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diff --git a/44948-8.txt b/44948-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 364cb37..0000000 --- a/44948-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9250 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Abstracts of Papers Read at the First -International Eugenics Congress, by Various - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: Abstracts of Papers Read at the First International Eugenics Congress - University of London, July, 1912 - - -Author: Various - - - -Release Date: February 17, 2014 [eBook #44948] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE -FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS*** - - -E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, Tom Cosmas, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Preservation Department, Kelvin Smith Library, Case Western -Reserve University -(https://library.case.edu/ksl/aboutus/organization/preservation) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 44948-h.htm or 44948-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44948/44948-h/44948-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44948/44948-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Preservation Department, Kelvin Smith Library, - Case Western Reserve University. See - http://library.case.edu/digitalcase/datastreamDetail.aspx?PID=ksl:eugabs00&DSID=eugabs00.pdf - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). - - Text enclosed by plus signs is underscored (+underscored+). - - Male and Female symbols are shown as [M] and [F] - respectively and denoting physical defects as [M-] and - [F-] respectively. - - Subscripted numbers are enclosed by curly brackets - following a single underscore (example: F_{2}). - - - - - -ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS, - -[Illustration] - -University of London. -July, 1912. - -English. - - - - - - - -Charles Knight & Co., Ltd., 227-239, Tooley Street, London, S.E. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - Section I. - - Biology and Eugenics. - - PAGE - - I. Variation and Heredity in Man 5 - G. SERGI. - - II. On the Increase of Stature in Certain European Populations 6 - SOREN HANSEN. - - III. The So-called Laws of Inheritance in Man 7 - V. GUIFFRIDA-RUGGERI. - - IV. The Inheritance of Fecundity 8 - RAYMOND PEARL. - - V. Ethnic Psychology and the Science of Eugenics 9 - ENRICO MORSELLI. - - VI. The Inheritance of Epilepsy 10 - DAVID F. WEEKS. - - VII. The Influence of the Age of Parents on the Psycho-Physical - Characters of the Offspring 12 - ANTONIO MARRO. - - VIII. Genetics and Eugenics 15 - R. C. PUNNETT. - - - Section II. - - Practical Eugenics. - - I. General Considerations upon "Education before Procreation" 17 - A. PINARD. - - II. Practical Organization of Eugenic Action 18 - LOUIS QUERTON. - - III. Marriage Laws and Customs 19 - C. B. DAVENPORT. - - IV. Eugenic Selection and the Origin of Defects 20 - FRÉDÉRIC HOUSSAY. - - V. Preliminary Report of the Committee of Eugenics Section of - the American Breeders' Association upon the Best Practical - Means for Cutting off the Defective Germ Plasm 21 - B. VAN WAGENEN. - - - Section IIa. - - Education and Eugenics. - - VI. Eugenics and the New Social Consciousness 22 - S. G. SMITH. - - VII. Practical Eugenics in Education 23 - F. C. S. SCHILLER. - - - Section III. - - Sociology and Eugenics. - - I. The Psycho-Physical Elite and the Economic Elite 24 - ACHILLE LORIA. - - II. The Cause of the Inferiority of Physical and Mental - Characters in the Lower Social Classes 26 - ALFREDO NICEFORO. - - III. The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and - Social Position 27 - LUCIEN MARCH. - - IV. Eugenics and Militarism 28 - VERNON L. KELLOGG. - - V. Eugenics in Party Organization 29 - R. MICHELS. - - VI. The Influence of Race on History 30 - W. C. D. and C. D. WHETHAM. - - VII. Some Inter-Relations between Eugenics and Historical Research 31 - F. A. WOODS. - - VIII. Demographical Contributions to the Problems of Eugenics 32 - C. GINI. - - IX. Maternity Statistics of the State of Rhode Island, State - Census of 1905 34 - F. L. HOFFMANN. - - - Section IV. - - Medicine and Eugenics. - - I. The Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect 36 - H. HALLOPEAU. - - II. Alcohol and Eugenics 37 - A. MJOËN. - - III. Alcoholism and Degeneracy 38 - M. MAGNAN AND M. FILLASSIER. - - IV. Eugenics and Obstetrics 39 - AGNES BLUHM. - - V. Heredity and Eugenics in Relation to Insanity 40 - F. W. MOTT. - - VI. The Place of Eugenics in the Medical Curriculum 42 - H. E. JORDAN. - - VII. A Healthy Sane Family showing Longevity in Catalonia 43 - I. VALENTI VIVO. - - VIII. Some Remarks on Backward Children 43 - RAOUL DUPUY. - - - - -Section I. - -Biology and Eugenics. - - - - -VARIATION AND HEREDITY IN MAN. (Abstract.) - -By Professor G. Sergi, _Professor of Anthropology, Rome_. - - -In his paper Professor G. Sergi wishes to show that in man after his -morphological characteristics are established there occur no profound -variations to change the typical forms which are naturally persistent. - -The principal discussion concerns the different forms of the skull -which are important as characteristics of race. Professor Sergi -distinguishes in the human skull two principal and primordial forms: -the dolichomorphic and the brachymorphic are both very ancient, as they -are found contemporaneously in European human fossils. Consequently -he attacks the idea of the transformation of one form into another. -He does not find it demonstrated that the dolichomorphic type is -transformed into the brachymorphic, and considers the causes adduced -for this supposed transformation insufficient. It is neither the -effect of environment of the plains or of the mountains, or the -climatic influence of extreme cold, or the increase of volume of the -brain supposed to be due to greater cerebral activity owing to a more -developed culture, that the form of the skull is transformed into -another type. All these suppositions are contrary to facts, because -dolichomorphic and brachymorphic skulls are found alike in mountain and -plain, in northern and southern regions, among primitive and civilized -populations, in fact without any distinction. - -The mutations that are believed to be found in the different -populations are due to the effect of intermixture and penetration of -new demographical elements, and not to the transformation of forms. -That is also proved by the crossing of the two different human types -from which no intermediary forms are derived: but instead there occurs -in the heredity a segregation analagous to that under the Mendelian -theory. If this were not so, to-day after many thousands of years of -intermixture of the most diverse races, there would be but a single -form derived from transformation; the demonstration of the facts proves -that this has not occurred. - -There is a great persistence in human physical forms, the variability -is minimum after the formation of the races, and does not effect the -changes of type. - -The same fact can be noticed for the external characteristics of man, -such as the colour of the skin, the colour and form of the hair, and -the colour of the iris. It is solely in the crossings that there can be -intermediary formations which have not indefinite heredity, because the -segregation of characteristics takes place also in this case. - -But the studies and observations on this matter are still incomplete, -especially according to the Mendelian theory, and there is need of new -and careful observation. - -As to the pathological inheritance, there exist facts that confirm it -in a general way, but the laws under which this heredity occurs have -not been fully verified. - - - - -ON THE INCREASE OF STATURE IN CERTAIN EUROPEAN POPULATIONS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Soren Hansen, M.D., - -_Director of the Danish Anthropological Survey, Copenhagen._ - - -The improvement in stature in many European countries during the past -50 years is generally ascribed simply to improved hygienic and economic -conditions, but the question is really very intricate. The presence of -different racial elements, social selection with its tendency to draw -the well-made into towns, and the falling death-rate, etc., complicate -the investigations. In all countries there is a great lack of truly -comparable data from earlier years. The British Inter-Departmental -Committee on Physical Deterioration, for example, though it collected -an enormous amount of material, was unsuccessful in its endeavours to -solve the main question. Single cases, e.g., the comparison of factory -children with the boys of the York Quaker school (Anthropometric -Committee, Brit. Ass. 1883), are certainly of great interest, but how -can such cases be taken to represent the average? - -Other countries possess a rich source of information in their -conscription lists. Thus, in Denmark these lists show an unmistakable -increase of 3.7 cm. (1-1/2 inch) in the average height of the adult -Dane during the past 50-60 years. Similar increases are noted from -Norway, Sweden and Holland. This increase suggests that there may have -been more or less periodic waves of increase and decrease in height, -since, on the one hand, we cannot imagine such an increase continuing -indefinitely, and on the other, we know that the men of, say, 1000 -years ago were quite as tall as they are at present. What are the -agencies alternately improving or impairing the racial qualities? First -of all, have we sufficiently exact, numerical information regarding the -racial qualities? - -A critical examination of all available data is very necessary. For -example, the weight of new-born children is stated to have increased -in England by 59 and 82 grams during the past 20 years, and in Denmark -we can point to an increase of 40 grams in 35 years. But when we -consider all the possible sources of error, it must be admitted that -these statements, and especially the former, require confirmation. -The material is not homogenous. Again, it is stated, that the average -height of adult women in France has increased by 3 cm. in the last 80 -years--but when we read that the total number of measurements in the -last period was only 255, we cannot rely very much upon this statement. - -On the whole, it may be said, that we have a few cases of definite -increase and a goodly number very doubtful. We really need to have -the first of the principal recommendations of the Inter-Departmental -Committee on Physical Deterioration carried out in all countries, -for, the more we subject the available data to critical scrutiny, the -more we see the hopelessness of attaining to any real and fruitful -conclusions, unless we have an efficient organisation of capable -workers, backed by governmental as well as private support. - - - - -THE SO-CALLED LAWS OF INHERITANCE IN MAN. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor V. Guiffrida-Ruggeri, - -_Professor of Anthropology, Naples._ - - -The Mendelian laws find verification in man. Every race, whether a -sub-species or a variety, has an hereditary possession of certain -characters; a possession which is completely transmitted to the -descendants, in whom is preserved the same germ plasm as in the -progenitors. - -The researches of C. B. and G. Davenport seem to have proved the -recessive character of albinism and its obedience to the Mendelian -law. Hurst has presented figures which show that the inheritance of -colour in the iris of the human eye obeys Mendelian laws. Davenport -has established the order of dominance by the form of hair, which also -obeys the Mendelian law. - -De Quatrefages, many years before the re-affirmation of Mendel's -discoveries, wrote:-- - - "The union of individuals of different races involves a contest - between their two natures--a contest of which the theatre is the - field where the new being is organised. Now, this contest does not - take place _en bloc_, so to speak, as has been generally admitted. - Each of the characters of the two parents struggles on its own account - against the corresponding character (its antagonist, as has just - been said). When the hereditary energy is equal on both sides there - necessarily ensues a kind of process of which the consequence is the - fusion of the maternal and paternal characters in an intermediate - character. If the energies are very unequal the hybrid inherits a - character borrowed entirely from one of his parents; but this parent, - conqueror on one point, may be conquered upon another. Hence, there - results with the hybrid a _juxtaposition_ of characters derived from - each of the types of which he is the child." - -Above all, I have wished to call attention to the so-called laws of -dominance, because of their great importance. We may conclude that in -the case of man the dominant characters are also the original ones. - - - - -THE INHERITANCE OF FECUNDITY. - -(Abstract.) - -By Raymond Pearl, - -_Biologist, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station._ - - -The purpose of this paper is to give an account (necessarily -abbreviated, and without presentation of complete evidence) of the -results of an investigation into the mode of inheritance of fecundity -in the domestic fowl, and to point out some of the possible eugenic -bearings of these results. - -It is shown that while the continued selection, over a period of years, -of highly fecund females failed to bring about any change in average -fecundity of the strain used, this character must nevertheless be -inherited since pedigree lines have been isolated which uniformly breed -true to definite degrees of fecundity. - -It is further shown that observed variations in actually realized -fecundity (number of eggs laid) do not depend upon anatomical -differences in respect to the number of visible oöcytes in the ovary. -The differential factor on which the variations in fecundity depend -must be primarily physiological. - -Fecundity in the fowl is shown to be inherited in strict accord with -the following Mendelian plan:-- - -1. Observed individual variations in fecundity depend essentially upon -two separately inherited physiological factors (designated L_{1}, and -L_{2}). - -2. _High_ fecundity is manifested only when both of these factors are -present together in the same individual. - -3. Either of these factors when present alone, whether in homozygous or -heterozygous form, causes about the same degree of _low_ fecundity to -be manifested. - -4. One of these factors, namely L_{2}, is sex-limited or sex-correlated -in its inheritance, in such way that in gametogenesis any gamete which -bears the female sex-determinant F does not bear L_{2}. - -5. There is a definite and clear-cut segregation of high fecundity from -low fecundity, in the manner set forth above. - -From the standpoint of eugenics it is pointed out that these results -furnish a new conception of the mode of inheritance of fecundity, and -may be helpful in suggesting a method of attacking the same problem for -man. - - - - -ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENCE OF EUGENICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Prof. Enrico Morselli, - -_Director of the Clinic for Mental and Nervous Diseases, Genoa -University_. - - -All natural varieties or races of mankind differ, not only by their -physical, but also by their