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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44948 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 44948-h.htm or 44948-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44948/44948-h/44948-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44948/44948-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Preservation Department, Kelvin Smith Library,
+      Case Western Reserve University. See
+      http://library.case.edu/digitalcase/datastreamDetail.aspx?PID=ksl:eugabs00&DSID=eugabs00.pdf
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
+
+      Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=).
+
+      Text enclosed by plus signs is underscored (+underscored+).
+
+      Male and Female symbols are shown as [M] and [F]
+      respectively and denoting physical defects as [M-] and
+      [F-] respectively.
+
+      Subscripted numbers are enclosed by curly brackets
+      following a single underscore (example: F_{2}).
+
+
+
+
+
+ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS,
+
+[Illustration]
+
+University of London.
+July, 1912.
+
+English.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Charles Knight & Co., Ltd., 227-239, Tooley Street, London, S.E.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  Section I.
+
+  Biology and Eugenics.
+
+                                                                      PAGE
+
+    I.    Variation and Heredity in Man                                  5
+              G. SERGI.
+
+    II.   On the Increase of Stature in Certain European Populations     6
+              SOREN HANSEN.
+
+    III.  The So-called Laws of Inheritance in Man                       7
+              V. GUIFFRIDA-RUGGERI.
+
+    IV.   The Inheritance of Fecundity                                   8
+              RAYMOND PEARL.
+
+    V.    Ethnic Psychology and the Science of Eugenics                  9
+              ENRICO MORSELLI.
+
+    VI.   The Inheritance of Epilepsy                                   10
+              DAVID F. WEEKS.
+
+    VII.  The Influence of the Age of Parents on the Psycho-Physical
+            Characters of the Offspring                                 12
+              ANTONIO MARRO.
+
+    VIII. Genetics and Eugenics                                         15
+              R. C. PUNNETT.
+
+
+  Section II.
+
+  Practical Eugenics.
+
+    I.    General Considerations upon "Education before Procreation"    17
+              A. PINARD.
+
+    II.   Practical Organization of Eugenic Action                      18
+              LOUIS QUERTON.
+
+    III.  Marriage Laws and Customs                                     19
+              C. B. DAVENPORT.
+
+    IV.   Eugenic Selection and the Origin of Defects                   20
+              FRÉDÉRIC HOUSSAY.
+
+    V.    Preliminary Report of the Committee of Eugenics Section of
+            the American Breeders' Association upon the Best Practical
+            Means for Cutting off the Defective Germ Plasm              21
+              B. VAN WAGENEN.
+
+
+  Section IIa.
+
+  Education and Eugenics.
+
+    VI.   Eugenics and the New Social Consciousness                     22
+              S. G. SMITH.
+
+    VII.  Practical Eugenics in Education                               23
+              F. C. S. SCHILLER.
+
+
+  Section III.
+
+  Sociology and Eugenics.
+
+    I.    The Psycho-Physical Elite and the Economic Elite              24
+              ACHILLE LORIA.
+
+    II.   The Cause of the Inferiority of Physical and Mental
+            Characters in the Lower Social Classes                      26
+              ALFREDO NICEFORO.
+
+    III.  The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and
+            Social Position                                             27
+              LUCIEN MARCH.
+
+    IV.   Eugenics and Militarism                                       28
+              VERNON L. KELLOGG.
+
+    V.    Eugenics in Party Organization                                29
+              R. MICHELS.
+
+    VI.   The Influence of Race on History                              30
+              W. C. D. and C. D. WHETHAM.
+
+    VII.  Some Inter-Relations between Eugenics and Historical Research 31
+              F. A. WOODS.
+
+    VIII. Demographical Contributions to the Problems of Eugenics       32
+              C. GINI.
+
+    IX.   Maternity Statistics of the State of Rhode Island, State
+            Census of 1905                                              34
+              F. L. HOFFMANN.
+
+
+  Section IV.
+
+  Medicine and Eugenics.
+
+    I.    The Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect 36
+              H. HALLOPEAU.
+
+    II.   Alcohol and Eugenics                                          37
+              A. MJOËN.
+
+    III.  Alcoholism and Degeneracy                                     38
+              M. MAGNAN AND M. FILLASSIER.
+
+    IV.   Eugenics and Obstetrics                                       39
+              AGNES BLUHM.
+
+    V.    Heredity and Eugenics in Relation to Insanity                 40
+              F. W. MOTT.
+
+    VI.   The Place of Eugenics in the Medical Curriculum               42
+              H. E. JORDAN.
+
+    VII.  A Healthy Sane Family showing Longevity in Catalonia          43
+              I. VALENTI VIVO.
+
+    VIII. Some Remarks on Backward Children                             43
+              RAOUL DUPUY.
+
+
+
+
+Section I.
+
+Biology and Eugenics.
+
+
+
+
+VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN MAN. (Abstract.)
+
+By Professor G. Sergi, _Professor of Anthropology, Rome_.
+
+
+In his paper Professor G. Sergi wishes to show that in man after his
+morphological characteristics are established there occur no profound
+variations to change the typical forms which are naturally persistent.
+
+The principal discussion concerns the different forms of the skull
+which are important as characteristics of race. Professor Sergi
+distinguishes in the human skull two principal and primordial forms:
+the dolichomorphic and the brachymorphic are both very ancient, as they
+are found contemporaneously in European human fossils. Consequently
+he attacks the idea of the transformation of one form into another.
+He does not find it demonstrated that the dolichomorphic type is
+transformed into the brachymorphic, and considers the causes adduced
+for this supposed transformation insufficient. It is neither the
+effect of environment of the plains or of the mountains, or the
+climatic influence of extreme cold, or the increase of volume of the
+brain supposed to be due to greater cerebral activity owing to a more
+developed culture, that the form of the skull is transformed into
+another type. All these suppositions are contrary to facts, because
+dolichomorphic and brachymorphic skulls are found alike in mountain and
+plain, in northern and southern regions, among primitive and civilized
+populations, in fact without any distinction.
+
+The mutations that are believed to be found in the different
+populations are due to the effect of intermixture and penetration of
+new demographical elements, and not to the transformation of forms.
+That is also proved by the crossing of the two different human types
+from which no intermediary forms are derived: but instead there occurs
+in the heredity a segregation analagous to that under the Mendelian
+theory. If this were not so, to-day after many thousands of years of
+intermixture of the most diverse races, there would be but a single
+form derived from transformation; the demonstration of the facts proves
+that this has not occurred.
+
+There is a great persistence in human physical forms, the variability
+is minimum after the formation of the races, and does not effect the
+changes of type.
+
+The same fact can be noticed for the external characteristics of man,
+such as the colour of the skin, the colour and form of the hair, and
+the colour of the iris. It is solely in the crossings that there can be
+intermediary formations which have not indefinite heredity, because the
+segregation of characteristics takes place also in this case.
+
+But the studies and observations on this matter are still incomplete,
+especially according to the Mendelian theory, and there is need of new
+and careful observation.
+
+As to the pathological inheritance, there exist facts that confirm it
+in a general way, but the laws under which this heredity occurs have
+not been fully verified.
+
+
+
+
+ON THE INCREASE OF STATURE IN CERTAIN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Soren Hansen, M.D.,
+
+_Director of the Danish Anthropological Survey, Copenhagen._
+
+
+The improvement in stature in many European countries during the past
+50 years is generally ascribed simply to improved hygienic and economic
+conditions, but the question is really very intricate. The presence of
+different racial elements, social selection with its tendency to draw
+the well-made into towns, and the falling death-rate, etc., complicate
+the investigations. In all countries there is a great lack of truly
+comparable data from earlier years. The British Inter-Departmental
+Committee on Physical Deterioration, for example, though it collected
+an enormous amount of material, was unsuccessful in its endeavours to
+solve the main question. Single cases, e.g., the comparison of factory
+children with the boys of the York Quaker school (Anthropometric
+Committee, Brit. Ass. 1883), are certainly of great interest, but how
+can such cases be taken to represent the average?
+
+Other countries possess a rich source of information in their
+conscription lists. Thus, in Denmark these lists show an unmistakable
+increase of 3.7 cm. (1-1/2 inch) in the average height of the adult
+Dane during the past 50-60 years. Similar increases are noted from
+Norway, Sweden and Holland. This increase suggests that there may have
+been more or less periodic waves of increase and decrease in height,
+since, on the one hand, we cannot imagine such an increase continuing
+indefinitely, and on the other, we know that the men of, say, 1000
+years ago were quite as tall as they are at present. What are the
+agencies alternately improving or impairing the racial qualities? First
+of all, have we sufficiently exact, numerical information regarding the
+racial qualities?
+
+A critical examination of all available data is very necessary. For
+example, the weight of new-born children is stated to have increased
+in England by 59 and 82 grams during the past 20 years, and in Denmark
+we can point to an increase of 40 grams in 35 years. But when we
+consider all the possible sources of error, it must be admitted that
+these statements, and especially the former, require confirmation.
+The material is not homogenous. Again, it is stated, that the average
+height of adult women in France has increased by 3 cm. in the last 80
+years--but when we read that the total number of measurements in the
+last period was only 255, we cannot rely very much upon this statement.
+
+On the whole, it may be said, that we have a few cases of definite
+increase and a goodly number very doubtful. We really need to have
+the first of the principal recommendations of the Inter-Departmental
+Committee on Physical Deterioration carried out in all countries,
+for, the more we subject the available data to critical scrutiny, the
+more we see the hopelessness of attaining to any real and fruitful
+conclusions, unless we have an efficient organisation of capable
+workers, backed by governmental as well as private support.
+
+
+
+
+THE SO-CALLED LAWS OF INHERITANCE IN MAN.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Professor V. Guiffrida-Ruggeri,
+
+_Professor of Anthropology, Naples._
+
+
+The Mendelian laws find verification in man. Every race, whether a
+sub-species or a variety, has an hereditary possession of certain
+characters; a possession which is completely transmitted to the
+descendants, in whom is preserved the same germ plasm as in the
+progenitors.
+
+The researches of C. B. and G. Davenport seem to have proved the
+recessive character of albinism and its obedience to the Mendelian
+law. Hurst has presented figures which show that the inheritance of
+colour in the iris of the human eye obeys Mendelian laws. Davenport
+has established the order of dominance by the form of hair, which also
+obeys the Mendelian law.
+
+De Quatrefages, many years before the re-affirmation of Mendel's
+discoveries, wrote:--
+
+  "The union of individuals of different races involves a contest
+  between their two natures--a contest of which the theatre is the
+  field where the new being is organised. Now, this contest does not
+  take place _en bloc_, so to speak, as has been generally admitted.
+  Each of the characters of the two parents struggles on its own account
+  against the corresponding character (its antagonist, as has just
+  been said). When the hereditary energy is equal on both sides there
+  necessarily ensues a kind of process of which the consequence is the
+  fusion of the maternal and paternal characters in an intermediate
+  character. If the energies are very unequal the hybrid inherits a
+  character borrowed entirely from one of his parents; but this parent,
+  conqueror on one point, may be conquered upon another. Hence, there
+  results with the hybrid a _juxtaposition_ of characters derived from
+  each of the types of which he is the child."
+
+Above all, I have wished to call attention to the so-called laws of
+dominance, because of their great importance. We may conclude that in
+the case of man the dominant characters are also the original ones.
+
+
+
+
+THE INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Raymond Pearl,
+
+_Biologist, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station._
+
+
+The purpose of this paper is to give an account (necessarily
+abbreviated, and without presentation of complete evidence) of the
+results of an investigation into the mode of inheritance of fecundity
+in the domestic fowl, and to point out some of the possible eugenic
+bearings of these results.
+
+It is shown that while the continued selection, over a period of years,
+of highly fecund females failed to bring about any change in average
+fecundity of the strain used, this character must nevertheless be
+inherited since pedigree lines have been isolated which uniformly breed
+true to definite degrees of fecundity.
+
+It is further shown that observed variations in actually realized
+fecundity (number of eggs laid) do not depend upon anatomical
+differences in respect to the number of visible oöcytes in the ovary.
+The differential factor on which the variations in fecundity depend
+must be primarily physiological.
+
+Fecundity in the fowl is shown to be inherited in strict accord with
+the following Mendelian plan:--
+
+1. Observed individual variations in fecundity depend essentially upon
+two separately inherited physiological factors (designated L_{1}, and
+L_{2}).
+
+2. _High_ fecundity is manifested only when both of these factors are
+present together in the same individual.
+
+3. Either of these factors when present alone, whether in homozygous or
+heterozygous form, causes about the same degree of _low_ fecundity to
+be manifested.
+
+4. One of these factors, namely L_{2}, is sex-limited or sex-correlated
+in its inheritance, in such way that in gametogenesis any gamete which
+bears the female sex-determinant F does not bear L_{2}.
+
+5. There is a definite and clear-cut segregation of high fecundity from
+low fecundity, in the manner set forth above.
+
+From the standpoint of eugenics it is pointed out that these results
+furnish a new conception of the mode of inheritance of fecundity, and
+may be helpful in suggesting a method of attacking the same problem for
+man.
+
+
+
+
+ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENCE OF EUGENICS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Prof. Enrico Morselli,
+
+_Director of the Clinic for Mental and Nervous Diseases, Genoa
+University_.
+
+
+All natural varieties or races of mankind differ, not only by their
+physical, but also by their mental, characters. There exists,
+therefore, an "Ethnic Psychology" which, along with "Ethnic
+Somatology," constitutes the complete Science of Anthropology or the
+Natural History of Man. This must describe and classify races and
+populations under a double aspect--physical and psychical.
+
+The psychical characters of races are in part _original_, and in part
+acquired through _adaptation_. These persist in a race as long as
+such mesological adaptation lasts; they vary with modifications of
+the conditions of life, including social activities and inter-racial
+relations.
+
+In mixed unions, amongst different races, there are always some which
+are more vigorous, biologically and mentally, more fully developed,
+which impress their characters upon their descendants. For the vitality
+and well-being of mixed or metamorphic populations a certain amount
+of difference amongst the parent races is necessary, but too great a
+difference is injurious to the offspring.
+
+The offspring of mixed unions present in their psychology a _mixture_,
+again a _combination_ or fusion of the mental characters of the parent
+races: sometimes certain psychical characters of a race become the
+_dominant_ characters.
+
+All ethnic groupings have their destiny marked out by the grade
+attained in _the human psycho-physical hierarchy_. Nevertheless, it
+is necessary that each race or nation, when it knows its contribution
+to the development of universal civilisation, should contemplate the
+preservation of its own ethnic type. Differentiation amongst peoples is
+an indispensable factor in human progress.
+
+The science of eugenics should not look for the realisation of a
+uniform type of man, but vary its aims and methods according to the
+natural differentiation of races and nations, taking account of ethnic
+psychology equally with ethnic somatology.
+
+The humanity of the future will be physically and mentally superior
+to the existing humanity, but the _amelioration of the species_ ought
+not to aim at the equality of races and populations. These races
+and populations ought not to lose their acquisition of particular
+adaptations to different conditions of existence.
+
+A science of universal or common eugenics should allow a eugenic
+ethnology to exist, which should indicate and facilitate for each race
+or nation the defence and propagation of its own _physical type_ and
+its own _mentality_. The most vigorous and dominant races will always
+be those which know how to create and preserve in sexual unions their
+characteristics of structure and culture.
+
+
+
+
+THE INHERITANCE OF EPILEPSY.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By David Fairchild Weeks, M.D.,
+
+_Medical Superintendent and Executive Officer, the New Jersey State
+Village for Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A._
+
+
+In this paper the writer has endeavoured to learn what laws, if
+any, epilepsy follows in its return to successive generations, and
+the relation it bears to alcoholism, migraine, paralysis, and other
+symptoms of lack of neural strength.
+
+The data used in the study was analysed according to the Mendelian
+method which assumes that the inheritance of any character is not
+from the parents, grandparents, etc., but from the germ plasm out
+of which every fraternity and its parents and other relatives have
+arisen. If the soma possesses the trait of the recessive to normality
+sort, it lacks in its germ plasm the determiner upon which the normal
+development depends, and this condition is called nulliplex. If the
+soma possesses the trait of the dominant to normality sort, the
+determiner was derived from both parents and is double in the germ
+plasm, or normal, all of the germ cells have the determiner; or else it
+came from one parent only, is single in the germ plasm, or simplex,
+and half of the germ cells have and half lack the determiner.
+
+The method of obtaining the data was by means of field workers, who
+interviewed in their homes the parents, relatives and all others
+interested in the epileptic patient. These visits have established
+a friendly feeling toward and an intelligent understanding of the
+Institution and its work.
+
+The study is based on the data derived from 397 histories, covering 440
+matings.
+
+The matings are classified under the six possible types, of nulliplex ×
+nulliplex, nulliplex × simplex, nulliplex × normal, simplex × simplex,
+simplex × normal, and normal × normal.
+
+Under the first type all those matings where both parents were
+epileptic, one was epileptic and the other feeble-minded, or both
+were feeble-minded, are classified. According to Mendel's Law, all of
+the children should be nulliplex. The data showed all of the children
+defective.
+
+Under the type nulliplex × simplex, all matings where one parent was
+epileptic or feeble-minded and the other "tainted," that is, alcoholic,
+neurotic, migrainous, or showed some mental weakness, are classified.
+From this type of mating, 50% of the offspring are expected to be
+nulliplex and 50% simplex. From the matings where one parent was
+epileptic or feeble-minded and the other alcoholic, there were 61%
+mentally deficient or nulliplex, the remainder simplex. The figures
+for the offspring from the other matings showed 47% nulliplex, and 53%
+simplex.
+
+For the third type, nulliplex by normal, all those matings where
+one parent was epileptic or feeble-minded and the other reported
+as mentally normal are classified. From this type of mating, the
+expectations are that all of the children would be simplex. A study
+of the ancestors of the normal parents showed these parents simplex
+rather than normal. The analysis of the offspring showed at least 43%
+nulliplex, which is a close fitting to the type of mating nulliplex ×
+simplex.
+
+The fourth type of mating is simplex × simplex. Here, all matings where
+both of the parents were "tainted" are classified. The expectation is
+that 25% of the offspring would be nulliplex, in reality 35% were found
+to be mentally deficient.
+
+Simplex × normal is the fifth type of mating considered. The matings
+where one parent was tainted and the other supposedly normal, are
+classified here. From a study of their ancestors these normal parents
+appeared to be simplex, and the classification of the offspring showed
+more than 25% nulliplex, which is the expectation from simplex ×
+simplex mating.
+
+The sixth type is normal × normal, and the matings where both parents
+were reported normal is studied under this heading. Here, as before, a
+study of the ancestors of these normal parents indicates that they are
+simplex, and not normal. The classification of the children showed a
+close fitting to the expectation from a simplex × simplex mating.
+
+A special study of the matings where one or both of the parents was
+migrainous or alcoholic, shows a close relationship between these
+conditions and epilepsy.
+
+The following conclusions are drawn from the study.
+
+The common types of epileptics lack some element necessary for complete
+mental development. This is also true of the feeble-minded.
+
+Two epileptic parents produce only defectives. When both parents are
+either epileptic or feeble-minded their offspring are also mentally
+defective.
+
+Epilepsy tends in successive generations to form a larger part of the
+population.
+
+The normal parents of epileptics are not normal but simplex, and have
+descended from tainted ancestors.
+
+Alcohol may be a cause of defect in that more children of alcoholic
+parents are defective than where alcoholism is not a factor.
+
+Neurotic and other tainted conditions are closely allied with epilepsy.
+
+In the light of present knowledge, epilepsy, considered by itself,
+is not a Mendelian factor, but epilepsy and feeble-mindedness are
+Mendelian factors of the recessive type.
+
+Tainted individuals, as neurotics, alcoholics, criminals, sex
+offenders, etc., are simplex and normals or simplex and normal in
+character.
+
+
+
+
+THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGE OF PARENTS ON THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERS
+OF THE OFFSPRING.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Antonio Marro,
+
+_Director of the Lunatic Asylum, Turin._
+
+
+The natural law of heredity holds good whether for the physical
+characteristics or for those which are biological and moral.
+
+The apparent anomalies which children present in not reproducing the
+qualities of the parents, and the unlikeness frequently noted among the
+children of the same family, only serve to reveal the presence of the
+particular conditions of the parents at the time of begetting which has
+influenced the offspring.
+
+We have a proof of this law in the anomalies presented by the children
+of parents who, at the time of begetting, were themselves in anomalous
+conditions by reason of intoxication or disease.
+
+Among the conditions of parents which are capable of influencing the
+characteristics of children must be included the changes which their
+organism undergoes by reason of advancing age.
+
+I propose to study the effects of age on the physical and moral
+characters of the children. My researches have extended to numerous
+criminals and insane persons, as well as to scholars of the public
+schools and other normal persons affected or not with special diseases.
+
+Of my studies on criminals, the result is: that the children of
+young parents are found in large numbers guilty of offences against
+property; and this is natural. The first impulse to that is not due to
+wickedness, which impels them to inflict harm on others, but to love of
+pleasure, of revel, of idleness--all features of youth, during which
+period the passions are very active, and no restraint present with
+which to repress and subjugate them.
+
+Swindlers alone are exceptions to this rule, but swindling is a crime
+of riper years, according to the dictum of Quetelet.
+
+Among crimes of personal violence, I have found a numerical superiority
+in the children of aged parents. Assassins, homicides, those who show
+the completest absence of sentiments of affection and often delusions
+of persecution more or less pronounced, gave a proportion of children
+of aged parents far greater than that furnished by all the other
+categories of delinquents; the proportion is as high for fathers as for
+mothers of advanced age.
+
+Here, too, we note a certain correlation between the state of
+discontent, of suspicion, of frigid egoism, which the decline of
+physical energy tends to arouse in the old, and the absence of
+affectionate sentiment and a tendency to delusions of persecution which
+are usual in murderers. Among the insane, moral idiocy in particular,
+and the degenerative forms in general, appeared more frequently in
+children of aged parents.
+
+As to schoolboys, I have noticed that the minimum of good conduct
+and the maximum of better developed intelligence coincides with the
+possession of youth by both parents.
+
+The age of complete development corresponds to a maximum of good
+conduct and a minimum of bad conduct, and retains a large proportion of
+intelligent children.
+
+In the period of decline of both parents, good conduct of children is
+observed in a smaller proportion than in the preceding period, and high
+intelligence in a very small proportion.
+
+Among biological qualities I have made observations on longevity; among
+persons of 70 and 80 whom I have examined there is a large proportion
+of parents who themselves enjoyed remarkably long lives, which proves
+the transmissibility from father to son of powers of resistance against
+the stresses of life.
+
+Among physical qualities I have made note of the fact that from
+alcoholic or aged parents were descended children in whom degenerative
+physical characteristics were most frequently apparent, recalling some
+features of an inferior human type, such as exaggeration of the frontal
+sinuses, the torus occipitalis, ears with the Darwinian tubercles
+prominent, the forehead receding, etc. At the same time the ascendants
+of those who presented typical and anomalous characters, due to morbid
+influences of various kinds and following on faulty development of
+the foetus, such as cretinism, congenital goître, nasal deflections,
+strabismus, plagio-cephaly, hydrocephaly, dental malformation, etc.,
+showed a large number of alcoholics and epileptics.
+
+The explanation of the pernicious consequences to the psycho-physical
+characters of the children of parents too young or too advanced in age
+does not present much difficulty.
+
+At the younger period the organism is still in process of formation;
+the incomplete development of the skeleton, as of all the other organs,
+continually absorbs a mass of plastic materials necessary to the
+formation of offspring. So we may consider that the faults of children
+born of too young parents are due to an incomplete development because
+of the insufficiency of plastic material.
+
+We must, on the other hand, seek in the conditions which accompany old
+age for the reason why it has a disastrous influence on the vitality of
+the germinal elements of the parents and predisposes the descendants to
+various forms of physical and moral degeneracy.
+
+During this period we have in the tissues, instead of a development
+and renewal of protoplasm, the tendency to an accumulation of fat;
+and in the whole organism, chiefly in the tissues of the arterial
+system, we find the tendency to a deposit in their structure of an
+amorphous substance which converts the supple elastic canals into rigid
+tubes; and from this a general slowing up of the organic functions
+(circulation, oxidation, secretion) results; the blood, not reaching
+the degree of elaboration which it possessed before, acquires a greater
+acidity, and cannot by the ordinary excretory channels so quickly get
+rid of the catabolic products with which it is charged.
+
+By reason of these conditions the organism of older people undergoes
+a sort of slow and gradual intoxication, which, at the same time as
+it shows itself in the individual by the gradual languishing of all
+his functions, influences in a disastrous manner the germs which
+develop within him, and predisposes them to become beings condemned to
+degeneracy.
+
+Consequently this cause of degeneracy enters the general category of
+intoxications.
+
+
+
+
+GENETICS AND EUGENICS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By R. C. Punnett,
+
+_Professor of Biology, Cambridge_.
+
+
+To the student of genetics, man, like any other animal, is material for
+working out the manner in which characters, whether physical or mental,
+are transmitted from one generation to the next. Viewed in this way he
+must be regarded as unpromising, not only from the small size of his
+families, the time consumed in their production, and the long period of
+immaturity, but also because full experimental control is here out of
+the question. For these reasons man is of interest to the student of
+genetics, chiefly in so far as he presents problems in heredity which
+are rarely to be found in other species, and can only be studied at
+present in man himself. The aim of the Eugenist, on the other hand, is
+to control human mating in order to obtain the largest proportion of
+individuals he considers best fitted to the form of society which he
+affects. It is evident that to do this effectually he must have precise
+knowledge of the manner in which transmission of characters occurs,
+and more especially of those with which he particularly wishes to
+deal. Precise knowledge is at present available in man for relatively
+few characters; and those characters, such as eye-colour, and certain
+somewhat rare deformities, are not the kind on which the Eugenist lays
+great stress. The one instance of eugenic importance that could be
+brought under immediate control is that of feeble-mindedness. Speaking
+generally, the available evidence suggests that it is a case of simple
+Mendelian inheritance. Occasional exceptions occur, but there is every
+reason to expect that a policy of strict segregation would rapidly
+bring about the elimination of this character.
+
+There is reason to suppose that many human qualities are more
+complicated in their transmission, and it is probable that certain
+phenomena now being studied in plants and animals will throw definite
+light upon man. Though characters are frequently transmitted on the
+Mendelian scheme quite independently of one another, there are cases
+known in which they are linked up more or less completely in the germ
+cells with the determinant of a particular sex. Sex-limited inheritance
+of this nature has been carefully worked out in particular cases in
+Lepidoptera and poultry. As yet there is much to be learnt in this
+direction, and further progress may be expected to lead eventually to
+a precise knowledge of the mode of transmission of many human defects,
+such as colour-blindness and hæmophilia. It is not unlikely that a
+similar mode of transmission will be found to hold good for many human
+characters usually classed as normal.
+
+Another set of phenomena which will probably be found of importance in
+the heredity of man are those included under the terms "coupling" and
+"repulsion." Characters, each exhibiting simple Mendelian segregation,
+may become linked together more or less completely in the process of
+heredity, or the reverse may occur. Our knowledge of these phenomena
+is at present almost completely confined to cases in plants, but
+evidence is beginning to be obtained for their occurrence in animals.
+It is not unlikely that they will be found to play a considerable part
+in human heredity. For one of the most noticeable things about man
+is the frequency with which children resemble one or other parent to
+the seemingly almost complete exclusion of the other. In view of the
+mongrelisation of the human race, the frequency of these cases is very
+remarkable, and can hardly fail to suggest that some sort of coupling
+between characters plays a large part in human heredity.
+
+Except in very few cases, our knowledge of heredity in man is at
+present far too slight and too uncertain to base legislation upon.
+On the other hand, experience derived from plants and animals has
+shewn that problems of considerable complexity can be unravelled by
+the experimental method, and the characters concerned brought under
+control. Though the direct method is hardly feasible in man, much
+may yet be learnt by collecting accurate pedigrees and comparing
+them with standard cases worked out in other animals. But it must be
+clearly recognised that the collection of such pedigrees is an arduous
+undertaking demanding high critical ability, and only to be carried out
+satisfactorily by those who have been trained in and are alive to the
+trend of genetic research.
+
+
+
+
+Section II.
+
+Practical Eugenics.
+
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS UPON "EDUCATION BEFORE PROCREATION."
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Adolphe Pinard,
+
+_Professor at the Faculty; Member of the Academy of Medicine of Paris._
+
+
+Sir Francis Galton has entitled Eugenics the new science having for
+its object the study of the causes subject to social control which can
+improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations, whether
+physical or mental.
+
+Eugenics, thus defined, is nothing else but "Education before
+Procreation," which has been studied in France for a number of years,
+and which constitutes the first part of child-culture, "a science
+having for its object the search for information relative to the
+reproduction, preservation, and improvement of the human species"([1]).
+
+[Footnote 1: v. De la Puériculture in Revue Scientifique, 1897.]
+
+The Congress ought then to have for its object to work for the
+investigation of the conditions necessary to secure a favourable
+procreation. Now, it appears that the word "Eugenics," from the
+etymological point of view, does not characterise either explicitly
+or sufficiently the proposed object, while the word "Eugénique," of
+[Greek: gennaô], at once recalls to the mind the idea of a favourable
+procreation([2]).
+
+[Footnote 2: Besides, the word "Eugenics" recalls in France a chemical
+term: eugenic-acid.]
+
+It is part of the duty of our first principal sitting to lay down a
+rule upon this point.
+
+Certainly, biological, sociological, and historical researches, laws
+and social customs regarded in their relations with the science of
+Eugenics, are necessary and will undoubtedly result in extremely
+interesting data, but from now it is above all things urgent to
+establish and proclaim eugenic principles.
+
+Researches relating to physiological heredity and pathological heredity
+ought to be pursued without interruption, but it is necessary to make
+known as soon as possible to the masses of the people the individual
+conditions, fully understood, which alone permit a favourable and
+healthy procreation. In a word, it is necessary, by every means and
+as soon as possible, to organise a great movement in order to show
+to the greatest number of human beings the absolute necessity for a
+conscientious, _i.e._, an enlightened procreation. We must bravely
+approach the civilising of _the reproductive instinct_, which alone
+has remained in a barbarous state amongst all the so-called civilised
+nations from the earliest times.
+
+Then only, when societies have fulfilled this duty, will they have the
+right to investigate what they ought and can effect against those for
+whom future offspring would be recognised as fatally disastrous.
+
+Finally, it is fully understood that researches relating to selection
+in the human species must be pursued in a parallel manner, as is now
+done with such fruitful results for animals and vegetables in Genetics,
+and in throwing light upon the constantly increasing conquests of this
+other science.
+
+
+
+
+PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION OF EUGENIC ACTION.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Dr. Louis Querton,
+
+_Professor at the University of Brussels._
+
+
+Now that many studies on the physiology and hygiene of reproduction of
+man have been made, and many investigations on degeneration have been
+conducted, we may face the problem of the betterment of the race, from
+a practical standpoint.
+
+If the eugenic action cannot yet strive directly against hereditary
+transmission of anomalies, it can fight successfully against the causes
+of degeneration which act during the development of the individual.
+
+Physical and social environment influences these causes, which, on
+account of their growing complexity, create more and more obstacles to
+the normal evolution of the individual, while at the same time they
+force him to acquire greater and more varied aptitudes.
+
+To thwart the prejudicial action of the environment on the development
+of the individual, the systematic organization of this development
+seems to be of first importance.
+
+The control of the development of the children, at the different phases
+of their evolution, is strictly necessary to assure the education of
+the individual and to check the degeneration of the race.
+
+The control is already established for certain classes of children,
+and during limited periods of their development. Nurslings, school
+children, and labourers can already, sometimes compulsorily, be
+submitted to control.
+
+But the insufficiency of the actual organization is very evident, and
+the results are, from the eugenic standpoint, unsatisfactory.
+
+In order to be really effective and to contribute to the improvement of
+the individual and to the betterment of the race, the control of the
+development should, as far as possible, be exerted over all children,
+and it should last during the whole period of their evolution. This
+control should be compulsory, as well as education; it should be
+exercised by an institution, the frequentation of which, as well as
+that of school, might be forced upon all children whose development
+is not submitted to an effective control in their homes. Private
+initiative should create such institutions everywhere, and thus prepare
+legislative interference.
+
+These methodically organized eugenic institutions should, in the
+future, be the development of the administrative institutions, which
+actually establish the civil state of individuals. They would tend to
+facilitate the education of individuals and public bodies; at the same
+time they would assure the strict application of the laws concerning
+the protection and education of childhood.
+
+They would collect the documents necessary to the scientific knowledge
+of the facts of heredity, and would supply precise information
+concerning the effective work of different social institutions on
+transformation of the race.
+
+
+
+
+MARRIAGE LAWS AND CUSTOMS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By C. B. Davenport,
+
+_Director, Eugenics Record Office, U.S.A._
+
+
+Of the various laws limiting freedom of marriage three are of
+biological import. First, the limitation of relationship between the
+mates; second, the limitations in mental capacity of the mates; and
+third, limitations of race.
+
+For the first there is a biological justification in so far as cousin
+marriages are apt to bring in from both sides of the house the same
+defect. For the second the justification is partial; but there is equal
+reason for forbidding the marriage of normal persons both of whom
+have mentally defective parents or other close relatives. The denial
+of marriage between races has this justification, that most other
+races have not, through selection, attained the social status of the
+Caucasian. In such cases the socially inadequate should be sterilized
+or segregated in other races as well as in the Caucasian.
+
+
+
+
+EUGENIC SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF DEFECTS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Frédéric Houssay,
+
+_Professor of Science, University of Paris._
+
+
+Eugenics, which is a social application of biological science, cannot
+yet be judged by its results; it must be judged by its tendencies. To
+determine these, we must adjust them to principles generally admitted.
+
+And inasmuch as it advocates practical rules and seeks to check the
+propagation of the unfit, by isolation or sterilization (voluntary or
+enforced), it is an artificial selection.
+
+Its justification lies in the fact that, without intervention, the
+descendants of defectives or degenerates would, in a few generations,
+eliminate themselves by early death of children or by natural
+sterility. This would produce a natural selection which Eugenics simply
+proposes to anticipate by social economy.
+
+It seems that, by applying Darwinian principles, the group of
+defectives, considered at a given moment, could be rapidly
+extinguished. But this group is continually reinforced by fresh
+degeneration of healthy stocks which become tainted.
+
+Hence the need to keep our eye on the re-formation of the group as well
+as its elimination, and to keep in touch with Lamarckian principles.
+The study of the origin and hereditary conservation of defects points
+already as essential factors, to alcoholism, syphilis, and more
+generally every chronic ailment and diathesis, among which gout must be
+put in a leading position. Everything which will tend to restrain the
+action of these factors is of capital importance from our present point
+of view, whether it occurs in the ranks of rich or poor.
+
+The questions, thus, which Eugenics seeks to answer would be on this
+view reduced to questions of hygiene and morals.
+
+So that the different biological principles, which sometimes seem in
+mutual opposition, would become convergent, and would find in Eugenics
+a ready reconciliation and a field of useful co-operation.
+
+
+
+
+PRELIMINARY REPORT TO THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS,
+
+Of the Committee of the Eugenics Section of the American Breeders'
+Association to Study and Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting
+Off the Defective Germ Plasm in the Human Population.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Bleecker Van Wagenen, _Chairman_.
+
+
+1. Brief history of the American Breeders' Association, the Eugenics
+Section and the Committee on Elimination of Defective Germ Plasm.
+
+2. Concise statement of the problem before the Committee and reasons
+for the investigation.
+
+3. History of legislation in the United States authorising or requiring
+the sterilization of certain classes of criminals, defectives and
+degenerates who are under the control of the State in institutions.
+Digest of the laws now in force. (This may be given as a lantern slide
+with greater effect.)
+
+Legal views concerning the constitutionality of these laws.
+
+4. Investigations of vasectomy in Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts and
+elsewhere, with detailed reports of some typical cases. (With lantern
+slides.)
+
+5. Reports of sterilization of females, both of normal and abnormal
+mentality, with a number of typical cases showing after-effects. (With
+lantern slides.)
+
+6. Some observations in thremmatology suggesting important questions
+concerning the practical effectiveness of sterilization as a eugenic
+measure.
+
+7. Technical description of several kinds of sterilizing operations
+as now performed. Vasectomy, ovariotomy and salpingectomy (with and
+without complete excision), castration.
+
+8. Reports of several cases of persons, male and female, who having
+been completely sterilized for a time, recovered the power of
+procreation and actually did procreate thereafter.
+
+9. State of public opinion regarding sterilization in the United States
+at the present time. Letters from Governors of States, views of Social
+Workers and Institution people. Conflicting views of Roman Catholics
+(as such). Digest of arguments set forth in a long controversy carried
+on in the American Ecclesiastical Review, chiefly in Latin.
+
+10. Brief report of other data collected by the Committee and programme
+for future work, with a call for co-operation in securing further data
+pertinent to this inquiry.
+
+
+
+
+EUGENICS AND THE NEW SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Samuel George Smith.
+
+
+The new social consciousness is indicated; first, by the larger
+powers and duties assumed by the State: second, by the new sense of
+social solidarity affecting persons and groups of persons within the
+State. The exclusion from parenthood of such wards of the State as
+the feeble-minded, the insane, and the pauper has gone beyond debate;
+and for all that are legally excluded from parenthood, custodial care
+is required. There is need to develop a new ethical sense of the
+individual in regard to his own relations to the social group. We have
+not yet sufficient facts to establish a definite relation between
+physical fitness and social efficiency. This is the place for caution.
+
+Questions of maternity among the poor: (_a_) Hard labour must be
+forbidden to the expectant mother; (_b_) she must have nourishing food;
+(_c_) surroundings must be wholesome. The economic problem is solved
+in the increased vitality and consequent earning power of the coming
+generation.
+
+Problem of the parenthood of the better classes: just as important and
+more difficult. The question is not only vital and economic; it is also
+ethical.
+
+The ignorance of parents and the defects of children. The State has
+invaded the home, and has set standards, both physical and moral, for
+the family. It is the duty of the State to secure the proper physical
+environment for the home. It is a municipal problem. It is a problem
+of public health. The whole movement looks to the triumph of a vital
+democracy, which is more important than either political or industrial
+democracy.
+
+Relations of alcoholism to neurasthenia, of tuberculosis to
+feeble-mindedness, of bad social and labour conditions to both,
+indicate cross sections in the problem. Vices of the rich in most
+countries are greater than the vices of the poor. A vital democracy
+cannot be based upon physical tests and material comfort. Its deepest
+foundations are psychical and ethical.
+
+
+
+
+PRACTICABLE EUGENICS IN EDUCATION.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Dr. F. C. S. Schiller.
+
+
+The danger to mankind arising from the preservation of the unfit under
+social conditions. The self-destructiveness of civilization. Its
+superiority dependent on the transmission of accumulated knowledge
+by education. The danger of failure in educational systems. Is the
+education of the rich necessarily a failure? The middle classes as
+providers of ability to man the professions; but the price they have to
+pay at present is too often racial extinction. The draining of ability
+from the lower classes.
+
+The existing educational system and its potential value for eugenics.
+Its unintellectual character. The liberal endowment of a "liberal
+education." Commercialism and the scholarship system. The athletic
+system, the play instincts and moral training. Both systems are
+Darwinian and appeal to British character.
+
+Suggested improvements: (1) in the athletic system; "fitness," not
+a merely physical ideal; (2) in the scholarship system; "liberal
+education" to be conceived as intrinsically useful, and not merely a
+game with intrinsically useless subjects.
+
+Should scholarships be restricted to the needy? The educational dangers
+of this policy. The eugenical value of the existing system.
+
+The possibility of infusing eugenical spirit into athletics. The appeal
+of eugenics to the upper classes. A real versus a sham nobility. The
+eugenical ideal essentially a matter of sentiment and not necessarily
+anti-democratic.
+
+
+
+
+Section III.
+
+Sociology and Eugenics.
