Querton, Professor of the "Université Libre," Brussels. [Sidenote: 11-50 a.m.] @@ -8219,7 +8181,7 @@ Discussion to be opened by Sir John Macdonnell. [Sidenote: 3-45 p.m.] -"Eugenique Selection et Determinisme des Tares." +"Eugénique Sélection et Déterminisme des Tarés." (Eugenic Selection and Elimination of Defectives). @@ -8352,7 +8314,7 @@ for discussion_.) [Sidenote: 11 a.m.] -"La Fertilite des Marriages suivant la Profession et la Situation +"La Fertilité des Marriages suivant la Profession et la Situation Sociale." (The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and Social @@ -8360,7 +8322,7 @@ Position). Monsieur Lucien March, -Directeur de la Statistique Generale de la France. +Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France. Discussion opened by Mr. Bernard Mallett. @@ -8445,11 +8407,11 @@ MORNING SESSION. [Sidenote: 10 a.m.] -"Sur la prophylaxie de la Syphilis Hereditaire et son action Eugenique." +"Sur la prophylaxie de la Syphilis Héréditaire et son action Eugénique." (On the Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect). -Dr. Hallopeau, Professeur a la Faculte de Medecine. +Dr. Hallopeau, Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine. Discussion. @@ -8459,23 +8421,23 @@ Discussion. (Alcohol and Eugenics). -Dr. Alfred Mjoen, Kristiania, Norway. +Dr. Alfred Mjoën, Kristiania, Norway. [Sidenote: 11-10 a.m.] -"Alcoholisme et Degenerescence." +"Alcoholisme et Dégénérescence." -Statistiques du Bureau central d'Administration des alienes de Paris et -du department de la Seine de 1867 a 1912. +Statistiques du Bureau central d'Administration des aliénés de Paris et +du department de la Seine de 1867 à 1912. (Alcoholism and Degeneracy). (Statistics from the central office for the management of the insane of Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912). -Dr. Magnan, of the Asile Saint Anne, Membre de l'Academie de Medecine +Dr. Magnan, of the Asile Saint Anne, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine -Dr. Fillassier, Membre de l'Academie de Medecine. +Dr. Fillassier, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine. (_As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and discussed together_). @@ -8484,7 +8446,7 @@ Discussion opened by Dr. Archdall Reid. [Sidenote: 12-15 p.m.] -"Rassenhygiene und Arztliche Gebuertshilfe." +"Rassenhygiene und Arztliche Gebürtshilfe." (Eugenics and Obstetrics). @@ -8618,7 +8580,7 @@ MEMBERS OF GENERAL COMMITTEE. Professor A. Niceforo. Mrs. J. Penrose. Mrs. E. F. Pinsent. - Dr. A. Ploetz. + Dr. A. Ploëtz. Mrs. G. Pooley. Professor E. B. Poulton, LL. D., D.Sc. F.R.S. Professor R. C. Punnett, M.A. @@ -8691,10 +8653,10 @@ necessarily quite incomplete, only those appointments made before June Folk-Lore Society Sir Edward Brabrook. French Republic Monsieur Lucien March, Directeur Statistique - Generale de la France. + Générale de la France. Incorporated Association of Assistant Masters in Secondary Schools Mr. F. Charles. - L'Academie de Medecine M. le Prof. Pinard. + L'Académie de Médecine M. le Prof. Pinard. Linnean Society Professor W. Bateson. Liverpool Biological Society Mr. R. D. Laurie. Local Government Board Dr. Arthur Newsholme. @@ -8720,16 +8682,16 @@ necessarily quite incomplete, only those appointments made before June Parents' National Education Union Miss E. Parish. Miss M. Franklin. Prudential Insurance Co., of America Mr. Frederick Hoffman. - Ranyard Nurses Miss Zoe L. Puxley. + Ranyard Nurses Miss Zoë L. Puxley. Royal Anthropological Institute Dr. Seligmann. - Royal University of Athens Professor Andre Andreadis. + Royal University of Athens Professor André Andreadis. Royal College of Surgeons Mr. G. H. Makins, C.B. Royal Society of Medicine Sir George Savage, M.D. Royal Statistical Society Dr. Dudfield. Royal Surgical Aid Society Mr. Henry Allhusen. Rev. Professor Green. - Societe Nationale des Professeurs de - Francais en Angleterre Monsieur A. Perret. + Société Nationale des Professeurs de + Français en Angleterre Monsieur A. Perret. Society of Women Journalists Mrs. Bedford Fenwick. Society of Medical Officers of Health Dr. A. Bustock-Hill. St. Pancras School for Mothers Lady Meyer, @@ -8815,7 +8777,7 @@ _To the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee._ Please send me one Ticket for my own use (and one for a guest[N]), Seven Shillings and Sixpence (10 frcs.) each, for the Inaugural Banquet of the First International Eugenics Congress to be held at the Hotel Cecil, - Strand, at 7 p.m., July 24th. I enclose L s. d. + Strand, at 7 p.m., July 24th. I enclose £ s. d. _Name_ _____________________________________________________________ (Member of the Congress). @@ -8838,32 +8800,32 @@ LUNCHEONS. A List of some Restaurants within easy reach of the University. -Open-Air Cafe, a la Carte +Open-Air Café, à la Carte Kensington Gardens 5 minutes walk. (Reasonable Charges). Imperial Restaurant, - 24, Alfred Place 5 " 1/6 Table d'Hote. + 24, Alfred Place 5 " 1/6 Table d'Hôte. -A.B.C. Depot, - 32, Alfred Place 5 " a la Carte +A.B.C. Depôt, + 32, Alfred Place 5 " à la Carte (Adjoining South Kensington (Popular Prices). Tube Station). -Lyon's Depot, +Lyon's Depôt, Gloucester Road 7 " " Royal Palace Hotel, - Kensington Gardens 8 " Special 2/6 Table d'Hote + Kensington Gardens 8 " Special 2/6 Table d'Hôte to Members of Congress - or a la Carte. + or à la Carte. -Lyon's Depot, - Brompton Road 8 " a la Carte. +Lyon's Depôt, + Brompton Road 8 " à la Carte. (Popular Prices). Harrods' Stores, - Brompton Road 12 " 2/- Table d'Hote or - a la Carte. + Brompton Road 12 " 2/- Table d'Hôte or + à la Carte. @@ -8886,365 +8848,6 @@ The following changes were made: Programme p. 16: Handwritten correction of a.m. to p.m. under Entertainments - P. 17: [Greek: geeeao] not a word! => [Greek: gennao] = birth - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE -FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS*** - - -******* This file should be named 44948.txt or 44948.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/4/9/4/44948 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Abstracts of Papers Read at the First International Eugenics Congress - University of London, July, 1912 - - -Author: Various - - - -Release Date: February 17, 2014 [eBook #44948] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE -FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS*** - - -E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, Tom Cosmas, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Preservation Department, Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western -Reserve University -(https://library.case.edu/ksl/aboutus/organization/preservation) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 44948-h.htm or 44948-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44948/44948-h/44948-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44948/44948-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Preservation Department, Kelvin Smith Library, - Case Western Reserve University. See - http://library.case.edu/digitalcase/datastreamDetail.aspx?PID=ksl:eugabs00&DSID=eugabs00.pdf - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). - - Text enclosed by plus signs is underscored (+underscored+). - - Male and Female symbols are shown as [M] and [F] - respectively and denoting physical defects as [M-] and - [F-] respectively. - - Subscripted numbers are enclosed by curly brackets - following a single underscore (example: F_{2}). - - - - - -ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS, - -[Illustration] - -University of London. -July, 1912. - -English. - - - - - - - -Charles Knight & Co., Ltd., 227-239, Tooley Street, London, S.E. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Section I. - - Biology and Eugenics. - - PAGE - - I. Variation and Heredity in Man 5 - G. SERGI. - - II. On the Increase of Stature in Certain European Populations 6 - SOREN HANSEN. - - III. The So-called Laws of Inheritance in Man 7 - V. GUIFFRIDA-RUGGERI. - - IV. The Inheritance of Fecundity 8 - RAYMOND PEARL. - - V. Ethnic Psychology and the Science of Eugenics 9 - ENRICO MORSELLI. - - VI. The Inheritance of Epilepsy 10 - DAVID F. WEEKS. - - VII. The Influence of the Age of Parents on the Psycho-Physical - Characters of the Offspring 12 - ANTONIO MARRO. - - VIII. Genetics and Eugenics 15 - R. C. PUNNETT. - - - Section II. - - Practical Eugenics. - - I. General Considerations upon "Education before Procreation" 17 - A. PINARD. - - II. Practical Organization of Eugenic Action 18 - LOUIS QUERTON. - - III. Marriage Laws and Customs 19 - C. B. DAVENPORT. - - IV. Eugenic Selection and the Origin of Defects 20 - FRÉDÉRIC HOUSSAY. - - V. Preliminary Report of the Committee of Eugenics Section of - the American Breeders' Association upon the Best Practical - Means for Cutting off the Defective Germ Plasm 21 - B. VAN WAGENEN. - - - Section IIa. - - Education and Eugenics. - - VI. Eugenics and the New Social Consciousness 22 - S. G. SMITH. - - VII. Practical Eugenics in Education 23 - F. C. S. SCHILLER. - - - Section III. - - Sociology and Eugenics. - - I. The Psycho-Physical Elite and the Economic Elite 24 - ACHILLE LORIA. - - II. The Cause of the Inferiority of Physical and Mental - Characters in the Lower Social Classes 26 - ALFREDO NICEFORO. - - III. The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and - Social Position 27 - LUCIEN MARCH. - - IV. Eugenics and Militarism 28 - VERNON L. KELLOGG. - - V. Eugenics in Party Organization 29 - R. MICHELS. - - VI. The Influence of Race on History 30 - W. C. D. and C. D. WHETHAM. - - VII. Some Inter-Relations between Eugenics and Historical Research 31 - F. A. WOODS. - - VIII. Demographical Contributions to the Problems of Eugenics 32 - C. GINI. - - IX. Maternity Statistics of the State of Rhode Island, State - Census of 1905 34 - F. L. HOFFMANN. - - - Section IV. - - Medicine and Eugenics. - - I. The Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect 36 - H. HALLOPEAU. - - II. Alcohol and Eugenics 37 - A. MJOËN. - - III. Alcoholism and Degeneracy 38 - M. MAGNAN AND M. FILLASSIER. - - IV. Eugenics and Obstetrics 39 - AGNES BLUHM. - - V. Heredity and Eugenics in Relation to Insanity 40 - F. W. MOTT. - - VI. The Place of Eugenics in the Medical Curriculum 42 - H. E. JORDAN. - - VII. A Healthy Sane Family showing Longevity in Catalonia 43 - I. VALENTI VIVO. - - VIII. Some Remarks on Backward Children 43 - RAOUL DUPUY. - - - - -Section I. - -Biology and Eugenics. - - - - -VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN MAN. (Abstract.) - -By Professor G. Sergi, _Professor of Anthropology, Rome_. - - -In his paper Professor G. Sergi wishes to show that in man after his -morphological characteristics are established there occur no profound -variations to change the typical forms which are naturally persistent. - -The principal discussion concerns the different forms of the skull -which are important as characteristics of race. Professor Sergi -distinguishes in the human skull two principal and primordial forms: -the dolichomorphic and the brachymorphic are both very ancient, as they -are found contemporaneously in European human fossils. Consequently -he attacks the idea of the transformation of one form into another. -He does not find it demonstrated that the dolichomorphic type is -transformed into the brachymorphic, and considers the causes adduced -for this supposed transformation insufficient. It is neither the -effect of environment of the plains or of the mountains, or the -climatic influence of extreme cold, or the increase of volume of the -brain supposed to be due to greater cerebral activity owing to a more -developed culture, that the form of the skull is transformed into -another type. All these suppositions are contrary to facts, because -dolichomorphic and brachymorphic skulls are found alike in mountain and -plain, in northern and southern regions, among primitive and civilized -populations, in fact without any distinction. - -The mutations that are believed to be found in the different -populations are due to the effect of intermixture and penetration of -new demographical elements, and not to the transformation of forms. -That is also proved by the crossing of the two different human types -from which no intermediary forms are derived: but instead there occurs -in the heredity a segregation analagous to that under the Mendelian -theory. If this were not so, to-day after many thousands of years of -intermixture of the most diverse races, there would be but a single -form derived from transformation; the demonstration of the facts proves -that this has not occurred. - -There is a great persistence in human physical forms, the variability -is minimum after the formation of the races, and does not effect the -changes of type. - -The same fact can be noticed for the external characteristics of man, -such as the colour of the skin, the colour and form of the hair, and -the colour of the iris. It is solely in the crossings that there can be -intermediary formations which have not indefinite heredity, because the -segregation of characteristics takes place also in this case. - -But the studies and observations on this matter are still incomplete, -especially according to the Mendelian theory, and there is need of new -and careful observation. - -As to the pathological inheritance, there exist facts that confirm it -in a general way, but the laws under which this heredity occurs have -not been fully verified. - - - - -ON THE INCREASE OF STATURE IN CERTAIN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Soren Hansen, M.D., - -_Director of the Danish Anthropological Survey, Copenhagen._ - - -The improvement in stature in many European countries during the past -50 years is generally ascribed simply to improved hygienic and economic -conditions, but the question is really very intricate. The presence of -different racial elements, social selection with its tendency to draw -the well-made into towns, and the falling death-rate, etc., complicate -the investigations. In all countries there is a great lack of truly -comparable data from earlier years. The British Inter-Departmental -Committee on Physical Deterioration, for example, though it collected -an enormous amount of material, was unsuccessful in its endeavours to -solve the main question. Single cases, e.g., the comparison of factory -children with the boys of the York Quaker school (Anthropometric -Committee, Brit. Ass. 1883), are certainly of great interest, but how -can such cases be taken to represent the average? - -Other countries possess a rich source of information in their -conscription lists. Thus, in Denmark these lists show an unmistakable -increase of 3.7 cm. (1-1/2 inch) in the average height of the adult -Dane during the past 50-60 years. Similar increases are noted from -Norway, Sweden and Holland. This increase suggests that there may have -been more or less periodic waves of increase and decrease in height, -since, on the one hand, we cannot imagine such an increase continuing -indefinitely, and on the other, we know that the men of, say, 1000 -years ago were quite as tall as they are at present. What are the -agencies alternately improving or impairing the racial qualities? First -of all, have we sufficiently exact, numerical information regarding the -racial qualities? - -A critical examination of all available data is very necessary. For -example, the weight of new-born children is stated to have increased -in England by 59 and 82 grams during the past 20 years, and in Denmark -we can point to an increase of 40 grams in 35 years. But when we -consider all the possible sources of error, it must be admitted that -these statements, and especially the former, require confirmation. -The material is not homogenous. Again, it is stated, that the average -height of adult women in France has increased by 3 cm. in the last 80 -years--but when we read that the total number of measurements in the -last period was only 255, we cannot rely very much upon this statement. - -On the whole, it may be said, that we have a few cases of definite -increase and a goodly number very doubtful. We really need to have -the first of the principal recommendations of the Inter-Departmental -Committee on Physical Deterioration carried out in all countries, -for, the more we subject the available data to critical scrutiny, the -more we see the hopelessness of attaining to any real and fruitful -conclusions, unless we have an efficient organisation of capable -workers, backed by governmental as well as private support. - - - - -THE SO-CALLED LAWS OF INHERITANCE IN MAN. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor V. Guiffrida-Ruggeri, - -_Professor of Anthropology, Naples._ - - -The Mendelian laws find verification in man. Every race, whether a -sub-species or a variety, has an hereditary possession of certain -characters; a possession which is completely transmitted to the -descendants, in whom is preserved the same germ plasm as in the -progenitors. - -The researches of C. B. and G. Davenport seem to have proved the -recessive character of albinism and its obedience to the Mendelian -law. Hurst has presented figures which show that the inheritance of -colour in the iris of the human eye obeys Mendelian laws. Davenport -has established the order of dominance by the form of hair, which also -obeys the Mendelian law. - -De Quatrefages, many years before the re-affirmation of Mendel's -discoveries, wrote:-- - - "The union of individuals of different races involves a contest - between their two natures--a contest of which the theatre is the - field where the new being is organised. Now, this contest does not - take place _en bloc_, so to speak, as has been generally admitted. - Each of the characters of the two parents struggles on its own account - against the corresponding character (its antagonist, as has just - been said). When the hereditary energy is equal on both sides there - necessarily ensues a kind of process of which the consequence is the - fusion of the maternal and paternal characters in an intermediate - character. If the energies are very unequal the hybrid inherits a - character borrowed entirely from one of his parents; but this parent, - conqueror on one point, may be conquered upon another. Hence, there - results with the hybrid a _juxtaposition_ of characters derived from - each of the types of which he is the child." - -Above all, I have wished to call attention to the so-called laws of -dominance, because of their great importance. We may conclude that in -the case of man the dominant characters are also the original ones. - - - - -THE INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY. - -(Abstract.) - -By Raymond Pearl, - -_Biologist, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station._ - - -The purpose of this paper is to give an account (necessarily -abbreviated, and without presentation of complete evidence) of the -results of an investigation into the mode of inheritance of fecundity -in the domestic fowl, and to point out some of the possible eugenic -bearings of these results. - -It is shown that while the continued selection, over a period of years, -of highly fecund females failed to bring about any change in average -fecundity of the strain used, this character must nevertheless be -inherited since pedigree lines have been isolated which uniformly breed -true to definite degrees of fecundity. - -It is further shown that observed variations in actually realized -fecundity (number of eggs laid) do not depend upon anatomical -differences in respect to the number of visible oöcytes in the ovary. -The differential factor on which the variations in fecundity depend -must be primarily physiological. - -Fecundity in the fowl is shown to be inherited in strict accord with -the following Mendelian plan:-- - -1. Observed individual variations in fecundity depend essentially upon -two separately inherited physiological factors (designated L_{1}, and -L_{2}). - -2. _High_ fecundity is manifested only when both of these factors are -present together in the same individual. - -3. Either of these factors when present alone, whether in homozygous or -heterozygous form, causes about the same degree of _low_ fecundity to -be manifested. - -4. One of these factors, namely L_{2}, is sex-limited or sex-correlated -in its inheritance, in such way that in gametogenesis any gamete which -bears the female sex-determinant F does not bear L_{2}. - -5. There is a definite and clear-cut segregation of high fecundity from -low fecundity, in the manner set forth above. - -From the standpoint of eugenics it is pointed out that these results -furnish a new conception of the mode of inheritance of fecundity, and -may be helpful in suggesting a method of attacking the same problem for -man. - - - - -ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENCE OF EUGENICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Prof. Enrico Morselli, - -_Director of the Clinic for Mental and Nervous Diseases, Genoa -University_. - - -All natural varieties or races of mankind differ, not only by their -physical, but also by their mental, characters. There exists, -therefore, an "Ethnic Psychology" which, along with "Ethnic -Somatology," constitutes the complete Science of Anthropology or the -Natural History of Man. This must describe and classify races and -populations under a double aspect--physical and psychical. - -The psychical characters of races are in part _original_, and in part -acquired through _adaptation_. These persist in a race as long as -such mesological adaptation lasts; they vary with modifications of -the conditions of life, including social activities and inter-racial -relations. - -In mixed unions, amongst different races, there are always some which -are more vigorous, biologically and mentally, more fully developed, -which impress their characters upon their descendants. For the vitality -and well-being of mixed or metamorphic populations a certain amount -of difference amongst the parent races is necessary, but too great a -difference is injurious to the offspring. - -The offspring of mixed unions present in their psychology a _mixture_, -again a _combination_ or fusion of the mental characters of the parent -races: sometimes certain psychical characters of a race become the -_dominant_ characters. - -All ethnic groupings have their destiny marked out by the grade -attained in _the human psycho-physical hierarchy_. Nevertheless, it -is necessary that each race or nation, when it knows its contribution -to the development of universal civilisation, should contemplate the -preservation of its own ethnic type. Differentiation amongst peoples is -an indispensable factor in human progress. - -The science of eugenics should not look for the realisation of a -uniform type of man, but vary its aims and methods according to the -natural differentiation of races and nations, taking account of ethnic -psychology equally with ethnic somatology. - -The humanity of the future will be physically and mentally superior -to the existing humanity, but the _amelioration of the species_ ought -not to aim at the equality of races and populations. These races -and populations ought not to lose their acquisition of particular -adaptations to different conditions of existence. - -A science of universal or common eugenics should allow a eugenic -ethnology to exist, which should indicate and facilitate for each race -or nation the defence and propagation of its own _physical type_ and -its own _mentality_. The most vigorous and dominant races will always -be those which know how to create and preserve in sexual unions their -characteristics of structure and culture. - - - - -THE INHERITANCE OF EPILEPSY. - -(Abstract.) - -By David Fairchild Weeks, M.D., - -_Medical Superintendent and Executive Officer, the New Jersey State -Village for Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A._ - - -In this paper the writer has endeavoured to learn what laws, if -any, epilepsy follows in its return to successive generations, and -the relation it bears to alcoholism, migraine, paralysis, and other -symptoms of lack of neural strength. - -The data used in the study was analysed according to the Mendelian -method which assumes that the inheritance of any character is not -from the parents, grandparents, etc., but from the germ plasm out -of which every fraternity and its parents and other relatives have -arisen. If the soma possesses the trait of the recessive to normality -sort, it lacks in its germ plasm the determiner upon which the normal -development depends, and this condition is called nulliplex. If the -soma possesses the trait of the dominant to normality sort, the -determiner was derived from both parents and is double in the germ -plasm, or normal, all of the germ cells have the determiner; or else it -came from one parent only, is single in the germ plasm, or simplex, -and half of the germ cells have and half lack the determiner. - -The method of obtaining the data was by means of field workers, who -interviewed in their homes the parents, relatives and all others -interested in the epileptic patient. These visits have established -a friendly feeling toward and an intelligent understanding of the -Institution and its work. - -The study is based on the data derived from 397 histories, covering 440 -matings. - -The matings are classified under the six possible types, of nulliplex × -nulliplex, nulliplex × simplex, nulliplex × normal, simplex × simplex, -simplex × normal, and normal × normal. - -Under the first type all those matings where both parents were -epileptic, one was epileptic and the other feeble-minded, or both -were feeble-minded, are classified. According to Mendel's Law, all of -the children should be nulliplex. The data showed all of the children -defective. - -Under the type nulliplex × simplex, all matings where one parent was -epileptic or feeble-minded and the other "tainted," that is, alcoholic, -neurotic, migrainous, or showed some mental weakness, are classified. -From this type of mating, 50% of the offspring are expected to be -nulliplex and 50% simplex. From the matings where one parent was -epileptic or feeble-minded and the other alcoholic, there were 61% -mentally deficient or nulliplex, the remainder simplex. The figures -for the offspring from the other matings showed 47% nulliplex, and 53% -simplex. - -For the third type, nulliplex by normal, all those matings where -one parent was epileptic or feeble-minded and the other reported -as mentally normal are classified. From this type of mating, the -expectations are that all of the children would be simplex. A study -of the ancestors of the normal parents showed these parents simplex -rather than normal. The analysis of the offspring showed at least 43% -nulliplex, which is a close fitting to the type of mating nulliplex × -simplex. - -The fourth type of mating is simplex × simplex. Here, all matings where -both of the parents were "tainted" are classified. The expectation is -that 25% of the offspring would be nulliplex, in reality 35% were found -to be mentally deficient. - -Simplex × normal is the fifth type of mating considered. The matings -where one parent was tainted and the other supposedly normal, are -classified here. From a study of their ancestors these normal parents -appeared to be simplex, and the classification of the offspring showed -more than 25% nulliplex, which is the expectation from simplex × -simplex mating. - -The sixth type is normal × normal, and the matings where both parents -were reported normal is studied under this heading. Here, as before, a -study of the ancestors of these normal parents indicates that they are -simplex, and not normal. The classification of the children showed a -close fitting to the expectation from a simplex × simplex mating. - -A special study of the matings where one or both of the parents was -migrainous or alcoholic, shows a close relationship between these -conditions and epilepsy. - -The following conclusions are drawn from the study. - -The common types of epileptics lack some element necessary for complete -mental development. This is also true of the feeble-minded. - -Two epileptic parents produce only defectives. When both parents are -either epileptic or feeble-minded their offspring are also mentally -defective. - -Epilepsy tends in successive generations to form a larger part of the -population. - -The normal parents of epileptics are not normal but simplex, and have -descended from tainted ancestors. - -Alcohol may be a cause of defect in that more children of alcoholic -parents are defective than where alcoholism is not a factor. - -Neurotic and other tainted conditions are closely allied with epilepsy. - -In the light of present knowledge, epilepsy, considered by itself, -is not a Mendelian factor, but epilepsy and feeble-mindedness are -Mendelian factors of the recessive type. - -Tainted individuals, as neurotics, alcoholics, criminals, sex -offenders, etc., are simplex and normals or simplex and normal in -character. - - - - -THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGE OF PARENTS ON THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERS -OF THE OFFSPRING. - -(Abstract.) - -By Antonio Marro, - -_Director of the Lunatic Asylum, Turin._ - - -The natural law of heredity holds good whether for the physical -characteristics or for those which are biological and moral. - -The apparent anomalies which children present in not reproducing the -qualities of the parents, and the unlikeness frequently noted among the -children of the same family, only serve to reveal the presence of the -particular conditions of the parents at the time of begetting which has -influenced the offspring. - -We have a proof of this law in the anomalies presented by the children -of parents who, at the time of begetting, were themselves in anomalous -conditions by reason of intoxication or disease. - -Among the conditions of parents which are capable of influencing the -characteristics of children must be included the changes which their -organism undergoes by reason of advancing age. - -I propose to study the effects of age on the physical and moral -characters of the children. My researches have extended to numerous -criminals and insane persons, as well as to scholars of the public -schools and other normal persons affected or not with special diseases. - -Of my studies on criminals, the result is: that the children of -young parents are found in large numbers guilty of offences against -property; and this is natural. The first impulse to that is not due to -wickedness, which impels them to inflict harm on others, but to love of -pleasure, of revel, of idleness--all features of youth, during which -period the passions are very active, and no restraint present with -which to repress and subjugate them. - -Swindlers alone are exceptions to this rule, but swindling is a crime -of riper years, according to the dictum of Quetelet. - -Among crimes of personal violence, I have found a numerical superiority -in the children of aged parents. Assassins, homicides, those who show -the completest absence of sentiments of affection and often delusions -of persecution more or less pronounced, gave a proportion of children -of aged parents far greater than that furnished by all the other -categories of delinquents; the proportion is as high for fathers as for -mothers of advanced age. - -Here, too, we note a certain correlation between the state of -discontent, of suspicion, of frigid egoism, which the decline of -physical energy tends to arouse in the old, and the absence of -affectionate sentiment and a tendency to delusions of persecution which -are usual in murderers. Among the insane, moral idiocy in particular, -and the degenerative forms in general, appeared more frequently in -children of aged parents. - -As to schoolboys, I have noticed that the minimum of good conduct -and the maximum of better developed intelligence coincides with the -possession of youth by both parents. - -The age of complete development corresponds to a maximum of good -conduct and a minimum of bad conduct, and retains a large proportion of -intelligent children. - -In the period of decline of both parents, good conduct of children is -observed in a smaller proportion than in the preceding period, and high -intelligence in a very small proportion. - -Among biological qualities I have made observations on longevity; among -persons of 70 and 80 whom I have examined there is a large proportion -of parents who themselves enjoyed remarkably long lives, which proves -the transmissibility from father to son of powers of resistance against -the stresses of life. - -Among physical qualities I have made note of the fact that from -alcoholic or aged parents were descended children in whom degenerative -physical characteristics were most frequently apparent, recalling some -features of an inferior human type, such as exaggeration of the frontal -sinuses, the torus occipitalis, ears with the Darwinian tubercles -prominent, the forehead receding, etc. At the same time the ascendants -of those who presented typical and anomalous characters, due to morbid -influences of various kinds and following on faulty development of -the foetus, such as cretinism, congenital goître, nasal deflections, -strabismus, plagio-cephaly, hydrocephaly, dental malformation, etc., -showed a large number of alcoholics and epileptics. - -The explanation of the pernicious consequences to the psycho-physical -characters of the children of parents too young or too advanced in age -does not present much difficulty. - -At the younger period the organism is still in process of formation; -the incomplete development of the skeleton, as of all the other organs, -continually absorbs a mass of plastic materials necessary to the -formation of offspring. So we may consider that the faults of children -born of too young parents are due to an incomplete development because -of the insufficiency of plastic material. - -We must, on the other hand, seek in the conditions which accompany old -age for the reason why it has a disastrous influence on the vitality of -the germinal elements of the parents and predisposes the descendants to -various forms of physical and moral degeneracy. - -During this period we have in the tissues, instead of a development -and renewal of protoplasm, the tendency to an accumulation of fat; -and in the whole organism, chiefly in the tissues of the arterial -system, we find the tendency to a deposit in their structure of an -amorphous substance which converts the supple elastic canals into rigid -tubes; and from this a general slowing up of the organic functions -(circulation, oxidation, secretion) results; the blood, not reaching -the degree of elaboration which it possessed before, acquires a greater -acidity, and cannot by the ordinary excretory channels so quickly get -rid of the catabolic products with which it is charged. - -By reason of these conditions the organism of older people undergoes -a sort of slow and gradual intoxication, which, at the same time as -it shows itself in the individual by the gradual languishing of all -his functions, influences in a disastrous manner the germs which -develop within him, and predisposes them to become beings condemned to -degeneracy. - -Consequently this cause of degeneracy enters the general category of -intoxications. - - - - -GENETICS AND EUGENICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By R. C. Punnett, - -_Professor of Biology, Cambridge_. - - -To the student of genetics, man, like any other animal, is material for -working out the manner in which characters, whether physical or mental, -are transmitted from one generation to the next. Viewed in this way he -must be regarded as unpromising, not only from the small size of his -families, the time consumed in their production, and the long period of -immaturity, but also because full experimental control is here out of -the question. For these reasons man is of interest to the student of -genetics, chiefly in so far as he presents problems in heredity which -are rarely to be found in other species, and can only be studied at -present in man himself. The aim of the Eugenist, on the other hand, is -to control human mating in order to obtain the largest proportion of -individuals he considers best fitted to the form of society which he -affects. It is evident that to do this effectually he must have precise -knowledge of the manner in which transmission of characters occurs, -and more especially of those with which he particularly wishes to -deal. Precise knowledge is at present available in man for relatively -few characters; and those characters, such as eye-colour, and certain -somewhat rare deformities, are not the kind on which the Eugenist lays -great stress. The one instance of eugenic importance that could be -brought under immediate control is that of feeble-mindedness. Speaking -generally, the available evidence suggests that it is a case of simple -Mendelian inheritance. Occasional exceptions occur, but there is every -reason to expect that a policy of strict segregation would rapidly -bring about the elimination of this character. - -There is reason to suppose that many human qualities are more -complicated in their transmission, and it is probable that certain -phenomena now being studied in plants and animals will throw definite -light upon man. Though characters are frequently transmitted on the -Mendelian scheme quite independently of one another, there are cases -known in which they are linked up more or less completely in the germ -cells with the determinant of a particular sex. Sex-limited inheritance -of this nature has been carefully worked out in particular cases in -Lepidoptera and poultry. As yet there is much to be learnt in this -direction, and further progress may be expected to lead eventually to -a precise knowledge of the mode of transmission of many human defects, -such as colour-blindness and hæmophilia. It is not unlikely that a -similar mode of transmission will be found to hold good for many human -characters usually classed as normal. - -Another set of phenomena which will probably be found of importance in -the heredity of man are those included under the terms "coupling" and -"repulsion." Characters, each exhibiting simple Mendelian segregation, -may become linked together more or less completely in the process of -heredity, or the reverse may occur. Our knowledge of these phenomena -is at present almost completely confined to cases in plants, but -evidence is beginning to be obtained for their occurrence in animals. -It is not unlikely that they will be found to play a considerable part -in human heredity. For one of the most noticeable things about man -is the frequency with which children resemble one or other parent to -the seemingly almost complete exclusion of the other. In view of the -mongrelisation of the human race, the frequency of these cases is very -remarkable, and can hardly fail to suggest that some sort of coupling -between characters plays a large part in human heredity. - -Except in very few cases, our knowledge of heredity in man is at -present far too slight and too uncertain to base legislation upon. -On the other hand, experience derived from plants and animals has -shewn that problems of considerable complexity can be unravelled by -the experimental method, and the characters concerned brought under -control. Though the direct method is hardly feasible in man, much -may yet be learnt by collecting accurate pedigrees and comparing -them with standard cases worked out in other animals. But it must be -clearly recognised that the collection of such pedigrees is an arduous -undertaking demanding high critical ability, and only to be carried out -satisfactorily by those who have been trained in and are alive to the -trend of genetic research. - - - - -Section II. - -Practical Eugenics. - - - - - -GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS UPON "EDUCATION BEFORE PROCREATION." - -(Abstract.) - -By Adolphe Pinard, - -_Professor at the Faculty; Member of the Academy of Medicine of Paris._ - - -Sir Francis Galton has entitled Eugenics the new science having for -its object the study of the causes subject to social control which can -improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations, whether -physical or mental. - -Eugenics, thus defined, is nothing else but "Education before -Procreation," which has been studied in France for a number of years, -and which constitutes the first part of child-culture, "a science -having for its object the search for information relative to the -reproduction, preservation, and improvement of the human species"([1]). - -[Footnote 1: v. De la Puériculture in Revue Scientifique, 1897.] - -The Congress ought then to have for its object to work for the -investigation of the conditions necessary to secure a favourable -procreation. Now, it appears that the word "Eugenics," from the -etymological point of view, does not characterise either explicitly -or sufficiently the proposed object, while the word "Eugénique," of -[Greek: gennaô], at once recalls to the mind the idea of a favourable -procreation([2]). - -[Footnote 2: Besides, the word "Eugenics" recalls in France a chemical -term: eugenic-acid.] - -It is part of the duty of our first principal sitting to lay down a -rule upon this point. - -Certainly, biological, sociological, and historical researches, laws -and social customs regarded in their relations with the science of -Eugenics, are necessary and will undoubtedly result in extremely -interesting data, but from now it is above all things urgent to -establish and proclaim eugenic principles. - -Researches relating to physiological heredity and pathological heredity -ought to be pursued without interruption, but it is necessary to make -known as soon as possible to the masses of the people the individual -conditions, fully understood, which alone permit a favourable and -healthy procreation. In a word, it is necessary, by every means and -as soon as possible, to organise a great movement in order to show -to the greatest number of human beings the absolute necessity for a -conscientious, _i.e._, an enlightened procreation. We must bravely -approach the civilising of _the reproductive instinct_, which alone -has remained in a barbarous state amongst all the so-called civilised -nations from the earliest times. - -Then only, when societies have fulfilled this duty, will they have the -right to investigate what they ought and can effect against those for -whom future offspring would be recognised as fatally disastrous. - -Finally, it is fully understood that researches relating to selection -in the human species must be pursued in a parallel manner, as is now -done with such fruitful results for animals and vegetables in Genetics, -and in throwing light upon the constantly increasing conquests of this -other science. - - - - -PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION OF EUGENIC ACTION. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Louis Querton, - -_Professor at the University of Brussels._ - - -Now that many studies on the physiology and hygiene of reproduction of -man have been made, and many investigations on degeneration have been -conducted, we may face the problem of the betterment of the race, from -a practical standpoint. - -If the eugenic action cannot yet strive directly against hereditary -transmission of anomalies, it can fight successfully against the causes -of degeneration which act during the development of the individual. - -Physical and social environment influences these causes, which, on -account of their growing complexity, create more and more obstacles to -the normal evolution of the individual, while at the same time they -force him to acquire greater and more varied aptitudes. - -To thwart the prejudicial action of the environment on the development -of the individual, the systematic organization of this development -seems to be of first importance. - -The control of the development of the children, at the different phases -of their evolution, is strictly necessary to assure the education of -the individual and to check the degeneration of the race. - -The control is already established for certain classes of children, -and during limited periods of their development. Nurslings, school -children, and labourers can already, sometimes compulsorily, be -submitted to control. - -But the insufficiency of the actual organization is very evident, and -the results are, from the eugenic standpoint, unsatisfactory. - -In order to be really effective and to contribute to the improvement of -the individual and to the betterment of the race, the control of the -development should, as far as possible, be exerted over all children, -and it should last during the whole period of their evolution. This -control should be compulsory, as well as education; it should be -exercised by an institution, the frequentation of which, as well as -that of school, might be forced upon all children whose development -is not submitted to an effective control in their homes. Private -initiative should create such institutions everywhere, and thus prepare -legislative interference. - -These methodically organized eugenic institutions should, in the -future, be the development of the administrative institutions, which -actually establish the civil state of individuals. They would tend to -facilitate the education of individuals and public bodies; at the same -time they would assure the strict application of the laws concerning -the protection and education of childhood. - -They would collect the documents necessary to the scientific knowledge -of the facts of heredity, and would supply precise information -concerning the effective work of different social institutions on -transformation of the race. - - - - -MARRIAGE LAWS AND CUSTOMS. - -(Abstract.) - -By C. B. Davenport, - -_Director, Eugenics Record Office, U.S.A._ - - -Of the various laws limiting freedom of marriage three are of -biological import. First, the limitation of relationship between the -mates; second, the limitations in mental capacity of the mates; and -third, limitations of race. - -For the first there is a biological justification in so far as cousin -marriages are apt to bring in from both sides of the house the same -defect. For the second the justification is partial; but there is equal -reason for forbidding the marriage of normal persons both of whom -have mentally defective parents or other close relatives. The denial -of marriage between races has this justification, that most other -races have not, through selection, attained the social status of the -Caucasian. In such cases the socially inadequate should be sterilized -or segregated in other races as well as in the Caucasian. - - - - -EUGENIC SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF DEFECTS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Frédéric Houssay, - -_Professor of Science, University of Paris._ - - -Eugenics, which is a social application of biological science, cannot -yet be judged by its results; it must be judged by its tendencies. To -determine these, we must adjust them to principles generally admitted. - -And inasmuch as it advocates practical rules and seeks to check the -propagation of the unfit, by isolation or sterilization (voluntary or -enforced), it is an artificial selection. - -Its justification lies in the fact that, without intervention, the -descendants of defectives or degenerates would, in a few generations, -eliminate themselves by early death of children or by natural -sterility. This would produce a natural selection which Eugenics simply -proposes to anticipate by social economy. - -It seems that, by applying Darwinian principles, the group of -defectives, considered at a given moment, could be rapidly -extinguished. But this group is continually reinforced by fresh -degeneration of healthy stocks which become tainted. - -Hence the need to keep our eye on the re-formation of the group as well -as its elimination, and to keep in touch with Lamarckian principles. -The study of the origin and hereditary conservation of defects points -already as essential factors, to alcoholism, syphilis, and more -generally every chronic ailment and diathesis, among which gout must be -put in a leading position. Everything which will tend to restrain the -action of these factors is of capital importance from our present point -of view, whether it occurs in the ranks of rich or poor. - -The questions, thus, which Eugenics seeks to answer would be on this -view reduced to questions of hygiene and morals. - -So that the different biological principles, which sometimes seem in -mutual opposition, would become convergent, and would find in Eugenics -a ready reconciliation and a field of useful co-operation. - - - - -PRELIMINARY REPORT TO THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS, - -Of the Committee of the Eugenics Section of the American Breeders' -Association to Study and Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting -Off the Defective Germ Plasm in the Human Population. - -(Abstract.) - -By Bleecker Van Wagenen, _Chairman_. - - -1. Brief history of the American Breeders' Association, the Eugenics -Section and the Committee on Elimination of Defective Germ Plasm. - -2. Concise statement of the problem before the Committee and reasons -for the investigation. - -3. History of legislation in the United States authorising or requiring -the sterilization of certain classes of criminals, defectives and -degenerates who are under the control of the State in institutions. -Digest of the laws now in force. (This may be given as a lantern slide -with greater effect.) - -Legal views concerning the constitutionality of these laws. - -4. Investigations of vasectomy in Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts and -elsewhere, with detailed reports of some typical cases. (With lantern -slides.) - -5. Reports of sterilization of females, both of normal and abnormal -mentality, with a number of typical cases showing after-effects. (With -lantern slides.) - -6. Some observations in thremmatology suggesting important questions -concerning the practical effectiveness of sterilization as a eugenic -measure. - -7. Technical description of several kinds of sterilizing operations -as now performed. Vasectomy, ovariotomy and salpingectomy (with and -without complete excision), castration. - -8. Reports of several cases of persons, male and female, who having -been completely sterilized for a time, recovered the power of -procreation and actually did procreate thereafter. - -9. State of public opinion regarding sterilization in the United States -at the present time. Letters from Governors of States, views of Social -Workers and Institution people. Conflicting views of Roman Catholics -(as such). Digest of arguments set forth in a long controversy carried -on in the American Ecclesiastical Review, chiefly in Latin. - -10. Brief report of other data collected by the Committee and programme -for future work, with a call for co-operation in securing further data -pertinent to this inquiry. - - - - -EUGENICS AND THE NEW SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Samuel George Smith. - - -The new social consciousness is indicated; first, by the larger -powers and duties assumed by the State: second, by the new sense of -social solidarity affecting persons and groups of persons within the -State. The exclusion from parenthood of such wards of the State as -the feeble-minded, the insane, and the pauper has gone beyond debate; -and for all that are legally excluded from parenthood, custodial care -is required. There is need to develop a new ethical sense of the -individual in regard to his own relations to the social group. We have -not yet sufficient facts to establish a definite relation between -physical fitness and social efficiency. This is the place for caution. - -Questions of maternity among the poor: (_a_) Hard labour must be -forbidden to the expectant mother; (_b_) she must have nourishing food; -(_c_) surroundings must be wholesome. The economic problem is solved -in the increased vitality and consequent earning power of the coming -generation. - -Problem of the parenthood of the better classes: just as important and -more difficult. The question is not only vital and economic; it is also -ethical. - -The ignorance of parents and the defects of children. The State has -invaded the home, and has set standards, both physical and moral, for -the family. It is the duty of the State to secure the proper physical -environment for the home. It is a municipal problem. It is a problem -of public health. The whole movement looks to the triumph of a vital -democracy, which is more important than either political or industrial -democracy. - -Relations of alcoholism to neurasthenia, of tuberculosis to -feeble-mindedness, of bad social and labour conditions to both, -indicate cross sections in the problem. Vices of the rich in most -countries are greater than the vices of the poor. A vital democracy -cannot be based upon physical tests and material comfort. Its deepest -foundations are psychical and ethical. - - - - -PRACTICABLE EUGENICS IN EDUCATION. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. F. C. S. Schiller. - - -The danger to mankind arising from the preservation of the unfit under -social conditions. The self-destructiveness of civilization. Its -superiority dependent on the transmission of accumulated knowledge -by education. The danger of failure in educational systems. Is the -education of the rich necessarily a failure? The middle classes as -providers of ability to man the professions; but the price they have to -pay at present is too often racial extinction. The draining of ability -from the lower classes. - -The existing educational system and its potential value for eugenics. -Its unintellectual character. The liberal endowment of a "liberal -education." Commercialism and the scholarship system. The athletic -system, the play instincts and moral training. Both systems are -Darwinian and appeal to British character. - -Suggested improvements: (1) in the athletic system; "fitness," not -a merely physical ideal; (2) in the scholarship system; "liberal -education" to be conceived as intrinsically useful, and not merely a -game with intrinsically useless subjects. - -Should scholarships be restricted to the needy? The educational dangers -of this policy. The eugenical value of the existing system. - -The possibility of infusing eugenical spirit into athletics. The appeal -of eugenics to the upper classes. A real versus a sham nobility. The -eugenical ideal essentially a matter of sentiment and not necessarily -anti-democratic. - - - - -Section III. - -Sociology and Eugenics. - - - - -THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL ELITE AND THE ECONOMIC ELITE. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor Achille Loria, - -_University of Turin._ - - -Artificial selection could be perfectly applied to the human species, -in which case marriages would be arranged between persons better -endowed, physically and mentally, and the worse endowed would be -excluded from marriage. But this selection encounters the gravest -practical difficulties; because, if it is relatively easy to estimate -the physical qualities of man, nothing on the other hand is harder than -to estimate his mental qualities. A dynamometer of intelligence does -not exist, and Galton's method of observing the points of merit of -University graduates is very insufficient and fallible. - -In face of these difficulties there naturally arises the idea of -inferring the psycho-physical aptitudes of individuals from their -social and economic position, or from their income, which is easily -measured. In accord with this idea, it would be a question of acting so -that marriages would be effected exclusively and predominantly amongst -individuals provided with superior incomes, and to prevent, as far -as possible, marriages between persons of inferior incomes, or of no -income at all. - -But all this would be plausible if there should be a real analogy -between the economic élite, and the psycho-physical élite, or if the -former were really a product of the latter. Now, this is precisely what -I deny. The _economic élite_ is not in the least the product of the -possession of superior qualities, but is simply the result of a blind -struggle between incomes, which carries to the top those who, at the -start, possess a larger income through causes which may be absolutely -independent of the possession of superior endowments. (See my _Sintesi -economica_--Paris, Giard et Briard, 1911.) Hence, nothing makes it -impossible that the wealthier people should be precisely the worst -endowed, physically and mentally, and this as a matter of fact happens -in innumerable cases. - -Besides, we have an indirect proof of this in the very results of -selective processes as, until now, they are practised. And, in fact, -conjugal selection to-day takes place precisely amongst individuals of -the same class, or belonging to the same standard of income, so that -persons of the upper classes always marry exclusively amongst each -other. So then these marriages, which, according to the theory, ought -to give more splendid results, give, on the contrary, more wretched -results. Galton's same law of "return to the mean," or the fact that -the descendants of persons of high class sometimes have inferior -endowments as compared with the average of the race, could not be -fulfilled if persons of the upper classes who marry with each other -were really select persons, physically and mentally. - -There would also be in this case a falling off from the super-normal -qualities of an exceptionally gifted parent, but in that case the -characters of the children would always be superior to those of the -descendants of the lower classes. If this does not happen, if the -children of the upper classes show qualities inferior to those of the -average of children of the lower classes, this proves conclusively -that married people of the superior classes were not in the least -endowed with specially high aptitudes, but, on the contrary, presented -the opposite characteristics. Thus, the same law of Galton, properly -interpreted, shows the absolute independence of largeness of income and -excellence of individual qualities, hence the absurdity and danger of -Eugenics upon an economic foundation, such as many desire. - -The researches of Fahlbeck upon the Swedish nobility, which show the -rapid extinction of the upper classes who practise _Economic Eugenics_, -is a further proof of the absence of any link between economic -superiority and psycho-physical superiority; since if the wealthier -people, who usually intermarry, were really the better endowed, their -descendants would never show those phenomena of extinction which betray -a leaven of inner degeneration. - -I conclude that Economic Eugenics is already practised to-day -upon a large scale, and hence it is already possible to form an -accurate judgment upon its results--which are those of return to the -mean--degeneration and extinction of race. Now, these same results show -that the economically superior classes are not at all the best endowed, -and often even degenerate, and that, therefore, the only method -calculated to effect a conjugal selection which would be socially -useful is not to unite in marriage the richer people, but individuals -really possessing superior qualities, and to exclude from marriage -those who do not possess them. - - - - -THE CAUSE OF THE INFERIORITY OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CHARACTERS IN THE -LOWER SOCIAL CLASSES. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor Alfredo Niceforo, - -_Of the University of Naples._ - - -The author has compared the physical, demographic, and mental -characters of the upper and leisured classes with the same characters -in individuals of the inferior and poor classes. He has made use of -several methods: (1) A comparison between the well-to-do and the poor -children in schools; (2) a comparison between individuals belonging to -different professions; (3) a comparison between the rich and the poor -quarters of the same city. - -He has also studied 4,000 children of the schools of Lausanne; Italian -peasants; conscripts of different countries, classified according to -their occupation; and the rich and the poor quarters of Lausanne, -Paris, etc. - -He has found that individuals of the lower classes show a smaller -development of stature, of cranial capacity, of sensibility, of -resistance to mental fatigue, a delay in the period when puberty -makes its appearance, a slackening in growth, a very large number of -anomalies, etc. - -The causes of these differences ascertained in comparing the two groups -are of the _mesological_ and _individual order_. - -Of the _mesological_ order because the conditions of life where men of -the lower classes are forced to live constitute one of the causes of -the deterioration of their physical and mental characters. - -Of the _individual_ order because, thanks to biological variation, -every man is born different from all other men, and men who are born -with superior physical and mental characters tend to rise in the -superior classes, while men who are born with inferior physical and -mental characters tend to fall in the most wretched classes. - -However, in studying the catalogues of measurements and observations, -the author has found that in the mass of men belonging to the superior -classes one finds a small number of men with inferior qualities, while -in the mass of men forming the inferior classes one finds a certain -number of men presenting superior characters. - -It is between these two _exceptional_ categories that social exchanges -should be made, allowing the best and most capable of the lower stratum -to ascend, and compelling the unadapted who are found above to fall to -the lower stratum. - - - - -THE FERTILITY OF MARRIAGES ACCORDING TO PROFESSION AND SOCIAL POSITION. - -(Abstract.) - -By M. Lucien March, - -_Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France._ - - -Statistics of families furnish, perhaps, the most appropriate data -for the examination of the factors which govern the productiveness of -marriages or their sterility. - -Statistics concerning the children born in the eleven and a half -million French families, classed according to occupation, have been -prepared in France for the first time as a result of the census of -1906. These statistics give information as to the number of children -per family, either alive on the day of the census or previously -deceased, in each occupation, for all the families in the whole country -taken together, and for the different provinces. Further, a special -investigation of the 200,000 families of employees and workmen in the -public services has furnished more circumstantial details, which have -enabled the number of children and number of deaths of children in a -family to be brought into relation with the income of the head. - -The results obtained by the method described above are the subject of -this report. The effects of occupation, social position and income are -analysed by means of co-efficients expressing the productiveness of -marriages, after eliminating the influence of such factors as duration -of marriage, age, and habitat, all of which may obviously affect the -productiveness of a marriage. - -These results confirm what has been learnt from previous researches of -the fertility of different social classes, but they go further in that -they show that the difference is not exclusively dependent on income. - -In general there are more children per family in the families of -workmen than in the families of employers, and the latter contain -more than those of employees other than workmen. Further, one finds -industries in which the number of children in the employers' families -is larger than in the families of workmen in other industries. Thus, -differences are introduced by the occupation. Industries employing many -hands seem the more favourable to the production of large families, -both among workmen and among employers. Agriculture, in which a large -number of persons are engaged in France, does not seem to conduce -to fertility. Fishermen and sailors in the merchant service, on the -other hand, appear to form the class in which fertility is the most -considerable. - -The importance of the occupational factor is such that we could -place its influence on the same plane as that of "concentration" -of population, with which it is in close relation, since persons -following certain classes of occupation, as, for instance, the members -of the liberal professions, and clerks and other salaried employees are -most numerous in towns. - -It does not appear that in France casual and unskilled labourers, -persons in the receipt of Poor Law relief, etc., are specially -prolific. There is not thus in reality too much risk of seeing the -renewal of the population carried out in a dangerous manner by its -least valuable section. However, even among the working classes, the -most highly paid occupations are not those among which one finds the -greatest number of children. - -The economic, social, or moral burden of children is a factor bound -up in a complex manner, not only with the individual conditions of -existence, but also with the transformations of society, progress in -manners and customs, and the conception which one forms of life. - -It is this burden which must be allieviated where allieviation would be -most effective and produce the best results, in order to put a stop to -a movement which may be dangerous to civilisation. - - - - -EUGENICS AND MILITARISM. - -(Abstract.) - -By Vernon L. Kellogg. - -(_Professor in Stanford University, California._) - - -The claim that war and military service have a directly deteriorating -influence through military selection on a population much given to -militarism, has been clearly stated by von Liebig, Karl Marx, Herbert -Spencer, Tschouriloff, Otto Seeck, David Starr Jordan, and others, -not to mention the ever-anticipating Greeks. Military selection may -be conceived to work disastrously on a population both through the -actual killing during war by wounds and disease of the sturdy young -men selected by conscription or recruiting, and also by the removal -from the reproducing part of the population of much larger numbers of -these selected young men both in war and peace times. Another phase -of the racial danger from military service is the possibility of the -contraction of persistent and heritable disease which may be carried -back from camp and garrison with the return of the soldiers to the -population at home. - -As likely as seem all these and certain other anti-eugenic influences -arising from military selection, the substantiation of their actual -results on a basis of observed facts is necessary to give them real -standing as eugenic arguments against militarism. - -The writer is engaged at present in an attempt to find and expose -certain actual results of military service and war that have direct -relation to racial modification. His paper presents some pertinent -facts and figures already gained. These facts are examined in the -light of the criticisms of such men as Bischoff and Livi, who have -recognized the weaknesses in military and hygienic statistics, and in -the light of other opportunities for error both in the recording and -the interpretation of the facts, which have suggested themselves to -him. Also there has to be considered the possible reality of eugenic -advantages from military selection. Seeck and Ammon believe they have -discovered some. - -The writer, holding in mind both the dangers of error and the -possibility of eugenic advantage, believes himself nevertheless able -to present certain definite facts showing considerable direct eugenic -disadvantage in certain types of militarism. - - - - -EUGENICS IN PARTY ORGANIZATION. - -(Abstract.) - -By Roberto Michels, - -_University of Turin, Italy._ - - -An oligarchy is invariably formed in all political parties for reasons -based partly on individual psychology, partly on crowd psychology, and -partly on the social necessity of party organisation. Under the first -head is grouped the individual's consciousness of his own importance, -which with opportunity develops into the natural human lust for power, -and, further, such individual qualities as native tact, editorial -ability, and so on. Crowd psychology is characterised chiefly by the -incompetence of the masses, their dependence upon traditional methods -of party government, and their feeling of gratitude to leaders who have -suffered for the cause. Finally, the necessity for party organisations -grows with every increase of numbers and extension of functions. It -is physically impossible for large party groups to govern themselves -directly. All parties live in a state of perpetual warfare with -opposing parties, and, if they are revolutionary in character, with the -social order itself. Tactical considerations, therefore, and, above -all, the necessity of maintaining a condition of military preparedness, -strengthen the hands of the controlling clique within the party and -render every day more impossible genuine democracy. - -The selective or eugenic value of party organization is that it allows -men gifted with certain qualities to rise above their fellows into -positions of superiority, which, for the considerations set forth -above, are more or less permanent. This value is of the greater -importance because the opportunities for able and ambitious workmen -to rise by the economic ladder to the rank of employers are rapidly -disappearing, at any rate, in old countries. - -The qualities necessary for a successful party leader are discussed. -Briefly stated, they consist of oratorical ability, which is partly a -psychical and partly a physiological and anatomical character; energy -of will; superiority of intellect and knowledge; a depth of conviction -often bordering on fanaticism and self-confidence, pushed even to the -point of self-conceit. Also in many countries, as for instance Italy, -physical beauty is important in helping a man to rise, while in rarer -cases goodness of heart and disinterestedness influence the crowd by -reawakening religious sentiments. - -We have seen that some elements of the crowd are seized by the -selecting-machine of the party organisation that raises them above -their companions, increasing automatically the social distance between -them and their followers. To put this automatical selecting-machine -into action, certain individuals appear, possessing special physical -and intellectual gifts that distinguish them spontaneously from the -mass of the party. - - - - -THE INFLUENCE OF RACE ON HISTORY. - -(Abstract.) - -By W. C. D. and C. D. Whetham. - - -The history of Europe presents a long series of nations successively -rising and falling in the scale of prosperity and influence. Such -persistent alternations suggest a common cause underlying the -phenomena. All history is the record of change. The outward change as -recorded by the chronicler has probably its counterpart in unnoticed -variations of the internal biological structure of the nation. - -Most nations are composite in character. They contain two or more -racial stocks, fulfilling different functions in the national life. It -is probable that the proportion in which these stocks are present is -not always constant. The variation in proportion is possibly the agent -effecting the internal change in structure, which becomes manifest -outwardly in the rise or decline of the nation. - -The physical characters of the population of Europe during historic -times indicate three chief races: (1) the Mediterranean, (2) the -Alpine, (3) the Northern. The individuals of these races possess also -distinct mental and intellectual attributes, and the history of Europe -is fundamentally the story of the interaction of the three races. - -It is suggested that the supreme power of Greece and Rome, each in -its own direction, was due to the attainment of a fortunate balance -between the social and political functions of the constituents of the -nation, the directing power being supplied chiefly by the invaders -of northern race, who formed the dominant class among the southern -indigenous Mediterranean population. In each case, the northern -elements grew gradually less, through such agencies as losses in war, -the selective action of a differential birth rate, and by racial -merging into the more numerous southern stock. - -The outburst of artistic genius and intellectual pre-eminence which -marked the Renaissance in North Italy may perhaps be due to a similar -racial composition, the northern elements being supplied by the -descendants of the barbarian invaders of the later Roman Empire. - -Great Britain has also similar racial elements. The Mediterranean -race, spreading up the shores of the Atlantic, enters largely into the -composition of the people of the south-west. The northern element, -immigrant from the shores of the Baltic and North Sea, is strongest in -the east and north. - -We know that there are now at work two influences affecting the -average racial character of the English nation; (1) the increase in -the urban population at the expense of the rural, (2) the voluntary -restriction of the birth rate which affects certain sections of all -classes more than others. It is probable that both these changes tend -to favour selectively the southern racial elements at the expense of -the northern. Eventually, the present structure of society may become -unstable in consequence of this racial alteration, and the necessary -readjustment, in its turn, will contribute a chapter to history. - - - - -SOME INTER-RELATIONS BETWEEN EUGENICS AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH. - -(Abstract.) - -By Frederick Adams Woods, M.D., - -_Harvard Medical School._ - - -The relative influence of heredity and environment has long been a -subject for debate, but, for the most part, such debates have not -been profitable. It is true that heredity cannot be separated from -environment if only one individual be considered; but as soon as we -inquire into the causes of the differences between man and man, it is -perfectly possible to gain real light on this subject, so important -to the advocates of eugenics. Everything must be made a problem of -differences. The mathematical measurements of resemblances between -relatives close of kin will sometimes serve. At other times, the -correlation co-efficient is of no avail, and only an intensive study of -detailed pedigrees will bring out such differences as cannot be due to -the action of surroundings. - -History and genealogy both speak unmistakably for heredity. Men of -genius have as many eminent relationships as the expectations of -heredity demand. The same is true among the highest aristocratic -classes, and is equally true under democratic government, as is proved -by a study of the family history of those Americans whose names are in -the Hall of Fame. History shows that about half of the early monarchs -were not cruel or were not licentious. Alternative heredity can well -account for that. Virtuous types have only slightly increased in -numerical proportion. Environment cannot be very effective; but there -are biological factors of a more hidden nature which are silently -making for progress. Mental qualities are correlated with moral; -and in the European dynasties the survivors have been generally the -descendants of the morally superior. - -Physical differences can also be demonstrated, coming in the course -of generations. A study of the portraits of royal, noble, and other -historical personages shows that the bony framework of the face, -especially about the nose and eyes, has changed rapidly since the -beginning of the sixteenth century. - -In explaining the rise and fall of nations, gametic and personal causes -can be measured and marked. All the evidence of history points to the -power and importance of a very few great personalities--they themselves -the product of inborn forces. These have been the chief causes of -political and economic differences, but non-gametic (environmental) -causation can be occasionally detected, and separated out; as, for -instance, the modern scientific productivity in Germany and the -proportionate intellectual activity among women in America. It is -estimated that there are four hundred thousand books on history. These -form an almost unworked mine of information, easily available to every -student of eugenics. It is high time that the human record, so ancient -in its beginnings, should be used to contribute to that most modern of -sciences, the improvement of the human breed. - - - - -DEMOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF EUGENICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Corrado Gini, - -_Professor of Statistics in the Royal University of Cagliari, Italy._ - - -Tables of mortality relating to human beings with classification as -to age, when compared with similar statistics relating to the equine -species, show that man during the period of development has a much -heavier death-rate. It is not possible to say whether in their natural -state the higher kinds of animals possess a higher or lower death-rate -during the period of development than when under domestication, but -the second of the alternatives seems more likely. It remains to be -determined whether the heavy death-rate during development which -the human race shows in the comparison is a distinctive natural -characteristic belonging to it, or whether it is rather the result of -the more or less artificial circumstances in which man is born and -reared. - -The human race differs as regards reproduction and the rearing of its -offspring from the higher species of animals in their natural state, -chiefly in three ways: (_a_) In the case of the human race reproduction -takes place at all times of the year, whilst the higher animals have -one single period for reproducing, or, in some cases, two or three -periods; (_b_) animals reproduce as soon as the organism becomes -capable of reproduction, whilst in civilised human races as a rule a -longer or shorter period elapses between the time when the individual -becomes capable of reproduction and the time he actually begins to -reproduce; (_c_) in civilised man the development of altruistic -sentiments protects weak and sickly persons from the eliminating action -of natural selection, and often enables them to take part in the -procreation of future generations. - -The paper of A. has for its object to examine closely these three -arguments based upon very extensive data taken partly from demographic -statistics and partly from researches made personally by him or which -he caused to be made, especially in the Municipal Statistical Offices -of Rome and Cagliari, and in the Obstetrical Clinic of Bologna. The -principal results are here indicated. - -A. The rule of a greater number of conceptions in Spring observed in -temperate regions suffers notable exceptions in tropical and arctic -regions. Hence there is a weakening of the idea that in it one should -recognise the atavistic heritage of a special season for reproduction -which the human race had originally shown, analogous to what one finds -to-day in many species of animals. On the other hand, neither the -frequency of multiple births, of miscarriages, or of stillbirths, nor -the length of life of offspring nor their intellectual capacity show -any correlation whatever with the season of conception. The frequency -of stillbirths, however, and the length of life of the offspring show -a clear correlation with the season of birth, in the sense that those -born in temperate seasons show a lower rate for stillbirths and a -greater length of life. - -B. The age of the mother at the time of parturition does not show any -regular influence on the size and weight of the child. It has a very -sensible influence on the frequency of miscarriages and of stillbirths; -this increases with the increase in age. The age of the mother at the -time of marriage exercises a decisive influence upon the vitality -of the offspring: the greater the age of the mother at the time of -marriage the less will be the vitality of the children. - -The age of the father at the birth of his child has some influence on -the number of stillbirths among his children. This influence--at any -rate above a given age--increases with the increase in the father's -age. It can neither be disproved nor affirmed that the age of the -father at the time of marriage has an influence upon the vitality of -the children; it is certain, however, that if any influence of that -kind exists it is much less intense than that exercised by the age of -the mother. - -There has also been an enquiry as to the effect upon the characters of -the offspring exerted by (1) order of birth; (2) difference in age of -the parents; and (3) the age of the woman at the first menstruation. - -C. Persons who die at a more advanced age have children in greater -number and endowed with greater length of life. For some classes of the -unfit (mad, consumptives, suicides) it can be proved beyond question -that the number of children born is less and their mortality greater -than among married people generally. Those who die of heart disease or -of cancer show a number of children slightly higher than the general -average of married persons; but that can be attributed to the fact that -their age at death is greater than the average age at death of married -people. - - - - -MATERNITY STATISTICS OF THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, STATE CENSUS OF 1905. - -(Abstract.) - -By Frederick L. Hoffman, LL.D., F.S.S., - -_Statistician of the Prudential Insurance Company of America._ - - -As a contribution to the practical study of eugenics the decennial -maternity statistics of Rhode Island are of exceptional interest and -importance. - -In 1905, of 36,766 native-born married women 26,329 (71.6%) were -mothers, and 10,477 (28.4%) childless. Of 32,960 foreign-born married -women 27,207 (82.5%) were mothers, and 5,753 (17.5%) childless. -Contrasting these percentages, the fact requires only to be stated to -emphasize its profound and far-reaching social as well as political -significance. - -Considered with reference to religious belief, 72.7% of Protestant and -80.3% of Roman Catholic married women were mothers. Of married women of -Jewish faith 88.0% were mothers. - -At ages 25-34, the proportion of native-born mothers having only one -child was 35.1%, against 22.6% for the foreign-born; the proportion of -mothers having from six to ten children was 6.8% for the native-born, -against 12.9% for the foreign-born. At all ages a similar disproportion -is apparent. - -Vastly more important than the multitude of general social and economic -facts are these statistics of what, for want of a better term, may be -called _human production_, and which disclose what must be considered -the most alarming tendency in American life. Granting that excessively -large families are not desirable, at least from an economic point of -view, it cannot be questioned that the diminution in the average size -of the family, and the increase in the proportion of childless families -among the native-born stock is evidence of physical deterioration, -and must have a lasting and injurious effect on national life and -character. - - - - -Section IV. - -Medicine and Eugenics. - - - - -THE PROPHYLAXIS OF HEREDITARY SYPHILIS AND ITS EUGENIC EFFECT. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. H. Hallopeau. - - -Syphilis is strongly _dysgenic_; it causes the production of profoundly -damaged children; in preventing it the physician co-operates -effectively with eugenic action. In order to prevent the propagation -of this disease we must have recourse to _administrative prophylaxis_, -_prophylaxis by persuasion_, and _prophylaxis by medical measures_. - -_Administrative prophylaxis_ must act especially by multiplying -gratuitous consultations and in securing, as far as possible, hospital -treatment for persons affected by transmissible lesions, especially for -prostitutes. - -To the physician belongs the duty of acting by _persuasion_ in pointing -out to syphilitics that they have no right to have children so long as -they are liable to transmit their disease to their offspring. - -We must abort syphilis if it is in the stage of primary invasion: -this invasion is not, as was believed until recently, confined to -the chancre and its accompanying swellings; it includes all the -intermediate stage; in order to destroy the tripanosomes we must use -repeated injections of _benzosulfoneparaminophenylarsinate of soda_, -commonly known as _hectine_ (Mouneyrat), the only specific medicament -which is well borne locally. - -Results similar to those we have just shown are obtained by making, -in a given region, two or three injections of salvarsan. However, the -comparison between the two medications is altogether in favour of that -by hectine. Indeed, experience proves that the secondary generalization -is noticeably more frequent after injections of salvarsan, and, -besides, these are far from being always painless. We have made known -to the Académie of Medicine a case in which, within 48 hours, they -caused the death of a young man in good health. Several similar cases -have since been notified, particularly by Dr. Gaucher. Confidently -believing in the axiom "Primo non nocere," we explicitly declare -ourselves adversaries of a practice which brings such accidents in its -train. - -In the secondary stage, we must have recourse simultaneously to various -specific agents. - -Procreation may be permitted when six months after the abortive -treatment Wasserman's reaction, after several trials, has given -uniformly negative results. - -The physician thus accomplishes a profoundly eugenic work in favouring -and accelerating the production of unspoilt children. - - - - -THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE GERM-PLASM. - -(The New Alcohol Legislation in Norway.) - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Alfred Mjoën. - - -The injurious effect of alcohol depends not only upon the amount -taken, but also upon other factors, as, _e.g._, upon its dilution, -and upon the kind of nourishment taken with it. There can be no doubt -that alcohol under a certain percentage neither injures nor can injure -either the somatic cells, or what is more important for race-hygiene, -the germ cells. And, on the other hand, it must be regarded as proved -that alcohol over a certain percentage is injurious to the quality of -the offspring, not alone where the mother drinks (influence upon the -embryo), but also where the father alone is a drinker (destruction -of the germ). The latest investigations in this field confirm this -assumption. - -There is, it is true, a middle class of beverages whose influence -upon the germ-plasm (posterity) has not been established, or can be -established at all. As a general rule, one may lay down the rule: _The -injurious effect of an alcoholic beverage upon individuals or race -increases from a certain percentage progressively with its increasing -contents of alcohol._ - -Therefore, I propose to divide alcoholic liquors into classes, and to -deal with them according to the amount of their contents of alcohol, -_i.e._, according to their injuriousness. - -All casks, bottles, etc., coming into the market are to be furnished -with the class-mark (_e.g._, I., II., III., branded upon the cord). - -For example, in the case of beer, the first class (under 2-1/4%), shall -be obtainable everywhere. For this class there will be claimed, besides -a reduction of duty, also a facility for sale and some concessions. -Class I. (up to 2-1/4%) will be charged with 2 ore; Class II. -(2-1/4--3-3/4%) with 8 ore; and Class III. (3-3/4--5%) with 15-16 ore -per litre. Beer over 5% or 5-1/2% will be prohibited([3]). - -[Footnote 3: This proposal was favourably received by the Norwegian -minister Knudsen, and brought before the Storthing as a Government -measure. The proposal has been accepted as part of the election -programme of the Radicals, the Socialist Democrats, and all total -abstinence organisations.] - -The class system permits of a simple, cheap, and practicable control, -and, indeed, a control which is not confined to the brewery or to -any single stage of preparation, but which follows the article over -the whole country from its origin to its consumption. When alcoholic -drinks are marked with their class and placed under State control, the -consumers will themselves easily exercise the control. And the public -will gradually become accustomed to form an opinion upon the influence -of the various articles upon the working capacity and the health, not -only of the individual, but also of the family and the race. State and -country authorities will, with State-controlled classes, more easily -see justice done on all sides. This last advantage will, naturally, -only avail in those lands where the permission to sell alcoholic -liquors is vested in the local authorities. The progressive class -system will also give the State, the municipalities, and also private -labour organisations an opportunity to support those restaurants -and inns which supply nothing but pure and harmless liquors, and -consumption will undergo a slow and gradual change to the lightest -drinks. - -At the present time the lightest kinds of beer are too heavily taxed -in comparison with the heaviest kinds, and the latter in turn are too -heavily taxed in comparison with brandy. From the point of view of -race-hygiene, the fight must be directed especially against the fourth -and most dangerous class, namely, all kinds of brandy (prohibition or -Ivan Bratt's system), as well as against the mixed wines, which are so -often adulterated and injurious. - - - - -ALCOHOLISM AND DEGENERACY. - -Statistics from the Central Bureau for the Management of the Insane of -Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912. - -(Abstract.) - -By M. Magnan, - -_Chief Physician to the Central Bureau, Member of the Academy of -Medicine_, - -And Dr. Fillassier. - - -From 1869 to 1912 the number of sick persons received at the Central -Bureau of the St. Anne Asylum has gone on steadily increasing: -occasionally signs of a falling off are noticed, quickly compensated by -the number of entries for the following years. - -Among these patients a great number are driven to the asylum by the -abuse of alcoholic drinks. Some of these are simple alcoholics, _i.e._, -those who owe their insanity entirely to excessive drinking; the others -make up the numerous group of degenerates, who are for the most part -descendants of alcoholics, and on whom fall all the forms of physical, -intellectual, and moral degradation. - -For these last, alcohol has been but the touch of the trigger which has -put in action their disposition towards insanity; the attack of mania, -when past, leaves revealed psychic troubles, which, but for the turning -of the balance by alcohol, would have remained in the latent condition, -but which, once developed, remain often for a much longer time; so -we see the increase in the number of these patients--occasional -drunkards--keeping pace with that of chronic alcoholics. - -These will specially call forth the interest of the members of the -Eugenic Congress. From the clinical point of view they exhibit -great importance; for showing as they do all the episodic syndromes -of degeneracy, all the mental forms of it may be seen--maniacal, -melancholic, idiotic: insanities polymorphous or systematic, fixed -ideas, monomanias connected with words or numbers, every sort of -phobia, obsession, impulse, and symptomatic manifestation of great -importance. When their objective lies in sexual perversion, theft, -arson, murder, etc., these various states raise the most delicate -questions whether from the point of view of philosophy, psychology, -sociology, or forensic medicine. - -This class of society, in the grip of this poison, is unfortunately -not sterile; their miserable descendants come to dock in the asylum; -so much so that if we mass together the various elements, if we add -the unfortunates permanently disabled, such as epileptics, and the -increasing crowd of feeble-minded, idiotic, tuberculous children, the -mind recoils aghast at the gravity of the danger. The necessity of -an implacable war against alcoholism, which crowds our asylums, our -hospitals, and our homes with insane persons, and sends a constant -stream to our prisons and reformatories--such a war must be the -principal aim of the Eugenics Congress. - -For long the evil genius of mankind, alcoholism has to-day laid its -clutch on women, and the admission figures now show their numbers on -the increase every year. - -Such are the lessons which may be learnt from the report of Magnan and -Fillassier. - - - - -EUGENICS AND OBSTETRICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Agnes Bluhm, _Berlin._ - - -1. Among the agencies under social control which impair the racial -qualities of future generations, an important place is taken by the -Science of Medicine, especially by Obstetrics. For the increase of -obstetrics increases the incapacity for bearing children of future -generations. - -2. The great difference in the capacity for bearing children between -the primitive and civilized races depends only in part on the lessened -fitness of the latter due to the increase of skilled assistance. - -3. Incapacity for bearing children can be acquired; it develops, -however, abundantly on the grounds of a congenital predisposition. - -4. In so far as the latter is the case, obstetrics contributes towards -the diffusion of this incapacity. - -5. The most serious obstacles to delivery are effected by deformities -of the pelvis, in at least 90% of which heredity plays a part. In this -connection, rickets, the predisposition to which is inherited, takes -the foremost place. - -6. German medical statistics make it appear probable that incapacity to -bear children is on the increase. - -7. Medical help in childbirth brings, undoubtedly, numerical advantage -to the race, but it endangers the quality of the race in other ways -than through the fostering of unfitness for bearing. - -8. The danger of the increase of incapacity for bearing through the -increase of assistance in childbirth can be combatted:-- - -(_a_) Through the renunciation of descendants by women unfitted to bear -children. - -(_b_) Through an energetic campaign against rickets, to which only the -predisposition can be inherited. - -(_c_) Through the permeation of obstetrics with the spirit of eugenics, -so that the obstetrician no longer proceeds according to a settled rule -(living mother and living child), but in each separate case takes into -consideration the interests of the race. - - - - -HEREDITY AND EUGENICS IN RELATION TO INSANITY. - -(Abstract.) - -By F. W. Mott, M.D., F.R.S., - -_Physician to Charing Cross Hospital and Pathologist to the London -County Asylums._ - - -What is insanity? Every case of insanity is a biological problem, -the solution of which depends upon a knowledge of what a man was -born with--Nature--and what has happened after birth--Nurture. The -increase of registered insanity in London; the causes of the increase. -(1) The standard of insanity has been raised. (2) The increase of -accommodation for reception of the insane. The diminishing death rate -in asylums causing a progressive accumulation. The diminished number of -recoveries. (3) The large proportion of old people admitted to asylums -formerly in the infirmaries. - -_Nurture._--The correlation of pauperism, insanity and -feeble-mindedness, alcohol, syphilis, and tuberculosis in relation -to insanity and feeble-mindedness. Congenital mental deficiency as -distinguished from hereditary mental deficiency. Chronic poisoning of -the blood by these agencies in relation to a lowered specific vitality -of the germ cells. Environment in relation to mental energy and will -power. - -_Nature._--The study of pedigrees in hospital and asylum patients -showing the importance of heredity in nervous and mental diseases. -The nature of the neuropathic tendency; its transmission in different -forms of nervous and mental disease in successive generations. Its -latency and re-appearance in stocks. Relation of neurasthenia to the -neuropathic taint. Conclusions arrived at in relation to heredity -and insanity from a study by a card system of 3,118 related persons -who are at present, or who have been, in the London County asylums. -Among the 20,000 inmates at present resident, 715 are so closely -related as parents and offspring or brothers and sisters. Nature is -always trying to end or mend a degenerate stock if left to itself. -Analysis of data regarding first attack of insanity in 464 parents -and their 508 offspring; the signal tendency to the occurrence of the -disease in a more intense form and at an earlier age in the offspring. -This "antedating" or "anticipation" in relation to Nature's process -of elimination of the unfit. Nearly 50 per cent. of the offspring -affected 20 years earlier than the parent. The same found in uncles -and aunts with nephews and nieces, only not nearly so marked. Seeing -that the unfit are at present able to survive; does nature end or mend -degenerate stocks, or have the lines of neuropathic inheritance only -been partially cut off by this tendency to "anticipation"? What we want -to know is: What is the fate of all the offspring of an insane parent -or parents; for there are a great many facts which show that a disease -may be latent and re-appear in a stock when the conditions of mating -or environment are unfavourable? A collection of pedigrees is required -which will prove conclusively that the offspring of insane parents, -who are free from the insane manifestations during adolescence, will -breed children who will not become insane. Supposing it were shown -that cases discharged as recovered had the seeds of insanity, by the -fact that their progeny were feeble-minded, epileptic, or insane, it -would be a clear indication of taking measures to prevent them handing -on the disease. Recurrent insanity--the birth of children in the sane -intervals. Analysis of pedigrees with a dual neuropathic inheritance -of maternal and paternal stocks compared with single neuropathic -inheritance. Conclusion that a child born of neuropathic inheritance in -both ancestral stocks stands, on an average, the chance of being insane -four times as great as when only one stock is affected. Are there any -types of insanity especially liable to be transmitted in the same form -or another form? The prediction of the racial value of an individual -inheritance can only be predicted by a study of what a man was born -with--Nature, and what happened after birth--Nurture. - - - - -THE PLACE OF EUGENICS IN THE MEDICAL CURRICULUM. - -(Abstract.) - -By H. E. Jordan, - - -_Chairman of the Eugenics Section of the American Association for the -Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality._ - - - - -The Science of Eugenics deserves a place in the medical curriculum for -three reasons. Firstly: Medicine is fast becoming a science of the -prevention of weakness and morbidity; their permanent not temporary -cure, their racial eradication rather than their personal palliation. -Eugenic conduct is undeniably a factor in attaining the speedy -achievement of the end of racial health. Eugenics, embracing genetics, -is thus one of the important disciplines among the future medical -sciences. The coming physician must have adequate training in matters -relating to heredity and Eugenics. Secondly: as the general population -becomes better educated in matters of personal and racial health and -hygiene it will more and more demand advice regarding the prevention -of weakness in themselves and their offspring. The physicians are -logically the men who must give it. Thirdly: physicians will be more -efficient public servants if they approach their work with the Eugenic -outlook on life. - -Instruction in Eugenics, in the form of a number of special lectures -on the subject, is already given in some of our medical schools. This -indicates at least that the need is felt and the importance of such -knowledge to the best physician recognised. Since not all of the better -medical schools give such courses, however, we may infer that there are -obstacles in the way. What is the nature of these? - -One such may be the lack of adequate preparation on the part of the -students in the fundamentals of biology to properly comprehend the -import and application of Eugenic facts. This obstacle is speedily -being removed; for considerable biological training is already a -medical course prerequisite. But there may be a lack of properly -prepared teachers to present this subject to even properly prepared -medical students. This obstacle is also fast disappearing. Once the -demand for this kind of help is voiced, there will appear properly -trained teachers to instruct physicians. - -Another obstacle may be raised by short-sighted and self-seeking -physicians, for whom less illness and weakness may mean less work and -a reduced income. But this is, perhaps, only a relatively very small -factor in, and also only a passing phase of, the opposition, and will -soon correct itself. - -The most encouraging prospect for this new scheme of activity is the -deep interest shown by young medical students in matters of heredity -and Eugenics. - - - - -A HEALTHY SANE FAMILY SHOWING LONGEVITY IN CATALONIA. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor I. Valenti Vivo. - - - - -I. A healthy family showing longevity in Catalonia: the greater part of -them died over 60 years of age from acute sickness. All belonged to the -districts of Barcelona and Gerona. A record of their ability in medical -science, art and agriculture, their average fertility. - -II. Communication on Biometrika: Licentiates in medical science, 50 -scholars, 1910: 70 in 1912. Dates: Cephalic index, stature, span, -dynamometer, age, district. - - - - -SOME REMARKS ON BACKWARD CHILDREN. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Raoul Dupuy. - - - - -When we speak of a backward child, we mean any subject which is -arrested or retarded more or less completely in its bodily, psychical, -and sensorial evolution, in consequence of congenital and acquired -lesions, or simply in consequence of physiological troubles, which -concern, either at the same or a different time, the brain and -the glands of internal secretion (the thyroid, the hypophysis, -the suprarenals, and the genital glands). The cerebral lesions, -practically incurable in the present state of science, produce "atropic -backwardness" the functional troubles of the brain, or those caused by -the glands of internal secretion, which can be modified by "combined -organotherapy" produce dystrophic backwardness. We also, however, find -mixed types, half of the one and half of the other, which are similarly -susceptible of improvement. The number, and above all the variety of -the types of dystrophic backwardness, makes a general classification -of them impossible. The study of their bodily, psychical and sensorial -anomalies proves that in most of the manifestations of backwardness -and immaturity, these children present perversions of evolution which -have a common bearing on the development of body, mind and spirit. -Although apparently different from one another, these backward persons, -whether the mischief be corporal, psychical or sensorial, show -pathological peculiarities, which prove that the cause of their various -dystrophies have a similar origin, and that they often arise from -defective function of the sympathic system which appears to be brought -into action by the internal glands. The backward children consist -of intoxicated, under-grown or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer -from retention of substances, which ought normally to be eliminated, -chiefly the chlorides and phosphates (in cases of apathy) or the hyper -excretion of the same substances (in cases of instability). Moreover, -the combined organotherapy ought to be considered as a "perfect -touchstone" of dystrophy, and if applied according to certain rules, -it gives results which are more complete and more certain than thyroid -organotherapy by itself. It goes without saying that a special training -is necessary for the intellectual "backwards"; but before any attempt -at education, it is necessary to treat their bodily deficiencies, and -to place them in the special schools with the boarding system, where -they will be under the eye both of the doctor and of the teacher. - - - - -FIRST INTERNATIONAL - -EUGENICS CONGRESS, - -LONDON, - -July 24th to July 30th, 1912, - -UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, - -SOUTH KENSINGTON. - - - * * * * * - - -CATALOGUE - -OF - -THE EXHIBITION. - - - * * * * * - - -CHARLES KNIGHT & CO., Ltd., - -227-239 Tooley Street, London, S.E. - - -References in the Index refer to the Alphabetical Enumeration in the -margin of each page of the Catalogue. - - - * * * * * - - -The Exhibition Committee desire to take this opportunity of expressing -their thanks to the Exhibitors for the loan of their exhibits. They -desire specially to acknowledge the courtesy of Professor von Gruber -for giving permission to make use of Translations from the Catalogue of -the International Congress of Race Hygiene held in Dresden last year. - - - - -INDEX TO EXHIBITS. - - - A - - Ability, Administrative, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1 - - Inheritance of, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood - families, O. 5 - - Abnormal Germ Production, _see under_ Germ Production - - Abnormalities observed in Drunkard's Children, C. 92 - - Abortions and Premature Births in various Callings, C. 101 - - Administrative Ability, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1 - - Age-intervals, separating various Generations of Mannheim families, C. 39 - - Age of Parents - Conjointly with Numerical position in Family, in relation - to Infantile Mortality, C. 51 - at Death, and Marital gross and net Fertility, C. 7 - and Mortality of Children up to 5 years, C. 9-10 - and Mortality of Children up to 20 years, C. 7-8 - - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF UTAH - JOHN A. WIDTSOE, A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance - of Physical and Mental Qualities and Defects, and of - Literary Ability, from a Polygamous Family in Utah, N. 1 - - Alcohol and Degeneration, C. 91-3 - Effect of, on Human Offspring, C. 96 - Experiments with, on Animals, in Small Quantities, C. 95 - Frequency and Intensity of harmful Influences through, relative, - Urban and Rural, C. 88 - Injury from, to Reproductive functions, C. 89-90 - - Alcoholic, Epileptic, Sexually-immoral Man, and Neurotic and - Sexually-immoral Woman, Offspring of, D. 9 - Intoxication, Acute, effect of on Origin of Feeble-mindedness, C. 97 - Man, and Feeble-minded Woman, Offspring of, D. 10 - and Migrainous Woman, Offspring of, D. 13 - - Alcoholism, Paternal, effect of, on Suckling-capacity of Daughters, C. 93 - Inter-connection with, of Tuberculosis, Nervous Diseases, and Psychoses - of Offspring, C. 94 - - _Alytes obstetricans_, _see_ Midwife Toad - - "All London," Booth's Classification of, Comparison of, with the Normal - Classes, O. 3 - - AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION, EUGENICS SECTION (C. DAVENPORT, ESQ.). - Charts _re_ Defectives, Classification and Statistics of, P. - - Ancestors, Theoretical Number of, C. 115 - - Ancestral Loss, Phenomenon of, C. 96 - - Animals, Experiments on, with Small quantities of Alcohol, C. 95 - - Arab v. Spaniard, Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 4 - - Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, Pedigree of, C. 112 - - Association of Characters in Heredity in Sweet Peas, M. 6 & 7 (_a & b_) - - Atrophy, Progressive Muscular, C. 13 - - Australia, Birth and Death Rates in, H. 25 - - - B - - Bavaria, Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality in, C. 60, 70 - - "Belvidere," Pedigree of, C. 110 - - Berlin, Birth and Death Rate for, H. 28 - Fertility in, decrease in, _circ._ 1869-1910, C. 126-129 - - Birth-curve, general, and that for Feeble-minded Children compared, C. 97 - - Birth-frequency in relation to Habit of Breast-feeding, C. 72, 73 - - Birth-interval, in relation to - Breast-feeding, length of, C. 63 - Average length of, C. 63, 64 - Health of Offspring, C. 58 - Infantile Mortality, C. 57, 58 - Vitality of Child, with and without, Breast-feeding, C. 65 - - Birth-place, Locality and Size of, in relation to Military Fitness, - Germany, C. 26-30 - - Birth-rate, in relation to - Breast-feeding, duration of, C. 72, 73 - Wealth, C. 118-122 - Rising, Countries with, H. 21-4 - Stationary, Countries with, H. 17-20 - - Birth and Death Rate - in Australia, H. 25 - in Berlin, H. 28 - in Europe and Western Europe, H. 30-1 - in France, H. 7 - in the Netherlands, H. 10 - of Toronto, City of, H. 27 - of United Kingdom, and of German Empire, H. 5, 6 - of Various Countries, relation between, H. 1-31 - - Birth and Death Rates and Infant Mortality, relation between, H. 1-31 - for New Zealand, H. 26 - in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13 - - Birth-rates, and _corrected_ Death-rates, relation between, H. 2 - - Births _per_ Couple essential to prevent Decay of Nations, - C. 123 _et præoi_ - Premature in Various Callings, C. 101 - Restriction of, C. 125-128 - - Blindness, _see_ Colour-blindness _and_ Night-blindness - - Blood-relationship of Parents and Health of Offspring, C. 108 - Intensification of Characters in, C. 106-7 - - Blue Andalusian Fowls, Mendelian Inheritance in - Gametic Purity in Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_) - Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_) - - Booth, C., Classification by, of "All London," Comparison of, with the - Normal Classes, O. 3 - - Breast-feeding, in relation to - Birth-intervals, Length of, and average Length of, C. 63, 64 - Cancer, C. 71 - Infant Mortality - Birth-Interval and, C. 59-62 - Female Labour and, C. 99 - Capacity for, of Daughters as affected by Paternal Alcoholism, C. 93 - as Evidence of Hereditary Constitution in relation to Infant - Mortality, C. 79-82 - and Number of Children, C. 61 - Duration of, in relation to - Average number of Carious Teeth, C. 74, 75 - Birth rate, C. 72, 73 - Frequency of Rachitic disturbances of development, C. 78. - Infant Mortality, C. 74 - in Conjunction with Numerical Position, C. 60 - Physical development, C. 76 - School Reports, average, C. 77 - Habit of, in relation to Birth-frequency, C. 72, 73 - as running in Families, and Infant Mortality, C. 62 - - - C - - Canada, _see_ Toronto - - Cancer, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 71 - - Cataract, Hereditary, L. 4 - - Charts Explaining Method of Collecting and Recording - Data, D. 15 (_a_ & _b_) - - Childbirth, increasing Frequency of Surgical Operations in connection - with, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6) - - Childless and Fertile Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45 - - Children, _see also_ Infant Mortality, Numbers, Numerical Position, &c. - of Drunkards, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92 - - Health of, in connection with Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108 - - Mortality of, - Death-age of Parents in relation to, - up to 5 years, C. 9, 10 - up to 20 years, C. 7, 8 - illegitimate, C. 104, 105 - Number of children in relation to, C. 60 - Number of, Average in each Generation, Mannheim, C. 38 - in Paris, in relation to Wealth, C. 119 - - Cleopatra, Pedigree of, showing Inbreeding, C. 114 - - Colour-Blindness, Congenital, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1 - - Colour-Changes in Skin of Fire-Salamander, according to placing on Yellow - or Black Earth, C. 1, 2 - - Colours, Recombination of in Poultry, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3 - - Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of "All London," with the Normal - Classes, O. 3 - - Conceptions and Conception Losses, Numbers of, and Explanations, - C. 52 (1-4) - - Congenital Colour-Blindness, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1 - Hereditary Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - - Constitution, _see_ Hereditary _do._ - - Consumption in three Generations, Male Infant Mortality, E. 5 (_c_) - - Copenhagen, Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for, C. 122 - - Countries with - Rising Birth-rate, H. 21-4 - Stationary Birth-rate, H. 17-20 - - Country, _versus_ Town Fertility, in Prussia, C. 126, 128 - - Cross-Fertilization in Maize, C. 111 - - Crossing of Races - Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117 - Inbreeding and, C. 106, 107 - - - D - - Darwin, Charles, - Home of, Down House - Study-rooms of, at Down - Etching of Large, by Haig, B. 7 - Photograph of Small, in which "The Origin of Species" was - written, B. 6 - Water-colour Drawing of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8 - Letters of (Two) on "Worms and their Habits," B. 9 - Portraits of Engraving, by Flameng after Collier, B. 4 - - Portraits of - Painting, by W. W. Ouless, B. 1 - Photograph, by Maull and Polyblank, B. 3 - on his Horse, Tommy, B. 5 - - Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus, Portraits of - (Silhouette), A. 2 - - Darwin, Mrs., Portrait of (Silhouette), A. 3 - - DARWIN, WILLIAM E., and LEONARD, B. 1 to 9 - - Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as - exemplified by, O. 5 - - Daughters, Suckling Capacity of, as affected by Paternal - Alcoholism, C. 93 - - DAVENPORT, C. B., P. - - Death-rates, _see also_ Birth-, and Death-rates of Married and Divorced - Persons, and of Widows, compared, C. 102 - - Deaths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52, 53 - - Defect, Transmission of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_) - - Defective and Pauper families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2 - - Defectives - Classification of, Charts of, P. 1 - Statistics of Charts, P. - - Degeneration, Alcohol and, C. 91-3 - - Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and General Paralysis, Frequency of, in - Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 38 - - Denmark, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 121, 122 - Number of Children in, in Families of Different Classes, 1901, C. 121 - - Descent, _see also_ Heredity, Inheritance, _and_ Mendelism - of Qualities in a Population (after Galton), O. 4 - Standard Scheme of (after Galton), O. 2 - - Development as affected by Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 74-8 - - Diseases, Variation of, England and Wales, H. 9 - - Down House, Home of Charles Darwin Study-rooms in - Large, Etched by Haig, B. 7 - Small, Photograph of, B. 6 - Water-colour of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8 - - Drunkard's Children, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92 - - DRYSDALE, C. V., H. 1-30 - - Dutch conditions as to Fertility in relation to Marriage, Wealth and - Occupation, C. 122 - - Dying-out of Higher grades of Society, C. 34 - Large Scale of, C. 36 - Quick process of, Catastrophic changes inaugurating,. C. 38-43 - - - E - - Earth, Colour of, as affecting Skin-colour in Fire Salamander, C. 1-2 - - England and Wales - Birth- and Death-rate and Infantile Mortality for, H. 9 - Fertility of Married Women in, H. 9 - Illegitimacy in, H. 9 - - English _v._ Gipsy, Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K. 1 - - Engraving by Leopold Flameng of Collier's Portrait of C. Darwin, B. 4 - - Environment, Colour changes in Skin due to, C. 1-2 - - Epilepsy, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 88 - - Epileptic, Alcoholic, Sexually-immoral Man and Sexually-immoral Woman, - Offspring of, D. 9 - and Feeble-minded Parents, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_) - Man and Choreic Woman, Offspring of, D. 11 - of Low Grade, condition of Relatives of, D. 13 - and Normal Woman, Offspring of, D. 12 - Parents, Offspring of, D. 1 - Unmarried Mother, Offspring of, D. 6 - - Epileptics, Village for, of New Jersey State, at Skillman, D. 1-15 - - Etching by Axel Haig of Darwin's large Study at Down, B. 7 - - European States, Decrease of Fertility in some, C. 129 - - European _v._ American Red Indian, Inheritance of Racial form of - Nose, K. 2 (_a_ & _b_) - Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 3 - - Eye, Lens of, Reconstruction of, out of Iris, C. 49 - of Vertebrate, Development of, C. 49 - - Eye-colour in Mankind, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 - Racial Segregation of, K. 3-5 - - Eye-disease, Destructive, and Mental Defect in same Stock, E. 1 - - Eye-sight, Defects of, L. 1-4 - - - F - - Families brought back to the Land, North Germany, C. 23-5 - Frequency of Tuberculosis in, C. 15 - - Faulty position of Child at Birth, in relation to - Stillbirth, C. 48 (5 & 6) - - Feeble-minded - Children, Birth-curve of, compared with general Birth-curve, C. 97 - Parents, Offspring of, D. 8 - Mated with Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_) - Woman, and Alcoholic Man, Offspring of, D. 10. - - Feeble-mindedness, Incest, and Offspring, D. 3 - Origin of, Acute Intoxication in relation to, C. 97 - - Female Labour and Infant Mortality, C. 99-101 - as affecting Reproduction, C. 99, 100 - - Fertile and Childless Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45 - - Fertility, Age of Parents at Death in relation to, C. 7 - and Health in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117 - in relation to High Mental Endowment - in France, C. 124 - in Holland, C. 123 - Legitimate, in Berlin, Decrease of: Two-children System, C. 127-9 - of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch - Conditions, C. 122 - of Married Women, England and Wales, H. 9 - Want of, in French and German towns, C. 125-9 - and Wealth, C. 118 - in Denmark, C. 121, 122 - in Munich, C. 120 - - Field-workers in America, Charts collected by, P. - - Fire Salamander, Colour-changes in Skin of, when placed on Yellow or on - Black Earth, C. 1-2 - - First-born _see also_ Numeral position alleged Inferiority in, C. 64. - and Later-Born, Infantile Mortality among, C. 56 - Myopia in high degree and frequency of, C. 54 - - Fitness for Military Service in relation to Birth-place, locality and - size of, and to Parental occupation, C. 26-30 - - Foetus, effect on, of Lead poisoning, C. 98 - - France, Birth- and Death-rates for, since 1781., H. 8 - Departments of, Fertility in relation to Wealth in, C. 118 - Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 124 - Total Population and Birth- and Death-rates for, Variation in, H. 7 - Towns of, Want of Fertility in, C. 125 - - - G - - Galton, Darwin, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as - exemplified by, O. 5 - - Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, Portraits - of (Silhouette), A. 4 - - Galton, Sir Francis, Portrait of, by Charles Furze, A. 1 - - Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, Theory of - Illustrations of in - Blue Andalusian Fowls, O. 1 (_f_) - Mice, O. 1 (_d_) - - General Paralysis of the Insane, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic - Asylums, C. 88 - - Generations of Mannheim Families - Age-intervals separating, C. 39 - Average number of Children in each, C. 38 - Number attained by, C. 38 - - Germ-cells, effect on, of Lead-poisoning, C. 98 - - Germ Production, Abnormal, Disturbance of Normal Sex proportion as - symptom of, C. 44 - - Germany, _see_ Berlin, Munich, & United Kingdom - Recruits in, cause of Unfitness in those qualified for one year and in - general, C. 33, 34 - - GRUEBER, PROF. von, C. 1-123 - - - H - - Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, C. 12 - - Hair Peculiarities, Heredity of - Curled hair, C. 5 - Lock of White hair, C. 6 - - Health and Fertility in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117 - of Married persons, importance to, of Marriage, C. 102 - of Offspring in relation to - Birth-interval, C. 58 - Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108 - - Heart and Vessels, effect on, of Syphilis, C. 85 - - Hereditary Cataract, L. 4 - Changes in _Alytes obstetricans_, C. 3-4 - Congenital Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - Constitution as evidenced by power to Breast-feed, in relation to - Infant Mortality, C. 79-82 - Night-blindness with Myopia, L. 2 - - Heredity, _see also_ Descent, Inheritance & Mendelism - among Moral Imbeciles, C. 17 - of Hair peculiarities - Curling, C. 5 - White lock, C. 6 - of Particular Taints, Distribution of amongst nearest - Relatives, C. 16-19 - Principles of, Charts of, P. - - Higher grades of Society - Dying out of, C. 34 - Large Scale of, C. 36 - Urban, C. 37 - Quick process, Catastrophic changes inaugurating, C. 38-43 - - Holland, _see also_ Dutch, & Netherlands - Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 123 - - HOPE, E. W., PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL, F. 1-3 (_f_) - - Human Races, _see also_ Races - Crossing of, Inbreeding and, C. 106-7 - Interbreeding of Different, results of, K. 3 - - Hybrids resulting from Cross-fertilization, C. 111 - - Hybridization in Maize, C. 111 - - - I - - Illegitimacy in England and Wales, H. 9 - - Illegitimate Children, Mortality of, C. 104, 105 - - Imbeciles, Moral, Heredity among, C. 20 - - Inbreeding and Crossing of Races, C. 106 - among Pathological, harm of, C. 109 - in Reigning families, C. 112-14 - - Incest, and Feeble-mindedness, D. 3 - - Infantile Mortality in relation to - Age of Parents, C. 51 - Birth Interval (_see also_ that head), C. 57, 58, 66 - Long or Short, C. 65 - Breast-feeding, _see under_ Breast-feeding - Birth- and Death-rates, relation between, H. 1 - Female Labour, C. 99-101 - Hereditary Constitution, C. 79-82 - Marriage of Parents, C. 104, 105 - Numerical position in family, C. 50, 60 - in Princely families, C. 53 - in England and Wales, H. 9 - in the Netherlands, H. 10 - in New Zealand, H. 26 - in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13 - in Roman Catholic Countries, H. 14-16 - Tuberculosis, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_) - - Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and - Wedgwood Families, O. 5 - in Polygamous Utah family, of Physical and Mental Qualities and - Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1 - Segregative of Racial Form of Nose, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_) - - Insanitary Property in Liverpool, Model of, F. 1 - Photographs of, and of New Dwellings erected on demolition - of, F. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - - Insanity (_see also_ Lunatics), Consumption, and Infant - Mortality, E. 5 (_b_) - - Interbreeding of Different Human Races, results of, K. 3 - - Inter-marriage, _see also_ Marriage between Pauper and Defective - families, Tendency to, E. 2 - - Intoxication, Alcoholic, Acute, in relation to Origin of - Feeble-mindedness, C. 97 - - - L - - Land, re-settlement of Families dealt with, N. Germany, C. 23-5 - - Lead-poisoning as affecting Germ-cells and Foetus, C. 98 - - Legitimate and Illegitimate Children, Berlin, 1885, Survival of, C. 105 - - Letters (autograph) of Charles Darwin (Two) on "Worms and their - Habits," B. 9 - - LIDBETTER, E. J., E. 1-6 (_d_) Life, Male, Duration of, Urban and Rural, - in Prussia, C. 22 - - LIVERPOOL, CITY OF, PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF, F. 1-3 (_f_) - - London (_see also_ All London), Birth- and Death-rates, relation - between, H. 3 - - Low-type Stock, perpetuation of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_) - with but little Physical Defect, E. 3 - - Lunatic Asylums, Prussian, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy - and General Paralysis, C. 88 - - - M - - Maize, Cross fertilized, Hybridized, Self-fertilized, C. 111 - - Male and Female Mortality, Urban and Rural, compared, C. 83-5 - Life, Duration of, Urban and Rural, Prussia, C. 22 - - Malthusian theory of Population, H. 1-30 - - Mankind, Eye-colour in, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 - - Mannheim families, Gradual extinction of, 19th century, C. 37 - - Marriage rate, England & Wales, H. 9 - - Marriage(s) in relation to Fertility, Occupation and Wealth, Copenhagen - and Holland, C. 122 - First, Prolificness of, 19th Century, C. 40 - Importance of, to Health of Married persons, C. 102 - and Mortality in Prussia (1894-7), C. 102 - between Peasant and Tramp, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21 - - Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 - Experiments with Fowls, shewing Recombination of Colours, M. 3 - Heredity in Blue Andalusian Fowls, - Gametic Purity in, Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_) - Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_) - in Mice, illustration of Theory of Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_) - With Dominance, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_f_) - in Peas, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_) - in Rabbits, M. 1, 2 - - Mendelism, O. 1 - - Mental Defect, _see also_ Defect, Defective, &c. - Transmission of, through the apparently Normal, E. 6 (_a-d_) - Disease and Destructive Eye-disease in same Stock, E. 1 - Endowment, High, in relation to Fertility in - France, C. 124 - Holland, C. 123 - Taint, distribution of, among nearest Relatives, C. 17 - - Mice, Mendelian Heredity in, Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_) - (Theoretical), with Dominance, O. 1 (_c_) - - Midwife Toad, Hereditary changes in Habits of, C. 3-4 - - Migrainous Parents, Offspring of, D. 14 - - Military Fitness and Unfitness, Germany, in relation to School - life, C. 31, 32, 33 - Recruits, Frequency among, of Venereal Diseases, C. 87 - - Miscarriages in relation to Conception losses, C. 52 (2) - - Moral Imbeciles, Heredity among, C. 20 - - Mortality, _see also_ Infant, Male and Female, Phthisis, Syphilitic - of Children, in relation to Age at Death of Parents, C. 7-10 - of Illegitimate Children, C. 104, 105 - in relation to Marriage, C. 102 - - MUDGE, G. P., K. 1-5 - - Munich, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 120 - - Munich Regiments, percentage in, of Fitness, C. 34 - - Muscular Atrophy, Progressive, C. 13 - - Myopia, with Hereditary Night-blindness, L. 2 - High degree of, and frequency of, among First-born, C. 54 - - - N - - Neomalthusianism, C. 118-29 - - Netherlands, _see also_ Holland - Birth- and Death-rates and Infant Mortality for, H. 10 - - New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, at Skillman, Charts of, D. 1-15 - - New Zealand, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality, H. 26 - - Night-blindness, Hereditary with Myopia L. 2 - Inherited Stationary, Pedigree of sufferers from, of Nongaret - family, C. 14 - - Nongaret family, sufferers from Inherited Stationary Night-blindness, - Pedigree of, C. 14 - - Normal Classes, Comparison with, of Booth's Classification of "All - London," O. 3 - Woman, with two Tuberculous husbands, E. 5 (_d_) - - Nose, Racial form of, and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_) - - Number of Children and - Capacity for Breast-feeding, C. 61 - Child Mortality, C. 60 - - Numerical position in family, _see also_ First-born - and Duration of Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality, C. 20 - in relation to Infantile Mortality, C. 50, 55 - in Princely families, C. 53 - - Nystagmus, Hereditary congenital, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - - - O - - Occupation in relation to Fertility, Denmark and Holland, C. 122 - - Offspring, Human, effects on of Alcohol, Blood relationship of Parents, - Epileptic and Feeble-minded Parentage, &c., _see_ those heads - - - P - - Parental Age at Death, and Child Mortality, C. 7-10 - - Occupation in relation to Military Fitness, Germany, C. 26-30 - - Parents, Blood-relationship of, and Health of Offspring, C. 108 - Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 1 - - Paris, Birth- and Death-rates of, relation between, H. 4 - Number of Children in, in relation to Wealth, C. 119 - - Paternal Alcoholism, as affecting Suckling powers of Daughters, C. 93 - with Inter-connection of Tuberculosis, Neuroses and Psychoses of - Offspring, C. 94 - Lead-poisoning, effect of, on Reproduction of Healthy Offspring, C. 98 - - Pathological Interbreeding, harm of C. 109 - - Pauper and Defective families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2 - - Pauperism due to Transmission of Defect, and perpetuation of Low-type - Stocks, E. 1-6 (_d_) - Tuberculosis, and Infant Mortality, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_) - - Peas, _see also_ Sweet Peas - Mendelian Inheritance in, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_) - - PEARL, DR. RAYMOND, G. - - Peasant and Tramp Intermarriages, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21 - - Pedigree Records, System of Making, G. 1 - - Pedigrees of - Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, shewing Inbreeding, C. 112 - "Belvidere," C. 100 - Collected by Field-workers in America, P. - Descent of Administrative Ability, I. 1, _see also_ Darwin, Galton, and - Wedgwood families - of Scientific Ability (Wollaston Pedigree), I. 2 - Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, I. 3 - Family with peculiarly Curled Hair, C. 5 - Hæmophylic family, C. 12 - Illustrating Royal tendency to Inter-marry, C. 112-14 - Reigning Houses, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116 - Zero von Jorger family, C. 21 - - Physical condition of Childless and Fertile Couples contrasted, C. 45 - - Photographs of Charles Darwin, B. 3, 5, - of Small Study in which "Origin of Species" was written, B. 6 - - Physical Development in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 7 - Qualities, Heredity of, Tables shewing, C. 7 - - Phthisis Mortality, Decline in, for - England & Wales, F. 2 (_a_) - England & Ireland, F. 2 (_b_) - Liverpool, F. 2 (_d_) - Scotland, F. 2 (_c_) - - Polygamous Utah Family, Inheritance in, of Physical and Mental Qualities - and Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1 - - Population - Births, _per_ Couple, essential to prevent Decay of - Nation, C. 123 _et proevi_ - Descent of Qualities in (after Galton), O. 4 - Malthusian theory of, H. 1-30 - Neomalthusian theory of, C. 118-29 - - Portraits of - Darwin, Charles - (Engraving by L. Flameng, after Hon. John Collier's painting), B. 4 - by Maull & Polyblank (Photograph), B. 3 - on his horse Tommy (Photograph), B. 5 - Painting by W. W. Ouless, B. 1 - Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus (Silhouette), A. 2 - Darwin, Mrs. (Silhouette), A. 3 - Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters - (Silhouette), A. 4 - Galton, Sir Francis, by Charles Furze, A. 1 - - Poultry, _see_ Blue Andalusian Fowls - - Pregnancy, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101 - - Premature Births and Abortion in various Callings, C. 101 - in relation to Conception losses, C. 52(2) - - Princely families, Infantile Mortality in, in relation to Numerical - position, C. 53 - - Principles of Heredity Charts of, P. - - Progeny of the Highly Gifted in France, C. 124 - - Progressive Muscular Atrophy, Inheritance of, C. 13 - - Prolificness of First Marriages, 19th century, C. 40 - - Protestant Countries, Birth- and Death-rates and Infant - Mortality in, H. 11-13 - - Prussia, Fertility (restricted) in, C. 126 - - Prussia - Lunatic Asylums of, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and - General Paralysis, C. 88 - Male Life-duration in, Urban and Rural, C. 22 - - Ptolemäus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113 - - PUNNETT, PROF. R. C., M. 1-7 (_b_) - - - Q - - Qualities, Descent of, in a Population (after Galton), O. 4 - - - R - - Rabbits, Mendelian Inheritance in, M. 1, 2 - - Rachitic disturbances of Development, Frequency of, in relation to - Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 78 - - Race--Hygiene, C. 46-7 - - Racial Crossing, C. 106-7 - Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117 - Eye-colour Segregation of, K. - Form of Nose and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_) - Inbreeding, C. 106-7 - - Recombination of Colours in Fowls, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3 - - Recruits, qualified for one year's service, and Recruits in general, - Germany, causes of Unfitness in, compared, C. 33, 34 - - Reigning families, Inbreeding among, C. 112 - Houses, Pedigrees of, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116 - - Relations, Nearest, Distribution among, of Particular Taints, C. 16-19 - - Reproduction, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101 - of Paternal Lead Poisoning, C. 98 - - Reproduction-methods of _Alytes obstetricans_, Hereditary changes - in, C. 3-4 - - Reproductive Functions, Injury to, from Alcohol, C. 89-90 - - Restriction of Birth, C. 125-8 - - Reversion in Sweet Peas - on Crossing, followed by appearance in next generation of Numerous - Types, M. 4 - in Structural characters, M. 5 - - Roman Catholic Countries, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality - in, H. 14-16 - - Rural and Urban Duration of Male Life, Prussia, C. 22 - - - S - - Self-fertilization in Maize, C. 111 - - School Reports, average, in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 77 - - Schools, German, in relation to Military Fitness, C. 31 - - Scientific Ability, Descent of, Pedigree shewing I. 2, _and see_ Darwin, - Galton, Wedgwood families. - - Sexes, Normal proportion of, Disturbance in, as symptom of Abnormal - germ production, C. 44 - - Segregation Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K., 1-2 (a & b) - - Segregation of Racial Eye-colour, K. (3-5) - - Silhouettes of - Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son Erasmus, A. 2 - Darwin, Mrs., A. 3 - Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, A. 4. - - Skin-Colour, changes in, in Fire Salamander according to whether kept on - Yellow or Black Earth, C. 1-2 - - Soter II., Pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113 - - Spaniard _v._ Gipsy Inheritance, Segregation of Eye-colour, K. 3 - - Stillbirths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52-3 - Decrease of Total of, C. 48(4) - - Structural Characters, Reversion in, in Sweet Peas, M. 5 - - Students, German, causes of Military Unfitness in, C. 32, 33 - - Suicides in Civilised Countries, Increasing numbers of, C. 35-6 - - Suckling, _see_ Breast-feeding - - Sucklings, _see_ Infant Mortality - - Surgery in Childbirth, increase in, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6) - - Standard Scheme of Descent (after Galton), O. 2 - - Sweet Peas - Association in, of Characters in Heredity, M. 6 & 7 (_a_ & _b_) - Reversion in, on Crossing, followed by appearance of Numerous Types in - next generation, M. 4 - in Structural Characters, M. 5 - - Syphilitic and Sexually-immoral Couple, Offspring of, D. 15 - - Syphilis - Heart and Vessels as harmed by, C. 85 - Mortality from, at 36 to 50 years, C. 85 - Frequency of, relative, Urban and Rural, C. 86-8 - - - T - - Taints, particular, distribution of among nearest Relations, C. 16-9 - - Teeth, Carious, average of, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 74, 75 - - Toronto, City of, Birth- and Death-rates of, H. 27 - - Towns, _see also_ Urban - French and German, Restriction of Births in, C. 125-9 - Life in, Special effect of, on Male Mortality, C. 83-5 - - Tramp and Peasant Inter-marriage, Pedigree showing results, C. 21 - - Tuberculosis - Frequency of, within Families, C. 15 - Infant Mortality, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a_ & _e_) - Mortality from, of Married and Unmarried persons, C. 102 - - Tuberculous family with apparently Normal Parents from Tuberculous - Stocks, E. 5 (_a_) - Stock, Survival of, by accession of strength from - Normal, E. 5 (_c_ & _d_) - - Twins, Hereditary tendency to beget, C. 11 - - Two-children System in Berlin, C. 127-9 - - - U - - United Kingdom and Germany, Total Population, and Birth- and Death-rates, - Variations in, H. 5-6 - - Urban Tendency to Extinction of Higher-grade families, C. 37 - and Rural Duration of Male life, Prussia, C. 22 - relative Frequency of Syphilis and other Venereal diseases, C. 86-8 - - - V - - Vitality of Child, influence on, of Birth-intervals, C. 65 - - Venereal Disease, Frequency of - among Military Recruits, C. 87 - Urban and Rural, relative, C. 86-8 - - - W - - Wealth, in relation to - Birth-rate, C. 118-22 - Fertility - Denmark, C. 121, 122 - France, C. 118, 119 - - Wedgwood, Galton, and Darwin Families, Inheritance of Ability as - exemplified by, O. 5 - - WEEKS, DAVID FAIRFIELD, Director of the N. Jersey State Village for - Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A. D. 1-15 - - WHEELER, E. G., A. (1-4) - - WHETHAM, MR. & MRS. W. C. D., I. 1-3 - - Widows and Divorced persons, High Death-rate of, C. 103 - - WIDTSOE, JOHN A., A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance of Physical and - Mental Qualities and Defects, and of Literary Ability, from - Polygamous family in Utah, N. 1 - - Wife, Importance of in raising or lowering Family Status, C. 21 - - William II., German Emperor, Pedigree of, showing "Ancestral - loss," C. 116 - - Wollaston Pedigree, shewing descent of Scientific Ability, I. 2 - - Woman with two husbands, Defective family by the first, E. 4 - - - Z - - Zero von Jorger family, Pedigree of, C. 21 - - - - -First International Eugenics Congress, - -London, July, 1912. - - -LIST OF EXHIBITS. - - -[Sidenote: A.] - -Exhibited by E. G. Wheler, Esq. - -[Sidenote: A 1] - -Portrait of Sir Francis Galton, by Charles Furze, 1903. - -[Sidenote: A 2] - -Silhouettes of Dr. Erasmus Darwin and his son Erasmus. - -[Sidenote: A 3] - -Silhouette of Mrs. Darwin. - -[Sidenote: A 4] - -Silhouettes of Samuel Tertius Galton, his son Erasmus and three -daughters. - -[Sidenote: B.] - -Exhibited by William> E. and Leonard Darwin. - -[Sidenote: B 1] - -Portrait of Charles Darwin, by W. W. Ouless, R A., painted in 1875. - -[Sidenote: B 2] - -Portrait of Erasmus Darwin (after Wright, of Derby), the common -grandfather of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. - -[Sidenote: B 3] - -Photograph of Charles Darwin, by Maull & Polyblank, taken about the -year 1854. - -[Sidenote: B 4] - -Leopold Flameng's Engraving, after the portrait of Charles Darwin, by -the Hon. John Collier, painted in the year 1881--now in the National -Portrait Gallery. - -[Sidenote: B 5] - -Photograph of Charles Darwin on his horse Tommy. - -[Sidenote: B 6] - -Photograph of the small study at Down in which the "Origin of Species" -was written. - -[Sidenote: B 7] - -Etching by Axel Haig of the large study at Down, which Charles Darwin -occupied from about 1887 onwards. - -[Sidenote: B 8] - -Water-colour Drawing of Down House, by Albert Goodwin, painted in 1882. - -[Sidenote: B 9] - -Two letters of Charles Darwin, on "Worms and their Habits," - -[Sidenote: C.] - -Exhibited by Professor von Gruber. - -[Sidenote: C 1 & 2] - -Experiments by P. Kammerer on +changes produced in the colours in -the skin of the Fire Salamander--Salamandra maculosa--by keeping them -on yellow or black earth respectively+. - -According as to whether the animals are kept on yellow or black earth -the yellow or black colouring of the skin spreads, and this change -of colour appears in the same way in the offspring, though a direct -influence of the colour of the earth on the germ plasm is absolutely -unthinkable. The two pictures in the lower part of Figure C 1 show -the colouring of that generation to which the animal portrayed above -belongs, according as to whether they have been kept permanently on -yellow soil (right) or returned again to black soil (left). Here, -it is true, it is not a question of a new quality or tendency. The -capacity in the parents to deposit black pigment in their skin has -been increased or decreased according to their surroundings. But the -distinctive point remains, that their offspring is subsequently endowed -with the inherited tendency to produce proportionately more or less -pigment. This may, however, be a direct result of the abnormal life -conditions of the parents, in so far as the depositing of more or less -pigment in the skin of the parents is certainly not a purely local -process, but rather is bound up with other metabolic changes which may -extend to or influence the developing gametes. - -[Sidenote: C 3 & 4] - -Very remarkable are the +hereditary changes+ which Kammerer -established in +Alytes obstetricans+--the midwife toad. - -With them copulation normally takes place on dry land. The male -extricates from the female the string of eggs, winds it round his hind -legs and carries it about until the eggs are ready. Then, and not till -then, he enters the water where the larvæ escape. If, however, one -keeps these toads in a high temperature (25-30 C.) they enter the water -to cool themselves and abandon their normal way of manipulating their -brood because the string of spawn swells in water and does not remain -sufficiently sticky to allow the male to fasten it to his thighs. The -animals become gradually accustomed to live in water, and continue to -carry on the business of reproduction there, even when the temperature -is normal. As soon as the new instinct has become sufficiently -established with the parents they beget offspring, which at a normal -temperature go of their own accord into water to deposit their eggs, -and also produce eggs more numerous than, and somewhat different -from, those of the normal toad. Further, the males of this succeeding -generation develop thumbs and forearms of a character which enables -them to perform the difficult task of holding the females during -copulation in the water. - -[Sidenote: C 5 & 6] - -The likeness of offspring to their parents is extremely great and goes -into many details; this we frequently overlook because a divergence -strikes us more than a similarity. A similarity becomes striking when -it is a question of familiar peculiarities. These often relate to -exterior unimportant peculiarities. Our collection contains +a -pedigree+ (taken by Dr. Walter Bell from Bateson's "Mendel's -Principles of Heredity"), Figure C 5, +of a family with peculiarly -curled hair+; also in Figure C 6, a +case of heredity of a lock -of white hair+, likewise taken from Bateson's work by Rizzoli. - -[Sidenote: C 7] - -The heredity of physical qualities is strikingly illustrated in -Weinberg's Table C 7, showing the age +at death of the parents -and the marital gross and nett fertility+. It is founded on the -Stuttgart family registers, and comprises about 1,900 non-tubercular -and about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv für Rassen and -Gesellschafts Biologie" and Württemberger Jahrbücher für Statistik und -Landeskunde, 1911). W. Weinberg adds: - -[Illustration: - -Relation of Age at Death of Parents to Gross and Nett Fertility. (After -Weinberg.) - - Age of parents. Men: Women: - - Years under 30 A 0.58 C 1.00 A 0.93 C 1.79 - B 0.62 D 1.34 B 0.82 D 1.72 - - 30-40 A 1.38 C 2.81 A 1.65 C 3.40 - B 1.41 D 2.70 B 1.81 D 3.53 - - 40-50 A 2.31 C 3.94 A 1.88 C 3.34 - B 1.90 D 3.69 B 2.25 D 4.52 - - 50-60 A 2.39 C 4.05 A 2.31 C 3.69 - B 2.21 D 4.04 B 1.92 D 3.42 - - 60-70 A 3.05 C 4.76 A 2.62 C 4.37 - B 2.88 D 4.65 B 2.79 D 4.28 - - 70-100 A 3.38 C 5.50 A 2.76 C 4.34 - B 3.22 D 5.53 B 2.80 D 4.33 - - A - Non-tuberculous families, number of children surviving 20th year. - B - Tuberculous " " " " " - C - Non-tuberculous families, number of children dying before attaining - 20th year. - D - Tuberculous " " " " " - -Number of non-tuberculous families about 1,900 (1876-79-86), of -tuberculous about 3,000 (1873-89); from Stuttgart family registers. - -Figure C 7.] - -"The gross as well as the nett fertility of those which have died -increases with the age attained, the latter, however, in a greater -degree, because the mortality of children decreases with the greater -age attained at death. With the wife the curve is less steep and less -regular, because in her case mortality is unfavourably influenced by -the birth functions; this is particularly plainly seen in the case of -tuberculous women, when the curve has two peaks." - -[Sidenote: C 8] - -The same fact of heredity of "constitution" is demonstrated in -Weinberg's Table C 8 showing the +age at death of the parents and -the mortality of the children up to the age of 20.+ It is based on -the same material as Table 7 and proves: "With the increasing age of -the parents child mortality decreases, especially so in the case of the -children of the tuberculous, and the number of children reaching the -age of sexual maturity increases correspondingly." - -[Illustration: - -Age at Death of Parents and Mortality of the Children up to the Age of -20 (including Still-born). - -Deaths per 100 living-born children: - - Non-tuberculous. Tuberculous. - - Age at death of father of mother of father of mother - - Under 30 42.1 45.1 52.9 54.8 - 30- 40 51.2 51.6 48.6 40.6 - 40- 50 38.3 43.8 48.3 50.2 - 50- 60 41.5 35.6 45.5 43.7 - 60- 70 38.1 40.1 38.1 36.4 - 70-100 38.5 36.2 42.4 39.8 - -Figure C 8.] - -[Sidenote: C 9 & 10] - -The same is proved by the two Tables C 9 and 10 by Ploëtz referring -to +age at death of fathers and mothers and child mortality up to -the age of five years+. Very striking in both these tables is -the extremely low mortality of the offspring of the parents with the -greatest longevity. - -[Sidenote: C 11] - -Table C 11 by Weinberg: +Hereditary of the disposition to beget -twins+ (Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts Biologie VI. 1909) is -remarkable. "The difference in favour of sisters speaks for Mendel's -law of dominance and recessivity. The more twins a woman has borne, -the more frequently the same phenomena is found in her nearest -female relations." That the mortality among twins is very great is a -well-known fact. - -[Illustration: - -Inheritance of Tendency to Bear Twins. - -About 2,000 families from Würtemberg family registers (after Weinberg). - -In every 100,000 Births Twin Births occur in the following numbers: - -Total population 1087 - -Among daughters 1394 - of mothers - " maidens 1523 - of twins - " sisters 2135 - -Figure C 11.] - -[Illustration: - -In every 1,000 Births there are the following numbers of Twin Births -among the immediate relatives: - - Of all mothers 11 - Of women who have had 1 multiple birth 17 - " " 2 " " 20 - " " 3 or more " 56 - - -Mortality of Twins. - - Percentage of deaths before the age of 20: - Single-born Children 39 - Twins 61 - -Figure C 11 (_continued_).] - -[Sidenote: C 12] - -Figure C 12 the celebrated pedigree of the Hæmophilic +family+ -(bleeders) +Mampel+ (by Rüdin after Lossen). - -[Sidenote: C 13] - -Figure C 13 showing the inheritance of progressive muscular -+atrophy+ (after Eichhorst). - -[Sidenote: C 14] - -Figure C 14 a partial reproduction of a +pedigree+ comprising -over 2,000 people of the family Nongaret suffering from inherited -stationary night +blindness+ (compiled by Cunier, Truc and -Nettleship). With regard to these figures it is to be noted that only a -fraction of the offspring is affected with the illness, the remainder -being perfectly normal. It is remarkable with the bleeders (Hæmophilic -persons) that the females do not suffer from the disease though they -transfer it to their male offspring; a similar latent disposition is -observable in other hereditary conditions, especially colour-blindness. - -[Sidenote: C 15] - -W. Weinberg shows in Table C 15 the +frequency of tuberculosis -within families+. He adds: "This is a comparison of the experiences -of married tubercular individuals, regarding the frequency of -tuberculosis among their parents, brothers and sisters, with the -corresponding experiences of their husbands or wives who come on an -average from similar surroundings. The experiences of the latter -represent the normal expectation. It is especially striking that the -family influence tells most with the children of the well-to-do." The -well-known fact that the tuberculous frequently come from tuberculous -stock is clearly demonstrated in the figures of this table. - -[Sidenote: C 16] - -[Sidenote: C 17] - -In Table C 16 Dr. Otto Diem shows the +distribution of particular -taints+ in every hundred of the tainted members +among the -nearest relations+ (parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers -and sisters) of the entire material he deals with. It is shown for -instance that with the mentally sound, 15% of the tainted relatives -were mentally diseased against 45.9% with the mentally diseased. Figure -C 17 shows the share of this percentage among the parents only. It is -demonstrated that with the mentally diseased a much larger percentage -of the total hereditary taint is traceable to parental madness, -alcoholism, abnormality of character, than with the mentally sound. - -[Sidenote: C 18] - -Figure C 18 corresponds, with figure C 17, except that not only the -parents are reckoned but the nearest defective relative in any degree. - -[Sidenote: C 19] - -Figure C 19 teaches that the reckoning of all the taints in the -ancestry taken together with the collaterals fails to give as clear and -convincing a picture of the dissimilarity in the heredity of mentally -sound and diseased, as the reckoning of the taints among the parents -alone. The establishment of the hereditary taint in the direct ancestry -appears therefore by far the more important. - -[Sidenote: C 20] - -In Figure 144 (Journal f. Psychologie und Neurologie. XIII. Bd.) Drf. -Hans W. Mayer gives a number of examples of +heredity among moral -imbeciles+, and he draws the following conclusions: "Consequently -moral defect in frequent combination with alcoholism is hereditary -in the highest degree. Remedy: Incarceration of these dangerous -individuals, not according to the accidental form of the crime -committed, but as diseased and forming a public danger. If there is a -risk of escape or if liberty is conceded--undoubtedly sterilization -to prevent perpetuation of the defect." This latter course is already -followed in North America, and a start has been made with it in -Switzerland, at least in cases where the consent of the patients is -obtained. - -[Sidenote: C 21] - -The pedigree of the +family of Zero von Jorger+, figure C 21 -(Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts biologie I.), shows in a convincing -manner how very important for the protection of society is the -prevention of the reproduction of the degenerate. In the course of time -this family has burdened the sound and fit with taxation amounting to -hundreds of thousands of pounds. The author remarks: "The family Zero -springs from good peasant stock intermarrying with homeless female -tramps. Its history shows how alcohol (especially spirits) and bad -environment (in this case always combined) may create a scourge to -society which continues from generation to generation. The family -has produced many criminals, lunatics and feeble-minded persons. The -offspring of these are destined to die out. Their great fertility at -times is counteracted by great infant mortality." - -"In places regeneration is evident which invariably is inaugurated by -marriage with a good woman and the consequent abandonment of the abuse -of alcohol. As with the degeneration so with the regeneration the wife -takes the leading part." - -The question whether modern civilized races are degenerate in body and -mind is much disputed. In some respects for instance in the increase -of myopia and caries of the teeth it is generally admitted, but in -others it is doubtful, though it may be considered an established fact -that the general average of health among all civilized nations is -unsatisfactory. We do not know for certain whether the general level of -all or certain qualities is being lowered or not, and still less can we -say what part is played by heredity. - -The demand for the systematic collection of data on these points is the -first which Race Hygiene has to make from Governments. - -The examinations as to fitness for military service in Germany might -offer an excellent index of the physique of the people, but for this -purpose the physical condition of the conscripts would have to be -recorded in a much more thorough manner than at present (S. Gruber -Concordia, 1916). There appears, however, to be no doubt that in -general the country and agricultural pursuits produce young men of -better average health than do towns and other occupations. This agrees -with the fact that the life of the inhabitants in rural districts and -of those engaged in agriculture is longer than that of town dwellers. - -[Sidenote: C 22] - -Table C 22 +compares+ the+ duration of life+ of men -living +in towns with+ those living in +rural districts -in Prussia+. Beyond all doubt the peasant population is still -constitutionally the most valuable part of the people, and the -colonisation at home, such as the Prussian Government is pursuing to -an increasing degree, may become of the very highest value for the -improvement of the race. - -[Sidenote: C 23, 24 & 25] - -Dr. Walter Abelsdorff gives the following explanations to Table C -23, and figures C 24 and C 25. "They endeavour to show the number of -+families brought 'back to the land' in North Germany+ in the -years 1900-1910." - -"The Royal Commission for settlement in West Prussia and Posen has -achieved notable results since the beginning of its activity in 1886. -This body has brought about from 1886 to 1910 the settlement in the -country of 18,507 families, 18,127 in leaseholds and 305 in labourers' -dwellings. For 1900 to 1910 the total number of families settled amount -to 14,511." - -"The Royal General Commission began its activity later, but since -1906 has been energetically pursuing the settlement of agricultural -labourers. At Münster, in the years 1908 to 1910, 247 leasehold small -holdings for artisans have been created." - -"The results of the Royal District Administrations are as yet less -considerable, those of private societies with State subvention, though -irregular, are worthy of note." - -"The total work of settlement is almost exclusively effected by the -Commission for settlements and the General Commission." - -"Counting five members to each family, 130,000 people have been brought -into economically improved conditions. In how far this may benefit -the second generation--the children of the settlers--cannot as yet be -determined." - -"These efforts, however, may be looked upon as a regenerative component -among the measures for the improvement of the people." - -[Sidenote: C 26 & 27] - -Figure C 26 deals with the +fitness for military service in Germany -in relation to the locality of birth+ and the +occupation+ -of the individual or the parents. Table C 27 with +fitness for -military service in town and country+ (both after Wellmann). - -[Illustration: - -Fitness for Military Service according to Place of Birth and Calling. - -German Empire, 1902-08. - -Percentage of Recruits examined and found fit: - - Country born. City born. - Employed in Employed in - Agriculture. Otherwise. Agriculture. Otherwise. - - % 60.5 50.5 58.7 59.7 58.3 57.2 59.3 57.9 56.5 53.8 51.3 49.7 - - Years 1902 1904 1907 1902 1904 1907 1902 1904 1907 1902 1904 1907 - -03 -06 -08 -03 -06 -08 -03 -06 -08 -03 -06 -08 - -Figure C 26.] - -[Illustration: - -Fitness for Military Service in Town and Country. (After Wellmann.) - - Locality of Birth. - Trade. Percentage Of those examined. Of both parents. - of fit. - Large city. Village. Large city. Village. - % % % % - - Brewer ... 