mental, characters. There exists, -therefore, an "Ethnic Psychology" which, along with "Ethnic -Somatology," constitutes the complete Science of Anthropology or the -Natural History of Man. This must describe and classify races and -populations under a double aspect--physical and psychical. - -The psychical characters of races are in part _original_, and in part -acquired through _adaptation_. These persist in a race as long as -such mesological adaptation lasts; they vary with modifications of -the conditions of life, including social activities and inter-racial -relations. - -In mixed unions, amongst different races, there are always some which -are more vigorous, biologically and mentally, more fully developed, -which impress their characters upon their descendants. For the vitality -and well-being of mixed or metamorphic populations a certain amount -of difference amongst the parent races is necessary, but too great a -difference is injurious to the offspring. - -The offspring of mixed unions present in their psychology a _mixture_, -again a _combination_ or fusion of the mental characters of the parent -races: sometimes certain psychical characters of a race become the -_dominant_ characters. - -All ethnic groupings have their destiny marked out by the grade -attained in _the human psycho-physical hierarchy_. Nevertheless, it -is necessary that each race or nation, when it knows its contribution -to the development of universal civilisation, should contemplate the -preservation of its own ethnic type. Differentiation amongst peoples is -an indispensable factor in human progress. - -The science of eugenics should not look for the realisation of a -uniform type of man, but vary its aims and methods according to the -natural differentiation of races and nations, taking account of ethnic -psychology equally with ethnic somatology. - -The humanity of the future will be physically and mentally superior -to the existing humanity, but the _amelioration of the species_ ought -not to aim at the equality of races and populations. These races -and populations ought not to lose their acquisition of particular -adaptations to different conditions of existence. - -A science of universal or common eugenics should allow a eugenic -ethnology to exist, which should indicate and facilitate for each race -or nation the defence and propagation of its own _physical type_ and -its own _mentality_. The most vigorous and dominant races will always -be those which know how to create and preserve in sexual unions their -characteristics of structure and culture. - - - - -THE INHERITANCE OF EPILEPSY. - -(Abstract.) - -By David Fairchild Weeks, M.D., - -_Medical Superintendent and Executive Officer, the New Jersey State -Village for Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A._ - - -In this paper the writer has endeavoured to learn what laws, if -any, epilepsy follows in its return to successive generations, and -the relation it bears to alcoholism, migraine, paralysis, and other -symptoms of lack of neural strength. - -The data used in the study was analysed according to the Mendelian -method which assumes that the inheritance of any character is not -from the parents, grandparents, etc., but from the germ plasm out -of which every fraternity and its parents and other relatives have -arisen. If the soma possesses the trait of the recessive to normality -sort, it lacks in its germ plasm the determiner upon which the normal -development depends, and this condition is called nulliplex. If the -soma possesses the trait of the dominant to normality sort, the -determiner was derived from both parents and is double in the germ -plasm, or normal, all of the germ cells have the determiner; or else it -came from one parent only, is single in the germ plasm, or simplex, -and half of the germ cells have and half lack the determiner. - -The method of obtaining the data was by means of field workers, who -interviewed in their homes the parents, relatives and all others -interested in the epileptic patient. These visits have established -a friendly feeling toward and an intelligent understanding of the -Institution and its work. - -The study is based on the data derived from 397 histories, covering 440 -matings. - -The matings are classified under the six possible types, of nulliplex × -nulliplex, nulliplex × simplex, nulliplex × normal, simplex × simplex, -simplex × normal, and normal × normal. - -Under the first type all those matings where both parents were -epileptic, one was epileptic and the other feeble-minded, or both -were feeble-minded, are classified. According to Mendel's Law, all of -the children should be nulliplex. The data showed all of the children -defective. - -Under the type nulliplex × simplex, all matings where one parent was -epileptic or feeble-minded and the other "tainted," that is, alcoholic, -neurotic, migrainous, or showed some mental weakness, are classified. -From this type of mating, 50% of the offspring are expected to be -nulliplex and 50% simplex. From the matings where one parent was -epileptic or feeble-minded and the other alcoholic, there were 61% -mentally deficient or nulliplex, the remainder simplex. The figures -for the offspring from the other matings showed 47% nulliplex, and 53% -simplex. - -For the third type, nulliplex by normal, all those matings where -one parent was epileptic or feeble-minded and the other reported -as mentally normal are classified. From this type of mating, the -expectations are that all of the children would be simplex. A study -of the ancestors of the normal parents showed these parents simplex -rather than normal. The analysis of the offspring showed at least 43% -nulliplex, which is a close fitting to the type of mating nulliplex × -simplex. - -The fourth type of mating is simplex × simplex. Here, all matings where -both of the parents were "tainted" are classified. The expectation is -that 25% of the offspring would be nulliplex, in reality 35% were found -to be mentally deficient. - -Simplex × normal is the fifth type of mating considered. The matings -where one parent was tainted and the other supposedly normal, are -classified here. From a study of their ancestors these normal parents -appeared to be simplex, and the classification of the offspring showed -more than 25% nulliplex, which is the expectation from simplex × -simplex mating. - -The sixth type is normal × normal, and the matings where both parents -were reported normal is studied under this heading. Here, as before, a -study of the ancestors of these normal parents indicates that they are -simplex, and not normal. The classification of the children showed a -close fitting to the expectation from a simplex × simplex mating. - -A special study of the matings where one or both of the parents was -migrainous or alcoholic, shows a close relationship between these -conditions and epilepsy. - -The following conclusions are drawn from the study. - -The common types of epileptics lack some element necessary for complete -mental development. This is also true of the feeble-minded. - -Two epileptic parents produce only defectives. When both parents are -either epileptic or feeble-minded their offspring are also mentally -defective. - -Epilepsy tends in successive generations to form a larger part of the -population. - -The normal parents of epileptics are not normal but simplex, and have -descended from tainted ancestors. - -Alcohol may be a cause of defect in that more children of alcoholic -parents are defective than where alcoholism is not a factor. - -Neurotic and other tainted conditions are closely allied with epilepsy. - -In the light of present knowledge, epilepsy, considered by itself, -is not a Mendelian factor, but epilepsy and feeble-mindedness are -Mendelian factors of the recessive type. - -Tainted individuals, as neurotics, alcoholics, criminals, sex -offenders, etc., are simplex and normals or simplex and normal in -character. - - - - -THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGE OF PARENTS ON THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERS -OF THE OFFSPRING. - -(Abstract.) - -By Antonio Marro, - -_Director of the Lunatic Asylum, Turin._ - - -The natural law of heredity holds good whether for the physical -characteristics or for those which are biological and moral. - -The apparent anomalies which children present in not reproducing the -qualities of the parents, and the unlikeness frequently noted among the -children of the same family, only serve to reveal the presence of the -particular conditions of the parents at the time of begetting which has -influenced the offspring. - -We have a proof of this law in the anomalies presented by the children -of parents who, at the time of begetting, were themselves in anomalous -conditions by reason of intoxication or disease. - -Among the conditions of parents which are capable of influencing the -characteristics of children must be included the changes which their -organism undergoes by reason of advancing age. - -I propose to study the effects of age on the physical and moral -characters of the children. My researches have extended to numerous -criminals and insane persons, as well as to scholars of the public -schools and other normal persons affected or not with special diseases. - -Of my studies on criminals, the result is: that the children of -young parents are found in large numbers guilty of offences against -property; and this is natural. The first impulse to that is not due to -wickedness, which impels them to inflict harm on others, but to love of -pleasure, of revel, of idleness--all features of youth, during which -period the passions are very active, and no restraint present with -which to repress and subjugate them. - -Swindlers alone are exceptions to this rule, but swindling is a crime -of riper years, according to the dictum of Quetelet. - -Among crimes of personal violence, I have found a numerical superiority -in the children of aged parents. Assassins, homicides, those who show -the completest absence of sentiments of affection and often delusions -of persecution more or less pronounced, gave a proportion of children -of aged parents far greater than that furnished by all the other -categories of delinquents; the proportion is as high for fathers as for -mothers of advanced age. - -Here, too, we note a certain correlation between the state of -discontent, of suspicion, of frigid egoism, which the decline of -physical energy tends to arouse in the old, and the absence of -affectionate sentiment and a tendency to delusions of persecution which -are usual in murderers. Among the insane, moral idiocy in particular, -and the degenerative forms in general, appeared more frequently in -children of aged parents. - -As to schoolboys, I have noticed that the minimum of good conduct -and the maximum of better developed intelligence coincides with the -possession of youth by both parents. - -The age of complete development corresponds to a maximum of good -conduct and a minimum of bad conduct, and retains a large proportion of -intelligent children. - -In the period of decline of both parents, good conduct of children is -observed in a smaller proportion than in the preceding period, and high -intelligence in a very small proportion. - -Among biological qualities I have made observations on longevity; among -persons of 70 and 80 whom I have examined there is a large proportion -of parents who themselves enjoyed remarkably long lives, which proves -the transmissibility from father to son of powers of resistance against -the stresses of life. - -Among physical qualities I have made note of the fact that from -alcoholic or aged parents were descended children in whom degenerative -physical characteristics were most frequently apparent, recalling some -features of an inferior human type, such as exaggeration of the frontal -sinuses, the torus occipitalis, ears with the Darwinian tubercles -prominent, the forehead receding, etc. At the same time the ascendants -of those who presented typical and anomalous characters, due to morbid -influences of various kinds and following on faulty development of -the foetus, such as cretinism, congenital goître, nasal deflections, -strabismus, plagio-cephaly, hydrocephaly, dental malformation, etc., -showed a large number of alcoholics and epileptics. - -The explanation of the pernicious consequences to the psycho-physical -characters of the children of parents too young or too advanced in age -does not present much difficulty. - -At the younger period the organism is still in process of formation; -the incomplete development of the skeleton, as of all the other organs, -continually absorbs a mass of plastic materials necessary to the -formation of offspring. So we may consider that the faults of children -born of too young parents are due to an incomplete development because -of the insufficiency of plastic material. - -We must, on the other hand, seek in the conditions which accompany old -age for the reason why it has a disastrous influence on the vitality of -the germinal elements of the parents and predisposes the descendants to -various forms of physical and moral degeneracy. - -During this period we have in the tissues, instead of a development -and renewal of protoplasm, the tendency to an accumulation of fat; -and in the whole organism, chiefly in the tissues of the arterial -system, we find the tendency to a deposit in their structure of an -amorphous substance which converts the supple elastic canals into rigid -tubes; and from this a general slowing up of the organic functions -(circulation, oxidation, secretion) results; the blood, not reaching -the degree of elaboration which it possessed before, acquires a greater -acidity, and cannot by the ordinary excretory channels so quickly get -rid of the catabolic products with which it is charged. - -By reason of these conditions the organism of older people undergoes -a sort of slow and gradual intoxication, which, at the same time as -it shows itself in the individual by the gradual languishing of all -his functions, influences in a disastrous manner the germs which -develop within him, and predisposes them to become beings condemned to -degeneracy. - -Consequently this cause of degeneracy enters the general category of -intoxications. - - - - -GENETICS AND EUGENICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By R. C. Punnett, - -_Professor of Biology, Cambridge_. - - -To the student of genetics, man, like any other animal, is material for -working out the manner in which characters, whether physical or mental, -are transmitted from one generation to the next. Viewed in this way he -must be regarded as unpromising, not only from the small size of his -families, the time consumed in their production, and the long period of -immaturity, but also because full experimental control is here out of -the question. For these reasons man is of interest to the student of -genetics, chiefly in so far as he presents problems in heredity which -are rarely to be found in other species, and can only be studied at -present in man himself. The aim of the Eugenist, on the other hand, is -to control human mating in order to obtain the largest proportion of -individuals he considers best fitted to the form of society which he -affects. It is evident that to do this effectually he must have precise -knowledge of the manner in which transmission of characters occurs, -and