+
+
+
+
+THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL ELITE AND THE ECONOMIC ELITE.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Professor Achille Loria,
+
+_University of Turin._
+
+
+Artificial selection could be perfectly applied to the human species,
+in which case marriages would be arranged between persons better
+endowed, physically and mentally, and the worse endowed would be
+excluded from marriage. But this selection encounters the gravest
+practical difficulties; because, if it is relatively easy to estimate
+the physical qualities of man, nothing on the other hand is harder than
+to estimate his mental qualities. A dynamometer of intelligence does
+not exist, and Galton's method of observing the points of merit of
+University graduates is very insufficient and fallible.
+
+In face of these difficulties there naturally arises the idea of
+inferring the psycho-physical aptitudes of individuals from their
+social and economic position, or from their income, which is easily
+measured. In accord with this idea, it would be a question of acting so
+that marriages would be effected exclusively and predominantly amongst
+individuals provided with superior incomes, and to prevent, as far
+as possible, marriages between persons of inferior incomes, or of no
+income at all.
+
+But all this would be plausible if there should be a real analogy
+between the economic élite, and the psycho-physical élite, or if the
+former were really a product of the latter. Now, this is precisely what
+I deny. The _economic élite_ is not in the least the product of the
+possession of superior qualities, but is simply the result of a blind
+struggle between incomes, which carries to the top those who, at the
+start, possess a larger income through causes which may be absolutely
+independent of the possession of superior endowments. (See my _Sintesi
+economica_--Paris, Giard et Briard, 1911.) Hence, nothing makes it
+impossible that the wealthier people should be precisely the worst
+endowed, physically and mentally, and this as a matter of fact happens
+in innumerable cases.
+
+Besides, we have an indirect proof of this in the very results of
+selective processes as, until now, they are practised. And, in fact,
+conjugal selection to-day takes place precisely amongst individuals of
+the same class, or belonging to the same standard of income, so that
+persons of the upper classes always marry exclusively amongst each
+other. So then these marriages, which, according to the theory, ought
+to give more splendid results, give, on the contrary, more wretched
+results. Galton's same law of "return to the mean," or the fact that
+the descendants of persons of high class sometimes have inferior
+endowments as compared with the average of the race, could not be
+fulfilled if persons of the upper classes who marry with each other
+were really select persons, physically and mentally.
+
+There would also be in this case a falling off from the super-normal
+qualities of an exceptionally gifted parent, but in that case the
+characters of the children would always be superior to those of the
+descendants of the lower classes. If this does not happen, if the
+children of the upper classes show qualities inferior to those of the
+average of children of the lower classes, this proves conclusively
+that married people of the superior classes were not in the least
+endowed with specially high aptitudes, but, on the contrary, presented
+the opposite characteristics. Thus, the same law of Galton, properly
+interpreted, shows the absolute independence of largeness of income and
+excellence of individual qualities, hence the absurdity and danger of
+Eugenics upon an economic foundation, such as many desire.
+
+The researches of Fahlbeck upon the Swedish nobility, which show the
+rapid extinction of the upper classes who practise _Economic Eugenics_,
+is a further proof of the absence of any link between economic
+superiority and psycho-physical superiority; since if the wealthier
+people, who usually intermarry, were really the better endowed, their
+descendants would never show those phenomena of extinction which betray
+a leaven of inner degeneration.
+
+I conclude that Economic Eugenics is already practised to-day
+upon a large scale, and hence it is already possible to form an
+accurate judgment upon its results--which are those of return to the
+mean--degeneration and extinction of race. Now, these same results show
+that the economically superior classes are not at all the best endowed,
+and often even degenerate, and that, therefore, the only method
+calculated to effect a conjugal selection which would be socially
+useful is not to unite in marriage the richer people, but individuals
+really possessing superior qualities, and to exclude from marriage
+those who do not possess them.
+
+
+
+
+THE CAUSE OF THE INFERIORITY OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CHARACTERS IN THE
+LOWER SOCIAL CLASSES.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Professor Alfredo Niceforo,
+
+_Of the University of Naples._
+
+
+The author has compared the physical, demographic, and mental
+characters of the upper and leisured classes with the same characters
+in individuals of the inferior and poor classes. He has made use of
+several methods: (1) A comparison between the well-to-do and the poor
+children in schools; (2) a comparison between individuals belonging to
+different professions; (3) a comparison between the rich and the poor
+quarters of the same city.
+
+He has also studied 4,000 children of the schools of Lausanne; Italian
+peasants; conscripts of different countries, classified according to
+their occupation; and the rich and the poor quarters of Lausanne,
+Paris, etc.
+
+He has found that individuals of the lower classes show a smaller
+development of stature, of cranial capacity, of sensibility, of
+resistance to mental fatigue, a delay in the period when puberty
+makes its appearance, a slackening in growth, a very large number of
+anomalies, etc.
+
+The causes of these differences ascertained in comparing the two groups
+are of the _mesological_ and _individual order_.
+
+Of the _mesological_ order because the conditions of life where men of
+the lower classes are forced to live constitute one of the causes of
+the deterioration of their physical and mental characters.
+
+Of the _individual_ order because, thanks to biological variation,
+every man is born different from all other men, and men who are born
+with superior physical and mental characters tend to rise in the
+superior classes, while men who are born with inferior physical and
+mental characters tend to fall in the most wretched classes.
+
+However, in studying the catalogues of measurements and observations,
+the author has found that in the mass of men belonging to the superior
+classes one finds a small number of men with inferior qualities, while
+in the mass of men forming the inferior classes one finds a certain
+number of men presenting superior characters.
+
+It is between these two _exceptional_ categories that social exchanges
+should be made, allowing the best and most capable of the lower stratum
+to ascend, and compelling the unadapted who are found above to fall to
+the lower stratum.
+
+
+
+
+THE FERTILITY OF MARRIAGES ACCORDING TO PROFESSION AND SOCIAL POSITION.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By M. Lucien March,
+
+_Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France._
+
+
+Statistics of families furnish, perhaps, the most appropriate data
+for the examination of the factors which govern the productiveness of
+marriages or their sterility.
+
+Statistics concerning the children born in the eleven and a half
+million French families, classed according to occupation, have been
+prepared in France for the first time as a result of the census of
+1906. These statistics give information as to the number of children
+per family, either alive on the day of the census or previously
+deceased, in each occupation, for all the families in the whole country
+taken together, and for the different provinces. Further, a special
+investigation of the 200,000 families of employees and workmen in the
+public services has furnished more circumstantial details, which have
+enabled the number of children and number of deaths of children in a
+family to be brought into relation with the income of the head.
+
+The results obtained by the method described above are the subject of
+this report. The effects of occupation, social position and income are
+analysed by means of co-efficients expressing the productiveness of
+marriages, after eliminating the influence of such factors as duration
+of marriage, age, and habitat, all of which may obviously affect the
+productiveness of a marriage.
+
+These results confirm what has been learnt from previous researches of
+the fertility of different social classes, but they go further in that
+they show that the difference is not exclusively dependent on income.
+
+In general there are more children per family in the families of
+workmen than in the families of employers, and the latter contain
+more than those of employees other than workmen. Further, one finds
+industries in which the number of children in the employers' families
+is larger than in the families of workmen in other industries. Thus,
+differences are introduced by the occupation. Industries employing many
+hands seem the more favourable to the production of large families,
+both among workmen and among employers. Agriculture, in which a large
+number of persons are engaged in France, does not seem to conduce
+to fertility. Fishermen and sailors in the merchant service, on the
+other hand, appear to form the class in which fertility is the most
+considerable.
+
+The importance of the occupational factor is such that we could
+place its influence on the same plane as that of "concentration"
+of population, with which it is in close relation, since persons
+following certain classes of occupation, as, for instance, the members
+of the liberal professions, and clerks and other salaried employees are
+most numerous in towns.
+
+It does not appear that in France casual and unskilled labourers,
+persons in the receipt of Poor Law relief, etc., are specially
+prolific. There is not thus in reality too much risk of seeing the
+renewal of the population carried out in a dangerous manner by its
+least valuable section. However, even among the working classes, the
+most highly paid occupations are not those among which one finds the
+greatest number of children.
+
+The economic, social, or moral burden of children is a factor bound
+up in a complex manner, not only with the individual conditions of
+existence, but also with the transformations of society, progress in
+manners and customs, and the conception which one forms of life.
+
+It is this burden which must be allieviated where allieviation would be
+most effective and produce the best results, in order to put a stop to
+a movement which may be dangerous to civilisation.
+
+
+
+
+EUGENICS AND MILITARISM.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Vernon L. Kellogg.
+
+(_Professor in Stanford University, California._)
+
+
+The claim that war and military service have a directly deteriorating
+influence through military selection on a population much given to
+militarism, has been clearly stated by von Liebig, Karl Marx, Herbert
+Spencer, Tschouriloff, Otto Seeck, David Starr Jordan, and others,
+not to mention the ever-anticipating Greeks. Military selection may
+be conceived to work disastrously on a population both through the
+actual killing during war by wounds and disease of the sturdy young
+men selected by conscription or recruiting, and also by the removal
+from the reproducing part of the population of much larger numbers of
+these selected young men both in war and peace times. Another phase
+of the racial danger from military service is the possibility of the
+contraction of persistent and heritable disease which may be carried
+back from camp and garrison with the return of the soldiers to the
+population at home.
+
+As likely as seem all these and certain other anti-eugenic influences
+arising from military selection, the substantiation of their actual
+results on a basis of observed facts is necessary to give them real
+standing as eugenic arguments against militarism.
+
+The writer is engaged at present in an attempt to find and expose
+certain actual results of military service and war that have direct
+relation to racial modification. His paper presents some pertinent
+facts and figures already gained. These facts are examined in the
+light of the criticisms of such men as Bischoff and Livi, who have
+recognized the weaknesses in military and hygienic statistics, and in
+the light of other opportunities for error both in the recording and
+the interpretation of the facts, which have suggested themselves to
+him. Also there has to be considered the possible reality of eugenic
+advantages from military selection. Seeck and Ammon believe they have
+discovered some.
+
+The writer, holding in mind both the dangers of error and the
+possibility of eugenic advantage, believes himself nevertheless able
+to present certain definite facts showing considerable direct eugenic
+disadvantage in certain types of militarism.
+
+
+
+
+EUGENICS IN PARTY ORGANIZATION.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Roberto Michels,
+
+_University of Turin, Italy._
+
+
+An oligarchy is invariably formed in all political parties for reasons
+based partly on individual psychology, partly on crowd psychology, and
+partly on the social necessity of party organisation. Under the first
+head is grouped the individual's consciousness of his own importance,
+which with opportunity develops into the natural human lust for power,
+and, further, such individual qualities as native tact, editorial
+ability, and so on. Crowd psychology is characterised chiefly by the
+incompetence of the masses, their dependence upon traditional methods
+of party government, and their feeling of gratitude to leaders who have
+suffered for the cause. Finally, the necessity for party organisations
+grows with every increase of numbers and extension of functions. It
+is physically impossible for large party groups to govern themselves
+directly. All parties live in a state of perpetual warfare with
+opposing parties, and, if they are revolutionary in character, with the
+social order itself. Tactical considerations, therefore, and, above
+all, the necessity of maintaining a condition of military preparedness,
+strengthen the hands of the controlling clique within the party and
+render every day more impossible genuine democracy.
+
+The selective or eugenic value of party organization is that it allows
+men gifted with certain qualities to rise above their fellows into
+positions of superiority, which, for the considerations set forth
+above, are more or less permanent. This value is of the greater
+importance because the opportunities for able and ambitious workmen
+to rise by the economic ladder to the rank of employers are rapidly
+disappearing, at any rate, in old countries.
+
+The qualities necessary for a successful party leader are discussed.
+Briefly stated, they consist of oratorical ability, which is partly a
+psychical and partly a physiological and anatomical character; energy
+of will; superiority of intellect and knowledge; a depth of conviction
+often bordering on fanaticism and self-confidence, pushed even to the
+point of self-conceit. Also in many countries, as for instance Italy,
+physical beauty is important in helping a man to rise, while in rarer
+cases goodness of heart and disinterestedness influence the crowd by
+reawakening religious sentiments.
+
+We have seen that some elements of the crowd are seized by the
+selecting-machine of the party organisation that raises them above
+their companions, increasing automatically the social distance between
+them and their followers. To put this automatical selecting-machine
+into action, certain individuals appear, possessing special physical
+and intellectual gifts that distinguish them spontaneously from the
+mass of the party.
+
+
+
+
+THE INFLUENCE OF RACE ON HISTORY.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By W. C. D. and C. D. Whetham.
+
+
+The history of Europe presents a long series of nations successively
+rising and falling in the scale of prosperity and influence. Such
+persistent alternations suggest a common cause underlying the
+phenomena. All history is the record of change. The outward change as
+recorded by the chronicler has probably its counterpart in unnoticed
+variations of the internal biological structure of the nation.
+
+Most nations are composite in character. They contain two or more
+racial stocks, fulfilling different functions in the national life. It
+is probable that the proportion in which these stocks are present is
+not always constant. The variation in proportion is possibly the agent
+effecting the internal change in structure, which becomes manifest
+outwardly in the rise or decline of the nation.
+
+The physical characters of the population of Europe during historic
+times indicate three chief races: (1) the Mediterranean, (2) the
+Alpine, (3) the Northern. The individuals of these races possess also
+distinct mental and intellectual attributes, and the history of Europe
+is fundamentally the story of the interaction of the three races.
+
+It is suggested that the supreme power of Greece and Rome, each in
+its own direction, was due to the attainment of a fortunate balance
+between the social and political functions of the constituents of the
+nation, the directing power being supplied chiefly by the invaders
+of northern race, who formed the dominant class among the southern
+indigenous Mediterranean population. In each case, the northern
+elements grew gradually less, through such agencies as losses in war,
+the selective action of a differential birth rate, and by racial
+merging into the more numerous southern stock.
+
+The outburst of artistic genius and intellectual pre-eminence which
+marked the Renaissance in North Italy may perhaps be due to a similar
+racial composition, the northern elements being supplied by the
+descendants of the barbarian invaders of the later Roman Empire.
+
+Great Britain has also similar racial elements. The Mediterranean
+race, spreading up the shores of the Atlantic, enters largely into the
+composition of the people of the south-west. The northern element,
+immigrant from the shores of the Baltic and North Sea, is strongest in
+the east and north.
+
+We know that there are now at work two influences affecting the
+average racial character of the English nation; (1) the increase in
+the urban population at the expense of the rural, (2) the voluntary
+restriction of the birth rate which affects certain sections of all
+classes more than others. It is probable that both these changes tend
+to favour selectively the southern racial elements at the expense of
+the northern. Eventually, the present structure of society may become
+unstable in consequence of this racial alteration, and the necessary
+readjustment, in its turn, will contribute a chapter to history.
+
+
+
+
+SOME INTER-RELATIONS BETWEEN EUGENICS AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Frederick Adams Woods, M.D.,
+
+_Harvard Medical School._
+
+
+The relative influence of heredity and environment has long been a
+subject for debate, but, for the most part, such debates have not
+been profitable. It is true that heredity cannot be separated from
+environment if only one individual be considered; but as soon as we
+inquire into the causes of the differences between man and man, it is
+perfectly possible to gain real light on this subject, so important
+to the advocates of eugenics. Everything must be made a problem of
+differences. The mathematical measurements of resemblances between
+relatives close of kin will sometimes serve. At other times, the
+correlation co-efficient is of no avail, and only an intensive study of
+detailed pedigrees will bring out such differences as cannot be due to
+the action of surroundings.
+
+History and genealogy both speak unmistakably for heredity. Men of
+genius have as many eminent relationships as the expectations of
+heredity demand. The same is true among the highest aristocratic
+classes, and is equally true under democratic government, as is proved
+by a study of the family history of those Americans whose names are in
+the Hall of Fame. History shows that about half of the early monarchs
+were not cruel or were not licentious. Alternative heredity can well
+account for that. Virtuous types have only slightly increased in
+numerical proportion. Environment cannot be very effective; but there
+are biological factors of a more hidden nature which are silently
+making for progress. Mental qualities are correlated with moral;
+and in the European dynasties the survivors have been generally the
+descendants of the morally superior.
+
+Physical differences can also be demonstrated, coming in the course
+of generations. A study of the portraits of royal, noble, and other
+historical personages shows that the bony framework of the face,
+especially about the nose and eyes, has changed rapidly since the
+beginning of the sixteenth century.
+
+In explaining the rise and fall of nations, gametic and personal causes
+can be measured and marked. All the evidence of history points to the
+power and importance of a very few great personalities--they themselves
+the product of inborn forces. These have been the chief causes of
+political and economic differences, but non-gametic (environmental)
+causation can be occasionally detected, and separated out; as, for
+instance, the modern scientific productivity in Germany and the
+proportionate intellectual activity among women in America. It is
+estimated that there are four hundred thousand books on history. These
+form an almost unworked mine of information, easily available to every
+student of eugenics. It is high time that the human record, so ancient
+in its beginnings, should be used to contribute to that most modern of
+sciences, the improvement of the human breed.
+
+
+
+
+DEMOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF EUGENICS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Dr. Corrado Gini,
+
+_Professor of Statistics in the Royal University of Cagliari, Italy._
+
+
+Tables of mortality relating to human beings with classification as
+to age, when compared with similar statistics relating to the equine
+species, show that man during the period of development has a much
+heavier death-rate. It is not possible to say whether in their natural
+state the higher kinds of animals possess a higher or lower death-rate
+during the period of development than when under domestication, but
+the second of the alternatives seems more likely. It remains to be
+determined whether the heavy death-rate during development which
+the human race shows in the comparison is a distinctive natural
+characteristic belonging to it, or whether it is rather the result of
+the more or less artificial circumstances in which man is born and
+reared.
+
+The human race differs as regards reproduction and the rearing of its
+offspring from the higher species of animals in their natural state,
+chiefly in three ways: (_a_) In the case of the human race reproduction
+takes place at all times of the year, whilst the higher animals have
+one single period for reproducing, or, in some cases, two or three
+periods; (_b_) animals reproduce as soon as the organism becomes
+capable of reproduction, whilst in civilised human races as a rule a
+longer or shorter period elapses between the time when the individual
+becomes capable of reproduction and the time he actually begins to
+reproduce; (_c_) in civilised man the development of altruistic
+sentiments protects weak and sickly persons from the eliminating action
+of natural selection, and often enables them to take part in the
+procreation of future generations.
+
+The paper of A. has for its object to examine closely these three
+arguments based upon very extensive data taken partly from demographic
+statistics and partly from researches made personally by him or which
+he caused to be made, especially in the Municipal Statistical Offices
+of Rome and Cagliari, and in the Obstetrical Clinic of Bologna. The
+principal results are here indicated.
+
+A. The rule of a greater number of conceptions in Spring observed in
+temperate regions suffers notable exceptions in tropical and arctic
+regions. Hence there is a weakening of the idea that in it one should
+recognise the atavistic heritage of a special season for reproduction
+which the human race had originally shown, analogous to what one finds
+to-day in many species of animals. On the other hand, neither the
+frequency of multiple births, of miscarriages, or of stillbirths, nor
+the length of life of offspring nor their intellectual capacity show
+any correlation whatever with the season of conception. The frequency
+of stillbirths, however, and the length of life of the offspring show
+a clear correlation with the season of birth, in the sense that those
+born in temperate seasons show a lower rate for stillbirths and a
+greater length of life.
+
+B. The age of the mother at the time of parturition does not show any
+regular influence on the size and weight of the child. It has a very
+sensible influence on the frequency of miscarriages and of stillbirths;
+this increases with the increase in age. The age of the mother at the
+time of marriage exercises a decisive influence upon the vitality
+of the offspring: the greater the age of the mother at the time of
+marriage the less will be the vitality of the children.
+
+The age of the father at the birth of his child has some influence on
+the number of stillbirths among his children. This influence--at any
+rate above a given age--increases with the increase in the father's
+age. It can neither be disproved nor affirmed that the age of the
+father at the time of marriage has an influence upon the vitality of
+the children; it is certain, however, that if any influence of that
+kind exists it is much less intense than that exercised by the age of
+the mother.
+
+There has also been an enquiry as to the effect upon the characters of
+the offspring exerted by (1) order of birth; (2) difference in age of
+the parents; and (3) the age of the woman at the first menstruation.
+
+C. Persons who die at a more advanced age have children in greater
+number and endowed with greater length of life. For some classes of the
+unfit (mad, consumptives, suicides) it can be proved beyond question
+that the number of children born is less and their mortality greater
+than among married people generally. Those who die of heart disease or
+of cancer show a number of children slightly higher than the general
+average of married persons; but that can be attributed to the fact that
+their age at death is greater than the average age at death of married
+people.
+
+
+
+
+MATERNITY STATISTICS OF THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, STATE CENSUS OF 1905.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Frederick L. Hoffman, LL.D., F.S.S.,
+
+_Statistician of the Prudential Insurance Company of America._
+
+
+As a contribution to the practical study of eugenics the decennial
+maternity statistics of Rhode Island are of exceptional interest and
+importance.
+
+In 1905, of 36,766 native-born married women 26,329 (71.6%) were
+mothers, and 10,477 (28.4%) childless. Of 32,960 foreign-born married
+women 27,207 (82.5%) were mothers, and 5,753 (17.5%) childless.
+Contrasting these percentages, the fact requires only to be stated to
+emphasize its profound and far-reaching social as well as political
+significance.
+
+Considered with reference to religious belief, 72.7% of Protestant and
+80.3% of Roman Catholic married women were mothers. Of married women of
+Jewish faith 88.0% were mothers.
+
+At ages 25-34, the proportion of native-born mothers having only one
+child was 35.1%, against 22.6% for the foreign-born; the proportion of
+mothers having from six to ten children was 6.8% for the native-born,
+against 12.9% for the foreign-born. At all ages a similar disproportion
+is apparent.
+
+Vastly more important than the multitude of general social and economic
+facts are these statistics of what, for want of a better term, may be
+called _human production_, and which disclose what must be considered
+the most alarming tendency in American life. Granting that excessively
+large families are not desirable, at least from an economic point of
+view, it cannot be questioned that the diminution in the average size
+of the family, and the increase in the proportion of childless families
+among the native-born stock is evidence of physical deterioration,
+and must have a lasting and injurious effect on national life and
+character.
+
+
+
+
+Section IV.
+
+Medicine and Eugenics.
+
+
+
+
+THE PROPHYLAXIS OF HEREDITARY SYPHILIS AND ITS EUGENIC EFFECT.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Dr. H. Hallopeau.
+
+
+Syphilis is strongly _dysgenic_; it causes the production of profoundly
+damaged children; in preventing it the physician co-operates
+effectively with eugenic action. In order to prevent the propagation
+of this disease we must have recourse to _administrative prophylaxis_,
+_prophylaxis by persuasion_, and _prophylaxis by medical measures_.
+
+_Administrative prophylaxis_ must act especially by multiplying
+gratuitous consultations and in securing, as far as possible, hospital
+treatment for persons affected by transmissible lesions, especially for
+prostitutes.
+
+To the physician belongs the duty of acting by _persuasion_ in pointing
+out to syphilitics that they have no right to have children so long as
+they are liable to transmit their disease to their offspring.
+
+We must abort syphilis if it is in the stage of primary invasion:
+this invasion is not, as was believed until recently, confined to
+the chancre and its accompanying swellings; it includes all the
+intermediate stage; in order to destroy the tripanosomes we must use
+repeated injections of _benzosulfoneparaminophenylarsinate of soda_,
+commonly known as _hectine_ (Mouneyrat), the only specific medicament
+which is well borne locally.
+
+Results similar to those we have just shown are obtained by making,
+in a given region, two or three injections of salvarsan. However, the
+comparison between the two medications is altogether in favour of that
+by hectine. Indeed, experience proves that the secondary generalization
+is noticeably more frequent after injections of salvarsan, and,
+besides, these are far from being always painless. We have made known
+to the Académie of Medicine a case in which, within 48 hours, they
+caused the death of a young man in good health. Several similar cases
+have since been notified, particularly by Dr. Gaucher. Confidently
+believing in the axiom "Primo non nocere," we explicitly declare
+ourselves adversaries of a practice which brings such accidents in its
+train.
+
+In the secondary stage, we must have recourse simultaneously to various
+specific agents.
+
+Procreation may be permitted when six months after the abortive
+treatment Wasserman's reaction, after several trials, has given
+uniformly negative results.
+
+The physician thus accomplishes a profoundly eugenic work in favouring
+and accelerating the production of unspoilt children.
+
+
+
+
+THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE GERM-PLASM.
+
+(The New Alcohol Legislation in Norway.)
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Dr. Alfred Mjoën.
+
+
+The injurious effect of alcohol depends not only upon the amount
+taken, but also upon other factors, as, _e.g._, upon its dilution,
+and upon the kind of nourishment taken with it. There can be no doubt
+that alcohol under a certain percentage neither injures nor can injure
+either the somatic cells, or what is more important for race-hygiene,
+the germ cells. And, on the other hand, it must be regarded as proved
+that alcohol over a certain percentage is injurious to the quality of
+the offspring, not alone where the mother drinks (influence upon the
+embryo), but also where the father alone is a drinker (destruction
+of the germ). The latest investigations in this field confirm this
+assumption.
+
+There is, it is true, a middle class of beverages whose influence
+upon the germ-plasm (posterity) has not been established, or can be
+established at all. As a general rule, one may lay down the rule: _The
+injurious effect of an alcoholic beverage upon individuals or race
+increases from a certain percentage progressively with its increasing
+contents of alcohol._
+
+Therefore, I propose to divide alcoholic liquors into classes, and to
+deal with them according to the amount of their contents of alcohol,
+_i.e._, according to their injuriousness.
+
+All casks, bottles, etc., coming into the market are to be furnished
+with the class-mark (_e.g._, I., II., III., branded upon the cord).
+
+For example, in the case of beer, the first class (under 2-1/4%), shall
+be obtainable everywhere. For this class there will be claimed, besides
+a reduction of duty, also a facility for sale and some concessions.
+Class I. (up to 2-1/4%) will be charged with 2 ore; Class II.
+(2-1/4--3-3/4%) with 8 ore; and Class III. (3-3/4--5%) with 15-16 ore
+per litre. Beer over 5% or 5-1/2% will be prohibited([3]).
+
+[Footnote 3: This proposal was favourably received by the Norwegian
+minister Knudsen, and brought before the Storthing as a Government
+measure. The proposal has been accepted as part of the election
+programme of the Radicals, the Socialist Democrats, and all total
+abstinence organisations.]
+
+The class system permits of a simple, cheap, and practicable control,
+and, indeed, a control which is not confined to the brewery or to
+any single stage of preparation, but which follows the article over
+the whole country from its origin to its consumption. When alcoholic
+drinks are marked with their class and placed under State control, the
+consumers will themselves easily exercise the control. And the public
+will gradually become accustomed to form an opinion upon the influence
+of the various articles upon the working capacity and the health, not
+only of the individual, but also of the family and the race. State and
+country authorities will, with State-controlled classes, more easily
+see justice done on all sides. This last advantage will, naturally,
+only avail in those lands where the permission to sell alcoholic
+liquors is vested in the local authorities. The progressive class
+system will also give the State, the municipalities, and also private
+labour organisations an opportunity to support those restaurants
+and inns which supply nothing but pure and harmless liquors, and
+consumption will undergo a slow and gradual change to the lightest
+drinks.
+
+At the present time the lightest kinds of beer are too heavily taxed
+in comparison with the heaviest kinds, and the latter in turn are too
+heavily taxed in comparison with brandy. From the point of view of
+race-hygiene, the fight must be directed especially against the fourth
+and most dangerous class, namely, all kinds of brandy (prohibition or
+Ivan Bratt's system), as well as against the mixed wines, which are so
+often adulterated and injurious.
+
+
+
+
+ALCOHOLISM AND DEGENERACY.
+
+Statistics from the Central Bureau for the Management of the Insane of
+Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By M. Magnan,
+
+_Chief Physician to the Central Bureau, Member of the Academy of
+Medicine_,
+
+And Dr. Fillassier.
+
+
+From 1869 to 1912 the number of sick persons received at the Central
+Bureau of the St. Anne Asylum has gone on steadily increasing:
+occasionally signs of a falling off are noticed, quickly compensated by
+the number of entries for the following years.
+
+Among these patients a great number are driven to the asylum by the
+abuse of alcoholic drinks. Some of these are simple alcoholics, _i.e._,
+those who owe their insanity entirely to excessive drinking; the others
+make up the numerous group of degenerates, who are for the most part
+descendants of alcoholics, and on whom fall all the forms of physical,
+intellectual, and moral degradation.
+
+For these last, alcohol has been but the touch of the trigger which has
+put in action their disposition towards insanity; the attack of mania,
+when past, leaves revealed psychic troubles, which, but for the turning
+of the balance by alcohol, would have remained in the latent condition,
+but which, once developed, remain often for a much longer time; so
+we see the increase in the number of these patients--occasional
+drunkards--keeping pace with that of chronic alcoholics.
+
+These will specially call forth the interest of the members of the
+Eugenic Congress. From the clinical point of view they exhibit
+great importance; for showing as they do all the episodic syndromes
+of degeneracy, all the mental forms of it may be seen--maniacal,
+melancholic, idiotic: insanities polymorphous or systematic, fixed
+ideas, monomanias connected with words or numbers, every sort of
+phobia, obsession, impulse, and symptomatic manifestation of great
+importance. When their objective lies in sexual perversion, theft,
+arson, murder, etc., these various states raise the most delicate
+questions whether from the point of view of philosophy, psychology,
+sociology, or forensic medicine.
+
+This class of society, in the grip of this poison, is unfortunately
+not sterile; their miserable descendants come to dock in the asylum;
+so much so that if we mass together the various elements, if we add
+the unfortunates permanently disabled, such as epileptics, and the
+increasing crowd of feeble-minded, idiotic, tuberculous children, the
+mind recoils aghast at the gravity of the danger. The necessity of
+an implacable war against alcoholism, which crowds our asylums, our
+hospitals, and our homes with insane persons, and sends a constant
+stream to our prisons and reformatories--such a war must be the
+principal aim of the Eugenics Congress.
+
+For long the evil genius of mankind, alcoholism has to-day laid its
+clutch on women, and the admission figures now show their numbers on
+the increase every year.
+
+Such are the lessons which may be learnt from the report of Magnan and
+Fillassier.
+
+
+
+
+EUGENICS AND OBSTETRICS.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Dr. Agnes Bluhm, _Berlin._
+
+
+1. Among the agencies under social control which impair the racial
+qualities of future generations, an important place is taken by the
+Science of Medicine, especially by Obstetrics. For the increase of
+obstetrics increases the incapacity for bearing children of future
+generations.
+
+2. The great difference in the capacity for bearing children between
+the primitive and civilized races depends only in part on the lessened
+fitness of the latter due to the increase of skilled assistance.
+
+3. Incapacity for bearing children can be acquired; it develops,
+however, abundantly on the grounds of a congenital predisposition.
+
+4. In so far as the latter is the case, obstetrics contributes towards
+the diffusion of this incapacity.
+
+5. The most serious obstacles to delivery are effected by deformities
+of the pelvis, in at least 90% of which heredity plays a part. In this
+connection, rickets, the predisposition to which is inherited, takes
+the foremost place.
+
+6. German medical statistics make it appear probable that incapacity to
+bear children is on the increase.
+
+7. Medical help in childbirth brings, undoubtedly, numerical advantage
+to the race, but it endangers the quality of the race in other ways
+than through the fostering of unfitness for bearing.
+
+8. The danger of the increase of incapacity for bearing through the
+increase of assistance in childbirth can be combatted:--
+
+(_a_) Through the renunciation of descendants by women unfitted to bear
+children.
+
+(_b_) Through an energetic campaign against rickets, to which only the
+predisposition can be inherited.
+
+(_c_) Through the permeation of obstetrics with the spirit of eugenics,
+so that the obstetrician no longer proceeds according to a settled rule
+(living mother and living child), but in each separate case takes into
+consideration the interests of the race.
+
+
+
+
+HEREDITY AND EUGENICS IN RELATION TO INSANITY.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By F. W. Mott, M.D., F.R.S.,
+
+_Physician to Charing Cross Hospital and Pathologist to the London
+County Asylums._
+
+
+What is insanity? Every case of insanity is a biological problem,
+the solution of which depends upon a knowledge of what a man was
+born with--Nature--and what has happened after birth--Nurture. The
+increase of registered insanity in London; the causes of the increase.
+(1) The standard of insanity has been raised. (2) The increase of
+accommodation for reception of the insane. The diminishing death rate
+in asylums causing a progressive accumulation. The diminished number of
+recoveries. (3) The large proportion of old people admitted to asylums
+formerly in the infirmaries.
+
+_Nurture._--The correlation of pauperism, insanity and
+feeble-mindedness, alcohol, syphilis, and tuberculosis in relation
+to insanity and feeble-mindedness. Congenital mental deficiency as
+distinguished from hereditary mental deficiency. Chronic poisoning of
+the blood by these agencies in relation to a lowered specific vitality
+of the germ cells. Environment in relation to mental energy and will
+power.
+
+_Nature._--The study of pedigrees in hospital and asylum patients
+showing the importance of heredity in nervous and mental diseases.
+The nature of the neuropathic tendency; its transmission in different
+forms of nervous and mental disease in successive generations. Its
+latency and re-appearance in stocks. Relation of neurasthenia to the
+neuropathic taint. Conclusions arrived at in relation to heredity
+and insanity from a study by a card system of 3,118 related persons
+who are at present, or who have been, in the London County asylums.
+Among the 20,000 inmates at present resident, 715 are so closely
+related as parents and offspring or brothers and sisters. Nature is
+always trying to end or mend a degenerate stock if left to itself.
+Analysis of data regarding first attack of insanity in 464 parents
+and their 508 offspring; the signal tendency to the occurrence of the
+disease in a more intense form and at an earlier age in the offspring.
+This "antedating" or "anticipation" in relation to Nature's process
+of elimination of the unfit. Nearly 50 per cent. of the offspring
+affected 20 years earlier than the parent. The same found in uncles
+and aunts with nephews and nieces, only not nearly so marked. Seeing
+that the unfit are at present able to survive; does nature end or mend
+degenerate stocks, or have the lines of neuropathic inheritance only
+been partially cut off by this tendency to "anticipation"? What we want
+to know is: What is the fate of all the offspring of an insane parent
+or parents; for there are a great many facts which show that a disease
+may be latent and re-appear in a stock when the conditions of mating
+or environment are unfavourable? A collection of pedigrees is required
+which will prove conclusively that the offspring of insane parents,
+who are free from the insane manifestations during adolescence, will
+breed children who will not become insane. Supposing it were shown
+that cases discharged as recovered had the seeds of insanity, by the
+fact that their progeny were feeble-minded, epileptic, or insane, it
+would be a clear indication of taking measures to prevent them handing
+on the disease. Recurrent insanity--the birth of children in the sane
+intervals. Analysis of pedigrees with a dual neuropathic inheritance
+of maternal and paternal stocks compared with single neuropathic
+inheritance. Conclusion that a child born of neuropathic inheritance in
+both ancestral stocks stands, on an average, the chance of being insane
+four times as great as when only one stock is affected. Are there any
+types of insanity especially liable to be transmitted in the same form
+or another form? The prediction of the racial value of an individual
+inheritance can only be predicted by a study of what a man was born
+with--Nature, and what happened after birth--Nurture.
+
+
+
+
+THE PLACE OF EUGENICS IN THE MEDICAL CURRICULUM.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By H. E. Jordan,
+
+
+_Chairman of the Eugenics Section of the American Association for the
+Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality._
+
+
+
+
+The Science of Eugenics deserves a place in the medical curriculum for
+three reasons. Firstly: Medicine is fast becoming a science of the
+prevention of weakness and morbidity; their permanent not temporary
+cure, their racial eradication rather than their personal palliation.
+Eugenic conduct is undeniably a factor in attaining the speedy
+achievement of the end of racial health. Eugenics, embracing genetics,
+is thus one of the important disciplines among the future medical
+sciences. The coming physician must have adequate training in matters
+relating to heredity and Eugenics. Secondly: as the general population
+becomes better educated in matters of personal and racial health and
+hygiene it will more and more demand advice regarding the prevention
+of weakness in themselves and their offspring. The physicians are
+logically the men who must give it. Thirdly: physicians will be more
+efficient public servants if they approach their work with the Eugenic
+outlook on life.
+
+Instruction in Eugenics, in the form of a number of special lectures
+on the subject, is already given in some of our medical schools. This
+indicates at least that the need is felt and the importance of such
+knowledge to the best physician recognised. Since not all of the better
+medical schools give such courses, however, we may infer that there are
+obstacles in the way. What is the nature of these?
+
+One such may be the lack of adequate preparation on the part of the
+students in the fundamentals of biology to properly comprehend the
+import and application of Eugenic facts. This obstacle is speedily
+being removed; for considerable biological training is already a
+medical course prerequisite. But there may be a lack of properly
+prepared teachers to present this subject to even properly prepared
+medical students. This obstacle is also fast disappearing. Once the
+demand for this kind of help is voiced, there will appear properly
+trained teachers to instruct physicians.
+
+Another obstacle may be raised by short-sighted and self-seeking
+physicians, for whom less illness and weakness may mean less work and
+a reduced income. But this is, perhaps, only a relatively very small
+factor in, and also only a passing phase of, the opposition, and will
+soon correct itself.
+
+The most encouraging prospect for this new scheme of activity is the
+deep interest shown by young medical students in matters of heredity
+and Eugenics.
+
+
+
+
+A HEALTHY SANE FAMILY SHOWING LONGEVITY IN CATALONIA.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Professor I. Valenti Vivo.
+
+
+
+
+I. A healthy family showing longevity in Catalonia: the greater part of
+them died over 60 years of age from acute sickness. All belonged to the
+districts of Barcelona and Gerona. A record of their ability in medical
+science, art and agriculture, their average fertility.
+
+II. Communication on Biometrika: Licentiates in medical science, 50
+scholars, 1910: 70 in 1912. Dates: Cephalic index, stature, span,
+dynamometer, age, district.
+
+
+
+
+SOME REMARKS ON BACKWARD CHILDREN.
+
+(Abstract.)
+
+By Dr. Raoul Dupuy.
+
+
+
+
+When we speak of a backward child, we mean any subject which is
+arrested or retarded more or less completely in its bodily, psychical,
+and sensorial evolution, in consequence of congenital and acquired
+lesions, or simply in consequence of physiological troubles, which
+concern, either at the same or a different time, the brain and
+the glands of internal secretion (the thyroid, the hypophysis,
+the suprarenals, and the genital glands). The cerebral lesions,
+practically incurable in the present state of science, produce "atropic
+backwardness" the functional troubles of the brain, or those caused by
+the glands of internal secretion, which can be modified by "combined
+organotherapy" produce dystrophic backwardness. We also, however, find
+mixed types, half of the one and half of the other, which are similarly
+susceptible of improvement. The number, and above all the variety of
+the types of dystrophic backwardness, makes a general classification
+of them impossible. The study of their bodily, psychical and sensorial
+anomalies proves that in most of the manifestations of backwardness
+and immaturity, these children present perversions of evolution which
+have a common bearing on the development of body, mind and spirit.
+Although apparently different from one another, these backward persons,
+whether the mischief be corporal, psychical or sensorial, show
+pathological peculiarities, which prove that the cause of their various
+dystrophies have a similar origin, and that they often arise from
+defective function of the sympathic system which appears to be brought
+into action by the internal glands. The backward children consist
+of intoxicated, under-grown or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer
+from retention of substances, which ought normally to be eliminated,
+chiefly the chlorides and phosphates (in cases of apathy) or the hyper
+excretion of the same substances (in cases of instability). Moreover,
+the combined organotherapy ought to be considered as a "perfect
+touchstone" of dystrophy, and if applied according to certain rules,
+it gives results which are more complete and more certain than thyroid
+organotherapy by itself. It goes without saying that a special training
+is necessary for the intellectual "backwards"; but before any attempt
+at education, it is necessary to treat their bodily deficiencies, and
+to place them in the special schools with the boarding system, where
+they will be under the eye both of the doctor and of the teacher.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST INTERNATIONAL
+
+EUGENICS CONGRESS,
+
+LONDON,
+
+July 24th to July 30th, 1912,
+
+UNIVERSITY OF LONDON,
+
+SOUTH KENSINGTON.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CATALOGUE
+
+OF
+
+THE EXHIBITION.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CHARLES KNIGHT & CO., Ltd.,
+
+227-239 Tooley Street, London, S.E.