63.4 3.0 55.3 3.0 55.3 - - Cab Driver 63.3 3.2 69.0 1.6 69.8 - - Smith 61.2 1.9 71.0 1.2 75.7 - - Skilled Mechanic 29.7 44.4 10.9 30.9 30.0 - - Implement maker or - Tool maker ... 28.5 36.3 15.9 24.8 28.3 - -Figure C 27.] - -[Sidenote: C 28] - -+Enlistments into the Army+ in Germany in 1907 and 1908, +according -to size+ (number of inhabitants) +of native place+, are shown by Dr. -Walter Abelsdorff in Figure C 28. - -[Sidenote: C 29] - -Figure C 29 shows +the percentage of those found fit in the final -examination in Bavaria+ and +occupation of the parents+. - -[Sidenote: C 30] - -Table C 30 shows the total of all the +non-commissioned officers and -privates in the German Army+ on December 1st, 1906, +classed -according as they came from town or country+ and +according to -the occupation or the parents+. - -Attention is invited to the fact that according to Figure C 26 the -percentage of those found fit for military service in Germany has -diminished in recent years, but it is doubtful whether this is caused -by a general lowering of physique. It may be due to the application -of a higher standard in consequence of increased supply. The distinct -increase in height, in Germany as well as in many other European -countries, of those obliged to offer themselves for military service -speaks against deterioration in the average of physique. Against the -suggestion that with the increase in height may be coupled a greater -disposition to tuberculosis must be set the fact that amongst the tall -is found a percentage of fit higher than the average. - -Abelsdorff remarks of Table C 27: "The results of recruiting for the -years 1907 and 1908 have been grouped according to the size of the -place of birth of the recruits. - -The average for the whole empire in 1907 is 54.9, in 1908 54.5, fit in -every 100 finally examined. The percentage of fitness has diminished -0.4% from 1907 to 1908. The numbers for 1904, 1905 and 1906 are -respectively 56.4, 56.3, and 55.9%. - -Towns with over 1,000,000 inhabitants show the smallest number of fit: -1907, 31.4%; 1908, 28.2%. The decline is 3.2%. Compared with the figure -for the whole empire it shows 23.5% less fitness in 1907 and 26.3% in -1908. - -For towns of 500,000 to 1,000,000 inhabitants the figures are slightly -better; they reach 39.9% in 1907 and 44.0% in 1908; an improvement of -4.9% on the figures of the largest towns. The other three classes, -viz., towns with 200,000 to 500,000; 100,000 to 200,000 and 50,000 -to 100,000 inhabitants, show comparatively little variation in their -figures for fitness for military service. They are 50.1% and 48.9%; -47.9 and 48.2%; 51.8 and 51.5%. The differences between the two years -are not material. With the towns of from 200,000 to 500,000 and from -50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants there has been a decrease against an -increase in those of from 100,000 to 200,000 inhabitants. But the -figures for all three classes remain behind the average figure for the -empire and so do those of all towns, they show 50.4 and 50.1%. - -The most favourable results are yielded by the country districts. Here -there were fit in 1907 58%, in 1908 57.7%. A trifling decrease is shown -even here. The figures, however, are higher by 3.1% in 1907 and 3.2% -in 1908 than the average for the empire. The conclusion is that the -fitness is highest in the smallest, and lowest in the largest places. - -Taking the average for the Empire as 100, those found fit from country -districts number 106, from towns 92, from towns of over 50,000 -inhabitants 83, and from towns of over 100,000 only 80." - -The tables showing the recruiting results amongst those qualified for -the one year voluntary service are particularly interesting. - -[Sidenote: C 31] - -In Table C 31 Schwiening (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Militär -Sanitatswesen. 40. Berlin, Hirschwald, 1909) gives the figures -of those finally passed as +fit for military service in the -Mittelschulen+ (secondary schools), +which are classified -according to their nature+. The figures are too optimistic because -no account has been taken of those who were found temporarily unfit. -The Classical Schools (Gymnasium) give the least satisfactory results. - -[Illustration: - -Fitness for Military Service and Secondary Schools. - -Of every 100 of the pupils of the following Schools - - Class of School: there were found fit for Military Service: - - Classical High Schools (Gymnasium) 62,2 - Old Scientific & Classical High Schools (Realgymnasium) 64,0 - Lower Grade of Classical High Schools (Progymnasium) 64,5 - Polytechnics 64,8 - Lower Grade of Scientific Schools 66,0 - " " " " and Classical High Schools 66,9 - Modern Scientific High Schools 66,9 - Commercial Schools 69,4 - Training Colleges 73,1 - Private Schools 74,9 - Agricultural Schools 83,4 - Average 64,7 - -Figure C 31.] - -[Sidenote: C 32] - -Table C 32 gives the +principal reasons for which students have been -rejected as unfit for military service+. - -[Illustration: - -Causes of Unfitness for Military Service in the German Empire, 1904-6. -Of every 100 permanently unfit. - - There were rejected on account of: [A] [B] - ================================== ====== ====== - General debility--weak chest. 36.4 35.4 - Diseases of the heart and large - blood-vessels. 14.7 5.8 - Defects of eyes (error of - refraction). 10.9 4.4 - Pulmonary defects. 4.5 1.9 - Diseases of the nervous system - (excl. epilepsy). 1.00 0.33 - Obesity. 2.2 0.29 - Diseases of the limbs and joints. 5.6 6.1 - Rupture. 3.1 4.1 - Flat feet. 2.6 4.9 - Varicose veins. 1.9 3.9 - Deformities. 1.4 3.1 - Insanity and Epilepsy. 0.65 2.1 - - Key to Table - ------------ - [A] Entitled to one year's service. (Einjhrign Freiwilligen.) - [B] Ordinary soldiers subject to full Military Service - -Figure C 32.] - -[Sidenote: C 33] - -Table C 33 is a +comparison of the frequency of the various -causes of unfitness as between those qualified for the one year's -voluntary service and the recruits in general+. This table is very -remarkable, because it shows the preponderance of general weakness, -diseases of the heart and large vessels, and pulmonary defects among -the former. - -[Illustration: - -Military Fitness and Secondary Schools. - -Percentage of unfit to every 100 recruits examined. - - Cause of rejection: [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] - ============================= ============================ - General debility--weak chest. 12.2 14.1 13.6 15.1 9.6 - Diseases of the heart and - large blood-vessels. 5.6 5.0 4.7 4.9 5.1 - Defects of eyes (errors of - refraction). 4.5 3.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 - Disease of the joints or limbs. 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.1 - Pulmonary defects. 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.4 - - Key to Table - ------------ - [A] Classical High School. - [B] Old Science and Classical High School. - [C] Modern Science High School. - [D] Lower Grade High School. - [E] Training College. - -Figure C 33.] - -[Sidenote: C 34] - -It goes without saying that the schools are only responsible to a -lesser degree for this; we have to deal here with a serious symptom -of a bad constitution amongst the higher social grades which betrays -itself also in the dying out of the socially prominent families. How -badly their progeny comes off, in spite of the great care bestowed -on it, is illustrated in Table C 34. In two Munich Regiments the -percentage of fit among all those entitled to offer themselves for the -one year's service from the most varied parts of Germany was only, -according to Dieudonné, 21.6, 20.1, and 16.4. - -[Sidenote: C 35 & 36] - -Great anxiety is justly caused by the increasing number of those -taken care of in public Lunatic Asylums. It remains doubtful to what -degree this may be due to the greater use made of asylums and the -decrease of the care of the mentally infirm in the family home; the -deterioration of the nervous system nevertheless remains according to -the general impression an incontestable fact. As a symptom of this -may be interpreted the increasing +number of suicides in civilised -countries+, demonstrated in Rüdin's Tables, C 35 and C 36, showing -the number of suicides in every one million of inhabitants. - -More serious still than the frequency of mental and nervous diseases -is another phenomenon which demonstrates how unsatisfactory is the -constitutional condition of large circle of our population of to-day. - -This phenomenon which as yet has received much too little attention is -+the large scale on which families die out+, at first in the -male line. Apparently (sufficient observations for control are not -available) those families which hold an eminent economical or social -position (aristocracy, old county families, etc., etc.) are mainly -concerned. Because exceptional endowment in one or more respects -(intelligence, talent, will power, etc.) is generally required to -secure or to maintain a leading position, and because such endowment -is given to only a small fraction of the population, but is inherited -largely by the progeny, this dying out of the leading families means a -serious loss to the race. - -The deficient fertility of the stock thus endowed results in a lower -average of mental capacity in the population generally, and cannot in -the long run be made up by the constant re-appearance of distinguished -men appearing as variations, the smallest number of whom are -"mutations." - -The tendency among town families to die out appears to be wide-spread. -Professor S. Schott in Tables C 37-C 40 adds materially to our -knowledge on this point, Professor Schott makes the following comment -on his Tables:-- - - "S. Schott. Old Mannheim families, 4 tables." - - "Source: 'Old Mannheim families. A contribution to the family - statistics of the 19th Century by Professor Dr. Sigmund Schott, - Mannheim and Leipzig, 1910. J. Rensheimer.' Statistical demonstration - of the development, decline, and extinction of about 4,000 families - which were in existence at Mannheim at the beginning of the 19th - Century, based on permanently maintained family registers. This - research, pursued on a basis of population statistics, lends itself - only to a limited degree to application for biological purposes." - -[Sidenote: C 37] - -+Gradual extinction of the Mannheim families in the 19th -Century.+ Only extinction by death in Mannheim and in the male -line are taken into account. Families which have disappeared through -emigration have been excluded. Branches of families which have become -extinct at Mannheim may be flourishing elsewhere. Of 3,081 families, -2,538 have become extinct by death at Mannheim itself, 543 survive. The -spiral curve shows the number of survivors in any year as so many per -thousand of the original number. - -[Illustration: - -Old Mannheim Families. - -Gradual extinction of Old Mannheim Families during the 19th century. - -Figure C 37.] - -[Sidenote: C 38] - -+Average number of children in each generation; the families being -grouped according to the number of generations they attained.+ -The families of 1807 (original families) and their descendants were -classed into five groups, according to the number of generations they -attained in Mannheim. For each group is calculated the average number -of children within one generation--for each separate family as well as -for the entire family (_i.e._, the total of all the separate families -which have sprung from the same "original family"). For instance: -"Original families" which have lasted into the third generation, 464; -the separate families show in the first generation, 464 families, -2,377 children; in the second generation, 718 families, with 3,645 -children; in the third generation, 754 families, with 2,454 children. -Accordingly, the total families show average numbers 5.1, 7.9, 5.3; -the separate families, 5.1, 5.1, 3.3. All these averages are minimum -figures, because it was impossible to eliminate the moderate number -of couples who emigrated before the number of their offspring was -completed. - -In the generations up to the third inclusive, reproduction may be -considered as terminated, but in the fourth, and especially the fifth -and sixth, it still is in progress. - -[Sidenote: C 39] - -+Age intervals separating the various generations.+ - -Taking into account all the families investigated, the average length -of time between the birth of the originator of the family and his first -born son was 33-1/4 years, his first born grandchild 63-2/3 years, -and his first born great grandchild 95-1/3 years. The curves become -gradually flatter, because the possible difference between minimum -and maximum age distance from one generation to another increases in -arithmetical progression. - -[Sidenote: C 40] - -+Prolificness of first marriages in the 19th century.+ Taking -the entire period from 1811 to 1890 together the percentage of large -families (six children or more) and of small families (one-two -children) produced by all first marriages, excluding childless ones, -is indicated by the horizontal centreline. The positive or negative -deviations from the average during each decade are entered respectively -above and below this line. The note in Figure C 38 referring to the -families which may have emigrated while still productive applies here -also. The temporary increase in prolific marriages after 1870 may be in -connection with the material decrease in the age of those contracting -marriage for the first time, as compared with the preceding decade. -(Men 28.65 in the earlier period as against 27.41 in the later, and -women 25.92 against 24.68 years.) - -The extinction of the families is undoubtedly due partly to other -causes than the voluntary limitation of families--to a process of -degeneration. A very remarkable proof of the degenerative character of -the dying out of families is given by Pontus Fahlbeck in his book, "The -Aristocracy of Sweden" (Fischer, Jena, 1903). - -[Sidenote: C 41-43] - -The six Figures C 38-43 give what is biologically of greatest interest -in it. Note how the terribly +quick extinction+ of the +families+ of -the nobility is +inaugurated by catastrophic changes+: rapid fall in -the frequency of marriages, in the number of fertile marriages, and -in the number of their progeny. The curves of the surviving families -(red in the original tables) are for comparison. That we have to deal -here with a natural and not a voluntary process is shown by the rapid -increase in the mortality of male youth in the last generations; also -by the extraordinary change in the proportion of the sexes of the -children--which, of course, is beyond any control, marked preponderance -of girls amongst the survivors (possibly also by the frequency of -still-born male children). - -+A disturbance in the normal proportion of the sexes as a symptom -of abnormal germ production+ may also assert itself in the opposite -direction. O. Lorenz has pointed out the frequent occurrence of -an extraordinary increase of male children immediately before the -extinction of a family in the male line. One of the most celebrated of -these cases is the one of the family of the Emperor Max II. He had six -sons and two daughters, who all reached the age of maturity, but not a -single male grandchild in the legitimate male line. - -[Sidenote: C 44] - -Fresh evidence is exhibited by von den Velden in Figure C 44. With the -families described by von Riffel, who have died out in the male line, -there is still a great preponderance of boys in the last generation in -which boys have reached the age of sexual maturity, whereas there is a -preponderance of females amongst the brothers and sisters of the wives -of the last male issue of the family. - -[Illustration: - -Families in Process of Extinction. - -(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden in the Archiv für Rassen- und -Gesellschafts-Biologie, 1909, No. 6.) - - [A] [B] -======================================================= ===== ===== - Decrease of frequency of Marriage. Men: 57 39 - Of 100 adults there marry: Women: 61 49 - - Decrease of duration of life. Men: 38.5 24.0 - Average duration of life in years: Women: 33.5 32.0 - - High mortality of offspring. - Of 100 births there died before the 20th year: - Fathers, the only members of their Sons 45.5 - generation who married. Grandchildren 55.4 - Mothers, with childless brothers. Sons 42.0 - Grandchildren 46.1 - - Reversal of proportion of sexes born. - To every 100 girls there are born boys: - In normal families: 106 - In dying-out families: 90 - - Disturbance to Proportion of Sexes among the - Children. - Normal: 106 - Generation of sonless fathers: 160 - " " " mothers: 93 - - Key to Table - ------------ - [A] Normal families. - [B] Families in process of extinction. - -Figure C 44.] - -[Sidenote: C 45] - -In this connection another figure, C 45, by von den Velden ought to -be mentioned. He shows, from investigations made by von Riffel, that -the +physical condition of childless couples is on the average -inferior to that of fertile parents+. This, however, by no means -holds good in every case. Evidence to the contrary is given by the -pedigree of an aristocratic family which has died out in the male line. -It may be looked upon as typical. One generation (the second), with -three times as many grown up men than women, produces only four boys -(44% of the children), of whom two reach maturity. With the fourth -generation the male issue dies out. Though a large majority of the -members of all three generations (2-4th) have good health and attain -to an exceptionally high age, most of the female lines also die out. -Only in two branches, which spring from the marriage of an aristocratic -daughter with a man from the people, there are children in the fifth -generation of whom at least a part promise a healthy progeny. Fahlbeck, -too, has drawn attention to the fact that the dying out Swedish -aristocracy shows no signs of striking degeneracy in the individual. - -This fact is of the greatest theoretical and practical importance -because it proves that there exists, up to a certain degree, an -independent degeneration of the germ plasm, even as the germ plasm -may remain unaffected by damage to the soma. That such a one-sided -degeneration of the germ plasm with respect to the power of -reproduction may take place among animals has been known for a long -time. - -In particular, Chs. Darwin has collected facts of this kind in his -"Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication." For civilised -peoples it is a matter for reflection that with animals even slight -deviations from their customary "natural" mode of living may lead to -such serious consequences. - - -RACE-HYGIENE. - -[Sidenote: C 46 & 47] - -As the +nature and aims of race-hygiene+ are still unknown in -wide circles it will be useful to show in Tables C 46 and C 47, by -A. Ploëtz, what its position is amongst other sciences and what the -various branches of its activity consist in. - -Many theoretical workers hold that the most important mission or -race-hygiene is to fight against Therapeutics and Hygiene of the -individual, for about these they have the most serious misgivings. -They consider, that by maintaining inferior variations up to the age -of reproduction, the average quality of the race must suffer and -that to certain defects--which otherwise would rapidly disappear--an -opportunity is given to spread through an entire people. This point -of view, short sighted as it may be, must be examined into. It -appears to be forgotten that on the one hand hygiene is powerless in -cases of a high degree of degeneration and that on the other hand -hygiene, by prevention of illness, does away with a number of causes -of inferiority. Finally it appears to be entirely overlooked that -with the best inherent qualities and unfavourable surroundings the -individual development may be poor and stunted. Of what use are the -highest potentialities if they remain latent? The main point is that -so far convincing proofs of the preponderant harmfulness of hygiene are -entirely absent. (S. Gruber, Heredity, Selection and Hygiene. Deutsche -med. Wochenschr, 1909). - -[Sidenote: C 48] - -[Illustration: - -The Increasing Frequency of Obstetrical Operations and their -Significance to the Race. - -(Based on the official statistics of Baden by Dr. Agnes Bluhm.) - -Figure C 48.] - -Dr. Agnes Bluhm contributes to the question of the deterioration -of the race by therapeutic measures in dealing in Figure C 48 with -"+The increasing frequency of surgical operations in connection -with childbirth and its significance for the race.+" She writes -in explanation "The number of doctors having increased relatively -much more than the number of the population, it follows that for a -growing number of women medical assistance at childbirth is available. -To this must be added that progress in surgical technique, above all -the diminished danger of infection, allows of a much more frequent -operative interference with good results for mother and child. -Both these facts find expression in the reduction of the number -of stillbirths. The purpose of these operations being to assist a -diminished birth capacity in women, and this diminished capacity -arising partly from constitutional and consequently hereditary factors, -this question suggests itself: Is the average birth capacity of women -progressively diminished by the fact that an increasing number of -women, more or less unfit for childbirth, are artificially assisted -in bringing forth living children who inherit this weakness from the -mother?" - -"Our table attempts to answer this question on the basis of official -Midwifery Statistics compiled in the Grand Duchy of Baden reaching back -to 1871, that is the beginning of the antiseptic era. - -"To avoid the errors, which small figures might lead to, each -calculation has been based on the average figures of a lengthy period. -The material dealt with comprises over two million births." - -[Sidenote: C 48-1] - -"Figure 1 shows the +increasing frequency of all childbirth -operations taken together+. The period 1871 to 1879 shows an -average of 4.38 operations to every 100 births, the period 1900 to 1907 -up to 8.12 operations to every 100 births." - -[Sidenote: C 48-2] - -"Figure 2 shows the +frequency of each class of operation in every -1,000 births+. Each class of operation shows an increase in number, -but the increase has not been uniform throughout the various classes." - -[Sidenote: C 48-3] - -"Figure 3, A and B, shows the +share of each class of operation in -the total number for the various periods+. A more leading part is -taken by aftermath operations, by artificially induced premature birth, -by perforation of the head and by Caesarean section on the living. -Aftermath operations depend (like the use of the forceps) to such a -degree on the teachings of the various schools for midwifery (and on -the time at the doctor's disposal) that they can hardly serve as a -standard of birth capacity. The Caesarean section, too, can hardly be -taken as a guide, as a much wider view is taken now of the indications -for this operation. But the equally increasing numbers of perforations -of the head and artificially induced premature birth are well worthy -of attention. For these two operations exclude one another. With the -existing tendency to avoid perforation of the head by artificially -inducing premature birth, a rise in the curve of premature births -should correspond with a sinking of the perforation curve. 1871 to -1879 a maximum of the former actually coincides with a minimum of the -latter; but from there on both curves rise, though not in the same -degree. Premature births have become since then (see Fig. 2) more than -eight times as frequent; perforations of the head have trebled; and -dismemberments of the child have doubled. This fact must be considered -as a sign of lessened birth capacity." - -[Sidenote: C 48-4] - -"Figure 4 shows the +decrease of the total number of -stillbirths+." - -[Sidenote: C 48-5] - -"Figure 5 gives the +share which abnormal position of the child has -in this total+, and a comparison of the two shows that whilst the -total has decreased by 1.42% the decrease (1880 to 1889) has been 2.35% -in the case of stillbirth through abnormal position. The conclusion is, -that there is now more opportunity for hereditary transmission of the -tendency to faulty position of the child than three to four decades -ago." - -[Sidenote: C 48-6] - -"But Figure 6 proves that up to now an +increased inheritance of -this tendency has not taken place+. The curves of these positions -not only show irregularities but (with the exception of cross births) a -tendency to sink." - -"Recapitulation. The growing frequency of surgically assisted births -cannot be taken as evidence of a diminished birth capacity, but is -closely connected with the growing number of doctors. Against the -indications of a diminished birth capacity stand at the moment those -which previously could be taken as pointing in the opposite direction. -It would, therefore, appear that medical interference at birth has -brought to the race advantages as to quantity and no drawbacks as -to quality. But it is probable that the picture will change during -the coming decades, because only then will the daughters of mothers -who could not have brought forth living children without surgical -assistance become themselves mothers. The renunciation of motherhood -on the part of the women least suited for this function and the war -against rickets might act as preventatives." - -The great anxiety about the elimination of the severest struggle for -existence is based on the undoubtedly erroneous fundamental conception -that the organism is a sorry product of necessity which can barely -manage to maintain a laborious existence by the constant straining -of all its faculties, and that it requires the continuous use of -the whip of necessity to prevent an organism from giving way to its -inherent tendency to degeneration. In fact, however, no organism is -conceivable which has not the "Tendency" to maintain itself and to -react accordingly. There are many facts which prove that a wealth -of capacities and tendencies is dormant in organisms which for -innumerable generations have not been active, or, perhaps, have, never -functioned in every possible way, and that, therefore, if the occasion -arises replacements or accommodations of an unprecedented character -may occur. In an unprejudiced system of race-hygiene these facts must -not be overlooked. The exhibition in this section gives two specially -striking instances; the one from animal the other from plant life. - -[Sidenote: C 49] - -To begin with Figure C 49 gives a diagrammatic representation of the -+development of the eye of a vertebrate+--after K. Kraepelin -(taken from "Experimentelle Biologie II., T. v. Curt Thesing, -Leipzig, Teubner, 1911")--which shows that the lens is formed out -of an invagination of the cornea and the retina by an extension of -the brain. In the lower part of the plate the various phases of the -+reconstruction of the lens out of the iris+ are shown, after -it had been removed by a cataract operation from the eye of a Triton -larva. (This experiment was carried out by Gustav Wolff.)[A] Thus an -organ which normally is not concerned with the formation of the lens -takes charge of its regeneration. - -[Footnote A: Studies in the Physiology of Development II. Archiv. für -Entwicklungs mechanic der Organismen, XII. Vol., 3 Part, 1901.] - -A large number of tables deal with the influence of the numerical -position in the progeny, with the number of births and the interval -between births, on the health of the children, partly acting alone, -partly in combination with the influence of the manner of nourishment -during infancy. - -[Sidenote: C 50] - -+Numerical position in family and infantile mortality+, after -Geissler. According to these statistics, the fifth child of a mother -has materially less vitality than the first four, the second and third -children have the most; but this does not agree with other statistics. - -[Sidenote: C 51] - -According to Riffel's investigations--+influence of the numerical -position of the child and the age of the parents at the time of -marriage on infant mortality+, after v.d. Velden, a material -difference between the mortality of the three earliest born children -and the three next born is only shown if both parents at the time of -marriage have attained a certain age (man over 28, woman over 25); only -the seventh to ninth show under all circumstances a materially greater -mortality than the earlier children. The children of more aged parents -show a materially greater mortality than those of younger parents. -The number of children in a family up to the eleventh has no material -influence on infant mortality, only in families with twelve children or -more a materially greater number of children perish before the fifth -year. - -[Illustration: - -Relation of Number of Births to Infant Mortality. - -Percentage of Deaths to 100 Births. - - -Died during the first year of life. - -Geissler. - -26,429 births to 5,236 marriages of members of Saxon coalminers' funds. -(Some still-born infants, and children of marriages to which there were -only one or two births, are not included). - -Died before reaching the age of 0.09 of a year, _i.e._, a little more -than a month. - -[Note: under the first graph in figure] The mortality of the 1st, 2nd, -3rd and 4th child is below the average. Greatest vitality shown by 2nd -and 3rd child. - -[Note: under the second graph in figure] The mortality of the 2nd, 3rd, -4th and 5th child is below the average. Greatest vitality shown by 2nd, -3rd, and 4th child. - -Figure C 50.] - -[Illustration: - -Influence of the Number of Births and the Age of the Parents at the -Time of Marriage on Infant Mortality. - -(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden). - -Key to Table ------------ - - -Percentage of Children Born. 1-3 4-6 7-9 Children -=================================== ==== ==== ==== { Children of all -28.8 30.5 38.5 { parents. { { Husband over 28 or Died before { wife -over 25 years 38.5 41.6 53.4 reaching { old. 6th year. { { Husband over -28 and { wife over 25 years 41.5 51.7 64.7 { old. - - -Influence of the Number of Children Born to a Family on Infant -Mortality. - -3-5 6-8 9-11 12-15 Children ==== ==== ==== ===== Percentage of children -born Died before reaching 5th year 25.5 27.7 22.7 44.3 - -Figure C 51.] - -[Sidenote: C 52] - -+Number of conceptions and conception losses+, by Dr. Agnes -Bluhm; the exhibitor gives the following explanation-- - - Hamburger's material deals with 1,042 marriages of the labouring - classes in Berlin, with a total of 7,261 conceptions (an average of - 6.97 conceptions for each woman); the material of Bluhm comprises - 856 marriages of the wealthier and educated German middle and higher - classes with a total of 3,856 conceptions (averaging 4.50 conceptions - to each woman). Hamburger has counted as conception losses only - miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, or deaths from illness - before the completion of the sixteenth year. Bluhm has included all - those up to the twentieth year. Both have only included marriages - which have been contracted at least twenty years back. As the births - in these marriages apparently date back to twenty years, all living - children are reckoned as survivors or conception results, even if they - have not attained the sixteenth or twentieth year respectively. This - has influenced the result optimistically, but as it has done so with - both authors alike, the comparison of their results is admissible. - -[Sidenote: C 52-1] - - Figure 1 shows the +conception losses in marriages of varying - conception numbers+ (Curve A, Hamburger's working-men's families; - Curve B, Bluhm's well-to-do families); both curves confirm Hamburger's - words that "the percentage of the survivors gets smaller in proportion - as the conception number increases." The mounting of Curve B in the - families with ten births is probably a delusion brought about by a - very small number. In the marriages with eleven or more births there - are lost with the well-to-do one quarter and with the working-classes - nearly two-thirds of the conceptions up to the twentieth or sixteenth - year respectively. - -[Sidenote: C 52-2] - - Figure 2 represents the +share which miscarriages and premature - births have in the conception losses in marriages of different degrees - of productiveness+ (Curve A, Hamburger; Curve B, Bluhm). Amongst - the Berlin labouring classes on the average 17.89 per cent. of all - conceptions are lost through miscarriage and premature birth; for the - wealthier German families the figure is 7.59 per cent. - -[Sidenote: C 52-3] - - Figure 3 shows the +share which deaths and stillbirths have in - conception losses+. With the labouring classes it amounts on the - average to 32.75 per cent. (Curve A), and in the wealthier families to - 10.55 per cent. (Curve B). - -[Sidenote: C 52-4] - - Figure 4. To investigate whether the continuous decrease in the - percentage of the survivors, going hand in hand with the increase of - maternal conceptions, is caused by the constitutional inferiority - of the offspring as the numerical position increases, Bluhm has - established, in dealing with her material, the loss for each numerical - position (first, second, third, etc., conceptions respectively). If - this were the case, Curve A, which gives the loss according to the - frequency of conception in each marriage, would have to be identical - with Curve B, which gives the loss of first, second, and third, etc., - conceptions, but this is by no means the case, for only at a very high - numerical position of the conception the curves begin to be parallel. - This proves that Hamburger's "the percentage of the survivors gets - smaller in proportion as the conception number increases" is not - a biological law but only expresses a social phenomenon. With the - increasing number of children there is a decrease in the value of - each individual childlife. The mother is less careful about avoiding - miscarriages; she devotes, and must necessarily devote, less care to - each child; and the risk of infectious diseases which are a frequent - cause of death during infancy increases. - -[Sidenote: C 53] - -How little the increasing mortality of the later born children up to -the tenth child is based on a biological law is shown in Figure C 53. -+Numerical position of birth and infant mortality up to the age -of five in princely families+, by Ploëtz; 463 seventh to ninth -children show the same mortality as the 614 first born. - -Pearson endeavored to prove a high degree of inferiority in the first -born, physically and intellectually as well as morally. But his -results are very open to attack, as Weinberg has recently shown; one -is reminded of Pearson's results in Crzellitzer's Figure C 54--first -and later born. Crzellitzer writes thus about this--"A +high degree -of myopia+ is +more frequent amongst first born+ than among -later children. The disadvantage of the first born in respect of -myopia is based on a greater hereditary taint and on no other factor. -Where there is no hereditary taint about one quarter to one-third -are affected, no matter whether first, second, third, etc., born. -Also in well-to-do families, where the age of fathers at the time of -procreation is materially higher, the first born are more frequently -myopic than their brothers or sisters." - -[Illustration: - -First and Later-Born. - -Percentage of Frequency of Extreme Short-sightedness. - -(After Dr. Crzellitzer.) - - Child - 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th - ============================== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== - 1,246 children from 216 - working-class families. 46.4 33.7 31.4 26.6 26.5 26.0 15.5 18.7 - - 1,246 children from 216 - working-class families, - classified according to - presence or absence of - inherited tendency to - short-sightedness. - - With inherited tendency 61.6 34.9 27.7 25.5 31.5 32.0 10.5 6.7 - Without inherited tendency 35.9 33.7 34.3 24.6 25.0 22.2 19.0 23.3 - - 206 children from 45 well-to-do - families. 63.1 36.1 36.0 36.0 20.0 - -Figure C 54.] - -A large amount of material has been treated by W. Weinberg, in which -tuberculous and non-tuberculous families are compared. - -[Sidenote: C 55 & 56] - -Figure C 55--+influence of numerical position of birth on infant -mortality+ and Figure C 56--+mortality of the first and later -born+. Weinberg writes concerning these: "The parallelograms in -the first row indicate for each position in order of birth how many -children out of every hundred die before the age of 20. On this, -however, the difference in the mortality in families with different -numbers of children has an influence. To counteract this, it has been -calculated how many children in each position would die if within each -family the number of children had no influence, and the actual number -of deaths expressed as a percentage of the expectation calculated in -this way gives parallelograms to the second row. After eliminating the -influence exercised by the size of the family, the increase of the -mortality with the higher birth number appears considerably smaller. -Figure C 56, which compares the mortality of the first and last born -children, is to a certain extent a test of this. This shows clearly a -considerably higher death rate in the last born. Both figures indicate -that children of the same numerical position of birth show a higher -mortality, if from tuberculous families." - -[Illustration: - -Mortality of Children According to Sequence of Birth. - -3,129 Tuberculous and 1,830 Non-Tuberculous Families of Stuttgart, -1873-1889 (after Weinberg). - - - Key to Tables - ------------- - [N] - non-tuberculous - [T] - tuberculous - - Paternal family. - - No. of child Percentage of children Death rates expressed in - according to born alive who died before relative figures corrected for - sequence of reaching their 20th year. differences in the death rates - birth. in families differing in size. - ============ ========================== ============================== - [N] [T] [N] [T] - ===== ===== ===== ===== - 1 33.9 40.6 90.5 91.3 - 2 37.4 44.4 101.0 99.5 - 3 49.4 45.4 109.0 103.5 - 4 40.1 47.9 105.0 103.0 - 5 39.5 49.7 101.0 104.0 - 6 43.5 52.5 103.0 107.0 - 7 39.0 51.2 92.0 105.0 - 8 43.2 54.1 96.0 111.5 - 9 50.8 59.1 101.0 115.0 - 10 40.2 60.2 101.0 113.5 - 11-12 50.0 51.7 101.0 97.0 - 13-18 64.4 52.8 111.0 107.0 - - - Maternal family. - - No. of child Percentage of children Death rates expressed in - according to born alive who died before relative figures corrected for - sequence of reaching their 20th year. differences in the death rates - birth. in families differing in size. - ============ ========================== ============================== - [N] [T] [N] [T] - ===== ===== ===== ===== - 1 34.6 40.0 92.0 87.0 - 2 36.5 46.6 96.0 97.0 - 3 40.6 49.0 107.0 104.0 - 4 41.7 57.1 107.0 111.0 - 5 37.6 50.3 91.0 104.0 - 6 41.8 53.8 97.5 108.0 - 7 51.3 52.5 116.0 107.0 - 8 45.9 54.0 102.0 111.0 - 9 51.1 52.5 100.0 103.0 - 10 47.6 53.8 100.0 103.0 - 11-12 47.1 60.0 103.0 130.0 - 13-18 68.8 62.5 121.0 104.0 - -Figure C 55.] - -[Illustration: - -Relative Mortality of the First and Last-born. - -3,129 Tuberculous and 1,830 Non-Tuberculous Families of Stuttgart, -1873-1889 (after Weinberg) - - Of each 100 living-born there died before reaching their 20th year: - - Non-tuberculous Tuberculous - ======================= ======================= - FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN - ========== ========= ========== ========= - Paternal Family 33.9 37.2 40.6 49.9 - Maternal Family 34.6 37.5 40.0 53.4 - - - Comparison of the mortality of the First and Last-born, - The mortality of the First-born = 100. - - Non-tuberculous Tuberculous - ======================= ======================= - FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN - ========== ========= ========== ========= - Paternal Family 100 108 100 128 - Maternal Family 100 108 100 134 - - -Figure C 56.] - -[Sidenote: C 57] - -Of a materially greater influence than the numerical position of birth -or the number of children in each family is the length of interval -between births. We point at first to Figure C 57--+interval between -births and child mortality+, after Ansell and Westergaard, by Dr. -A. Bluhm. She writes in reference to it: "Ansell has demonstrated, -from the material of the National Life Assurance Society of London, -that a child has an increasingly better chance to survive his first -year, the greater the interval between his own birth and that of the -child born before him. If this interval is less than a year, the infant -mortality is double what it is when there is an interval of two years -(15.75% against 7.33%). This influence makes itself felt beyond the -age of infancy up to five years but not in so striking a manner. The -proportion becomes modified to 20% against 12%. As the influence of -the birth interval on child mortality is still very perceptible after -the tenth or later children, it may be assumed that it is not caused -exclusively by the exhaustion of the maternal organism produced by the -rapid sequence of births. The varying length of breast-feeding of the -children has probably also its influence. Though these statistics give -no data about the mode of infant feeding, it is nevertheless probable -that in those families in which there are longer intervals between -consecutive births each child is suckled for a longer period. - -[Sidenote: C 58] - -+Birth interval and health of the offspring+, after Riffel--v. -d. Velden. - -[Sidenote: C 59] - -+Influence of the length of the birth interval and the duration of -breast-feeding on infant mortality+, exhibited by Weinberg. The -author writes regarding the latter table "in proportion to the length -of the interval between two births, the mortality of the children -following decreases materially, but this relation only becomes clearly -apparent in families in which several of the children have been suckled -for more than six months." - -[Sidenote: C 60, 61 62] - -The intimate connection which exists between birth interval and -suckling and the great importance which suckling has under the -favourable influence of a long birth interval is shown in Dr. Agnes -Bluhm's Figures C 60, C 61, and C 62--+infant nutrition (breast -feeding), number of children and infant mortality+, after Dr. -Marie Baum. "The material is taken from the towns of Gladbach, Rheydt, -Odenkirchen and, Rheindalen, and comprises 1,495, mostly poor families, -with 9,393 cases in which the mother survived childbirth and 9,487 -children born alive. In this table only 7,983 children were counted, -because the remainder had not reached the age of one year on the day of -counting. Of these 7,983, there died before the completion of the first -year 1,276, or 15.98%." - -+Number of children and child mortality+: Bluhm adds:--"Figure -1 shows in Curve A the +influence of the duration of breast -feeding+; in Curve B +influence of numerical position of birth -on the mortality of the infant+. The very divergent course of -the two curves expresses the very different influence of both these -factors on mortality; the latter is almost exclusively dependent upon -the length of suckling, and shows corresponding with its increase a -continuous and steep decline down to 1.46% from a maximum number of -35%. The very slight increase of the mortality of children suckled for -six weeks compared with those who have not been breast fed at all -is immaterial (35.55% against 35.28%). These figures prove only that -breast feeding up to six weeks does not give the child any protection -against fatal diseases. The influence of the birth number hardly makes -itself felt up to the seventh child, only from the eighth onwards the -power of resistance decreases continuously but not nearly to the same -degree in which it grows with the length of breast-feeding (greatest -difference only 21%). Curve B shows a materially different course from -that of similar curves by other authors, for instance--from Geissler's -well-known curve, dealing with Saxon miners, in which not only the -first born show up less favourably than the second and third born, but -in which, from the fourth child on, the mortality increases rapidly. -The economical condition of both groups being similar (85% of Baum's -families had a maximum yearly income of £75), it is highly probable -that the difference in the curves arises from different methods of -infant feeding. In the Rhine provinces, as is also proved by Baum's -figures, the feeding is good; in Saxony, however, it is notoriously -bad. The co-relation of infant mortality with infant feeding is -very clearly illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, the former shows the -+influence of the length of suckling on the mortality of the -children classed in order of birth+, the latter +the influence -of the order of birth in connection with different lengthed periods -of suckling+. The extraordinarily regular course of all the nine -curves in Figure 2 and the extremely irregular course of the six top -curves in Figure 3 are very striking. From these figures it is shown -that the first, second and third born if breast-fed for a short time -only, or not at all, are subjected to much greater risks than the -eighth, ninth, tenth or later children, suckled for a sufficient length -of time (maximum difference 1 to 42). In the curve showing the children -who were breast fed for 39 weeks (Figure 3), the influence of the high -birth number shows only to a very small degree." - -[Sidenote: C 61] - -+Number of children and capacity for breast-feeding.+ Concerning -this it is remarked: "The upper curve shows what percentage of children -had to do without breast feeding, and the lower one how many enjoyed -the sufficient period of 39 weeks of breast-feeding. Though Baum's -figures are only intended to deal with the number of cases of breast -feeding and not with its duration, and though no difference is made -between exclusive and partial breast feeding, yet some conclusions -may be drawn with regard to suckling capacity. In a district where -breast feeding is as general as it is in the one examined into here, -the number of women who voluntarily renounce every attempt at suckling -must necessarily be small. The curve dealing with the children who -had no breast feeding at all is therefore likely to give a fairly -correct picture of the absolute or primary incapacity for suckling on -the mother's part; absolute incapacity does not of course mean that -the mother could not produce a single drop of milk, but that she does -not produce enough to satisfy the child, and therefore must resort to -artificial feeding. As a period of 39 weeks' feeding, even if only -partial, points to a good capacity, the lower curve may also be taken -as an expression of feeding ability. A comparison of both figures -illustrates that the milk production after the first birth is smaller -than after the following ones, and that beyond the eighth birth, it -decreases materially and continuously, probably in consequence of the -exhaustion of the maternal organism." - -[Sidenote: C 62] - -+The habit of breast-feeding as running in families and infant -mortality.+ With this goes the following explanation: "The two -figures illustrate the proportion of mortality of the infants in 143 -bottle-feeding families and 376 breast-feeding families of the first -order. As the line could not be drawn very sharply, and as in the -bottle-feeding families there had to be included those in which as an -exception one or other child was suckled for a few days or perhaps for -a week, one can see in these groups only the expression of the habit, -but not the power of suckling. Both figures illustrate the largely -avoidable sacrifice in young lives which still goes on through a want -of knowledge and of feeling of responsibility towards the coming race. -With the absence of breast-feeding the unfavourable influence of a -very large number of children becomes much more apparent; whereas -in breast-feeding families the difference in the mortality between -medium-sized families (four to six children) and very large families -(above ten children) amounts to only 1.39%, it reaches 12.90% with -the non-suckling families. Here, if the number of children surpasses -ten, nearly every second child dies in the suckling age, and amongst -thirteen families there is not a single one which has not lost a child -in that period, whereas in breast-feeding families of the first order, -with the same large number of children, only every thirteenth child -died in infancy, and of sixteen families seven (= 43.75%) lost no -infant." The same material is treated in a different way by Dr. Marie -Baum, of Dusseldorf, in Figures C 63-66. - -[Sidenote: C 63] - - +As the length of the period of suckling of the preceding child - increases, there is a constant and rapid decrease in the number of - children who are born at intervals of less than one year.