more especially of those with which he particularly wishes to -deal. Precise knowledge is at present available in man for relatively -few characters; and those characters, such as eye-colour, and certain -somewhat rare deformities, are not the kind on which the Eugenist lays -great stress. The one instance of eugenic importance that could be -brought under immediate control is that of feeble-mindedness. Speaking -generally, the available evidence suggests that it is a case of simple -Mendelian inheritance. Occasional exceptions occur, but there is every -reason to expect that a policy of strict segregation would rapidly -bring about the elimination of this character. - -There is reason to suppose that many human qualities are more -complicated in their transmission, and it is probable that certain -phenomena now being studied in plants and animals will throw definite -light upon man. Though characters are frequently transmitted on the -Mendelian scheme quite independently of one another, there are cases -known in which they are linked up more or less completely in the germ -cells with the determinant of a particular sex. Sex-limited inheritance -of this nature has been carefully worked out in particular cases in -Lepidoptera and poultry. As yet there is much to be learnt in this -direction, and further progress may be expected to lead eventually to -a precise knowledge of the mode of transmission of many human defects, -such as colour-blindness and hæmophilia. It is not unlikely that a -similar mode of transmission will be found to hold good for many human -characters usually classed as normal. - -Another set of phenomena which will probably be found of importance in -the heredity of man are those included under the terms "coupling" and -"repulsion." Characters, each exhibiting simple Mendelian segregation, -may become linked together more or less completely in the process of -heredity, or the reverse may occur. Our knowledge of these phenomena -is at present almost completely confined to cases in plants, but -evidence is beginning to be obtained for their occurrence in animals. -It is not unlikely that they will be found to play a considerable part -in human heredity. For one of the most noticeable things about man -is the frequency with which children resemble one or other parent to -the seemingly almost complete exclusion of the other. In view of the -mongrelisation of the human race, the frequency of these cases is very -remarkable, and can hardly fail to suggest that some sort of coupling -between characters plays a large part in human heredity. - -Except in very few cases, our knowledge of heredity in man is at -present far too slight and too uncertain to base legislation upon. -On the other hand, experience derived from plants and animals has -shewn that problems of considerable complexity can be unravelled by -the experimental method, and the characters concerned brought under -control. Though the direct method is hardly feasible in man, much -may yet be learnt by collecting accurate pedigrees and comparing -them with standard cases worked out in other animals. But it must be -clearly recognised that the collection of such pedigrees is an arduous -undertaking demanding high critical ability, and only to be carried out -satisfactorily by those who have been trained in and are alive to the -trend of genetic research. - - - - -Section II. - -Practical Eugenics. - - - - - -GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS UPON "EDUCATION BEFORE PROCREATION." - -(Abstract.) - -By Adolphe Pinard, - -_Professor at the Faculty; Member of the Academy of Medicine of Paris._ - - -Sir Francis Galton has entitled Eugenics the new science having for -its object the study of the causes subject to social control which can -improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations, whether -physical or mental. - -Eugenics, thus defined, is nothing else but "Education before -Procreation," which has been studied in France for a number of years, -and which constitutes the first part of child-culture, "a science -having for its object the search for information relative to the -reproduction, preservation, and improvement of the human species"([1]). - -[Footnote 1: v. De la Puériculture in Revue Scientifique, 1897.] - -The Congress ought then to have for its object to work for the -investigation of the conditions necessary to secure a favourable -procreation. Now, it appears that the word "Eugenics," from the -etymological point of view, does not characterise either explicitly -or sufficiently the proposed object, while the word "Eugénique," of -[Greek: gennaô], at once recalls to the mind the idea of a favourable -procreation([2]). - -[Footnote 2: Besides, the word "Eugenics" recalls in France a chemical -term: eugenic-acid.] - -It is part of the duty of our first principal sitting to lay down a -rule upon this point. - -Certainly, biological, sociological, and historical researches, laws -and social customs regarded in their relations with the science of -Eugenics, are necessary and will undoubtedly result in extremely -interesting data, but from now it is above all things urgent to -establish and proclaim eugenic principles. - -Researches relating to physiological heredity and pathological heredity -ought to be pursued without interruption, but it is necessary to make -known as soon as possible to the masses of the people the individual -conditions, fully understood, which alone permit a favourable and -healthy procreation. In a word, it is necessary, by every means and -as soon as possible, to organise a great movement in order to show -to the greatest number of human beings the absolute necessity for a -conscientious, _i.e._, an enlightened procreation. We must bravely -approach the civilising of _the reproductive instinct_, which alone -has remained in a barbarous state amongst all the so-called civilised -nations from the earliest times. - -Then only, when societies have fulfilled this duty, will they have the -right to investigate what they ought and can effect against those for -whom future offspring would be recognised as fatally disastrous. - -Finally, it is fully understood that researches relating to selection -in the human species must be pursued in a parallel manner, as is now -done with such fruitful results for animals and vegetables in Genetics, -and in throwing light upon the constantly increasing conquests of this -other science. - - - - -PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION OF EUGENIC ACTION. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Louis Querton, - -_Professor at the University of Brussels._ - - -Now that many studies on the physiology and hygiene of reproduction of -man have been made, and many investigations on degeneration have been -conducted, we may face the problem of the betterment of the race, from -a practical standpoint. - -If the eugenic action cannot yet strive directly against hereditary -transmission of anomalies, it can fight successfully against the causes -of degeneration which act during the development of the individual. - -Physical and social environment influences these causes, which, on -account of their growing complexity, create more and more obstacles to -the normal evolution of the individual, while at the same time they -force him to acquire greater and more varied aptitudes. - -To thwart the prejudicial action of the environment on the development -of the individual, the systematic organization of this development -seems to be of first importance. - -The control of the development of the children, at the different phases -of their evolution, is strictly necessary to assure the education of -the individual and to check the degeneration of the race. - -The control is already established for certain classes of children, -and during limited periods of their development. Nurslings, school -children, and labourers can already, sometimes compulsorily, be -submitted to control. - -But the insufficiency of the actual organization is very evident, and -the results are, from the eugenic standpoint, unsatisfactory. - -In order to be really effective and to contribute to the improvement of -the individual and to the betterment of the race, the control of the -development should, as far as possible, be exerted over all children, -and it should last during the whole period of their evolution. This -control should be compulsory, as well as education; it should be -exercised by an institution, the frequentation of which, as well as -that of school, might be forced upon all children whose development -is not submitted to an effective control in their homes. Private -initiative should create such institutions everywhere, and thus prepare -legislative interference. - -These methodically organized eugenic institutions should, in the -future, be the development of the administrative institutions, which -actually establish the civil state of individuals. They would tend to -facilitate the education of individuals and public bodies; at the same -time they would assure the strict application of the laws concerning -the protection and education of childhood. - -They would collect the documents necessary to the scientific knowledge -of the facts of heredity, and would supply precise information -concerning the effective work of different social institutions on -transformation of the race. - - - - -MARRIAGE LAWS AND CUSTOMS. - -(Abstract.) - -By C. B. Davenport, - -_Director, Eugenics Record Office, U.S.A._ - - -Of the various laws limiting freedom of marriage three are of -biological import. First, the limitation of relationship between the -mates; second, the limitations in mental capacity of the mates; and -third, limitations of race. - -For the first there is a biological justification in so far as cousin -marriages are apt to bring in from both sides of the house the same -defect. For the second the justification is partial; but there is equal -reason for forbidding the marriage of normal persons both of whom -have mentally defective parents or other close relatives. The denial -of marriage between races has this justification, that most other -races have not, through selection, attained the social status of the -Caucasian. In such cases the socially inadequate should be sterilized -or segregated in other races as well as in the Caucasian. - - - - -EUGENIC SELECTION AND THE ORIGIN OF DEFECTS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Frédéric Houssay, - -_Professor of Science, University of Paris._ - - -Eugenics, which is a social application of biological science, cannot -yet be judged by its results; it must be judged by its tendencies. To -determine these, we must adjust them to principles generally admitted. - -And inasmuch as it advocates practical rules and seeks to check the -propagation of the unfit, by isolation or sterilization (voluntary or -enforced), it is an artificial selection. - -Its justification lies in the fact that, without intervention, the -descendants of defectives or degenerates would, in a few generations, -eliminate themselves by early death of children or by natural -sterility. This would produce a natural selection which Eugenics simply -proposes to anticipate by social economy. - -It seems that, by applying Darwinian principles, the group of -defectives, considered at a given moment, could be rapidly -extinguished. But this group is continually reinforced by fresh -degeneration of healthy stocks which become tainted. - -Hence the need to keep our eye on the re-formation of the group as well -as its elimination, and to keep in touch with Lamarckian principles. -The study of the origin and hereditary conservation of defects points -already as essential factors, to alcoholism, syphilis, and more -generally every chronic ailment and diathesis, among which gout must be -put in a leading position. Everything which will tend to restrain the -action of these factors is of capital importance from our present point -of view, whether it occurs in the ranks of rich or poor. - -The questions, thus, which Eugenics seeks to answer would be on this -view reduced to questions of hygiene and morals. - -So that the different biological principles, which sometimes seem in -mutual opposition, would become convergent, and would find in Eugenics -a ready reconciliation and a field of useful co-operation. - - - - -PRELIMINARY REPORT TO THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS, - -Of the Committee of the Eugenics Section of the American Breeders' -Association to Study and Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting -Off the Defective Germ Plasm in the Human Population. - -(Abstract.) - -By Bleecker Van Wagenen, _Chairman_. - - -1. Brief history of the American Breeders' Association, the Eugenics -Section and the Committee on Elimination of Defective Germ Plasm. - -2. Concise statement of the problem before the Committee and reasons -for the investigation. - -3. History of legislation in the United States authorising or requiring -the sterilization of certain classes of criminals, defectives and -degenerates who are under the control of the State in institutions. -Digest of the laws now in force. (This may be given as a lantern slide -with greater effect.) - -Legal views concerning the constitutionality of these laws. - -4. Investigations of vasectomy in Indiana, Illinois, Massachusetts and -elsewhere, with detailed reports of some typical cases. (With lantern -slides.) - -5. Reports of sterilization of females, both of normal and abnormal -mentality, with a number of typical cases showing after-effects. (With -lantern slides.) - -6. Some observations in thremmatology suggesting important questions -concerning the practical effectiveness of sterilization as a eugenic -measure. - -7. Technical description of several kinds of sterilizing operations -as now performed. Vasectomy, ovariotomy and salpingectomy (with and -without complete excision), castration. - -8. Reports of several cases of persons, male and female, who having -been completely sterilized for a time, recovered the power of -procreation and actually did procreate thereafter. - -9. State of public opinion regarding sterilization in the United States -at the present time. Letters from Governors of States, views of Social -Workers and Institution people. Conflicting views of Roman Catholics -(as such). Digest of arguments set forth in a long controversy carried -on in the American Ecclesiastical Review, chiefly in Latin. - -10. Brief report of other data collected by the Committee and programme -for future work, with a call for co-operation in securing further data -pertinent to this inquiry. - - - - -EUGENICS AND THE NEW SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Samuel George Smith. - - -The new social consciousness is indicated; first, by the larger -powers and duties assumed by the State: second, by the new sense of -social solidarity affecting persons and groups of persons within the -State. The exclusion from parenthood of such wards of the State as -the feeble-minded, the insane, and the pauper has gone beyond debate; -and for all that are legally excluded from parenthood, custodial care -is required. There is need to develop a new ethical sense of the -individual in regard to his own relations to the social group. We have -not yet sufficient facts to establish a definite relation between -physical fitness and social efficiency. This is the place for caution. - -Questions of maternity among the poor: (_a_) Hard labour must be -forbidden to the expectant mother; (_b_) she must have nourishing food; -(_c_) surroundings must be wholesome. The economic problem is solved -in the increased vitality and consequent earning power of the coming -generation. - -Problem of the parenthood of the better classes: just as important and -more difficult. The question is not only vital and economic; it is also -ethical. - -The ignorance of parents and the defects of children. The State has -invaded the home, and has set standards, both physical and moral, for -the family. It is the duty of the State to secure the proper physical -environment for the home. It is a municipal problem. It is a problem -of public health. The whole movement looks to the triumph of a vital -democracy, which is more important than either political or industrial -democracy. - -Relations of alcoholism to neurasthenia, of tuberculosis to -feeble-mindedness, of bad social and labour conditions to both, -indicate cross sections in the problem. Vices of the rich in most -countries are greater than the vices of the poor. A vital democracy -cannot be based upon physical tests and material comfort. Its deepest -foundations are psychical and ethical. - - - - -PRACTICABLE EUGENICS IN EDUCATION. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. F. C. S. Schiller. - - -The danger to mankind arising from the preservation of the unfit under -social conditions. The self-destructiveness of civilization. Its -superiority dependent on the transmission of accumulated knowledge -by education. The danger of failure in educational systems. Is the -education of the rich necessarily a failure? The middle classes as -providers of ability to man the professions; but the price they have to -pay at present is too often racial extinction. The draining of ability -from the lower classes. - -The existing educational system and its potential value for eugenics. -Its unintellectual character. The liberal endowment of a "liberal -education." Commercialism and the scholarship system. The athletic -system, the play instincts and moral training. Both systems are -Darwinian and appeal to British character. - -Suggested improvements: (1) in the athletic system; "fitness," not -a merely physical ideal; (2) in the scholarship system; "liberal -education" to be conceived as intrinsically useful, and not merely a -game with intrinsically useless subjects. - -Should scholarships be restricted to the needy? The educational dangers -of this policy. The eugenical value of the existing system. - -The possibility of infusing eugenical spirit into athletics. The appeal -of eugenics to the upper classes. A real versus a sham nobility. The -eugenical ideal essentially a matter of sentiment and not necessarily -anti-democratic. - - - - -Section III. - -Sociology and Eugenics. - - - - -THE PSYCHO-PHYSICAL ELITE AND THE ECONOMIC ELITE. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor Achille Loria, - -_University of Turin._ - - -Artificial selection could be perfectly applied to the human species, -in which case marriages would be arranged between persons better -endowed, physically and mentally, and the worse endowed would be -excluded from marriage. But this selection encounters the gravest -practical difficulties; because, if it is relatively easy to estimate -the physical qualities of man, nothing on the other hand is harder than -to estimate his mental qualities. A dynamometer of intelligence does -not exist, and Galton's method of observing the points of merit of -University graduates is very insufficient and fallible. - -In face of these difficulties there naturally arises the idea of -inferring the psycho-physical aptitudes of individuals from their -social and economic position, or from their income, which is easily -measured. In accord with this idea, it would be a question of acting so -that marriages would be effected exclusively and predominantly amongst -individuals provided with superior incomes, and to prevent, as far -as possible, marriages between persons of inferior incomes, or of no -income at all. - -But all this would be plausible if there should be a real analogy -between the economic élite, and the psycho-physical élite, or if the -former were really a product of the latter. Now, this is precisely what -I deny. The _economic élite_ is not in the least the product of the -possession of superior qualities, but is simply the result of a blind -struggle between incomes, which carries to the top those who, at the -start, possess a larger income through causes which may be absolutely -independent of the possession of superior endowments. (See my _Sintesi -economica_--Paris, Giard et Briard, 1911.) Hence, nothing makes it -impossible that the wealthier people should be precisely the worst -endowed, physically and mentally, and this as a matter of fact happens -in innumerable cases. - -Besides, we have an indirect proof of this in the very results of -selective processes as, until now, they are practised. And, in fact, -conjugal selection to-day takes place precisely amongst individuals of -the same class, or belonging to the same standard of income, so that -persons of the upper classes always marry exclusively amongst each -other. So then these marriages, which, according to the theory, ought -to give more splendid results, give, on the contrary, more wretched -results. Galton's same law of "return to the mean," or the fact that -the descendants of persons of high class sometimes have inferior -endowments as compared with the average of the race, could not be -fulfilled if persons of the upper classes who marry with each other -were really select persons, physically and mentally. - -There would also be in this case a falling off from the super-normal -qualities of an exceptionally gifted parent, but in that case the -characters of the children would always be superior to those of the -descendants of the lower classes. If this does not happen, if the -children of the upper classes show qualities inferior to those of the -average of children of the lower classes, this proves conclusively -that married people of the superior classes were not in the least -endowed with specially high aptitudes, but, on the contrary, presented -the opposite characteristics. Thus, the same law of Galton, properly -interpreted, shows the absolute independence of largeness of income and -excellence of individual qualities, hence the absurdity and danger of -Eugenics upon an economic foundation, such as many desire. - -The researches of Fahlbeck upon the Swedish nobility, which show the -rapid extinction of the upper classes who practise _Economic Eugenics_, -is a further proof of the absence of any link between economic -superiority and psycho-physical superiority; since if the wealthier -people, who usually intermarry, were really the better endowed, their -descendants would never show those phenomena of extinction which betray -a leaven of inner degeneration. - -I conclude that Economic Eugenics is already practised to-day -upon a large scale, and hence it is already possible to form an -accurate judgment upon its results--which are those of return to the -mean--degeneration and extinction of race. Now, these same results show -that the economically superior classes are not at all the best endowed, -and often even degenerate, and that, therefore, the only method -calculated to effect a conjugal selection which would be socially -useful is not to unite in marriage the richer people, but individuals -really possessing superior qualities, and to exclude from marriage -those who do not possess them. - - - - -THE CAUSE OF THE INFERIORITY OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL CHARACTERS IN THE -LOWER SOCIAL CLASSES. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor Alfredo Niceforo, - -_Of the University of Naples._ - - -The author has compared the physical, demographic, and mental -characters of the upper and leisured classes with the same characters -in individuals of the inferior and poor classes. He has made use of -several methods: (1) A comparison between the well-to-do and the poor -children in schools; (2) a comparison between individuals belonging to -different professions; (3) a comparison between the rich and the poor -quarters of the same city. - -He has also studied 4,000 children of the schools of Lausanne; Italian -peasants; conscripts of different countries, classified according to -their occupation; and the rich and the poor quarters of Lausanne, -Paris, etc. - -He has found that individuals of the lower classes show a smaller -development of stature, of cranial capacity, of sensibility, of -resistance to mental fatigue, a delay in the period when puberty -makes its appearance, a slackening in growth, a very large number of -anomalies, etc. - -The causes of these differences ascertained in comparing the two groups -are of the _mesological_ and _individual order_. - -Of the _mesological_ order because the conditions of life where men of -the lower classes are forced to live constitute one of the causes of -the deterioration of their physical and mental characters. - -Of the _individual_ order because, thanks to biological variation, -every man is born different from all other men, and men who are born -with superior physical and mental characters tend to rise in the -superior classes, while men who are born with inferior physical and -mental characters tend to fall in the most wretched classes. - -However, in studying the catalogues of measurements and observations, -the author has found that in the mass of men belonging to the superior -classes one finds a small number of men with inferior qualities, while -in the mass of men forming the inferior classes one finds a certain -number of men presenting superior characters. - -It is between these two _exceptional_ categories that social exchanges -should be made, allowing the best and most capable of the lower stratum -to ascend, and compelling the unadapted who are found above to fall to -the lower stratum. - - - - -THE FERTILITY OF MARRIAGES ACCORDING TO PROFESSION AND SOCIAL POSITION. - -(Abstract.) - -By M. Lucien March, - -_Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France._ - - -Statistics of families furnish, perhaps, the most appropriate data -for the examination of the factors which govern the productiveness of -marriages or their sterility. - -Statistics concerning the children born in the eleven and a half -million French families, classed according to occupation, have been -prepared in France for the first time as a result of the census of -1906. These statistics give information as to the number of children -per family, either alive on the day of the census or previously -deceased, in each occupation, for all the families in the whole country -taken together, and for the different provinces. Further, a special -investigation of the 200,000 families of employees and workmen in the -public services has furnished more circumstantial details, which have -enabled the number of children and number of deaths of children in a -family to be brought into relation with the income of the head. - -The results obtained by the method described above are the subject of -this report. The effects of occupation, social position and income are -analysed by means of co-efficients expressing the productiveness of -marriages, after eliminating the influence of such factors as duration -of marriage, age, and habitat, all of which may obviously affect the -productiveness of a marriage. - -These results confirm what has been learnt from previous researches of -the fertility of different social classes, but they go further in that -they show that the difference is not exclusively dependent on income. - -In general there are more children per family in the families of -workmen than in the families of employers, and the latter contain -more than those of employees other than workmen. Further, one finds -industries in which the number of children in the employers' families -is larger than in the families of workmen in other industries. Thus, -differences are introduced by the occupation. Industries employing many -hands seem the more favourable to the production of large families, -both among workmen and among employers. Agriculture, in which a large -number of persons are engaged in France, does not seem to conduce -to fertility. Fishermen and sailors in the merchant service, on the -other hand, appear to form the class in which fertility is the most -considerable. - -The importance of the occupational factor is such that we could -place its influence on the same plane as that of "concentration" -of population, with which it is in close relation, since persons -following certain classes of occupation, as, for instance, the members -of the liberal professions, and clerks and other salaried employees are -most numerous in towns. - -It does not appear that in France casual and unskilled labourers, -persons in the receipt of Poor Law relief, etc., are specially -prolific. There is not thus in reality too much risk of seeing the -renewal of the population carried out in a dangerous manner by its -least valuable section. However, even among the working classes, the -most highly paid occupations are not those among which one finds the -greatest number of children. - -The economic, social, or moral burden of children is a factor bound -up in a complex manner, not only with the individual conditions of -existence, but also with the transformations of society, progress in -manners and customs, and the conception which one forms of life. - -It is this burden which must be allieviated where allieviation would be -most effective and produce the best results, in order to put a stop to -a movement which may be dangerous to civilisation. - - - - -EUGENICS AND MILITARISM. - -(Abstract.) - -By Vernon L. Kellogg. - -(_Professor in Stanford University, California._) - - -The claim that war and military service have a directly deteriorating -influence through military selection on a population much given to -militarism, has been clearly stated by von Liebig, Karl Marx, Herbert -Spencer, Tschouriloff, Otto Seeck, David Starr Jordan, and others, -not to mention the ever-anticipating Greeks. Military selection may -be conceived to work disastrously on a population both through the -actual killing during war by wounds and disease of the sturdy young -men selected by conscription or recruiting, and also by the removal -from the reproducing part of the population of much larger numbers of -these selected young men both in war and peace times. Another phase -of the racial danger from military service is the possibility of the -contraction of persistent and heritable disease which may be carried -back from camp and garrison with the return of the soldiers to the -population at home. - -As likely as seem all these and certain other anti-eugenic influences -arising from military selection, the substantiation of their actual -results on a basis of observed facts is necessary to give them real -standing as eugenic arguments against militarism. - -The writer is engaged at present in an attempt to find and expose -certain actual results of military service and war that have direct -relation to racial modification. His paper presents some pertinent -facts and figures already gained. These facts are examined in the -light of the