+
+
+References in the Index refer to the Alphabetical Enumeration in the
+margin of each page of the Catalogue.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The Exhibition Committee desire to take this opportunity of expressing
+their thanks to the Exhibitors for the loan of their exhibits. They
+desire specially to acknowledge the courtesy of Professor von Gruber
+for giving permission to make use of Translations from the Catalogue of
+the International Congress of Race Hygiene held in Dresden last year.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX TO EXHIBITS.
+
+
+  A
+
+  Ability, Administrative, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1
+
+  Inheritance of, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood
+      families, O. 5
+
+  Abnormal Germ Production, _see under_ Germ Production
+
+  Abnormalities observed in  Drunkard's Children, C. 92
+
+  Abortions and Premature Births in various Callings, C. 101
+
+  Administrative Ability, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1
+
+  Age-intervals, separating various Generations of Mannheim families, C. 39
+
+  Age of Parents
+    Conjointly with Numerical position in Family, in relation
+        to Infantile Mortality, C. 51
+    at Death, and Marital gross and net Fertility, C. 7
+    and Mortality of Children up to 5 years, C. 9-10
+    and Mortality of Children up to 20 years, C. 7-8
+
+  AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF UTAH
+    JOHN A. WIDTSOE, A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance
+    of Physical and Mental Qualities and Defects, and of
+    Literary Ability, from a Polygamous Family in Utah, N. 1
+
+  Alcohol and Degeneration, C. 91-3
+    Effect of, on Human Offspring, C. 96
+    Experiments with, on Animals, in Small Quantities, C. 95
+    Frequency and Intensity of harmful Influences through, relative,
+        Urban and Rural, C. 88
+    Injury from, to Reproductive functions, C. 89-90
+
+  Alcoholic, Epileptic, Sexually-immoral Man, and Neurotic and
+      Sexually-immoral Woman, Offspring of, D. 9
+    Intoxication, Acute, effect of on Origin of Feeble-mindedness, C. 97
+    Man, and Feeble-minded Woman, Offspring of, D. 10
+    and Migrainous Woman, Offspring of, D. 13
+
+  Alcoholism, Paternal, effect of, on Suckling-capacity of Daughters, C. 93
+    Inter-connection with, of Tuberculosis, Nervous Diseases, and Psychoses
+        of Offspring, C. 94
+
+  _Alytes obstetricans_, _see_ Midwife Toad
+
+  "All London," Booth's Classification of, Comparison of, with the Normal
+      Classes, O. 3
+
+  AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION, EUGENICS SECTION (C. DAVENPORT, ESQ.).
+      Charts _re_ Defectives, Classification and Statistics of, P.
+
+  Ancestors, Theoretical Number of, C. 115
+
+  Ancestral Loss, Phenomenon of, C. 96
+
+  Animals, Experiments on, with Small quantities of Alcohol, C. 95
+
+  Arab v. Spaniard, Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 4
+
+  Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, Pedigree of, C. 112
+
+  Association of Characters in Heredity in Sweet Peas, M. 6 & 7 (_a & b_)
+
+  Atrophy, Progressive Muscular, C. 13
+
+  Australia, Birth and Death Rates in, H. 25
+
+
+  B
+
+  Bavaria, Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality in, C. 60, 70
+
+  "Belvidere," Pedigree of, C. 110
+
+  Berlin, Birth and Death Rate for, H. 28
+    Fertility in, decrease in, _circ._ 1869-1910, C. 126-129
+
+  Birth-curve, general, and that for Feeble-minded Children compared, C. 97
+
+  Birth-frequency in relation to Habit of Breast-feeding, C. 72, 73
+
+  Birth-interval, in relation to
+    Breast-feeding, length of, C. 63
+      Average length of, C. 63, 64
+    Health of Offspring, C. 58
+    Infantile Mortality, C. 57, 58
+    Vitality of Child, with and without, Breast-feeding, C. 65
+
+  Birth-place, Locality and Size of, in relation to Military Fitness,
+      Germany, C. 26-30
+
+  Birth-rate, in relation to
+      Breast-feeding, duration of, C. 72, 73
+      Wealth, C. 118-122
+    Rising, Countries with, H. 21-4
+    Stationary, Countries with, H. 17-20
+
+  Birth and Death Rate
+    in Australia, H. 25
+    in Berlin, H. 28
+    in Europe and Western Europe, H. 30-1
+    in France, H. 7
+    in the Netherlands, H. 10
+    of Toronto, City of, H. 27
+    of United Kingdom, and of German Empire, H. 5, 6
+    of Various Countries, relation between, H. 1-31
+
+  Birth and Death Rates and Infant Mortality, relation between, H. 1-31
+    for New Zealand, H. 26
+    in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13
+
+  Birth-rates, and _corrected_ Death-rates, relation between, H. 2
+
+  Births _per_ Couple essential to prevent Decay of Nations,
+    C. 123 _et præoi_
+    Premature in Various Callings, C. 101
+    Restriction of, C. 125-128
+
+  Blindness, _see_ Colour-blindness _and_ Night-blindness
+
+  Blood-relationship of Parents and Health of Offspring, C. 108
+    Intensification of Characters in, C. 106-7
+
+  Blue Andalusian Fowls, Mendelian Inheritance in
+    Gametic Purity in Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_)
+    Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_)
+
+  Booth, C., Classification by, of "All London," Comparison of, with the
+      Normal Classes, O. 3
+
+  Breast-feeding, in relation to
+      Birth-intervals, Length of, and average Length of, C. 63, 64
+      Cancer, C. 71
+      Infant Mortality
+        Birth-Interval and, C. 59-62
+        Female Labour and, C. 99
+    Capacity for, of Daughters as affected by Paternal Alcoholism, C. 93
+      as Evidence of Hereditary Constitution in relation to Infant
+        Mortality, C. 79-82
+      and Number of Children, C. 61
+    Duration of, in relation to
+      Average number of Carious Teeth, C. 74, 75
+      Birth rate, C. 72, 73
+      Frequency of Rachitic disturbances of development, C. 78.
+      Infant Mortality, C. 74
+        in Conjunction with Numerical Position, C. 60
+      Physical development, C. 76
+      School Reports, average, C. 77
+    Habit of, in relation to Birth-frequency, C. 72, 73
+      as running in Families, and Infant Mortality, C. 62
+
+
+  C
+
+  Canada, _see_ Toronto
+
+  Cancer, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 71
+
+  Cataract, Hereditary, L. 4
+
+  Charts Explaining Method of Collecting and Recording
+      Data, D. 15 (_a_ & _b_)
+
+  Childbirth, increasing Frequency of Surgical Operations in connection
+      with, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6)
+
+  Childless and Fertile Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45
+
+  Children, _see also_ Infant Mortality, Numbers, Numerical Position, &c.
+      of Drunkards, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92
+
+    Health of, in connection with Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108
+
+    Mortality of,
+      Death-age of Parents in relation to,
+        up to 5 years, C. 9, 10
+        up to 20 years, C. 7, 8
+      illegitimate, C. 104, 105
+      Number of children in relation to, C. 60
+    Number of, Average in each Generation, Mannheim, C. 38
+      in Paris, in relation to Wealth, C. 119
+
+  Cleopatra, Pedigree of, showing Inbreeding, C. 114
+
+  Colour-Blindness, Congenital, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1
+
+  Colour-Changes in Skin of Fire-Salamander, according to placing on Yellow
+      or Black Earth, C. 1, 2
+
+  Colours, Recombination of in Poultry, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3
+
+  Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of "All London," with the Normal
+      Classes, O. 3
+
+  Conceptions and Conception Losses, Numbers of, and Explanations,
+      C. 52 (1-4)
+
+  Congenital Colour-Blindness, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1
+    Hereditary Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_)
+
+  Constitution, _see_ Hereditary _do._
+
+  Consumption in three Generations, Male Infant Mortality, E. 5 (_c_)
+
+  Copenhagen, Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for, C. 122
+
+  Countries with
+    Rising Birth-rate, H. 21-4
+    Stationary Birth-rate, H. 17-20
+
+  Country, _versus_ Town Fertility, in Prussia, C. 126, 128
+
+  Cross-Fertilization in Maize, C. 111
+
+  Crossing of Races
+    Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117
+    Inbreeding and, C. 106, 107
+
+
+  D
+
+  Darwin, Charles,
+    Home of, Down House
+      Study-rooms of, at Down
+        Etching of Large, by Haig, B. 7
+        Photograph of Small, in which "The Origin of Species" was
+            written, B. 6
+      Water-colour Drawing of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8
+    Letters of (Two) on "Worms and their Habits," B. 9
+    Portraits of Engraving, by Flameng after Collier, B. 4
+
+    Portraits of
+    Painting, by W. W. Ouless, B. 1
+    Photograph, by Maull and Polyblank, B. 3
+      on his Horse, Tommy, B. 5
+
+  Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus, Portraits of
+      (Silhouette), A. 2
+
+  Darwin, Mrs., Portrait of (Silhouette), A. 3
+
+  DARWIN, WILLIAM E., and LEONARD, B. 1 to 9
+
+  Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as
+      exemplified by, O. 5
+
+  Daughters, Suckling Capacity of, as affected by Paternal
+      Alcoholism, C. 93
+
+  DAVENPORT, C. B., P.
+
+  Death-rates, _see also_ Birth-, and Death-rates of Married and Divorced
+      Persons, and of Widows, compared, C. 102
+
+  Deaths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52, 53
+
+  Defect, Transmission of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_)
+
+  Defective and Pauper families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2
+
+  Defectives
+    Classification of, Charts of, P. 1
+    Statistics of Charts, P.
+
+  Degeneration, Alcohol and, C. 91-3
+
+  Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and General Paralysis, Frequency of, in
+      Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 38
+
+  Denmark, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 121, 122
+    Number of Children in, in Families of Different Classes, 1901, C. 121
+
+  Descent, _see also_ Heredity, Inheritance, _and_ Mendelism
+    of Qualities in a Population (after Galton), O. 4
+    Standard Scheme of (after Galton), O. 2
+
+  Development as affected by Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 74-8
+
+  Diseases, Variation of, England and Wales, H. 9
+
+  Down House, Home of Charles Darwin Study-rooms in
+    Large, Etched by Haig, B. 7
+    Small, Photograph of, B. 6
+    Water-colour of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8
+
+  Drunkard's Children, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92
+
+  DRYSDALE, C. V., H. 1-30
+
+  Dutch conditions as to Fertility in relation to Marriage, Wealth and
+      Occupation, C. 122
+
+  Dying-out of Higher grades of Society, C. 34
+    Large Scale of, C. 36
+    Quick process of, Catastrophic changes inaugurating,. C. 38-43
+
+
+  E
+
+  Earth, Colour of, as affecting Skin-colour in Fire Salamander, C. 1-2
+
+  England and Wales
+    Birth- and Death-rate and Infantile Mortality for, H. 9
+    Fertility of Married Women in, H. 9
+    Illegitimacy in, H. 9
+
+  English _v._ Gipsy, Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K. 1
+
+  Engraving by Leopold Flameng of Collier's Portrait of C. Darwin, B. 4
+
+  Environment, Colour changes in Skin due to, C. 1-2
+
+  Epilepsy, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 88
+
+  Epileptic, Alcoholic, Sexually-immoral Man and Sexually-immoral Woman,
+   Offspring of, D. 9
+      and Feeble-minded Parents, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_)
+      Man and Choreic Woman, Offspring of, D. 11
+      of Low Grade, condition of Relatives of, D. 13
+      and Normal Woman, Offspring of, D. 12
+      Parents, Offspring of, D. 1
+      Unmarried Mother, Offspring of, D. 6
+
+  Epileptics, Village for, of New Jersey State, at Skillman, D. 1-15
+
+  Etching by Axel Haig of Darwin's large Study at Down, B. 7
+
+  European States, Decrease of Fertility in some, C. 129
+
+  European _v._ American Red Indian, Inheritance of Racial form of
+      Nose, K. 2 (_a_ & _b_)
+    Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 3
+
+  Eye, Lens of, Reconstruction of, out of Iris, C. 49
+    of Vertebrate, Development of, C. 49
+
+  Eye-colour in Mankind, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3
+    Racial Segregation of, K. 3-5
+
+  Eye-disease, Destructive, and Mental Defect in same Stock, E. 1
+
+  Eye-sight, Defects of, L. 1-4
+
+
+  F
+
+  Families brought back to the Land, North Germany, C. 23-5
+    Frequency of Tuberculosis in, C. 15
+
+  Faulty position of Child at Birth, in relation to
+      Stillbirth, C. 48 (5 & 6)
+
+  Feeble-minded
+    Children, Birth-curve of, compared with general Birth-curve, C. 97
+    Parents, Offspring of, D. 8
+      Mated with Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_)
+    Woman, and Alcoholic Man, Offspring of, D. 10.
+
+  Feeble-mindedness, Incest, and Offspring, D. 3
+    Origin of, Acute Intoxication in relation to, C. 97
+
+  Female Labour and Infant Mortality, C. 99-101
+    as affecting Reproduction, C. 99, 100
+
+  Fertile and Childless Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45
+
+  Fertility, Age of Parents at Death in relation to, C. 7
+    and Health in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117
+    in relation to High Mental Endowment
+      in France, C. 124
+      in Holland, C. 123
+    Legitimate, in Berlin, Decrease of: Two-children System, C. 127-9
+    of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch
+        Conditions, C. 122
+    of Married Women, England and Wales, H. 9
+    Want of, in French and German towns, C. 125-9
+    and Wealth, C. 118
+      in Denmark, C. 121, 122
+      in Munich, C. 120
+
+  Field-workers in America, Charts collected by, P.
+
+  Fire Salamander, Colour-changes in Skin of, when placed on Yellow or on
+      Black Earth, C. 1-2
+
+  First-born _see also_ Numeral position alleged Inferiority in, C. 64.
+    and Later-Born, Infantile Mortality among, C. 56
+    Myopia in high degree and frequency of, C. 54
+
+  Fitness for Military Service in relation to Birth-place, locality and
+      size of, and to Parental occupation, C. 26-30
+
+  Foetus, effect on, of Lead poisoning, C. 98
+
+  France, Birth- and Death-rates for, since 1781., H. 8
+    Departments of, Fertility in relation to Wealth in, C. 118
+    Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 124
+    Total Population and Birth- and Death-rates for, Variation in, H. 7
+    Towns of, Want of Fertility in, C. 125
+
+
+  G
+
+  Galton, Darwin, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as
+      exemplified by, O. 5
+
+  Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, Portraits
+      of (Silhouette), A. 4
+
+  Galton, Sir Francis, Portrait of, by Charles Furze, A. 1
+
+  Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, Theory of
+    Illustrations of in
+      Blue Andalusian Fowls, O. 1 (_f_)
+      Mice, O. 1 (_d_)
+
+  General Paralysis of the Insane, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic
+      Asylums, C. 88
+
+  Generations of Mannheim Families
+    Age-intervals separating, C. 39
+    Average number of Children in each, C. 38
+    Number attained by, C. 38
+
+  Germ-cells, effect on, of Lead-poisoning, C. 98
+
+  Germ Production, Abnormal, Disturbance of Normal Sex proportion as
+      symptom of, C. 44
+
+  Germany, _see_ Berlin, Munich, & United Kingdom
+    Recruits in, cause of Unfitness in those qualified for one year and in
+        general, C. 33, 34
+
+  GRUEBER, PROF. von, C. 1-123
+
+
+  H
+
+  Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, C. 12
+
+  Hair Peculiarities, Heredity of
+    Curled hair, C. 5
+    Lock of White hair, C. 6
+
+  Health and Fertility in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117
+    of Married persons, importance to, of Marriage, C. 102
+    of Offspring in relation to
+      Birth-interval, C. 58
+      Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108
+
+  Heart and Vessels, effect on, of Syphilis, C. 85
+
+  Hereditary Cataract, L. 4
+    Changes in _Alytes obstetricans_, C. 3-4
+    Congenital Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_)
+    Constitution as evidenced by power to Breast-feed, in relation to
+        Infant Mortality, C. 79-82
+    Night-blindness with Myopia, L. 2
+
+  Heredity, _see also_ Descent, Inheritance & Mendelism
+    among Moral Imbeciles, C. 17
+    of Hair peculiarities
+      Curling, C. 5
+      White lock, C. 6
+    of Particular Taints, Distribution of amongst nearest
+        Relatives, C. 16-19
+    Principles of, Charts of, P.
+
+  Higher grades of Society
+    Dying out of, C. 34
+    Large Scale of, C. 36
+      Urban, C. 37
+    Quick process, Catastrophic changes inaugurating, C. 38-43
+
+  Holland, _see also_ Dutch, & Netherlands
+    Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 123
+
+  HOPE, E. W., PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL, F. 1-3 (_f_)
+
+  Human Races, _see also_ Races
+    Crossing of, Inbreeding and, C. 106-7
+    Interbreeding of Different, results of, K. 3
+
+  Hybrids resulting from Cross-fertilization, C. 111
+
+  Hybridization in Maize, C. 111
+
+
+  I
+
+  Illegitimacy in England and Wales, H. 9
+
+  Illegitimate Children, Mortality of, C. 104, 105
+
+  Imbeciles, Moral, Heredity among, C. 20
+
+  Inbreeding and Crossing of Races, C. 106
+    among Pathological, harm of, C. 109
+    in Reigning families, C. 112-14
+
+  Incest, and Feeble-mindedness, D. 3
+
+  Infantile Mortality in relation to
+    Age of Parents, C. 51
+    Birth Interval (_see also_ that head), C. 57, 58, 66
+      Long or Short, C. 65
+    Breast-feeding, _see under_ Breast-feeding
+    Birth- and Death-rates, relation between, H. 1
+    Female Labour, C. 99-101
+    Hereditary Constitution, C. 79-82
+    Marriage of Parents, C. 104, 105
+    Numerical position in family, C. 50, 60
+      in Princely families, C. 53
+      in England and Wales, H. 9
+      in the Netherlands, H. 10
+      in New Zealand, H. 26
+      in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13
+      in Roman Catholic Countries, H. 14-16
+    Tuberculosis, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_)
+
+  Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and
+      Wedgwood Families, O. 5
+    in Polygamous Utah family, of Physical and Mental Qualities and
+        Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1
+    Segregative of Racial Form of Nose, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_)
+
+  Insanitary Property in Liverpool, Model of, F. 1
+    Photographs of, and of New Dwellings erected on demolition
+        of, F. 3 (_a_ & _b_)
+
+  Insanity (_see also_ Lunatics), Consumption, and Infant
+      Mortality, E. 5 (_b_)
+
+  Interbreeding of Different Human Races, results of, K. 3
+
+  Inter-marriage, _see also_ Marriage between Pauper and Defective
+      families, Tendency to, E. 2
+
+  Intoxication, Alcoholic, Acute, in relation to Origin of
+      Feeble-mindedness, C. 97
+
+
+  L
+
+  Land, re-settlement of Families dealt with, N. Germany, C. 23-5
+
+  Lead-poisoning as affecting Germ-cells and Foetus, C. 98
+
+  Legitimate and Illegitimate Children, Berlin, 1885, Survival of, C. 105
+
+  Letters (autograph) of Charles Darwin (Two) on "Worms and their
+      Habits," B. 9
+
+  LIDBETTER, E. J., E. 1-6 (_d_) Life, Male, Duration of, Urban and Rural,
+      in Prussia, C. 22
+
+  LIVERPOOL, CITY OF, PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF, F. 1-3 (_f_)
+
+  London (_see also_ All London), Birth- and Death-rates, relation
+      between, H. 3
+
+  Low-type Stock, perpetuation of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_)
+    with but little Physical Defect, E. 3
+
+  Lunatic Asylums, Prussian, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy
+      and General Paralysis, C. 88
+
+
+  M
+
+  Maize, Cross fertilized, Hybridized, Self-fertilized, C. 111
+
+  Male and Female Mortality, Urban and Rural, compared, C. 83-5
+   Life, Duration of, Urban and Rural, Prussia, C. 22
+
+  Malthusian theory of Population, H. 1-30
+
+  Mankind, Eye-colour in, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3
+
+  Mannheim families, Gradual extinction of, 19th century, C. 37
+
+  Marriage rate, England & Wales, H. 9
+
+  Marriage(s) in relation to Fertility, Occupation and Wealth, Copenhagen
+      and Holland, C. 122
+    First, Prolificness of, 19th Century, C. 40
+    Importance of, to Health of Married persons, C. 102
+    and Mortality in Prussia (1894-7), C. 102
+    between Peasant and Tramp, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21
+
+  Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, Pedigree shewing, I. 3
+    Experiments with Fowls, shewing Recombination of Colours, M. 3
+    Heredity in Blue Andalusian Fowls,
+      Gametic Purity in, Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_)
+      Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_)
+    in Mice, illustration of Theory of Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_)
+      With Dominance, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_f_)
+    in Peas, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_)
+    in Rabbits, M. 1, 2
+
+  Mendelism, O. 1
+
+  Mental Defect, _see also_ Defect, Defective, &c.
+      Transmission of, through the apparently Normal, E. 6 (_a-d_)
+    Disease and Destructive Eye-disease in same Stock, E. 1
+    Endowment, High, in relation to Fertility in
+      France, C. 124
+      Holland, C. 123
+    Taint, distribution of, among nearest Relatives, C. 17
+
+  Mice, Mendelian Heredity in, Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_)
+    (Theoretical), with Dominance, O. 1 (_c_)
+
+  Midwife Toad, Hereditary changes in Habits of, C. 3-4
+
+  Migrainous Parents, Offspring of, D. 14
+
+  Military Fitness and Unfitness, Germany, in relation to School
+      life, C. 31, 32, 33
+    Recruits, Frequency among, of Venereal Diseases, C. 87
+
+  Miscarriages in relation to Conception losses, C. 52 (2)
+
+  Moral Imbeciles, Heredity among, C. 20
+
+  Mortality, _see also_ Infant, Male and Female, Phthisis, Syphilitic
+    of Children, in relation to Age at Death of Parents, C. 7-10
+    of Illegitimate Children, C. 104, 105
+    in relation to Marriage, C. 102
+
+  MUDGE, G. P., K. 1-5
+
+  Munich, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 120
+
+  Munich Regiments, percentage in, of Fitness, C. 34
+
+  Muscular Atrophy, Progressive, C. 13
+
+  Myopia, with Hereditary Night-blindness, L. 2
+    High degree of, and frequency of, among First-born, C. 54
+
+
+  N
+
+  Neomalthusianism, C. 118-29
+
+  Netherlands, _see also_ Holland
+    Birth- and Death-rates and Infant Mortality for, H. 10
+
+  New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, at Skillman, Charts of, D. 1-15
+
+  New Zealand, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality, H. 26
+
+  Night-blindness, Hereditary with Myopia L. 2
+    Inherited Stationary, Pedigree of sufferers from, of Nongaret
+        family, C. 14
+
+  Nongaret family, sufferers from Inherited Stationary Night-blindness,
+      Pedigree of, C. 14
+
+  Normal Classes, Comparison with, of Booth's Classification of "All
+      London," O. 3
+   Woman, with two Tuberculous husbands, E. 5 (_d_)
+
+  Nose, Racial form of, and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_)
+
+  Number of Children and
+   Capacity for Breast-feeding, C. 61
+   Child Mortality, C. 60
+
+  Numerical position in family, _see also_ First-born
+    and Duration of Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality, C. 20
+    in relation to Infantile Mortality, C. 50, 55
+      in Princely families, C. 53
+
+  Nystagmus, Hereditary congenital, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_)
+
+
+  O
+
+  Occupation in relation to Fertility, Denmark and Holland, C. 122
+
+  Offspring, Human, effects on of Alcohol, Blood relationship of Parents,
+  Epileptic and Feeble-minded Parentage, &c., _see_ those heads
+
+
+  P
+
+  Parental Age at Death, and Child Mortality, C. 7-10
+
+  Occupation in relation to Military Fitness, Germany, C. 26-30
+
+  Parents, Blood-relationship of, and Health of Offspring, C. 108
+    Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 1
+
+  Paris, Birth- and Death-rates of, relation between, H. 4
+    Number of Children in, in relation to Wealth, C. 119
+
+  Paternal Alcoholism, as affecting Suckling powers of Daughters, C. 93
+    with Inter-connection of Tuberculosis, Neuroses and Psychoses of
+          Offspring, C. 94
+    Lead-poisoning, effect of, on Reproduction of Healthy Offspring, C. 98
+
+  Pathological Interbreeding, harm of C. 109
+
+  Pauper and Defective families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2
+
+  Pauperism due to Transmission of Defect, and perpetuation of Low-type
+      Stocks, E. 1-6 (_d_)
+    Tuberculosis, and Infant Mortality, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_)
+
+  Peas, _see also_ Sweet Peas
+    Mendelian Inheritance in, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_)
+
+  PEARL, DR. RAYMOND, G.
+
+  Peasant and Tramp Intermarriages, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21
+
+  Pedigree Records, System of Making, G. 1
+
+  Pedigrees of
+    Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, shewing Inbreeding, C. 112
+    "Belvidere," C. 100
+    Collected by Field-workers in America, P.
+    Descent of Administrative Ability, I. 1, _see also_ Darwin, Galton, and
+        Wedgwood families
+      of Scientific Ability (Wollaston Pedigree), I. 2
+    Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, I. 3
+    Family with peculiarly Curled Hair, C. 5
+    Hæmophylic family, C. 12
+    Illustrating Royal tendency to Inter-marry, C. 112-14
+    Reigning Houses, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116
+    Zero von Jorger family, C. 21
+
+  Physical condition of Childless and Fertile Couples contrasted, C. 45
+
+  Photographs of Charles Darwin, B. 3, 5,
+    of Small Study in which "Origin of Species" was written, B. 6
+
+  Physical Development in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 7
+    Qualities, Heredity of, Tables shewing, C. 7
+
+  Phthisis Mortality, Decline in, for
+    England & Wales, F. 2 (_a_)
+    England & Ireland, F. 2 (_b_)
+    Liverpool, F. 2 (_d_)
+    Scotland, F. 2 (_c_)
+
+  Polygamous Utah Family, Inheritance in, of Physical and Mental Qualities
+      and Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1
+
+  Population
+    Births, _per_ Couple, essential to prevent Decay of
+        Nation, C. 123 _et proevi_
+    Descent of Qualities in (after Galton), O. 4
+    Malthusian theory of, H. 1-30
+    Neomalthusian theory of, C. 118-29
+
+  Portraits of
+    Darwin, Charles
+      (Engraving by L. Flameng, after Hon. John Collier's painting), B. 4
+      by Maull & Polyblank (Photograph), B. 3
+      on his horse Tommy (Photograph), B. 5
+      Painting by W. W. Ouless, B. 1
+    Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus (Silhouette), A. 2
+    Darwin, Mrs. (Silhouette), A. 3
+    Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters
+        (Silhouette), A. 4
+    Galton, Sir Francis, by Charles Furze, A. 1
+
+  Poultry, _see_ Blue Andalusian Fowls
+
+  Pregnancy, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101
+
+  Premature Births and Abortion in various Callings, C. 101
+    in relation to Conception losses, C. 52(2)
+
+  Princely families, Infantile Mortality in, in relation to Numerical
+      position, C. 53
+
+  Principles of Heredity Charts of, P.
+
+  Progeny of the Highly Gifted in France, C. 124
+
+  Progressive Muscular Atrophy, Inheritance of, C. 13
+
+  Prolificness of First Marriages, 19th century, C. 40
+
+  Protestant Countries, Birth- and Death-rates and Infant
+      Mortality in, H. 11-13
+
+  Prussia, Fertility (restricted) in, C. 126
+
+  Prussia
+    Lunatic Asylums of, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and
+        General Paralysis, C. 88
+    Male Life-duration in, Urban and Rural, C. 22
+
+  Ptolemäus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113
+
+  PUNNETT, PROF. R. C., M. 1-7 (_b_)
+
+
+  Q
+
+  Qualities, Descent of, in a Population (after Galton), O. 4
+
+
+  R
+
+  Rabbits, Mendelian Inheritance in, M. 1, 2
+
+  Rachitic disturbances of Development, Frequency of, in relation to
+    Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 78
+
+  Race--Hygiene, C. 46-7
+
+  Racial Crossing, C. 106-7
+      Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117
+    Eye-colour Segregation of, K.
+    Form of Nose and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_)
+    Inbreeding, C. 106-7
+
+  Recombination of Colours in Fowls, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3
+
+  Recruits, qualified for one year's service, and Recruits in general,
+    Germany, causes of Unfitness in, compared, C. 33, 34
+
+  Reigning families, Inbreeding among, C. 112
+    Houses, Pedigrees of, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116
+
+  Relations, Nearest, Distribution among, of Particular Taints, C. 16-19
+
+  Reproduction, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101
+    of Paternal Lead Poisoning, C. 98
+
+  Reproduction-methods of _Alytes obstetricans_, Hereditary changes
+      in, C. 3-4
+
+  Reproductive Functions, Injury to, from Alcohol, C. 89-90
+
+  Restriction of Birth, C. 125-8
+
+  Reversion in Sweet Peas
+    on Crossing, followed by appearance in next generation of Numerous
+        Types, M. 4
+    in Structural characters, M. 5
+
+  Roman Catholic Countries, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality
+      in, H. 14-16
+
+  Rural and Urban Duration of Male Life, Prussia, C. 22
+
+
+  S
+
+  Self-fertilization in Maize, C. 111
+
+  School Reports, average, in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 77
+
+  Schools, German, in relation to Military Fitness, C. 31
+
+  Scientific Ability, Descent of, Pedigree shewing I. 2, _and see_ Darwin,
+      Galton, Wedgwood families.
+
+  Sexes, Normal proportion of, Disturbance in, as symptom of Abnormal
+      germ production, C. 44
+
+  Segregation Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K., 1-2 (a & b)
+
+  Segregation of Racial Eye-colour, K. (3-5)
+
+  Silhouettes of
+    Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son Erasmus, A. 2
+    Darwin, Mrs., A. 3
+    Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, A. 4.
+
+  Skin-Colour, changes in, in Fire Salamander according to whether kept on
+      Yellow or Black Earth, C. 1-2
+
+  Soter II., Pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113
+
+  Spaniard _v._ Gipsy Inheritance, Segregation of Eye-colour, K. 3
+
+  Stillbirths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52-3
+    Decrease of Total of, C. 48(4)
+
+  Structural Characters, Reversion in, in Sweet Peas, M. 5
+
+  Students, German, causes of Military Unfitness in, C. 32, 33
+
+  Suicides in Civilised Countries, Increasing numbers of, C. 35-6
+
+  Suckling, _see_ Breast-feeding
+
+  Sucklings, _see_ Infant Mortality
+
+  Surgery in Childbirth, increase in, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6)
+
+  Standard Scheme of Descent (after Galton), O. 2
+
+  Sweet Peas
+    Association in, of Characters in Heredity, M. 6 & 7 (_a_ & _b_)
+    Reversion in, on Crossing, followed by appearance of Numerous Types in
+        next generation, M. 4
+      in Structural Characters, M. 5
+
+  Syphilitic and Sexually-immoral Couple, Offspring of, D. 15
+
+  Syphilis
+    Heart and Vessels as harmed by, C. 85
+    Mortality from, at 36 to 50 years, C. 85
+    Frequency of, relative, Urban and Rural, C. 86-8
+
+
+  T
+
+  Taints, particular, distribution of among nearest Relations, C. 16-9
+
+  Teeth, Carious, average of, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 74, 75
+
+  Toronto, City of, Birth- and Death-rates of, H. 27
+
+  Towns, _see also_ Urban
+    French and German, Restriction of Births in, C. 125-9
+    Life in, Special effect of, on Male Mortality, C. 83-5
+
+  Tramp and Peasant Inter-marriage, Pedigree showing results, C. 21
+
+  Tuberculosis
+    Frequency of, within Families, C. 15
+    Infant Mortality, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a_ & _e_)
+    Mortality from, of Married and Unmarried persons, C. 102
+
+  Tuberculous family with apparently Normal Parents from Tuberculous
+      Stocks, E. 5 (_a_)
+    Stock, Survival of, by accession of strength from
+        Normal, E. 5 (_c_ & _d_)
+
+  Twins, Hereditary tendency to beget, C. 11
+
+  Two-children System in Berlin, C. 127-9
+
+
+  U
+
+  United Kingdom and Germany, Total Population, and Birth- and Death-rates,
+      Variations in, H. 5-6
+
+  Urban Tendency to Extinction of Higher-grade families, C. 37
+    and Rural Duration of Male life, Prussia, C. 22
+    relative Frequency of Syphilis and other Venereal diseases, C. 86-8
+
+
+  V
+
+  Vitality of Child, influence on, of Birth-intervals, C. 65
+
+  Venereal Disease, Frequency of
+    among Military Recruits, C. 87
+    Urban and Rural, relative, C. 86-8
+
+
+  W
+
+  Wealth, in relation to
+    Birth-rate, C. 118-22
+    Fertility
+      Denmark, C. 121, 122
+      France, C. 118, 119
+
+  Wedgwood, Galton, and Darwin Families, Inheritance of Ability as
+      exemplified by, O. 5
+
+  WEEKS, DAVID FAIRFIELD, Director of the N. Jersey State Village for
+      Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A. D. 1-15
+
+  WHEELER, E. G., A. (1-4)
+
+  WHETHAM, MR. & MRS. W. C. D., I. 1-3
+
+  Widows and Divorced persons, High Death-rate of, C. 103
+
+  WIDTSOE, JOHN A., A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance of Physical and
+      Mental Qualities and Defects, and of Literary Ability, from
+      Polygamous family in Utah, N. 1
+
+  Wife, Importance of in raising or lowering Family Status, C. 21
+
+  William II., German Emperor, Pedigree of, showing "Ancestral
+      loss," C. 116
+
+  Wollaston Pedigree, shewing descent of Scientific Ability, I. 2
+
+  Woman with two husbands, Defective family by the first, E. 4
+
+
+  Z
+
+  Zero von Jorger family, Pedigree of, C. 21
+
+
+
+
+First International Eugenics Congress,
+
+London, July, 1912.
+
+
+LIST OF EXHIBITS.
+
+
+[Sidenote: A.]
+
+Exhibited by E. G. Wheler, Esq.
+
+[Sidenote: A 1]
+
+Portrait of Sir Francis Galton, by Charles Furze, 1903.
+
+[Sidenote: A 2]
+
+Silhouettes of Dr. Erasmus Darwin and his son Erasmus.
+
+[Sidenote: A 3]
+
+Silhouette of Mrs. Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: A 4]
+
+Silhouettes of Samuel Tertius Galton, his son Erasmus and three
+daughters.
+
+[Sidenote: B.]
+
+Exhibited by William> E. and Leonard Darwin.
+
+[Sidenote: B 1]
+
+Portrait of Charles Darwin, by W. W. Ouless, R A., painted in 1875.
+
+[Sidenote: B 2]
+
+Portrait of Erasmus Darwin (after Wright, of Derby), the common
+grandfather of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton.
+
+[Sidenote: B 3]
+
+Photograph of Charles Darwin, by Maull & Polyblank, taken about the
+year 1854.
+
+[Sidenote: B 4]
+
+Leopold Flameng's Engraving, after the portrait of Charles Darwin, by
+the Hon. John Collier, painted in the year 1881--now in the National
+Portrait Gallery.
+
+[Sidenote: B 5]
+
+Photograph of Charles Darwin on his horse Tommy.
+
+[Sidenote: B 6]
+
+Photograph of the small study at Down in which the "Origin of Species"
+was written.
+
+[Sidenote: B 7]
+
+Etching by Axel Haig of the large study at Down, which Charles Darwin
+occupied from about 1887 onwards.
+
+[Sidenote: B 8]
+
+Water-colour Drawing of Down House, by Albert Goodwin, painted in 1882.
+
+[Sidenote: B 9]
+
+Two letters of Charles Darwin, on "Worms and their Habits,"
+
+[Sidenote: C.]
+
+Exhibited by Professor von Gruber.
+
+[Sidenote: C 1 & 2]
+
+Experiments by P. Kammerer on +changes produced in the colours in
+the skin of the Fire Salamander--Salamandra maculosa--by keeping them
+on yellow or black earth respectively+.
+
+According as to whether the animals are kept on yellow or black earth
+the yellow or black colouring of the skin spreads, and this change
+of colour appears in the same way in the offspring, though a direct
+influence of the colour of the earth on the germ plasm is absolutely
+unthinkable. The two pictures in the lower part of Figure C 1 show
+the colouring of that generation to which the animal portrayed above
+belongs, according as to whether they have been kept permanently on
+yellow soil (right) or returned again to black soil (left). Here,
+it is true, it is not a question of a new quality or tendency. The
+capacity in the parents to deposit black pigment in their skin has
+been increased or decreased according to their surroundings. But the
+distinctive point remains, that their offspring is subsequently endowed
+with the inherited tendency to produce proportionately more or less
+pigment. This may, however, be a direct result of the abnormal life
+conditions of the parents, in so far as the depositing of more or less
+pigment in the skin of the parents is certainly not a purely local
+process, but rather is bound up with other metabolic changes which may
+extend to or influence the developing gametes.
+
+[Sidenote: C 3 & 4]
+
+Very remarkable are the +hereditary changes+ which Kammerer
+established in +Alytes obstetricans+--the midwife toad.
+
+With them copulation normally takes place on dry land. The male
+extricates from the female the string of eggs, winds it round his hind
+legs and carries it about until the eggs are ready. Then, and not till
+then, he enters the water where the larvæ escape. If, however, one
+keeps these toads in a high temperature (25-30 C.) they enter the water
+to cool themselves and abandon their normal way of manipulating their
+brood because the string of spawn swells in water and does not remain
+sufficiently sticky to allow the male to fasten it to his thighs. The
+animals become gradually accustomed to live in water, and continue to
+carry on the business of reproduction there, even when the temperature
+is normal. As soon as the new instinct has become sufficiently
+established with the parents they beget offspring, which at a normal
+temperature go of their own accord into water to deposit their eggs,
+and also produce eggs more numerous than, and somewhat different
+from, those of the normal toad. Further, the males of this succeeding
+generation develop thumbs and forearms of a character which enables
+them to perform the difficult task of holding the females during
+copulation in the water.
+
+[Sidenote: C 5 & 6]
+
+The likeness of offspring to their parents is extremely great and goes
+into many details; this we frequently overlook because a divergence
+strikes us more than a similarity. A similarity becomes striking when
+it is a question of familiar peculiarities. These often relate to
+exterior unimportant peculiarities. Our collection contains +a
+pedigree+ (taken by Dr. Walter Bell from Bateson's "Mendel's
+Principles of Heredity"), Figure C 5, +of a family with peculiarly
+curled hair+; also in Figure C 6, a +case of heredity of a lock
+of white hair+, likewise taken from Bateson's work by Rizzoli.
+
+[Sidenote: C 7]
+
+The heredity of physical qualities is strikingly illustrated in
+Weinberg's Table C 7, showing the age +at death of the parents
+and the marital gross and nett fertility+. It is founded on the
+Stuttgart family registers, and comprises about 1,900 non-tubercular
+and about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv für Rassen and
+Gesellschafts Biologie" and Württemberger Jahrbücher für Statistik und
+Landeskunde, 1911). W. Weinberg adds:
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Relation of Age at Death of Parents to Gross and Nett Fertility. (After
+Weinberg.)
+
+  Age of parents.       Men:           Women:
+
+  Years under 30  A 0.58  C 1.00   A 0.93  C 1.79
+                  B 0.62  D 1.34   B 0.82  D 1.72
+
+   30-40          A 1.38  C 2.81   A 1.65  C 3.40
+                  B 1.41  D 2.70   B 1.81  D 3.53
+
+   40-50          A 2.31  C 3.94   A 1.88  C 3.34
+                  B 1.90  D 3.69   B 2.25  D 4.52
+
+   50-60          A 2.39  C 4.05   A 2.31  C 3.69
+                  B 2.21  D 4.04   B 1.92  D 3.42
+
+   60-70          A 3.05  C 4.76   A 2.62  C 4.37
+                  B 2.88  D 4.65   B 2.79  D 4.28
+
+   70-100         A 3.38  C 5.50   A 2.76  C 4.34
+                  B 3.22  D 5.53   B 2.80  D 4.33
+
+  A - Non-tuberculous families, number of children surviving 20th year.