+ If the - preceding child was not breast-fed a new birth occurred before the - expiration of one year in 9.6 cases out of 100. With a suckling period - of one-half to three-quarters of a year of the preceding child, this - figure is reduced to 1.8 per cent., and after a still longer suckling - period to 1 per cent. Out of one hundred mothers who have only partly - or not at all suckled the preceding child, seventy must count on a - fresh birth within a period of 1-3/4 years. If the preceding child - was suckled for at least 39 weeks, only thirty-eight, and with a - suckling period of more than a year only twenty mothers have to reckon - on a fresh birth within 1-3/4 years. - -Dependence of Infant Mortality on the Duration of Breast-Feeding and -the Length of Time Intervening Between Successive Births. - -[Illustration: Figure C 63.] - -[Sidenote: C 64] - -Figure C 64 shows the +parallelism between+ the +average -length of breast-feeding and the average time between births+ -within the families. A half to three-quarters of the mothers who -suckled either long enough or very long show an interval between births -of from 1-1/4 to 3 years, whereas of those who did not suckle at all, -or only did so insufficiently, only one-third belong to this group, and -figure largely in the column of lower birth intervals. - -Dependence of Infant Mortality on the Average Duration of -Breast-Feeding and the Average Length of Time Intervening between the -Successive Births of the Children in a Family. - -[Illustration: Figure C 64.] - -[Sidenote: C 65] - - Figure C 65 enables us to examine into the +influence exercised by - a longer or shorter interval after the preceding birth on the vitality - of a child+, according as to whether the child was not breast-fed - at all or only moderately or amply so. The black oblongs demonstrate - that the average infant mortality falls regularly and decisively - according to the length of time between the birth of the children - considered and their predecessors. The average mortality of infants - who are born in rapid succession--under one year, one to one and a - quarter years, amounts to over 25 and to 22 per cent. respectively, - whereas the average mortality of children with at least two years' - interval amounts only to 11 per cent. "At the same time, however, it - is observed that the influence of the length of suckling is still - greater than that of the length of time elapsing between births. Even - with an interval of three or more years, the mortality of children who - were insufficiently or not at all breast-fed was above 20 per cent. - The children who had been suckled for at least three-quarters of a - year were only very slightly influenced by this factor in all groups, - except that with a birth interval of less than one year, where the - influence of short birth intervals is not counterbalanced even by long - extended breast-feeding." - -[Sidenote: C 66] - - Figure C 66. "The +infant mortality within the families+ dealt - with +falls materially and evenly as the average birth intervals - lengthen+. With an average birth interval of less than one year, - one-third of the children die in the first year, but only 7 per cent. - where the average birth interval was over three years; but here also - the influence is strongly modified by the mode of feeding. With the - non-suckling families the mortality is almost 25 per cent., even - with a birth interval of more than two years. On the other hand, - when the duration of suckling is sufficient, short birth intervals - almost disappear (see Table 2), and with an average birth interval of - 1-1/4 to 2 years and a suckling duration of at least half a year the - mortality remains on an extremely small scale." - -[Sidenote: C 67-73] - -Groth and Hahn have exhibited two large tables C 67 and C 68 and a -similar one C 69, the results of their important investigations about -+breast-feeding and mortality in the administrative districts of -Bavaria+. Groth shows in Table C 70 "+mortality of sucklings in -Bavaria+," and in Table C 71 "+breast-feeding and cancer+." -In Tables C 72 and C 73 the Groth and Hahn statistics are treated by -Dr. A. Bluhm from the point of view of the +influence of the habit -of breast-feeding on the frequency of births+. In connection with -Figure C 73 she remarks: "This diagram shows the number of bottle-fed -babies in the various Bavarian districts counted at the time of -vaccination. To give as correct a picture as possible of the probable -influence which the habit of breast-feeding has on the birth-rate -(annual number of births per 1,000 of the whole population) there are -represented on this figure by green and yellow columns the average -birth-rate for the five years, 1875 to 1879, because in that period a -record birth-rate was established, so that it may be assumed that there -was then no intentional restriction of births. We see within the four -'old Bavarian' districts, where on the average 64.1% of the babies were -not breast-fed at all, the number of births is about 4 per 1,000 of -the population higher than in the Palatinate and the three 'Frankish' -districts, which together only show 18% of non-breast-fed children." - -[Sidenote: C 72 & 73] - -"These two figures deal with the +influence of the length of -suckling on the birth-rate+, the longer the duration of the -suckling period, _i.e._, the higher the number of children breast-fed -for six months or more, the lower the birth-rate. This only holds good -for the country (Curve B) not for towns (Curve A). This circumstance -is explained by the fact that the voluntary restriction of births is -much more frequent in towns than in the country, where consequently -the influence of the length of the period of suckling on the birth -frequency can find much stronger expression than in towns, where, -as Curve A shows, it is entirely extinguished by artificial birth -preventatives. From both tables it results that, to prevent the -senseless waste of human life, the interval between every two births -must be more than two years; further, that it is possible to increase -it by breast-feeding; the number of births in a district is based in -the main on the larger or smaller intervals at which the women of -reproductive age have children, and it may, therefore, at the same -time, be taken as an expression of these intervals. Keeping these -two facts in view, and considering the influence of the mode of -infant feeding on infant mortality, it appears to be in the interest -of the race that by means of the long duration of breast-feeding, -the birth intervals should be extended to at least two years. The -facts established in these two tables have a considerable bearing on -race-hygiene, especially in reference to the Neomalthusian contentions -of the necessary inferiority of the later born, and as a confirmation -of the utility of breast-feeding for the reduction of birth frequency. -Extremely great appears the influence of breast-feeding on infant -mortality." - -[Sidenote: C 74-78] - -This importance of breast-feeding is further illustrated by Figure C -74--+duration of breast-feeding and infant mortality+, after -Dietrich; by Figure C 75--+average number of carious teeth+, -after Bunge; and by the three figures, C 76, 77, and 78--"+average -duration of breast-feeding and physical development, duration of -breast-feeding and average school reports+, and +duration -of breast-feeding and frequency of rachitic disturbances of -development+," after the extensive and valuable researches by Röse. - -It must be pointed out that a far more direct connection exists between -breast-feeding, duration of suckling, infant mortality and physical -development than through the mere provision of suitable nourishment -for the child. A good suckling capacity is a symptom of a strong -constitution which is transmitted from mother to child. Examination of -Röse's table offers this suggestion. - -[Sidenote: C 79-82] - -+The importance of the hereditary constitution+ (which he -considers is dependent on soil and climate) +as regards infant -mortality+ v. Vogel expresses in four maps of Bavaria (Figures -79-82), so which he has furnished the following comments (contained in -the pamphlet, "Der Örtliche Stand der Säuglingsterblichkeit in Bayern," -Munich, Piloty and Loehle, 1911): "The district of the highest infant -mortality in Bavaria is inhabited by a population of small height, -small fitness for military service, and high tuberculous mortality. The -reverse holds good on the whole for the district with a low mortality. - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria - -Infant mortality in 1901. - -Figure C 79.] - -I cannot suppress another objection to the usual way of proving the--to -my mind undoubted--influence of breast-feeding on the duration of life -in infancy. Why is the mortality of those children who have not been -suckled for a week so large? Is it because they have not been suckled, -or because they have only lived altogether for less than a week? Or, -again, to be able to be suckled for 40 or 50 weeks, one must have lived -for 40 or 50 weeks, but a child who has lived for 40 or 50 weeks, -whether it has been suckled or not, has passed over the worst period. -It is well-known that the mortality in the first days of life is the -highest in the second week, much higher than in the third week, and so -on. In short, the mortality changes in such an extremely high degree -in the course of the first year of life that this period is much too -long for the comparison between mortality of suckled and non-suckled -children. One ought to calculate how many of those who have been -suckled for 0 weeks, one week, two weeks, one month, three months, six -months, and so on, have survived the first week, the second week, the -first month, and so on. Only in this manner can be established what is -the share of the absence of breast-feeding and what is the share of -the innate weakness and tendency to disease in the degree of infant -mortality." - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria - -Percentage of under-sized Bavarian recruits (below 1.62 metres in -height) in 1875. - -After Professor Ranke. - -Figure C 80.] - -Exhibit C 81-82. - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria. - -Fitness for Military Service in Bavaria, 1902. - -Figure C 81.] - - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria - -Mortality from Pulmonary Consumption in 1901. - -Figure C 82.] - -[Sidenote: C 83] - -A striking peculiarity of cities, especially large cities, is, as -pointed out before, the high mortality amongst men; for this general -observation Figure C 83, +male and female mortality in town and -country+, offers an example. Whereas the female mortality in -Berlin, in the higher age groups, is even lower than in Mecklenburg -with its preponderantly country population--which is evidence that in -town life there are no inherent circumstances adversely affecting all -persons in a high degree--the male mortality in all the age groups -is higher, and in some much higher. The special adverse influence on -men of town life is also apparent in the upper part of the figure -(+comparison of male and female mortality)+. In Mecklenburg the -mortality among men is at most 25% higher than among women, and during -the period of most intense child production, as well as in the highest -age group, it is even smaller, whereas in Berlin the differences -are much more accentuated. It may be remarked that the higher male -death-rate in Mecklenburg between the ages of 40 to 75 years can only -to a small degree be explained by physiological reasons. This is shown -for example by the fact that in the provinces of Schleswig-Holstein, -Pomerania, Hanover, Hessen-Nassau, and the Rhein Provinces in the -country, the expectation of life for men aged 25 years is about equal -to that of women. - -[Sidenote: C 84 & 85] - -The higher male mortality in cities is only partially explained by -the specific harmfulness peculiar to men's town occupations, though -the mortality of peasants and agricultural labourers ranks amongst -the lowest. A very important part in this connection may be played -by syphilis. How terribly syphilis injures the body, though it is -seldom directly fatal, is shown by the experiences of life insurance -companies, of which examples are given in Tables C 84 and C 85. With -the Gotha Life Insurance Bank, for instance, +the mortality of the -syphilitic at the ages of 36 to 50 years+ was found to be nearly -double as high (186%) as that of the non-syphilitic. - -[Sidenote: C 85] - -Table C 85 shows to what a high degree +the heart and vessels -especially are harmed by syphilis+. At this point it is to be -noted that it may now be considered as proved that the statement that -general paralysis causes death in 2.9% cases among the non-syphilitic -is erroneous, because general paralysis only occurs among persons who -have been affected with syphilis. There is no doubt that the poison -of syphilis is also most injurious to the germs and the progeny; the -foetus is sometimes infected in the mother's womb, and sometimes -suffers by the general debility of the maternal body. A large -proportion also of those children who attain a higher age are either -enfeebled or damaged in many ways, and this inferiority is often -passed down to the grandchildren. The most recent Serum investigations -(the Wasserman reaction) are the first to throw full light on this. -In Germany syphilis occurs much more frequently in town than in the -country; this no doubt dependent on prostitution and on a much greater -degree of promiscuity of sexual intercourse in cities. In the country -couples keep together with greater constancy, even in the case of -cohabitation without marriage. - -[Sidenote: C 86-88] - -+The frequency of syphilis and other venereal diseases in town and -country+ is illustrated in Table C 86, which gives the result of -the enquiries of the Prussian Government on the 30th April, 1900, -and Table C 87 after Schwiening, on +the frequency of sexual -diseases among military recruits+. Also Table C 88 which gives the -+frequency of delirium tremens, epilepsy, and general paralysis+ -in the +Prussian lunatic asylums+, points in the same direction -by the great differences shown in the frequency of general paralysis -in the different institutions. This table, at the same time, indicates -what is also supported by other observations, that the +frequency -and intensity of harmful influences through alcohol+ are much -+greater in towns than in the country+; this may be partly -because in cities there is a greater and more regular abuse of -alcoholic beverages than in the country, partly because town-life -induces a greater susceptibility to alcoholic poisoning than country -life (less intense metabolism with sedentary occupations). - -[Sidenote: C 89-90] - -+Injury to the reproductive function through alcohol+. It has -been known for a long time that drunkards are frequently sterile. This -must be attributed to the fact that the testicles of drunkards become -to a great extent atrophied. The condition is shown in Figure C 89 by -R. Weichselbaum,[B] representing a section through the testicle of a -drunkard. Figure C 90 which shows a section through a normal testicle, -enables even the layman to observe the atrophy of the characteristic -glandular tissue of the testicle. Weichselbaum has up to now found that -in fifty-four cases, without exception, in which alcoholism had been -proved, this atrophy could be demonstrated to a greater or less degree. -In thirty of these cases the subject was so young that senile atrophy -was out of the question. The abuse of alcohol is not the only harmful -influence which is able to induce such atrophy of the testicles, but -chronic alcoholism acts with special intensity. Very similar results -to those of Weichselbaum have been obtained by Bertholet (Zentralbl. -f. allg. Pathologie 20 Bd. 1909) in 37 out of 39 habitual drunkards. -They agree with observations on the vesiculae seminales of drunkards by -Simmonds, who found that in 61% of the cases examined the spermatozoa -were absent or dead. It is a permissible assumption that a poison which -can cause the total atrophy of the sexual glands may, in an earlier -stage, have adversely influenced in respect to quality the function of -those organs. - -[Footnote B: Verhandlungen der Deutschen Patholog: Gesellschaft, 14th -day, Jena, Fischer, 1910, page 234.] - -[Sidenote: C 91] - -[Sidenote: C 92] - -+Alcohol and Degeneration+, from the tables on the alcohol question -by Gruber and Kraepelin, Munich; Lehmann; contains the well-known -statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivée. Table C 92 adds to the summary -of the statistical observations of Demme, further details of the +kind -of abnormalities+ which were +observed in children of drunkards+. -Representing, as they do, exceptionally bad cases with a high degree -of degeneration, one may doubt whether and in how far congenital -hereditary inferiority of the parents may have had its influence. - -[Sidenote: C 93] - -Figure C 93 contains the well-known result of v. Bunge's investigations -on the +influence of paternal alcoholism on the suckling capacity of -the daughters+. The varying frequency of the habitual consumption -of alcohol and of drunkenness proper of the father in the two groups of -families is most striking. Official investigations of this question on -a large scale are urgently called for. - -[Sidenote: C 94] - -Figure C 94 dealing with the +interconnection of tuberculosis, -nervous diseases and psychoses of the progeny and the alcohol -consumption of the father+, is derived from Bunge's investigations. -It is worthy of notice that he endeavoured to eliminate from his -statistics all families in whom hereditary diseases could be traced -previously. - -[Sidenote: C 95] - -Table C 95 contains a summary of T. Laitinen's +experiments on -animals with small quantities of alcohol+. The degree of injury -to the progeny supposed to be produced by even a minimum quantity of -alcohol (corresponding to about one-third of pint of beer for a man) is -astounding. Repetition of these experiments on a large scale and with -the strictest care would be most desirable here also. - -[Sidenote: C 96] - -Table C 96 also refers to reports by T. Laitinen.[C] +It deals -with the effect of alcohol on the progeny in man+. Unfortunately -Laitinen's paper is so confused and inexact that it is impossible -for the reader safely to draw conclusions from it. His personal -observations are mixed up with those gathered by means of inquiry -sheets circulated by him in such a way that one cannot make out how -he has arrived at his weights at birth and mortality. Information is -lacking with regard to the nutrition of the children, their age at the -conclusion of the investigations, the length of marriage, the rapidity -of birth sequence and so on. It is, therefore, indispensable to await -the more detailed report before Laitinen's information can be made use -of. - -[Footnote C: Internat. Monatschrift z. Erforschung des Alkoholismus, -Juli, 1910.] - -[Sidenote: C 97] - -Bezzola has sent in in a modified form the data which he presented -to the Eighth International Congress against Alcoholism in Vienna -in 1901, on the +effect of acute intoxication on the origin of -feeble-mindedness+. With their help the curve on Figure C 97 has -been constructed, showing the distribution of illegitimate births in -Switzerland during the different months of the year from Bezzola's -data and the corresponding curve of the births of mentally eminent -individuals (taken from Brockhaus' encyclopædia.) The author supplies -the following comments:-- - -"+Comparison between the general birth curve and the corresponding -one for the birth of feeble-minded children+." - - The casual observation at the registration of the personal history - of feeble-minded individuals that 50 per cent. of the birth dates - fall within only fourteen weeks of the year (New Year, carnival, - and wine harvest) has aroused the desire to deal with the seasonal - incidence of the begetting of the feeble-minded on the basis of as - much material as possible. For this purpose the author's census of - feeble-minded school children, which took place in the year 1897, and - referred to the years 1886-90 inclusive, seemed specially suited. - Originally (in 1901) a curve was plotted in which all the 8,186 - feeble-minded and idiotic children were included whose exact birthdays - were known, and this curve was compared with the total curve for that - period. (Schweiz. Statistik 112 Liefg.) The latter was constructed - in the following manner from the whole number of births (934,619) - which occurred in these eleven years:--The general daily average was - taken as 100, and the daily average for each month was expressed - proportionately. Thus numbers above 100 show a daily birth frequency - above the average, while for numbers below 100 the reverse is the - case. The curve for the 8,136 feeble-minded persons was constructed - in a similar way, and thus a comparison with the general population - producing them was made possible. Subsequently (1910-11), in order to - secure homogeneous material, the first and last years were left out, - since by including them, owing to the non-agreement of the school - year and the astronomical year, the earlier months (January-April) - were much weighted. By this restriction of the material dealt with - the number of feeble-minded is reduced to 7,759, but the material for - each separate year is more homogeneous. Distributed between 2,922 days - (eight years), the daily production of the feeble-minded is 2.648, - the corresponding total number of births of the years 1882-89 ls - 677,083, or 231.7 per day. 1.14 per cent. of all births are included - in the figure for the feeble-minded. If one treats the total number of - births for each month as well as the number of births of feeble-minded - according to the method described above, and used by the Federal - Statistical Bureau, two curves are produced which diverge considerably - from each other in particular months. On the whole the curve for the - feeble-minded (thick line) is flatter than the curve for the total. - Especially striking are the drop in May and June (corresponding to - the procreation period from the 25th July to the 23rd September) and - two peaks rising above the "total" curve. One of these is slight, - yet distinct. It refers to the months of birth, July and August, - corresponding with the procreation period from the 24th September to - the 24th November. More conspicuous is the second peak of the curve - for the feeble-minded from October to December, otherwise a time poor - in births. The centre of the corresponding period of procreation - (25th December to 26th March) is in February (carnival). This seems - to confirm the suspicion that during the wine harvest and carnival - an increased procreation of feeble-minded occurs (procreation during - drunkenness?). - -We cannot suppress the remark that the fluctuations of the curve for -the feeble-minded are much too small to admit of the drawing of an -ætiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the intelligence curve -and the illegitimate curve partly exceed the limits of probable error. -The peaks of both birth curves in February, correspond to a peak in -the procreation curve in May. Perhaps one may attribute them to the -existence of a remnant of a period of "heat" (or a rutting season) in -man. - -[Sidenote: C 98] - -+Lead.+ Whereas the +germ cells+ are well protected against many -harmful influences from without which affect the soma of the mother, -they +and the foetus produced from them suffer considerably from+ -some. Amongst their deadliest enemies are +certain poisons+, and -+notorious in this respect is lead+. Table C 98 gives two sets of -statistics on this point, they justify the law in Germany, and in other -States, forbidding female labour to deal with lead and lead-containing -materials. Paul's figures, showing that lead poisoning of the father -is also extremely adverse to the production of a healthy progeny, are -remarkable. - -[Sidenote: C 99] - -+Female Labour.+ A baneful influence on reproduction is brought -to bear by the growing quantity of professional female labour away from -home and by the economic emancipation of women. Evidence of this is -given in Table C 99--"+female labour and child mortality+"--the -data of which are taken from Prinzing's work. Infant mortality is -higher the larger the percentage of females employed in factories -during the child-bearing period. This is partly due to interference -with breast-feeding and partly to the unfavourable influence on -pregnancy. - -[Sidenote: C 100] - -Dr. Agnes Bluhm has given in Figure C 100 "+Female Labour and -Reproductive Activity+," the statistics of Roger and Thiraux, as -well as the results of the investigation of the Imperial Statistical -Office on the "Relationship of illness and deaths in the Local -Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings." Dr. Bluhm gives the -following explanation: "The top figure on the left is based on material -of the Local Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings, dealing -with over a quarter of a million of women of child-bearing age. The -distinction between obligatory and voluntary members makes possible -the estimate of the +influence of work continued up to the time of -confinement+, because the voluntary members receive the same weekly -payments during confinement as the obligatory ones, and, consequently, -a woman has no object in joining the voluntary insurance scheme except -in order to secure rest before confinement, which they procure for -themselves at their own expense and with the loss of their wages. (At -that time the compulsory support during time of pregnancy did not -exist.) It is to be noted that the voluntary members show ten times as -many confinements as the obligatory ones." - -"The left hand figure at the top shows that the women who work up to -the time of confinement fall ill during their pregnancy twice as often, -and have six or seven times as many miscarriages and premature births -and 1.28 times as many cases of death in child-bed, as those who stop -work for a more or less extended period previous to their delivery." - -"The frequency of illness after childbirth is in both categories of -women almost the same; but the duration of the illness beyond the -period for which the legal subvention provides (13, 26, or 34 weeks -respectively) is much greater in the case of the obligatory members who -do not spare themselves before their delivery." - -"Left hand figure at the bottom--the researches were made by Roger and -Thiraux in a maternity home. A comparison is made between the women -who entered the home only at the beginning of childbirth and those who -entered during the last month of pregnancy or sooner. Premature birth -occurs in nearly one-third of the cases among the former, but among the -latter only one-eighth. - -"Right hand figure at the bottom--dealing with the same material as -the left hand figure below compares the weight at birth of the first, -second and later born. The average weight of the former is 300 g. -and that of the latter 341 g. higher with mothers who cease work two -or three months before delivery, than with those who worked up to -the last. Possibly this expresses in the main the different duration -of pregnancy. The importance of the birth weight of a child for its -further development is not to be underrated." - -"The top figure on the right shows that the importance of the adverse -influence of female labour on the race, shown in the above figures, is -growing, because there is an increase of employment amongst married -women. Simon's figures show that the manufacturing industries, which -in 1907 employed by themselves two million female hands, the number of -married women has increased by almost 200,000 during the last twelve -years. In agriculture, in which four and a half million females find -their main occupation, the share of the married women is much greater -still." - -"The increase of married female labour being intimately connected with -the development of our economic life, which cannot be deliberately -influenced, the demand for a Motherhood Insurance for all female -labourers of any kind, and for the extension of the legal time of -stoppage of work before childbirth to at least four weeks, follows as a -practical result of the facts stated above." - -Dr. Bluhm's repeated assertion, which is regarded by many as a -dogma, that economic conditions cannot be deliberately influenced -(+i.e.+, that they are of the character of a law of nature) must -not remain uncontradicted as a principal. It is absolutely unproved, -though the difficulty of influencing our economic life cannot be -denied; the economic order has been created by man and +must+ be -altered if it proves harmful for the race. - -[Sidenote: C 101] - -The adverse influence of female labour on the progeny is shown from -a somewhat different point of view in Table C 101--"+premature -births and abortions in different callings+." The most serious -fact shown here is that a low birth rate may frequently be found in -conjunction with a high rate for miscarriage and premature birth; -as the compiler of these statistics points out, this conjunction is -most apparent in those callings which demand frequent intercourse -with the public, such as domestic service, that is to say in cases -where pregnancy is particularly inconvenient. Probably in these cases -artificial prevention of pregnancy goes hand in hand with the procuring -of abortion! - -Race-hygiene does not aim at an indiscriminate motherhood insurance of -married and unmarried mothers, but it aims at the economic subvention -and encouragement of legitimate fertility of healthy and able parents, -connected with, and rendered possible by, a reduction of female labour -away from the home. Marriage is one of the most important hygienic -institutions for the individual as well as for the race, and it is -folly to allow its decay and to replace it by substitutes. - -[Sidenote: C 102] - -+The importance of marriage for the health to married persons+ -is shown by figure C 102--"+condition with regard to marriage and -mortality in Prussia, 1894-97+," as given in Prinzing's book. That -we have to deal here with an actual favourable influence of marriage, -and not with a selection of the healthy at the time of marriage, is -proved by the fact that the low death rate of the married is maintained -through all age classes and that the widowed and divorced show -throughout the highest death rate. - -[Sidenote: C 103] - -"+Condition with regard to marriage and mortality, cases of death -from tuberculosis+," after Weinberg, also confirms with regard to -tuberculosis the favourable influence of marriage on the health of -men. With women the mortality from tuberculosis up to the age of 60 is -lowest among the unmarried. Pregnancy and suckling act here adversely, -but by far the worst position is also held here by widows and divorced -women. - -[Sidenote: C 104-105] - -The advantage of marriage for the progeny is made evident in Figure -C 104--"+mortality of illegitimate children in different European -states+", and in Figure C 105 dealing with the "+survival of the -legitimate and illegitimate children in Berlin in 1885+." After -five years there are still alive more than 60% of the legitimate, -but only 40% of the illegitimate children. The higher mortality of -the latter is by no means a purifying process of weeding, but the -expression of greater sickliness which permanently harms the surviving -also. The division of labour between man and wife, with reference to -the care of the offspring, is one of Nature's institutions which is of -the greatest advantage for parents as well as children. - -[Sidenote: C 106-107] - -+Inbreeding and the Crossing of Races.+ On the whole with -mankind inbreeding is viewed with fear, and justly so, in view of -our customary carelessness with regard to the physical and mental -conditions of those who contract marriage. +If blood relations have -similar pathological conditions or pre-dispositions to illness or -degeneracy, the progeny which results from their union is endangered to -a particularly high degree.+ Our collection brings as an example -of this in Table C 106--the pedigree of the celebrated Don Carlos. The -bad inheritance of Johanna the Mad asserts itself to a lesser degree -yet quite perceptibly also in the children of Max. II. Table C 107--the -children of Maximilian and his cousin Maria of Spain; undoubtedly the -Emperor Rudolf II. was mentally diseased. Also Charles V. and his son -Philip II. were abnormal characters. - -[Sidenote: C 108] - -+Blood relationship of the parents and health of the children+, -which v. d. Velden has prepared from Riffel's family tables, also -speaks for the harmfulness of inbreeding. The offspring of blood -relations are emphatically weaker and sicklier than those of persons -related distantly or not at all. - -[Sidenote: C 109] - -The harm of inbreeding amongst the pathological is also illustrated by -the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schüle). Pedigrees from wine-growing -districts in the centre of Baden; against this it may be taken as -proved that inbreeding in itself between the healthy and fit is -not harmful. Animal breeders (as well as plant cultivators) make -an extensive use of it with the view to the cultivation of certain -hereditary characteristics. - -[Sidenote: C 110] - -We show in Table C 110, after de Chapeaurouge, the +pedigree of -Belvidere+, an animal which, in spite of close inbreeding, was -distinguished by excellent qualities, and by whom, out of his own -daughter, another sire of the highest rank was produced. - -[Sidenote: C 111] - -After long-continued and very close inbreeding, even with a faultless -condition of the germ plasm, the decrease of vitality and fertility -of the progeny asserts itself. Important evidence for this is given -by Georg. H. Shull in his exhibition of +cross-fertilized, -self-fertilized and hybridized maize+ (Exhibit No. C 111). -Shull makes the following comments: "Results of inbreeding with -maize--crossing between different races or genotypes, if not too -distantly related, results in a progeny which excels its parents in -vitality, whereas crosses between individuals belonging to the same -genotype engender no increase of vitality as compared with the parents." - -In maize, and presumably in most other plants and animals in which -cross-fertilization is the rule, all individuals are usually -complicated hybrids between different varieties of genotype. They owe -their vigorous constitution to this hybrid nature. - -"The result of self-fertilization or of close inbreeding is that -the hybrid nature diminishes in degree. The stock is reduced to a -homozygotic condition, and is thus deprived of the stimulus which lies -in the hybrid condition." - -"When two given genotypes are crossed, the first hybrid generation is -possessed of the greatest vigour. Even the second generation shows -much less vitality, and this decrease continues with the third and -later generations. But each succeeding generation differs less from -its predecessor than the latter differed from its own parents. As soon -as the stock has become a pure line, inbreeding produces no further -weakening." - -"The top row of the exhibited collection of maize cobs (large cobs with -many grains) is derived from a family in which for five generations -self-fertilization has been prevented by using mixed pollen. These -conditions approach those prevailing in an ordinary field." - -"The middle row of maize cobs (small cobs with few grains) comes -from families of the same derivation as the first row; but for five -generations they have been self-fertilized. Each one has characters -which the others do not possess. They are almost pure bred, and -continued self-fertilization produces no further adverse influence. The -cob, quite to the right, without grains, has pistils so short that -they do not project from the husks. This genotype must, therefore, be -fertilized artificially." - -"The lowest row (the largest cobs with the most grains) comes from -families which have been created by the crossing of plants belonging to -different genotypes, the relationship in which case is indicated by the -lines which connect this row with the middle row." - -"The following harvests of grain were made in the year 1910:-- - - Self-fertilization prevented (average of nine - families) 53.5 hi pro ha. - Self-fertilized (average of ten families) 25.3 " " " - F1 hybrid (average of six families) 59.2 " " " - F2 hybrid (average of seven families) 38.8 " " " - -[Sidenote: C 112-114] - -It is well-known to what degree +inbreeding+ is practised in -+reigning families+. We show as an example for this, Chart -C 112, the +pedigree of the Archduchess Maria de los Dolores of -Tuscany+, exhibited by Dr. Stephan Kekule von Stradonitz, and -Chart C 113 of the same exhibitor, +pedigree of Ptolemäus X+. -Soter II. (Lathros), and Chart C 114, +pedigree of the celebrated -Cleopatra+. Though with Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual -reproduction in bringing about new combinations of hereditary units was -very limited, since the couple, Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra -Syra having produced all the germ cells from which he developed, he -appears, nevertheless, to have been a perfectly normal being. In his -granddaughter Cleopatra certainly much "extraneous blood" circulated. - -[Sidenote: C 115] - -Even where there is no high degree of inbreeding, the individuals of a -people are much more closely related to each other than is generally -assumed. Table C 115, "+theoretical number of ancestors+," shows -that, assuming the duration of one generation to be 35 years, and that -no marriages between relations have taken place, the number of the -ancestors of a man living now would have been eighteen billions in the -year 0 a.d. In reality the germanic race, wandering west, probably -only numbered hundreds of thousands. This phenomenon of "+ancestral -loss+," as Ottokar Lorenz calls it (that the number of real -ancestors is much smaller than those theoretically possible), can be -illustrated in the pedigrees of the reigning houses. - -[Sidenote: C 116] - -We have in Table C 116 an +analysis of pedigree of Emperor William -II.+, after Ottokar Lorenz. Investigations show that twelve -generations back the real number of his ancestors amounts to only -one-eighth of the possible figure. Only 275 persons have actually been -found because in the older lines, the bourgeois element, of which no -record can be found, has had a very large share. - -[Sidenote: C 117] - -Very little knowledge exists concerning the effect of the crossing of -races in man. On the whole it appears not to be favourable, if it is a -question of crossing of races from far apart, even in purely physical -respects. An example of harmful influence is given in v. d. Velden's -Table C 117--"+Fertility and Health in relation to the crossings of -races+." - - - - -NEOMALTHUSIANISM. - - -[Sidenote: C 118-122] - -The next and the greatest concern of race-hygiene--much greater than -the relative increase of inferiority--is, to-day, neomalthusianism, -the intentional restriction of the number of births in varying degrees -up to complete unproductiveness. Though conscious regulation of the -production of children is absolutely necessary, it becomes fatal to -a nation if under no control but the egotism of the individual. For -its permanent prosperity a nation requires, in order merely to hold -its own, a sufficient number of "hands" and a sufficient number of -"heads" to guide those "hands." We referred to this when mention was -made of sterility as a phenomenon of degeneration, but this cause of -sterility during the last decades only takes a second place compared -to deliberate intention. The wealthy and higher social classes were -first attacked by neomalthusianism. Their progeny is becoming more and -more utterly insufficient, so that under our present social conditions, -particularly which give mind and talent better openings, and thereby -more and more take out of the mass of the people the better elements, -make the strongest demand for them and use them up, the danger of an -increasing deterioration of the average quality of its progeny grows -greater and greater. The baneful influence of wealth on fertility is -shown by several tables. Figure C 118 "+Fertility and Wealth+," -after Goldstein and Tallquist, gives the condition in the French -Departments; Figure C 119, "+Number of Children and Wealth+," -after Bertillon, for the Arrondissements of Paris; Figure C 120, -"+Fertility and Wealth+," after Mombert, for Münich, 1901, Table -C 121, "+The Number of Children in Families of Different Classes in -Denmark+, 1901," after Westergaard; Table C 122, "+Fertility -of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch -Conditions+," after Rubin, Westergaard, and Verrijn Stuart. - -[Sidenote: C 123] - -The worst condition with regard to the fertility prevails among -those with the highest mental endowment. Evidence of this is given -in Figure C 123, "+Insufficient Fertility of the Highly Endowed -in Holland+," after J. R. Steinmetz. It shows the rapidity with -which the number of children decreases. In order to estimate the -significance of these statistics, it must be noted that after taking -into account the mortality among children and young persons, and the -unfitness for parenthood of an appreciable fraction of the adults, -a fully capable couple would have to produce at least four children -to assure the necessary moderate increase in the population which -is required to prevent a people from sinking into stagnation and -deterioration. - -[Sidenote: C 124] - -The dying out of highly gifted families is shown to be more accentuated -in Figure 255, after Bertillon, "+Progeny of the Highly Gifted in -France+." Four hundred and forty-five of the best known Frenchmen, -with their wives, have not even reproduced that number of individuals, -and this in spite of the fact that repeated marriages of the same -individuals have not been taken into account. - -[Sidenote: C 125-126] - -Even if one has been able, up to the present, to live in the hope -that the number of persons of more than average ability produced by -the mass of the people is always sufficient to replace those that are -used up, at the present time anxiety about the "heads" is replaced -by anxiety about the "hands." The knowledge of means of preventing -fertilization spreads incessantly, and is recklessly promulgated by -the neomalthusians and by a shameless industry. We point to Figure C -125, "+Want of Fertility in French Towns+," after Jayle, and to -Figure C 126, "+Fertility in Prussia+." In Berlin fertility is -decreasing most rapidly; at the end of the sixties it still amounted -to 200 in every 1,000 women of child-bearing age. In the five years, -1905-1910, only to 84; in the year 1910 only to 74. This state of -things is shown also in the relative increase in numbers of the first -born. - -[Sidenote: C 127, 128 & 129] - -Figure C 127, "+Decrease of Legitimate Fertility in Berlin--the -two-children system+." The other German towns follow the example -of Berlin. Berlin to-day produces 20% less children than are required -to maintain its own population without immigration, and the same -conditions will soon prevail in other towns. Up to now the country -districts in general maintain their fertility (West Prussia on Figure -C 128), but there, too, modern practices begin to make themselves -felt. The town and industrial population increases so rapidly that the -conditions prevailing among them have an ever increasing effect on the -people as a whole. Thus we see, even at the present time, a serious -decline in fertility among an overwhelming majority of European States: -Figure C 129, "+Decrease of Fertility in Some European States+." - -[Sidenote: D] - -Exhibited by David Fairchild Weeks, M.D., - -+Director of the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics at -Skillman, U.S.A.+ - - -Explanation of Symbols used in the Charts. - -Male individuals are indicated by squares and females by circles. The -members of each fraternity are connected by the same horizontal line. -The fraternity line is connected by a vertical line to the line joining -the symbols representing the father and mother. Illegal unions and -illegitimate children are shown by dotted lines. As an aid in tracing -the patient's immediate family, a green line is used to connect the -direct ancestors on the paternal side, and a red line on the maternal -side. The red squares and circles indicate epileptics, the green the -insane, the black the feeble-minded, and purple the criminalistic. The -figures directly above the fraternity line indicate the rank in birth, -a figure inside a square or circle shows the number of individuals of -that sex. A black dot suspended from the fraternity line stands for a -miscarriage or a stillbirth. A line underneath a square or circle shows -that institutional care has been received. The hand points out our -patient. - -The following letters indicate the different conditions: A, alcoholic; -B, blind; C, criminalistic; D, deaf; E, epileptic; F, feeble-minded; -I, insane; M, migrainous; N, normal; P, paralytic; S, syphilitic; T, -tubercular; W, wanderer, tramp; d, died; b, born; inf, infancy; Sx, -unchaste. - -[Sidenote: D 1] - -This chart shows very clearly the dangerous results of a marriage in -which both of the +parents are epileptic+. Of the four children -the first three were epileptic, and the fourth, a boy, who died at the -age of nine, was feeble-minded. All four of these children were cared -for at public expense, two are patients at the New Jersey State Village -for Epileptics, and the other two were wards of the Children's Home -Finding Society. The epileptic father is dead, and the mother married -again to an alcoholic man. When last heard of she had another child. - -[Sidenote: D 2] - -An +epileptic+ woman, married to a +feeble-minded man+, -is responsible for the large number of defectives shown on this chart. -The principal mating is that of one of the epileptic daughters of -this woman, who, like her mother, married a feeble-minded man. Eight -children resulted from this marriage; one died before two years of age, -the other seven were epileptic, the five who are living are patients -at the New Jersey State Village. Two of the girls in this fraternity -had illegitimate children before receiving proper care. This family is -undoubtedly a branch of a family of defectives, most of whom live in an -adjoining State. - -[Sidenote: D 3] - -This is a case of +incest+, and shows plainly that the "empty -germ plasm can yield only emptiness." These people lived in a hut -in the woods. The feeble-minded man had by his defective sister an -epileptic daughter, then by this daughter he had four children, one an -epileptic, one a feeble-minded woman of the streets, who spends much -of her time in jail, one an anencephalic monster who died soon after -birth, and one a feeble-minded boy, who did not grow to manhood. Since -the hut in the woods burned down, the epileptic woman and feeble-minded -daughter live in a cellar in town, though much of their time is spent -in jail. - -[Sidenote: D 4] - -This chart shows a +feeble-minded+ man, who came from a -feeble-minded family, married to an +epileptic+ woman, who -descended from a tubercular epileptic father and a mother who is -described as "flighty," "not too bright." This couple had six children, -three feeble-minded, two epileptic, and one still-born. Since the death -of the epileptic mother, the father has secured homes in institutions -for all of his children except one, and then married again. As yet he -has no children by the second wife. - -[Sidenote: D 5] - -The wife in the central mating in this case is a low grade -+epileptic+, who can scarcely recognize her own children. The -father is a +feeble-minded alcoholic+, who works hard, but who -spends all his money for drink. There were six children; one died at -the age of four, and all of the others except one six-year-old boy are -epileptic. All are being cared for by the public. Before the mother and -three of the epileptic children were brought to the State Village for -Epileptics the family lived in a cellar, slept on rags, and depended on -the neighbours for food. - -[Sidenote: D 6] - -This is a history which illustrates very well the source of a -large number of the almshouse inmates. The central figure is an -+epileptic+ woman, who spent most of her life in the poor house. -No two of her seven children are by the same father. The epileptic -daughter, whose father was feeble-minded, had started to lead the same -kind of life as her mother; in the almshouse she gave birth to one -illegitimate child before she was put under State care. The mother, -when she last left the almshouse, went to live in a hut in the woods -with a feeble-minded man, who had three feeble-minded sons; one of -these sons married the feeble-minded sister of one of the epileptic -patients at the New Jersey State Village. - -[Sidenote: D 7a] - -[Sidenote: D 7b] - -This is the history of two patients who have been found to be related, -the great grandfather of the one was the brother of the grandmother of -the other. The principal mating under D 7a is that of a +feeble-minded+ -man married to an +epileptic+ woman, whose mother died in the insane -asylum. They had six children, the first died when only a few months -old, the next and the fourth were not bright and died young, the third -is an epileptic, the fifth is feeble-minded and criminalistic and he -is now at the State Home for Boys, the sixth is also feeble-minded and -cared for at an industrial home for children. The mother and father, -at one time inmates of the almshouse, are now supported by the town. -Under D 7b the father, who died of spinal meningitis, was migrainous -and had many epileptic relatives, the mother is neurotic. There were -four children, the first an epileptic, the second died at 20 of spinal -meningitis, the third is of a very nervous temperament, the last, a -girl of 16, seems to be normal. - -[Sidenote: D 8] - -Both of the parents in this case are +feeble-minded+. The -father was the black sheep of his family, his brothers are intelligent -men, and for the most part good citizens; the mother, however, was -the illegitimate child of a feeble-minded woman. There were seven -children, one an epileptic, the others all feeble-minded with the -exception of the sixth, who is now about 11 years old; she was taken -from her home and put with a very good family; she shows the effect -of the changed environment, and though not up to her grade in school, -is only slightly backward. There is some doubt about the parentage of -the child, and it is very probable that she is by a different father. -Since the father's death the mother has had one illegitimate child; her -children were taken away from her except the two oldest because of the -immoral conditions in the home, and she now claims to be married to -a feeble-minded man, who is the younger feeble-minded brother of her -imbecile daughter's husband. - -[Sidenote: D 9] - -The central mating in this case is that of an +epileptic, alcoholic, -sexually immoral+ man, married to a +neurotic and sexually -immoral+ woman, who has many insane and feeble-minded relatives. -They had in all ten children; two were epileptic, three, feeble-minded, -one criminalistic and sexually immoral, the sixth is the only one who -has a good reputation, the last was a stillbirth. The father and mother -are no longer living together. - -[Sidenote: D 10] - -The case illustrated on this chart is of a +feeble-minded+ -woman married to an +alcoholic+ man. The wife descended from an -alcoholic father, who had several epileptic relatives. The husband also -descended from an alcoholic father, and had an epileptic nephew. Of -their nine children, the first three died young of scarlet fever, the -fourth was epileptic, and the other five are feeble-minded. - -[Sidenote: D 11] - -On this chart we have the history of an +epileptic+ man whose -attacks were of the petit-mal type. He married a choreic woman. They -had four children, the eldest a man who developed epilepsy after -his second marriage. His first wife was insane; by her he had two -daughters, one of whom is now an inmate in an insane asylum, the other -is neurotic and has been treated in a sanatorium. Of the other children -two are apparently normal and one migrainous. - -[Sidenote: D 12] - -This chart shows an +epileptic+ man married to a normal woman; -he had both epileptic and insane relatives, while she had epileptic, -alcoholic, and tubercular relatives. Their first child was an -epileptic, the next were twins, one of these appears to be normal while -the other is of a very nervous temperament, the fourth died in infancy, -and the last three were stillbirths. The mother married the second -time, this time to a man who drank to excess after their marriage; by -him she had two children, both of whom seem to be normal. They are both -in school. - -[Sidenote: D 13] - -This is the history of a low grade +epileptic+. His oldest -sister is normal; she was brought up by strangers after her mother's -death, and is now earning her living as a saleslady. The second was a -boy, who was thought to be normal until he was about sixteen, when he -displayed criminalistic tendencies, and for the crime of rape was put -in the Reform School. The youngest is a girl, who is of a very nervous -temperament. The father was an alcoholic, and went on long sprees; he -deserted his wife and family to live with a woman who also deserted a -family. His brother is an alcoholic, and married the patient's mother's -sister; they are now divorced. The mother was migrainous, she died of -tuberculosis; her family shows a neurotic taint, while the father has -several epileptic relatives. - -[Sidenote: D 14] - -In the central mating the father and mother are both -+migrainous+. They both belong to families prominent in the -community in which they reside; their homes are among the best, and -they are counted as leading citizens. There were nine children; -three died before four years of age, one is epileptic, one seems to -be normal, and the others all show some nervous taint, though not -migrainous. - -[Sidenote: D 15] - -This is the history of a +syphilitic and a sexually immoral -couple+. They were never married, and the woman for many years -supported the man, who was never sober and frequently had attacks of -delirium tremens. She finally deserted him. Of their eight children two -were stillbirths, three were epileptic, and the other syphilitic. One -of the epileptics in a jealous rage shot the woman whom he loved, and -when he found that escape was impossible, killed himself. - -[Sidenote: D 15a-b] - -Charts explaining the method of collecting and recording data. - - * * * * * - - - - -[Sidenote: E] - -Exhibited by Mr E. J. Lidbetter. - - -A selection by Mr. E. J. Lidbetter, from his collection of pedigrees, -showing pauperism in association with mental and physical defect, -justifying the inference that a high proportion of +pauperism is to -be attributed to the transmission of defect+ and the perpetuation -of stocks of a low type:-- - -[Sidenote: E 1] - -Pedigree showing +mental disease and destructive eye-disease+ -in the same stock. Insanity, epilepsy, feeble-mindedness and idiocy in -various degrees in twelve members, several of them being also blind; -partial or total blindness from detachment of the retina without mental -defect in several others. Tendency to "anti-dating" or "anticipation" -of the mental disease in succeeding generations or younger born -offspring. The printed numbers on the diagram indicate the age of the -individual on 1st attack. Prevalence of tuberculosis (three members). -Neither mental nor ocular conditions attributable to syphilis. Of the -49 individuals whose history is known 26 have been, or are being, -maintained in public institutions (Asylums, Workhouses, Blind Schools, -or Poor Law Schools), 29 have been paupers at intervals, and two -are known to have been in prison. Several marriages between mental -defectives yielding large but inferior families. (Exhibited by Mr. E. -T. Lidbetter. The eye-disease reported upon by Mr. E. Nettleship.) - -[Sidenote: E 2] - -Pedigree showing the tendency to +intermarry among pauper and -defective families+. On the left "able-bodied" pauperism and on -the right sickness. One hundred and fifty-seven units shown in five -generations; 76 paupers shown, including 38 classed as chronic, 32 -occasional and six medical only. Twenty-eight died in infancy, nine -tuberculous, six insane, two epileptics, and one blind. Shows also -pauper children born in lucid intervals of parent suffering from -periodic insanity. - -[Sidenote: E 3] - -Pedigree illustrating stock of a +low type in which very little -physical defect appears+. The total includes 61 individuals, of -whom 42 are or have been paupers, eight have died in workhouse or -infirmary, and two in asylums for lunatics; one child is an imbecile. -On the whole the stock may be described as mentally sub-normal (not -strongly so), but with a marked non-moral tendency. Of the 34 children -in the last generation, ten are certainly illegitimate; 15 were, or -are, being brought up in Poor Law Institutions, and nine received -out-door relief with their parents. The collective period of pauperism -in this case exceeds 115 years and the cost to the ratepayers is -estimated at about £2,400. - -[Sidenote: E 4] - -Showing the case of a woman who had two husbands. With the first her -children were consistently defective (deaf and dumb). With the second, -one died in infancy and three are doing well. All the children of the -first are, or have been, paupers. - -[Sidenote: E 5] - -A series showing the intimate +relation between tuberculosis infant -mortality and pauperism+:-- - -[Sidenote: E 5a] - -Showing a +tuberculous family with apparently normal parents+, -both of whom come from tuberculous stocks. Of their 14 children only -two are normal; six are consumptive; four died in infancy. The father -was one of a family of 8 of whom only he and one other survived--and -that other became insane, and his wife and children became paupers in -consequence. - -[Sidenote: E 5b] - -Showing +insanity, consumption and infant mortality+; also the -transmission of insanity through the apparently normal. - -[Sidenote: E 5c] - -Showing the +survival of tuberculous+ stock by accession of -strength from the normal. Only the illegitimate children and their -non-sick father survive in this group. - -[Sidenote: E 5d] - -Showing the case of a +normal woman who had two consumptive -husbands+. Survival of defective strain by accession of strength -from the normal. - -[Sidenote: E 5e] - -+Consumption+ in three generations. +Male infant -mortality+. Query, transmission (?) through the normal. - -[Sidenote: E 6] - -A series showing +transmission of mental defect through the -apparently normal+. - -[Sidenote: E 6a] - -Insanity, blindness, epilepsy and feeble-mindedness. - -[Sidenote: E 6b] - -Insanity in three generations. Transmission through the normal in each -case. - -[Sidenote: E 6c] - -Insanity through the normal twice removed. - -[Sidenote: E 6d] - -Insanity, epilepsy, and infant mortality--a Mendelian suggestion. - - -[Sidenote: F] - -EXHIBITED BY PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL. - -E. W. Hope, M.D., M.O.H. - -[Sidenote: F 1] - -One large model of +insanitary property+ dealt with in -Liverpool, built to scale, etc., with glass cover. - -[Sidenote: F 2] - -Charts showing the +decline in mortality from phthisis+:-- - -[Sidenote: F 2a] - -One showing rate for England and Wales. - -[Sidenote: F 2b] - -One " " England and Ireland. - -[Sidenote: F 2c] - -One " " Scotland. - -[Sidenote: F 2d] - -One " " Liverpool. - -[Sidenote: F 3 b c d e f] - -Six framed and glazed photographs illustrating insanitary property -which has been demolished in Liverpool, and the new dwellings which -have been erected to house the dispossessed tenants. - - * * * * * - - - - -[Sidenote: G] - -AN EXHIBIT OF A SYSTEM OF MAKING PEDIGREE RECORDS. - -Exhibited by Dr. Raymond Pearl, - -+Biologist of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, -Maine.