criticisms of such men as Bischoff and Livi, who have -recognized the weaknesses in military and hygienic statistics, and in -the light of other opportunities for error both in the recording and -the interpretation of the facts, which have suggested themselves to -him. Also there has to be considered the possible reality of eugenic -advantages from military selection. Seeck and Ammon believe they have -discovered some. - -The writer, holding in mind both the dangers of error and the -possibility of eugenic advantage, believes himself nevertheless able -to present certain definite facts showing considerable direct eugenic -disadvantage in certain types of militarism. - - - - -EUGENICS IN PARTY ORGANIZATION. - -(Abstract.) - -By Roberto Michels, - -_University of Turin, Italy._ - - -An oligarchy is invariably formed in all political parties for reasons -based partly on individual psychology, partly on crowd psychology, and -partly on the social necessity of party organisation. Under the first -head is grouped the individual's consciousness of his own importance, -which with opportunity develops into the natural human lust for power, -and, further, such individual qualities as native tact, editorial -ability, and so on. Crowd psychology is characterised chiefly by the -incompetence of the masses, their dependence upon traditional methods -of party government, and their feeling of gratitude to leaders who have -suffered for the cause. Finally, the necessity for party organisations -grows with every increase of numbers and extension of functions. It -is physically impossible for large party groups to govern themselves -directly. All parties live in a state of perpetual warfare with -opposing parties, and, if they are revolutionary in character, with the -social order itself. Tactical considerations, therefore, and, above -all, the necessity of maintaining a condition of military preparedness, -strengthen the hands of the controlling clique within the party and -render every day more impossible genuine democracy. - -The selective or eugenic value of party organization is that it allows -men gifted with certain qualities to rise above their fellows into -positions of superiority, which, for the considerations set forth -above, are more or less permanent. This value is of the greater -importance because the opportunities for able and ambitious workmen -to rise by the economic ladder to the rank of employers are rapidly -disappearing, at any rate, in old countries. - -The qualities necessary for a successful party leader are discussed. -Briefly stated, they consist of oratorical ability, which is partly a -psychical and partly a physiological and anatomical character; energy -of will; superiority of intellect and knowledge; a depth of conviction -often bordering on fanaticism and self-confidence, pushed even to the -point of self-conceit. Also in many countries, as for instance Italy, -physical beauty is important in helping a man to rise, while in rarer -cases goodness of heart and disinterestedness influence the crowd by -reawakening religious sentiments. - -We have seen that some elements of the crowd are seized by the -selecting-machine of the party organisation that raises them above -their companions, increasing automatically the social distance between -them and their followers. To put this automatical selecting-machine -into action, certain individuals appear, possessing special physical -and intellectual gifts that distinguish them spontaneously from the -mass of the party. - - - - -THE INFLUENCE OF RACE ON HISTORY. - -(Abstract.) - -By W. C. D. and C. D. Whetham. - - -The history of Europe presents a long series of nations successively -rising and falling in the scale of prosperity and influence. Such -persistent alternations suggest a common cause underlying the -phenomena. All history is the record of change. The outward change as -recorded by the chronicler has probably its counterpart in unnoticed -variations of the internal biological structure of the nation. - -Most nations are composite in character. They contain two or more -racial stocks, fulfilling different functions in the national life. It -is probable that the proportion in which these stocks are present is -not always constant. The variation in proportion is possibly the agent -effecting the internal change in structure, which becomes manifest -outwardly in the rise or decline of the nation. - -The physical characters of the population of Europe during historic -times indicate three chief races: (1) the Mediterranean, (2) the -Alpine, (3) the Northern. The individuals of these races possess also -distinct mental and intellectual attributes, and the history of Europe -is fundamentally the story of the interaction of the three races. - -It is suggested that the supreme power of Greece and Rome, each in -its own direction, was due to the attainment of a fortunate balance -between the social and political functions of the constituents of the -nation, the directing power being supplied chiefly by the invaders -of northern race, who formed the dominant class among the southern -indigenous Mediterranean population. In each case, the northern -elements grew gradually less, through such agencies as losses in war, -the selective action of a differential birth rate, and by racial -merging into the more numerous southern stock. - -The outburst of artistic genius and intellectual pre-eminence which -marked the Renaissance in North Italy may perhaps be due to a similar -racial composition, the northern elements being supplied by the -descendants of the barbarian invaders of the later Roman Empire. - -Great Britain has also similar racial elements. The Mediterranean -race, spreading up the shores of the Atlantic, enters largely into the -composition of the people of the south-west. The northern element, -immigrant from the shores of the Baltic and North Sea, is strongest in -the east and north. - -We know that there are now at work two influences affecting the -average racial character of the English nation; (1) the increase in -the urban population at the expense of the rural, (2) the voluntary -restriction of the birth rate which affects certain sections of all -classes more than others. It is probable that both these changes tend -to favour selectively the southern racial elements at the expense of -the northern. Eventually, the present structure of society may become -unstable in consequence of this racial alteration, and the necessary -readjustment, in its turn, will contribute a chapter to history. - - - - -SOME INTER-RELATIONS BETWEEN EUGENICS AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH. - -(Abstract.) - -By Frederick Adams Woods, M.D., - -_Harvard Medical School._ - - -The relative influence of heredity and environment has long been a -subject for debate, but, for the most part, such debates have not -been profitable. It is true that heredity cannot be separated from -environment if only one individual be considered; but as soon as we -inquire into the causes of the differences between man and man, it is -perfectly possible to gain real light on this subject, so important -to the advocates of eugenics. Everything must be made a problem of -differences. The mathematical measurements of resemblances between -relatives close of kin will sometimes serve. At other times, the -correlation co-efficient is of no avail, and only an intensive study of -detailed pedigrees will bring out such differences as cannot be due to -the action of surroundings. - -History and genealogy both speak unmistakably for heredity. Men of -genius have as many eminent relationships as the expectations of -heredity demand. The same is true among the highest aristocratic -classes, and is equally true under democratic government, as is proved -by a study of the family history of those Americans whose names are in -the Hall of Fame. History shows that about half of the early monarchs -were not cruel or were not licentious. Alternative heredity can well -account for that. Virtuous types have only slightly increased in -numerical proportion. Environment cannot be very effective; but there -are biological factors of a more hidden nature which are silently -making for progress. Mental qualities are correlated with moral; -and in the European dynasties the survivors have been generally the -descendants of the morally superior. - -Physical differences can also be demonstrated, coming in the course -of generations. A study of the portraits of royal, noble, and other -historical personages shows that the bony framework of the face, -especially about the nose and eyes, has changed rapidly since the -beginning of the sixteenth century. - -In explaining the rise and fall of nations, gametic and personal causes -can be measured and marked. All the evidence of history points to the -power and importance of a very few great personalities--they themselves -the product of inborn forces. These have been the chief causes of -political and economic differences, but non-gametic (environmental) -causation can be occasionally detected, and separated out; as, for -instance, the modern scientific productivity in Germany and the -proportionate intellectual activity among women in America. It is -estimated that there are four hundred thousand books on history. These -form an almost unworked mine of information, easily available to every -student of eugenics. It is high time that the human record, so ancient -in its beginnings, should be used to contribute to that most modern of -sciences, the improvement of the human breed. - - - - -DEMOGRAPHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS OF EUGENICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Corrado Gini, - -_Professor of Statistics in the Royal University of Cagliari, Italy._ - - -Tables of mortality relating to human beings with classification as -to age, when compared with similar statistics relating to the equine -species, show that man during the period of development has a much -heavier death-rate. It is not possible to say whether in their natural -state the higher kinds of animals possess a higher or lower death-rate -during the period of development than when under domestication, but -the second of the alternatives seems more likely. It remains to be -determined whether the heavy death-rate during development which -the human race shows in the comparison is a distinctive natural -characteristic belonging to it, or whether it is rather the result of -the more or less artificial circumstances in which man is born and -reared. - -The human race differs as regards reproduction and the rearing of its -offspring from the higher species of animals in their natural state, -chiefly in three ways: (_a_) In the case of the human race reproduction -takes place at all times of the year, whilst the higher animals have -one single period for reproducing, or, in some cases, two or three -periods; (_b_) animals reproduce as soon as the organism becomes -capable of reproduction, whilst in civilised human races as a rule a -longer or shorter period elapses between the time when the individual -becomes capable of reproduction and the time he actually begins to -reproduce; (_c_) in civilised man the development of altruistic -sentiments protects weak and sickly persons from the eliminating action -of natural selection, and often enables them to take part in the -procreation of future generations. - -The paper of A. has for its object to examine closely these three -arguments based upon very extensive data taken partly from demographic -statistics and partly from researches made personally by him or which -he caused to be made, especially in the Municipal Statistical Offices -of Rome and Cagliari, and in the Obstetrical Clinic of Bologna. The -principal results are here indicated. - -A. The rule of a greater number of conceptions in Spring observed in -temperate regions suffers notable exceptions in tropical and arctic -regions. Hence there is a weakening of the idea that in it one should -recognise the atavistic heritage of a special season for reproduction -which the human race had originally shown, analogous to what one finds -to-day in many species of animals. On the other hand, neither the -frequency of multiple births, of miscarriages, or of stillbirths, nor -the length of life of offspring nor their intellectual capacity show -any correlation whatever with the season of conception. The frequency -of stillbirths, however, and the length of life of the offspring show -a clear correlation with the season of birth, in the sense that those -born in temperate seasons show a lower rate for stillbirths and a -greater length of life. - -B. The age of the mother at the time of parturition does not show any -regular influence on the size and weight of the child. It has a very -sensible influence on the frequency of miscarriages and of stillbirths; -this increases with the increase in age. The age of the mother at the -time of marriage exercises a decisive influence upon the vitality -of the offspring: the greater the age of the mother at the time of -marriage the less will be the vitality of the children. - -The age of the father at the birth of his child has some influence on -the number of stillbirths among his children. This influence--at any -rate above a given age--increases with the increase in the father's -age. It can neither be disproved nor affirmed that the age of the -father at the time of marriage has an influence upon the vitality of -the children; it is certain, however, that if any influence of that -kind exists it is much less intense than that exercised by the age of -the mother. - -There has also been an enquiry as to the effect upon the characters of -the offspring exerted by (1) order of birth; (2) difference in age of -the parents; and (3) the age of the woman at the first menstruation. - -C. Persons who die at a more advanced age have children in greater -number and endowed with greater length of life. For some classes of the -unfit (mad, consumptives, suicides) it can be proved beyond question -that the number of children born is less and their mortality greater -than among married people generally. Those who die of heart disease or -of cancer show a number of children slightly higher than the general -average of married persons; but that can be attributed to the fact that -their age at death is greater than the average age at death of married -people. - - - - -MATERNITY STATISTICS OF THE STATE OF RHODE ISLAND, STATE CENSUS OF 1905. - -(Abstract.) - -By Frederick L. Hoffman, LL.D., F.S.S., - -_Statistician of the Prudential Insurance Company of America._ - - -As a contribution to the practical study of eugenics the decennial -maternity statistics of Rhode Island are of exceptional interest and -importance. - -In 1905, of 36,766 native-born married women 26,329 (71.6%) were -mothers, and 10,477 (28.4%) childless. Of 32,960 foreign-born married -women 27,207 (82.5%) were mothers, and 5,753 (17.5%) childless. -Contrasting these percentages, the fact requires only to be stated to -emphasize its profound and far-reaching social as well as political -significance. - -Considered with reference to religious belief, 72.7% of Protestant and -80.3% of Roman Catholic married women were mothers. Of married women of -Jewish faith 88.0% were mothers. - -At ages 25-34, the proportion of native-born mothers having only one -child was 35.1%, against 22.6% for the foreign-born; the proportion of -mothers having from six to ten children was 6.8% for the native-born, -against 12.9% for the foreign-born. At all ages a similar disproportion -is apparent. - -Vastly more important than the multitude of general social and economic -facts are these statistics of what, for want of a better term, may be -called _human production_, and which disclose what must be considered -the most alarming tendency in American life. Granting that excessively -large families are not desirable, at least from an economic point of -view, it cannot be questioned that the diminution in the average size -of the family, and the increase in the proportion of childless families -among the native-born stock is evidence of physical deterioration, -and must have a lasting and injurious effect on national life and -character. - - - - -Section IV. - -Medicine and Eugenics. - - - - -THE PROPHYLAXIS OF HEREDITARY SYPHILIS AND ITS EUGENIC EFFECT. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. H. Hallopeau. - - -Syphilis is strongly _dysgenic_; it causes the production of profoundly -damaged children; in preventing it the physician co-operates -effectively with eugenic action. In order to prevent the propagation -of this disease we must have recourse to _administrative prophylaxis_, -_prophylaxis by persuasion_, and _prophylaxis by medical measures_. - -_Administrative prophylaxis_ must act especially by multiplying -gratuitous consultations and in securing, as far as possible, hospital -treatment for persons affected by transmissible lesions, especially for -prostitutes. - -To the physician belongs the duty of acting by _persuasion_ in pointing -out to syphilitics that they have no right to have children so long as -they are liable to transmit their disease to their offspring. - -We must abort syphilis if it is in the stage of primary invasion: -this invasion is not, as was believed until recently, confined to -the chancre and its accompanying swellings; it includes all the -intermediate stage; in order to destroy the tripanosomes we must use -repeated injections of _benzosulfoneparaminophenylarsinate of soda_, -commonly known as _hectine_ (Mouneyrat), the only specific medicament -which is well borne locally. - -Results similar to those we have just shown are obtained by making, -in a given region, two or three injections of salvarsan. However, the -comparison between the two medications is altogether in favour of that -by hectine. Indeed, experience proves that the secondary generalization -is noticeably more frequent after injections of salvarsan, and, -besides, these are far from being always painless. We have made known -to the Académie of Medicine a case in which, within 48 hours, they -caused the death of a young man in good health. Several similar cases -have since been notified, particularly by Dr. Gaucher. Confidently -believing in the axiom "Primo non nocere," we explicitly declare -ourselves adversaries of a practice which brings such accidents in its -train. - -In the secondary stage, we must have recourse simultaneously to various -specific agents. - -Procreation may be permitted when six months after the abortive -treatment Wasserman's reaction, after several trials, has given -uniformly negative results. - -The physician thus accomplishes a profoundly eugenic work in favouring -and accelerating the production of unspoilt children. - - - - -THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE GERM-PLASM. - -(The New Alcohol Legislation in Norway.) - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Alfred Mjoën. - - -The injurious effect of alcohol depends not only upon the amount -taken, but also upon other factors, as, _e.g._, upon its dilution, -and upon the kind of nourishment taken with it. There can be no doubt -that alcohol under a certain percentage neither injures nor can injure -either the somatic cells, or what is more important for race-hygiene, -the germ cells. And, on the other hand, it must be regarded as proved -that alcohol over a certain percentage is injurious to the quality of -the offspring, not alone where the mother drinks (influence upon the -embryo), but also where the father alone is a drinker (destruction -of the germ). The latest investigations in this field confirm this -assumption. - -There is, it is true, a middle class of beverages whose influence -upon the germ-plasm (posterity) has not been established, or can be -established at all. As a general rule, one may lay down the rule: _The -injurious effect of an alcoholic beverage upon individuals or race -increases from a certain percentage progressively with its increasing -contents of alcohol._ - -Therefore, I propose to divide alcoholic liquors into classes, and to -deal with them according to the amount of their contents of alcohol, -_i.e._, according to their injuriousness. - -All casks, bottles, etc., coming into the market are to be furnished -with the class-mark (_e.g._, I., II., III., branded upon the cord). - -For example, in the case of beer, the first class (under 2-1/4%), shall -be obtainable everywhere. For this class there will be claimed, besides -a reduction of duty, also a facility for sale and some concessions. -Class I. (up to 2-1/4%) will be charged with 2 ore; Class II. -(2-1/4--3-3/4%) with 8 ore; and Class III. (3-3/4--5%) with 15-16 ore -per litre. Beer over 5% or 5-1/2% will be prohibited([3]). - -[Footnote 3: This proposal was favourably received by the Norwegian -minister Knudsen, and brought before the Storthing as a Government -measure. The proposal has been accepted as part of the election -programme of the Radicals, the Socialist Democrats, and all total -abstinence organisations.] - -The class system permits of a simple, cheap, and practicable control, -and, indeed, a control which is not confined to the brewery or to -any single stage of preparation, but which follows the article over -the whole country from its origin to its consumption. When alcoholic -drinks are marked with their class and placed under State control, the -consumers will themselves easily exercise the control. And the public -will gradually become accustomed to form an opinion upon the influence -of the various articles upon the working capacity and the health, not -only of the individual, but also of the family and the race. State and -country authorities will, with State-controlled classes, more easily -see justice done on all sides. This last advantage will, naturally, -only avail in those lands where the permission to sell alcoholic -liquors is vested in the local authorities. The progressive class -system will also give the State, the municipalities, and also private -labour organisations an opportunity to support those restaurants -and inns which supply nothing but pure and harmless liquors, and -consumption will undergo a slow and gradual change to the lightest -drinks. - -At the present time the lightest kinds of beer are too heavily taxed -in comparison with the heaviest kinds, and the latter in turn are too -heavily taxed in comparison with brandy. From the point of view of -race-hygiene, the fight must be directed especially against the fourth -and most dangerous class, namely, all kinds of brandy (prohibition or -Ivan Bratt's system), as well as against the mixed wines, which are so -often adulterated and injurious. - - - - -ALCOHOLISM AND DEGENERACY. - -Statistics from the Central Bureau for the Management of the Insane of -Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912. - -(Abstract.) - -By M. Magnan, - -_Chief Physician to the Central Bureau, Member of the Academy of -Medicine_, - -And Dr. Fillassier. - - -From 1869 to 1912 the number of sick persons received at the Central -Bureau of the St. Anne Asylum has gone on steadily increasing: -occasionally signs of a falling off are noticed, quickly compensated by -the number of entries for the following years. - -Among these patients a great number are driven to the asylum by the -abuse of alcoholic drinks. Some of these are simple alcoholics, _i.e._, -those who owe their insanity entirely to excessive drinking; the others -make up the numerous group of degenerates, who are for the most part -descendants of alcoholics, and on whom fall all the forms of physical, -intellectual, and moral degradation. - -For these last, alcohol has been but the touch of the trigger which has -put in action their disposition towards insanity; the attack of mania, -when past, leaves revealed psychic troubles, which, but for the turning -of the balance by alcohol, would have remained in the latent condition, -but which, once developed, remain often for a much longer time; so -we see the increase in the number of these patients--occasional -drunkards--keeping pace with that of chronic alcoholics. - -These will specially call forth the interest of the members of the -Eugenic Congress. From the clinical point of view they exhibit -great importance; for showing as they do all the episodic syndromes -of degeneracy, all the mental forms of it may be seen--maniacal, -melancholic, idiotic: insanities polymorphous or systematic, fixed -ideas, monomanias connected with words or numbers, every sort of -phobia, obsession, impulse, and symptomatic manifestation of great -importance. When their objective lies in sexual perversion, theft, -arson, murder, etc., these various states raise the most delicate -questions whether from the point of view of philosophy, psychology, -sociology, or forensic medicine. - -This class of society, in the grip of this poison, is unfortunately -not sterile; their miserable descendants come to dock in the asylum; -so much so that if we mass together the various elements, if we add -the unfortunates permanently disabled, such as epileptics, and the -increasing crowd of feeble-minded, idiotic, tuberculous children, the -mind recoils aghast at the gravity of the danger. The necessity of -an implacable war against alcoholism, which crowds our asylums, our -hospitals, and our homes with insane persons, and sends a constant -stream to our prisons and reformatories--such a war must be the -principal aim of the Eugenics Congress. - -For long the evil genius of mankind, alcoholism has to-day laid its -clutch on women, and the admission figures now show their numbers on -the increase every year. - -Such are the lessons which may be learnt from the report of Magnan and -Fillassier. - - - - -EUGENICS AND OBSTETRICS. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Agnes Bluhm, _Berlin._ - - -1. Among the agencies under social control which impair the racial -qualities of future generations, an important place is taken by the -Science of Medicine, especially by Obstetrics. For the increase of -obstetrics increases the incapacity for bearing children of future -generations. - -2. The great difference in the capacity for bearing children between -the primitive and civilized races depends only in part on the lessened -fitness of the latter due to the increase of skilled assistance. - -3. Incapacity for bearing children can be acquired; it develops, -however, abundantly on the grounds of a congenital predisposition. - -4. In so far as the latter is the case, obstetrics contributes towards -the diffusion of this incapacity. - -5. The most serious obstacles to delivery are effected by deformities -of the pelvis, in at least 90% of which heredity plays a part. In this -connection, rickets, the predisposition to which is inherited, takes -the foremost place. - -6. German medical statistics make it appear probable that incapacity to -bear children is on the increase. - -7. Medical help in childbirth brings, undoubtedly, numerical advantage -to the race, but it endangers the quality of the race in other ways -than through the fostering of unfitness for bearing. - -8. The danger of the increase of incapacity for bearing through the -increase of assistance in childbirth can be combatted:-- - -(_a_) Through the renunciation of descendants by women unfitted to bear -children. - -(_b_) Through an energetic campaign against rickets, to which only the -predisposition can be inherited. - -(_c_) Through the permeation of obstetrics with the spirit of eugenics, -so that the obstetrician no longer proceeds according to a settled rule -(living mother and living child), but in each separate case takes into -consideration the interests of the race. - - - - -HEREDITY AND EUGENICS IN RELATION TO INSANITY. - -(Abstract.) - -By F. W. Mott, M.D., F.R.S., - -_Physician to Charing Cross Hospital and Pathologist to the London -County Asylums._ - - -What is insanity? Every case of insanity is a biological problem, -the solution of which depends upon a knowledge of what a man was -born with--Nature--and what has happened after birth--Nurture. The -increase of registered insanity in London; the causes of the increase. -(1) The standard of insanity has been raised. (2) The increase of -accommodation for reception of the insane. The diminishing death rate -in asylums causing a progressive accumulation. The diminished number of -recoveries. (3) The large proportion of old people admitted to asylums -formerly in the infirmaries. - -_Nurture._--The correlation of pauperism, insanity and -feeble-mindedness, alcohol, syphilis, and tuberculosis in relation -to insanity and feeble-mindedness. Congenital mental deficiency as -distinguished from hereditary mental deficiency. Chronic poisoning of -the blood by these agencies in relation to a lowered specific vitality -of the germ cells. Environment in relation to mental energy and will -power. - -_Nature._--The study of pedigrees in hospital and asylum patients -showing the importance of heredity in nervous and mental diseases. -The nature of the neuropathic tendency; its transmission in different -forms of nervous and mental disease in successive generations. Its -latency and re-appearance in stocks. Relation of neurasthenia to the -neuropathic taint. Conclusions arrived at in relation to heredity -and insanity from a study by a card system of 3,118 related persons -who are at present, or who have been, in the London County asylums. -Among the 20,000 inmates at present resident, 715 are so closely -related as parents and offspring or brothers and sisters. Nature is -always trying to end or mend a degenerate stock if left to itself. -Analysis of data regarding first attack of insanity in 464 parents -and their 508 offspring; the signal tendency to the occurrence of the -disease in a more intense form and at an earlier age in the offspring. -This "antedating" or "anticipation" in relation to Nature's process -of elimination of the unfit. Nearly 50 per cent. of the offspring -affected 20 years earlier than the parent. The same found in uncles -and aunts with nephews and nieces, only not nearly so marked. Seeing -that the unfit are at present able to survive; does nature end or mend -degenerate stocks, or have the lines of neuropathic inheritance only -been partially cut off by this tendency to "anticipation"? What we want -to know is: What is the fate of all the offspring of an insane parent -or parents; for there are a great many facts which show that a disease -may be latent and re-appear in a stock when the conditions of mating -or environment are unfavourable? A collection of pedigrees is required -which will prove conclusively that the offspring of insane parents, -who are free from the insane manifestations during adolescence, will -breed children who will