+  B - Tuberculous        "        "          "         "         "
+  C - Non-tuberculous families, number of children dying before attaining
+        20th year.
+  D - Tuberculous        "        "          "         "         "
+
+Number of non-tuberculous families about 1,900 (1876-79-86), of
+tuberculous about 3,000 (1873-89); from Stuttgart family registers.
+
+Figure C 7.]
+
+"The gross as well as the nett fertility of those which have died
+increases with the age attained, the latter, however, in a greater
+degree, because the mortality of children decreases with the greater
+age attained at death. With the wife the curve is less steep and less
+regular, because in her case mortality is unfavourably influenced by
+the birth functions; this is particularly plainly seen in the case of
+tuberculous women, when the curve has two peaks."
+
+[Sidenote: C 8]
+
+The same fact of heredity of "constitution" is demonstrated in
+Weinberg's Table C 8 showing the +age at death of the parents and
+the mortality of the children up to the age of 20.+ It is based on
+the same material as Table 7 and proves: "With the increasing age of
+the parents child mortality decreases, especially so in the case of the
+children of the tuberculous, and the number of children reaching the
+age of sexual maturity increases correspondingly."
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Age at Death of Parents and Mortality of the Children up to the Age of
+20 (including Still-born).
+
+Deaths per 100 living-born children:
+
+                   Non-tuberculous.       Tuberculous.
+
+  Age at death of father  of mother    of father  of mother
+
+    Under 30       42.1       45.1        52.9       54.8
+      30- 40       51.2       51.6        48.6       40.6
+      40- 50       38.3       43.8        48.3       50.2
+      50- 60       41.5       35.6        45.5       43.7
+      60- 70       38.1       40.1        38.1       36.4
+      70-100       38.5       36.2        42.4       39.8
+
+Figure C 8.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 9 & 10]
+
+The same is proved by the two Tables C 9 and 10 by Ploëtz referring
+to +age at death of fathers and mothers and child mortality up to
+the age of five years+. Very striking in both these tables is
+the extremely low mortality of the offspring of the parents with the
+greatest longevity.
+
+[Sidenote: C 11]
+
+Table C 11 by Weinberg: +Hereditary of the disposition to beget
+twins+ (Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts Biologie VI. 1909) is
+remarkable. "The difference in favour of sisters speaks for Mendel's
+law of dominance and recessivity. The more twins a woman has borne,
+the more frequently the same phenomena is found in her nearest
+female relations." That the mortality among twins is very great is a
+well-known fact.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Inheritance of Tendency to Bear Twins.
+
+About 2,000 families from Würtemberg family registers (after Weinberg).
+
+In every 100,000 Births Twin Births occur in the following numbers:
+
+Total population                              1087
+
+Among daughters                               1394
+                         of mothers
+  "   maidens                                 1523
+                         of twins
+  "   sisters                                 2135
+
+Figure C 11.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+In every 1,000 Births there are the following numbers of Twin Births
+among the immediate relatives:
+
+  Of all mothers                             11
+  Of women who have had 1 multiple birth     17
+       "        "      2    "        "       20
+       "        "      3 or more     "       56
+
+
+Mortality of Twins.
+
+  Percentage of deaths before the age of 20:
+                    Single-born Children     39
+                    Twins                    61
+
+Figure C 11 (_continued_).]
+
+[Sidenote: C 12]
+
+Figure C 12 the celebrated pedigree of the Hæmophilic +family+
+(bleeders) +Mampel+ (by Rüdin after Lossen).
+
+[Sidenote: C 13]
+
+Figure C 13 showing the inheritance of progressive muscular
++atrophy+ (after Eichhorst).
+
+[Sidenote: C 14]
+
+Figure C 14 a partial reproduction of a +pedigree+ comprising
+over 2,000 people of the family Nongaret suffering from inherited
+stationary night +blindness+ (compiled by Cunier, Truc and
+Nettleship). With regard to these figures it is to be noted that only a
+fraction of the offspring is affected with the illness, the remainder
+being perfectly normal. It is remarkable with the bleeders (Hæmophilic
+persons) that the females do not suffer from the disease though they
+transfer it to their male offspring; a similar latent disposition is
+observable in other hereditary conditions, especially colour-blindness.
+
+[Sidenote: C 15]
+
+W. Weinberg shows in Table C 15 the +frequency of tuberculosis
+within families+. He adds: "This is a comparison of the experiences
+of married tubercular individuals, regarding the frequency of
+tuberculosis among their parents, brothers and sisters, with the
+corresponding experiences of their husbands or wives who come on an
+average from similar surroundings. The experiences of the latter
+represent the normal expectation. It is especially striking that the
+family influence tells most with the children of the well-to-do." The
+well-known fact that the tuberculous frequently come from tuberculous
+stock is clearly demonstrated in the figures of this table.
+
+[Sidenote: C 16]
+
+[Sidenote: C 17]
+
+In Table C 16 Dr. Otto Diem shows the +distribution of particular
+taints+ in every hundred of the tainted members +among the
+nearest relations+ (parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers
+and sisters) of the entire material he deals with. It is shown for
+instance that with the mentally sound, 15% of the tainted relatives
+were mentally diseased against 45.9% with the mentally diseased. Figure
+C 17 shows the share of this percentage among the parents only. It is
+demonstrated that with the mentally diseased a much larger percentage
+of the total hereditary taint is traceable to parental madness,
+alcoholism, abnormality of character, than with the mentally sound.
+
+[Sidenote: C 18]
+
+Figure C 18 corresponds, with figure C 17, except that not only the
+parents are reckoned but the nearest defective relative in any degree.
+
+[Sidenote: C 19]
+
+Figure C 19 teaches that the reckoning of all the taints in the
+ancestry taken together with the collaterals fails to give as clear and
+convincing a picture of the dissimilarity in the heredity of mentally
+sound and diseased, as the reckoning of the taints among the parents
+alone. The establishment of the hereditary taint in the direct ancestry
+appears therefore by far the more important.
+
+[Sidenote: C 20]
+
+In Figure 144 (Journal f. Psychologie und Neurologie. XIII. Bd.) Drf.
+Hans W. Mayer gives a number of examples of +heredity among moral
+imbeciles+, and he draws the following conclusions: "Consequently
+moral defect in frequent combination with alcoholism is hereditary
+in the highest degree. Remedy: Incarceration of these dangerous
+individuals, not according to the accidental form of the crime
+committed, but as diseased and forming a public danger. If there is a
+risk of escape or if liberty is conceded--undoubtedly sterilization
+to prevent perpetuation of the defect." This latter course is already
+followed in North America, and a start has been made with it in
+Switzerland, at least in cases where the consent of the patients is
+obtained.
+
+[Sidenote: C 21]
+
+The pedigree of the +family of Zero von Jorger+, figure C 21
+(Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts biologie I.), shows in a convincing
+manner how very important for the protection of society is the
+prevention of the reproduction of the degenerate. In the course of time
+this family has burdened the sound and fit with taxation amounting to
+hundreds of thousands of pounds. The author remarks: "The family Zero
+springs from good peasant stock intermarrying with homeless female
+tramps. Its history shows how alcohol (especially spirits) and bad
+environment (in this case always combined) may create a scourge to
+society which continues from generation to generation. The family
+has produced many criminals, lunatics and feeble-minded persons. The
+offspring of these are destined to die out. Their great fertility at
+times is counteracted by great infant mortality."
+
+"In places regeneration is evident which invariably is inaugurated by
+marriage with a good woman and the consequent abandonment of the abuse
+of alcohol. As with the degeneration so with the regeneration the wife
+takes the leading part."
+
+The question whether modern civilized races are degenerate in body and
+mind is much disputed. In some respects for instance in the increase
+of myopia and caries of the teeth it is generally admitted, but in
+others it is doubtful, though it may be considered an established fact
+that the general average of health among all civilized nations is
+unsatisfactory. We do not know for certain whether the general level of
+all or certain qualities is being lowered or not, and still less can we
+say what part is played by heredity.
+
+The demand for the systematic collection of data on these points is the
+first which Race Hygiene has to make from Governments.
+
+The examinations as to fitness for military service in Germany might
+offer an excellent index of the physique of the people, but for this
+purpose the physical condition of the conscripts would have to be
+recorded in a much more thorough manner than at present (S. Gruber
+Concordia, 1916). There appears, however, to be no doubt that in
+general the country and agricultural pursuits produce young men of
+better average health than do towns and other occupations. This agrees
+with the fact that the life of the inhabitants in rural districts and
+of those engaged in agriculture is longer than that of town dwellers.
+
+[Sidenote: C 22]
+
+Table C 22 +compares+ the+ duration of life+ of men
+living +in towns with+ those living in +rural districts
+in Prussia+. Beyond all doubt the peasant population is still
+constitutionally the most valuable part of the people, and the
+colonisation at home, such as the Prussian Government is pursuing to
+an increasing degree, may become of the very highest value for the
+improvement of the race.
+
+[Sidenote: C 23, 24 & 25]
+
+Dr. Walter Abelsdorff gives the following explanations to Table C
+23, and figures C 24 and C 25. "They endeavour to show the number of
++families brought 'back to the land' in North Germany+ in the
+years 1900-1910."
+
+"The Royal Commission for settlement in West Prussia and Posen has
+achieved notable results since the beginning of its activity in 1886.
+This body has brought about from 1886 to 1910 the settlement in the
+country of 18,507 families, 18,127 in leaseholds and 305 in labourers'
+dwellings. For 1900 to 1910 the total number of families settled amount
+to 14,511."
+
+"The Royal General Commission began its activity later, but since
+1906 has been energetically pursuing the settlement of agricultural
+labourers. At Münster, in the years 1908 to 1910, 247 leasehold small
+holdings for artisans have been created."
+
+"The results of the Royal District Administrations are as yet less
+considerable, those of private societies with State subvention, though
+irregular, are worthy of note."
+
+"The total work of settlement is almost exclusively effected by the
+Commission for settlements and the General Commission."
+
+"Counting five members to each family, 130,000 people have been brought
+into economically improved conditions. In how far this may benefit
+the second generation--the children of the settlers--cannot as yet be
+determined."
+
+"These efforts, however, may be looked upon as a regenerative component
+among the measures for the improvement of the people."
+
+[Sidenote: C 26 & 27]
+
+Figure C 26 deals with the +fitness for military service in Germany
+in relation to the locality of birth+ and the +occupation+
+of the individual or the parents. Table C 27 with +fitness for
+military service in town and country+ (both after Wellmann).
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Fitness for Military Service according to Place of Birth and Calling.
+
+German Empire, 1902-08.
+
+Percentage of Recruits examined and found fit:
+
+                 Country born.                   City born.
+        Employed in                       Employed in
+        Agriculture.        Otherwise.    Agriculture.      Otherwise.
+
+    %   60.5 50.5 58.7   59.7 58.3 57.2   59.3 57.9 56.5  53.8  51.3  49.7
+
+  Years 1902 1904 1907   1902 1904 1907   1902 1904 1907  1902  1904  1907
+        -03  -06  -08    -03  -06  -08    -03  -06  -08   -03   -06   -08
+
+Figure C 26.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Fitness for Military Service in Town and Country. (After Wellmann.)
+
+                                               Locality of Birth.
+  Trade.           Percentage  Of those examined.     Of both parents.
+                    of fit.
+                               Large city.  Village.  Large city.  Village.
+                                    %           %          %           %
+
+  Brewer ...          63.4          3.0        55.3        3.0        55.3
+
+  Cab Driver          63.3          3.2        69.0        1.6        69.8
+
+  Smith               61.2          1.9        71.0        1.2        75.7
+
+  Skilled Mechanic    29.7         44.4        10.9       30.9        30.0
+
+  Implement maker or
+  Tool maker ...      28.5         36.3        15.9       24.8        28.3
+
+Figure C 27.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 28]
+
++Enlistments into the Army+ in Germany in 1907 and 1908, +according
+to size+ (number of inhabitants) +of native place+, are shown by Dr.
+Walter Abelsdorff in Figure C 28.
+
+[Sidenote: C 29]
+
+Figure C 29 shows +the percentage of those found fit in the final
+examination in Bavaria+ and +occupation of the parents+.
+
+[Sidenote: C 30]
+
+Table C 30 shows the total of all the +non-commissioned officers and
+privates in the German Army+ on December 1st, 1906, +classed
+according as they came from town or country+ and +according to
+the occupation or the parents+.
+
+Attention is invited to the fact that according to Figure C 26 the
+percentage of those found fit for military service in Germany has
+diminished in recent years, but it is doubtful whether this is caused
+by a general lowering of physique. It may be due to the application
+of a higher standard in consequence of increased supply. The distinct
+increase in height, in Germany as well as in many other European
+countries, of those obliged to offer themselves for military service
+speaks against deterioration in the average of physique. Against the
+suggestion that with the increase in height may be coupled a greater
+disposition to tuberculosis must be set the fact that amongst the tall
+is found a percentage of fit higher than the average.
+
+Abelsdorff remarks of Table C 27: "The results of recruiting for the
+years 1907 and 1908 have been grouped according to the size of the
+place of birth of the recruits.
+
+The average for the whole empire in 1907 is 54.9, in 1908 54.5, fit in
+every 100 finally examined. The percentage of fitness has diminished
+0.4% from 1907 to 1908. The numbers for 1904, 1905 and 1906 are
+respectively 56.4, 56.3, and 55.9%.
+
+Towns with over 1,000,000 inhabitants show the smallest number of fit:
+1907, 31.4%; 1908, 28.2%. The decline is 3.2%. Compared with the figure
+for the whole empire it shows 23.5% less fitness in 1907 and 26.3% in
+1908.
+
+For towns of 500,000 to 1,000,000 inhabitants the figures are slightly
+better; they reach 39.9% in 1907 and 44.0% in 1908; an improvement of
+4.9% on the figures of the largest towns. The other three classes,
+viz., towns with 200,000 to 500,000; 100,000 to 200,000 and 50,000
+to 100,000 inhabitants, show comparatively little variation in their
+figures for fitness for military service. They are 50.1% and 48.9%;
+47.9 and 48.2%; 51.8 and 51.5%. The differences between the two years
+are not material. With the towns of from 200,000 to 500,000 and from
+50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants there has been a decrease against an
+increase in those of from 100,000 to 200,000 inhabitants. But the
+figures for all three classes remain behind the average figure for the
+empire and so do those of all towns, they show 50.4 and 50.1%.
+
+The most favourable results are yielded by the country districts. Here
+there were fit in 1907 58%, in 1908 57.7%. A trifling decrease is shown
+even here. The figures, however, are higher by 3.1% in 1907 and 3.2%
+in 1908 than the average for the empire. The conclusion is that the
+fitness is highest in the smallest, and lowest in the largest places.
+
+Taking the average for the Empire as 100, those found fit from country
+districts number 106, from towns 92, from towns of over 50,000
+inhabitants 83, and from towns of over 100,000 only 80."
+
+The tables showing the recruiting results amongst those qualified for
+the one year voluntary service are particularly interesting.
+
+[Sidenote: C 31]
+
+In Table C 31 Schwiening (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Militär
+Sanitatswesen. 40. Berlin, Hirschwald, 1909) gives the figures
+of those finally passed as +fit for military service in the
+Mittelschulen+ (secondary schools), +which are classified
+according to their nature+. The figures are too optimistic because
+no account has been taken of those who were found temporarily unfit.
+The Classical Schools (Gymnasium) give the least satisfactory results.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Fitness for Military Service and Secondary Schools.
+
+Of every 100 of the pupils of the following Schools
+
+  Class of School:    there were found fit for Military Service:
+
+  Classical High Schools (Gymnasium)                       62,2
+  Old Scientific & Classical High Schools (Realgymnasium)  64,0
+  Lower Grade of Classical High Schools (Progymnasium)     64,5
+  Polytechnics                                             64,8
+  Lower Grade of Scientific Schools                        66,0
+    "    "     "      "  and Classical High Schools        66,9
+  Modern Scientific High Schools                           66,9
+  Commercial Schools                                       69,4
+  Training Colleges                                        73,1
+  Private Schools                                          74,9
+  Agricultural Schools                                     83,4
+  Average                                                  64,7
+
+Figure C 31.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 32]
+
+Table C 32 gives the +principal reasons for which students have been
+rejected as unfit for military service+.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Causes of Unfitness for Military Service in the German Empire, 1904-6.
+Of every 100 permanently unfit.
+
+  There were rejected on account of:   [A]     [B]
+  ==================================  ======  ======
+  General debility--weak chest.        36.4    35.4
+  Diseases of the heart and large
+      blood-vessels.                   14.7     5.8
+  Defects of eyes (error of
+      refraction).                     10.9     4.4
+  Pulmonary defects.                    4.5     1.9
+  Diseases of the nervous system
+      (excl. epilepsy).                 1.00    0.33
+  Obesity.                              2.2     0.29
+  Diseases of the limbs and joints.     5.6     6.1
+  Rupture.                              3.1     4.1
+  Flat feet.                            2.6     4.9
+  Varicose veins.                       1.9     3.9
+  Deformities.                          1.4     3.1
+  Insanity and Epilepsy.                0.65    2.1
+
+  Key to Table
+  ------------
+  [A] Entitled to one year's service. (Einjhrign Freiwilligen.)
+  [B] Ordinary soldiers subject to full Military Service
+
+Figure C 32.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 33]
+
+Table C 33 is a +comparison of the frequency of the various
+causes of unfitness as between those qualified for the one year's
+voluntary service and the recruits in general+. This table is very
+remarkable, because it shows the preponderance of general weakness,
+diseases of the heart and large vessels, and pulmonary defects among
+the former.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Military Fitness and Secondary Schools.
+
+Percentage of unfit to every 100 recruits examined.
+
+  Cause of rejection:              [A]   [B]   [C]   [D]   [E]
+  =============================    ============================
+  General debility--weak chest.    12.2  14.1  13.6  15.1   9.6
+  Diseases of the heart and
+      large blood-vessels.          5.6   5.0   4.7   4.9   5.1
+  Defects of eyes (errors of
+      refraction).                  4.5   3.8   2.7   2.6   2.8
+  Disease of the joints or limbs.   2.3   1.9   2.0   1.7   1.1
+  Pulmonary defects.                1.8   1.5   1.1   1.3   1.4
+
+  Key to Table
+  ------------
+  [A] Classical High School.
+  [B] Old Science and Classical High School.
+  [C] Modern Science High School.
+  [D] Lower Grade High School.
+  [E] Training College.
+
+Figure C 33.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 34]
+
+It goes without saying that the schools are only responsible to a
+lesser degree for this; we have to deal here with a serious symptom
+of a bad constitution amongst the higher social grades which betrays
+itself also in the dying out of the socially prominent families. How
+badly their progeny comes off, in spite of the great care bestowed
+on it, is illustrated in Table C 34. In two Munich Regiments the
+percentage of fit among all those entitled to offer themselves for the
+one year's service from the most varied parts of Germany was only,
+according to Dieudonné, 21.6, 20.1, and 16.4.
+
+[Sidenote: C 35 & 36]
+
+Great anxiety is justly caused by the increasing number of those
+taken care of in public Lunatic Asylums. It remains doubtful to what
+degree this may be due to the greater use made of asylums and the
+decrease of the care of the mentally infirm in the family home; the
+deterioration of the nervous system nevertheless remains according to
+the general impression an incontestable fact. As a symptom of this
+may be interpreted the increasing +number of suicides in civilised
+countries+, demonstrated in Rüdin's Tables, C 35 and C 36, showing
+the number of suicides in every one million of inhabitants.
+
+More serious still than the frequency of mental and nervous diseases
+is another phenomenon which demonstrates how unsatisfactory is the
+constitutional condition of large circle of our population of to-day.
+
+This phenomenon which as yet has received much too little attention is
++the large scale on which families die out+, at first in the
+male line. Apparently (sufficient observations for control are not
+available) those families which hold an eminent economical or social
+position (aristocracy, old county families, etc., etc.) are mainly
+concerned. Because exceptional endowment in one or more respects
+(intelligence, talent, will power, etc.) is generally required to
+secure or to maintain a leading position, and because such endowment
+is given to only a small fraction of the population, but is inherited
+largely by the progeny, this dying out of the leading families means a
+serious loss to the race.
+
+The deficient fertility of the stock thus endowed results in a lower
+average of mental capacity in the population generally, and cannot in
+the long run be made up by the constant re-appearance of distinguished
+men appearing as variations, the smallest number of whom are
+"mutations."
+
+The tendency among town families to die out appears to be wide-spread.
+Professor S. Schott in Tables C 37-C 40 adds materially to our
+knowledge on this point, Professor Schott makes the following comment
+on his Tables:--
+
+  "S. Schott. Old Mannheim families, 4 tables."
+
+  "Source: 'Old Mannheim families. A contribution to the family
+  statistics of the 19th Century by Professor Dr. Sigmund Schott,
+  Mannheim and Leipzig, 1910. J. Rensheimer.' Statistical demonstration
+  of the development, decline, and extinction of about 4,000 families
+  which were in existence at Mannheim at the beginning of the 19th
+  Century, based on permanently maintained family registers. This
+  research, pursued on a basis of population statistics, lends itself
+  only to a limited degree to application for biological purposes."
+
+[Sidenote: C 37]
+
++Gradual extinction of the Mannheim families in the 19th
+Century.+ Only extinction by death in Mannheim and in the male
+line are taken into account. Families which have disappeared through
+emigration have been excluded. Branches of families which have become
+extinct at Mannheim may be flourishing elsewhere. Of 3,081 families,
+2,538 have become extinct by death at Mannheim itself, 543 survive. The
+spiral curve shows the number of survivors in any year as so many per
+thousand of the original number.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Old Mannheim Families.
+
+Gradual extinction of Old Mannheim Families during the 19th century.
+
+Figure C 37.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 38]
+
++Average number of children in each generation; the families being
+grouped according to the number of generations they attained.+
+The families of 1807 (original families) and their descendants were
+classed into five groups, according to the number of generations they
+attained in Mannheim. For each group is calculated the average number
+of children within one generation--for each separate family as well as
+for the entire family (_i.e._, the total of all the separate families
+which have sprung from the same "original family"). For instance:
+"Original families" which have lasted into the third generation, 464;
+the separate families show in the first generation, 464 families,
+2,377 children; in the second generation, 718 families, with 3,645
+children; in the third generation, 754 families, with 2,454 children.
+Accordingly, the total families show average numbers 5.1, 7.9, 5.3;
+the separate families, 5.1, 5.1, 3.3. All these averages are minimum
+figures, because it was impossible to eliminate the moderate number
+of couples who emigrated before the number of their offspring was
+completed.
+
+In the generations up to the third inclusive, reproduction may be
+considered as terminated, but in the fourth, and especially the fifth
+and sixth, it still is in progress.
+
+[Sidenote: C 39]
+
++Age intervals separating the various generations.+
+
+Taking into account all the families investigated, the average length
+of time between the birth of the originator of the family and his first
+born son was 33-1/4 years, his first born grandchild 63-2/3 years,
+and his first born great grandchild 95-1/3 years. The curves become
+gradually flatter, because the possible difference between minimum
+and maximum age distance from one generation to another increases in
+arithmetical progression.
+
+[Sidenote: C 40]
+
++Prolificness of first marriages in the 19th century.+ Taking
+the entire period from 1811 to 1890 together the percentage of large
+families (six children or more) and of small families (one-two
+children) produced by all first marriages, excluding childless ones,
+is indicated by the horizontal centreline. The positive or negative
+deviations from the average during each decade are entered respectively
+above and below this line. The note in Figure C 38 referring to the
+families which may have emigrated while still productive applies here
+also. The temporary increase in prolific marriages after 1870 may be in
+connection with the material decrease in the age of those contracting
+marriage for the first time, as compared with the preceding decade.
+(Men 28.65 in the earlier period as against 27.41 in the later, and
+women 25.92 against 24.68 years.)
+
+The extinction of the families is undoubtedly due partly to other
+causes than the voluntary limitation of families--to a process of
+degeneration. A very remarkable proof of the degenerative character of
+the dying out of families is given by Pontus Fahlbeck in his book, "The
+Aristocracy of Sweden" (Fischer, Jena, 1903).
+
+[Sidenote: C 41-43]
+
+The six Figures C 38-43 give what is biologically of greatest interest
+in it. Note how the terribly +quick extinction+ of the +families+ of
+the nobility is +inaugurated by catastrophic changes+: rapid fall in
+the frequency of marriages, in the number of fertile marriages, and
+in the number of their progeny. The curves of the surviving families
+(red in the original tables) are for comparison. That we have to deal
+here with a natural and not a voluntary process is shown by the rapid
+increase in the mortality of male youth in the last generations; also
+by the extraordinary change in the proportion of the sexes of the
+children--which, of course, is beyond any control, marked preponderance
+of girls amongst the survivors (possibly also by the frequency of
+still-born male children).
+
++A disturbance in the normal proportion of the sexes as a symptom
+of abnormal germ production+ may also assert itself in the opposite
+direction. O. Lorenz has pointed out the frequent occurrence of
+an extraordinary increase of male children immediately before the
+extinction of a family in the male line. One of the most celebrated of
+these cases is the one of the family of the Emperor Max II. He had six
+sons and two daughters, who all reached the age of maturity, but not a
+single male grandchild in the legitimate male line.
+
+[Sidenote: C 44]
+
+Fresh evidence is exhibited by von den Velden in Figure C 44. With the
+families described by von Riffel, who have died out in the male line,
+there is still a great preponderance of boys in the last generation in
+which boys have reached the age of sexual maturity, whereas there is a
+preponderance of females amongst the brothers and sisters of the wives
+of the last male issue of the family.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Families in Process of Extinction.
+
+(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden in the Archiv für Rassen- und
+Gesellschafts-Biologie, 1909, No. 6.)
+
+                                                        [A]    [B]
+======================================================= ===== =====
+  Decrease of frequency of Marriage.           Men:      57    39
+    Of 100 adults there marry:                 Women:    61    49
+
+  Decrease of duration of life.                Men:      38.5  24.0
+    Average duration of life in years:         Women:    33.5  32.0
+
+  High mortality of offspring.
+    Of 100 births there died before the 20th year:
+      Fathers, the only members of their  Sons                 45.5
+          generation who married.         Grandchildren        55.4
+      Mothers, with childless brothers.   Sons                 42.0
+                                          Grandchildren        46.1
+
+  Reversal of proportion of sexes born.
+    To every 100 girls there are born boys:
+                               In normal families:      106
+                               In dying-out families:          90
+
+  Disturbance to Proportion of Sexes among the
+    Children.
+                       Normal:                          106
+                       Generation of sonless fathers:         160
+                           "      "     "    mothers:          93
+
+  Key to Table
+  ------------
+  [A] Normal families.
+  [B] Families in process of extinction.
+
+Figure C 44.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 45]
+
+In this connection another figure, C 45, by von den Velden ought to
+be mentioned. He shows, from investigations made by von Riffel, that
+the +physical condition of childless couples is on the average
+inferior to that of fertile parents+. This, however, by no means
+holds good in every case. Evidence to the contrary is given by the
+pedigree of an aristocratic family which has died out in the male line.
+It may be looked upon as typical. One generation (the second), with
+three times as many grown up men than women, produces only four boys
+(44% of the children), of whom two reach maturity. With the fourth
+generation the male issue dies out. Though a large majority of the
+members of all three generations (2-4th) have good health and attain
+to an exceptionally high age, most of the female lines also die out.
+Only in two branches, which spring from the marriage of an aristocratic
+daughter with a man from the people, there are children in the fifth
+generation of whom at least a part promise a healthy progeny. Fahlbeck,
+too, has drawn attention to the fact that the dying out Swedish
+aristocracy shows no signs of striking degeneracy in the individual.
+
+This fact is of the greatest theoretical and practical importance
+because it proves that there exists, up to a certain degree, an
+independent degeneration of the germ plasm, even as the germ plasm
+may remain unaffected by damage to the soma. That such a one-sided
+degeneration of the germ plasm with respect to the power of
+reproduction may take place among animals has been known for a long
+time.
+
+In particular, Chs. Darwin has collected facts of this kind in his
+"Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication." For civilised
+peoples it is a matter for reflection that with animals even slight
+deviations from their customary "natural" mode of living may lead to
+such serious consequences.
+
+
+RACE-HYGIENE.
+
+[Sidenote: C 46 & 47]
+
+As the +nature and aims of race-hygiene+ are still unknown in
+wide circles it will be useful to show in Tables C 46 and C 47, by
+A. Ploëtz, what its position is amongst other sciences and what the
+various branches of its activity consist in.
+
+Many theoretical workers hold that the most important mission or
+race-hygiene is to fight against Therapeutics and Hygiene of the
+individual, for about these they have the most serious misgivings.
+They consider, that by maintaining inferior variations up to the age
+of reproduction, the average quality of the race must suffer and
+that to certain defects--which otherwise would rapidly disappear--an
+opportunity is given to spread through an entire people. This point
+of view, short sighted as it may be, must be examined into. It
+appears to be forgotten that on the one hand hygiene is powerless in
+cases of a high degree of degeneration and that on the other hand
+hygiene, by prevention of illness, does away with a number of causes
+of inferiority. Finally it appears to be entirely overlooked that
+with the best inherent qualities and unfavourable surroundings the
+individual development may be poor and stunted. Of what use are the
+highest potentialities if they remain latent? The main point is that
+so far convincing proofs of the preponderant harmfulness of hygiene are
+entirely absent. (S. Gruber, Heredity, Selection and Hygiene. Deutsche
+med. Wochenschr, 1909).
+
+[Sidenote: C 48]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+The Increasing Frequency of Obstetrical Operations and their
+Significance to the Race.
+
+(Based on the official statistics of Baden by Dr. Agnes Bluhm.)
+
+Figure C 48.]
+
+Dr. Agnes Bluhm contributes to the question of the deterioration
+of the race by therapeutic measures in dealing in Figure C 48 with
+"+The increasing frequency of surgical operations in connection
+with childbirth and its significance for the race.+" She writes
+in explanation "The number of doctors having increased relatively
+much more than the number of the population, it follows that for a
+growing number of women medical assistance at childbirth is available.
+To this must be added that progress in surgical technique, above all
+the diminished danger of infection, allows of a much more frequent
+operative interference with good results for mother and child.
+Both these facts find expression in the reduction of the number
+of stillbirths. The purpose of these operations being to assist a
+diminished birth capacity in women, and this diminished capacity
+arising partly from constitutional and consequently hereditary factors,
+this question suggests itself: Is the average birth capacity of women
+progressively diminished by the fact that an increasing number of
+women, more or less unfit for childbirth, are artificially assisted
+in bringing forth living children who inherit this weakness from the
+mother?"
+
+"Our table attempts to answer this question on the basis of official
+Midwifery Statistics compiled in the Grand Duchy of Baden reaching back
+to 1871, that is the beginning of the antiseptic era.
+
+"To avoid the errors, which small figures might lead to, each
+calculation has been based on the average figures of a lengthy period.
+The material dealt with comprises over two million births."
+
+[Sidenote: C 48-1]
+
+"Figure 1 shows the +increasing frequency of all childbirth
+operations taken together+. The period 1871 to 1879 shows an
+average of 4.38 operations to every 100 births, the period 1900 to 1907
+up to 8.12 operations to every 100 births."
+
+[Sidenote: C 48-2]
+
+"Figure 2 shows the +frequency of each class of operation in every
+1,000 births+. Each class of operation shows an increase in number,
+but the increase has not been uniform throughout the various classes."
+
+[Sidenote: C 48-3]
+
+"Figure 3, A and B, shows the +share of each class of operation in
+the total number for the various periods+. A more leading part is
+taken by aftermath operations, by artificially induced premature birth,
+by perforation of the head and by Caesarean section on the living.
+Aftermath operations depend (like the use of the forceps) to such a
+degree on the teachings of the various schools for midwifery (and on
+the time at the doctor's disposal) that they can hardly serve as a
+standard of birth capacity. The Caesarean section, too, can hardly be
+taken as a guide, as a much wider view is taken now of the indications
+for this operation. But the equally increasing numbers of perforations
+of the head and artificially induced premature birth are well worthy
+of attention. For these two operations exclude one another. With the
+existing tendency to avoid perforation of the head by artificially
+inducing premature birth, a rise in the curve of premature births
+should correspond with a sinking of the perforation curve. 1871 to
+1879 a maximum of the former actually coincides with a minimum of the
+latter; but from there on both curves rise, though not in the same
+degree. Premature births have become since then (see Fig. 2) more than
+eight times as frequent; perforations of the head have trebled; and
+dismemberments of the child have doubled. This fact must be considered
+as a sign of lessened birth capacity."
+
+[Sidenote: C 48-4]
+
+"Figure 4 shows the +decrease of the total number of
+stillbirths+."
+
+[Sidenote: C 48-5]
+
+"Figure 5 gives the +share which abnormal position of the child has
+in this total+, and a comparison of the two shows that whilst the
+total has decreased by 1.42% the decrease (1880 to 1889) has been 2.35%
+in the case of stillbirth through abnormal position. The conclusion is,
+that there is now more opportunity for hereditary transmission of the
+tendency to faulty position of the child than three to four decades
+ago."
+
+[Sidenote: C 48-6]
+
+"But Figure 6 proves that up to now an +increased inheritance of
+this tendency has not taken place+. The curves of these positions
+not only show irregularities but (with the exception of cross births) a
+tendency to sink."
+
+"Recapitulation. The growing frequency of surgically assisted births
+cannot be taken as evidence of a diminished birth capacity, but is
+closely connected with the growing number of doctors. Against the
+indications of a diminished birth capacity stand at the moment those
+which previously could be taken as pointing in the opposite direction.
+It would, therefore, appear that medical interference at birth has
+brought to the race advantages as to quantity and no drawbacks as
+to quality. But it is probable that the picture will change during
+the coming decades, because only then will the daughters of mothers
+who could not have brought forth living children without surgical
+assistance become themselves mothers. The renunciation of motherhood
+on the part of the women least suited for this function and the war
+against rickets might act as preventatives."
+
+The great anxiety about the elimination of the severest struggle for
+existence is based on the undoubtedly erroneous fundamental conception
+that the organism is a sorry product of necessity which can barely
+manage to maintain a laborious existence by the constant straining
+of all its faculties, and that it requires the continuous use of
+the whip of necessity to prevent an organism from giving way to its
+inherent tendency to degeneration. In fact, however, no organism is
+conceivable which has not the "Tendency" to maintain itself and to
+react accordingly. There are many facts which prove that a wealth
+of capacities and tendencies is dormant in organisms which for
+innumerable generations have not been active, or, perhaps, have, never
+functioned in every possible way, and that, therefore, if the occasion
+arises replacements or accommodations of an unprecedented character
+may occur. In an unprejudiced system of race-hygiene these facts must
+not be overlooked. The exhibition in this section gives two specially
+striking instances; the one from animal the other from plant life.
+
+[Sidenote: C 49]
+
+To begin with Figure C 49 gives a diagrammatic representation of the
++development of the eye of a vertebrate+--after K. Kraepelin
+(taken from "Experimentelle Biologie II., T. v. Curt Thesing,
+Leipzig, Teubner, 1911")--which shows that the lens is formed out
+of an invagination of the cornea and the retina by an extension of
+the brain. In the lower part of the plate the various phases of the
++reconstruction of the lens out of the iris+ are shown, after
+it had been removed by a cataract operation from the eye of a Triton
+larva. (This experiment was carried out by Gustav Wolff.)[A] Thus an
+organ which normally is not concerned with the formation of the lens
+takes charge of its regeneration.
+
+[Footnote A: Studies in the Physiology of Development II. Archiv. für
+Entwicklungs mechanic der Organismen, XII. Vol., 3 Part, 1901.]
+
+A large number of tables deal with the influence of the numerical
+position in the progeny, with the number of births and the interval
+between births, on the health of the children, partly acting alone,
+partly in combination with the influence of the manner of nourishment
+during infancy.
+
+[Sidenote: C 50]
+
++Numerical position in family and infantile mortality+, after
+Geissler. According to these statistics, the fifth child of a mother
+has materially less vitality than the first four, the second and third
+children have the most; but this does not agree with other statistics.
+
+[Sidenote: C 51]
+
+According to Riffel's investigations--+influence of the numerical
+position of the child and the age of the parents at the time of
+marriage on infant mortality+, after v.d. Velden, a material
+difference between the mortality of the three earliest born children
+and the three next born is only shown if both parents at the time of
+marriage have attained a certain age (man over 28, woman over 25); only
+the seventh to ninth show under all circumstances a materially greater
+mortality than the earlier children. The children of more aged parents
+show a materially greater mortality than those of younger parents.
+The number of children in a family up to the eleventh has no material
+influence on infant mortality, only in families with twelve children or
+more a materially greater number of children perish before the fifth
+year.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Relation of Number of Births to Infant Mortality.
+
+Percentage of Deaths to 100 Births.
+
+
+Died during the first year of life.
+
+Geissler.
+
+26,429 births to 5,236 marriages of members of Saxon coalminers' funds.
+(Some still-born infants, and children of marriages to which there were
+only one or two births, are not included).
+
+Died before reaching the age of 0.09 of a year, _i.e._, a little more
+than a month.
+
+[Note: under the first graph in figure] The mortality of the 1st, 2nd,
+3rd and 4th child is below the average. Greatest vitality shown by 2nd
+and 3rd child.
+
+[Note: under the second graph in figure] The mortality of the 2nd, 3rd,
+4th and 5th child is below the average. Greatest vitality shown by 2nd,
+3rd, and 4th child.
+
+Figure C 50.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Influence of the Number of Births and the Age of the Parents at the
+Time of Marriage on Infant Mortality.
+
+(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden).
+
+Key to Table ------------
+
+
+Percentage of Children Born. 1-3 4-6 7-9 Children
+=================================== ==== ==== ==== { Children of all
+28.8 30.5 38.5 { parents. { { Husband over 28 or Died before { wife
+over 25 years 38.5 41.6 53.4 reaching { old. 6th year. { { Husband over
+28 and { wife over 25 years 41.5 51.7 64.7 { old.
+
+
+Influence of the Number of Children Born to a Family on Infant
+Mortality.
+
+3-5 6-8 9-11 12-15 Children ==== ==== ==== ===== Percentage of children
+born Died before reaching 5th year 25.5 27.7 22.7 44.3
+
+Figure C 51.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 52]
+
++Number of conceptions and conception losses+, by Dr. Agnes
+Bluhm; the exhibitor gives the following explanation--
+
+  Hamburger's material deals with 1,042 marriages of the labouring
+  classes in Berlin, with a total of 7,261 conceptions (an average of
+  6.97 conceptions for each woman); the material of Bluhm comprises
+  856 marriages of the wealthier and educated German middle and higher
+  classes with a total of 3,856 conceptions (averaging 4.50 conceptions
+  to each woman). Hamburger has counted as conception losses only
+  miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, or deaths from illness
+  before the completion of the sixteenth year. Bluhm has included all
+  those up to the twentieth year. Both have only included marriages
+  which have been contracted at least twenty years back. As the births
+  in these marriages apparently date back to twenty years, all living
+  children are reckoned as survivors or conception results, even if they
+  have not attained the sixteenth or twentieth year respectively. This
+  has influenced the result optimistically, but as it has done so with
+  both authors alike, the comparison of their results is admissible.
+
+[Sidenote: C 52-1]
+
+  Figure 1 shows the +conception losses in marriages of varying
+  conception numbers+ (Curve A, Hamburger's working-men's families;
+  Curve B, Bluhm's well-to-do families); both curves confirm Hamburger's
+  words that "the percentage of the survivors gets smaller in proportion
+  as the conception number increases." The mounting of Curve B in the
+  families with ten births is probably a delusion brought about by a
+  very small number. In the marriages with eleven or more births there
+  are lost with the well-to-do one quarter and with the working-classes
+  nearly two-thirds of the conceptions up to the twentieth or sixteenth
+  year respectively.