+ - - -This exhibit consists of a series of blank record forms designed to -+illustrate the method of keeping pedigree records+ which has -been in use at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for a period -of five years, in connection with its work in the experimental study of -inheritance in poultry and in various plants. The advantages which have -been found by experience to inhere in this system of pedigree record -keeping are (_a_) simplicity; (_b_) ease of operation; (_c_) small -chance for error in the keeping of large masses of pedigree records; -(_d_) uniformity of the system, such that records of all kinds, in any -way pertaining to the work, may be brought together with great ease for -consultation or study. - -In addition to the record blanks there are exhibited also various -marking devices and other apparatus connected with the proper working -of the plan. - -It should be noted that while the blanks here exhibited are devised -particularly for work with poultry and plants, the same system, with -slight modifications, may be successfully applied to the keeping of -human pedigree records; indeed it is a pleasure to state that the -system here exhibited is an outgrowth and development of a scheme for -the keeping of pedigree data in general and particularly human pedigree -records suggested many years ago by the late Sir Francis Galton. - - * * * * * - - - - -[Sidenote: H] - -Exhibited by C. V. Drysdale, Esq., D. Sc. - - -The +Malthusian theory of population+ leads to the conclusion -that the population of the majority of countries is held in check by -lack of food. Therefore, there should be a correspondence between the -birth and death rates, high birth rates producing high death rates and -high infantile mortality, and the death rate should rise or fall with a -rise or fall of the birth rate. - -In the accompanying diagrams, white strips imply birth rates, shaded -strips death rates, and black strips infantile mortality, or deaths of -children under one year. - -[Sidenote: H 1] - -Shows the relation between +birth and death rates and infantile -mortality+ in various countries in 1901-1905. - -[Illustration: VARIOUS COUNTRIES 1901-05 - -Figure H 1.] - -[Sidenote: H 2] - -Relation between _birth rate and +corrected+ death rates_ in -various countries. (This shows that France is healthier than appears in -H 1.) - -[Sidenote: H 3] - -Shows relation between +birth and death rates+ from various -causes in five districts of +London+. - -[Sidenote: H 4] - -Relation between the +birth rate and death rate+ for various -arrondissements of +Paris+ in 1906. (Note that the increase in -the Elysée quarter is as high as the average in the quarters of high -birth rate.) - -[Sidenote: H 5-6] - -Variation of the +total population and birth and death rates+ in -the +United Kingdom+ and the +German Empire+. (Note that the fall -in the death rate corresponds fairly closely to that in the birth -rate.) - -[Sidenote: H 7] - -Id. for +France+. (Note that the population is still increasing -although slowly.) - -[Sidenote: H 8] - -=Birth and death rates for France= since 1781. (Note that the rate of -increase of population in 1781 was no higher with a birth rate of 39 -per 1,000 than in 1901-6 with a birth rate of only 21 per 1,000. A fall -of 17.8 per 1,000 in the birth rate has resulted in a fall of 17.5 per -1,000 in the death rate.) - -[Sidenote: H 9] - -+Birth and death rates and infantile mortality for England and -Wales+. Also +marriage rate, fertility of married women, -illegitimacy+ and +variation of diseases+. (Note that the -illegitimate birth rate has fallen to half since the fall of the birth -rate set in.) - -[Sidenote: H 10] - -+Birth and death rates and infantile mortality+ in the -+Netherlands+ (Notice the rapid increase of population as the -death rate falls, and the great fall of infantile mortality, probably -due to the practical work of the Dutch Neo-Malthusian League among the -poor.) - -[Sidenote: H 11-13] - -+_Protestant Countries._+ (Notice the correspondence between the -birth and death rates and infantile mortality in all.) - -[Sidenote: H 14-16] - -+_Roman Catholic Countries._+ (Note that the fall of the birth -rate has taken place almost equally with that in the Protestant -Countries, and with the same result.) - -[Sidenote: H 17-20] - -The only +four countries in which the birth rate is approximately -_stationary_+. (Notice that the death rate has not fallen--except, -perhaps in Russia--and that the infantile mortality has not fallen. -Also that the highest birth rate produces the highest death rate and -infantile mortality, and the lowest birth rate the lowest mortality.) - -[Sidenote: H 21-24] - -The only +four countries with _rising_ birth rates.+ _The death -rate and the infantile mortality have increased in every one._ - -[Sidenote: H 25] - -+_Australia._+ The death rate has fallen with the birth rate, -and is now only about 10 per 1,000. - -[Sidenote: H 26] - -+_New Zealand._+ The only country in which the fall in the -birth rate has not produced a fall in the death rate, and which is not -therefore over-populated. The infantile mortality is the lowest in the -world, and the death rate less than 10 per 1,000, which gives us an -ideal which we can reach in all countries by lowering the birth rate -sufficiently. - -[Sidenote: H 27] - -+_The City of Toronto._+ The birth rate has fallen and -afterwards risen. The death rate has fallen with the birth rate, and -afterwards risen, showing that the improvements in sanitation have not -been the cause of the falling death rate in other countries. - -[Sidenote: H 28] - -+_Berlin._+ The birth rate rose rapidly from 1841 to 1876, and -afterwards fell even more rapidly. The death rate, except for epidemics -and wars, rose and fell in almost precise correspondence with the birth -rate. - -[Sidenote: H 29-30] - -+_Europe and Western Europe._+ These show that the total -population of Europe is increasing faster, the more the birth rate -falls, while in Western Europe the birth and death rates correspond -almost exactly. Calculations made from this show that about 25,000,000 -fewer deaths have occurred in Europe since 1876, due to the fall in -the birth rate caused by the Knowlton Trial and the Neo-Malthusian -movement. It should be noted that in the great majority of cases the -decline of the birth rate commenced in 1877, the year of the Knowlton -Trial. - -[Illustration: - -EUROPE. - -WESTERN EUROPE. (COMPRISING THE UNITED KINGDOM, NORWAY, SWEDEN, -FINLAND, DENMARK, HOLLAND, BELGIUM, FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, -SWITZERLAND, ITALY, SPAIN, & PORTUGAL.) - -(SEE SUNDBARG'S APERÇUS STATISTIQUES INT'ONAUX 1905. pp. 76 & 80.) - -Figures H 29-30] - - -[Sidenote: I] - -Exhibits lent by Mr. and Mrs. W. C. D. Whetham. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: I 1] - -1. Pedigree showing the descent of Administrative Ability. - -[Sidenote: I 2] - -2. Wollaston Pedigree, showing the descent of Scientific Ability. - -[Sidenote: I 3] - -3. Pedigree showing the Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in mankind. - - - - -[Sidenote: K] - -THE RACIAL FORM OF NOSE AND ITS SEGREGATIVE INHERITANCE. - -By Geo. P. Mudge. - -The +form of a nose+ doubtless depends upon many factors. But -chief among them we may suppose are the length, breadth, and angle -of inclination of the nasal bones; the form, length, breadth, and -thickness of the nasal septum, and the degree of development of the -turbinal bones. The segregation and persistence in families of a -definite type of nose-form is a subject well worth further study. The -inheritance of this character from the Mendelian standpoint has not yet -been adequately studied. But as with eye-colour, so with nose-form, -we desire to know not only how alternative characters are inherited -among individuals of the same race, but how they are +transmitted -among+ the offspring of mixed races. - - -ENGLISH V. GIPSY. - -[Sidenote: K 1] - -I am able in the photograph exhibited to show what appears to be -an undoubted transmission of a very prominent form of nose from a -grandmother to a grandson. The grandmother (on the right of the -photograph, who is now over 80 years of age) was the wife of a gipsy -and she herself came of gipsy stock. She and her husband eventually -settled in a small village in the West of England. They had six -children, namely, two sons and four daughters. Of the two sons, one was -fair in complexion and had the "wild ways and habits of the gipsy." The -other was dark in complexion and married an English countrywoman of the -district in which his parents had settled. She was of fair complexion. -They are shown, as husband and wife, in the left-hand corner of the -central photograph. They have had four children, namely, three girls -(shown in the centre of the photograph) and one son (shown standing -by the right of his gipsy grandmother in the right corner of the -photograph). - -The gipsy grandmother has a very prominent type of nose. It is -characterised by three chief features: First, the broad base on -which the external narial apertures are lodged; second, the marked -convexity of the contour of the bridge; third, the well-defined or -sharp angularity of the general form. Her son's nose differs from hers -in all three of these points. His wife's nose is of the more rounded -type and differs very widely from that of the gipsy grandmother (her -mother-in-law). The three girl children of these two parents clearly -do not possess a nose like that of their grandmother. The two younger -daughters appear to resemble their mother, while the oldest appears to -be an intermediate between her mother and father. So far then there is -no feature of any special interest. - -But it is otherwise when we come to deal with the nose of the son -(grandson of the old gipsy woman). For it resembles hers in all three -of the marked features which give to her nose its distinctive and -prominent form. The convexity of the bridge is, perhaps, not quite so -pronounced, but then he is still young, and this is a feature likely to -become accentuated with age. - -Two features of Mendelian interest are shown in this group of a -grandmother, two parents and four grandchildren. First, there is a -hereditary transmission of nose type from grandmother to grandson. -Second, there is a clean segregation of the nose type manifested by -the brother, from the contrasted nose type or types exemplified by his -three sisters. In addition, the case is interesting since it manifests -segregation of characters in the offspring of parents of different -races, _i.e._, a gipsy and a native of the West of England. - -In the absence of precise information concerning the form of nose of -the gipsy grandmother's husband, and of their five other children, and -of the brothers and sisters of the grandmother, it is difficult to -formulate a scheme showing a definite Mendelian inheritance in this -case. But the two features alluded to in the preceding paragraph are -strongly suggestive of inheritance according to Mendelian principles. - -We are indebted to Mrs. Rose Haig Thomas for the general facts of this -case and for the photograph of the group. - - -+EUROPEAN V. AMERICAN RED INDIAN.+ - -[Sidenote: K 2] - -A few years ago I had an opportunity of meeting two friends who had -spent many years in different parts of Canada and were acquainted with -families who were derived from an ancestry partly European and partly -North American Indian. I gathered from my friends, in virtue of much -kindness and patience upon their part, some valuable facts concerning -the nature of various facial features in the offspring of the two -mixed races--European and Red Indian. I purpose here to deal with two -families and with only one character, _i.e._, the type of nose. The -Red Indian and European type of nose are easily distinguishable. In the -Red Indian the nose is prominent and its frontal profile is formed by -two lines which diverge from the bridge towards the base. The latter -is, in consequence, very broad. The form of nose is sometimes known as -the _busqué_ or curved type, since its lateral profile is in outline -markedly aquiline. But examination of a series of photographs of Red -Indians shows some variation in the lateral profile, since some are -decidedly concave. But the broadness at the base is apparently never -diminished; it is always marked and unmistakable. The well-pronounced -Indian nose can always be easily distinguished from the European nose -by persons who have had a long acquaintance with both races. But cases -do occur where even an experienced observer would feel some doubt in -expressing an opinion as to which type a given nose belonged. Such -cases are, however, not common. - -[Sidenote: K 2a] - -From the pedigrees of families derived from a mixed racial parentage -in my possession, I select two for exhibition at this Congress. The -first is that known as "Family 5" in my list. In this case a Scotchman -(Generation A, S) married a full-blood Indian woman. They had a son and -daughter (Generation B, 2 and 3). The half-breed son had the Indian -type of nose. The daughter had a small and well-shaped European nose. - -The son married a full-blood Indian woman (Generation B, 1) and had -four children. Two of these were infants at the time my informant knew -them, and though they were described as being generally of the Indian -type, they were too young to give any reliable details concerning the -form of the nose. The two elder children (Generation C, 1 and 2) were a -daughter and a son, and both had the Indian type of nose. - -The half-breed daughter (Generation B, 4) married twice. Her first -husband was a half-breed Indian (B 3). He was not seen by my informant. -They had a son and a daughter (Generation C, 5 and 6). The former -was Indian in type of nose as well as in other facial characters. -The daughter, though she had very decided Indian cheek bones, had -the European type of nose. She is of further interest, inasmuch -as while her eye-colour was European the shape of her eyes was -characteristically Indian. - -The second husband of the half-breed daughter was a Welshman -(Generation B, W). By him she had seven children. The last was a baby -at the time my informant saw it, and we may leave it out of account. -The penultimate child was a son (Generation C, 12), and his nose was -sunken, and my informant found it difficult to say whether it was -European or Indian in type. I rather suspect from an inspection of some -photographs of Indians which I have seen that it resembles a very -concave flattened Indian type. Of the remaining five children, four had -an European type and one an Indian type of nose. - -Assuming that my informant's observations and memory are accurate--and -I feel sure they are quite reliable since he spent many years among -the Indians and half-breeds of North America in company with other -Europeans, and he is a man of naturally sharp discernment--this family -shows clear evidence of the segregation of nose type. It is shown more -particularly in the children of the half-breed daughter who married -twice, since among her offspring (Generation C, 5-13) both types of -nose appeared. The re-appearance of the European nose was manifested, -not only when she was mated back to an European in her second marriage, -but when she married a half-breed like herself. This latter marriage, -however, did not constitute, as we might at first sight regard it, an -experimental mating in every way analogous to a Mendelian cross of DR -x DR; because although she was a half-breed her nose was not like her -brother's of the Indian type, but European. - -It thus appears as though the Indian nose was dominant in one case, -and the European in the other. Too much stress must not be laid on -this point. So many half-breeds are indistinguishable from full-blood -Indians, that the possibility is to be borne in mind that this woman's -mother, who was married to the Scotchman, was not really a full-blood -Indian, and that tradition was in error. I am, however, making further -inquiries. - -But Mendelian segregation is shown in this pedigree in another way. The -granddaughter (Generation C, 6), by the first husband, manifested, as -already indicated, an European type of nose and European eye-colour. -She also manifested other European characters, with which I do not -now purpose dealing. But her cheek bones were decidedly Indian and -the shape of her eyes were also Indian. Thus we have the segregation -in the same individual of the characters of two distinct races of -men. In other words, there has been segregation of racial characters -followed by their recombination in a hybrid race. That is a fact of -some importance, in what we may designate as anthropological Eugenics, -or, if we prefer it, as the Eugenics of Anthropology. For it turns our -thoughts to the possibility of calling into being a more perfect type -of men by the recombination of the better alternative qualities of two -less perfect races. - -[Sidenote: K 2b] - -The second pedigree exhibited is that of "Family 4" in my list. I am -indebted to another informant for the facts of this pedigree, and they -relate to another part of North America. In this case a Frenchman -(Generation A, F) married a full-blood Indian Princess, namely, a -daughter of a Chief. She had one only daughter (Generation B, 2) whose -nose was of the Indian type, but rather flat. - -The daughter married an Irishman (Generation B, 1), and they had six -children. Of these three had European types of nose and three the -Indian type (Generation C, 1-6). - -This family shows again an apparently clean segregation of Indian -and European types of nose. The two types appear, side by side, in -different individuals of the same fraternity. - -THE SEGREGATION OF RACIAL EYE-COLOUR. - -By Geo. P. Mudge. - -It is a matter of importance to know the exact influence which a -mixture of races exerts upon the hereditary transmission of characters. -For instance, do the alternative characters of two races of men, when -they are related by marriage, segregate in inheritance in accordance -with Mendelian principles? Is the term "blending or fusion of races -misleading, and only accurate when employed in a qualified sense"? - -It has been shown by Mr. Hurst's very careful investigations in a -Leicestershire village that certain types of human eye-colour, which -he designates as "Simplex" and "Duplex," are inherited in complete -accord with Mendelian principles of inheritance. The two types not -only segregate from each other in the course of transmission, but they -do so in practically exact Mendelian proportions. And the "Simplex" -type, which is the recessive form of eye-colour, breeds true. It begets -nothing but the Simplex eye. These results have been confirmed by -Professor and Mrs. Davenport in America. In this and similar cases we -are merely dealing with the transmission of alternative characters in -individuals of the same race.[D] - -[Footnote D: Of course, the "English" race is really a community of -many commingled races. But from our present standpoint that matters -little. It is rather confirmatory of the further facts and conclusions -I am about to describe.] - -But one of the interesting problems of the future is concerned with the -transmission of characters when human races of diverse characteristics -breed together. We are not concerned to discuss now whether the races -of mankind are varieties or species. - -[Sidenote: K 3] - -SPANIARD _v._ GIPSY. - -The records of travellers provide certain information which helps -us to form reliable though limited conclusions as to the results of -the +interbreeding of different human races+. Mrs. Rose Haig -Thomas, to whom we are indebted for the exhibit of a photograph, -taken during a journey through Spain a few years ago, of a Spanish -gipsy woman with her three children, has made several observations -of some interest. She became acquainted with a family in which "the -mother was a dark-skinned, black-haired, black-eyed gipsy woman. (See -photograph, Exhibit No. K 3.) The husband was a Spaniard with blue -eyes. There were three children. Of these, the eldest had flaxen hair -and blue eyes. The second was a boy with black eyes, black hair, and an -olive skin as dark as the mother's. The third child was too young to -justify any conclusion being based on its characteristics. It was only -18 months old; but was flaxen-haired, blue-eyed, and fair skinned." -This observation of Mrs. Haig Thomas, in Granada, affords then a clear -example of the segregation of blue-eye and flaxen-hair characters among -the gametes of the black-eyed, black-haired, and olive-complexioned -mother. For, in the light of Mendelian researches, it is obvious she -was carrying these characters recessive, and that some of her gametes -were pure in respect of them. - - -ARAB _v._ SPANIARD. - -[Sidenote: K 4] - -The second photograph, exhibited by Mrs. Haig Thomas (Exhibit No. K 4), -is of three sisters who were also photographed in Granada. The eldest -is of the dark, typical "Arab type," so well recognised by Spaniards -wherever it is seen in Spain. The second sister is clearly much lighter -in hair and fairer in complexion than her sister. The nose, too, is -very distinct in both. The baby is fair. It is impossible, of course, -to trace the remote ancestry of these sisters, and Mrs. Haig Thomas -obtained no information as to their parents, but from what we know of -Spanish history the case suggests a +possible segregation of Moorish -from Gothic features+ after the intermixture of the two races, -by marriage, had occurred. But the question is extremely complex. It -is impossible to say to what extent the inhabitants of modern Spain -represent in varying degrees a commingled race of Phoenicians and -Iberians, of these with Romans and Goths, and of all with Moors, -themselves at the time of the conquest of Spain a mixed race. All that -can be said with any degree of probability is that these various races -have more or less intermingled[E] during the long history of Spain, -and that the flaxen hair and blue eyes among its inhabitants are the -heritage which the Goths have left them. - -[Footnote E: I advisedly use the word intermingled and not blended.] - - -EUROPEAN _v._ AMERICAN RED INDIAN. - -For the facts of the segregation of European and Indian eye-colour, -I am indebted to two friends who resided for many years in different -parts of Canada, and who do not desire their names published. - -[Sidenote: K 5] - -The first case of this kind (Pedigree Chart, No. K 5) of -+segregation of racial eye-colour+ is that of the offspring -from a marriage between a blue-eyed Scotchman and a black-eyed, full -blood American Red Indian woman.[F] They had a son and a daughter, and -the eyes of both were Indian brown. This brown differs from that of -European eyes, and can usually be distinguished by observers who know -the two races well. The half-breed son (No. 2, Generation B) married a -full blood Indian woman (No. 1), who also had Indian brown eyes, and by -her had four children. Two of them were babies at the time my informant -knew them, and we may leave them out of account. The other two, a son -and daughter (Nos. 2 and 1, Generation C), had Indian brown eyes. This -result is in accord with Mendelian expectations. - -[Footnote F: This is the same family as Family 5 described in -connection with Segregation of Nose Form in exhibit K 2a.] - -The half-breed Indian daughter (No. 4, Generation B) of the blue-eyed -Scotchman and Indian mother married a Welshman (No. 5, B) with hazel -eyes. They had seven children. Of these, two--a son and daughter (No. -7 and 11, Generation C)--had blue eyes. The remaining children--with -the exception of a baby, whom my informant had seldom seen--had eyes of -varying shades of brown. Two (Nos. 9 and 12, C) had European brown, one -dark Indian brown, and one Indian brown eyes (Nos. 8 and 10, C). - -The re-appearance of blue eyes among two of the Scotchman's -grandchildren is a clear example of the Mendelian segregation among the -gametes of the half-breed Indian mother of the factors which produce -blue eyes. The Welsh father, with the hazel eyes, must, of course, as -we deduce from other cases, have carried the blue-eye factors recessive. - -The black-eyed full blood Indian grandmother also carried various -shades of Indian brown, recessive to the Indian black which she herself -manifested, since her daughter and two granddaughters exhibited Indian -brown and dark Indian brown coloured eyes. The two European brown-eyed -grandsons were probably in eye-colour hybrids between the hazel colour -of the Welsh father and the Indian brown of the half-breed Indian -mother. - -The pedigree is thus, in respect of eye-colour--and of other -characters also which are not here described--clearly Mendelian in its -manifestations. It shows that the offspring of two very different types -of human races exhibit the same mode of Mendelian inheritance as do the -descendants of two contrasted parents of the same race. - -[Sidenote: K 6] - -Family 4 (Pedigree Chart, No. K 6) illustrates the same kind of facts -and conclusions. In the A Generation a Frenchman, whose eye-colour -was unknown to my informant, married a full blood Indian princess who -had Indian brown eyes. There was one daughter only (Generation B) by -this marriage, and she had Indian brown eyes. She married an Irishman, -who had red hair, grey eyes, and a freckled complexion (Generation -B). From this marriage there came six children (Generation C). Two of -these had "grey eyes like their father." Three had dark brown eyes of -European tint. My informant had some doubt as to the European tint of -two of these three (Nos. 3 and 4, C Generation); their eye-colour was -very dark brown, and possibly it may have been the Indian tint. The -remaining member of this generation had Indian brown eyes of a very -dark shade. - -It may be desirable to state that Families 4 and 5 come from different -parts of Canada. - -The chief feature of interest in this family is the segregation of the -grey eye-colour of the Irishman among his offspring. It appears in -two daughters. From what we know of analogous cases, there is little -doubt that the gametes of his half-breed Indian wife carried the blue -or grey factors derived from her French father. The appearance of an -European brown eye-colour in Generation C, No. 6, suggests that the -French grandfather had brown eyes, and that, therefore, this colour has -segregated out among the gametes of the half-breed Indian mother. - - - - -Exhibited by Mr. E. Nettleship. - -[Sidenote: L] - -[Sidenote: L 1] - -+Congenital Colour-blindness+. Pedigree showing unusual -features, viz.: (_a_) females affected; (_b_) twins, of whom one -is affected, the other not; (_c_) marriage between two unrelated -colour-blind stocks. Except that two females are affected the -inheritance, so far as can be traced, has followed the rule for -colour-blindness; viz., limitation to males and transmission through -unaffected females. - -_Key to Signs_. - - [M] normal male; [F] normal female. - [M-] colour-blind male; [F-] colour-blind female. - [circle] batch of whom there are no particulars. - [OO with over bar] twins. [Greek: ph] died in infancy. [ob]: dead. - [×] seen and examined. - [× ×] reported normal, but not seen. - -[Sidenote: L 2] - -+Hereditary night-blindness with myopia+ (short sight) affecting -21 males and only 1 female in a large pedigree. The night-blindness -congenital and stationary. Descent always through mothers themselves -unaffected. Mental defects in several of the night-blind stock. Other -pedigrees of this male-limited night-blindness are on record. - -_Key_. - - [M-] and [F-] night-blind male and female. - Otherwise the same as for L 1. - -[Sidenote: L 3] - -Pedigrees of +hereditary congenital Nystagmus+ (involuntary -rhythmical movements of the eyes) showing two different modes of -descent. - -[Sidenote: L 3a] - -In Figure L 3a the nystagmus occurs only in males and descends through -unaffected females. - -[Sidenote: L 3b] - -In Fig. L 3b both males and females are liable to the disease, and -either parent may transmit it, although descent is more often through -mother than father. - -The movements of the eyes are very often accompanied by rhythmical -movements of the head in the non-sex-limited type (Fig. L 3b), but head -movements very seldom occur in the male-limited type (Fig. L 3a). - -In both types many of those affected have also optical defects of the -eyes, especially astigmatism. No mental or nerve complications in -either kind. - -_Key_. - - [M-] and [F-] male and female with Nystagmus. - Otherwise as for L 1. - -[Sidenote: L 4] - -Pedigree of +hereditary Cataract+. The cataract in this -genealogy begins in childhood, and usually progresses so as to require -operation by the time its subject is grown up; results of operation -usually good and lasting. Most of the affected members still living; of -the four dead, none died before 54, and two of them lived to 78 and 83 -respectively. Both sexes affected and either sex may transmit. No other -eye disease and no prevalent constitutional diseases or degeneracies in -the cataractous stock. - -Many similar pedigrees are known. - -_Key_. - - [M-] and [F-] male and female with cataract. - Otherwise as for L 1. - - - - -[Sidenote: M] - -Exhibited by Professor R. C. Punnett, F.R.S. - -Mendelian Inheritance in Rabbits. - -[Sidenote: M 1.] - - Yellow Himalayan - Dutch × (Black) - | - F_{1} Agouti - (reversion to wild colour). - | - F | - ______________________|__________________________ - | | | | | - Agouti Black Yellow Tortoise Himalayan - +Ratio.+ 27 9 9 3 16 - -Factors concerned:-- - -+A+. the factor for agouti which turns a black into an agouti, -or a tortoise into a yellow. - -+E+. the factor for extension of pigment which when present -turns a yellow into an agouti, or a tortoise into a black. - -+S+. the factor for self colour which turns a Himalayan into a -self coloured animal. - -All the rabbits in this experiment contain the factor for black (B). - -[Sidenote: M 2.] - -The Himalayan pattern can occur in all four colour classes. Thus the -agouti Himalayan has lighter points than the black Himalayan. (cf. 2 -specimens shown.) - -Experiments to demonstrate that +black rabbits may be of different -constitution genetically+. - -Factors concerned in these experiments are:-- - -+A+. the agouti factor. - -+E+. the factor for extension of pigment. - -+D+. a factor for density of pigmentation. - -All the rabbits are homozygous for the black factor +B+. - -Homozygous agouti = +AA BB EE+. - -Black rabbits may be either:-- - -(1) Rabbits of the constitution +aa BB EE+. These breed true and -behave as simple recessive to agouti. - -(2) Rabbits of the constitution +AA BB EE DD+., _i.e._, -agoutis to which a double dose of D has been added are pure blacks in -appearance, when only a single dose of D is added the animal shows some -agouti markings and is an agouti-black. Such rabbits have always proved -to be heterozygous, and when mated together give blacks, agouti-blacks, -and agoutis in the ratio 7:6:3. - -(3) Rabbits of the constitution +AA BB Ee Dd+. An agouti-black -(AA BB EE Dd) becomes a pure black when heterozygous for E. Such blacks -when mated with blacks of constitution +aa BB EE dd+ throw some -agoutis and also some agouti-blacks. - -Further, the experiments have shewn that the factor +D+ is coupled with -+E+ in the gametogenesis of rabbits of the constitution +AA BB Ee Dd+. -The gametes produced by such animals are of two kinds only viz--+A B -E D+ and +A B e d+. When mated with a tortoise aa BB ee dd they give -blacks and yellows only--+and no agoutis+. So far as is known, the -coupling between E and D is complete. At present this is the only case -of coupling between characters yet worked out in a mammal. - -[Sidenote: M 3] - -Experiments with +Poultry+, illustrating the +recombination -of characters+. - - Brown - Leghorn [F-] × Silky [M-] - | - (_a_) Coloured (chiefly brown) | (_a_) White plumage (with or - plumage | without slight buff tinge) - | - (_b_) Normal feathers | (_b_) Silky feathers - | - _________________________|__________________________ - | | - F_1 [F-] (_a_) Coloured F_1 [M-] - (_b_) Normal feathers - --------________ ________--------- - --------- × --------- - | - | - | - F_2 Generation - ________________________________________________________ - | | | | - /------+------\ /------+------\ /------+------\ /------+------\ - - Coloured plumage Coloured plumage White plumage White plumage - Normal feathers Silky feathers Normal feathers Silky feathers - -[Sidenote: M 4] - -Experiment with +Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion on crossing, -followed by the appearance of numerous types in next generation+. - - White × White - | - F_1 Purple - | - +---------------------+-------------------+ - | | | - F_2 3 types of purple 3 corresponding figures Whites - viz.:-- of reds, viz.:-- - - (_a_) Purple (_a_) Painted Lady - - (_b_) Deep Purple (_b_) Miss Hunt - - (_c_) Picotee (_c_) Tinged White - -The varied forms in the F_2 generation appear in definite proportions -and a certain number of plants of each variety are already "fixed," and -have been shewn, by further experiment, to breed true to type. - -[Sidenote: M 5] - -Experiment with Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion in structural -characters. - -A cross between the ordinary "Cupid" dwarfs and the half-dwarf "Bush" -form results in a complete reversion to the normal tall habit such as -occurs in the wild sweet pea. A further generation raised from these -reversionary talls consists of talls, Bush, Cupids, and a new form, the -"Bush-Cupid." These last combine the erect bush-like habit of growth -with the dwarfness of the Cupid. - - Bush × Cupid - | - F_1 Tall - | - +----------+----+----+------------+ - | | | | - F_2 Tall Bush Cupid Bush-Cupid - - In the - ratio 9 3 3 1 - -[Sidenote: M 6a] - -Example of +association of characters in heredity+. - -In the sweet pea the dark reddish purple axil is dominant to the light -green one. Also the fertile condition of the anthers is dominant to -the contabescent sterile condition. In families which involve these -characters, the nature of the F_2 generation depends upon the way in -which the original cross was made. (A) When each parent has one of the -dominant characters. - - Dark axil} {Light axil - Sterile} × {Fertile - | - F_{1} Dark axil - Fertile - | - +------------+---+---------+----------------+ - | | | | - F_{2} Dark axil Dark axil Light axil {[*]Light axil} - Fertile Sterile Fertile { Sterile } - - Approximate 2 1 1 - ratio - - * Not yet found, but probably occurs very rarely.] - -[Sidenote: M 6b] - -(B) If, however, both of the dominant characters go in with one parent, -and neither with the other parent, they tend to remain associated in -F_{2}; thus:-- - - Light} {Dark - Sterile} × {Fertile - | - F_{1} Dark Fertile - | - +-----------+----------+-----------+ - | | | | - F_{2} Dark Dark Light Light - Fertile Sterile Fertile Sterile - +Ratio.+ 737 31 31 225 - -In such a cross the classes resembling the two original parents tend to -be produced in excess, while the other two combinations are produced -much more rarely. Nevertheless, the ratio of dark to light axil, and of -fertile to sterile anthers, is, in each case, a simple 3:1 ratio. - - -[Sidenote: M 7a] - -Example of association of +characters in heredity+. - -Purple flower colour is dominant to red in the sweet pea, and the -old-fashioned erect form of standard with the central notch is dominant -to the hooded. In families where these characters are involved, the -nature of the F_{2} generation depends upon the manner in which the -cross was made. - -(A) When one dominant character goes in with each parent. - - Purple} {Red - hood} × {erect - | - Purple erect - +--------+-------+-------+ - | | | | - Purple Purple Red [*]Red - erect hood erect hood - Approximate - ratio 2 1 1 - - * Not yet found in this mating, but probably occurs very rarely. - -[Sidenote: M 7b] - -(B) When the two dominants enter, from one parent, they tend to remain -associated in the F_{2} generation. - - Purple} {Red - erect} × {hood - | - +--------+----+------+--------+ - | | | | - Purple Purple Red Red - erect hood erect hood - Approximate \-------+--------/ - ratio 3 | 1 - These two classes are - only found very rarely - _i.e._, about once in - each 300 plants of the - F_{2} generation. - - - - -[Sidenote: N & N 1] - -Exhibited by the Utah Agricultural College. - - * * * * * - -Mr. E. G. Titus. - - * * * * * - -The chart is 147 feet long, 54 inches wide, exclusive of the important -data condensed on a separate 8-foot sheet. This is only a preliminary -chart, as may be seen from the condensed data attached, which shows -that of the 822 persons represented on the chart 539 are of mature -age. The unknown persons represent 303, unknown ability; 336, unknown -height; 339, unknown weight; 348, unknown health. The family is -remarkable for the health of its members, having so far only 97 deaths. -The oldest child, Generation II-1, was born in 1827. There are, of -course, a large number of persons on the chart who are rather young. -Where a person has more than one ability well marked, such as music and -literary ability, or music and business ability, or constructive and -business ability, the chart shows only one ability. There are several -cases where persons have three well marked abilities. In all cases, the -following is the rank on the chart:-- - -Literary ability is always charted. Following this, music and then art, -and then constructive. Constructive ability represents those persons -who have a decided mathematical and mechanical turn of mind, who are -builders, contractors, carpenters of advanced standing, architects -and men of these classes. Under "Various" abilities are classified -business, agricultural and domestic abilities. These are not marked on -the chart. - -It will be noticed under "Diseases" that a majority of the persons -who have died were infants, and even among infants the deaths are -remarkable for their small number considering the conditions under -which the people of the third generation of this family had to live. -The paternal ancestor, Generation I., came to America in 1842, dying -two years later, and his children came to Utah among the early -settlers, 1847-52. Many of the third generation were born in this State -under conditions that are not by any means comparable to those existing -in communities that have been settled for many years. The opportunity -to care for children was very limited. Physicians were not as easily -reached, and the methods and appliances of modern times were not at -hand. Yet, even under these circumstances, it will be noticed of the -822 persons listed on the chart, that only 68 deaths were those of -persons under 25 years. - - - GENERATIONS - I IC II IIC III IIIC IV IVC V TOTALS - PERSONS CHARTED 1 1 7 18 125 82 384 68 136 822 - " OF MATURE AGE 1 1 6 18 118 82 237 68 8 539 - --------------------------------------------------------------------- - ABILITY--LITERARY 1 5 5 30 6 31 2 1 81 - MUSICAL 1 1 9 14 27 1 4 57 - ARTISTIC 1 4 2 7 1 15 - CONSTRUCTIVE 1 2 2 16 3 15 3 2 44 - VARIOUS 1 2 3 36 10 9 61 - TOTALS 2 1 11 11 95 35 89 7 7 258 - NO SPECIAL ABILITY 3 8 1 2 14 - ABILITY UNKNOWN 4 26 65 146 61 1 303 - --------------------------------------------------------------------- - HEIGHT 5 FT. OR LESS 1 2 3 - 5-1 TO 5-2 1 3 2 1 2 9 - 5-3 TO 5-4 1 2 3 8 10 16 40 - 5-5 TO 5-6 2 14 9 12 2 39 - 5-7 TO 5-8 2 2 19 4 14 1 42 - 5-9 TO 5-10 1 1 1 9 2 10 1 25 - 5-11 TO 6-0 2 16 3 11 3 35 - 6-1 TO 6-2 3 1 4 1 9 - 6-3 TO 6-4 1 1 - TOTALS 1 1 6 13 72 31 71 7 1 203 - UNKNOWN 5 46 51 166 61 7 336 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - WEIGHT 100 LBS. OR LESS 2 1 2 2 1 8 - 101 TO 120 1 10 10 11 1 33 - 121 TO 150 1 1 6 28 10 27 4 1 78 - 151 TO 170 1 3 4 23 5 11 6 47 - 171 TO 200 2 4 7 3 5 6 27 - 201 TO 220 3 1 4 - 221 TO 250 1 2 3 - TOTALS 1 1 6 17 73 31 58 10 3 200 - UNKNOWN 1 45 51 179 58 5 339 - - GENERATIONS - I IC II IIC III IIIC IV IVC V TOTALS - HEALTH--EXCELLENT 1 1 6 3 34 15 131 6 44 241 - GOOD 7 42 16 54 4 18 141 - FAIR 3 3 4 8 18 - DELICATE 1 2 4 7 - POOR 1 7 2 11 21 - TOTALS 1 1 6 15 88 37 208 10 62 428 - UNKNOWN 3 24 45 147 58 71 348 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - DIED UNDER ONE YEAR 8 16 2 26 - 1 TO 5 YEARS 1 5 13 1 20 - 6 TO 25 YEARS 11 11 22 - 26 TO 40 YEARS 3 3 - 41 TO 70 YEARS 1 2 5 2 10 - PAST 70 YEARS 1 3 4 - AGE UNKNOWN 1 2 5 2 1 1 12 - TOTALS 1 1 2 7 37 4 41 1 3 97 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - CAUSE OF DEATH - PREMATURE BIRTH 1 5 6 - INFANTILE COMPLAINTS 1 11 13 3 28 - DIPHTHERIA 3 5 8 - SCARLET FEVER 2 2 - MEASLES 1 1 - TYPHOID FEVER 2 2 4 - PNEUMONIA 1 6 1 1 9 - CONSUMPTION 2 2 - OPERATIONS 1 1 - CHILD BIRTH 1 1 2 - - VARIOUS 1 1 6 6 9 23 - UNKNOWN 1 3 3 3 1 11 - TOTALS 1 1 2 7 37 4 41 1 3 97 - - -[Sidenote: O] - -Exhibited by the Eugenics Education Society. - -O 1 Mendelism. - - -[Sidenote: O 1a] - -Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (After _Thomson_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1b] - -Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1c] - -Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance, with Dominance, in Mice. -(After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1d] - -Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity in -Mice. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1e] - -Example of Mendelian Inheritance, without Dominance, in Blue Andalusian -Fowls. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1f] - -Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, in -Blue Andalusian Fowls. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 2] - -Standard Scheme of Descent. (After _Galton_.) - -[Sidenote: O 3] - -Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of All London with the Normal -Classes. (After _Galton_.) - -[Sidenote: O 4] - -Descent of Qualities in a Population. (After _Galton_.) - -[Sidenote: O 5] - -Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and -Wedgwood Families. (After _Whetham_ and _Marshall_.) - - - - -[Sidenote: P] - -Exhibited by the American Breeders' Association--Eugenics Section. - -C. B. Davenport, Esq. - -[Sidenote: P 1-16] - -Charts of Statistics of Defectives. - -Charts of Classification of Defectives. - -Charts of Principles of Heredity. - -Pedigrees collected by field-workers in America. - - - - -[Sidenote: Q] - -Exhibited by Cyril Burt, Esq. - -Description of Diagrams illustrating the use of experimental Tests of -Mental Capacities. - -1. "Experimental Tests of General Intelligence." - -[Sidenote: Q 1] - -A List of twelve tests applied to two schools at Oxford. The first -two columns of figures indicate the "reliability" or self-consistency -of the tests as compared with that of examinations and master's -general impression. The second two columns give the correlations of -the results of the tests with the children's "general intelligence." -It will be seen that several of the tests of higher mental processes -are as reliable as the scholastic tests at present in vogue, and that -they correlate quite as highly with intelligence. Further experiments -show that while examinations and master's estimates measure knowledge -and skill acquired by memory and training, the tests seems to provide -measurements rather of innate capacities; and that children of -superior parentage (_e.g._ the preparatory school boys) are themselves -superior at tests, which show an appreciable positive correlation -with intelligence (_i.e_. all except tests of touch and weight). The -tests thus provide an experimental demonstration of the inheritance of -mental ability and a means of measuring the same. (References:--Burt, -Experimental Tests of General Intelligence, British Journal of -Psychology, Vol. III., Pts. 1 and 2.) Burt, Inheritance of Mental -Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July. - -[Sidenote: Q 2] - -2. Sex-differences in mental tests. - -A list of experimental tests applied to children of both sexes with -a view to measuring their innate capacities for performing mental -processes of different levels of complexity. The amount of divergence -between the sexes, is indicated by the column in red. It will be seen -that the sex-differences become smaller, the higher the level tested. -There is some evidence to show that these differences are the result -of inheritance and are not the result of difference of tradition or -environment. (References: Burt and Moore, the Mental Differences -between the sexes. Journal of Experimental Pedagogy, 1912, June. Burt, -Inheritance of Mental Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July.) - - - - -[Sidenote: R] - -Exhibit by Dr. George Papillault. - -Four sets of questions drawn up by Dr. George Papillault, Professor of -Sociology in the Paris School of Anthropology, with a view to noting -and comparing the +bio-social characteristics+ of individuals -belonging to different groups of population. - -[Sidenote: R 1] - -Set of questions +adopted by the Commission of Criminology+ -instituted and presided over by Mr. ---- Keeper of the Seals; -Vice-presidents, Messrs. Léon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron, -Vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and Reporter to the -Commission; Scientific Secretary, Dr. G. Papillault. - -This set of questions comprises: - -1st. An individual criminological chart for the purpose of showing 271 -biological and social characteristics of the prisoners. - -2nd. Family Charts for each of the ancestors, descendants or collateral -relatives of the prisoner and more particularly intended to note -hereditary characteristics. - -These Charts have been issued with a view to a methodical enquiry on -the criminal, under the direction of the Scientific and Criminological -Department. - -[Sidenote: R 2] - -Set of questions of the French Lay Mission, designed to note the -characteristics of the young natives and of their relatives in the -French Colonies. The teachers will have to return them filled up with -the greatest care to the Lay Mission, where Dr. Papillault, before -their departure, delivered a series of lectures to teach them how to -proceed. - -[Sidenote: R 3] - -Questions on the half-breeds, adopted by the Paris Society of -Anthropology, and designed to show the bio-social characteristics of -the half-breeds proceeding from cross-breeding between different races. - -[Sidenote: R 4] - -Questions asked by the General Psychological Institute for the purpose -of undertaking a vast enquiry on the value taxonomic, organic, -bio-social, and selective of the different human races which actually -exist in the French Colonies, and particularly in North Africa. - -A like spirit and method governs these four sets of questions; to -discard the verbalism which obstructs and imperils Sociology; to study -characteristics precise, objective, easily controllable and comparable, -and likely consequently to form statistics, which alone, are capable -of revealing characteristics of groups; to establish the correlations -which these characteristics may present among themselves, and to arrive -at last at the discovery of positive sociological laws. - - - - -[Sidenote: S] - -Exhibited by Frederick Adams Woods, M.D. - -Thirteen photographic copies of authentic portraits of distinguished -historical personages of the sixteenth century, showing that the bony -framework of the face, especially about the nose and eyes, was not -commonly the same as it is to-day. - -These are samples of a much larger collection. - -[Sidenote: S 1] - -Charles VII., XV Century, eye-brows very high above the eyes. - -[Sidenote: S 2] - -Mary of Lorraine, Queen of James of Scotland (National Portrait -Gallery). Eyes far apart, and eye-brows high. - -[Sidenote: S 3] - -Francis I. of France, French School, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Eyes -small, upper eye-lids peculiar, and typical of the period. - -[Sidenote: S 4] - -Louse de Rieux; Marquise d'Elboef, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Naso-orbital -region typical, eyes small far apart, upper part of the nose broad and -flat, upper eye-lids long (vertical distance between eye and eye brow -considerable.) - -[Sidenote: S 5] - -Dr. Stokesley, Bishop of London (Holbein.) Eyes far apart upper part of -nose broad. - -[Sidenote: S 6] - -Jane Seymour (Holbein). Eyes far apart, upper eye lids characteristic. - -[Sidenote: S 7] - -Jean de Bourbon, Comte d'Enghien. XVI Century. Eyes far apart, upper -eye-lids vertically prominent. - -[Sidenote: S 8] - -Portrait of a young German gentleman. - -The eye-lids are modern, that is the eyes are set in deeply under the -arch, but the eyes themselves are far apart, and the upper part of the -nose is broad. - -[Sidenote: S 9] - -Mary Queen of England. (National Portrait Gallery). - -It would seem that allowance might be made for the crudity of the -portrait, but the naso-orbital region is typical of the northern races -during the XVI century. - -[Sidenote: S 10] - -Holbein's Duke of Norfolk. In the Royal Gallery at Windsor Castle. - -Eyes are more deep-set under the superorbital arch than is usual in -portraits of the period, but the upper part of the nose is broad, and -eyes are far apart. - -[Sidenote: S 11] - -Henry VIII., attributed to Holbein but on doubtful authority. - -Broad flat nose, small eyes set far apart, eye-brows arching upward -and outward. Observe the upper eye-lids in contrast to the Italian by -Lorenzo Lotto, which shows the usual modern type of eye-lid. - -[Sidenote: S 12] - -Portrait of the Prothonotary Apostolic Juliano. (Lorenzo Lotto.) - -Modern type of face. Eyes deep set in under the superorbital arch and -eye-brow. Upper part of the nose delicate and projecting. This type of -face is occasionally, but only rarely met with north of the Alps during -the early period. It is common enough in portraits of Italians. - -[Sidenote: S 13] - -Portrait of a German scholar, by Holbein. Modern type, very rarely -found. - - - - - - First - - International Eugenics Congress, - - LONDON, 1912. - - ========= - - PROGRAMME. - - =============================================== - - - Contents. - - Page - - Accommodation 5 - - Application Forms 23, 25 - - Arrival 7 - - Badges 8 - - Banquet 5 - - Business Meetings 9, 14 - - Consultative Committees 3 - - Correspondence 4 - - Daily Time-Table 9-18 - - Delegates 11, 21 - - Entertainments 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16 - - Exhibition 19 - - General Arrangements 1 - - Hospitality Bureau 7, 11 - - Languages 4 - - Lunches and Refreshments 10, 27 - - Meetings 10-18 - - Membership 5 - - Offices of Congress 1 - - Officers 11-20 - - Place of Meeting 1 - - Railway Arrangements 5, 6, 7 - - Receptions 9, 11, 13, 16 - - Rules of Procedure 8 - - Stewards 5 - - Vice-Presidents 2 - - =============================================== - - _All Communications should be addressed to the Secretaries._ - - --------><-------- - - Offices of the Congress: "The Eugenics Education Society," - 6, York Buildings, Adelphi, London. - - (=Office Hours, 10-30 a.m. to 5 p.m.=) - - -PRESIDENT *MAJOR LEONARD DARWIN, D.Sc. - - -Vice-Presidents. - -Sir Clifford Allbutt, K.C.B., F.R.S., M.D., Regius Professor of Physic, -Cambridge. - -The Right Hon. Lord Alverstone, G.C.M.G., LL.D., Lord Chief Justice. - -The Right Hon. Lord Avebury, F.R.S. - -Sir Thomas Barlow, Bart., K.C.V.O., F.R.S., President of the Royal -College of Physicians. - -Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Founder of the Volta Bureau, Washington. - -Sir William Church, K.C.B., D.Sc., lately President of the Royal -College of Physicians. - -The Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P., First Lord of the Admiralty. - -Sir William Collins, F.R.C.S., Vice-Chancellor of the University of -London. - -Dr. C. B. Davenport, Secretary of the American Breeders' Association. - -Dr. J. Déjérine, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpêtrière. - -Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University. - -Dr. Auguste Forel, Lately Professor of Psychiatry, University of Zurich. - -Sir Archibald Geikie, President of the Royal Society. - -Sir Rickman J. Godlee, F.R.C.S., President of the Royal College of -Surgeons. - -Professor M. von Gruber, Professor of Hygiene, Munich, President of the -German Society for Race Hygiene. - -Dr. David Starr Jordan, Principal, Leland Stanford University. -President of the Eugenic Section, American Breeders' Association. - -Monsieur L. March, Director, Statistique Générale de la France. - -The Right Hon. Reginald McKenna, M.P., Secretary of State for Home -Affairs. - -The Right Hon. The Lord Mayor of London. - -Dr. Magnan, l'Asile Sainte-Anne, Paris. - -Dr. L. Manouvrier, Professor of Anthropology, Paris. - -Dr. A. Marie, Asiles de la Seine. - -Sir Henry Alexander Miers, D.Sc., F.R.S., Principal of the University -of London. - -Professor Alfredo Niceforo, Professor of Statistics, Naples. - -Sir William Osler, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Medicine, Oxford. - -The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Oxford, D.D. - -Dr. E. Perrier, Director, Natural History Museum, Paris. - -Gifford Pinchot, Washington. - -Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President of the International Society for Race -Hygiene, Germany. - -Sir William Ramsay, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University of -London. - -The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Ripon, D.D. - -Professor G. J. Sergi, Professor of Anthropology, Rome. - -Dr. E. E. Southard, Neuro-Pathologist, Harvard University, and Director -of the State Psychopathological Hospital. - -The Right Hon. Sir T. Vezey Strong, K.C.V.O. - -Bleecker van Wagenen, of the Board of Trustees, Vineland Training -School, New Jersey, U.S.A. - -Professor August Weismann, Professor of Zoology, Freiburg. - - -Honorary Members. - -Monsieur Henri Jaspar, Avocat à la Cour D'Appel, Président de la -Société Protectrice de l'Enfance Anormale; Secrétaire de la Commission -Royale des Patronages, Brussels. - -Monsieur Adolph Prins, Inspecteur Générale des Prisons, Brussels. - -Professor Ludwig Schemann, President of the Gobineau-Vereinigung, -Germany. - -His Excellency the General von Bardeleben, President of the _Verein -Herold_, Berlin. - - -AMERICAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=President=--Dr. David Starr Jordan. - - -Committee. - -Dr. C. B. Davenport, Alexander Graham Bell, Professors W. E. Castle, -Charles R. Henderson, Adolph Meyer, A. Hrdlicka, Vernon L. Kellogg, J. -Webber, W. L. Tower, Dr. Frederick Adams Woods. - -=Secretary and Treasurer=--Dr. C. B. Davenport, Eugenics Record Office, -Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York. - - * * * * * - -BELGIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=Secretary=--Dr. Louis Querton, Boulevard de Grande Ceinture, 77, -Brussels. - - -Committee. - -MM. Dr. Boulenger, Dr. Bordet, Dr. Caty, Dr. Decroly, Dr. Gengou, Dr. -Herman, Dr. L. MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Sélys Longchamps, -Nyns, E. Waxweiler, Professor Marchal. - - * * * * * - -FRENCH CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -Hon. Presidents. - -MM. Bouchard, Henry Chéron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville, -Landouzy, Paul Strauss. - -=President=--M. Edward Perrier. - - -Committee. - -M. M. Déjérine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot. -=Secretary and Treasurer=--M. Huber, Statistique Générale de la France, -Paris, 97, Quai D'Orsay. - - * * * * * - -GERMAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=President=--Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, Gundelinden Str., 5, Munchen. - - -Committee. - -The Committee of the International Society for Race Hygiene. - - * * * * * - -ITALIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=President=--Professor Alfredo Niceforo, 54, Via Ara Coeli, Rome. - - -Committee. - -Professors Corrado Gini, Achille Loria, Roberto Michels, Enrico -Morselli, Sante de Sanctis, Giuseppe Sergi, V. Ginffrida-Ruggeri. - - - - -First International Eugenics Congress - -LONDON. - -Wednesday, July 24th, to Tuesday, July 30th, 1912. - - - -=General Arrangements for the Meeting.= - -An invitation circular has been widely circulated to all members of -Eugenic and Heredity Societies in Europe and America, and to many -other persons likely to be interested in the approaching Congress. -Through that circular the objects and general plan of the Congress have -been made widely known. Copies may still be had on application to the -Secretary. - -The following arrangements have now been definitely made. - -=Place of Meeting.= The Meetings of the Congress will be held in the -Great Hall of the University of London, Imperial Institute Road, South -Kensington, London, S.W., which is easily reached from South Kensington -Station on the Underground Railway, and by omnibus from all parts of -London. (In wet weather those travelling by rail can avail themselves -of the subway). - -=Headquarters of the Congress.= Until Tuesday, July 23rd, the -headquarters and offices of the Congress will remain at 6, York -Buildings, Adelphi, W.C. (close to Charing Cross Station), where all -information will be supplied and tickets issued. Office hours 10-30 -a.m. to 5 p.m. On and after Wednesday, July 24th, the headquarters -will be transferred to the University of London, South Kensington. If -arrangements for hotels or for lodgings have not been made previously, -members arriving on and after July 24th are recommended to leave their -luggage in the "Cloak Room" at the railway station and come to the -office of the Congress, at London University, South Kensington, for -information. - -=Correspondence.= From July 24th to 30th, Members and Associates of -the Congress may have their letters addressed to them at the First -International Eugenics Congress, c/o The University of London, South -Kensington, S.W., where special postal facilities will be provided. All -invitations to Receptions, etc., will be distributed in this way. - -=Languages.= It has been decided that in the Meetings and Discussions -the English, French, German, and Italian languages shall be on an -equal footing. At the same time it is right to point out that in all -Congresses the number of Members speaking and understanding only the -language of the country in which they are held has been far in excess -of those conversant with several languages; therefore those who speak -in English on the present occasion will be most widely understood. The -abstract of every paper which is received in time by the Secretary will -be translated into English, French, and German. Pamphlets containing -the abstracts in these languages will be available on July 24th at the -University Buildings. Members wishing for advance copies should notify -the fact to the Secretaries, and state clearly in what language they -are required, and to what address they should be sent. - -=Stewards.= A number of Stewards acting as interpreters will be in -attendance; the languages spoken being indicated by rosettes of the -following colours:--Red, French; Blue, German; Green, Italian. - -=Hotels, etc.= The Organising Committee is prepared to book rooms in -advance for intending Members. Lists of hotels and the accommodation -vouchers have been sent out to all Members with their membership -cards. Any Member wishing to pay his membership fee on arrival can on -application obtain an accommodation voucher in advance. - -=To make certain of securing the accommodation desired, it is essential -that accommodation vouchers duly filled in should reach the office not -later than July 10th.= - -=Tickets of Membership.= In order to take advantage of the reduced -fares offered by the railway companies (see below), the official -Congress ticket must be produced when paying the fare. The subscription -entitling to membership of the Congress is £1 sterling; for an -Associate it is 10/-. Members may obtain additional tickets for -ladies at the cost of 10/- each. These additional ladies' tickets are -transferable to ladies. Associates are entitled to all the privileges -of Members, except that they have no vote in the meetings and will -not receive a copy of the Report when published. The tickets of all -Members and Associates who pay in advance will be forwarded to their -addresses before the commencement of the Congress. A limited number -of Day Membership Cards at 5/- each will be obtainable from the -Secretary's Office in the Marble Hall during the Congress. These cards -admit to both the morning and afternoon sessions, but do not carry the -privileges of voting and hospitality. - -=Inaugural Banquet.= An Inaugural Banquet will be held at the Hotel -Cecil on Wednesday, July 24th, at 7 p.m., at which all the officials -of the Congress and readers of papers will be the guests of the -Entertainments Committee. Members of the Congress can obtain tickets at -7/6 each, from the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee, 30, York -Terrace, Harley Street, London, W. Speeches of welcome will be made by -the President, the Lord Mayor of London, the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, -and others. The Banquet will be followed by a Reception to which all -Members and Associates of the Congress will be invited. - -=Railway Arrangements.= Important concessions have been made by a -number of Railway Companies to Members and Associates of the Congress. -On the railways of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Switzerland and -Holland, no reductions will be allowed; but by taking tickets to a -station in Belgium or France, near the frontier, reductions may be -secured by groups of not less than 20 visitors travelling together -from those countries for the rest of their journey. =In all cases -it is necessary to produce the Congress Membership Ticket before -receiving railway tickets at reduced rates; and arrangements MUST be -made in advance, 14 days' notice being required. Persons desiring -to take advantage of these concessions must therefore forward their -subscriptions at once; and immediately on receipt of their membership -ticket should communicate with the Secretary of their country= (see -page 3). In the following list the countries most distant from London -are mentioned first:-- - -=Italy.= The P.L.M. Company will grant a reduction of 50% to Members -coming from Italy via Modane. - -At the time of issuing this notice definite information regarding -reduced rates on the Italian State Railways is not to hand. - -=Germany.= Members from Germany desiring to obtain reduced rates are -requested to communicate, through their Secretary, with the General -Agent of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway Office in Cologne (6 -Domhof). Provided at least 20 Members travel together on the journey -to London, arrangements can be made for reduced fares at 50% reduction -from the Belgian or from the Dutch Frontier to London and back. At -least 14 days' notice must be given to secure these facilities. - -=Belgium.= If at least 20 members travel together, a reduction of about -50% is granted. Members are requested to communicate, through the -Secretary of their country, with the General Agent of the South Eastern -and Chatham Railway in Brussels (19, rue de la Regence). - -=France.= On presentation of their Congress Cards, members attending -the Congress will be able to obtain at Paris (Gare du Nord) special 15 -day return tickets to London via Calais-Dover or Boulogne-Folkestone at -the following fares:-- - - 1st Class.--72f. 85c. 2nd Class.--46f. 85c. 3rd Class.--37f. 50c. - available from July 22nd. - -These tickets are available by the following trains:-- - - Paris (Nord) dep. 8-25 a.m. 3-05 p.m. 9-20 p.m. - London (Charing Cross) arr. 3-25 p.m. 10-45 p.m. 5-43 a.m. - (B) (B) (C) - - (B) via Boulogne-Folkestone. - (C) via Calais-Dover. - -Special arrangements can be made for reserved accommodation to be -provided for groups. The above-mentioned tickets can also be obtained -at the Paris Office of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (14 Rue du -4 Septembre), but the Congress vouchers must be presented at the time -in either case. - -_Another Route_--From Paris (St. Lazare) special 15 day return tickets -to London via Dieppe-Newhaven at the following fares:-- - - 1st Class.--47f. 20c. 2nd Class.--36f. 40c. - - These tickets are available for the following trains:-- - Paris (St. Lazare) dep. 10-20 a.m. 9-00 p.m. - London (Victoria) arr. 7-40 p.m. 7-50 a.m. - -=Great Britain.= All the British Railways have very kindly granted -exceptional facilities to members of the Congress. Return tickets for -the price of a single fare and a third, lasting from July 23rd to 30th, -will be issued from all stations in the United Kingdom on presentation -of the Congress voucher at the Booking Office. - - * * * * * - - Members wishing to return to their homes outside London daily, must - apply for separate vouchers for each day if the distance is more than - 50 miles. If however the member resides within that distance, the - usual sleeping-out arrangements will apply, _i.e._, that tickets at - a single fare and a third for the double journey may be issued (upon - production of cards of membership or letters of invitation), from the - town where the Conference is being held to places where the delegates - reside. The minimum fare will be 1/-. - -=Stations Of Arrival.= Passengers travelling from the Continent by the -South Eastern and Chatham Railway, arrive at Victoria or Charing Cross -Stations according to the train service selected. Passengers by the -Great Eastern Railway arrive at Liverpool Street Station; and those -by the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway arrive at Victoria -Station. - -=Hospitality Bureau.= During the meeting of the Congress there will be -many entertainments in the form of receptions, dinners, afternoon and -evening parties, for which there will be invitations to Members and -Associates of the Congress. In most cases the number to be entertained -is limited, and it is desirable that the Secretaries should have as -complete a list of members as possible to submit to the hosts. - -All =Officials of the Congress=, and =Readers of Papers=, -and =Delegates=, will shortly receive invitations to the various -entertainments mentioned in the programme. - -_Members should apply at the Hospitality Bureau in the Marble Hall on -arrival_, as the number that can attend each function is limited, and -cards will be issued to members in order of application. - -A limited number of Tickets for the Zoological Gardens, tickets to hear -debates in the House of Commons, and invitations to tea on the Terrace -of the House of Commons, etc., will also be available. - -The German Athenæum Club has very kindly signified its willingness to -accord the privilege of Hon. Membership of the Club to German Readers -of Papers and Members of the German Consultative Committee, and to a -limited number of German Members of the Congress. - - - - -RULES OF PROCEDURE. - - -The Organising Committee feel that the interest and usefulness of the -Congress will be greatly increased by the usual sectional plan being -departed from, so that all papers can be discussed in general sittings. -This plan will necessarily limit the time available for papers, but, on -the other hand, it will allow the interest of all members to be focused -on each question to be considered. To enable the maximum amount of work -to be done in the time available, the following arrangements have been -made:-- - -=Papers.= The reader of each paper will be allowed 25 minutes in which -to give a summary of his paper and to reply to criticisms. A certain -time, limited at the discretion of the Chairman, will then be allowed -for discussion (maximum time--20 minutes). - -Should the reader of a paper not desire to exercise his right of reply -he may devote the whole 25 minutes to his opening summary. - -If, on the other hand, he prefers to reserve a longer time for reply he -must reduce the length of his opening remarks, bearing in mind that the -whole time at his disposal for the two speeches will be 25 minutes. - -=Discussions.= All discussions are under the absolute control of -the Chairman, who will regulate the length of time allotted to each -discussion, and to each speaker in that discussion. The Chairman will -ring a bell one minute before each speech must end. After the bell is -rung a second time the next speaker will be called. The maximum time -allotted to the discussion on each single paper is twenty minutes,--to -each single speaker, seven minutes. - -The names of persons wishing to speak must be handed up to the Chairman -before the conclusion of the speech opening the Discussion. - -=Badges.= A button badge, consisting of a reproduction of the head of -Sir Francis Galton, will be presented to every Member and Associate. - -A silvered medal with ribbon and clasp will be presented to members -of the Consultative Committees, Readers of Papers and Government -Delegates. Distinctive colours will be as follows:-- - - _Organizing and Consultative Committees_ Medal and Red Ribbon. - _Readers of Papers_ " " White " - _Stewards_ " " Yellow " - _Executive Committee_ " " Blue " - -The medals with green ribbons will be on sale, price 1/- each, to all -Members and Associates. - - - - -DAILY PROGRAMME. - - -This programme will be adhered to as closely as possible, but the -Executive Committee reserve the power to make any alterations which -circumstances may render necessary. - - -WEDNESDAY, JULY 24th. - - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -The Offices of the Congress will be opened at the University of London, -South Kensington. - -Members and Delegates are requested to call during the day, to sign -the register and enter their address, and to obtain invitations to the -Receptions, Dinners, etc. - -[Sidenote: 3 p.m.] - -A Meeting of the Congress Executive Committee will be held in the -Senate Room. The Congress Executive consists of the President, -Secretary, and two members of each of the Consultative Committees, -and the President, Secretary and two members of the British Executive -Committee. - - -Business:-- - -The arrangement of the agenda for the Business Meeting on the 27th. - - -[Sidenote: 7 p.m.] - -=Reception bu the President= of the guests to the =Inaugural Banquet= -at the Hotel Cecil, Strand. The Banquet commences at 7-30 p.m. -punctually. Speeches will be made by the President, The Lord Mayor of -London, Mr. A. J. Balfour and others. - -All Officers of the Congress, Readers of Papers, Presidents and -Secretaries of Branches of the Eugenics Education Society, are the -_guests of the Hospitality Committee_. Ordinary Members of the Congress -may attend (tickets, 7s. 6d. each, exclusive of wine) and may take one -friend on the same terms. The maximum seating capacity of the hall -is 400 and only a limited number of seats are available. =To prevent -disappointment early application for tickets should be made on the form -on page 25, to the Hon. Secretary, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Entertainments -Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street, W.= - -[Sidenote: 9-45 p.m.] - -Reception of welcome to all Members and Associates of the Congress at -the Hotel Cecil to meet the delegates and others who have attended the -Inaugural Banquet. - - - - -_SECTION I._ - -Biology and Eugenics. - - -THURSDAY. JULY 25th. - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -Opening of the Congress. - -Presidential Address. - -[Sidenote: 10-30 a.m.] - -"Le Cosidette Leggi Dell 'Ereditarieta Nell' Uomo." (The So-called Laws -of Heredity in Man.) - -V. Guiffrida-Ruggeri, Professor of Anthropology, Naples. Speakers in -discussion Professor J. A. Thomson, Dr. Apert. - -[Sidenote: 11-15 a.m.] - -"The Inheritance of Fecundity." - -Raymond Pearl, Ph. D. Biologist of the Maine Experiment Station, Orono, -U.S.A. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 12 noon.] - -"Variation and Heredity in Man." - -L. Sergi, Professor of Anthropology, Rome. Discussion opened by Dr. -Seligmann. - -[Sidenote: 12-45 p.m.] - -"On the Increase of Stature in certain European Populations." - -Soren Hansen, M.D., Director of the Danish Anthropological Committee, -Copenhagen. - - -Luncheon Interval. - -[Sidenote: 1-15 p.m.] - -Cold Lunch will be provided at the University for all Readers of -Papers and Members of the Congress Executive Committee who give in -their names at the Secretary's table before 11-30 a.m. A few places -will be available (Lunch, 2/-) for ordinary members of the Congress. -Application for seats should be made at the Secretary's table before -noon. (A list of neighbouring restaurants will be found on page 27). - - - - -SECTION I. - - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"Eugenics and Genetics." - -R. C. Punnett, F.R.S., Professor of Biology, Cambridge University. - -Discussion opened by Professor W. Bateson. - -[Sidenote: 3-15 p.m.] - -"The Inheritance of Epilepsy." - -David F. Weeks, M.D., - -Medical Superintendent and Executive Officer of the New Jersey State -Village for Epileptics, U.S.A. - -(_These papers will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_). - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -"La Psicologia Etrica e la Scienca Eugenistica." - -(Ethnic Psychology and the Science of Eugenics). - -Professor Enrico Morselli, Director of the Clinic for Mental and -Nervous Diseases, Royal University, Genoa. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 4-45 p.m.] - -"Influence de l'age des Parents sur les Caractères Psycho-Physique des -Enfants." - -(The Influence of Parental Age on the Psycho-Physiological Characters -of Children). - -Professor Antonio Marro, - -Director of the Lunatic Asylum, Turin. - -Discussion opened by Dr. Ewart. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -[Sidenote: 9-30 p.m.= ] - -Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough will hold a Reception at -Sunderland House, Curzon Street. (The card of invitation should be -given up at the door). - -=Officials= and =Delegates=, _who receive their cards in advance_, are -requested to return them at once to the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments -Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street, W., _if they do not intend -to be present_. - -=Ordinary Members= of the Congress are requested on their arrival -in London to _apply at the Hospitality Bureau_, at the University for -the invitation card. - - - - -SECTION II. - - -Practical Eugenics. - - -FRIDAY, JULY 26th. - - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -Considérations Générales sur "La Puériculture avant la Procreation." - -(General Considerations on "Education before Procreation.") - -Professor Adolphe Pinard, Member of the Paris Medical Academy. - -Discussion. - - -[Sidenote: 10-45 p.m.] - -"The Bearing of Neo-Malthusianism upon Race Hygiene." - -Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President, International Society for Race Hygiene. - -Discussion opened by Dr. Drysdale. - - -[Sidenote: 11-30 a.m.] - -"Rapport sur l'organisation Pratique de l'Action Eugénique." - -(Report on the Practical Organisation of Eugenic Action). - -Dr. Louis Querton, Professor of the "Université Libre," Brussels. - - -[Sidenote: 11-50 a.m.] - -Discussion opened by Dr. C. W. Saleeby. - - -[Sidenote: 12-35 p.m.] - -"Marriage and Eugenics." - -Dr. C. B. Davenport, Director Eugenics Record Office, U.S.A. - - -[Sidenote: 1-15 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[G] - -[Footnote G: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - - -SECTION II. - - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"Preliminary Report to the First International Eugenics Congress of -the Committee of the Eugenics Section American Breeders' Association -to Study and Report as to the Best Practical Means for cutting off the -Defective Germ Plasm in the Human Population." - -Mr. Bleecker van Wagenen, Chairman of Committee. - -(_This paper will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_). - -Discussion to be opened by Sir John Macdonnell. - -[Sidenote: 3-45 p.m.] - -"Eugénique Sélection et Déterminisme des Tarés." - -(Eugenic Selection and Elimination of Defectives). - -Frederic Houssay, Professor of Science, University, Paris. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 4-30 p.m.] - -CLOSE OF MEETING. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -[Sidenote: 5 p.m.] - -The Lord Mayor of London will receive the Members of the Congress at -the Mansion House, between the hours of 5 and 7 p.m., when the suites -of rooms will be on view. - -[Sidenote: 10 p.m.] - -The American Ambassador and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid are giving a Reception -to the Members of the Congress at Dorchester House, Park Lane, at 10 -p.m. - -(_For directions as to invitation cards see page 11, at foot_). - - -SECTION IIa. - -Education and Eugenics. - -SATURDAY, JULY 27TH. - - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -"Eugenics and the New Social Consciousness." - -G. Smith, Professor of Sociology, Minnesota University, U.S.A. - -Discussion to be opened by Mrs. MacCoy Irwin. - -[Sidenote: 10-45 a.m.] - -"Practicable Eugenics in Education." - -Dr. F. C. S. Schiller, Oxford University. - -A Discussion will be arranged in which it is hoped several well-known -Educationalists, including Professor Sadler and Dr. Georges Schreiber -will participate. - - -[Sidenote: 1 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[H] - -[Footnote H: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - -[Sidenote: 3 p.m.] - -GENERAL MEETING OF CONGRESS. - -=Business Agenda.= - -To be issued after the Meeting of the Congress Executive Committee on -July 24th, and circulated to all members on the 26th. - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -CLOSE OF MEETING. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -The Co-Partnership Tenants have invited Members to visit the =Hampstead -Garden Suburb=, where they will be entertained to tea. The party leaves -South Kensington Station at 2-30 p.m. - -Several Luncheon and Tea Parties are also being arranged for this day. -Will any Members wishing to enjoy this hospitality give in their names -not later than the afternoon of Thursday, July 25th, at the Hospitality -Bureau in the Hall of the University? - - -SUNDAY, JULY 28th. - -A Lunch and Garden Party will be given by Mr. Robert Mond to the -Members of the Congress in the Grounds of Combe Park, Sevenoaks (near -London). Guests will be conveyed there and back by special train. -Invitations and all particulars will be issued in the same way as for -the Duchess of Marlborough's reception. (See page 11, at foot). - -The Proprietors of the =London Aerodrome= have kindly issued a limited -number of invitations to witness exhibition flights during the -afternoon (weather permitting). - - -SECTION III. - -Sociology and Eugenics. - - -MONDAY, JULY 29th. - - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -"Elite Fisio--Psichica ed Elite Economica." - -("The Psycho Physical Elite, and the Economic Elite.") - -Achille Loria, Professor of Political Economy, University of Turin. - -[Sidenote: 10-25 a.m.] - -"The Cause of the Inferiority of Physical and Mental Characters in the -Lower Social Classes." - -Alfredo Niceforo, Professor of Statistics at the University of Naples. - -(_As these two papers treat of similar subjects, they will be grouped -for discussion_.) - -[Sidenote: 11 a.m.] - -"La Fertilité des Marriages suivant la Profession et la Situation -Sociale." - -(The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and Social -Position). - -Monsieur Lucien March, - -Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France. - -Discussion opened by Mr. Bernard Mallett. - -[Sidenote: 11-45 a.m.] - -"Eugenics and Militarism." - -Vernon L. Kellogg, Professor of Entomology, Stanford University. - -[Sidenote: 12-30 p.m.] - -"Eugenics in Party Organisation." - -Roberto Michels, Professor of Political Economy, University of Turin. - - -[Sidenote: 1 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[I] - -[Footnote I: For Arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - - -SECTION IIIa. (Continued). - -Sociology and Eugenics. - -MONDAY, JULY 29th. - - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"The Influence of Race on History." - -W. C. D. and Mrs. W. C. D. Whetham, Cambridge. - -[Sidenote: 2-55 p.m.] - -"Some Interrelations between Eugenics and Historical Research." - -Dr. Adams Woods, Harvard Medical School. - -(_As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and -discussed together_). - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -"Contributi Demografici ai Problemi dell' Eugenica." - -(The Contributions of Demography to Eugenics). - -Corrado Gini, - -Professor of Statistics, University of Cagliari, Italy. - -[Sidenote: 4-45 p.m.] - -CLOSE OF SESSION. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -[Sidenote: 9-30 p.m.] - -A Reception will be given at the University of London by the President -and Mrs. Leonard Darwin. (Invitations to this reception will be -forwarded to all Members and Associates on their joining the Congress. -Those Members who join on or after Wednesday, 24th, should apply for -their cards at the Hospitality Bureau at the Congress.) - - -SECTION IV. - -Medicine and Eugenics. - - -TUESDAY, JULY 30th. - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -"Sur la prophylaxie de la Syphilis Héréditaire et son action Eugénique." - -(On the Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect). - -Dr. Hallopeau, Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 10-45 a.m.] - -"Alkohol und Eugenik." - -(Alcohol and Eugenics). - -Dr. Alfred Mjoën, Kristiania, Norway. - -[Sidenote: 11-10 a.m.] - -"Alcoholisme et Dégénérescence." - -Statistiques du Bureau central d'Administration des aliénés de Paris et -du department de la Seine de 1867 à 1912. - -(Alcoholism and Degeneracy). - -(Statistics from the central office for the management of the insane of -Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912). - -Dr. Magnan, of the Asile Saint Anne, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine - -Dr. Fillassier, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine. - -(_As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and -discussed together_). - -Discussion opened by Dr. Archdall Reid. - -[Sidenote: 12-15 p.m.] - -"Rassenhygiene und Arztliche Gebürtshilfe." - -(Eugenics and Obstetrics). - -Dr. Agnes Bluhm, Berlin. - -[Sidenote: 1 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[J] - -[Footnote J: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - - -SECTION IV. - -Medicine and Eugenics. - - -TUESDAY, JULY 30th. - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"Heredity and Eugenics in Relation to Insanity." - -Dr. F. W. Mott, F.R.S., Pathologist to the London County Asylums. - -(_This paper will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_.) - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 3-15 p.m.] - -"The Place of Eugenics in the Medical Curriculum." - -H. E. Jordan, - -Professor of Histology and Embryology, University of Virginia, and -Chairman Eugenics Section American Breeders' Association for the Study -and Prevention of Infant Mortality. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -"The History of a Healthy, Sane Family showing Longevity, in Catalonia." - -Valenti y Vivo, - -Professor of Medicine and Toxicology, University of Barcelona Spain. - - -FAREWELL ADDRESS. - -By the President. - - - - -THE EXHIBITION. - - -The Exhibition in connection with the First International Eugenics -Congress will include--(1) Charts, pedigrees, photographs, and -specimens illustrative of Heredity, especially in man. (2) Relics of -Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton and Gregor Mendel. (3) Portraits of -Notable Workers. - -The Committee desires to make the Exhibition as fully representative -as possible of the past history and present state of the sciences of -Heredity and Eugenics. - -Many interesting exhibits have been received from America, France, -Germany and all parts of the United Kingdom. - -Professor von Gruber has sent over from the International Race -Hygiene Congress, held in Dresden, in 1911, a collection of exhibits -representative of German work. - -The American Eugenics Record Office is sending an important exhibit, as -are also the State Epileptic Colony of New Jersey, and Dr. Goddard, of -Vineland. - -Among the British Exhibitors are Major Leonard Darwin, Professor -Punnett, Mr. Wheler, Mr. Whetham, Mr. Nettleship, Mr. E. J. Lidbetter -and many others. - -An Illustrated Catalogue is in preparation, and will be on sale at the -Book Stall. - -Many of the Exhibitors have signified their intention of attending the -Congress, and their willingness to explain their exhibits to enquirers. - - - - -MEMBERS OF GENERAL COMMITTEE. - - - Sir James Barr, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E. - Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B. - Sir James Crichton-Browne, F.R.S. - Rev. R. J. Campbell, M.A. - The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G., M.D. - Montague Crackanthorpe, K.C. - R. Newton Crane, M.A. - A. E. Crawley, M.A. - Sir Henry Cunningham, K.C.I.E. - Francis Darwin, Sc.D., M.B., F.R.S. - Dr. C. B. Davenport. - Dr. Langdon Down. - Havelock Ellis. - The Hon. Sir John Findlay, K.C.M.G., LL.D. - Professor J. J. Findlay, M.A. - Dr. Wilfred Hadley. - Mrs. H. N. C. Heath. - Admiral W. H. Henderson. - Monsieur Huber. - The Very Rev. The Dean of St. Paul's, D.D. - Dr. David Starr Jordan. - R. Dixon Kingham, B.A. - Miss Kirby. - J. Ernest Lane, F.R.C.S. - The Rev. Hon. Edward Lyttelton, M.A. - Lady Owen Mackenzie. - W. C. Marshall, M.A. - Colonel Melville, R.A.M.C. - Lady Ottoline Morrell. - F. W. Mott, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. - G. P. Mudge, F.Z.S. - Professor A. Niceforo. - Mrs. J. Penrose. - Mrs. E. F. Pinsent. - Dr. A. Ploëtz. - Mrs. G. Pooley. - Professor E. B. Poulton, LL. D., D.Sc. F.R.S. - Professor R. C. Punnett, M.A. - Walter Rea, M.P. - G. Archdall Reid, M.B., F.R.S.E. - John Russell, M.A. - Ettie Sayer, M.D. - C. G. Seligmann, M.D. - Professor Arthur Schuster, Ph.D., D.Sc. F.R.S. - Edgar Schuster, M.A., D.Sc. - F. C. S. Schiller, M.A., D.Sc. - Lady Henry Somerset. - Dr. J. W. Slaughter. - W. C. Sullivan, M.D. - Professor J. A. Thomson, M.A. - A. F. Tredgold, L.R.C.P. - Mrs. Alec Tweedie. - W. C. D. Whetham, M.A., F.R.S. - Arnold White. - A. Gordon Wilson, M.D., F.R.C.S. - P. von Fleischl, Hon. Treasurer. - Mrs. Gotto, Hon. Secretary. - - -EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. - - Major L. Darwin, _President_. - Paul Von Fleischl, _Hon. Treasurer_. - Mrs. Gotto, _Hon. Secretary_. - H. B. Grylls, _Secretary of the Exhibition_. - Professor Punnett. - Dr. E. Schuster. - Dr. Tredgold. - - -RECEPTION COMMITTEE. - - Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough. - The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of London. - Lady Aberconway. - Mr. Newton Crane. - Mrs. Leonard Darwin. - Mrs. A. C. Gotto. - Mrs. Whitelaw Reid. - Mrs. Alec-Tweedie, _Hon. Secretary_. - - -DELEGATES.[K] - -[Footnote K: _As Delegates are daily being appointed this list is -necessarily quite incomplete, only those appointments made before June -15th being included._] - - American Breeders' Association Professor V. L. Kellogg. - Bleecker van Wagenen. - Assistance Nationale aux Tuberculeux Monsieur Cassiano Veves. - Board of Education Sir George Newman, M.D. - Borough of Holborn Councillor A. Chapman. - Borough of Ealing Councillor Farr. - Borough of Shoreditch Councillor J. Timmins, M.W.B. - British Womens' Emigration Association Mrs. Ross - British Constitution Association Mr. W. H. Southon. - British Academy Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour. - Cheltenham Ladies' College Dr. Eveline Cargill. - Commonwealth of Australia Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G. - Education Department, Wakefield Alderman Hinchliffe. - Entomological Society of London Professor W. Bateson. - Eugenics Education Society of New - Zealand Dr. Emily Siedeberg. - Folk-Lore Society Sir Edward Brabrook. - French Republic Monsieur Lucien March, - Directeur Statistique - Générale de la France. - Incorporated Association of Assistant - Masters in Secondary Schools Mr. F. Charles. - L'Académie de Médecine M. le Prof. Pinard. - Linnean Society Professor W. Bateson. - Liverpool Biological Society Mr. R. D. Laurie. - Local Government Board Dr. Arthur Newsholme. - London County Council Mr. A. O. Goodrich. - Sir John McDougall. - Metropolitan Asylums Board Mr. Walter Dennis. - Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury Dr Lauzun-Brown. - Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth Alderman Major M. - Robinson, L.M.D. - National League for Physical Education - and Improvement Colonel T. H. Hendley, - C.I.E. - National Hospital for the Paralysed and - Epileptic Dr. Risien-Russell. - National Service League - National Society for Epileptics Mr. G. Penn Gaskell. - National Union of Teachers Mr. C. W. Crook. - Newport Elementary Education Committee Dr. J. Lloyd Davies. - Councillor Peter Wright. - - North London or University College Hospital - Nurses' Social Union Mrs. Barnes. - Parents' National Education Union Miss E. Parish. - Miss M. Franklin. - Prudential Insurance Co., of America Mr. Frederick Hoffman. - Ranyard Nurses Miss Zoë L. Puxley. - Royal Anthropological Institute Dr. Seligmann. - Royal University of Athens Professor André Andreadis. - Royal College of Surgeons Mr. G. H. Makins, C.B. - Royal Society of Medicine Sir George Savage, M.D. - Royal Statistical Society Dr. Dudfield. - Royal Surgical Aid Society Mr. Henry Allhusen. - Rev. Professor Green. - Société Nationale des Professeurs de - Français en Angleterre Monsieur A. Perret. - Society of Women Journalists Mrs. Bedford Fenwick. - Society of Medical Officers of Health Dr. A. Bustock-Hill. - St. Pancras School for Mothers Lady Meyer, - Mr. Warden. - Union des Associations Internationales, - Brussels Madame van Schelle. - University of Barcelona Professor I. Valenti Vivo. - University of Bristol Professor C. Lloyd Morgan, - F.R.S. - University of Edinburgh Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour. - University of Glasgow Dr. W. E. Agor. - University of Minnesota Professor S. G. Smith. - University of Oxford Dr. Edgar Schuster, M.A. - University of St. Andrews Professor Edgar - (or) Dr. Heron. - University of Sydney Professor A. Stuart, M.D. - Urban District of Finchley Councillor Royston. - Willesden Urban District Council Councillor Riley. - Women's Freedom League Mrs. Clarke. - - - - -First - -International Eugenics Congress - -LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JULY 24th--TUESDAY, 30th, 1912. - - _To_ THE SECRETARY, EUGENICS EDUCATION SOCIETY, - - 6, York Buildings, Adelphi, London, W.C. - - a MEMBER[L] - Kindly enrol my name as an ASSOCIATE[M] of the First International - - Eugenics Congress for which I herewith enclose my fee. - for which I will pay on arrival. - (_Cross out one of these lines_). - -Name _______________________________________________________________ - -Profession _________________________________________________________ - -Address in full ____________________________________________________ - - ____________________________________________________ - (_Kindly write clearly._) - -The foregoing data are requested at your earliest convenience, so that -they may be included in the official list of the Congress. - -Fees may be paid either by cash, postal money order or cheque, to the -Assistant Treasurer-- - -Miss E. Sellar, - 6, York Buildings, - Adelphi, London, W.C. - -=N.B.--Only Members paying in advance will be able to avail themselves -of the reduced Railway fares, as in all cases the Congress Voucher must -be produced before the ticket will be issued.= - -[Footnote L: The Membership fee is one pound sterling, equivalent to -twenty-five francs, twenty marks, twenty-eight pesetas, or ten dollars -Mexican currency.] - -[Footnote M: The Associate Membership fee is ten shillings, equivalent -to thirteen francs, ten marks, fourteen pesetas, or five dollars -Mexican currency.] - - - - -INAUGURAL BANQUET. - - -APPLICATION FORM. - - -_To the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee._ - - Please send me one Ticket for my own use (and one for a guest[N]), Seven - Shillings and Sixpence (10 frcs.) each, for the Inaugural Banquet of the - First International Eugenics Congress to be held at the Hotel Cecil, - Strand, at 7 p.m., July 24th. I enclose £ s. d. - -_Name_ _____________________________________________________________ - (Member of the Congress). - -_Address_ __________________________________________________________ - - __________________________________________________________ - -N.B.--This form should be sent immediately to the Hon. Secretary, -Entertainments Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street. - -[Footnote N: _Strike out if not wanted._] - - - - -LUNCHEONS. - - -A List of some Restaurants within easy reach of the University. - - -Open-Air Café, à la Carte - Kensington Gardens 5 minutes walk. (Reasonable Charges). - -Imperial Restaurant, - 24, Alfred Place 5 " 1/6 Table d'Hôte. - -A.B.C. Depôt, - 32, Alfred Place 5 " à la Carte - (Adjoining South Kensington (Popular Prices). - Tube Station). - -Lyon's Depôt, - Gloucester Road 7 " " - -Royal Palace Hotel, - Kensington Gardens 8 " Special 2/6 Table d'Hôte - to Members of Congress - or à la Carte. - -Lyon's Depôt, - Brompton Road 8 " à la Carte. - (Popular Prices). - -Harrods' Stores, - Brompton Road 12 " 2/- Table d'Hôte or - à la Carte. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Minor typographical errors were corrected. Some unmatched double -quotation marks were left unchanged because it was not clear -where the missing quotation marks should be. - -The following changes were made: - - Abstracts of Papers - p. 5: dolicomorphic => dolichomorphic - - Programme - p. 16: Handwritten correction of a.m. to p.m. under Entertainments - P. 17: [Greek: geêêaô] not a word! => [Greek: gennaô] = birth - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE -FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS*** - - -******* This file should be named 44948-8.txt or 44948-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/4/9/4/44948 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/44948-8.zip b/44948-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8bbf54b..0000000 --- a/44948-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/44948-h.zip b/44948-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 1ade66f..0000000 --- a/44948-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/44948-h/44948-h.htm b/44948-h/44948-h.htm index 627ce0d..ef62fb1 100644 --- a/44948-h/44948-h.htm +++ b/44948-h/44948-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Abstracts of Papers Read at the First International Eugenics Congress, by Various</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -90,28 +90,10 @@ sup {font-size: .6em; position: relative; top: 0.2em; left: 0.3em;} </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44948 ***</div> <h1 class="center">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Abstracts of Papers Read at the First International Eugenics Congress, by Various</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Abstracts of Papers Read at the First International Eugenics Congress</p> -<p> University of London, July, 1912</p> -<p>Author: Various</p> -<p>Release Date: February 17, 2014 [eBook #44948]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS***</p> <p> </p> -<h4 class="center">E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, Tom Cosmas,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Preservation Department, Kelvin Smith Library,<br /> - Case Western Reserve University<br /> - (<a href="https://library.case.edu/ksl/aboutus/organization/preservation">https://library.case.edu/ksl/aboutus/organization/preservation</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -321,7 +303,7 @@ Eugenics Congress,</p> </tr> <tr> <td></td> - <td class="author">FRÉDÉRIC HOUSSAY.</td> + <td class="author">FRÉDÉRIC HOUSSAY.</td> <td></td> </tr> @@ -509,7 +491,7 @@ Eugenics Congress,</p> </tr> <tr> <td></td> - <td class="author">A. MJOËN.</td> + <td class="author">A. MJOËN.</td> <td></td> </tr> @@ -776,7 +758,7 @@ degrees of fecundity.</p> <p>It is further shown that observed variations in actually realized fecundity (number of eggs laid) do not depend upon anatomical differences in respect -to the number of visible oöcytes in the ovary. The differential factor on +to the number of visible oöcytes in the ovary. The differential factor on which the variations in fecundity depend must be primarily physiological.