+
+[Sidenote: C 52-2]
+
+  Figure 2 represents the +share which miscarriages and premature
+  births have in the conception losses in marriages of different degrees
+  of productiveness+ (Curve A, Hamburger; Curve B, Bluhm). Amongst
+  the Berlin labouring classes on the average 17.89 per cent. of all
+  conceptions are lost through miscarriage and premature birth; for the
+  wealthier German families the figure is 7.59 per cent.
+
+[Sidenote: C 52-3]
+
+  Figure 3 shows the +share which deaths and stillbirths have in
+  conception losses+. With the labouring classes it amounts on the
+  average to 32.75 per cent. (Curve A), and in the wealthier families to
+  10.55 per cent. (Curve B).
+
+[Sidenote: C 52-4]
+
+  Figure 4. To investigate whether the continuous decrease in the
+  percentage of the survivors, going hand in hand with the increase of
+  maternal conceptions, is caused by the constitutional inferiority
+  of the offspring as the numerical position increases, Bluhm has
+  established, in dealing with her material, the loss for each numerical
+  position (first, second, third, etc., conceptions respectively). If
+  this were the case, Curve A, which gives the loss according to the
+  frequency of conception in each marriage, would have to be identical
+  with Curve B, which gives the loss of first, second, and third, etc.,
+  conceptions, but this is by no means the case, for only at a very high
+  numerical position of the conception the curves begin to be parallel.
+  This proves that Hamburger's "the percentage of the survivors gets
+  smaller in proportion as the conception number increases" is not
+  a biological law but only expresses a social phenomenon. With the
+  increasing number of children there is a decrease in the value of
+  each individual childlife. The mother is less careful about avoiding
+  miscarriages; she devotes, and must necessarily devote, less care to
+  each child; and the risk of infectious diseases which are a frequent
+  cause of death during infancy increases.
+
+[Sidenote: C 53]
+
+How little the increasing mortality of the later born children up to
+the tenth child is based on a biological law is shown in Figure C 53.
++Numerical position of birth and infant mortality up to the age
+of five in princely families+, by Ploëtz; 463 seventh to ninth
+children show the same mortality as the 614 first born.
+
+Pearson endeavored to prove a high degree of inferiority in the first
+born, physically and intellectually as well as morally. But his
+results are very open to attack, as Weinberg has recently shown; one
+is reminded of Pearson's results in Crzellitzer's Figure C 54--first
+and later born. Crzellitzer writes thus about this--"A +high degree
+of myopia+ is +more frequent amongst first born+ than among
+later children. The disadvantage of the first born in respect of
+myopia is based on a greater hereditary taint and on no other factor.
+Where there is no hereditary taint about one quarter to one-third
+are affected, no matter whether first, second, third, etc., born.
+Also in well-to-do families, where the age of fathers at the time of
+procreation is materially higher, the first born are more frequently
+myopic than their brothers or sisters."
+
+[Illustration:
+
+First and Later-Born.
+
+Percentage of Frequency of Extreme Short-sightedness.
+
+(After Dr. Crzellitzer.)
+
+                                                  Child
+                                   1st  2nd  3rd  4th  5th  6th  7th  8th
+  ==============================   ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ====
+  1,246 children from 216
+      working-class families.      46.4 33.7 31.4 26.6 26.5 26.0 15.5 18.7
+
+  1,246 children from 216
+    working-class families,
+    classified according to
+    presence or absence of
+    inherited tendency to
+    short-sightedness.
+
+      With inherited tendency      61.6 34.9 27.7 25.5 31.5 32.0 10.5  6.7
+      Without inherited tendency   35.9 33.7 34.3 24.6 25.0 22.2 19.0 23.3
+
+  206 children from 45 well-to-do
+      families.                    63.1 36.1 36.0 36.0 20.0
+
+Figure C 54.]
+
+A large amount of material has been treated by W. Weinberg, in which
+tuberculous and non-tuberculous families are compared.
+
+[Sidenote: C 55 & 56]
+
+Figure C 55--+influence of numerical position of birth on infant
+mortality+ and Figure C 56--+mortality of the first and later
+born+. Weinberg writes concerning these: "The parallelograms in
+the first row indicate for each position in order of birth how many
+children out of every hundred die before the age of 20. On this,
+however, the difference in the mortality in families with different
+numbers of children has an influence. To counteract this, it has been
+calculated how many children in each position would die if within each
+family the number of children had no influence, and the actual number
+of deaths expressed as a percentage of the expectation calculated in
+this way gives parallelograms to the second row. After eliminating the
+influence exercised by the size of the family, the increase of the
+mortality with the higher birth number appears considerably smaller.
+Figure C 56, which compares the mortality of the first and last born
+children, is to a certain extent a test of this. This shows clearly a
+considerably higher death rate in the last born. Both figures indicate
+that children of the same numerical position of birth show a higher
+mortality, if from tuberculous families."
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Mortality of Children According to Sequence of Birth.
+
+3,129 Tuberculous and 1,830 Non-Tuberculous Families of Stuttgart,
+1873-1889 (after Weinberg).
+
+
+  Key to Tables
+  -------------
+  [N] - non-tuberculous
+  [T] - tuberculous
+
+                                  Paternal family.
+
+  No. of child  Percentage of children      Death rates expressed in
+  according to  born alive who died before  relative figures corrected for
+  sequence of   reaching their 20th year.   differences in the death rates
+  birth.                                    in families differing in size.
+  ============  ==========================  ==============================
+                   [N]       [T]                 [N]       [T]
+                  =====     =====               =====     =====
+      1            33.9      40.6                90.5      91.3
+      2            37.4      44.4               101.0      99.5
+      3            49.4      45.4               109.0     103.5
+      4            40.1      47.9               105.0     103.0
+      5            39.5      49.7               101.0     104.0
+      6            43.5      52.5               103.0     107.0
+      7            39.0      51.2                92.0     105.0
+      8            43.2      54.1                96.0     111.5
+      9            50.8      59.1               101.0     115.0
+     10            40.2      60.2               101.0     113.5
+  11-12            50.0      51.7               101.0      97.0
+  13-18            64.4      52.8               111.0     107.0
+
+
+                                 Maternal family.
+
+  No. of child  Percentage of children      Death rates expressed in
+  according to  born alive who died before  relative figures corrected for
+  sequence of   reaching their 20th year.   differences in the death rates
+  birth.                                    in families differing in size.
+  ============  ==========================  ==============================
+                   [N]       [T]                 [N]       [T]
+                  =====     =====               =====     =====
+      1           34.6      40.0                92.0      87.0
+      2           36.5      46.6                96.0      97.0
+      3           40.6      49.0               107.0     104.0
+      4           41.7      57.1               107.0     111.0
+      5           37.6      50.3                91.0     104.0
+      6           41.8      53.8                97.5     108.0
+      7           51.3      52.5               116.0     107.0
+      8           45.9      54.0               102.0     111.0
+      9           51.1      52.5               100.0     103.0
+     10           47.6      53.8               100.0     103.0
+  11-12           47.1      60.0               103.0     130.0
+  13-18           68.8      62.5               121.0     104.0
+
+Figure C 55.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+Relative Mortality of the First and Last-born.
+
+3,129 Tuberculous and 1,830 Non-Tuberculous Families of Stuttgart,
+1873-1889 (after Weinberg)
+
+  Of each 100 living-born there died before reaching their 20th year:
+
+                         Non-tuberculous            Tuberculous
+                    =======================    =======================
+                    FIRST-BORN    LAST-BORN    FIRST-BORN    LAST-BORN
+                    ==========    =========    ==========    =========
+  Paternal Family     33.9          37.2         40.6          49.9
+  Maternal Family     34.6          37.5         40.0          53.4
+
+
+  Comparison of the mortality of the First and Last-born,
+  The mortality of the First-born = 100.
+
+                         Non-tuberculous            Tuberculous
+                    =======================    =======================
+                    FIRST-BORN    LAST-BORN    FIRST-BORN    LAST-BORN
+                    ==========    =========    ==========    =========
+  Paternal Family      100           108          100          128
+  Maternal Family      100           108          100          134
+
+
+Figure C 56.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 57]
+
+Of a materially greater influence than the numerical position of birth
+or the number of children in each family is the length of interval
+between births. We point at first to Figure C 57--+interval between
+births and child mortality+, after Ansell and Westergaard, by Dr.
+A. Bluhm. She writes in reference to it: "Ansell has demonstrated,
+from the material of the National Life Assurance Society of London,
+that a child has an increasingly better chance to survive his first
+year, the greater the interval between his own birth and that of the
+child born before him. If this interval is less than a year, the infant
+mortality is double what it is when there is an interval of two years
+(15.75% against 7.33%). This influence makes itself felt beyond the
+age of infancy up to five years but not in so striking a manner. The
+proportion becomes modified to 20% against 12%. As the influence of
+the birth interval on child mortality is still very perceptible after
+the tenth or later children, it may be assumed that it is not caused
+exclusively by the exhaustion of the maternal organism produced by the
+rapid sequence of births. The varying length of breast-feeding of the
+children has probably also its influence. Though these statistics give
+no data about the mode of infant feeding, it is nevertheless probable
+that in those families in which there are longer intervals between
+consecutive births each child is suckled for a longer period.
+
+[Sidenote: C 58]
+
++Birth interval and health of the offspring+, after Riffel--v.
+d. Velden.
+
+[Sidenote: C 59]
+
++Influence of the length of the birth interval and the duration of
+breast-feeding on infant mortality+, exhibited by Weinberg. The
+author writes regarding the latter table "in proportion to the length
+of the interval between two births, the mortality of the children
+following decreases materially, but this relation only becomes clearly
+apparent in families in which several of the children have been suckled
+for more than six months."
+
+[Sidenote: C 60, 61 62]
+
+The intimate connection which exists between birth interval and
+suckling and the great importance which suckling has under the
+favourable influence of a long birth interval is shown in Dr. Agnes
+Bluhm's Figures C 60, C 61, and C 62--+infant nutrition (breast
+feeding), number of children and infant mortality+, after Dr.
+Marie Baum. "The material is taken from the towns of Gladbach, Rheydt,
+Odenkirchen and, Rheindalen, and comprises 1,495, mostly poor families,
+with 9,393 cases in which the mother survived childbirth and 9,487
+children born alive. In this table only 7,983 children were counted,
+because the remainder had not reached the age of one year on the day of
+counting. Of these 7,983, there died before the completion of the first
+year 1,276, or 15.98%."
+
++Number of children and child mortality+: Bluhm adds:--"Figure
+1 shows in Curve A the +influence of the duration of breast
+feeding+; in Curve B +influence of numerical position of birth
+on the mortality of the infant+. The very divergent course of
+the two curves expresses the very different influence of both these
+factors on mortality; the latter is almost exclusively dependent upon
+the length of suckling, and shows corresponding with its increase a
+continuous and steep decline down to 1.46% from a maximum number of
+35%. The very slight increase of the mortality of children suckled for
+six weeks compared with those who have not been breast fed at all
+is immaterial (35.55% against 35.28%). These figures prove only that
+breast feeding up to six weeks does not give the child any protection
+against fatal diseases. The influence of the birth number hardly makes
+itself felt up to the seventh child, only from the eighth onwards the
+power of resistance decreases continuously but not nearly to the same
+degree in which it grows with the length of breast-feeding (greatest
+difference only 21%). Curve B shows a materially different course from
+that of similar curves by other authors, for instance--from Geissler's
+well-known curve, dealing with Saxon miners, in which not only the
+first born show up less favourably than the second and third born, but
+in which, from the fourth child on, the mortality increases rapidly.
+The economical condition of both groups being similar (85% of Baum's
+families had a maximum yearly income of £75), it is highly probable
+that the difference in the curves arises from different methods of
+infant feeding. In the Rhine provinces, as is also proved by Baum's
+figures, the feeding is good; in Saxony, however, it is notoriously
+bad. The co-relation of infant mortality with infant feeding is
+very clearly illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, the former shows the
++influence of the length of suckling on the mortality of the
+children classed in order of birth+, the latter +the influence
+of the order of birth in connection with different lengthed periods
+of suckling+. The extraordinarily regular course of all the nine
+curves in Figure 2 and the extremely irregular course of the six top
+curves in Figure 3 are very striking. From these figures it is shown
+that the first, second and third born if breast-fed for a short time
+only, or not at all, are subjected to much greater risks than the
+eighth, ninth, tenth or later children, suckled for a sufficient length
+of time (maximum difference 1 to 42). In the curve showing the children
+who were breast fed for 39 weeks (Figure 3), the influence of the high
+birth number shows only to a very small degree."
+
+[Sidenote: C 61]
+
++Number of children and capacity for breast-feeding.+ Concerning
+this it is remarked: "The upper curve shows what percentage of children
+had to do without breast feeding, and the lower one how many enjoyed
+the sufficient period of 39 weeks of breast-feeding. Though Baum's
+figures are only intended to deal with the number of cases of breast
+feeding and not with its duration, and though no difference is made
+between exclusive and partial breast feeding, yet some conclusions
+may be drawn with regard to suckling capacity. In a district where
+breast feeding is as general as it is in the one examined into here,
+the number of women who voluntarily renounce every attempt at suckling
+must necessarily be small. The curve dealing with the children who
+had no breast feeding at all is therefore likely to give a fairly
+correct picture of the absolute or primary incapacity for suckling on
+the mother's part; absolute incapacity does not of course mean that
+the mother could not produce a single drop of milk, but that she does
+not produce enough to satisfy the child, and therefore must resort to
+artificial feeding. As a period of 39 weeks' feeding, even if only
+partial, points to a good capacity, the lower curve may also be taken
+as an expression of feeding ability. A comparison of both figures
+illustrates that the milk production after the first birth is smaller
+than after the following ones, and that beyond the eighth birth, it
+decreases materially and continuously, probably in consequence of the
+exhaustion of the maternal organism."
+
+[Sidenote: C 62]
+
++The habit of breast-feeding as running in families and infant
+mortality.+ With this goes the following explanation: "The two
+figures illustrate the proportion of mortality of the infants in 143
+bottle-feeding families and 376 breast-feeding families of the first
+order. As the line could not be drawn very sharply, and as in the
+bottle-feeding families there had to be included those in which as an
+exception one or other child was suckled for a few days or perhaps for
+a week, one can see in these groups only the expression of the habit,
+but not the power of suckling. Both figures illustrate the largely
+avoidable sacrifice in young lives which still goes on through a want
+of knowledge and of feeling of responsibility towards the coming race.
+With the absence of breast-feeding the unfavourable influence of a
+very large number of children becomes much more apparent; whereas
+in breast-feeding families the difference in the mortality between
+medium-sized families (four to six children) and very large families
+(above ten children) amounts to only 1.39%, it reaches 12.90% with
+the non-suckling families. Here, if the number of children surpasses
+ten, nearly every second child dies in the suckling age, and amongst
+thirteen families there is not a single one which has not lost a child
+in that period, whereas in breast-feeding families of the first order,
+with the same large number of children, only every thirteenth child
+died in infancy, and of sixteen families seven (= 43.75%) lost no
+infant." The same material is treated in a different way by Dr. Marie
+Baum, of Dusseldorf, in Figures C 63-66.
+
+[Sidenote: C 63]
+
+  +As the length of the period of suckling of the preceding child
+  increases, there is a constant and rapid decrease in the number of
+  children who are born at intervals of less than one year.+ If the
+  preceding child was not breast-fed a new birth occurred before the
+  expiration of one year in 9.6 cases out of 100. With a suckling period
+  of one-half to three-quarters of a year of the preceding child, this
+  figure is reduced to 1.8 per cent., and after a still longer suckling
+  period to 1 per cent. Out of one hundred mothers who have only partly
+  or not at all suckled the preceding child, seventy must count on a
+  fresh birth within a period of 1-3/4 years. If the preceding child
+  was suckled for at least 39 weeks, only thirty-eight, and with a
+  suckling period of more than a year only twenty mothers have to reckon
+  on a fresh birth within 1-3/4 years.
+
+Dependence of Infant Mortality on the Duration of Breast-Feeding and
+the Length of Time Intervening Between Successive Births.
+
+[Illustration: Figure C 63.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 64]
+
+Figure C 64 shows the +parallelism between+ the +average
+length of breast-feeding and the average time between births+
+within the families. A half to three-quarters of the mothers who
+suckled either long enough or very long show an interval between births
+of from 1-1/4 to 3 years, whereas of those who did not suckle at all,
+or only did so insufficiently, only one-third belong to this group, and
+figure largely in the column of lower birth intervals.
+
+Dependence of Infant Mortality on the Average Duration of
+Breast-Feeding and the Average Length of Time Intervening between the
+Successive Births of the Children in a Family.
+
+[Illustration: Figure C 64.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 65]
+
+  Figure C 65 enables us to examine into the +influence exercised by
+  a longer or shorter interval after the preceding birth on the vitality
+  of a child+, according as to whether the child was not breast-fed
+  at all or only moderately or amply so. The black oblongs demonstrate
+  that the average infant mortality falls regularly and decisively
+  according to the length of time between the birth of the children
+  considered and their predecessors. The average mortality of infants
+  who are born in rapid succession--under one year, one to one and a
+  quarter years, amounts to over 25 and to 22 per cent. respectively,
+  whereas the average mortality of children with at least two years'
+  interval amounts only to 11 per cent. "At the same time, however, it
+  is observed that the influence of the length of suckling is still
+  greater than that of the length of time elapsing between births. Even
+  with an interval of three or more years, the mortality of children who
+  were insufficiently or not at all breast-fed was above 20 per cent.
+  The children who had been suckled for at least three-quarters of a
+  year were only very slightly influenced by this factor in all groups,
+  except that with a birth interval of less than one year, where the
+  influence of short birth intervals is not counterbalanced even by long
+  extended breast-feeding."
+
+[Sidenote: C 66]
+
+  Figure C 66. "The +infant mortality within the families+ dealt
+  with +falls materially and evenly as the average birth intervals
+  lengthen+. With an average birth interval of less than one year,
+  one-third of the children die in the first year, but only 7 per cent.
+  where the average birth interval was over three years; but here also
+  the influence is strongly modified by the mode of feeding. With the
+  non-suckling families the mortality is almost 25 per cent., even
+  with a birth interval of more than two years. On the other hand,
+  when the duration of suckling is sufficient, short birth intervals
+  almost disappear (see Table 2), and with an average birth interval of
+  1-1/4 to 2 years and a suckling duration of at least half a year the
+  mortality remains on an extremely small scale."
+
+[Sidenote: C 67-73]
+
+Groth and Hahn have exhibited two large tables C 67 and C 68 and a
+similar one C 69, the results of their important investigations about
++breast-feeding and mortality in the administrative districts of
+Bavaria+. Groth shows in Table C 70 "+mortality of sucklings in
+Bavaria+," and in Table C 71 "+breast-feeding and cancer+."
+In Tables C 72 and C 73 the Groth and Hahn statistics are treated by
+Dr. A. Bluhm from the point of view of the +influence of the habit
+of breast-feeding on the frequency of births+. In connection with
+Figure C 73 she remarks: "This diagram shows the number of bottle-fed
+babies in the various Bavarian districts counted at the time of
+vaccination. To give as correct a picture as possible of the probable
+influence which the habit of breast-feeding has on the birth-rate
+(annual number of births per 1,000 of the whole population) there are
+represented on this figure by green and yellow columns the average
+birth-rate for the five years, 1875 to 1879, because in that period a
+record birth-rate was established, so that it may be assumed that there
+was then no intentional restriction of births. We see within the four
+'old Bavarian' districts, where on the average 64.1% of the babies were
+not breast-fed at all, the number of births is about 4 per 1,000 of
+the population higher than in the Palatinate and the three 'Frankish'
+districts, which together only show 18% of non-breast-fed children."
+
+[Sidenote: C 72 & 73]
+
+"These two figures deal with the +influence of the length of
+suckling on the birth-rate+, the longer the duration of the
+suckling period, _i.e._, the higher the number of children breast-fed
+for six months or more, the lower the birth-rate. This only holds good
+for the country (Curve B) not for towns (Curve A). This circumstance
+is explained by the fact that the voluntary restriction of births is
+much more frequent in towns than in the country, where consequently
+the influence of the length of the period of suckling on the birth
+frequency can find much stronger expression than in towns, where,
+as Curve A shows, it is entirely extinguished by artificial birth
+preventatives. From both tables it results that, to prevent the
+senseless waste of human life, the interval between every two births
+must be more than two years; further, that it is possible to increase
+it by breast-feeding; the number of births in a district is based in
+the main on the larger or smaller intervals at which the women of
+reproductive age have children, and it may, therefore, at the same
+time, be taken as an expression of these intervals. Keeping these
+two facts in view, and considering the influence of the mode of
+infant feeding on infant mortality, it appears to be in the interest
+of the race that by means of the long duration of breast-feeding,
+the birth intervals should be extended to at least two years. The
+facts established in these two tables have a considerable bearing on
+race-hygiene, especially in reference to the Neomalthusian contentions
+of the necessary inferiority of the later born, and as a confirmation
+of the utility of breast-feeding for the reduction of birth frequency.
+Extremely great appears the influence of breast-feeding on infant
+mortality."
+
+[Sidenote: C 74-78]
+
+This importance of breast-feeding is further illustrated by Figure C
+74--+duration of breast-feeding and infant mortality+, after
+Dietrich; by Figure C 75--+average number of carious teeth+,
+after Bunge; and by the three figures, C 76, 77, and 78--"+average
+duration of breast-feeding and physical development, duration of
+breast-feeding and average school reports+, and +duration
+of breast-feeding and frequency of rachitic disturbances of
+development+," after the extensive and valuable researches by Röse.
+
+It must be pointed out that a far more direct connection exists between
+breast-feeding, duration of suckling, infant mortality and physical
+development than through the mere provision of suitable nourishment
+for the child. A good suckling capacity is a symptom of a strong
+constitution which is transmitted from mother to child. Examination of
+Röse's table offers this suggestion.
+
+[Sidenote: C 79-82]
+
++The importance of the hereditary constitution+ (which he
+considers is dependent on soil and climate) +as regards infant
+mortality+ v. Vogel expresses in four maps of Bavaria (Figures
+79-82), so which he has furnished the following comments (contained in
+the pamphlet, "Der Örtliche Stand der Säuglingsterblichkeit in Bayern,"
+Munich, Piloty and Loehle, 1911): "The district of the highest infant
+mortality in Bavaria is inhabited by a population of small height,
+small fitness for military service, and high tuberculous mortality. The
+reverse holds good on the whole for the district with a low mortality.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Bavaria
+
+Infant mortality in 1901.
+
+Figure C 79.]
+
+I cannot suppress another objection to the usual way of proving the--to
+my mind undoubted--influence of breast-feeding on the duration of life
+in infancy. Why is the mortality of those children who have not been
+suckled for a week so large? Is it because they have not been suckled,
+or because they have only lived altogether for less than a week? Or,
+again, to be able to be suckled for 40 or 50 weeks, one must have lived
+for 40 or 50 weeks, but a child who has lived for 40 or 50 weeks,
+whether it has been suckled or not, has passed over the worst period.
+It is well-known that the mortality in the first days of life is the
+highest in the second week, much higher than in the third week, and so
+on. In short, the mortality changes in such an extremely high degree
+in the course of the first year of life that this period is much too
+long for the comparison between mortality of suckled and non-suckled
+children. One ought to calculate how many of those who have been
+suckled for 0 weeks, one week, two weeks, one month, three months, six
+months, and so on, have survived the first week, the second week, the
+first month, and so on. Only in this manner can be established what is
+the share of the absence of breast-feeding and what is the share of
+the innate weakness and tendency to disease in the degree of infant
+mortality."
+
+[Illustration: Map of Bavaria
+
+Percentage of under-sized Bavarian recruits (below 1.62 metres in
+height) in 1875.
+
+After Professor Ranke.
+
+Figure C 80.]
+
+Exhibit C 81-82.
+
+[Illustration: Map of Bavaria.
+
+Fitness for Military Service in Bavaria, 1902.
+
+Figure C 81.]
+
+
+[Illustration: Map of Bavaria
+
+Mortality from Pulmonary Consumption in 1901.
+
+Figure C 82.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 83]
+
+A striking peculiarity of cities, especially large cities, is, as
+pointed out before, the high mortality amongst men; for this general
+observation Figure C 83, +male and female mortality in town and
+country+, offers an example. Whereas the female mortality in
+Berlin, in the higher age groups, is even lower than in Mecklenburg
+with its preponderantly country population--which is evidence that in
+town life there are no inherent circumstances adversely affecting all
+persons in a high degree--the male mortality in all the age groups
+is higher, and in some much higher. The special adverse influence on
+men of town life is also apparent in the upper part of the figure
+(+comparison of male and female mortality)+. In Mecklenburg the
+mortality among men is at most 25% higher than among women, and during
+the period of most intense child production, as well as in the highest
+age group, it is even smaller, whereas in Berlin the differences
+are much more accentuated. It may be remarked that the higher male
+death-rate in Mecklenburg between the ages of 40 to 75 years can only
+to a small degree be explained by physiological reasons. This is shown
+for example by the fact that in the provinces of Schleswig-Holstein,
+Pomerania, Hanover, Hessen-Nassau, and the Rhein Provinces in the
+country, the expectation of life for men aged 25 years is about equal
+to that of women.
+
+[Sidenote: C 84 & 85]
+
+The higher male mortality in cities is only partially explained by
+the specific harmfulness peculiar to men's town occupations, though
+the mortality of peasants and agricultural labourers ranks amongst
+the lowest. A very important part in this connection may be played
+by syphilis. How terribly syphilis injures the body, though it is
+seldom directly fatal, is shown by the experiences of life insurance
+companies, of which examples are given in Tables C 84 and C 85. With
+the Gotha Life Insurance Bank, for instance, +the mortality of the
+syphilitic at the ages of 36 to 50 years+ was found to be nearly
+double as high (186%) as that of the non-syphilitic.
+
+[Sidenote: C 85]
+
+Table C 85 shows to what a high degree +the heart and vessels
+especially are harmed by syphilis+. At this point it is to be
+noted that it may now be considered as proved that the statement that
+general paralysis causes death in 2.9% cases among the non-syphilitic
+is erroneous, because general paralysis only occurs among persons who
+have been affected with syphilis. There is no doubt that the poison
+of syphilis is also most injurious to the germs and the progeny; the
+foetus is sometimes infected in the mother's womb, and sometimes
+suffers by the general debility of the maternal body. A large
+proportion also of those children who attain a higher age are either
+enfeebled or damaged in many ways, and this inferiority is often
+passed down to the grandchildren. The most recent Serum investigations
+(the Wasserman reaction) are the first to throw full light on this.
+In Germany syphilis occurs much more frequently in town than in the
+country; this no doubt dependent on prostitution and on a much greater
+degree of promiscuity of sexual intercourse in cities. In the country
+couples keep together with greater constancy, even in the case of
+cohabitation without marriage.
+
+[Sidenote: C 86-88]
+
++The frequency of syphilis and other venereal diseases in town and
+country+ is illustrated in Table C 86, which gives the result of
+the enquiries of the Prussian Government on the 30th April, 1900,
+and Table C 87 after Schwiening, on +the frequency of sexual
+diseases among military recruits+. Also Table C 88 which gives the
++frequency of delirium tremens, epilepsy, and general paralysis+
+in the +Prussian lunatic asylums+, points in the same direction
+by the great differences shown in the frequency of general paralysis
+in the different institutions. This table, at the same time, indicates
+what is also supported by other observations, that the +frequency
+and intensity of harmful influences through alcohol+ are much
++greater in towns than in the country+; this may be partly
+because in cities there is a greater and more regular abuse of
+alcoholic beverages than in the country, partly because town-life
+induces a greater susceptibility to alcoholic poisoning than country
+life (less intense metabolism with sedentary occupations).
+
+[Sidenote: C 89-90]
+
++Injury to the reproductive function through alcohol+. It has
+been known for a long time that drunkards are frequently sterile. This
+must be attributed to the fact that the testicles of drunkards become
+to a great extent atrophied. The condition is shown in Figure C 89 by
+R. Weichselbaum,[B] representing a section through the testicle of a
+drunkard. Figure C 90 which shows a section through a normal testicle,
+enables even the layman to observe the atrophy of the characteristic
+glandular tissue of the testicle. Weichselbaum has up to now found that
+in fifty-four cases, without exception, in which alcoholism had been
+proved, this atrophy could be demonstrated to a greater or less degree.
+In thirty of these cases the subject was so young that senile atrophy
+was out of the question. The abuse of alcohol is not the only harmful
+influence which is able to induce such atrophy of the testicles, but
+chronic alcoholism acts with special intensity. Very similar results
+to those of Weichselbaum have been obtained by Bertholet (Zentralbl.
+f. allg. Pathologie 20 Bd. 1909) in 37 out of 39 habitual drunkards.
+They agree with observations on the vesiculae seminales of drunkards by
+Simmonds, who found that in 61% of the cases examined the spermatozoa
+were absent or dead. It is a permissible assumption that a poison which
+can cause the total atrophy of the sexual glands may, in an earlier
+stage, have adversely influenced in respect to quality the function of
+those organs.
+
+[Footnote B: Verhandlungen der Deutschen Patholog: Gesellschaft, 14th
+day, Jena, Fischer, 1910, page 234.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 91]
+
+[Sidenote: C 92]
+
++Alcohol and Degeneration+, from the tables on the alcohol question
+by Gruber and Kraepelin, Munich; Lehmann; contains the well-known
+statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivée. Table C 92 adds to the summary
+of the statistical observations of Demme, further details of the +kind
+of abnormalities+ which were +observed in children of drunkards+.
+Representing, as they do, exceptionally bad cases with a high degree
+of degeneration, one may doubt whether and in how far congenital
+hereditary inferiority of the parents may have had its influence.
+
+[Sidenote: C 93]
+
+Figure C 93 contains the well-known result of v. Bunge's investigations
+on the +influence of paternal alcoholism on the suckling capacity of
+the daughters+. The varying frequency of the habitual consumption
+of alcohol and of drunkenness proper of the father in the two groups of
+families is most striking. Official investigations of this question on
+a large scale are urgently called for.
+
+[Sidenote: C 94]
+
+Figure C 94 dealing with the +interconnection of tuberculosis,
+nervous diseases and psychoses of the progeny and the alcohol
+consumption of the father+, is derived from Bunge's investigations.
+It is worthy of notice that he endeavoured to eliminate from his
+statistics all families in whom hereditary diseases could be traced
+previously.
+
+[Sidenote: C 95]
+
+Table C 95 contains a summary of T. Laitinen's +experiments on
+animals with small quantities of alcohol+. The degree of injury
+to the progeny supposed to be produced by even a minimum quantity of
+alcohol (corresponding to about one-third of pint of beer for a man) is
+astounding. Repetition of these experiments on a large scale and with
+the strictest care would be most desirable here also.
+
+[Sidenote: C 96]
+
+Table C 96 also refers to reports by T. Laitinen.[C] +It deals
+with the effect of alcohol on the progeny in man+. Unfortunately
+Laitinen's paper is so confused and inexact that it is impossible
+for the reader safely to draw conclusions from it. His personal
+observations are mixed up with those gathered by means of inquiry
+sheets circulated by him in such a way that one cannot make out how
+he has arrived at his weights at birth and mortality. Information is
+lacking with regard to the nutrition of the children, their age at the
+conclusion of the investigations, the length of marriage, the rapidity
+of birth sequence and so on. It is, therefore, indispensable to await
+the more detailed report before Laitinen's information can be made use
+of.
+
+[Footnote C: Internat. Monatschrift z. Erforschung des Alkoholismus,
+Juli, 1910.]
+
+[Sidenote: C 97]
+
+Bezzola has sent in in a modified form the data which he presented
+to the Eighth International Congress against Alcoholism in Vienna
+in 1901, on the +effect of acute intoxication on the origin of
+feeble-mindedness+. With their help the curve on Figure C 97 has
+been constructed, showing the distribution of illegitimate births in
+Switzerland during the different months of the year from Bezzola's
+data and the corresponding curve of the births of mentally eminent
+individuals (taken from Brockhaus' encyclopædia.) The author supplies
+the following comments:--
+
+"+Comparison between the general birth curve and the corresponding
+one for the birth of feeble-minded children+."
+
+  The casual observation at the registration of the personal history
+  of feeble-minded individuals that 50 per cent. of the birth dates
+  fall within only fourteen weeks of the year (New Year, carnival,
+  and wine harvest) has aroused the desire to deal with the seasonal
+  incidence of the begetting of the feeble-minded on the basis of as
+  much material as possible. For this purpose the author's census of
+  feeble-minded school children, which took place in the year 1897, and
+  referred to the years 1886-90 inclusive, seemed specially suited.
+  Originally (in 1901) a curve was plotted in which all the 8,186
+  feeble-minded and idiotic children were included whose exact birthdays
+  were known, and this curve was compared with the total curve for that
+  period. (Schweiz. Statistik 112 Liefg.) The latter was constructed
+  in the following manner from the whole number of births (934,619)
+  which occurred in these eleven years:--The general daily average was
+  taken as 100, and the daily average for each month was expressed
+  proportionately. Thus numbers above 100 show a daily birth frequency
+  above the average, while for numbers below 100 the reverse is the
+  case. The curve for the 8,136 feeble-minded persons was constructed
+  in a similar way, and thus a comparison with the general population
+  producing them was made possible. Subsequently (1910-11), in order to
+  secure homogeneous material, the first and last years were left out,
+  since by including them, owing to the non-agreement of the school
+  year and the astronomical year, the earlier months (January-April)
+  were much weighted. By this restriction of the material dealt with
+  the number of feeble-minded is reduced to 7,759, but the material for
+  each separate year is more homogeneous. Distributed between 2,922 days
+  (eight years), the daily production of the feeble-minded is 2.648,
+  the corresponding total number of births of the years 1882-89 ls
+  677,083, or 231.7 per day. 1.14 per cent. of all births are included
+  in the figure for the feeble-minded. If one treats the total number of
+  births for each month as well as the number of births of feeble-minded
+  according to the method described above, and used by the Federal
+  Statistical Bureau, two curves are produced which diverge considerably
+  from each other in particular months. On the whole the curve for the
+  feeble-minded (thick line) is flatter than the curve for the total.
+  Especially striking are the drop in May and June (corresponding to
+  the procreation period from the 25th July to the 23rd September) and
+  two peaks rising above the "total" curve. One of these is slight,
+  yet distinct. It refers to the months of birth, July and August,
+  corresponding with the procreation period from the 24th September to
+  the 24th November. More conspicuous is the second peak of the curve
+  for the feeble-minded from October to December, otherwise a time poor
+  in births. The centre of the corresponding period of procreation
+  (25th December to 26th March) is in February (carnival). This seems
+  to confirm the suspicion that during the wine harvest and carnival
+  an increased procreation of feeble-minded occurs (procreation during
+  drunkenness?).
+
+We cannot suppress the remark that the fluctuations of the curve for
+the feeble-minded are much too small to admit of the drawing of an
+ætiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the intelligence curve
+and the illegitimate curve partly exceed the limits of probable error.
+The peaks of both birth curves in February, correspond to a peak in
+the procreation curve in May. Perhaps one may attribute them to the
+existence of a remnant of a period of "heat" (or a rutting season) in
+man.
+
+[Sidenote: C 98]
+
++Lead.+ Whereas the +germ cells+ are well protected against many
+harmful influences from without which affect the soma of the mother,
+they +and the foetus produced from them suffer considerably from+
+some. Amongst their deadliest enemies are +certain poisons+, and
++notorious in this respect is lead+. Table C 98 gives two sets of
+statistics on this point, they justify the law in Germany, and in other
+States, forbidding female labour to deal with lead and lead-containing
+materials. Paul's figures, showing that lead poisoning of the father
+is also extremely adverse to the production of a healthy progeny, are
+remarkable.
+
+[Sidenote: C 99]
+
++Female Labour.+ A baneful influence on reproduction is brought
+to bear by the growing quantity of professional female labour away from
+home and by the economic emancipation of women. Evidence of this is
+given in Table C 99--"+female labour and child mortality+"--the
+data of which are taken from Prinzing's work. Infant mortality is
+higher the larger the percentage of females employed in factories
+during the child-bearing period. This is partly due to interference
+with breast-feeding and partly to the unfavourable influence on
+pregnancy.
+
+[Sidenote: C 100]
+
+Dr. Agnes Bluhm has given in Figure C 100 "+Female Labour and
+Reproductive Activity+," the statistics of Roger and Thiraux, as
+well as the results of the investigation of the Imperial Statistical
+Office on the "Relationship of illness and deaths in the Local
+Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings." Dr. Bluhm gives the
+following explanation: "The top figure on the left is based on material
+of the Local Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings, dealing
+with over a quarter of a million of women of child-bearing age. The
+distinction between obligatory and voluntary members makes possible
+the estimate of the +influence of work continued up to the time of
+confinement+, because the voluntary members receive the same weekly
+payments during confinement as the obligatory ones, and, consequently,
+a woman has no object in joining the voluntary insurance scheme except
+in order to secure rest before confinement, which they procure for
+themselves at their own expense and with the loss of their wages. (At
+that time the compulsory support during time of pregnancy did not
+exist.) It is to be noted that the voluntary members show ten times as
+many confinements as the obligatory ones."
+
+"The left hand figure at the top shows that the women who work up to
+the time of confinement fall ill during their pregnancy twice as often,
+and have six or seven times as many miscarriages and premature births
+and 1.28 times as many cases of death in child-bed, as those who stop
+work for a more or less extended period previous to their delivery."
+
+"The frequency of illness after childbirth is in both categories of
+women almost the same; but the duration of the illness beyond the
+period for which the legal subvention provides (13, 26, or 34 weeks
+respectively) is much greater in the case of the obligatory members who
+do not spare themselves before their delivery."
+
+"Left hand figure at the bottom--the researches were made by Roger and
+Thiraux in a maternity home. A comparison is made between the women
+who entered the home only at the beginning of childbirth and those who
+entered during the last month of pregnancy or sooner. Premature birth
+occurs in nearly one-third of the cases among the former, but among the
+latter only one-eighth.
+
+"Right hand figure at the bottom--dealing with the same material as
+the left hand figure below compares the weight at birth of the first,
+second and later born. The average weight of the former is 300 g.
+and that of the latter 341 g. higher with mothers who cease work two
+or three months before delivery, than with those who worked up to
+the last. Possibly this expresses in the main the different duration
+of pregnancy. The importance of the birth weight of a child for its
+further development is not to be underrated."
+
+"The top figure on the right shows that the importance of the adverse
+influence of female labour on the race, shown in the above figures, is
+growing, because there is an increase of employment amongst married
+women. Simon's figures show that the manufacturing industries, which
+in 1907 employed by themselves two million female hands, the number of
+married women has increased by almost 200,000 during the last twelve
+years. In agriculture, in which four and a half million females find
+their main occupation, the share of the married women is much greater
+still."
+
+"The increase of married female labour being intimately connected with
+the development of our economic life, which cannot be deliberately
+influenced, the demand for a Motherhood Insurance for all female
+labourers of any kind, and for the extension of the legal time of
+stoppage of work before childbirth to at least four weeks, follows as a
+practical result of the facts stated above."
+
+Dr. Bluhm's repeated assertion, which is regarded by many as a
+dogma, that economic conditions cannot be deliberately influenced
+(+i.e.+, that they are of the character of a law of nature) must
+not remain uncontradicted as a principal. It is absolutely unproved,
+though the difficulty of influencing our economic life cannot be
+denied; the economic order has been created by man and +must+ be
+altered if it proves harmful for the race.
+
+[Sidenote: C 101]
+
+The adverse influence of female labour on the progeny is shown from
+a somewhat different point of view in Table C 101--"+premature
+births and abortions in different callings+." The most serious
+fact shown here is that a low birth rate may frequently be found in
+conjunction with a high rate for miscarriage and premature birth;
+as the compiler of these statistics points out, this conjunction is
+most apparent in those callings which demand frequent intercourse
+with the public, such as domestic service, that is to say in cases
+where pregnancy is particularly inconvenient. Probably in these cases
+artificial prevention of pregnancy goes hand in hand with the procuring
+of abortion!
+
+Race-hygiene does not aim at an indiscriminate motherhood insurance of
+married and unmarried mothers, but it aims at the economic subvention
+and encouragement of legitimate fertility of healthy and able parents,
+connected with, and rendered possible by, a reduction of female labour
+away from the home. Marriage is one of the most important hygienic
+institutions for the individual as well as for the race, and it is
+folly to allow its decay and to replace it by substitutes.
+
+[Sidenote: C 102]
+
++The importance of marriage for the health to married persons+
+is shown by figure C 102--"+condition with regard to marriage and
+mortality in Prussia, 1894-97+," as given in Prinzing's book. That
+we have to deal here with an actual favourable influence of marriage,
+and not with a selection of the healthy at the time of marriage, is
+proved by the fact that the low death rate of the married is maintained
+through all age classes and that the widowed and divorced show
+throughout the highest death rate.
+
+[Sidenote: C 103]
+
+"+Condition with regard to marriage and mortality, cases of death
+from tuberculosis+," after Weinberg, also confirms with regard to
+tuberculosis the favourable influence of marriage on the health of
+men. With women the mortality from tuberculosis up to the age of 60 is
+lowest among the unmarried. Pregnancy and suckling act here adversely,
+but by far the worst position is also held here by widows and divorced
+women.
+
+[Sidenote: C 104-105]
+
+The advantage of marriage for the progeny is made evident in Figure
+C 104--"+mortality of illegitimate children in different European
+states+", and in Figure C 105 dealing with the "+survival of the
+legitimate and illegitimate children in Berlin in 1885+." After
+five years there are still alive more than 60% of the legitimate,
+but only 40% of the illegitimate children. The higher mortality of
+the latter is by no means a purifying process of weeding, but the
+expression of greater sickliness which permanently harms the surviving
+also. The division of labour between man and wife, with reference to
+the care of the offspring, is one of Nature's institutions which is of
+the greatest advantage for parents as well as children.
+
+[Sidenote: C 106-107]
+
++Inbreeding and the Crossing of Races.+ On the whole with
+mankind inbreeding is viewed with fear, and justly so, in view of
+our customary carelessness with regard to the physical and mental
+conditions of those who contract marriage. +If blood relations have
+similar pathological conditions or pre-dispositions to illness or
+degeneracy, the progeny which results from their union is endangered to
+a particularly high degree.+ Our collection brings as an example
+of this in Table C 106--the pedigree of the celebrated Don Carlos. The
+bad inheritance of Johanna the Mad asserts itself to a lesser degree
+yet quite perceptibly also in the children of Max. II. Table C 107--the
+children of Maximilian and his cousin Maria of Spain; undoubtedly the
+Emperor Rudolf II. was mentally diseased. Also Charles V. and his son
+Philip II. were abnormal characters.
+
+[Sidenote: C 108]
+
++Blood relationship of the parents and health of the children+,
+which v. d. Velden has prepared from Riffel's family tables, also
+speaks for the harmfulness of inbreeding. The offspring of blood
+relations are emphatically weaker and sicklier than those of persons
+related distantly or not at all.
+
+[Sidenote: C 109]
+
+The harm of inbreeding amongst the pathological is also illustrated by
+the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schüle). Pedigrees from wine-growing
+districts in the centre of Baden; against this it may be taken as
+proved that inbreeding in itself between the healthy and fit is
+not harmful. Animal breeders (as well as plant cultivators) make
+an extensive use of it with the view to the cultivation of certain
+hereditary characteristics.
+
+[Sidenote: C 110]
+
+We show in Table C 110, after de Chapeaurouge, the +pedigree of
+Belvidere+, an animal which, in spite of close inbreeding, was
+distinguished by excellent qualities, and by whom, out of his own
+daughter, another sire of the highest rank was produced.
+
+[Sidenote: C 111]
+
+After long-continued and very close inbreeding, even with a faultless
+condition of the germ plasm, the decrease of vitality and fertility
+of the progeny asserts itself. Important evidence for this is given
+by Georg. H. Shull in his exhibition of +cross-fertilized,
+self-fertilized and hybridized maize+ (Exhibit No. C 111).
+Shull makes the following comments: "Results of inbreeding with
+maize--crossing between different races or genotypes, if not too
+distantly related, results in a progeny which excels its parents in
+vitality, whereas crosses between individuals belonging to the same
+genotype engender no increase of vitality as compared with the parents."
+
+In maize, and presumably in most other plants and animals in which
+cross-fertilization is the rule, all individuals are usually
+complicated hybrids between different varieties of genotype. They owe
+their vigorous constitution to this hybrid nature.
+
+"The result of self-fertilization or of close inbreeding is that
+the hybrid nature diminishes in degree. The stock is reduced to a
+homozygotic condition, and is thus deprived of the stimulus which lies
+in the hybrid condition."
+
+"When two given genotypes are crossed, the first hybrid generation is
+possessed of the greatest vigour. Even the second generation shows
+much less vitality, and this decrease continues with the third and
+later generations. But each succeeding generation differs less from
+its predecessor than the latter differed from its own parents. As soon
+as the stock has become a pure line, inbreeding produces no further
+weakening."
+
+"The top row of the exhibited collection of maize cobs (large cobs with
+many grains) is derived from a family in which for five generations
+self-fertilization has been prevented by using mixed pollen. These
+conditions approach those prevailing in an ordinary field."
+
+"The middle row of maize cobs (small cobs with few grains) comes
+from families of the same derivation as the first row; but for five
+generations they have been self-fertilized. Each one has characters
+which the others do not possess. They are almost pure bred, and
+continued self-fertilization produces no further adverse influence. The
+cob, quite to the right, without grains, has pistils so short that
+they do not project from the husks. This genotype must, therefore, be
+fertilized artificially."
+
+"The lowest row (the largest cobs with the most grains) comes from
+families which have been created by the crossing of plants belonging to
+different genotypes, the relationship in which case is indicated by the
+lines which connect this row with the middle row."
+
+"The following harvests of grain were made in the year 1910:--
+
+  Self-fertilization prevented (average of nine
+      families)                                    53.5 hi pro ha.
+  Self-fertilized (average of ten families)        25.3  "  "   "
+  F1 hybrid (average of six families)              59.2  "  "   "
+  F2 hybrid (average of seven families)            38.8  "  "   "
+
+[Sidenote: C 112-114]
+
+It is well-known to what degree +inbreeding+ is practised in
++reigning families+. We show as an example for this, Chart
+C 112, the +pedigree of the Archduchess Maria de los Dolores of
+Tuscany+, exhibited by Dr. Stephan Kekule von Stradonitz, and
+Chart C 113 of the same exhibitor, +pedigree of Ptolemäus X+.
+Soter II. (Lathros), and Chart C 114, +pedigree of the celebrated
+Cleopatra+. Though with Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual
+reproduction in bringing about new combinations of hereditary units was
+very limited, since the couple, Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra
+Syra having produced all the germ cells from which he developed, he
+appears, nevertheless, to have been a perfectly normal being. In his
+granddaughter Cleopatra certainly much "extraneous blood" circulated.
+
+[Sidenote: C 115]
+
+Even where there is no high degree of inbreeding, the individuals of a
+people are much more closely related to each other than is generally
+assumed. Table C 115, "+theoretical number of ancestors+," shows
+that, assuming the duration of one generation to be 35 years, and that
+no marriages between relations have taken place, the number of the
+ancestors of a man living now would have been eighteen billions in the
+year 0 a.d. In reality the germanic race, wandering west, probably
+only numbered hundreds of thousands. This phenomenon of "+ancestral
+loss+," as Ottokar Lorenz calls it (that the number of real
+ancestors is much smaller than those theoretically possible), can be
+illustrated in the pedigrees of the reigning houses.
+
+[Sidenote: C 116]
+
+We have in Table C 116 an +analysis of pedigree of Emperor William
+II.+, after Ottokar Lorenz. Investigations show that twelve
+generations back the real number of his ancestors amounts to only
+one-eighth of the possible figure. Only 275 persons have actually been
+found because in the older lines, the bourgeois element, of which no
+record can be found, has had a very large share.
+
+[Sidenote: C 117]
+
+Very little knowledge exists concerning the effect of the crossing of
+races in man. On the whole it appears not to be favourable, if it is a
+question of crossing of races from far apart, even in purely physical
+respects. An example of harmful influence is given in v. d. Velden's
+Table C 117--"+Fertility and Health in relation to the crossings of
+races+."
+
+
+
+
+NEOMALTHUSIANISM.
+
+
+[Sidenote: C 118-122]
+
+The next and the greatest concern of race-hygiene--much greater than
+the relative increase of inferiority--is, to-day, neomalthusianism,
+the intentional restriction of the number of births in varying degrees
+up to complete unproductiveness. Though conscious regulation of the
+production of children is absolutely necessary, it becomes fatal to
+a nation if under no control but the egotism of the individual. For
+its permanent prosperity a nation requires, in order merely to hold
+its own, a sufficient number of "hands" and a sufficient number of
+"heads" to guide those "hands." We referred to this when mention was
+made of sterility as a phenomenon of degeneration, but this cause of
+sterility during the last decades only takes a second place compared
+to deliberate intention. The wealthy and higher social classes were
+first attacked by neomalthusianism. Their progeny is becoming more and
+more utterly insufficient, so that under our present social conditions,
+particularly which give mind and talent better openings, and thereby
+more and more take out of the mass of the people the better elements,
+make the strongest demand for them and use them up, the danger of an
+increasing deterioration of the average quality of its progeny grows
+greater and greater. The baneful influence of wealth on fertility is
+shown by several tables. Figure C 118 "+Fertility and Wealth+,"
+after Goldstein and Tallquist, gives the condition in the French
+Departments; Figure C 119, "+Number of Children and Wealth+,"
+after Bertillon, for the Arrondissements of Paris; Figure C 120,
+"+Fertility and Wealth+," after Mombert, for Münich, 1901, Table
+C 121, "+The Number of Children in Families of Different Classes in
+Denmark+, 1901," after Westergaard; Table C 122, "+Fertility
+of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch
+Conditions+," after Rubin, Westergaard, and Verrijn Stuart.
+
+[Sidenote: C 123]
+
+The worst condition with regard to the fertility prevails among
+those with the highest mental endowment. Evidence of this is given
+in Figure C 123, "+Insufficient Fertility of the Highly Endowed
+in Holland+," after J. R. Steinmetz. It shows the rapidity with
+which the number of children decreases. In order to estimate the
+significance of these statistics, it must be noted that after taking
+into account the mortality among children and young persons, and the
+unfitness for parenthood of an appreciable fraction of the adults,
+a fully capable couple would have to produce at least four children
+to assure the necessary moderate increase in the population which
+is required to prevent a people from sinking into stagnation and
+deterioration.
+
+[Sidenote: C 124]
+
+The dying out of highly gifted families is shown to be more accentuated
+in Figure 255, after Bertillon, "+Progeny of the Highly Gifted in
+France+." Four hundred and forty-five of the best known Frenchmen,
+with their wives, have not even reproduced that number of individuals,
+and this in spite of the fact that repeated marriages of the same
+individuals have not been taken into account.
+
+[Sidenote: C 125-126]
+
+Even if one has been able, up to the present, to live in the hope
+that the number of persons of more than average ability produced by
+the mass of the people is always sufficient to replace those that are
+used up, at the present time anxiety about the "heads" is replaced
+by anxiety about the "hands." The knowledge of means of preventing
+fertilization spreads incessantly, and is recklessly promulgated by
+the neomalthusians and by a shameless industry. We point to Figure C
+125, "+Want of Fertility in French Towns+," after Jayle, and to
+Figure C 126, "+Fertility in Prussia+." In Berlin fertility is
+decreasing most rapidly; at the end of the sixties it still amounted
+to 200 in every 1,000 women of child-bearing age. In the five years,
+1905-1910, only to 84; in the year 1910 only to 74. This state of
+things is shown also in the relative increase in numbers of the first
+born.
+
+[Sidenote: C 127, 128 & 129]
+
+Figure C 127, "+Decrease of Legitimate Fertility in Berlin--the
+two-children system+." The other German towns follow the example
+of Berlin. Berlin to-day produces 20% less children than are required
+to maintain its own population without immigration, and the same
+conditions will soon prevail in other towns. Up to now the country
+districts in general maintain their fertility (West Prussia on Figure
+C 128), but there, too, modern practices begin to make themselves
+felt. The town and industrial population increases so rapidly that the
+conditions prevailing among them have an ever increasing effect on the
+people as a whole. Thus we see, even at the present time, a serious
+decline in fertility among an overwhelming majority of European States:
+Figure C 129, "+Decrease of Fertility in Some European States+."
+
+[Sidenote: D]
+
+Exhibited by David Fairchild Weeks, M.D.,
+
++Director of the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics at
+Skillman, U.S.A.+
+
+
+Explanation of Symbols used in the Charts.
+
+Male individuals are indicated by squares and females by circles. The
+members of each fraternity are connected by the same horizontal line.
+The fraternity line is connected by a vertical line to the line joining
+the symbols representing the father and mother. Illegal unions and
+illegitimate children are shown by dotted lines. As an aid in tracing
+the patient's immediate family, a green line is used to connect the
+direct ancestors on the paternal side, and a red line on the maternal
+side. The red squares and circles indicate epileptics, the green the
+insane, the black the feeble-minded, and purple the criminalistic. The
+figures directly above the fraternity line indicate the rank in birth,
+a figure inside a square or circle shows the number of individuals of
+that sex. A black dot suspended from the fraternity line stands for a
+miscarriage or a stillbirth. A line underneath a square or circle shows
+that institutional care has been received. The hand points out our
+patient.
+
+The following letters indicate the different conditions: A, alcoholic;
+B, blind; C, criminalistic; D, deaf; E, epileptic; F, feeble-minded;
+I, insane; M, migrainous; N, normal; P, paralytic; S, syphilitic; T,
+tubercular; W, wanderer, tramp; d, died; b, born; inf, infancy; Sx,
+unchaste.
+
+[Sidenote: D 1]
+
+This chart shows very clearly the dangerous results of a marriage in
+which both of the +parents are epileptic+. Of the four children
+the first three were epileptic, and the fourth, a boy, who died at the
+age of nine, was feeble-minded. All four of these children were cared
+for at public expense, two are patients at the New Jersey State Village
+for Epileptics, and the other two were wards of the Children's Home
+Finding Society. The epileptic father is dead, and the mother married
+again to an alcoholic man. When last heard of she had another child.
+
+[Sidenote: D 2]
+
+An +epileptic+ woman, married to a +feeble-minded man+,
+is responsible for the large number of defectives shown on this chart.
+The principal mating is that of one of the epileptic daughters of
+this woman, who, like her mother, married a feeble-minded man. Eight
+children resulted from this marriage; one died before two years of age,
+the other seven were epileptic, the five who are living are patients
+at the New Jersey State Village. Two of the girls in this fraternity
+had illegitimate children before receiving proper care. This family is
+undoubtedly a branch of a family of defectives, most of whom live in an
+adjoining State.
+
+[Sidenote: D 3]
+
+This is a case of +incest+, and shows plainly that the "empty
+germ plasm can yield only emptiness." These people lived in a hut
+in the woods. The feeble-minded man had by his defective sister an
+epileptic daughter, then by this daughter he had four children, one an
+epileptic, one a feeble-minded woman of the streets, who spends much
+of her time in jail, one an anencephalic monster who died soon after
+birth, and one a feeble-minded boy, who did not grow to manhood. Since
+the hut in the woods burned down, the epileptic woman and feeble-minded
+daughter live in a cellar in town, though much of their time is spent
+in jail.
+
+[Sidenote: D 4]
+
+This chart shows a +feeble-minded+ man, who came from a
+feeble-minded family, married to an +epileptic+ woman, who
+descended from a tubercular epileptic father and a mother who is
+described as "flighty," "not too bright." This couple had six children,
+three feeble-minded, two epileptic, and one still-born. Since the death
+of the epileptic mother, the father has secured homes in institutions
+for all of his children except one, and then married again. As yet he
+has no children by the second wife.
+
+[Sidenote: D 5]
+
+The wife in the central mating in this case is a low grade
++epileptic+, who can scarcely recognize her own children. The
+father is a +feeble-minded alcoholic+, who works hard, but who
+spends all his money for drink. There were six children; one died at
+the age of four, and all of the others except one six-year-old boy are
+epileptic. All are being cared for by the public. Before the mother and
+three of the epileptic children were brought to the State Village for
+Epileptics the family lived in a cellar, slept on rags, and depended on
+the neighbours for food.
+
+[Sidenote: D 6]
+
+This is a history which illustrates very well the source of a
+large number of the almshouse inmates. The central figure is an
++epileptic+ woman, who spent most of her life in the poor house.
+No two of her seven children are by the same father. The epileptic
+daughter, whose father was feeble-minded, had started to lead the same
+kind of life as her mother; in the almshouse she gave birth to one
+illegitimate child before she was put under State care. The mother,
+when she last left the almshouse, went to live in a hut in the woods
+with a feeble-minded man, who had three feeble-minded sons; one of
+these sons married the feeble-minded sister of one of the epileptic
+patients at the New Jersey State Village.
+
+[Sidenote: D 7a]
+
+[Sidenote: D 7b]
+
+This is the history of two patients who have been found to be related,
+the great grandfather of the one was the brother of the grandmother of
+the other. The principal mating under D 7a is that of a +feeble-minded+
+man married to an +epileptic+ woman, whose mother died in the insane
+asylum. They had six children, the first died when only a few months
+old, the next and the fourth were not bright and died young, the third
+is an epileptic, the fifth is feeble-minded and criminalistic and he
+is now at the State Home for Boys, the sixth is also feeble-minded and
+cared for at an industrial home for children. The mother and father,
+at one time inmates of the almshouse, are now supported by the town.
+Under D 7b the father, who died of spinal meningitis, was migrainous
+and had many epileptic relatives, the mother is neurotic. There were
+four children, the first an epileptic, the second died at 20 of spinal
+meningitis, the third is of a very nervous temperament, the last, a
+girl of 16, seems to be normal.
+
+[Sidenote: D 8]
+
+Both of the parents in this case are +feeble-minded+. The
+father was the black sheep of his family, his brothers are intelligent
+men, and for the most part good citizens; the mother, however, was
+the illegitimate child of a feeble-minded woman. There were seven
+children, one an epileptic, the others all feeble-minded with the
+exception of the sixth, who is now about 11 years old; she was taken
+from her home and put with a very good family; she shows the effect
+of the changed environment, and though not up to her grade in school,
+is only slightly backward. There is some doubt about the parentage of
+the child, and it is very probable that she is by a different father.
+Since the father's death the mother has had one illegitimate child; her
+children were taken away from her except the two oldest because of the
+immoral conditions in the home, and she now claims to be married to
+a feeble-minded man, who is the younger feeble-minded brother of her
+imbecile daughter's husband.
+
+[Sidenote: D 9]
+
+The central mating in this case is that of an +epileptic, alcoholic,
+sexually immoral+ man, married to a +neurotic and sexually
+immoral+ woman, who has many insane and feeble-minded relatives.
+They had in all ten children; two were epileptic, three, feeble-minded,
+one criminalistic and sexually immoral, the sixth is the only one who
+has a good reputation, the last was a stillbirth. The father and mother
+are no longer living together.
+
+[Sidenote: D 10]
+
+The case illustrated on this chart is of a +feeble-minded+
+woman married to an +alcoholic+ man. The wife descended from an
+alcoholic father, who had several epileptic relatives. The husband also
+descended from an alcoholic father, and had an epileptic nephew. Of
+their nine children, the first three died young of scarlet fever, the
+fourth was epileptic, and the other five are feeble-minded.
+
+[Sidenote: D 11]
+
+On this chart we have the history of an +epileptic+ man whose
+attacks were of the petit-mal type. He married a choreic woman. They
+had four children, the eldest a man who developed epilepsy after
+his second marriage. His first wife was insane; by her he had two
+daughters, one of whom is now an inmate in an insane asylum, the other
+is neurotic and has been treated in a sanatorium. Of the other children
+two are apparently normal and one migrainous.
+
+[Sidenote: D 12]
+
+This chart shows an +epileptic+ man married to a normal woman;
+he had both epileptic and insane relatives, while she had epileptic,
+alcoholic, and tubercular relatives. Their first child was an
+epileptic, the next were twins, one of these appears to be normal while
+the other is of a very nervous temperament, the fourth died in infancy,
+and the last three were stillbirths. The mother married the second
+time, this time to a man who drank to excess after their marriage; by
+him she had two children, both of whom seem to be normal. They are both
+in school.
+
+[Sidenote: D 13]
+
+This is the history of a low grade +epileptic+. His oldest
+sister is normal; she was brought up by strangers after her mother's
+death, and is now earning her living as a saleslady. The second was a
+boy, who was thought to be normal until he was about sixteen, when he
+displayed criminalistic tendencies, and for the crime of rape was put
+in the Reform School. The youngest is a girl, who is of a very nervous
+temperament. The father was an alcoholic, and went on long sprees; he
+deserted his wife and family to live with a woman who also deserted a
+family. His brother is an alcoholic, and married the patient's mother's
+sister; they are now divorced. The mother was migrainous, she died of
+tuberculosis; her family shows a neurotic taint, while the father has
+several epileptic relatives.
+
+[Sidenote: D 14]
+
+In the central mating the father and mother are both
++migrainous+. They both belong to families prominent in the
+community in which they reside; their homes are among the best, and
+they are counted as leading citizens. There were nine children;
+three died before four years of age, one is epileptic, one seems to
+be normal, and the others all show some nervous taint, though not
+migrainous.
+
+[Sidenote: D 15]
+
+This is the history of a +syphilitic and a sexually immoral
+couple+. They were never married, and the woman for many years
+supported the man, who was never sober and frequently had attacks of
+delirium tremens. She finally deserted him. Of their eight children two
+were stillbirths, three were epileptic, and the other syphilitic. One
+of the epileptics in a jealous rage shot the woman whom he loved, and
+when he found that escape was impossible, killed himself.
+
+[Sidenote: D 15a-b]
+
+Charts explaining the method of collecting and recording data.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: E]
+
+Exhibited by Mr E. J. Lidbetter.
+
+
+A selection by Mr. E. J. Lidbetter, from his collection of pedigrees,
+showing pauperism in association with mental and physical defect,
+justifying the inference that a high proportion of +pauperism is to
+be attributed to the transmission of defect+ and the perpetuation
+of stocks of a low type:--
+
+[Sidenote: E 1]
+
+Pedigree showing +mental disease and destructive eye-disease+
+in the same stock. Insanity, epilepsy, feeble-mindedness and idiocy in
+various degrees in twelve members, several of them being also blind;
+partial or total blindness from detachment of the retina without mental
+defect in several others. Tendency to "anti-dating" or "anticipation"
+of the mental disease in succeeding generations or younger born
+offspring. The printed numbers on the diagram indicate the age of the
+individual on 1st attack. Prevalence of tuberculosis (three members).
+Neither mental nor ocular conditions attributable to syphilis. Of the
+49 individuals whose history is known 26 have been, or are being,
+maintained in public institutions (Asylums, Workhouses, Blind Schools,
+or Poor Law Schools), 29 have been paupers at intervals, and two
+are known to have been in prison. Several marriages between mental
+defectives yielding large but inferior families. (Exhibited by Mr. E.
+T. Lidbetter. The eye-disease reported upon by Mr. E. Nettleship.)
+
+[Sidenote: E 2]
+
+Pedigree showing the tendency to +intermarry among pauper and
+defective families+. On the left "able-bodied" pauperism and on
+the right sickness. One hundred and fifty-seven units shown in five
+generations; 76 paupers shown, including 38 classed as chronic, 32
+occasional and six medical only. Twenty-eight died in infancy, nine
+tuberculous, six insane, two epileptics, and one blind. Shows also
+pauper children born in lucid intervals of parent suffering from
+periodic insanity.
+
+[Sidenote: E 3]
+
+Pedigree illustrating stock of a +low type in which very little
+physical defect appears+. The total includes 61 individuals, of
+whom 42 are or have been paupers, eight have died in workhouse or
+infirmary, and two in asylums for lunatics; one child is an imbecile.
+On the whole the stock may be described as mentally sub-normal (not
+strongly so), but with a marked non-moral tendency. Of the 34 children
+in the last generation, ten are certainly illegitimate; 15 were, or
+are, being brought up in Poor Law Institutions, and nine received
+out-door relief with their parents. The collective period of pauperism
+in this case exceeds 115 years and the cost to the ratepayers is
+estimated at about £2,400.
+
+[Sidenote: E 4]
+
+Showing the case of a woman who had two husbands. With the first her
+children were consistently defective (deaf and dumb). With the second,
+one died in infancy and three are doing well. All the children of the
+first are, or have been, paupers.
+
+[Sidenote: E 5]
+
+A series showing the intimate +relation between tuberculosis infant
+mortality and pauperism+:--
+
+[Sidenote: E 5a]
+
+Showing a +tuberculous family with apparently normal parents+,
+both of whom come from tuberculous stocks. Of their 14 children only
+two are normal; six are consumptive; four died in infancy. The father
+was one of a family of 8 of whom only he and one other survived--and
+that other became insane, and his wife and children became paupers in
+consequence.
+
+[Sidenote: E 5b]
+
+Showing +insanity, consumption and infant mortality+; also the
+transmission of insanity through the apparently normal.
+
+[Sidenote: E 5c]
+
+Showing the +survival of tuberculous+ stock by accession of
+strength from the normal. Only the illegitimate children and their
+non-sick father survive in this group.
+
+[Sidenote: E 5d]
+
+Showing the case of a +normal woman who had two consumptive
+husbands+. Survival of defective strain by accession of strength
+from the normal.
+
+[Sidenote: E 5e]
+
++Consumption+ in three generations. +Male infant
+mortality+. Query, transmission (?) through the normal.
+
+[Sidenote: E 6]
+
+A series showing +transmission of mental defect through the
+apparently normal+.
+
+[Sidenote: E 6a]
+
+Insanity, blindness, epilepsy and feeble-mindedness.
+
+[Sidenote: E 6b]
+
+Insanity in three generations. Transmission through the normal in each
+case.
+
+[Sidenote: E 6c]
+
+Insanity through the normal twice removed.
+
+[Sidenote: E 6d]
+
+Insanity, epilepsy, and infant mortality--a Mendelian suggestion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: F]
+
+EXHIBITED BY PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL.
+
+E. W. Hope, M.D., M.O.H.
+
+[Sidenote: F 1]
+
+One large model of +insanitary property+ dealt with in
+Liverpool, built to scale, etc., with glass cover.
+
+[Sidenote: F 2]
+
+Charts showing the +decline in mortality from phthisis+:--
+
+[Sidenote: F 2a]
+
+One showing rate for England and Wales.
+
+[Sidenote: F 2b]
+
+One " " England and Ireland.
+
+[Sidenote: F 2c]
+
+One " " Scotland.
+
+[Sidenote: F 2d]
+
+One " " Liverpool.
+
+[Sidenote: F 3 b c d e f]
+
+Six framed and glazed photographs illustrating insanitary property
+which has been demolished in Liverpool, and the new dwellings which
+have been erected to house the dispossessed tenants.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: G]
+
+AN EXHIBIT OF A SYSTEM OF MAKING PEDIGREE RECORDS.
+
+Exhibited by Dr. Raymond Pearl,
+
++Biologist of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono,
+Maine.+
+
+
+This exhibit consists of a series of blank record forms designed to
++illustrate the method of keeping pedigree records+ which has
+been in use at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for a period
+of five years, in connection with its work in the experimental study of
+inheritance in poultry and in various plants. The advantages which have
+been found by experience to inhere in this system of pedigree record
+keeping are (_a_) simplicity; (_b_) ease of operation; (_c_) small
+chance for error in the keeping of large masses of pedigree records;
+(_d_) uniformity of the system, such that records of all kinds, in any
+way pertaining to the work, may be brought together with great ease for
+consultation or study.
+
+In addition to the record blanks there are exhibited also various
+marking devices and other apparatus connected with the proper working
+of the plan.
+
+It should be noted that while the blanks here exhibited are devised
+particularly for work with poultry and plants, the same system, with
+slight modifications, may be successfully applied to the keeping of
+human pedigree records; indeed it is a pleasure to state that the
+system here exhibited is an outgrowth and development of a scheme for
+the keeping of pedigree data in general and particularly human pedigree
+records suggested many years ago by the late Sir Francis Galton.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: H]
+
+Exhibited by C. V. Drysdale, Esq., D. Sc.
+
+
+The +Malthusian theory of population+ leads to the conclusion
+that the population of the majority of countries is held in check by
+lack of food. Therefore, there should be a correspondence between the
+birth and death rates, high birth rates producing high death rates and
+high infantile mortality, and the death rate should rise or fall with a
+rise or fall of the birth rate.
+
+In the accompanying diagrams, white strips imply birth rates, shaded
+strips death rates, and black strips infantile mortality, or deaths of
+children under one year.
+
+[Sidenote: H 1]
+
+Shows the relation between +birth and death rates and infantile
+mortality+ in various countries in 1901-1905.
+
+[Illustration: VARIOUS COUNTRIES 1901-05
+
+Figure H 1.]
+
+[Sidenote: H 2]
+
+Relation between _birth rate and +corrected+ death rates_ in
+various countries. (This shows that France is healthier than appears in
+H 1.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 3]
+
+Shows relation between +birth and death rates+ from various
+causes in five districts of +London+.
+
+[Sidenote: H 4]
+
+Relation between the +birth rate and death rate+ for various
+arrondissements of +Paris+ in 1906. (Note that the increase in
+the Elysée quarter is as high as the average in the quarters of high
+birth rate.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 5-6]
+
+Variation of the +total population and birth and death rates+ in
+the +United Kingdom+ and the +German Empire+. (Note that the fall
+in the death rate corresponds fairly closely to that in the birth
+rate.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 7]
+
+Id. for +France+. (Note that the population is still increasing
+although slowly.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 8]
+
+=Birth and death rates for France= since 1781. (Note that the rate of
+increase of population in 1781 was no higher with a birth rate of 39
+per 1,000 than in 1901-6 with a birth rate of only 21 per 1,000. A fall
+of 17.8 per 1,000 in the birth rate has resulted in a fall of 17.5 per
+1,000 in the death rate.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 9]
+
++Birth and death rates and infantile mortality for England and
+Wales+. Also +marriage rate, fertility of married women,
+illegitimacy+ and +variation of diseases+. (Note that the
+illegitimate birth rate has fallen to half since the fall of the birth
+rate set in.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 10]
+
++Birth and death rates and infantile mortality+ in the
++Netherlands+ (Notice the rapid increase of population as the
+death rate falls, and the great fall of infantile mortality, probably
+due to the practical work of the Dutch Neo-Malthusian League among the
+poor.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 11-13]
+
++_Protestant Countries._+ (Notice the correspondence between the
+birth and death rates and infantile mortality in all.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 14-16]
+
++_Roman Catholic Countries._+ (Note that the fall of the birth
+rate has taken place almost equally with that in the Protestant
+Countries, and with the same result.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 17-20]
+
+The only +four countries in which the birth rate is approximately
+_stationary_+. (Notice that the death rate has not fallen--except,
+perhaps in Russia--and that the infantile mortality has not fallen.
+Also that the highest birth rate produces the highest death rate and
+infantile mortality, and the lowest birth rate the lowest mortality.)
+
+[Sidenote: H 21-24]
+
+The only +four countries with _rising_ birth rates.+ _The death
+rate and the infantile mortality have increased in every one._
+
+[Sidenote: H 25]
+
++_Australia._+ The death rate has fallen with the birth rate,
+and is now only about 10 per 1,000.
+
+[Sidenote: H 26]
+
++_New Zealand._+ The only country in which the fall in the
+birth rate has not produced a fall in the death rate, and which is not
+therefore over-populated. The infantile mortality is the lowest in the
+world, and the death rate less than 10 per 1,000, which gives us an
+ideal which we can reach in all countries by lowering the birth rate
+sufficiently.
+
+[Sidenote: H 27]
+
++_The City of Toronto._+ The birth rate has fallen and
+afterwards risen. The death rate has fallen with the birth rate, and
+afterwards risen, showing that the improvements in sanitation have not
+been the cause of the falling death rate in other countries.
+
+[Sidenote: H 28]
+
++_Berlin._+ The birth rate rose rapidly from 1841 to 1876, and
+afterwards fell even more rapidly. The death rate, except for epidemics
+and wars, rose and fell in almost precise correspondence with the birth
+rate.
+
+[Sidenote: H 29-30]
+
++_Europe and Western Europe._+ These show that the total
+population of Europe is increasing faster, the more the birth rate
+falls, while in Western Europe the birth and death rates correspond
+almost exactly. Calculations made from this show that about 25,000,000
+fewer deaths have occurred in Europe since 1876, due to the fall in
+the birth rate caused by the Knowlton Trial and the Neo-Malthusian
+movement. It should be noted that in the great majority of cases the
+decline of the birth rate commenced in 1877, the year of the Knowlton
+Trial.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+EUROPE.
+
+WESTERN EUROPE. (COMPRISING THE UNITED KINGDOM, NORWAY, SWEDEN,
+FINLAND, DENMARK, HOLLAND, BELGIUM, FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA,
+SWITZERLAND, ITALY, SPAIN, & PORTUGAL.)
+
+(SEE SUNDBARG'S APERÇUS STATISTIQUES INT'ONAUX 1905. pp. 76 & 80.)
+
+Figures H 29-30]
+
+
+[Sidenote: I]
+
+Exhibits lent by Mr. and Mrs. W. C. D. Whetham.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: I 1]
+
+1. Pedigree showing the descent of Administrative Ability.
+
+[Sidenote: I 2]
+
+2. Wollaston Pedigree, showing the descent of Scientific Ability.
+
+[Sidenote: I 3]
+
+3. Pedigree showing the Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in mankind.
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: K]
+
+THE RACIAL FORM OF NOSE AND ITS SEGREGATIVE INHERITANCE.
+
+By Geo. P. Mudge.
+
+The +form of a nose+ doubtless depends upon many factors. But
+chief among them we may suppose are the length, breadth, and angle
+of inclination of the nasal bones; the form, length, breadth, and
+thickness of the nasal septum, and the degree of development of the
+turbinal bones. The segregation and persistence in families of a
+definite type of nose-form is a subject well worth further study. The
+inheritance of this character from the Mendelian standpoint has not yet
+been adequately studied. But as with eye-colour, so with nose-form,
+we desire to know not only how alternative characters are inherited
+among individuals of the same race, but how they are +transmitted
+among+ the offspring of mixed races.
+
+
+ENGLISH V. GIPSY.
+
+[Sidenote: K 1]
+
+I am able in the photograph exhibited to show what appears to be
+an undoubted transmission of a very prominent form of nose from a
+grandmother to a grandson. The grandmother (on the right of the
+photograph, who is now over 80 years of age) was the wife of a gipsy
+and she herself came of gipsy stock. She and her husband eventually
+settled in a small village in the West of England. They had six
+children, namely, two sons and four daughters. Of the two sons, one was
+fair in complexion and had the "wild ways and habits of the gipsy." The
+other was dark in complexion and married an English countrywoman of the
+district in which his parents had settled. She was of fair complexion.
+They are shown, as husband and wife, in the left-hand corner of the
+central photograph. They have had four children, namely, three girls
+(shown in the centre of the photograph) and one son (shown standing
+by the right of his gipsy grandmother in the right corner of the
+photograph).
+
+The gipsy grandmother has a very prominent type of nose. It is
+characterised by three chief features: First, the broad base on
+which the external narial apertures are lodged; second, the marked
+convexity of the contour of the bridge; third, the well-defined or
+sharp angularity of the general form. Her son's nose differs from hers
+in all three of these points. His wife's nose is of the more rounded
+type and differs very widely from that of the gipsy grandmother (her
+mother-in-law). The three girl children of these two parents clearly
+do not possess a nose like that of their grandmother. The two younger
+daughters appear to resemble their mother, while the oldest appears to
+be an intermediate between her mother and father. So far then there is
+no feature of any special interest.
+
+But it is otherwise when we come to deal with the nose of the son
+(grandson of the old gipsy woman). For it resembles hers in all three
+of the marked features which give to her nose its distinctive and
+prominent form. The convexity of the bridge is, perhaps, not quite so
+pronounced, but then he is still young, and this is a feature likely to
+become accentuated with age.
+
+Two features of Mendelian interest are shown in this group of a
+grandmother, two parents and four grandchildren. First, there is a
+hereditary transmission of nose type from grandmother to grandson.
+Second, there is a clean segregation of the nose type manifested by
+the brother, from the contrasted nose type or types exemplified by his
+three sisters. In addition, the case is interesting since it manifests
+segregation of characters in the offspring of parents of different
+races, _i.e._, a gipsy and a native of the West of England.
+
+In the absence of precise information concerning the form of nose of
+the gipsy grandmother's husband, and of their five other children, and
+of the brothers and sisters of the grandmother, it is difficult to
+formulate a scheme showing a definite Mendelian inheritance in this
+case. But the two features alluded to in the preceding paragraph are
+strongly suggestive of inheritance according to Mendelian principles.
+
+We are indebted to Mrs. Rose Haig Thomas for the general facts of this
+case and for the photograph of the group.
+
+
++EUROPEAN V. AMERICAN RED INDIAN.+
+
+[Sidenote: K 2]
+
+A few years ago I had an opportunity of meeting two friends who had
+spent many years in different parts of Canada and were acquainted with
+families who were derived from an ancestry partly European and partly
+North American Indian. I gathered from my friends, in virtue of much
+kindness and patience upon their part, some valuable facts concerning
+the nature of various facial features in the offspring of the two
+mixed races--European and Red Indian. I purpose here to deal with two
+families and with only one character, _i.e._, the type of nose. The
+Red Indian and European type of nose are easily distinguishable. In the
+Red Indian the nose is prominent and its frontal profile is formed by
+two lines which diverge from the bridge towards the base. The latter
+is, in consequence, very broad. The form of nose is sometimes known as
+the _busqué_ or curved type, since its lateral profile is in outline
+markedly aquiline. But examination of a series of photographs of Red
+Indians shows some variation in the lateral profile, since some are
+decidedly concave. But the broadness at the base is apparently never
+diminished; it is always marked and unmistakable. The well-pronounced
+Indian nose can always be easily distinguished from the European nose
+by persons who have had a long acquaintance with both races. But cases
+do occur where even an experienced observer would feel some doubt in
+expressing an opinion as to which type a given nose belonged. Such
+cases are, however, not common.
+
+[Sidenote: K 2a]
+
+From the pedigrees of families derived from a mixed racial parentage
+in my possession, I select two for exhibition at this Congress. The
+first is that known as "Family 5" in my list. In this case a Scotchman
+(Generation A, S) married a full-blood Indian woman. They had a son and
+daughter (Generation B, 2 and 3). The half-breed son had the Indian
+type of nose. The daughter had a small and well-shaped European nose.
+
+The son married a full-blood Indian woman (Generation B, 1) and had
+four children. Two of these were infants at the time my informant knew
+them, and though they were described as being generally of the Indian
+type, they were too young to give any reliable details concerning the
+form of the nose. The two elder children (Generation C, 1 and 2) were a
+daughter and a son, and both had the Indian type of nose.
+
+The half-breed daughter (Generation B, 4) married twice. Her first
+husband was a half-breed Indian (B 3). He was not seen by my informant.
+They had a son and a daughter (Generation C, 5 and 6). The former
+was Indian in type of nose as well as in other facial characters.
+The daughter, though she had very decided Indian cheek bones, had
+the European type of nose. She is of further interest, inasmuch
+as while her eye-colour was European the shape of her eyes was
+characteristically Indian.
+
+The second husband of the half-breed daughter was a Welshman
+(Generation B, W). By him she had seven children. The last was a baby
+at the time my informant saw it, and we may leave it out of account.