</p> <p>Fecundity in the fowl is shown to be inherited in strict accord with the @@ -905,16 +887,16 @@ toward and an intelligent understanding of the Institution and its work.</p> <p>The study is based on the data derived from 397 histories, covering 440 matings.</p> -<p>The matings are classified under the six possible types, of nulliplex × -nulliplex, nulliplex × simplex, nulliplex × normal, simplex × simplex, -simplex × normal, and normal × normal.</p> +<p>The matings are classified under the six possible types, of nulliplex × +nulliplex, nulliplex × simplex, nulliplex × normal, simplex × simplex, +simplex × normal, and normal × normal.</p> <p>Under the first type all those matings where both parents were epileptic, one was epileptic and the other feeble-minded, or both were feeble-minded, are classified. According to Mendel's Law, all of the children should be nulliplex. The data showed all of the children defective.</p> -<p>Under the type nulliplex × simplex, all matings where one parent was +<p>Under the type nulliplex × simplex, all matings where one parent was epileptic or feeble-minded and the other "tainted," that is, alcoholic, neurotic, migrainous, or showed some mental weakness, are classified. From this type of mating, 50% of the offspring are expected to be nulliplex and @@ -929,24 +911,24 @@ normal are classified. From this type of mating, the expectations are that all of the children would be simplex. A study of the ancestors of the normal parents showed these parents simplex rather than normal. The analysis of the offspring showed at least 43% nulliplex, which is a close -fitting to the type of mating nulliplex × simplex.</p> +fitting to the type of mating nulliplex × simplex.</p> -<p>The fourth type of mating is simplex × simplex. Here, all matings +<p>The fourth type of mating is simplex × simplex. Here, all matings where both of the parents were "tainted" are classified. The expectation is that 25% of the offspring would be nulliplex, in reality 35% were found to be mentally deficient.</p> -<p>Simplex × normal is the fifth type of mating considered. The matings +<p>Simplex × normal is the fifth type of mating considered. The matings where one parent was tainted and the other supposedly normal, are classified here. From a study of their ancestors these normal parents appeared to be simplex, and the classification of the offspring showed more than 25% -nulliplex, which is the expectation from simplex × simplex mating.</p> +nulliplex, which is the expectation from simplex × simplex mating.</p> -<p>The sixth type is normal × normal, and the matings where both parents +<p>The sixth type is normal × normal, and the matings where both parents were reported normal is studied under this heading. Here, as before, a study of the ancestors of these normal parents indicates that they are simplex, and not normal. The classification of the children showed a close -fitting to the expectation from a simplex × simplex mating.</p> +fitting to the expectation from a simplex × simplex mating.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> @@ -1067,7 +1049,7 @@ receding, etc. At the same time the ascendants of those who presented typical and anomalous characters, due to morbid influences of various kinds <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> and following on faulty development of the fœtus, such as cretinism, congenital -goître, nasal deflections, strabismus, plagio-cephaly, hydrocephaly, +goître, nasal deflections, strabismus, plagio-cephaly, hydrocephaly, dental malformation, etc., showed a large number of alcoholics and epileptics.</p> <p>The explanation of the pernicious consequences to the psycho-physical @@ -1152,7 +1134,7 @@ sex. Sex-limited inheritance of this nature has been carefully worked out in particular cases in Lepidoptera and poultry. As yet there is much to be learnt in this direction, and further progress may be expected to lead eventually to a precise knowledge of the mode of transmission of many -human defects, such as colour-blindness and hæmophilia. It is not unlikely +human defects, such as colour-blindness and hæmophilia. It is not unlikely that a similar mode of transmission will be found to hold good for many human characters usually classed as normal.</p> @@ -1221,14 +1203,14 @@ and improvement of the human species"(<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1">< <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"> -<span class="label">[1]</span></a> v. De la Puériculture in Revue Scientifique, 1897.</p> +<span class="label">[1]</span></a> v. De la Puériculture in Revue Scientifique, 1897.</p> </div> <p>The Congress ought then to have for its object to work for the investigation of the conditions necessary to secure a favourable procreation. Now, it appears that the word "Eugenics," from the etymological point of view, does not characterise either explicitly or sufficiently the proposed object, -while the word "Eugénique," of [Greek: gennaô], at once recalls to the +while the word "Eugénique," of [Greek: gennaô], at once recalls to the mind the idea of a favourable procreation(<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a> <a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>).</p> @@ -1366,7 +1348,7 @@ Caucasian.</p> <p class="caption3">(Abstract.)</p> -<p class="caption3">By <span class="smcap">Frédéric Houssay</span>,<br /> +<p class="caption3">By <span class="smcap">Frédéric Houssay</span>,<br /> <i>Professor of Science, University of Paris.</i></p> @@ -1587,9 +1569,9 @@ incomes, and to prevent, as far as possible, marriages between persons of inferior incomes, or of no income at all.</p> <p>But all this would be plausible if there should be a real analogy between -the economic élite, and the psycho-physical élite, or if the former were +the economic élite, and the psycho-physical élite, or if the former were really a product of the latter. Now, this is precisely what I deny. The -<i>economic élite</i> is not in the least the product of the possession of superior +<i>economic élite</i> is not in the least the product of the possession of superior qualities, but is simply the result of a blind struggle between incomes, which carries to the top those who, at the start, possess a larger income through causes which may be absolutely independent of the possession of superior @@ -1706,7 +1688,7 @@ PROFESSION AND SOCIAL POSITION.</a></p> <p class="caption3">(Abstract.)</p> <p class="caption3">By M. <span class="smcap">Lucien March</span>,<br /> -<i>Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France.</i></p> +<i>Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France.</i></p> <p>Statistics of families furnish, perhaps, the most appropriate data for @@ -2166,7 +2148,7 @@ given region, two or three injections of salvarsan. However, the comparison between the two medications is altogether in favour of that by hectine. Indeed, experience proves that the secondary generalization is noticeably more frequent after injections of salvarsan, and, besides, these -are far from being always painless. We have made known to the Académie +are far from being always painless. We have made known to the Académie of Medicine a case in which, within 48 hours, they caused the death of a young man in good health. Several similar cases have since been notified, particularly by Dr. Gaucher. Confidently believing in the axiom "Primo @@ -2194,7 +2176,7 @@ and accelerating the production of unspoilt children.</p> <p class="caption3">(Abstract.)</p> -<p class="caption3">By <span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Mjoën</span>.</p> +<p class="caption3">By <span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Mjoën</span>.</p> <p>The injurious effect of alcohol depends not only upon the amount taken, @@ -2562,7 +2544,7 @@ show pathological peculiarities, which prove that the cause of their various dystrophies have a similar origin, and that they often arise from defective function of the sympathic system which appears to be brought into action by the internal glands. The backward children consist of intoxicated, under-grown -or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer from retention of substances, +or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer from retention of substances, which ought normally to be eliminated, chiefly the chlorides and phosphates (in cases of apathy) or the hyper excretion of the same substances (in cases of instability). Moreover, the combined organotherapy ought to be considered @@ -2748,7 +2730,7 @@ Birth and Death Rates and Infant Mortality, relation between, <a href="#H_1">H. Birth-rates, and <i>corrected</i> Death-rates, relation between, <a href="#H_2">H. 2</a><br /> <br /> Births <i>per</i> Couple essential to prevent Decay of Nations,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#C_123">C. 123</a> <i>et præoi</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#C_123">C. 123</a> <i>et præoi</i></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Premature in Various Callings, <a href="#C_101">C. 101</a></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Restriction of, <a href="#C_125">C. 125-128</a></span><br /> <br /> @@ -3046,7 +3028,7 @@ GRUEBER, PROF. <span class="smcap">von</span>, <a href="#C_1">C. 1</a>-<a href=" <br /> <a id="H"></a>H<br /> <br /> -Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, <a href="#C_12">C. 12</a><br /> +Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, <a href="#C_12">C. 12</a><br /> <br /> Hair Peculiarities, Heredity of<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Curled hair, <a href="#C_5">C. 5</a></span><br /> @@ -3321,7 +3303,7 @@ Pedigrees of<br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">of Scientific Ability (Wollaston Pedigree), <a href="#I_2">I. 2</a></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, <a href="#I_3">I. 3</a></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family with peculiarly Curled Hair, <a href="#C_5">C. 5</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hæmophylic family, <a href="#C_12">C. 12</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hæmophylic family, <a href="#C_12">C. 12</a></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Illustrating Royal tendency to Inter-marry, <a href="#C_112">C. 112-14</a></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reigning Houses, shewing Ancestral Loss, <a href="#C_116">C. 116</a></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zero von Jorger family, <a href="#C_21">C. 21</a></span><br /> @@ -3385,7 +3367,7 @@ Prussia<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lunatic Asylums of, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and General Paralysis, <a href="#C_86">C. 88</a></span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Male Life-duration in, Urban and Rural, <a href="#C_22">C. 22</a></span><br /> <br /> -Ptolemäus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, <a href="#C_112">C. 113</a><br /> +Ptolemäus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, <a href="#C_112">C. 113</a><br /> <br /> PUNNETT, PROF. R. C., <a href="#M_1">M. 1</a>-<a href="#M_7b">7 (<i>b</i>)</a><br /> <br /> @@ -3712,7 +3694,7 @@ established in <span class="undrln">Alytes obstetricans</span>—the midwife <p>With them copulation normally takes place on dry land. The male extricates from the female the string of eggs, winds it round his hind legs and carries it about until the eggs are ready. Then, and not -till then, he enters the water where the larvæ escape. If, however, one +till then, he enters the water where the larvæ escape. If, however, one keeps these toads in a high temperature (25-30 C.) they enter the water to cool themselves and abandon their normal way of manipulating their brood because the string of spawn swells in water @@ -3747,8 +3729,8 @@ hair</span>, likewise taken from Bateson's work by Rizzoli.</p> Weinberg's Table C 7, showing the age <span class="undrln">at death of the parents and the marital gross and nett fertility</span>. It is founded on the Stuttgart family registers, and comprises about 1,900 non-tubercular and -about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv für Rassen and -Gesellschafts Biologie" and Württemberger Jahrbücher für Statistik +about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv für Rassen and +Gesellschafts Biologie" and Württemberger Jahrbücher für Statistik und Landeskunde, 1911). W. Weinberg adds:</p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 455px;"> @@ -3830,7 +3812,7 @@ the Age of 20 (including Still-born).</span></p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_9"></a>C 9 & 10</div> -<p>The same is proved by the two Tables C 9 and 10 by Ploëtz +<p>The same is proved by the two Tables C 9 and 10 by Ploëtz referring to <span class="undrln">age at death of fathers and mothers and child mortality up to the age of five years</span>. Very striking in both these tables is the extremely low mortality of the offspring of the @@ -3839,7 +3821,7 @@ parents with the greatest longevity.</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_11"></a>C 11</div> <p>Table C 11 by Weinberg: <span class="undrln">Hereditary of the disposition to beget -twins</span> (Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts Biologie VI. 1909) is +twins</span> (Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts Biologie VI. 1909) is remarkable. "The difference in favour of sisters speaks for Mendel's law of dominance and recessivity. The more twins a woman has borne, the more frequently the same phenomena is found @@ -3849,7 +3831,7 @@ is very great is a well-known fact.</p> <div class="figcenter"> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">Inheritance of Tendency to Bear Twins.</span><br /> <br /> -About 2,000 families from Würtemberg family registers (after Weinberg).<br /> +About 2,000 families from Würtemberg family registers (after Weinberg).<br /> <br /> <span class="smcap">In every 100,000 Births Twin Births occur in the following numbers</span>:</p> @@ -3914,8 +3896,8 @@ Percentage of deaths before the age of 20:</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_12"></a>C 12</div> -<p>Figure C 12 the celebrated pedigree of the Hæmophilic <span class="undrln">family</span> -(bleeders) <span class="undrln">Mampel</span> (by Rüdin after Lossen).</p> +<p>Figure C 12 the celebrated pedigree of the Hæmophilic <span class="undrln">family</span> +(bleeders) <span class="undrln">Mampel</span> (by Rüdin after Lossen).</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_13"></a>C 13</div> @@ -3930,7 +3912,7 @@ stationary night <span class="undrln">blindness</span> (compiled by Cunier, Tru Nettleship). With regard to these figures it is to be noted that only a fraction of the offspring is affected with the illness, the remainder being perfectly normal. It is remarkable with the bleeders -(Hæmophilic persons) that the females do not suffer from the disease +(Hæmophilic persons) that the females do not suffer from the disease though they transfer it to their male offspring; a similar latent disposition is observable in other hereditary conditions, especially colour-blindness.</p> @@ -3996,7 +3978,7 @@ the patients is obtained.</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_21"></a>C 21</div> <p>The pedigree of the <span class="undrln">family of Zero von Jorger</span>, figure C 21 -(Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts biologie I.), shows in a convincing +(Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts biologie I.), shows in a convincing manner how very important for the protection of society is the prevention of the reproduction of the degenerate. In the course of time this family has burdened the sound and fit with taxation @@ -4067,7 +4049,7 @@ families settled amount to 14,511."</p> <p>"The Royal General Commission began its activity later, but since 1906 has been energetically pursuing the settlement of agricultural -labourers. At Münster, in the years 1908 to 1910, 247 +labourers. At Münster, in the years 1908 to 1910, 247 leasehold small holdings for artisans have been created."</p> <p>"The results of the Royal District Administrations are as yet @@ -4260,7 +4242,7 @@ for the one year voluntary service are particularly interesting.</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_31"></a>C 31</div> -<p>In Table C 31 Schwiening (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Militär +<p>In Table C 31 Schwiening (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Militär Sanitatswesen. 40. Berlin, Hirschwald, 1909) gives the figures of those finally passed as <span class="undrln">fit for military service in the Mittelschulen</span> (secondary schools), <span class="undrln">which are classified according to their nature</span>. @@ -4349,7 +4331,7 @@ badly their progeny comes off, in spite of the great care bestowed on it, is illustrated in Table C 34. In two Munich Regiments the percentage of fit among all those entitled to offer themselves for the one year's service from the most varied parts of Germany was only, -according to Dieudonné, 21.6, 20.1, and 16.4.</p> +according to Dieudonné, 21.6, 20.1, and 16.4.</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_35"></a>C 35 & 36</div> @@ -4361,7 +4343,7 @@ home; the deterioration of the nervous system nevertheless remains according to the general impression an incontestable fact. As a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_E13" id="Page_E13">[E13]</a></span> symptom of this may be interpreted the increasing <span class="undrln">number of suicides -in civilised countries</span>, demonstrated in Rüdin's Tables, C 35 and C 36, +in civilised countries</span>, demonstrated in Rüdin's Tables, C 35 and C 36, showing the number of suicides in every one million of inhabitants.</p> <p>More serious still than the frequency of mental and nervous @@ -4574,7 +4556,7 @@ may lead to such serious consequences.</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_46"></a>C 46 & 47</div> <p>As the <span class="undrln">nature and aims of race-hygiene</span> are still unknown in wide -circles it will be useful to show in Tables C 46 and C 47, by A. Ploëtz, +circles it will be useful to show in Tables C 46 and C 47, by A. Ploëtz, what its position is amongst other sciences and what the various branches of its activity consist in.</p> @@ -4756,7 +4738,7 @@ lens takes charge of its regeneration.</p> <div class="footnote"> <p><a name="Footnote_A_4" id="Footnote_A_4"></a> <a href="#FNanchor_A_4"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Studies in the -Physiology of Development II. Archiv. für Entwicklungs +Physiology of Development II. Archiv. für Entwicklungs mechanic der Organismen, XII. Vol., 3 Part, 1901.</p> </div> @@ -4923,7 +4905,7 @@ a frequent cause of death during infancy increases.</p> <p>How little the increasing mortality of the later born children up to the tenth child is based on a biological law is shown in Figure C 53. <span class="undrln">Numerical position of birth and infant mortality up -to the age of five in princely families</span>, by Ploëtz; 463 seventh to +to the age of five in princely families</span>, by Ploëtz; 463 seventh to ninth children show the same mortality as the 614 first born.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_E24" id="Page_E24">[E24]</a></span></p> @@ -5090,7 +5072,7 @@ dealing with Saxon miners, in which not only the first born show up less favourably than the second and third born, but in which, from the fourth child on, the mortality increases rapidly. The economical condition of both groups being similar (85% of Baum's families had -a maximum yearly income of £75), it is highly probable that the +a maximum yearly income of £75), it is highly probable that the difference in the curves arises from different methods of infant feeding. In the Rhine provinces, as is also proved by Baum's figures, the feeding is good; in Saxony, however, it is notoriously @@ -5312,14 +5294,14 @@ the three figures, C 76, 77, and 78—"<span class="undrln">average duration and physical development, duration of breast-feeding and average school reports</span>, and <span class="undrln">duration of breast-feeding and frequency of rachitic disturbances of development</span>," after the extensive and -valuable researches by Röse.</p> +valuable researches by Röse.</p> <p>It must be pointed out that a far more direct connection exists between breast-feeding, duration of suckling, infant mortality and physical development than through the mere provision of suitable nourishment for the child. A good suckling capacity is a symptom of a strong constitution which is transmitted from mother to child. -Examination of Röse's table offers this suggestion.</p> +Examination of Röse's table offers this suggestion.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_E33" id="Page_E33">[E33]</a></span></p> @@ -5328,8 +5310,8 @@ Examination of Röse's table offers this suggestion.</p> <p><span class="undrln">The importance of the hereditary constitution</span> (which he considers is dependent on soil and climate) <span class="undrln">as regards infant mortality</span> v. Vogel expresses in four maps of Bavaria (Figures 79-82), so which he has furnished -the following comments (contained in the pamphlet, "Der Örtliche -Stand der Säuglingsterblichkeit in Bayern," Munich, Piloty and Loehle, +the following comments (contained in the pamphlet, "Der Örtliche +Stand der Säuglingsterblichkeit in Bayern," Munich, Piloty and Loehle, 1911): "The district of the highest infant mortality in Bavaria is inhabited by a population of small height, small fitness for military service, and high tuberculous mortality. The reverse holds good on @@ -5504,7 +5486,7 @@ Jena, Fischer, 1910, page 234.</p> <p><span class="undrln">Alcohol and Degeneration</span>, from the tables on the alcohol question by Gruber and Kraepelin, Munich; Lehmann; contains -the well-known statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivée. +the well-known statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivée. Table C 92 adds to the summary of the statistical observations of Demme, further details of the <span class="undrln">kind of abnormalities</span> which were <span class="undrln">observed in children of drunkards</span>. Representing, as they do, @@ -5572,7 +5554,7 @@ Figure C 97 has been constructed, showing the distribution of illegitimate births in Switzerland during the different months of the year from Bezzola's data and the corresponding curve of the births of mentally eminent individuals (taken from Brockhaus' -encyclopædia.) The author supplies the following comments:—</p> +encyclopædia.) The author supplies the following comments:—</p> <p>"<span class="undrln">Comparison between the general birth curve and the corresponding one for the birth of feeble-minded children</span>."</p> @@ -5624,7 +5606,7 @@ wine harvest and carnival an increased procreation of feeble-minded occurs <p>We cannot suppress the remark that the fluctuations of the curve for the feeble-minded are much too small to admit of the -drawing of an ætiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the +drawing of an ætiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the intelligence curve and the illegitimate curve partly exceed the limits of probable error. The peaks of both birth curves in February, correspond to a peak in the procreation curve in May. Perhaps @@ -5821,7 +5803,7 @@ related distantly or not at all.</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="C_109"></a>C 109</div> <p>The harm of inbreeding amongst the pathological is also illustrated -by the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schüle). Pedigrees from wine-growing +by the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schüle). Pedigrees from wine-growing districts in the centre of Baden; against this it may be taken as proved that inbreeding in itself between the healthy and fit is not harmful. Animal breeders (as well as plant cultivators) make @@ -5915,11 +5897,11 @@ indicated by the lines which connect this row with the middle row."</p> families</span>. We show as an example for this, Chart C 112, the <span class="undrln">pedigree of the Archduchess Maria de los Dolores of Tuscany</span>, exhibited by Dr. Stephan Kekule von Stradonitz, and Chart C 113 of -the same exhibitor, <span class="undrln">pedigree of Ptolemäus X</span>. Soter II. (Lathros), +the same exhibitor, <span class="undrln">pedigree of Ptolemäus X</span>. Soter II. (Lathros), and Chart C 114, <span class="undrln">pedigree of the celebrated Cleopatra</span>. Though with -Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual reproduction in bringing about new +Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual reproduction in bringing about new combinations of hereditary units was very limited, since the couple, -Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra Syra having produced all the +Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra Syra having produced all the germ cells from which he developed, he appears, nevertheless, to have been a perfectly normal being. In his granddaughter Cleopatra certainly much "extraneous blood" circulated.</p> @@ -5987,7 +5969,7 @@ wealth on fertility is shown by several tables. Figure C 118 "<span class="undrl and Wealth</span>," after Goldstein and Tallquist, gives the condition in the French Departments; Figure C 119, "<span class="undrln">Number of Children and Wealth</span>," after Bertillon, for the Arrondissements of Paris; Figure -C 120, "<span class="undrln">Fertility and Wealth</span>," after Mombert, for Münich, 1901, +C 120, "<span class="undrln">Fertility and Wealth</span>," after Mombert, for Münich, 1901, Table C 121, "<span class="undrln">The Number of Children in Families of Different Classes in Denmark</span>, 1901," after Westergaard; Table C 122, "<span class="undrln">Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and @@ -6347,7 +6329,7 @@ children in the last generation, ten are certainly illegitimate; 15 were, or are, being brought up in Poor Law Institutions, and nine received out-door relief with their parents. The collective period of pauperism in this case exceeds 115 years and the cost to the ratepayers -is estimated at about £2,400.</p> +is estimated at about £2,400.</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="E_4"></a>E 4</div> @@ -6560,7 +6542,7 @@ in five districts of <span class="undrln">London</span>.</p> <p>Relation between the <span class="undrln">birth rate and death rate</span> for various arrondissements of <span class="undrln">Paris</span> in 1906. (Note that the increase in the -Elysée quarter is as high as the average in the quarters of high birth +Elysée quarter is as high as the average in the quarters of high birth rate.)</p> <div class="sidenote"><a name="H_5"></a>H 5-6</div> @@ -6669,7 +6651,7 @@ the year of the Knowlton Trial.</p> <img src="images/fig_h29.png" width="346" height="596" alt="" /> <img src="images/fig_h30.png" width="344" height="596" alt="" /><br /> -<div>(SEE SUNDBARG'S APERÇUS STATISTIQUES INT'ONAUX 1905. pp. 76 & 80.)</div> +<div>(SEE SUNDBARG'S APERÇUS STATISTIQUES INT'ONAUX 1905. pp. 76 & 80.)</div> </div> <p class="caption2">Figures H 29-30</p> @@ -6806,7 +6788,7 @@ I purpose here to deal with two families and with only one character, are easily distinguishable. In the Red Indian the nose is prominent and its frontal profile is formed by two lines which diverge from the bridge towards the base. The latter is, in consequence, very -broad. The form of nose is sometimes known as the <i>busqué</i> or +broad. The form of nose is sometimes known as the <i>busqué</i> or curved type, since its lateral profile is in outline markedly aquiline. But examination of a series of photographs of Red Indians shows some variation in the lateral profile, since some are decidedly concave. @@ -7592,7 +7574,7 @@ different groups of population.</p> <p>Set of questions <span class="undrln">adopted by the Commission of Criminology</span> instituted and presided over by Mr. —— Keeper of the Seals; Vice-presidents, -Messrs. Léon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron, Vice-president +Messrs. Léon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron, Vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and Reporter to the Commission; Scientific Secretary, Dr. G. Papillault.</p> @@ -7906,7 +7888,7 @@ Physicians.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Dr. C. B. Davenport</span>, Secretary of the American Breeders' Association.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Dr. J. Déjérine</span>, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpêtrière.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. J. Déjérine</span>, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpêtrière.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Dr. Charles W. Eliot</span>, President Emeritus of Harvard University.</p> @@ -7922,7 +7904,7 @@ Society for Race Hygiene.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Dr. David Starr Jordan</span>, Principal, Leland Stanford University. President of the Eugenic Section, American Breeders' Association.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Monsieur L. March</span>, Director, Statistique Générale de la France.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Monsieur L. March</span>, Director, Statistique Générale de la France.</p> <p><span class="smcap">The Right Hon. Reginald McKenna</span>, M.P., Secretary of State for Home Affairs.</p> @@ -7946,7 +7928,7 @@ Eugenic Section, American Breeders' Association.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Gifford Pinchot</span>, Washington.</p> -<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Ploëtz</span>, President of the International Society for Race Hygiene, Germany.</p> +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Ploëtz</span>, President of the International Society for Race Hygiene, Germany.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sir William Ramsay</span>, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University of London.</p> @@ -7967,11 +7949,11 @@ Jersey, U.S.A.</p> <p class="caption3nb pmt2">Honorary Members.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Monsieur Henri Jaspar</span>, Avocat à la Cour D'Appel, Président de la Société Protectrice -de l'Enfance Anormale; Secrétaire de la Commission Royale des +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Monsieur Henri Jaspar</span>, Avocat à la Cour D'Appel, Président de la Société Protectrice +de l'Enfance Anormale; Secrétaire de la Commission Royale des Patronages, Brussels.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Monsieur Adolph Prins</span>, Inspecteur Générale des Prisons, Brussels.</p> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Monsieur Adolph Prins</span>, Inspecteur Générale des Prisons, Brussels.</p> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">Professor Ludwig Schemann</span>, President of the Gobineau-Vereinigung, Germany.</p> @@ -8004,7 +7986,7 @@ Harbor, Long Island, New York.</p> <p class="caption3nb pmt2">Committee.</p> <p class="center">MM. Dr. Boulenger, Dr. Bordet, Dr. Caty, Dr. Decroly, Dr. Gengou, Dr. Herman, Dr. L. -MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Sélys Longchamps, +MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Sélys Longchamps, Nyns, E. Waxweiler, Professor Marchal.</p> <hr class="tb" /> @@ -8013,7 +7995,7 @@ Nyns, E. Waxweiler, Professor Marchal.</p> <p class="center">Hon. Presidents.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">MM. Bouchard, Henry Chéron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville, +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">MM. Bouchard, Henry Chéron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville, Landouzy, Paul Strauss.</span></p> <p class="center"><b>President</b>—<span class="smcap">M. Edward Perrier.</span></p> @@ -8021,16 +8003,16 @@ Landouzy, Paul Strauss.</span></p> <p class="caption3nb pmt2">Committee.</p> -<p class="center">M. M. Déjérine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot.</p> +<p class="center">M. M. Déjérine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot.</p> -<p class="center"><b>Secretary and Treasurer</b>—<span class="smcap">M. Huber</span>, Statistique Générale de la France, Paris, +<p class="center"><b>Secretary and Treasurer</b>—<span class="smcap">M. Huber</span>, Statistique Générale de la France, Paris, 97, Quai D'Orsay.</p> <hr class="tb" /> <p class="caption3nb pmt2">GERMAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.</p> -<p class="center"><b>President</b>—<span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Ploëtz</span>, +<p class="center"><b>President</b>—<span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Ploëtz</span>, Gundelinden Str., 5, Munchen.</p> @@ -8133,7 +8115,7 @@ July 10th.</b></p> <p><b>Tickets of Membership.</b> In order to take advantage of the reduced fares offered by the railway companies (see below), the official Congress ticket must be produced when paying the fare. -The subscription entitling to membership of the Congress is £1 sterling; +The subscription entitling to membership of the Congress is £1 sterling; for an Associate it is 10/-. Members may obtain additional tickets for ladies at the cost of 10/- each. These additional ladies' tickets are transferable to ladies. Associates are entitled to all the privileges of Members, except that @@ -8302,7 +8284,7 @@ be issued to members in order of application.</p> debates in the House of Commons, and invitations to tea on the Terrace of the House of Commons, etc., will also be available.</p> -<p>The German Athenæum Club has very kindly signified its willingness +<p>The German Athenæum Club has very kindly signified its willingness to accord the privilege of Hon. Membership of the Club to German Readers of Papers and Members of the German Consultative Committee, and to a limited number of German Members of the Congress.</p> @@ -8547,7 +8529,7 @@ MORNING SESSION.</p> <table style="width:100%" summary="programme"> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Eugenics and Genetics."</p> @@ -8558,7 +8540,7 @@ MORNING SESSION.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">3·15 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">3·15 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"The Inheritance of Epilepsy."</p> @@ -8588,9 +8570,9 @@ MORNING SESSION.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">4·45 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">4·45 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">"Influence de l'age des Parents sur les Caractères Psycho-Physique + <p class="hanging">"Influence de l'age des Parents sur les Caractères Psycho-Physique des Enfants."</p> <p class="center pmb1">(The Influence of Parental Age on the Psycho-Physiological @@ -8609,7 +8591,7 @@ MORNING SESSION.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">9·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">9·30 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough will hold a Reception at Sunderland House, Curzon Street. (The card of invitation @@ -8646,7 +8628,7 @@ Practical Eugenics.</p> <tr> <td class="sidenote2">10 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">Considérations Générales sur "La Puériculture avant la + <p class="hanging">Considérations Générales sur "La Puériculture avant la Procreation."</p> <p class="hanging">(General Considerations on "Education before Procreation.")</p> @@ -8660,33 +8642,33 @@ Practical Eugenics.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">10·45 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">10·45 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"The Bearing of Neo-Malthusianism upon Race Hygiene."</p> - <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Ploëtz</span>, President, International Society for Race Hygiene.</p> + <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Ploëtz</span>, President, International Society for Race Hygiene.</p> <p class="hanging">Discussion opened by <span class="smcap">Dr. Drysdale</span>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">11·30 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">11·30 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">"Rapport sur l'organisation Pratique de l'Action Eugénique."</p> + <p class="hanging">"Rapport sur l'organisation Pratique de l'Action Eugénique."</p> <p class="hanging">(Report on the Practical Organisation of Eugenic Action).</p> - <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Louis Querton</span>, Professor of the "Université Libre," Brussels.</p> + <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Louis Querton</span>, Professor of the "Université Libre," Brussels.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">11·50 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">11·50 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">Discussion opened by <span class="smcap">Dr. C. W. Saleeby</span>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">12·35 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">12·35 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Marriage and Eugenics."</p> @@ -8694,7 +8676,7 @@ Practical Eugenics.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">1·15 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">1·15 p.m.</td> <td></td> </tr> </table> @@ -8715,7 +8697,7 @@ Practical Eugenics.</p> <table style="width:100%" summary="programme"> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Preliminary Report to the First International Eugenics Congress of the Committee of the Eugenics Section American @@ -8731,9 +8713,9 @@ Practical Eugenics.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">3·45 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">3·45 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">"Eugénique Sélection et Déterminisme des Tarés."</p> + <p class="hanging">"Eugénique Sélection et Déterminisme des Tarés."</p> <p class="hanging">(Eugenic Selection and Elimination of Defectives).</p> @@ -8744,7 +8726,7 @@ Practical Eugenics.</p> <td colspan="2"><p class="caption3nb">Discussion.</p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">4·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">4·30 p.m.</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -8797,7 +8779,7 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">10·45 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">10·45 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Practicable Eugenics in Education."</p> @@ -8891,7 +8873,7 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">10·25 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">10·25 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"The Cause of the Inferiority of Physical and Mental Characters in the Lower Social Classes."</p> @@ -8906,20 +8888,20 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> <tr> <td class="sidenote2">11 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">"La Fertilité des Marriages suivant la Profession et la Situation + <p class="hanging">"La Fertilité des Marriages suivant la Profession et la Situation Sociale."</p> <p class="hanging">(The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and Social Position).</p> <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Monsieur Lucien March,</span></p> - <p class="hanging">Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France.</p> + <p class="hanging">Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France.</p> <p class="hanging">Discussion opened by <span class="smcap">Mr. Bernard Mallett</span>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">11·45 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">11·45 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Eugenics and Militarism."</p> @@ -8928,7 +8910,7 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">12·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">12·30 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Eugenics in Party Organisation."</p> @@ -8961,14 +8943,14 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> <table summary="programme"> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"The Influence of Race on History."</p> <p class="hanging">W. C. D. and Mrs. W. C. D. <span class="smcap">Whetham</span>, Cambridge.</p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">2·55 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">2·55 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Some Interrelations between Eugenics and Historical Research."</p> @@ -8989,7 +8971,7 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> <p class="hanging">Professor of Statistics, University of Cagliari, Italy.</p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">4·45 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">4·45 p.m.</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> @@ -9000,7 +8982,7 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> <td class="caption2nb" colspan="2">ENTERTAINMENTS.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2"><a id="am2pm"></a>9·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2"><a id="am2pm"></a>9·30 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">A Reception will be given at the University of London by the President and Mrs. Leonard Darwin. (Invitations to this @@ -9027,34 +9009,34 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> <tr> <td class="sidenote2">10 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">"Sur la prophylaxie de la Syphilis Héréditaire et son action - Eugénique."</p> + <p class="hanging">"Sur la prophylaxie de la Syphilis Héréditaire et son action + Eugénique."</p> <p class="hanging">(On the Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect).</p> - <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Hallopeau</span>, Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine.</p> + <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Hallopeau</span>, Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><p class="caption3nb">Discussion.</p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">10·45 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">10·45 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Alkohol und Eugenik."</p> <p class="hanging">(Alcohol and Eugenics).</p> - <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Mjoën</span>, Kristiania, Norway.</p></td> + <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Alfred Mjoën</span>, Kristiania, Norway.</p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">11·10 a.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">11·10 a.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">"Alcoholisme et Dégénérescence."</p> + <p class="hanging">"Alcoholisme et Dégénérescence."</p> - <p class="hanging">Statistiques du Bureau central d'Administration des aliénés de - Paris et du department de la Seine de 1867 à 1912.</p> + <p class="hanging">Statistiques du Bureau central d'Administration des aliénés de + Paris et du department de la Seine de 1867 à 1912.</p> <p class="hanging">(Alcoholism and Degeneracy).</p> @@ -9062,9 +9044,9 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> insane of Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912).</p> - <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Magnan</span>, of the Asile Saint Anne, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine</p> + <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Magnan</span>, of the Asile Saint Anne, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine</p> - <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Fillassier</span>, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine.</p> + <p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Dr. Fillassier</span>, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine.</p> <p class="hanging">(<i>As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and discussed together</i>).</p> @@ -9072,9 +9054,9 @@ Education and Eugenics.</p> <p class="hanging">Discussion opened by <span class="smcap">Dr. Archdall Reid</span>.</p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">12·15 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">12·15 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> - <p class="hanging">"Rassenhygiene und Arztliche Gebürtshilfe."</p> + <p class="hanging">"Rassenhygiene und Arztliche Gebürtshilfe."</p> <p class="hanging">(Eugenics and Obstetrics).</p> @@ -9111,7 +9093,7 @@ arrangements see pages <a href="#Page_P10">10</a> and <a href="#Page_P27">27</a> <table summary="programme"> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">2·30 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"Heredity and Eugenics in Relation to Insanity."</p> @@ -9124,7 +9106,7 @@ arrangements see pages <a href="#Page_P10">10</a> and <a href="#Page_P27">27</a> <td colspan="2"><p class="caption3nb">Discussion.</p></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="sidenote2">3·15 p.m.</td> + <td class="sidenote2">3·15 p.m.</td> <td class="vtop"> <p class="hanging">"The Place of Eugenics in the Medical Curriculum."</p> @@ -9243,7 +9225,7 @@ Congress, and their willingness to explain their exhibits to enquirers.</p> <span class="smcap">Professor A. Niceforo.</span><br /> <span class="smcap">Mrs. J. Penrose.</span><br /> <span class="smcap">Mrs. E. F. Pinsent.</span><br /> - <span class="smcap">Dr. A. Ploëtz.</span><br /> + <span class="smcap">Dr. A. Ploëtz.</span><br /> <span class="smcap">Mrs. G. Pooley.</span><br /> <span class="smcap">Professor E. B. Poulton</span>, LL. D., D.Sc. F.R.S.<br /> <span class="smcap">Professor R. C. Punnett</span>, M.A.<br /> @@ -9373,14 +9355,14 @@ those appointments made before June 15th being included.</i></p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">French Republic</td> - <td class="tdl">Monsieur Lucien March,<br />Directeur Statistique<br />Générale de la France.</td> + <td class="tdl">Monsieur Lucien March,<br />Directeur Statistique<br />Générale de la France.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Incorporated Association of Assistant Masters in Secondary Schools</td> <td class="tdl">Mr. F. Charles.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">L'Académie de Médecine</td> + <td class="tdl">L'Académie de Médecine</td> <td class="tdl">M. le Prof. Pinard.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -9454,7 +9436,7 @@ those appointments made before June 15th being included.</i></p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Ranyard Nurses</td> - <td class="tdl">Miss Zoë L. Puxley.</td> + <td class="tdl">Miss Zoë L. Puxley.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Royal Anthropological Institute</td> @@ -9462,7 +9444,7 @@ those appointments made before June 15th being included.</i></p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Royal University of Athens</td> - <td class="tdl">Professor André Andreadis.</td> + <td class="tdl">Professor André Andreadis.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Royal College of Surgeons</td> @@ -9481,7 +9463,7 @@ those appointments made before June 15th being included.</i></p> <td class="tdl">Mr. Henry Allhusen.<br />Rev. Professor Green.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Société Nationale des Professeurs de Français en Angleterre</td> + <td class="tdl">Société Nationale des Professeurs de Français en Angleterre</td> <td class="tdl">Monsieur A. Perret.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -9652,7 +9634,7 @@ ten marks, fourteen pesetas, or five dollars Mexican currency.</p> Please send me one Ticket for my own use (and one for a guest<a name="FNanchor_P_19" id="FNanchor_P_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_P_19" class="fnanchor">[P]</a>), Seven Shillings and Sixpence (10 frcs.) each, for the Inaugural Banquet of the First International Eugenics Congress to be held at the Hotel Cecil, Strand, - at 7 p.m., July 24th. I enclose £ s. d.<br /> + at 7 p.m., July 24th. I enclose £ s. d.<br /> <br /> <i>Name</i> _____________________________________________________________<br /> <span style="padding-left: 8em;">(Member of the Congress).</span><br /> @@ -9688,22 +9670,22 @@ ten marks, fourteen pesetas, or five dollars Mexican currency.</p> <table summary="Resturants"> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Open-Air Café,<br /> + <td class="tdl">Open-Air Café,<br /> <span style="padding-left:5em">Kensington Gardens</span></td> <td class="vbot">5 minutes walk.</td> - <td class="tdl">à la Carte<br />(Reasonable Charges).</td> + <td class="tdl">à la Carte<br />(Reasonable Charges).</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Imperial Restaurant,<br /> <span style="padding-left:5em">24, Alfred Place</span></td> <td class="vbot tdl">5 "</td> - <td class="vbot tdl"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub> Table d'Hôte.</td> + <td class="vbot tdl"><sup>1</sup>/<sub>6</sub> Table d'Hôte.</td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">A.B.C. Depôt,<br /> + <td class="tdl">A.B.C. Depôt,<br /> <span style="padding-left:5em">32, Alfred Place</span></td> <td class="vbot tdl">5 "</td> - <td class="vbot tdl">à la Carte</td> + <td class="vbot tdl">à la Carte</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">(Adjoining South Kensington<br /> @@ -9712,7 +9694,7 @@ ten marks, fourteen pesetas, or five dollars Mexican currency.</p> <td class="vtop tdl"><span style="padding-left:5em">(Popular Prices).</span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lyon's Depôt,<br /> + <td class="tdl">Lyon's Depôt,<br /> <span style="padding-left:5em">Gloucester Road</span></td> <td class="vtop tdl">7 "</td> <td>"</td> @@ -9725,27 +9707,27 @@ ten marks, fourteen pesetas, or five dollars Mexican currency.</p> <tr> <td class="vtop tdl"><span style="padding-left:5em">Kensington Gardens</span></td> <td class="vtop tdl">8 "</td> - <td class="vtop tdl">Special <sup>2</sup>/<sub>6</sub> Table d'Hôte<br /> + <td class="vtop tdl">Special <sup>2</sup>/<sub>6</sub> Table d'Hôte<br /> <span style="padding-left:5em">to Members of Congress</span><br /> - <span style="padding-left:5em">or à la Carte.</span></td> + <span style="padding-left:5em">or à la Carte.</span></td> </tr> <tr> - <td class="tdl">Lyon's Depôt,</td> + <td class="tdl">Lyon's Depôt,</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="vtop tdl"><span style="padding-left:5em">Brompton Road</span></td> <td class="vtop tdl">8 "</td> - <td class="vtop tdl">à la Carte.<br /> + <td class="vtop tdl">à la Carte.<br /> <span style="padding-left:5em">(Popular Prices).</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdl">Harrods' Stores,<br /> <span style="padding-left:5em">Brompton Road</span></td> <td class="vtop tdl">12 "</td> - <td class="vtop tdl">2/- Table d'Hôte or<br /> - <span style="padding-left:5em">à la Carte.</span></td> + <td class="vtop tdl">2/- Table d'Hôte or<br /> + <span style="padding-left:5em">à la Carte.</span></td> </tr> </table> @@ -9770,7 +9752,7 @@ where the missing quotation marks should be.</p> <p class="hanging">Programme<br /> p. 16: Handwritten correction of 9:30 <b>a.m.</b> to <a href="#am2pm">9:30 <b>p.m.</b></a> under Entertainments<br /> - P. 17: [Greek: geêêaô] not a word! => [Greek: gennaô] = birth</p> + P. 17: [Greek: geêêaô] not a word! => [Greek: gennaô] = birth</p> <p class="pmt2 caption3"><a id="Transcription"></a>Transcription of Table N1.</p> @@ -9850,360 +9832,6 @@ where the missing quotation marks should be.</p> </div> <p> </p> -<hr class="pg" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 44948-h.txt or 44948-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/4/9/4/44948">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/4/9/4/44948</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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