+The penultimate child was a son (Generation C, 12), and his nose was
+sunken, and my informant found it difficult to say whether it was
+European or Indian in type. I rather suspect from an inspection of some
+photographs of Indians which I have seen that it resembles a very
+concave flattened Indian type. Of the remaining five children, four had
+an European type and one an Indian type of nose.
+
+Assuming that my informant's observations and memory are accurate--and
+I feel sure they are quite reliable since he spent many years among
+the Indians and half-breeds of North America in company with other
+Europeans, and he is a man of naturally sharp discernment--this family
+shows clear evidence of the segregation of nose type. It is shown more
+particularly in the children of the half-breed daughter who married
+twice, since among her offspring (Generation C, 5-13) both types of
+nose appeared. The re-appearance of the European nose was manifested,
+not only when she was mated back to an European in her second marriage,
+but when she married a half-breed like herself. This latter marriage,
+however, did not constitute, as we might at first sight regard it, an
+experimental mating in every way analogous to a Mendelian cross of DR
+x DR; because although she was a half-breed her nose was not like her
+brother's of the Indian type, but European.
+
+It thus appears as though the Indian nose was dominant in one case,
+and the European in the other. Too much stress must not be laid on
+this point. So many half-breeds are indistinguishable from full-blood
+Indians, that the possibility is to be borne in mind that this woman's
+mother, who was married to the Scotchman, was not really a full-blood
+Indian, and that tradition was in error. I am, however, making further
+inquiries.
+
+But Mendelian segregation is shown in this pedigree in another way. The
+granddaughter (Generation C, 6), by the first husband, manifested, as
+already indicated, an European type of nose and European eye-colour.
+She also manifested other European characters, with which I do not
+now purpose dealing. But her cheek bones were decidedly Indian and
+the shape of her eyes were also Indian. Thus we have the segregation
+in the same individual of the characters of two distinct races of
+men. In other words, there has been segregation of racial characters
+followed by their recombination in a hybrid race. That is a fact of
+some importance, in what we may designate as anthropological Eugenics,
+or, if we prefer it, as the Eugenics of Anthropology. For it turns our
+thoughts to the possibility of calling into being a more perfect type
+of men by the recombination of the better alternative qualities of two
+less perfect races.
+
+[Sidenote: K 2b]
+
+The second pedigree exhibited is that of "Family 4" in my list. I am
+indebted to another informant for the facts of this pedigree, and they
+relate to another part of North America. In this case a Frenchman
+(Generation A, F) married a full-blood Indian Princess, namely, a
+daughter of a Chief. She had one only daughter (Generation B, 2) whose
+nose was of the Indian type, but rather flat.
+
+The daughter married an Irishman (Generation B, 1), and they had six
+children. Of these three had European types of nose and three the
+Indian type (Generation C, 1-6).
+
+This family shows again an apparently clean segregation of Indian
+and European types of nose. The two types appear, side by side, in
+different individuals of the same fraternity.
+
+THE SEGREGATION OF RACIAL EYE-COLOUR.
+
+By Geo. P. Mudge.
+
+It is a matter of importance to know the exact influence which a
+mixture of races exerts upon the hereditary transmission of characters.
+For instance, do the alternative characters of two races of men, when
+they are related by marriage, segregate in inheritance in accordance
+with Mendelian principles? Is the term "blending or fusion of races
+misleading, and only accurate when employed in a qualified sense"?
+
+It has been shown by Mr. Hurst's very careful investigations in a
+Leicestershire village that certain types of human eye-colour, which
+he designates as "Simplex" and "Duplex," are inherited in complete
+accord with Mendelian principles of inheritance. The two types not
+only segregate from each other in the course of transmission, but they
+do so in practically exact Mendelian proportions. And the "Simplex"
+type, which is the recessive form of eye-colour, breeds true. It begets
+nothing but the Simplex eye. These results have been confirmed by
+Professor and Mrs. Davenport in America. In this and similar cases we
+are merely dealing with the transmission of alternative characters in
+individuals of the same race.[D]
+
+[Footnote D: Of course, the "English" race is really a community of
+many commingled races. But from our present standpoint that matters
+little. It is rather confirmatory of the further facts and conclusions
+I am about to describe.]
+
+But one of the interesting problems of the future is concerned with the
+transmission of characters when human races of diverse characteristics
+breed together. We are not concerned to discuss now whether the races
+of mankind are varieties or species.
+
+[Sidenote: K 3]
+
+SPANIARD _v._ GIPSY.
+
+The records of travellers provide certain information which helps
+us to form reliable though limited conclusions as to the results of
+the +interbreeding of different human races+. Mrs. Rose Haig
+Thomas, to whom we are indebted for the exhibit of a photograph,
+taken during a journey through Spain a few years ago, of a Spanish
+gipsy woman with her three children, has made several observations
+of some interest. She became acquainted with a family in which "the
+mother was a dark-skinned, black-haired, black-eyed gipsy woman. (See
+photograph, Exhibit No. K 3.) The husband was a Spaniard with blue
+eyes. There were three children. Of these, the eldest had flaxen hair
+and blue eyes. The second was a boy with black eyes, black hair, and an
+olive skin as dark as the mother's. The third child was too young to
+justify any conclusion being based on its characteristics. It was only
+18 months old; but was flaxen-haired, blue-eyed, and fair skinned."
+This observation of Mrs. Haig Thomas, in Granada, affords then a clear
+example of the segregation of blue-eye and flaxen-hair characters among
+the gametes of the black-eyed, black-haired, and olive-complexioned
+mother. For, in the light of Mendelian researches, it is obvious she
+was carrying these characters recessive, and that some of her gametes
+were pure in respect of them.
+
+
+ARAB _v._ SPANIARD.
+
+[Sidenote: K 4]
+
+The second photograph, exhibited by Mrs. Haig Thomas (Exhibit No. K 4),
+is of three sisters who were also photographed in Granada. The eldest
+is of the dark, typical "Arab type," so well recognised by Spaniards
+wherever it is seen in Spain. The second sister is clearly much lighter
+in hair and fairer in complexion than her sister. The nose, too, is
+very distinct in both. The baby is fair. It is impossible, of course,
+to trace the remote ancestry of these sisters, and Mrs. Haig Thomas
+obtained no information as to their parents, but from what we know of
+Spanish history the case suggests a +possible segregation of Moorish
+from Gothic features+ after the intermixture of the two races,
+by marriage, had occurred. But the question is extremely complex. It
+is impossible to say to what extent the inhabitants of modern Spain
+represent in varying degrees a commingled race of Phoenicians and
+Iberians, of these with Romans and Goths, and of all with Moors,
+themselves at the time of the conquest of Spain a mixed race. All that
+can be said with any degree of probability is that these various races
+have more or less intermingled[E] during the long history of Spain,
+and that the flaxen hair and blue eyes among its inhabitants are the
+heritage which the Goths have left them.
+
+[Footnote E: I advisedly use the word intermingled and not blended.]
+
+
+EUROPEAN _v._ AMERICAN RED INDIAN.
+
+For the facts of the segregation of European and Indian eye-colour,
+I am indebted to two friends who resided for many years in different
+parts of Canada, and who do not desire their names published.
+
+[Sidenote: K 5]
+
+The first case of this kind (Pedigree Chart, No. K 5) of
++segregation of racial eye-colour+ is that of the offspring
+from a marriage between a blue-eyed Scotchman and a black-eyed, full
+blood American Red Indian woman.[F] They had a son and a daughter, and
+the eyes of both were Indian brown. This brown differs from that of
+European eyes, and can usually be distinguished by observers who know
+the two races well. The half-breed son (No. 2, Generation B) married a
+full blood Indian woman (No. 1), who also had Indian brown eyes, and by
+her had four children. Two of them were babies at the time my informant
+knew them, and we may leave them out of account. The other two, a son
+and daughter (Nos. 2 and 1, Generation C), had Indian brown eyes. This
+result is in accord with Mendelian expectations.
+
+[Footnote F: This is the same family as Family 5 described in
+connection with Segregation of Nose Form in exhibit K 2a.]
+
+The half-breed Indian daughter (No. 4, Generation B) of the blue-eyed
+Scotchman and Indian mother married a Welshman (No. 5, B) with hazel
+eyes. They had seven children. Of these, two--a son and daughter (No.
+7 and 11, Generation C)--had blue eyes. The remaining children--with
+the exception of a baby, whom my informant had seldom seen--had eyes of
+varying shades of brown. Two (Nos. 9 and 12, C) had European brown, one
+dark Indian brown, and one Indian brown eyes (Nos. 8 and 10, C).
+
+The re-appearance of blue eyes among two of the Scotchman's
+grandchildren is a clear example of the Mendelian segregation among the
+gametes of the half-breed Indian mother of the factors which produce
+blue eyes. The Welsh father, with the hazel eyes, must, of course, as
+we deduce from other cases, have carried the blue-eye factors recessive.
+
+The black-eyed full blood Indian grandmother also carried various
+shades of Indian brown, recessive to the Indian black which she herself
+manifested, since her daughter and two granddaughters exhibited Indian
+brown and dark Indian brown coloured eyes. The two European brown-eyed
+grandsons were probably in eye-colour hybrids between the hazel colour
+of the Welsh father and the Indian brown of the half-breed Indian
+mother.
+
+The pedigree is thus, in respect of eye-colour--and of other
+characters also which are not here described--clearly Mendelian in its
+manifestations. It shows that the offspring of two very different types
+of human races exhibit the same mode of Mendelian inheritance as do the
+descendants of two contrasted parents of the same race.
+
+[Sidenote: K 6]
+
+Family 4 (Pedigree Chart, No. K 6) illustrates the same kind of facts
+and conclusions. In the A Generation a Frenchman, whose eye-colour
+was unknown to my informant, married a full blood Indian princess who
+had Indian brown eyes. There was one daughter only (Generation B) by
+this marriage, and she had Indian brown eyes. She married an Irishman,
+who had red hair, grey eyes, and a freckled complexion (Generation
+B). From this marriage there came six children (Generation C). Two of
+these had "grey eyes like their father." Three had dark brown eyes of
+European tint. My informant had some doubt as to the European tint of
+two of these three (Nos. 3 and 4, C Generation); their eye-colour was
+very dark brown, and possibly it may have been the Indian tint. The
+remaining member of this generation had Indian brown eyes of a very
+dark shade.
+
+It may be desirable to state that Families 4 and 5 come from different
+parts of Canada.
+
+The chief feature of interest in this family is the segregation of the
+grey eye-colour of the Irishman among his offspring. It appears in
+two daughters. From what we know of analogous cases, there is little
+doubt that the gametes of his half-breed Indian wife carried the blue
+or grey factors derived from her French father. The appearance of an
+European brown eye-colour in Generation C, No. 6, suggests that the
+French grandfather had brown eyes, and that, therefore, this colour has
+segregated out among the gametes of the half-breed Indian mother.
+
+
+
+
+Exhibited by Mr. E. Nettleship.
+
+[Sidenote: L]
+
+[Sidenote: L 1]
+
++Congenital Colour-blindness+. Pedigree showing unusual
+features, viz.: (_a_) females affected; (_b_) twins, of whom one
+is affected, the other not; (_c_) marriage between two unrelated
+colour-blind stocks. Except that two females are affected the
+inheritance, so far as can be traced, has followed the rule for
+colour-blindness; viz., limitation to males and transmission through
+unaffected females.
+
+_Key to Signs_.
+
+  [M]   normal male;         [F]   normal female.
+  [M-]  colour-blind male;   [F-]  colour-blind female.
+  [circle]  batch of whom there are no particulars.
+  [OO with over bar] twins.  [Greek: ph] died in infancy.  [ob]: dead.
+  [×]   seen and examined.
+  [× ×] reported normal, but not seen.
+
+[Sidenote: L 2]
+
++Hereditary night-blindness with myopia+ (short sight) affecting
+21 males and only 1 female in a large pedigree. The night-blindness
+congenital and stationary. Descent always through mothers themselves
+unaffected. Mental defects in several of the night-blind stock. Other
+pedigrees of this male-limited night-blindness are on record.
+
+_Key_.
+
+  [M-] and [F-] night-blind male and female.
+  Otherwise the same as for L 1.
+
+[Sidenote: L 3]
+
+Pedigrees of +hereditary congenital Nystagmus+ (involuntary
+rhythmical movements of the eyes) showing two different modes of
+descent.
+
+[Sidenote: L 3a]
+
+In Figure L 3a the nystagmus occurs only in males and descends through
+unaffected females.
+
+[Sidenote: L 3b]
+
+In Fig. L 3b both males and females are liable to the disease, and
+either parent may transmit it, although descent is more often through
+mother than father.
+
+The movements of the eyes are very often accompanied by rhythmical
+movements of the head in the non-sex-limited type (Fig. L 3b), but head
+movements very seldom occur in the male-limited type (Fig. L 3a).
+
+In both types many of those affected have also optical defects of the
+eyes, especially astigmatism. No mental or nerve complications in
+either kind.
+
+_Key_.
+
+  [M-] and [F-] male and female with Nystagmus.
+  Otherwise as for L 1.
+
+[Sidenote: L 4]
+
+Pedigree of +hereditary Cataract+. The cataract in this
+genealogy begins in childhood, and usually progresses so as to require
+operation by the time its subject is grown up; results of operation
+usually good and lasting. Most of the affected members still living; of
+the four dead, none died before 54, and two of them lived to 78 and 83
+respectively. Both sexes affected and either sex may transmit. No other
+eye disease and no prevalent constitutional diseases or degeneracies in
+the cataractous stock.
+
+Many similar pedigrees are known.
+
+_Key_.
+
+  [M-] and [F-] male and female with cataract.
+  Otherwise as for L 1.
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: M]
+
+Exhibited by Professor R. C. Punnett, F.R.S.
+
+Mendelian Inheritance in Rabbits.
+
+[Sidenote: M 1.]
+
+                          Yellow      Himalayan
+                           Dutch   ×   (Black)
+                                   |
+                             F_{1} Agouti
+                        (reversion to wild colour).
+                                   |
+  F                                |
+             ______________________|__________________________
+             |         |         |            |               |
+           Agouti    Black     Yellow     Tortoise       Himalayan
+  +Ratio.+  27         9         9            3              16
+
+Factors concerned:--
+
++A+. the factor for agouti which turns a black into an agouti,
+or a tortoise into a yellow.
+
++E+. the factor for extension of pigment which when present
+turns a yellow into an agouti, or a tortoise into a black.
+
++S+. the factor for self colour which turns a Himalayan into a
+self coloured animal.
+
+All the rabbits in this experiment contain the factor for black (B).
+
+[Sidenote: M 2.]
+
+The Himalayan pattern can occur in all four colour classes. Thus the
+agouti Himalayan has lighter points than the black Himalayan. (cf. 2
+specimens shown.)
+
+Experiments to demonstrate that +black rabbits may be of different
+constitution genetically+.
+
+Factors concerned in these experiments are:--
+
++A+. the agouti factor.
+
++E+. the factor for extension of pigment.
+
++D+. a factor for density of pigmentation.
+
+All the rabbits are homozygous for the black factor +B+.
+
+Homozygous agouti = +AA BB EE+.
+
+Black rabbits may be either:--
+
+(1) Rabbits of the constitution +aa BB EE+. These breed true and
+behave as simple recessive to agouti.
+
+(2) Rabbits of the constitution +AA BB EE DD+., _i.e._,
+agoutis to which a double dose of D has been added are pure blacks in
+appearance, when only a single dose of D is added the animal shows some
+agouti markings and is an agouti-black. Such rabbits have always proved
+to be heterozygous, and when mated together give blacks, agouti-blacks,
+and agoutis in the ratio 7:6:3.
+
+(3) Rabbits of the constitution +AA BB Ee Dd+. An agouti-black
+(AA BB EE Dd) becomes a pure black when heterozygous for E. Such blacks
+when mated with blacks of constitution +aa BB EE dd+ throw some
+agoutis and also some agouti-blacks.
+
+Further, the experiments have shewn that the factor +D+ is coupled with
++E+ in the gametogenesis of rabbits of the constitution +AA BB Ee Dd+.
+The gametes produced by such animals are of two kinds only viz--+A B
+E D+ and +A B e d+. When mated with a tortoise aa BB ee dd they give
+blacks and yellows only--+and no agoutis+. So far as is known, the
+coupling between E and D is complete. At present this is the only case
+of coupling between characters yet worked out in a mammal.
+
+[Sidenote: M 3]
+
+Experiments with +Poultry+, illustrating the +recombination
+of characters+.
+
+                        Brown
+                        Leghorn [F-]   ×  Silky [M-]
+                                      |
+  (_a_) Coloured (chiefly brown)      |   (_a_) White plumage (with or
+  plumage                             |   without slight buff tinge)
+                                      |
+  (_b_) Normal feathers               |   (_b_) Silky feathers
+                                      |
+             _________________________|__________________________
+            |                                                    |
+           F_1 [F-] (_a_) Coloured            F_1 [M-]
+                                 (_b_) Normal feathers
+            --------________                     ________---------
+                            --------- × ---------
+                                      |
+                                      |
+                                      |
+                                F_2 Generation
+           ________________________________________________________
+          |                  |                  |                  |
+   /------+------\    /------+------\    /------+------\    /------+------\
+
+   Coloured plumage   Coloured plumage   White plumage      White plumage
+   Normal feathers    Silky feathers     Normal feathers    Silky feathers
+
+[Sidenote: M 4]
+
+Experiment with +Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion on crossing,
+followed by the appearance of numerous types in next generation+.
+
+                          White  ×  White
+                                 |
+                             F_1 Purple
+                                 |
+           +---------------------+-------------------+
+           |                     |                   |
+  F_2 3 types of purple  3 corresponding figures  Whites
+  viz.:--                of reds, viz.:--
+
+  (_a_) Purple            (_a_) Painted Lady
+
+  (_b_) Deep Purple       (_b_) Miss Hunt
+
+  (_c_) Picotee           (_c_) Tinged White
+
+The varied forms in the F_2 generation appear in definite proportions
+and a certain number of plants of each variety are already "fixed," and
+have been shewn, by further experiment, to breed true to type.
+
+[Sidenote: M 5]
+
+Experiment with Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion in structural
+characters.
+
+A cross between the ordinary "Cupid" dwarfs and the half-dwarf "Bush"
+form results in a complete reversion to the normal tall habit such as
+occurs in the wild sweet pea. A further generation raised from these
+reversionary talls consists of talls, Bush, Cupids, and a new form, the
+"Bush-Cupid." These last combine the erect bush-like habit of growth
+with the dwarfness of the Cupid.
+
+                  Bush  ×  Cupid
+                        |
+                     F_1 Tall
+                        |
+        +----------+----+----+------------+
+        |          |         |            |
+    F_2 Tall     Bush      Cupid      Bush-Cupid
+
+  In the
+  ratio  9        3          3            1
+
+[Sidenote: M 6a]
+
+Example of +association of characters in heredity+.
+
+In the sweet pea the dark reddish purple axil is dominant to the light
+green one. Also the fertile condition of the anthers is dominant to
+the contabescent sterile condition. In families which involve these
+characters, the nature of the F_2 generation depends upon the way in
+which the original cross was made. (A) When each parent has one of the
+dominant characters.
+
+                    Dark axil}      {Light axil
+                      Sterile}  ×   {Fertile
+                                |
+                            F_{1} Dark axil
+                              Fertile
+                                |
+               +------------+---+---------+----------------+
+               |            |             |                |
+       F_{2} Dark axil   Dark axil      Light axil     {[*]Light axil}
+             Fertile      Sterile         Fertile      {  Sterile    }
+
+  Approximate   2             1              1
+  ratio
+
+  * Not yet found, but probably occurs very rarely.]
+
+[Sidenote: M 6b]
+
+(B) If, however, both of the dominant characters go in with one parent,
+and neither with the other parent, they tend to remain associated in
+F_{2}; thus:--
+
+                             Light}    {Dark
+                           Sterile} ×  {Fertile
+                                    |
+                           F_{1} Dark Fertile
+                                      |
+                     +-----------+----------+-----------+
+                     |           |          |           |
+                  F_{2} Dark    Dark       Light      Light
+                    Fertile    Sterile    Fertile    Sterile
+  +Ratio.+      737       31         31         225
+
+In such a cross the classes resembling the two original parents tend to
+be produced in excess, while the other two combinations are produced
+much more rarely. Nevertheless, the ratio of dark to light axil, and of
+fertile to sterile anthers, is, in each case, a simple 3:1 ratio.
+
+
+[Sidenote: M 7a]
+
+Example of association of +characters in heredity+.
+
+Purple flower colour is dominant to red in the sweet pea, and the
+old-fashioned erect form of standard with the central notch is dominant
+to the hooded. In families where these characters are involved, the
+nature of the F_{2} generation depends upon the manner in which the
+cross was made.
+
+(A) When one dominant character goes in with each parent.
+
+                        Purple}   {Red
+                          hood} × {erect
+                                |
+                           Purple erect
+                    +--------+-------+-------+
+                    |        |       |       |
+                 Purple    Purple   Red    [*]Red
+                  erect     hood   erect    hood
+  Approximate
+  ratio             2          1     1
+
+  * Not yet found in this mating, but probably occurs very rarely.
+
+[Sidenote: M 7b]
+
+(B) When the two dominants enter, from one parent, they tend to remain
+associated in the F_{2} generation.
+
+                          Purple}   {Red
+                           erect} × {hood
+                                  |
+                    +--------+----+------+--------+
+                    |        |           |        |
+                  Purple    Purple      Red      Red
+                   erect     hood       erect    hood
+  Approximate               \-------+--------/
+  ratio             3               |              1
+                           These two classes are
+                           only found very rarely
+                         _i.e._, about once in
+                            each 300 plants of the
+                            F_{2} generation.
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: N & N 1]
+
+Exhibited by the Utah Agricultural College.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. E. G. Titus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The chart is 147 feet long, 54 inches wide, exclusive of the important
+data condensed on a separate 8-foot sheet. This is only a preliminary
+chart, as may be seen from the condensed data attached, which shows
+that of the 822 persons represented on the chart 539 are of mature
+age. The unknown persons represent 303, unknown ability; 336, unknown
+height; 339, unknown weight; 348, unknown health. The family is
+remarkable for the health of its members, having so far only 97 deaths.
+The oldest child, Generation II-1, was born in 1827. There are, of
+course, a large number of persons on the chart who are rather young.
+Where a person has more than one ability well marked, such as music and
+literary ability, or music and business ability, or constructive and
+business ability, the chart shows only one ability. There are several
+cases where persons have three well marked abilities. In all cases, the
+following is the rank on the chart:--
+
+Literary ability is always charted. Following this, music and then art,
+and then constructive. Constructive ability represents those persons
+who have a decided mathematical and mechanical turn of mind, who are
+builders, contractors, carpenters of advanced standing, architects
+and men of these classes. Under "Various" abilities are classified
+business, agricultural and domestic abilities. These are not marked on
+the chart.
+
+It will be noticed under "Diseases" that a majority of the persons
+who have died were infants, and even among infants the deaths are
+remarkable for their small number considering the conditions under
+which the people of the third generation of this family had to live.
+The paternal ancestor, Generation I., came to America in 1842, dying
+two years later, and his children came to Utah among the early
+settlers, 1847-52. Many of the third generation were born in this State
+under conditions that are not by any means comparable to those existing
+in communities that have been settled for many years. The opportunity
+to care for children was very limited. Physicians were not as easily
+reached, and the methods and appliances of modern times were not at
+hand. Yet, even under these circumstances, it will be noticed of the
+822 persons listed on the chart, that only 68 deaths were those of
+persons under 25 years.
+
+
+                                         GENERATIONS
+                        I  IC  II  IIC  III  IIIC  IV   IVC   V  TOTALS
+  PERSONS CHARTED       1   1   7   18  125   82   384   68  136  822
+    " OF MATURE AGE     1   1   6   18  118   82   237   68    8  539
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+  ABILITY--LITERARY     1       5   5   30     6    31    2    1   81
+      MUSICAL               1   1   9   14    27     1    4        57
+      ARTISTIC              1       4    2     7     1             15
+      CONSTRUCTIVE      1       2   2   16     3    15    3    2   44
+      VARIOUS               1   2   3   36    10     9             61
+    TOTALS              2   1  11  11   95    35    89    7    7  258
+  NO SPECIAL ABILITY                3     8    1     2             14
+  ABILITY UNKNOWN                   4    26   65   146   61    1  303
+  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+  HEIGHT 5 FT. OR LESS                         1     2              3
+      5-1 TO 5-2                1   3     2    1     2              9
+      5-3 TO 5-4            1   2   3     8   10    16             40
+      5-5 TO 5-6                    2    14    9    12    2        39
+      5-7 TO 5-8                2   2    19    4    14    1        42
+      5-9 TO 5-10       1       1   1     9    2    10         1   25
+      5-11 TO 6-0                   2    16    3    11    3        35
+      6-1 TO 6-2                          3    1     4    1         9
+      6-3 TO 6-4                          1                         1
+    TOTALS              1  1    6  13    72   31    71    7    1  203
+    UNKNOWN                         5    46   51   166   61    7  336
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------
+  WEIGHT 100 LBS. OR LESS           2     1    2     2         1    8
+      101 TO 120                    1    10   10    11         1   33
+      121 TO 150           1    1   6    28   10    27    4    1   78
+      151 TO 170        1       3   4    23    5    11    6        47
+      171 TO 200                2   4     7    3     5    6        27
+      201 TO 220                          3    1                    4
+      221 TO 250                          1          2              3
+    TOTALS              1  1    6  17    73   31    58   10    3  200
+    UNKNOWN                         1    45   51   179   58    5  339
+
+                                      GENERATIONS
+                        I  IC  II  IIC  III  IIIC  IV   IVC   V  TOTALS
+  HEALTH--EXCELLENT     1  1    6   3    34    15   131    6  44  241
+      GOOD                          7    42    16    54    4  18  141
+      FAIR                          3     3     4     8            18
+      DELICATE                      1     2           4             7
+      POOR                          1     7     2    11            21
+    TOTALS              1  1    6  15    88    37   208   10  62  428
+    UNKNOWN                         3    24    45   147   58  71  348
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------
+  DIED UNDER ONE YEAR                     8          16        2   26
+      1 TO 5 YEARS              1         5          13        1   20
+      6 TO 25 YEARS                      11          11            22
+      26 TO 40 YEARS                      3                         3
+      41 TO 70 YEARS       1        2     5     2                  10
+      PAST 70 YEARS             1   3                               4
+    AGE UNKNOWN            1    2   5     2     1     1            12
+    TOTALS              1  1    2   7    37     4    41    1   3   97
+  -------------------------------------------------------------------
+  CAUSE OF DEATH
+      PREMATURE BIRTH                     1           5             6
+      INFANTILE COMPLAINTS      1        11          13        3   28
+      DIPHTHERIA                          3           5             8
+      SCARLET FEVER                                   2             2
+      MEASLES                             1                         1
+      TYPHOID FEVER                       2           2             4
+      PNEUMONIA                     1     6     1     1             9
+      CONSUMPTION                         2                         2
+      OPERATIONS                          1                         1
+      CHILD BIRTH                         1           1             2
+
+      VARIOUS              1    1   6     6           9            23
+      UNKNOWN           1                 3     3     3    1       11
+    TOTALS              1  1    2   7    37     4    41    1   3   97
+
+
+[Sidenote: O]
+
+Exhibited by the Eugenics Education Society.
+
+O 1 Mendelism.
+
+
+[Sidenote: O 1a]
+
+Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (After _Thomson_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 1b]
+
+Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (After _Laurie_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 1c]
+
+Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance, with Dominance, in Mice.
+(After _Laurie_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 1d]
+
+Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity in
+Mice. (After _Laurie_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 1e]
+
+Example of Mendelian Inheritance, without Dominance, in Blue Andalusian
+Fowls. (After _Laurie_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 1f]
+
+Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, in
+Blue Andalusian Fowls. (After _Laurie_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 2]
+
+Standard Scheme of Descent. (After _Galton_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 3]
+
+Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of All London with the Normal
+Classes. (After _Galton_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 4]
+
+Descent of Qualities in a Population. (After _Galton_.)
+
+[Sidenote: O 5]
+
+Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and
+Wedgwood Families. (After _Whetham_ and _Marshall_.)
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: P]
+
+Exhibited by the American Breeders' Association--Eugenics Section.
+
+C. B. Davenport, Esq.
+
+[Sidenote: P 1-16]
+
+Charts of Statistics of Defectives.
+
+Charts of Classification of Defectives.
+
+Charts of Principles of Heredity.
+
+Pedigrees collected by field-workers in America.
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: Q]
+
+Exhibited by Cyril Burt, Esq.
+
+Description of Diagrams illustrating the use of experimental Tests of
+Mental Capacities.
+
+1. "Experimental Tests of General Intelligence."
+
+[Sidenote: Q 1]
+
+A List of twelve tests applied to two schools at Oxford. The first
+two columns of figures indicate the "reliability" or self-consistency
+of the tests as compared with that of examinations and master's
+general impression. The second two columns give the correlations of
+the results of the tests with the children's "general intelligence."
+It will be seen that several of the tests of higher mental processes
+are as reliable as the scholastic tests at present in vogue, and that
+they correlate quite as highly with intelligence. Further experiments
+show that while examinations and master's estimates measure knowledge
+and skill acquired by memory and training, the tests seems to provide
+measurements rather of innate capacities; and that children of
+superior parentage (_e.g._ the preparatory school boys) are themselves
+superior at tests, which show an appreciable positive correlation
+with intelligence (_i.e_. all except tests of touch and weight). The
+tests thus provide an experimental demonstration of the inheritance of
+mental ability and a means of measuring the same. (References:--Burt,
+Experimental Tests of General Intelligence, British Journal of
+Psychology, Vol. III., Pts. 1 and 2.) Burt, Inheritance of Mental
+Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July.
+
+[Sidenote: Q 2]
+
+2. Sex-differences in mental tests.
+
+A list of experimental tests applied to children of both sexes with
+a view to measuring their innate capacities for performing mental
+processes of different levels of complexity. The amount of divergence
+between the sexes, is indicated by the column in red. It will be seen
+that the sex-differences become smaller, the higher the level tested.
+There is some evidence to show that these differences are the result
+of inheritance and are not the result of difference of tradition or
+environment. (References: Burt and Moore, the Mental Differences
+between the sexes. Journal of Experimental Pedagogy, 1912, June. Burt,
+Inheritance of Mental Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July.)
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: R]
+
+Exhibit by Dr. George Papillault.
+
+Four sets of questions drawn up by Dr. George Papillault, Professor of
+Sociology in the Paris School of Anthropology, with a view to noting
+and comparing the +bio-social characteristics+ of individuals
+belonging to different groups of population.
+
+[Sidenote: R 1]
+
+Set of questions +adopted by the Commission of Criminology+
+instituted and presided over by Mr. ---- Keeper of the Seals;
+Vice-presidents, Messrs. Léon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron,
+Vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and Reporter to the
+Commission; Scientific Secretary, Dr. G. Papillault.
+
+This set of questions comprises:
+
+1st. An individual criminological chart for the purpose of showing 271
+biological and social characteristics of the prisoners.
+
+2nd. Family Charts for each of the ancestors, descendants or collateral
+relatives of the prisoner and more particularly intended to note
+hereditary characteristics.
+
+These Charts have been issued with a view to a methodical enquiry on
+the criminal, under the direction of the Scientific and Criminological
+Department.
+
+[Sidenote: R 2]
+
+Set of questions of the French Lay Mission, designed to note the
+characteristics of the young natives and of their relatives in the
+French Colonies. The teachers will have to return them filled up with
+the greatest care to the Lay Mission, where Dr. Papillault, before
+their departure, delivered a series of lectures to teach them how to
+proceed.
+
+[Sidenote: R 3]
+
+Questions on the half-breeds, adopted by the Paris Society of
+Anthropology, and designed to show the bio-social characteristics of
+the half-breeds proceeding from cross-breeding between different races.
+
+[Sidenote: R 4]
+
+Questions asked by the General Psychological Institute for the purpose
+of undertaking a vast enquiry on the value taxonomic, organic,
+bio-social, and selective of the different human races which actually
+exist in the French Colonies, and particularly in North Africa.
+
+A like spirit and method governs these four sets of questions; to
+discard the verbalism which obstructs and imperils Sociology; to study
+characteristics precise, objective, easily controllable and comparable,
+and likely consequently to form statistics, which alone, are capable
+of revealing characteristics of groups; to establish the correlations
+which these characteristics may present among themselves, and to arrive
+at last at the discovery of positive sociological laws.
+
+
+
+
+[Sidenote: S]
+
+Exhibited by Frederick Adams Woods, M.D.
+
+Thirteen photographic copies of authentic portraits of distinguished
+historical personages of the sixteenth century, showing that the bony
+framework of the face, especially about the nose and eyes, was not
+commonly the same as it is to-day.
+
+These are samples of a much larger collection.
+
+[Sidenote: S 1]
+
+Charles VII., XV Century, eye-brows very high above the eyes.
+
+[Sidenote: S 2]
+
+Mary of Lorraine, Queen of James of Scotland (National Portrait
+Gallery). Eyes far apart, and eye-brows high.
+
+[Sidenote: S 3]
+
+Francis I. of France, French School, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Eyes
+small, upper eye-lids peculiar, and typical of the period.
+
+[Sidenote: S 4]
+
+Louse de Rieux; Marquise d'Elboef, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Naso-orbital
+region typical, eyes small far apart, upper part of the nose broad and
+flat, upper eye-lids long (vertical distance between eye and eye brow
+considerable.)
+
+[Sidenote: S 5]
+
+Dr. Stokesley, Bishop of London (Holbein.) Eyes far apart upper part of
+nose broad.
+
+[Sidenote: S 6]
+
+Jane Seymour (Holbein). Eyes far apart, upper eye lids characteristic.
+
+[Sidenote: S 7]
+
+Jean de Bourbon, Comte d'Enghien. XVI Century. Eyes far apart, upper
+eye-lids vertically prominent.
+
+[Sidenote: S 8]
+
+Portrait of a young German gentleman.
+
+The eye-lids are modern, that is the eyes are set in deeply under the
+arch, but the eyes themselves are far apart, and the upper part of the
+nose is broad.
+
+[Sidenote: S 9]
+
+Mary Queen of England. (National Portrait Gallery).
+
+It would seem that allowance might be made for the crudity of the
+portrait, but the naso-orbital region is typical of the northern races
+during the XVI century.
+
+[Sidenote: S 10]
+
+Holbein's Duke of Norfolk. In the Royal Gallery at Windsor Castle.
+
+Eyes are more deep-set under the superorbital arch than is usual in
+portraits of the period, but the upper part of the nose is broad, and
+eyes are far apart.
+
+[Sidenote: S 11]
+
+Henry VIII., attributed to Holbein but on doubtful authority.
+
+Broad flat nose, small eyes set far apart, eye-brows arching upward
+and outward. Observe the upper eye-lids in contrast to the Italian by
+Lorenzo Lotto, which shows the usual modern type of eye-lid.
+
+[Sidenote: S 12]
+
+Portrait of the Prothonotary Apostolic Juliano. (Lorenzo Lotto.)
+
+Modern type of face. Eyes deep set in under the superorbital arch and
+eye-brow. Upper part of the nose delicate and projecting. This type of
+face is occasionally, but only rarely met with north of the Alps during
+the early period. It is common enough in portraits of Italians.
+
+[Sidenote: S 13]
+
+Portrait of a German scholar, by Holbein. Modern type, very rarely
+found.
+
+
+
+
+
+                  First
+
+       International Eugenics Congress,
+
+              LONDON, 1912.
+
+                =========
+
+                PROGRAMME.
+
+  ===============================================
+
+
+                 Contents.
+
+                                             Page
+
+  Accommodation                                 5
+
+  Application Forms                        23, 25
+
+  Arrival                                       7
+
+  Badges                                        8
+
+  Banquet                                       5
+
+  Business Meetings                         9, 14
+
+  Consultative Committees                       3
+
+  Correspondence                                4
+
+  Daily Time-Table                           9-18
+
+  Delegates                                11, 21
+
+  Entertainments             7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16
+
+  Exhibition                                   19
+
+  General Arrangements                          1
+
+  Hospitality Bureau                        7, 11
+
+  Languages                                     4
+
+  Lunches and Refreshments                 10, 27
+
+  Meetings                                  10-18
+
+  Membership                                    5
+
+  Offices of Congress                           1
+
+  Officers                                  11-20
+
+  Place of Meeting                              1
+
+  Railway Arrangements                    5, 6, 7
+
+  Receptions                        9, 11, 13, 16
+
+  Rules of Procedure                            8
+
+  Stewards                                      5
+
+  Vice-Presidents                               2
+
+  ===============================================
+
+  _All Communications should be addressed to the Secretaries._
+
+                --------><--------
+
+  Offices of the Congress: "The Eugenics Education Society,"
+  6, York Buildings, Adelphi, London.
+
+  (=Office Hours, 10-30 a.m. to 5 p.m.=)
+
+
+PRESIDENT *MAJOR LEONARD DARWIN, D.Sc.
+
+
+Vice-Presidents.
+
+Sir Clifford Allbutt, K.C.B., F.R.S., M.D., Regius Professor of Physic,
+Cambridge.
+
+The Right Hon. Lord Alverstone, G.C.M.G., LL.D., Lord Chief Justice.
+
+The Right Hon. Lord Avebury, F.R.S.
+
+Sir Thomas Barlow, Bart., K.C.V.O., F.R.S., President of the Royal
+College of Physicians.
+
+Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Founder of the Volta Bureau, Washington.
+
+Sir William Church, K.C.B., D.Sc., lately President of the Royal
+College of Physicians.
+
+The Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P., First Lord of the Admiralty.
+
+Sir William Collins, F.R.C.S., Vice-Chancellor of the University of
+London.
+
+Dr. C. B. Davenport, Secretary of the American Breeders' Association.
+
+Dr. J. Déjérine, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpêtrière.
+
+Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University.
+
+Dr. Auguste Forel, Lately Professor of Psychiatry, University of Zurich.
+
+Sir Archibald Geikie, President of the Royal Society.
+
+Sir Rickman J. Godlee, F.R.C.S., President of the Royal College of
+Surgeons.
+
+Professor M. von Gruber, Professor of Hygiene, Munich, President of the
+German Society for Race Hygiene.
+
+Dr. David Starr Jordan, Principal, Leland Stanford University.
+President of the Eugenic Section, American Breeders' Association.
+
+Monsieur L. March, Director, Statistique Générale de la France.
+
+The Right Hon. Reginald McKenna, M.P., Secretary of State for Home
+Affairs.
+
+The Right Hon. The Lord Mayor of London.
+
+Dr. Magnan, l'Asile Sainte-Anne, Paris.
+
+Dr. L. Manouvrier, Professor of Anthropology, Paris.
+
+Dr. A. Marie, Asiles de la Seine.
+
+Sir Henry Alexander Miers, D.Sc., F.R.S., Principal of the University
+of London.
+
+Professor Alfredo Niceforo, Professor of Statistics, Naples.
+
+Sir William Osler, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Medicine, Oxford.
+
+The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Oxford, D.D.
+
+Dr. E. Perrier, Director, Natural History Museum, Paris.
+
+Gifford Pinchot, Washington.
+
+Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President of the International Society for Race
+Hygiene, Germany.
+
+Sir William Ramsay, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University of
+London.
+
+The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Ripon, D.D.
+
+Professor G. J. Sergi, Professor of Anthropology, Rome.
+
+Dr. E. E. Southard, Neuro-Pathologist, Harvard University, and Director
+of the State Psychopathological Hospital.
+
+The Right Hon. Sir T. Vezey Strong, K.C.V.O.
+
+Bleecker van Wagenen, of the Board of Trustees, Vineland Training
+School, New Jersey, U.S.A.
+
+Professor August Weismann, Professor of Zoology, Freiburg.
+
+
+Honorary Members.
+
+Monsieur Henri Jaspar, Avocat à la Cour D'Appel, Président de la
+Société Protectrice de l'Enfance Anormale; Secrétaire de la Commission
+Royale des Patronages, Brussels.
+
+Monsieur Adolph Prins, Inspecteur Générale des Prisons, Brussels.
+
+Professor Ludwig Schemann, President of the Gobineau-Vereinigung,
+Germany.
+
+His Excellency the General von Bardeleben, President of the _Verein
+Herold_, Berlin.
+
+
+AMERICAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
+
+=President=--Dr. David Starr Jordan.
+
+
+Committee.
+
+Dr. C. B. Davenport, Alexander Graham Bell, Professors W. E. Castle,
+Charles R. Henderson, Adolph Meyer, A. Hrdlicka, Vernon L. Kellogg, J.
+Webber, W. L. Tower, Dr. Frederick Adams Woods.
+
+=Secretary and Treasurer=--Dr. C. B. Davenport, Eugenics Record Office,
+Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+BELGIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
+
+=Secretary=--Dr. Louis Querton, Boulevard de Grande Ceinture, 77,
+Brussels.
+
+
+Committee.
+
+MM. Dr. Boulenger, Dr. Bordet, Dr. Caty, Dr. Decroly, Dr. Gengou, Dr.
+Herman, Dr. L. MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Sélys Longchamps,
+Nyns, E. Waxweiler, Professor Marchal.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+FRENCH CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
+
+Hon. Presidents.
+
+MM. Bouchard, Henry Chéron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville,
+Landouzy, Paul Strauss.
+
+=President=--M. Edward Perrier.
+
+
+Committee.
+
+M. M. Déjérine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot.
+=Secretary and Treasurer=--M. Huber, Statistique Générale de la France,
+Paris, 97, Quai D'Orsay.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+GERMAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
+
+=President=--Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, Gundelinden Str., 5, Munchen.
+
+
+Committee.
+
+The Committee of the International Society for Race Hygiene.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ITALIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE.
+
+=President=--Professor Alfredo Niceforo, 54, Via Ara Coeli, Rome.
+
+
+Committee.
+
+Professors Corrado Gini, Achille Loria, Roberto Michels, Enrico
+Morselli, Sante de Sanctis, Giuseppe Sergi, V. Ginffrida-Ruggeri.
+
+
+
+
+First International Eugenics Congress
+
+LONDON.
+
+Wednesday, July 24th, to Tuesday, July 30th, 1912.
+
+
+
+=General Arrangements for the Meeting.=
+
+An invitation circular has been widely circulated to all members of
+Eugenic and Heredity Societies in Europe and America, and to many
+other persons likely to be interested in the approaching Congress.
+Through that circular the objects and general plan of the Congress have
+been made widely known. Copies may still be had on application to the
+Secretary.
+
+The following arrangements have now been definitely made.
+
+=Place of Meeting.= The Meetings of the Congress will be held in the
+Great Hall of the University of London, Imperial Institute Road, South
+Kensington, London, S.W., which is easily reached from South Kensington
+Station on the Underground Railway, and by omnibus from all parts of
+London. (In wet weather those travelling by rail can avail themselves
+of the subway).
+
+=Headquarters of the Congress.= Until Tuesday, July 23rd, the
+headquarters and offices of the Congress will remain at 6, York
+Buildings, Adelphi, W.C. (close to Charing Cross Station), where all
+information will be supplied and tickets issued. Office hours 10-30
+a.m. to 5 p.m. On and after Wednesday, July 24th, the headquarters
+will be transferred to the University of London, South Kensington. If
+arrangements for hotels or for lodgings have not been made previously,
+members arriving on and after July 24th are recommended to leave their
+luggage in the "Cloak Room" at the railway station and come to the
+office of the Congress, at London University, South Kensington, for
+information.
+
+=Correspondence.= From July 24th to 30th, Members and Associates of
+the Congress may have their letters addressed to them at the First
+International Eugenics Congress, c/o The University of London, South
+Kensington, S.W., where special postal facilities will be provided. All
+invitations to Receptions, etc., will be distributed in this way.
+
+=Languages.= It has been decided that in the Meetings and Discussions
+the English, French, German, and Italian languages shall be on an
+equal footing. At the same time it is right to point out that in all
+Congresses the number of Members speaking and understanding only the
+language of the country in which they are held has been far in excess
+of those conversant with several languages; therefore those who speak
+in English on the present occasion will be most widely understood. The
+abstract of every paper which is received in time by the Secretary will
+be translated into English, French, and German. Pamphlets containing
+the abstracts in these languages will be available on July 24th at the
+University Buildings. Members wishing for advance copies should notify
+the fact to the Secretaries, and state clearly in what language they
+are required, and to what address they should be sent.
+
+=Stewards.= A number of Stewards acting as interpreters will be in
+attendance; the languages spoken being indicated by rosettes of the
+following colours:--Red, French; Blue, German; Green, Italian.
+
+=Hotels, etc.= The Organising Committee is prepared to book rooms in
+advance for intending Members. Lists of hotels and the accommodation
+vouchers have been sent out to all Members with their membership
+cards. Any Member wishing to pay his membership fee on arrival can on
+application obtain an accommodation voucher in advance.
+
+=To make certain of securing the accommodation desired, it is essential
+that accommodation vouchers duly filled in should reach the office not
+later than July 10th.=
+
+=Tickets of Membership.= In order to take advantage of the reduced
+fares offered by the railway companies (see below), the official
+Congress ticket must be produced when paying the fare. The subscription
+entitling to membership of the Congress is £1 sterling; for an
+Associate it is 10/-. Members may obtain additional tickets for
+ladies at the cost of 10/- each. These additional ladies' tickets are
+transferable to ladies. Associates are entitled to all the privileges
+of Members, except that they have no vote in the meetings and will
+not receive a copy of the Report when published. The tickets of all
+Members and Associates who pay in advance will be forwarded to their
+addresses before the commencement of the Congress. A limited number
+of Day Membership Cards at 5/- each will be obtainable from the
+Secretary's Office in the Marble Hall during the Congress. These cards
+admit to both the morning and afternoon sessions, but do not carry the
+privileges of voting and hospitality.
+
+=Inaugural Banquet.= An Inaugural Banquet will be held at the Hotel
+Cecil on Wednesday, July 24th, at 7 p.m., at which all the officials
+of the Congress and readers of papers will be the guests of the
+Entertainments Committee. Members of the Congress can obtain tickets at
+7/6 each, from the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee, 30, York
+Terrace, Harley Street, London, W. Speeches of welcome will be made by
+the President, the Lord Mayor of London, the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour,
+and others. The Banquet will be followed by a Reception to which all
+Members and Associates of the Congress will be invited.
+
+=Railway Arrangements.= Important concessions have been made by a
+number of Railway Companies to Members and Associates of the Congress.
+On the railways of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Switzerland and
+Holland, no reductions will be allowed; but by taking tickets to a
+station in Belgium or France, near the frontier, reductions may be
+secured by groups of not less than 20 visitors travelling together
+from those countries for the rest of their journey. =In all cases
+it is necessary to produce the Congress Membership Ticket before
+receiving railway tickets at reduced rates; and arrangements MUST be
+made in advance, 14 days' notice being required. Persons desiring
+to take advantage of these concessions must therefore forward their
+subscriptions at once; and immediately on receipt of their membership
+ticket should communicate with the Secretary of their country= (see
+page 3). In the following list the countries most distant from London
+are mentioned first:--
+
+=Italy.= The P.L.M. Company will grant a reduction of 50% to Members
+coming from Italy via Modane.
+
+At the time of issuing this notice definite information regarding
+reduced rates on the Italian State Railways is not to hand.
+
+=Germany.= Members from Germany desiring to obtain reduced rates are
+requested to communicate, through their Secretary, with the General
+Agent of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway Office in Cologne (6
+Domhof). Provided at least 20 Members travel together on the journey
+to London, arrangements can be made for reduced fares at 50% reduction
+from the Belgian or from the Dutch Frontier to London and back. At
+least 14 days' notice must be given to secure these facilities.
+
+=Belgium.= If at least 20 members travel together, a reduction of about
+50% is granted. Members are requested to communicate, through the
+Secretary of their country, with the General Agent of the South Eastern
+and Chatham Railway in Brussels (19, rue de la Regence).
+
+=France.= On presentation of their Congress Cards, members attending
+the Congress will be able to obtain at Paris (Gare du Nord) special 15
+day return tickets to London via Calais-Dover or Boulogne-Folkestone at
+the following fares:--
+
+  1st Class.--72f. 85c.    2nd Class.--46f. 85c.    3rd Class.--37f. 50c.
+  available from July 22nd.
+
+These tickets are available by the following trains:--
+
+  Paris (Nord)           dep.     8-25 a.m.      3-05 p.m.     9-20 p.m.
+  London (Charing Cross) arr.     3-25 p.m.     10-45 p.m.     5-43 a.m.
+                                     (B)           (B)          (C)
+
+                         (B) via Boulogne-Folkestone.
+                         (C) via Calais-Dover.
+
+Special arrangements can be made for reserved accommodation to be
+provided for groups. The above-mentioned tickets can also be obtained
+at the Paris Office of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (14 Rue du
+4 Septembre), but the Congress vouchers must be presented at the time
+in either case.
+
+_Another Route_--From Paris (St. Lazare) special 15 day return tickets
+to London via Dieppe-Newhaven at the following fares:--
+
+  1st Class.--47f. 20c.           2nd Class.--36f. 40c.
+
+  These tickets are available for the following trains:--
+  Paris (St. Lazare)     dep.     10-20 a.m.     9-00 p.m.
+  London (Victoria)      arr.      7-40 p.m.     7-50 a.m.
+
+=Great Britain.= All the British Railways have very kindly granted
+exceptional facilities to members of the Congress. Return tickets for
+the price of a single fare and a third, lasting from July 23rd to 30th,
+will be issued from all stations in the United Kingdom on presentation
+of the Congress voucher at the Booking Office.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Members wishing to return to their homes outside London daily, must
+  apply for separate vouchers for each day if the distance is more than
+  50 miles. If however the member resides within that distance, the
+  usual sleeping-out arrangements will apply, _i.e._, that tickets at
+  a single fare and a third for the double journey may be issued (upon
+  production of cards of membership or letters of invitation), from the
+  town where the Conference is being held to places where the delegates
+  reside. The minimum fare will be 1/-.
+
+=Stations Of Arrival.= Passengers travelling from the Continent by the
+South Eastern and Chatham Railway, arrive at Victoria or Charing Cross
+Stations according to the train service selected. Passengers by the
+Great Eastern Railway arrive at Liverpool Street Station; and those
+by the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway arrive at Victoria
+Station.
+
+=Hospitality Bureau.= During the meeting of the Congress there will be
+many entertainments in the form of receptions, dinners, afternoon and
+evening parties, for which there will be invitations to Members and
+Associates of the Congress. In most cases the number to be entertained
+is limited, and it is desirable that the Secretaries should have as
+complete a list of members as possible to submit to the hosts.
+
+All =Officials of the Congress=, and =Readers of Papers=,
+and =Delegates=, will shortly receive invitations to the various
+entertainments mentioned in the programme.
+
+_Members should apply at the Hospitality Bureau in the Marble Hall on
+arrival_, as the number that can attend each function is limited, and
+cards will be issued to members in order of application.
+
+A limited number of Tickets for the Zoological Gardens, tickets to hear
+debates in the House of Commons, and invitations to tea on the Terrace
+of the House of Commons, etc., will also be available.
+
+The German Athenæum Club has very kindly signified its willingness to
+accord the privilege of Hon. Membership of the Club to German Readers
+of Papers and Members of the German Consultative Committee, and to a
+limited number of German Members of the Congress.
+
+
+
+
+RULES OF PROCEDURE.
+
+
+The Organising Committee feel that the interest and usefulness of the
+Congress will be greatly increased by the usual sectional plan being
+departed from, so that all papers can be discussed in general sittings.
+This plan will necessarily limit the time available for papers, but, on
+the other hand, it will allow the interest of all members to be focused
+on each question to be considered. To enable the maximum amount of work
+to be done in the time available, the following arrangements have been
+made:--
+
+=Papers.= The reader of each paper will be allowed 25 minutes in which
+to give a summary of his paper and to reply to criticisms. A certain
+time, limited at the discretion of the Chairman, will then be allowed
+for discussion (maximum time--20 minutes).
+
+Should the reader of a paper not desire to exercise his right of reply
+he may devote the whole 25 minutes to his opening summary.
+
+If, on the other hand, he prefers to reserve a longer time for reply he
+must reduce the length of his opening remarks, bearing in mind that the
+whole time at his disposal for the two speeches will be 25 minutes.
+
+=Discussions.= All discussions are under the absolute control of
+the Chairman, who will regulate the length of time allotted to each
+discussion, and to each speaker in that discussion. The Chairman will
+ring a bell one minute before each speech must end. After the bell is
+rung a second time the next speaker will be called. The maximum time
+allotted to the discussion on each single paper is twenty minutes,--to
+each single speaker, seven minutes.
+
+The names of persons wishing to speak must be handed up to the Chairman
+before the conclusion of the speech opening the Discussion.
+
+=Badges.= A button badge, consisting of a reproduction of the head of
+Sir Francis Galton, will be presented to every Member and Associate.
+
+A silvered medal with ribbon and clasp will be presented to members
+of the Consultative Committees, Readers of Papers and Government
+Delegates. Distinctive colours will be as follows:--
+
+  _Organizing and Consultative Committees_    Medal and Red Ribbon.
+  _Readers of Papers_                           "    "  White  "
+  _Stewards_                                    "    "  Yellow "
+  _Executive Committee_                         "    "  Blue   "
+
+The medals with green ribbons will be on sale, price 1/- each, to all
+Members and Associates.
+
+
+
+
+DAILY PROGRAMME.
+
+
+This programme will be adhered to as closely as possible, but the
+Executive Committee reserve the power to make any alterations which
+circumstances may render necessary.
+
+
+WEDNESDAY, JULY 24th.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 10 a.m.]
+
+The Offices of the Congress will be opened at the University of London,
+South Kensington.
+
+Members and Delegates are requested to call during the day, to sign
+the register and enter their address, and to obtain invitations to the
+Receptions, Dinners, etc.
+
+[Sidenote: 3 p.m.]
+
+A Meeting of the Congress Executive Committee will be held in the
+Senate Room. The Congress Executive consists of the President,
+Secretary, and two members of each of the Consultative Committees,
+and the President, Secretary and two members of the British Executive
+Committee.
+
+
+Business:--
+
+The arrangement of the agenda for the Business Meeting on the 27th.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 7 p.m.]
+
+=Reception bu the President= of the guests to the =Inaugural Banquet=
+at the Hotel Cecil, Strand. The Banquet commences at 7-30 p.m.
+punctually. Speeches will be made by the President, The Lord Mayor of
+London, Mr. A. J. Balfour and others.
+
+All Officers of the Congress, Readers of Papers, Presidents and
+Secretaries of Branches of the Eugenics Education Society, are the
+_guests of the Hospitality Committee_. Ordinary Members of the Congress
+may attend (tickets, 7s. 6d. each, exclusive of wine) and may take one
+friend on the same terms. The maximum seating capacity of the hall
+is 400 and only a limited number of seats are available. =To prevent
+disappointment early application for tickets should be made on the form
+on page 25, to the Hon. Secretary, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Entertainments
+Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street, W.=
+
+[Sidenote: 9-45 p.m.]
+
+Reception of welcome to all Members and Associates of the Congress at
+the Hotel Cecil to meet the delegates and others who have attended the
+Inaugural Banquet.
+
+
+
+
+_SECTION I._
+
+Biology and Eugenics.
+
+
+THURSDAY. JULY 25th.
+
+MORNING SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 10 a.m.]
+
+Opening of the Congress.
+
+Presidential Address.
+
+[Sidenote: 10-30 a.m.]
+
+"Le Cosidette Leggi Dell 'Ereditarieta Nell' Uomo." (The So-called Laws
+of Heredity in Man.)
+
+V. Guiffrida-Ruggeri, Professor of Anthropology, Naples. Speakers in
+discussion Professor J. A. Thomson, Dr. Apert.
+
+[Sidenote: 11-15 a.m.]
+
+"The Inheritance of Fecundity."
+
+Raymond Pearl, Ph. D. Biologist of the Maine Experiment Station, Orono,
+U.S.A.
+
+Discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: 12 noon.]
+
+"Variation and Heredity in Man."
+
+L. Sergi, Professor of Anthropology, Rome. Discussion opened by Dr.
+Seligmann.
+
+[Sidenote: 12-45 p.m.]
+
+"On the Increase of Stature in certain European Populations."
+
+Soren Hansen, M.D., Director of the Danish Anthropological Committee,
+Copenhagen.
+
+
+Luncheon Interval.
+
+[Sidenote: 1-15 p.m.]
+
+Cold Lunch will be provided at the University for all Readers of
+Papers and Members of the Congress Executive Committee who give in
+their names at the Secretary's table before 11-30 a.m. A few places
+will be available (Lunch, 2/-) for ordinary members of the Congress.
+Application for seats should be made at the Secretary's table before
+noon. (A list of neighbouring restaurants will be found on page 27).
+
+
+
+
+SECTION I.
+
+
+AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.]
+
+"Eugenics and Genetics."
+
+R. C. Punnett, F.R.S., Professor of Biology, Cambridge University.
+
+Discussion opened by Professor W. Bateson.
+
+[Sidenote: 3-15 p.m.]
+
+"The Inheritance of Epilepsy."
+
+David F. Weeks, M.D.,
+
+Medical Superintendent and Executive Officer of the New Jersey State
+Village for Epileptics, U.S.A.
+
+(_These papers will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_).
+
+[Sidenote: 4 p.m.]
+
+"La Psicologia Etrica e la Scienca Eugenistica."
+
+(Ethnic Psychology and the Science of Eugenics).
+
+Professor Enrico Morselli, Director of the Clinic for Mental and
+Nervous Diseases, Royal University, Genoa.
+
+Discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: 4-45 p.m.]
+
+"Influence de l'age des Parents sur les Caractères Psycho-Physique des
+Enfants."
+
+(The Influence of Parental Age on the Psycho-Physiological Characters
+of Children).
+
+Professor Antonio Marro,
+
+Director of the Lunatic Asylum, Turin.
+
+Discussion opened by Dr. Ewart.
+
+
+ENTERTAINMENTS.
+
+[Sidenote: 9-30 p.m.= ]
+
+Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough will hold a Reception at
+Sunderland House, Curzon Street. (The card of invitation should be
+given up at the door).
+
+=Officials= and =Delegates=, _who receive their cards in advance_, are
+requested to return them at once to the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments
+Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street, W., _if they do not intend
+to be present_.
+
+=Ordinary Members= of the Congress are requested on their arrival
+in London to _apply at the Hospitality Bureau_, at the University for
+the invitation card.
+
+
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+
+Practical Eugenics.
+
+
+FRIDAY, JULY 26th.
+
+
+MORNING SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 10 a.m.]
+
+Considérations Générales sur "La Puériculture avant la Procreation."
+
+(General Considerations on "Education before Procreation.")
+
+Professor Adolphe Pinard, Member of the Paris Medical Academy.
+
+Discussion.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 10-45 p.m.]
+
+"The Bearing of Neo-Malthusianism upon Race Hygiene."
+
+Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President, International Society for Race Hygiene.
+
+Discussion opened by Dr. Drysdale.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 11-30 a.m.]
+
+"Rapport sur l'organisation Pratique de l'Action Eugénique."
+
+(Report on the Practical Organisation of Eugenic Action).
+
+Dr. Louis Querton, Professor of the "Université Libre," Brussels.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 11-50 a.m.]
+
+Discussion opened by Dr. C. W. Saleeby.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 12-35 p.m.]
+
+"Marriage and Eugenics."
+
+Dr. C. B. Davenport, Director Eugenics Record Office, U.S.A.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1-15 p.m.]
+
+LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[G]
+
+[Footnote G: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.]
+
+
+SECTION II.
+
+
+AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.]
+
+"Preliminary Report to the First International Eugenics Congress of
+the Committee of the Eugenics Section American Breeders' Association
+to Study and Report as to the Best Practical Means for cutting off the
+Defective Germ Plasm in the Human Population."
+
+Mr. Bleecker van Wagenen, Chairman of Committee.
+
+(_This paper will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_).
+
+Discussion to be opened by Sir John Macdonnell.
+
+[Sidenote: 3-45 p.m.]
+
+"Eugénique Sélection et Déterminisme des Tarés."
+
+(Eugenic Selection and Elimination of Defectives).
+
+Frederic Houssay, Professor of Science, University, Paris.
+
+Discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: 4-30 p.m.]
+
+CLOSE OF MEETING.
+
+
+ENTERTAINMENTS.
+
+[Sidenote: 5 p.m.]
+
+The Lord Mayor of London will receive the Members of the Congress at
+the Mansion House, between the hours of 5 and 7 p.m., when the suites
+of rooms will be on view.
+
+[Sidenote: 10 p.m.]
+
+The American Ambassador and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid are giving a Reception
+to the Members of the Congress at Dorchester House, Park Lane, at 10
+p.m.
+
+(_For directions as to invitation cards see page 11, at foot_).
+
+
+SECTION IIa.
+
+Education and Eugenics.
+
+SATURDAY, JULY 27TH.
+
+
+MORNING SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 10 a.m.]
+
+"Eugenics and the New Social Consciousness."
+
+G. Smith, Professor of Sociology, Minnesota University, U.S.A.
+
+Discussion to be opened by Mrs. MacCoy Irwin.
+
+[Sidenote: 10-45 a.m.]
+
+"Practicable Eugenics in Education."
+
+Dr. F. C. S. Schiller, Oxford University.
+
+A Discussion will be arranged in which it is hoped several well-known
+Educationalists, including Professor Sadler and Dr. Georges Schreiber
+will participate.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1 p.m.]
+
+LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[H]
+
+[Footnote H: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.]
+
+[Sidenote: 3 p.m.]
+
+GENERAL MEETING OF CONGRESS.
+
+=Business Agenda.=
+
+To be issued after the Meeting of the Congress Executive Committee on
+July 24th, and circulated to all members on the 26th.
+
+[Sidenote: 4 p.m.]
+
+CLOSE OF MEETING.
+
+
+ENTERTAINMENTS.
+
+The Co-Partnership Tenants have invited Members to visit the =Hampstead
+Garden Suburb=, where they will be entertained to tea. The party leaves
+South Kensington Station at 2-30 p.m.
+
+Several Luncheon and Tea Parties are also being arranged for this day.
+Will any Members wishing to enjoy this hospitality give in their names
+not later than the afternoon of Thursday, July 25th, at the Hospitality
+Bureau in the Hall of the University?
+
+
+SUNDAY, JULY 28th.
+
+A Lunch and Garden Party will be given by Mr. Robert Mond to the
+Members of the Congress in the Grounds of Combe Park, Sevenoaks (near
+London). Guests will be conveyed there and back by special train.
+Invitations and all particulars will be issued in the same way as for
+the Duchess of Marlborough's reception. (See page 11, at foot).
+
+The Proprietors of the =London Aerodrome= have kindly issued a limited
+number of invitations to witness exhibition flights during the
+afternoon (weather permitting).
+
+
+SECTION III.
+
+Sociology and Eugenics.
+
+
+MONDAY, JULY 29th.
+
+
+MORNING SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 10 a.m.]
+
+"Elite Fisio--Psichica ed Elite Economica."
+
+("The Psycho Physical Elite, and the Economic Elite.")
+
+Achille Loria, Professor of Political Economy, University of Turin.
+
+[Sidenote: 10-25 a.m.]
+
+"The Cause of the Inferiority of Physical and Mental Characters in the
+Lower Social Classes."
+
+Alfredo Niceforo, Professor of Statistics at the University of Naples.
+
+(_As these two papers treat of similar subjects, they will be grouped
+for discussion_.)
+
+[Sidenote: 11 a.m.]
+
+"La Fertilité des Marriages suivant la Profession et la Situation
+Sociale."
+
+(The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and Social
+Position).
+
+Monsieur Lucien March,
+
+Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France.
+
+Discussion opened by Mr. Bernard Mallett.
+
+[Sidenote: 11-45 a.m.]
+
+"Eugenics and Militarism."
+
+Vernon L. Kellogg, Professor of Entomology, Stanford University.
+
+[Sidenote: 12-30 p.m.]
+
+"Eugenics in Party Organisation."
+
+Roberto Michels, Professor of Political Economy, University of Turin.
+
+
+[Sidenote: 1 p.m.]
+
+LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[I]
+
+[Footnote I: For Arrangements see pages 10 and 27.]
+
+
+SECTION IIIa. (Continued).
+
+Sociology and Eugenics.
+
+MONDAY, JULY 29th.
+
+
+AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.]
+
+"The Influence of Race on History."
+
+W. C. D. and Mrs. W. C. D. Whetham, Cambridge.
+
+[Sidenote: 2-55 p.m.]
+
+"Some Interrelations between Eugenics and Historical Research."
+
+Dr. Adams Woods, Harvard Medical School.
+
+(_As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and
+discussed together_).
+
+[Sidenote: 4 p.m.]
+
+"Contributi Demografici ai Problemi dell' Eugenica."
+
+(The Contributions of Demography to Eugenics).
+
+Corrado Gini,
+
+Professor of Statistics, University of Cagliari, Italy.
+
+[Sidenote: 4-45 p.m.]
+
+CLOSE OF SESSION.
+
+
+ENTERTAINMENTS.
+
+[Sidenote: 9-30 p.m.]
+
+A Reception will be given at the University of London by the President
+and Mrs. Leonard Darwin. (Invitations to this reception will be
+forwarded to all Members and Associates on their joining the Congress.
+Those Members who join on or after Wednesday, 24th, should apply for
+their cards at the Hospitality Bureau at the Congress.)
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+Medicine and Eugenics.
+
+
+TUESDAY, JULY 30th.
+
+MORNING SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 10 a.m.]
+
+"Sur la prophylaxie de la Syphilis Héréditaire et son action Eugénique."
+
+(On the Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect).
+
+Dr. Hallopeau, Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine.
+
+Discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: 10-45 a.m.]
+
+"Alkohol und Eugenik."
+
+(Alcohol and Eugenics).
+
+Dr. Alfred Mjoën, Kristiania, Norway.
+
+[Sidenote: 11-10 a.m.]
+
+"Alcoholisme et Dégénérescence."
+
+Statistiques du Bureau central d'Administration des aliénés de Paris et
+du department de la Seine de 1867 à 1912.
+
+(Alcoholism and Degeneracy).
+
+(Statistics from the central office for the management of the insane of
+Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912).
+
+Dr. Magnan, of the Asile Saint Anne, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine
+
+Dr. Fillassier, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine.
+
+(_As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and
+discussed together_).
+
+Discussion opened by Dr. Archdall Reid.
+
+[Sidenote: 12-15 p.m.]
+
+"Rassenhygiene und Arztliche Gebürtshilfe."
+
+(Eugenics and Obstetrics).
+
+Dr. Agnes Bluhm, Berlin.
+
+[Sidenote: 1 p.m.]
+
+LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[J]
+
+[Footnote J: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.]
+
+
+SECTION IV.
+
+Medicine and Eugenics.
+
+
+TUESDAY, JULY 30th.
+
+AFTERNOON SESSION.
+
+[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.]
+
+"Heredity and Eugenics in Relation to Insanity."
+
+Dr. F. W. Mott, F.R.S., Pathologist to the London County Asylums.
+
+(_This paper will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_.)
+
+Discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: 3-15 p.m.]
+
+"The Place of Eugenics in the Medical Curriculum."
+
+H. E. Jordan,
+
+Professor of Histology and Embryology, University of Virginia, and
+Chairman Eugenics Section American Breeders' Association for the Study
+and Prevention of Infant Mortality.
+
+Discussion.
+
+[Sidenote: 4 p.m.]
+
+"The History of a Healthy, Sane Family showing Longevity, in Catalonia."
+
+Valenti y Vivo,
+
+Professor of Medicine and Toxicology, University of Barcelona Spain.
+
+
+FAREWELL ADDRESS.
+
+By the President.
+
+
+
+
+THE EXHIBITION.
+
+
+The Exhibition in connection with the First International Eugenics
+Congress will include--(1) Charts, pedigrees, photographs, and
+specimens illustrative of Heredity, especially in man. (2) Relics of
+Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton and Gregor Mendel. (3) Portraits of
+Notable Workers.
+
+The Committee desires to make the Exhibition as fully representative
+as possible of the past history and present state of the sciences of
+Heredity and Eugenics.
+
+Many interesting exhibits have been received from America, France,
+Germany and all parts of the United Kingdom.
+
+Professor von Gruber has sent over from the International Race
+Hygiene Congress, held in Dresden, in 1911, a collection of exhibits
+representative of German work.
+
+The American Eugenics Record Office is sending an important exhibit, as
+are also the State Epileptic Colony of New Jersey, and Dr. Goddard, of
+Vineland.
+
+Among the British Exhibitors are Major Leonard Darwin, Professor
+Punnett, Mr. Wheler, Mr. Whetham, Mr. Nettleship, Mr. E. J. Lidbetter
+and many others.
+
+An Illustrated Catalogue is in preparation, and will be on sale at the
+Book Stall.
+
+Many of the Exhibitors have signified their intention of attending the
+Congress, and their willingness to explain their exhibits to enquirers.
+
+
+
+
+MEMBERS OF GENERAL COMMITTEE.
+
+
+  Sir James Barr, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E.
+  Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B.
+  Sir James Crichton-Browne, F.R.S.
+  Rev. R. J. Campbell, M.A.
+  The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G., M.D.
+  Montague Crackanthorpe, K.C.
+  R. Newton Crane, M.A.
+  A. E. Crawley, M.A.
+  Sir Henry Cunningham, K.C.I.E.
+  Francis Darwin, Sc.D., M.B., F.R.S.
+  Dr. C. B. Davenport.
+  Dr. Langdon Down.
+  Havelock Ellis.
+  The Hon. Sir John Findlay, K.C.M.G., LL.D.
+  Professor J. J. Findlay, M.A.
+  Dr. Wilfred Hadley.
+  Mrs. H. N. C. Heath.
+  Admiral W. H. Henderson.
+  Monsieur Huber.
+  The Very Rev. The Dean of St. Paul's, D.D.
+  Dr. David Starr Jordan.
+  R. Dixon Kingham, B.A.
+  Miss Kirby.
+  J. Ernest Lane, F.R.C.S.
+  The Rev. Hon. Edward Lyttelton, M.A.
+  Lady Owen Mackenzie.
+  W. C. Marshall, M.A.
+  Colonel Melville, R.A.M.C.
+  Lady Ottoline Morrell.
+  F. W. Mott, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.
+  G. P. Mudge, F.Z.S.
+  Professor A. Niceforo.
+  Mrs. J. Penrose.
+  Mrs. E. F. Pinsent.
+  Dr. A. Ploëtz.
+  Mrs. G. Pooley.
+  Professor E. B. Poulton, LL. D., D.Sc. F.R.S.
+  Professor R. C. Punnett, M.A.
+  Walter Rea, M.P.
+  G. Archdall Reid, M.B., F.R.S.E.
+  John Russell, M.A.
+  Ettie Sayer, M.D.
+  C. G. Seligmann, M.D.
+  Professor Arthur Schuster, Ph.D., D.Sc. F.R.S.
+  Edgar Schuster, M.A., D.Sc.
+  F. C. S. Schiller, M.A., D.Sc.
+  Lady Henry Somerset.
+  Dr. J. W. Slaughter.
+  W. C. Sullivan, M.D.
+  Professor J. A. Thomson, M.A.
+  A. F. Tredgold, L.R.C.P.
+  Mrs. Alec Tweedie.
+  W. C. D. Whetham, M.A., F.R.S.
+  Arnold White.
+  A. Gordon Wilson, M.D., F.R.C.S.
+  P. von Fleischl, Hon. Treasurer.
+  Mrs. Gotto, Hon. Secretary.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
+
+  Major L. Darwin, _President_.
+  Paul Von Fleischl, _Hon. Treasurer_.
+  Mrs. Gotto, _Hon. Secretary_.
+  H. B. Grylls, _Secretary of the Exhibition_.
+  Professor Punnett.
+  Dr. E. Schuster.
+  Dr. Tredgold.
+
+
+RECEPTION COMMITTEE.
+
+  Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough.
+  The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of London.
+  Lady Aberconway.
+  Mr. Newton Crane.
+  Mrs. Leonard Darwin.
+  Mrs. A. C. Gotto.
+  Mrs. Whitelaw Reid.
+  Mrs. Alec-Tweedie, _Hon. Secretary_.
+
+
+DELEGATES.[K]
+
+[Footnote K: _As Delegates are daily being appointed this list is
+necessarily quite incomplete, only those appointments made before June
+15th being included._]
+
+  American Breeders' Association           Professor V. L. Kellogg.
+                                           Bleecker van Wagenen.
+  Assistance Nationale aux Tuberculeux     Monsieur Cassiano Veves.
+  Board of Education                       Sir George Newman, M.D.
+  Borough of Holborn                       Councillor A. Chapman.
+  Borough of Ealing                        Councillor Farr.
+  Borough of Shoreditch                    Councillor J. Timmins, M.W.B.
+  British Womens' Emigration Association   Mrs. Ross
+  British Constitution Association         Mr. W. H. Southon.
+  British Academy                          Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour.
+  Cheltenham Ladies' College               Dr. Eveline Cargill.
+  Commonwealth of Australia                Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G.
+  Education Department, Wakefield          Alderman Hinchliffe.
+  Entomological Society of London          Professor W. Bateson.
+  Eugenics Education Society of New
+    Zealand                                Dr. Emily Siedeberg.
+  Folk-Lore Society                        Sir Edward Brabrook.
+  French Republic                          Monsieur Lucien March,
+                                               Directeur Statistique
+                                               Générale de la France.
+  Incorporated Association of Assistant
+      Masters in Secondary Schools         Mr. F. Charles.
+  L'Académie de Médecine                   M. le Prof. Pinard.
+  Linnean Society                          Professor W. Bateson.
+  Liverpool Biological Society             Mr. R. D. Laurie.
+  Local Government Board                   Dr. Arthur Newsholme.
+  London County Council                    Mr. A. O. Goodrich.
+                                           Sir John McDougall.
+  Metropolitan Asylums Board               Mr. Walter Dennis.
+  Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury         Dr Lauzun-Brown.
+  Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth       Alderman Major M.
+                                               Robinson, L.M.D.
+  National League for Physical Education
+      and Improvement                      Colonel T. H. Hendley,
+                                               C.I.E.
+  National Hospital for the Paralysed and
+      Epileptic                            Dr. Risien-Russell.
+  National Service League
+  National Society for Epileptics          Mr. G. Penn Gaskell.
+  National Union of Teachers               Mr. C. W. Crook.
+  Newport Elementary Education Committee   Dr. J. Lloyd Davies.
+                                           Councillor Peter Wright.
+
+  North London or University College Hospital
+  Nurses' Social Union                        Mrs. Barnes.
+  Parents' National Education Union           Miss E. Parish.
+                                              Miss M. Franklin.
+  Prudential Insurance Co., of America        Mr. Frederick Hoffman.
+  Ranyard Nurses                              Miss Zoë L. Puxley.
+  Royal Anthropological Institute             Dr. Seligmann.
+  Royal University of Athens                  Professor André Andreadis.
+  Royal College of Surgeons                   Mr. G. H. Makins, C.B.
+  Royal Society of Medicine                   Sir George Savage, M.D.
+  Royal Statistical Society                   Dr. Dudfield.
+  Royal Surgical Aid Society                  Mr. Henry Allhusen.
+                                              Rev. Professor Green.
+  Société Nationale des Professeurs de
+      Français en Angleterre                  Monsieur A. Perret.
+  Society of Women Journalists                Mrs. Bedford Fenwick.
+  Society of Medical Officers of Health       Dr. A. Bustock-Hill.
+  St. Pancras School for Mothers              Lady Meyer,
+                                              Mr. Warden.
+  Union des Associations Internationales,
+      Brussels                                Madame van Schelle.
+  University of Barcelona                     Professor I. Valenti Vivo.
+  University of Bristol                       Professor C. Lloyd Morgan,
+                                                  F.R.S.
+  University of Edinburgh                     Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour.
+  University of Glasgow                       Dr. W. E. Agor.
+  University of Minnesota                     Professor S. G. Smith.
+  University of Oxford                        Dr. Edgar Schuster, M.A.
+  University of St. Andrews                   Professor Edgar
+                                              (or) Dr. Heron.
+  University of Sydney                        Professor A. Stuart, M.D.
+  Urban District of Finchley                  Councillor Royston.
+  Willesden Urban District Council            Councillor Riley.
+  Women's Freedom League                      Mrs. Clarke.
+
+
+
+
+First
+
+International Eugenics Congress
+
+LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JULY 24th--TUESDAY, 30th, 1912.
+
+  _To_ THE SECRETARY, EUGENICS EDUCATION SOCIETY,
+
+  6, York Buildings, Adelphi, London, W.C.
+
+                          a  MEMBER[L]
+  Kindly enrol my name as an ASSOCIATE[M] of the First International
+
+  Eugenics Congress  for which I herewith enclose my fee.
+                     for which I will pay on arrival.
+                     (_Cross out one of these lines_).
+
+Name _______________________________________________________________
+
+Profession _________________________________________________________
+
+Address in full ____________________________________________________
+
+                ____________________________________________________
+                              (_Kindly write clearly._)
+
+The foregoing data are requested at your earliest convenience, so that
+they may be included in the official list of the Congress.
+
+Fees may be paid either by cash, postal money order or cheque, to the
+Assistant Treasurer--
+
+Miss E. Sellar,
+    6, York Buildings,
+        Adelphi, London, W.C.
+
+=N.B.--Only Members paying in advance will be able to avail themselves
+of the reduced Railway fares, as in all cases the Congress Voucher must
+be produced before the ticket will be issued.=
+
+[Footnote L: The Membership fee is one pound sterling, equivalent to
+twenty-five francs, twenty marks, twenty-eight pesetas, or ten dollars
+Mexican currency.]
+
+[Footnote M: The Associate Membership fee is ten shillings, equivalent
+to thirteen francs, ten marks, fourteen pesetas, or five dollars
+Mexican currency.]
+
+
+
+
+INAUGURAL BANQUET.
+
+
+APPLICATION FORM.
+
+
+_To the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee._
+
+  Please send me one Ticket for my own use (and one for a guest[N]), Seven
+  Shillings and Sixpence (10 frcs.) each, for the Inaugural Banquet of the
+  First International Eugenics Congress to be held at the Hotel Cecil,
+  Strand, at 7 p.m., July 24th. I enclose £     s.     d.
+
+_Name_ _____________________________________________________________
+                           (Member of the Congress).
+
+_Address_ __________________________________________________________
+
+        __________________________________________________________
+
+N.B.--This form should be sent immediately to the Hon. Secretary,
+Entertainments Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street.
+
+[Footnote N: _Strike out if not wanted._]
+
+
+
+
+LUNCHEONS.
+
+
+A List of some Restaurants within easy reach of the University.
+
+
+Open-Air Café,                                          à la Carte
+      Kensington Gardens   5 minutes walk.    (Reasonable Charges).
+
+Imperial Restaurant,
+      24, Alfred Place     5       "          1/6 Table d'Hôte.
+
+A.B.C. Depôt,
+      32, Alfred Place     5       "          à la Carte
+  (Adjoining South Kensington                 (Popular Prices).
+      Tube Station).
+
+Lyon's Depôt,
+      Gloucester Road      7       "          "
+
+Royal Palace Hotel,
+      Kensington Gardens   8       "          Special 2/6 Table d'Hôte
+                                                to Members of Congress
+                                                or à la Carte.
+
+Lyon's Depôt,
+      Brompton Road        8       "          à la Carte.
+                                                (Popular Prices).
+
+Harrods' Stores,
+      Brompton Road       12       "          2/- Table d'Hôte or
+                                                à la Carte.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Minor typographical errors were corrected. Some unmatched double
+quotation marks were left unchanged because it was not clear
+where the missing quotation marks should be.
+
+The following changes were made:
+
+  Abstracts of Papers
+      p.  5:  dolicomorphic => dolichomorphic
+
+  Programme
+      p. 16:  Handwritten correction of a.m. to p.m. under Entertainments
+      P. 17:  [Greek: geêêaô] not a word! => [Greek: gennaô] = birth
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44948 ***