not become insane. Supposing it were shown -that cases discharged as recovered had the seeds of insanity, by the -fact that their progeny were feeble-minded, epileptic, or insane, it -would be a clear indication of taking measures to prevent them handing -on the disease. Recurrent insanity--the birth of children in the sane -intervals. Analysis of pedigrees with a dual neuropathic inheritance -of maternal and paternal stocks compared with single neuropathic -inheritance. Conclusion that a child born of neuropathic inheritance in -both ancestral stocks stands, on an average, the chance of being insane -four times as great as when only one stock is affected. Are there any -types of insanity especially liable to be transmitted in the same form -or another form? The prediction of the racial value of an individual -inheritance can only be predicted by a study of what a man was born -with--Nature, and what happened after birth--Nurture. - - - - -THE PLACE OF EUGENICS IN THE MEDICAL CURRICULUM. - -(Abstract.) - -By H. E. Jordan, - - -_Chairman of the Eugenics Section of the American Association for the -Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality._ - - - - -The Science of Eugenics deserves a place in the medical curriculum for -three reasons. Firstly: Medicine is fast becoming a science of the -prevention of weakness and morbidity; their permanent not temporary -cure, their racial eradication rather than their personal palliation. -Eugenic conduct is undeniably a factor in attaining the speedy -achievement of the end of racial health. Eugenics, embracing genetics, -is thus one of the important disciplines among the future medical -sciences. The coming physician must have adequate training in matters -relating to heredity and Eugenics. Secondly: as the general population -becomes better educated in matters of personal and racial health and -hygiene it will more and more demand advice regarding the prevention -of weakness in themselves and their offspring. The physicians are -logically the men who must give it. Thirdly: physicians will be more -efficient public servants if they approach their work with the Eugenic -outlook on life. - -Instruction in Eugenics, in the form of a number of special lectures -on the subject, is already given in some of our medical schools. This -indicates at least that the need is felt and the importance of such -knowledge to the best physician recognised. Since not all of the better -medical schools give such courses, however, we may infer that there are -obstacles in the way. What is the nature of these? - -One such may be the lack of adequate preparation on the part of the -students in the fundamentals of biology to properly comprehend the -import and application of Eugenic facts. This obstacle is speedily -being removed; for considerable biological training is already a -medical course prerequisite. But there may be a lack of properly -prepared teachers to present this subject to even properly prepared -medical students. This obstacle is also fast disappearing. Once the -demand for this kind of help is voiced, there will appear properly -trained teachers to instruct physicians. - -Another obstacle may be raised by short-sighted and self-seeking -physicians, for whom less illness and weakness may mean less work and -a reduced income. But this is, perhaps, only a relatively very small -factor in, and also only a passing phase of, the opposition, and will -soon correct itself. - -The most encouraging prospect for this new scheme of activity is the -deep interest shown by young medical students in matters of heredity -and Eugenics. - - - - -A HEALTHY SANE FAMILY SHOWING LONGEVITY IN CATALONIA. - -(Abstract.) - -By Professor I. Valenti Vivo. - - - - -I. A healthy family showing longevity in Catalonia: the greater part of -them died over 60 years of age from acute sickness. All belonged to the -districts of Barcelona and Gerona. A record of their ability in medical -science, art and agriculture, their average fertility. - -II. Communication on Biometrika: Licentiates in medical science, 50 -scholars, 1910: 70 in 1912. Dates: Cephalic index, stature, span, -dynamometer, age, district. - - - - -SOME REMARKS ON BACKWARD CHILDREN. - -(Abstract.) - -By Dr. Raoul Dupuy. - - - - -When we speak of a backward child, we mean any subject which is -arrested or retarded more or less completely in its bodily, psychical, -and sensorial evolution, in consequence of congenital and acquired -lesions, or simply in consequence of physiological troubles, which -concern, either at the same or a different time, the brain and -the glands of internal secretion (the thyroid, the hypophysis, -the suprarenals, and the genital glands). The cerebral lesions, -practically incurable in the present state of science, produce "atropic -backwardness" the functional troubles of the brain, or those caused by -the glands of internal secretion, which can be modified by "combined -organotherapy" produce dystrophic backwardness. We also, however, find -mixed types, half of the one and half of the other, which are similarly -susceptible of improvement. The number, and above all the variety of -the types of dystrophic backwardness, makes a general classification -of them impossible. The study of their bodily, psychical and sensorial -anomalies proves that in most of the manifestations of backwardness -and immaturity, these children present perversions of evolution which -have a common bearing on the development of body, mind and spirit. -Although apparently different from one another, these backward persons, -whether the mischief be corporal, psychical or sensorial, show -pathological peculiarities, which prove that the cause of their various -dystrophies have a similar origin, and that they often arise from -defective function of the sympathic system which appears to be brought -into action by the internal glands. The backward children consist -of intoxicated, under-grown or anæmic persons, who, besides, suffer -from retention of substances, which ought normally to be eliminated, -chiefly the chlorides and phosphates (in cases of apathy) or the hyper -excretion of the same substances (in cases of instability). Moreover, -the combined organotherapy ought to be considered as a "perfect -touchstone" of dystrophy, and if applied according to certain rules, -it gives results which are more complete and more certain than thyroid -organotherapy by itself. It goes without saying that a special training -is necessary for the intellectual "backwards"; but before any attempt -at education, it is necessary to treat their bodily deficiencies, and -to place them in the special schools with the boarding system, where -they will be under the eye both of the doctor and of the teacher. - - - - -FIRST INTERNATIONAL - -EUGENICS CONGRESS, - -LONDON, - -July 24th to July 30th, 1912, - -UNIVERSITY OF LONDON, - -SOUTH KENSINGTON. - - - * * * * * - - -CATALOGUE - -OF - -THE EXHIBITION. - - - * * * * * - - -CHARLES KNIGHT & CO., Ltd., - -227-239 Tooley Street, London, S.E. - - -References in the Index refer to the Alphabetical Enumeration in the -margin of each page of the Catalogue. - - - * * * * * - - -The Exhibition Committee desire to take this opportunity of expressing -their thanks to the Exhibitors for the loan of their exhibits. They -desire specially to acknowledge the courtesy of Professor von Gruber -for giving permission to make use of Translations from the Catalogue of -the International Congress of Race Hygiene held in Dresden last year. - - - - -INDEX TO EXHIBITS. - - - A - - Ability, Administrative, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1 - - Inheritance of, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood - families, O. 5 - - Abnormal Germ Production, _see under_ Germ Production - - Abnormalities observed in Drunkard's Children, C. 92 - - Abortions and Premature Births in various Callings, C. 101 - - Administrative Ability, Pedigree shewing Descent of, I. 1 - - Age-intervals, separating various Generations of Mannheim families, C. 39 - - Age of Parents - Conjointly with Numerical position in Family, in relation - to Infantile Mortality, C. 51 - at Death, and Marital gross and net Fertility, C. 7 - and Mortality of Children up to 5 years, C. 9-10 - and Mortality of Children up to 20 years, C. 7-8 - - AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE OF UTAH - JOHN A. WIDTSOE, A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance - of Physical and Mental Qualities and Defects, and of - Literary Ability, from a Polygamous Family in Utah, N. 1 - - Alcohol and Degeneration, C. 91-3 - Effect of, on Human Offspring, C. 96 - Experiments with, on Animals, in Small Quantities, C. 95 - Frequency and Intensity of harmful Influences through, relative, - Urban and Rural, C. 88 - Injury from, to Reproductive functions, C. 89-90 - - Alcoholic, Epileptic, Sexually-immoral Man, and Neurotic and - Sexually-immoral Woman, Offspring of, D. 9 - Intoxication, Acute, effect of on Origin of Feeble-mindedness, C. 97 - Man, and Feeble-minded Woman, Offspring of, D. 10 - and Migrainous Woman, Offspring of, D. 13 - - Alcoholism, Paternal, effect of, on Suckling-capacity of Daughters, C. 93 - Inter-connection with, of Tuberculosis, Nervous Diseases, and Psychoses - of Offspring, C. 94 - - _Alytes obstetricans_, _see_ Midwife Toad - - "All London," Booth's Classification of, Comparison of, with the Normal - Classes, O. 3 - - AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION, EUGENICS SECTION (C. DAVENPORT, ESQ.). - Charts _re_ Defectives, Classification and Statistics of, P. - - Ancestors, Theoretical Number of, C. 115 - - Ancestral Loss, Phenomenon of, C. 96 - - Animals, Experiments on, with Small quantities of Alcohol, C. 95 - - Arab v. Spaniard, Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 4 - - Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, Pedigree of, C. 112 - - Association of Characters in Heredity in Sweet Peas, M. 6 & 7 (_a & b_) - - Atrophy, Progressive Muscular, C. 13 - - Australia, Birth and Death Rates in, H. 25 - - - B - - Bavaria, Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality in, C. 60, 70 - - "Belvidere," Pedigree of, C. 110 - - Berlin, Birth and Death Rate for, H. 28 - Fertility in, decrease in, _circ._ 1869-1910, C. 126-129 - - Birth-curve, general, and that for Feeble-minded Children compared, C. 97 - - Birth-frequency in relation to Habit of Breast-feeding, C. 72, 73 - - Birth-interval, in relation to - Breast-feeding, length of, C. 63 - Average length of, C. 63, 64 - Health of Offspring, C. 58 - Infantile Mortality, C. 57, 58 - Vitality of Child, with and without, Breast-feeding, C. 65 - - Birth-place, Locality and Size of, in relation to Military Fitness, - Germany, C. 26-30 - - Birth-rate, in relation to - Breast-feeding, duration of, C. 72, 73 - Wealth, C. 118-122 - Rising, Countries with, H. 21-4 - Stationary, Countries with, H. 17-20 - - Birth and Death Rate - in Australia, H. 25 - in Berlin, H. 28 - in Europe and Western Europe, H. 30-1 - in France, H. 7 - in the Netherlands, H. 10 - of Toronto, City of, H. 27 - of United Kingdom, and of German Empire, H. 5, 6 - of Various Countries, relation between, H. 1-31 - - Birth and Death Rates and Infant Mortality, relation between, H. 1-31 - for New Zealand, H. 26 - in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13 - - Birth-rates, and _corrected_ Death-rates, relation between, H. 2 - - Births _per_ Couple essential to prevent Decay of Nations, - C. 123 _et præoi_ - Premature in Various Callings, C. 101 - Restriction of, C. 125-128 - - Blindness, _see_ Colour-blindness _and_ Night-blindness - - Blood-relationship of Parents and Health of Offspring, C. 108 - Intensification of Characters in, C. 106-7 - - Blue Andalusian Fowls, Mendelian Inheritance in - Gametic Purity in Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_) - Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_) - - Booth, C., Classification by, of "All London," Comparison of, with the - Normal Classes, O. 3 - - Breast-feeding, in relation to - Birth-intervals, Length of, and average Length of, C. 63, 64 - Cancer, C. 71 - Infant Mortality - Birth-Interval and, C. 59-62 - Female Labour and, C. 99 - Capacity for, of Daughters as affected by Paternal Alcoholism, C. 93 - as Evidence of Hereditary Constitution in relation to Infant - Mortality, C. 79-82 - and Number of Children, C. 61 - Duration of, in relation to - Average number of Carious Teeth, C. 74, 75 - Birth rate, C. 72, 73 - Frequency of Rachitic disturbances of development, C. 78. - Infant Mortality, C. 74 - in Conjunction with Numerical Position, C. 60 - Physical development, C. 76 - School Reports, average, C. 77 - Habit of, in relation to Birth-frequency, C. 72, 73 - as running in Families, and Infant Mortality, C. 62 - - - C - - Canada, _see_ Toronto - - Cancer, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 71 - - Cataract, Hereditary, L. 4 - - Charts Explaining Method of Collecting and Recording - Data, D. 15 (_a_ & _b_) - - Childbirth, increasing Frequency of Surgical Operations in connection - with, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6) - - Childless and Fertile Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45 - - Children, _see also_ Infant Mortality, Numbers, Numerical Position, &c. - of Drunkards, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92 - - Health of, in connection with Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108 - - Mortality of, - Death-age of Parents in relation to, - up to 5 years, C. 9, 10 - up to 20 years, C. 7, 8 - illegitimate, C. 104, 105 - Number of children in relation to, C. 60 - Number of, Average in each Generation, Mannheim, C. 38 - in Paris, in relation to Wealth, C. 119 - - Cleopatra, Pedigree of, showing Inbreeding, C. 114 - - Colour-Blindness, Congenital, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1 - - Colour-Changes in Skin of Fire-Salamander, according to placing on Yellow - or Black Earth, C. 1, 2 - - Colours, Recombination of in Poultry, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3 - - Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of "All London," with the Normal - Classes, O. 3 - - Conceptions and Conception Losses, Numbers of, and Explanations, - C. 52 (1-4) - - Congenital Colour-Blindness, Pedigree with unusual features, L. 1 - Hereditary Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - - Constitution, _see_ Hereditary _do._ - - Consumption in three Generations, Male Infant Mortality, E. 5 (_c_) - - Copenhagen, Fertility of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for, C. 122 - - Countries with - Rising Birth-rate, H. 21-4 - Stationary Birth-rate, H. 17-20 - - Country, _versus_ Town Fertility, in Prussia, C. 126, 128 - - Cross-Fertilization in Maize, C. 111 - - Crossing of Races - Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117 - Inbreeding and, C. 106, 107 - - - D - - Darwin, Charles, - Home of, Down House - Study-rooms of, at Down - Etching of Large, by Haig, B. 7 - Photograph of Small, in which "The Origin of Species" was - written, B. 6 - Water-colour Drawing of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8 - Letters of (Two) on "Worms and their Habits," B. 9 - Portraits of Engraving, by Flameng after Collier, B. 4 - - Portraits of - Painting, by W. W. Ouless, B. 1 - Photograph, by Maull and Polyblank, B. 3 - on his Horse, Tommy, B. 5 - - Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus, Portraits of - (Silhouette), A. 2 - - Darwin, Mrs., Portrait of (Silhouette), A. 3 - - DARWIN, WILLIAM E., and LEONARD, B. 1 to 9 - - Darwin, Galton, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as - exemplified by, O. 5 - - Daughters, Suckling Capacity of, as affected by Paternal - Alcoholism, C. 93 - - DAVENPORT, C. B., P. - - Death-rates, _see also_ Birth-, and Death-rates of Married and Divorced - Persons, and of Widows, compared, C. 102 - - Deaths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52, 53 - - Defect, Transmission of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_) - - Defective and Pauper families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2 - - Defectives - Classification of, Charts of, P. 1 - Statistics of Charts, P. - - Degeneration, Alcohol and, C. 91-3 - - Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and General Paralysis, Frequency of, in - Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 38 - - Denmark, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 121, 122 - Number of Children in, in Families of Different Classes, 1901, C. 121 - - Descent, _see also_ Heredity, Inheritance, _and_ Mendelism - of Qualities in a Population (after Galton), O. 4 - Standard Scheme of (after Galton), O. 2 - - Development as affected by Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 74-8 - - Diseases, Variation of, England and Wales, H. 9 - - Down House, Home of Charles Darwin Study-rooms in - Large, Etched by Haig, B. 7 - Small, Photograph of, B. 6 - Water-colour of, by A. Goodwin, B. 8 - - Drunkard's Children, Abnormalities observed in, C. 92 - - DRYSDALE, C. V., H. 1-30 - - Dutch conditions as to Fertility in relation to Marriage, Wealth and - Occupation, C. 122 - - Dying-out of Higher grades of Society, C. 34 - Large Scale of, C. 36 - Quick process of, Catastrophic changes inaugurating,. C. 38-43 - - - E - - Earth, Colour of, as affecting Skin-colour in Fire Salamander, C. 1-2 - - England and Wales - Birth- and Death-rate and Infantile Mortality for, H. 9 - Fertility of Married Women in, H. 9 - Illegitimacy in, H. 9 - - English _v._ Gipsy, Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K. 1 - - Engraving by Leopold Flameng of Collier's Portrait of C. Darwin, B. 4 - - Environment, Colour changes in Skin due to, C. 1-2 - - Epilepsy, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic Asylums, C. 88 - - Epileptic, Alcoholic, Sexually-immoral Man and Sexually-immoral Woman, - Offspring of, D. 9 - and Feeble-minded Parents, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_) - Man and Choreic Woman, Offspring of, D. 11 - of Low Grade, condition of Relatives of, D. 13 - and Normal Woman, Offspring of, D. 12 - Parents, Offspring of, D. 1 - Unmarried Mother, Offspring of, D. 6 - - Epileptics, Village for, of New Jersey State, at Skillman, D. 1-15 - - Etching by Axel Haig of Darwin's large Study at Down, B. 7 - - European States, Decrease of Fertility in some, C. 129 - - European _v._ American Red Indian, Inheritance of Racial form of - Nose, K. 2 (_a_ & _b_) - Segregation Inheritance of Eye-colour, K. 3 - - Eye, Lens of, Reconstruction of, out of Iris, C. 49 - of Vertebrate, Development of, C. 49 - - Eye-colour in Mankind, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 - Racial Segregation of, K. 3-5 - - Eye-disease, Destructive, and Mental Defect in same Stock, E. 1 - - Eye-sight, Defects of, L. 1-4 - - - F - - Families brought back to the Land, North Germany, C. 23-5 - Frequency of Tuberculosis in, C. 15 - - Faulty position of Child at Birth, in relation to - Stillbirth, C. 48 (5 & 6) - - Feeble-minded - Children, Birth-curve of, compared with general Birth-curve, C. 97 - Parents, Offspring of, D. 8 - Mated with Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 2, 4, 5, 7 (_a_ & _b_) - Woman, and Alcoholic Man, Offspring of, D. 10. - - Feeble-mindedness, Incest, and Offspring, D. 3 - Origin of, Acute Intoxication in relation to, C. 97 - - Female Labour and Infant Mortality, C. 99-101 - as affecting Reproduction, C. 99, 100 - - Fertile and Childless Couples, Physical Condition of, contrasted, C. 45 - - Fertility, Age of Parents at Death in relation to, C. 7 - and Health in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117 - in relation to High Mental Endowment - in France, C. 124 - in Holland, C. 123 - Legitimate, in Berlin, Decrease of: Two-children System, C. 127-9 - of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch - Conditions, C. 122 - of Married Women, England and Wales, H. 9 - Want of, in French and German towns, C. 125-9 - and Wealth, C. 118 - in Denmark, C. 121, 122 - in Munich, C. 120 - - Field-workers in America, Charts collected by, P. - - Fire Salamander, Colour-changes in Skin of, when placed on Yellow or on - Black Earth, C. 1-2 - - First-born _see also_ Numeral position alleged Inferiority in, C. 64. - and Later-Born, Infantile Mortality among, C. 56 - Myopia in high degree and frequency of, C. 54 - - Fitness for Military Service in relation to Birth-place, locality and - size of, and to Parental occupation, C. 26-30 - - Foetus, effect on, of Lead poisoning, C. 98 - - France, Birth- and Death-rates for, since 1781., H. 8 - Departments of, Fertility in relation to Wealth in, C. 118 - Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 124 - Total Population and Birth- and Death-rates for, Variation in, H. 7 - Towns of, Want of Fertility in, C. 125 - - - G - - Galton, Darwin, and Wedgwood Families, Inheritance of Ability as - exemplified by, O. 5 - - Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, Portraits - of (Silhouette), A. 4 - - Galton, Sir Francis, Portrait of, by Charles Furze, A. 1 - - Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, Theory of - Illustrations of in - Blue Andalusian Fowls, O. 1 (_f_) - Mice, O. 1 (_d_) - - General Paralysis of the Insane, Frequency of, in Prussian Lunatic - Asylums, C. 88 - - Generations of Mannheim Families - Age-intervals separating, C. 39 - Average number of Children in each, C. 38 - Number attained by, C. 38 - - Germ-cells, effect on, of Lead-poisoning, C. 98 - - Germ Production, Abnormal, Disturbance of Normal Sex proportion as - symptom of, C. 44 - - Germany, _see_ Berlin, Munich, & United Kingdom - Recruits in, cause of Unfitness in those qualified for one year and in - general, C. 33, 34 - - GRUEBER, PROF. von, C. 1-123 - - - H - - Hæmophylic family, Pedigree of, C. 12 - - Hair Peculiarities, Heredity of - Curled hair, C. 5 - Lock of White hair, C. 6 - - Health and Fertility in relation to Crossing of Races, C. 117 - of Married persons, importance to, of Marriage, C. 102 - of Offspring in relation to - Birth-interval, C. 58 - Blood-relationship of Parents, C. 108 - - Heart and Vessels, effect on, of Syphilis, C. 85 - - Hereditary Cataract, L. 4 - Changes in _Alytes obstetricans_, C. 3-4 - Congenital Nystagmus, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - Constitution as evidenced by power to Breast-feed, in relation to - Infant Mortality, C. 79-82 - Night-blindness with Myopia, L. 2 - - Heredity, _see also_ Descent, Inheritance & Mendelism - among Moral Imbeciles, C. 17 - of Hair peculiarities - Curling, C. 5 - White lock, C. 6 - of Particular Taints, Distribution of amongst nearest - Relatives, C. 16-19 - Principles of, Charts of, P. - - Higher grades of Society - Dying out of, C. 34 - Large Scale of, C. 36 - Urban, C. 37 - Quick process, Catastrophic changes inaugurating, C. 38-43 - - Holland, _see also_ Dutch, & Netherlands - Fertility in, in relation to High Mental Endowment, C. 123 - - HOPE, E. W., PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL, F. 1-3 (_f_) - - Human Races, _see also_ Races - Crossing of, Inbreeding and, C. 106-7 - Interbreeding of Different, results of, K. 3 - - Hybrids resulting from Cross-fertilization, C. 111 - - Hybridization in Maize, C. 111 - - - I - - Illegitimacy in England and Wales, H. 9 - - Illegitimate Children, Mortality of, C. 104, 105 - - Imbeciles, Moral, Heredity among, C. 20 - - Inbreeding and Crossing of Races, C. 106 - among Pathological, harm of, C. 109 - in Reigning families, C. 112-14 - - Incest, and Feeble-mindedness, D. 3 - - Infantile Mortality in relation to - Age of Parents, C. 51 - Birth Interval (_see also_ that head), C. 57, 58, 66 - Long or Short, C. 65 - Breast-feeding, _see under_ Breast-feeding - Birth- and Death-rates, relation between, H. 1 - Female Labour, C. 99-101 - Hereditary Constitution, C. 79-82 - Marriage of Parents, C. 104, 105 - Numerical position in family, C. 50, 60 - in Princely families, C. 53 - in England and Wales, H. 9 - in the Netherlands, H. 10 - in New Zealand, H. 26 - in Protestant Countries, H. 11-13 - in Roman Catholic Countries, H. 14-16 - Tuberculosis, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_) - - Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and - Wedgwood Families, O. 5 - in Polygamous Utah family, of Physical and Mental Qualities and - Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1 - Segregative of Racial Form of Nose, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_) - - Insanitary Property in Liverpool, Model of, F. 1 - Photographs of, and of New Dwellings erected on demolition - of, F. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - - Insanity (_see also_ Lunatics), Consumption, and Infant - Mortality, E. 5 (_b_) - - Interbreeding of Different Human Races, results of, K. 3 - - Inter-marriage, _see also_ Marriage between Pauper and Defective - families, Tendency to, E. 2 - - Intoxication, Alcoholic, Acute, in relation to Origin of - Feeble-mindedness, C. 97 - - - L - - Land, re-settlement of Families dealt with, N. Germany, C. 23-5 - - Lead-poisoning as affecting Germ-cells and Foetus, C. 98 - - Legitimate and Illegitimate Children, Berlin, 1885, Survival of, C. 105 - - Letters (autograph) of Charles Darwin (Two) on "Worms and their - Habits," B. 9 - - LIDBETTER, E. J., E. 1-6 (_d_) Life, Male, Duration of, Urban and Rural, - in Prussia, C. 22 - - LIVERPOOL, CITY OF, PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF, F. 1-3 (_f_) - - London (_see also_ All London), Birth- and Death-rates, relation - between, H. 3 - - Low-type Stock, perpetuation of, Pauperism due to, E. 1-6 (_d_) - with but little Physical Defect, E. 3 - - Lunatic Asylums, Prussian, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy - and General Paralysis, C. 88 - - - M - - Maize, Cross fertilized, Hybridized, Self-fertilized, C. 111 - - Male and Female Mortality, Urban and Rural, compared, C. 83-5 - Life, Duration of, Urban and Rural, Prussia, C. 22 - - Malthusian theory of Population, H. 1-30 - - Mankind, Eye-colour in, Mendelian descent of, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 - - Mannheim families, Gradual extinction of, 19th century, C. 37 - - Marriage rate, England & Wales, H. 9 - - Marriage(s) in relation to Fertility, Occupation and Wealth, Copenhagen - and Holland, C. 122 - First, Prolificness of, 19th Century, C. 40 - Importance of, to Health of Married persons, C. 102 - and Mortality in Prussia (1894-7), C. 102 - between Peasant and Tramp, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21 - - Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, Pedigree shewing, I. 3 - Experiments with Fowls, shewing Recombination of Colours, M. 3 - Heredity in Blue Andalusian Fowls, - Gametic Purity in, Illustration of Theory of, O. 1 (_f_) - Without Dominance, O. 1 (_e_) - in Mice, illustration of Theory of Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_) - With Dominance, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_f_) - in Peas, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_) - in Rabbits, M. 1, 2 - - Mendelism, O. 1 - - Mental Defect, _see also_ Defect, Defective, &c. - Transmission of, through the apparently Normal, E. 6 (_a-d_) - Disease and Destructive Eye-disease in same Stock, E. 1 - Endowment, High, in relation to Fertility in - France, C. 124 - Holland, C. 123 - Taint, distribution of, among nearest Relatives, C. 17 - - Mice, Mendelian Heredity in, Gametic Purity in, O. 1 (_d_) - (Theoretical), with Dominance, O. 1 (_c_) - - Midwife Toad, Hereditary changes in Habits of, C. 3-4 - - Migrainous Parents, Offspring of, D. 14 - - Military Fitness and Unfitness, Germany, in relation to School - life, C. 31, 32, 33 - Recruits, Frequency among, of Venereal Diseases, C. 87 - - Miscarriages in relation to Conception losses, C. 52 (2) - - Moral Imbeciles, Heredity among, C. 20 - - Mortality, _see also_ Infant, Male and Female, Phthisis, Syphilitic - of Children, in relation to Age at Death of Parents, C. 7-10 - of Illegitimate Children, C. 104, 105 - in relation to Marriage, C. 102 - - MUDGE, G. P., K. 1-5 - - Munich, Fertility in, in relation to Wealth, C. 120 - - Munich Regiments, percentage in, of Fitness, C. 34 - - Muscular Atrophy, Progressive, C. 13 - - Myopia, with Hereditary Night-blindness, L. 2 - High degree of, and frequency of, among First-born, C. 54 - - - N - - Neomalthusianism, C. 118-29 - - Netherlands, _see also_ Holland - Birth- and Death-rates and Infant Mortality for, H. 10 - - New Jersey State Village for Epileptics, at Skillman, Charts of, D. 1-15 - - New Zealand, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality, H. 26 - - Night-blindness, Hereditary with Myopia L. 2 - Inherited Stationary, Pedigree of sufferers from, of Nongaret - family, C. 14 - - Nongaret family, sufferers from Inherited Stationary Night-blindness, - Pedigree of, C. 14 - - Normal Classes, Comparison with, of Booth's Classification of "All - London," O. 3 - Woman, with two Tuberculous husbands, E. 5 (_d_) - - Nose, Racial form of, and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_) - - Number of Children and - Capacity for Breast-feeding, C. 61 - Child Mortality, C. 60 - - Numerical position in family, _see also_ First-born - and Duration of Breast-feeding in relation to Infant Mortality, C. 20 - in relation to Infantile Mortality, C. 50, 55 - in Princely families, C. 53 - - Nystagmus, Hereditary congenital, L. 3 (_a_ & _b_) - - - O - - Occupation in relation to Fertility, Denmark and Holland, C. 122 - - Offspring, Human, effects on of Alcohol, Blood relationship of Parents, - Epileptic and Feeble-minded Parentage, &c., _see_ those heads - - - P - - Parental Age at Death, and Child Mortality, C. 7-10 - - Occupation in relation to Military Fitness, Germany, C. 26-30 - - Parents, Blood-relationship of, and Health of Offspring, C. 108 - Epileptic, Offspring of, D. 1 - - Paris, Birth- and Death-rates of, relation between, H. 4 - Number of Children in, in relation to Wealth, C. 119 - - Paternal Alcoholism, as affecting Suckling powers of Daughters, C. 93 - with Inter-connection of Tuberculosis, Neuroses and Psychoses of - Offspring, C. 94 - Lead-poisoning, effect of, on Reproduction of Healthy Offspring, C. 98 - - Pathological Interbreeding, harm of C. 109 - - Pauper and Defective families, Tendency to Inter-marriage between, E. 2 - - Pauperism due to Transmission of Defect, and perpetuation of Low-type - Stocks, E. 1-6 (_d_) - Tuberculosis, and Infant Mortality, relation between, E. 5 (_a-e_) - - Peas, _see also_ Sweet Peas - Mendelian Inheritance in, Theoretical examples of, O. 1 (_a_ & _b_) - - PEARL, DR. RAYMOND, G. - - Peasant and Tramp Intermarriages, Pedigree shewing results, C. 21 - - Pedigree Records, System of Making, G. 1 - - Pedigrees of - Archduchess Maria ... of Tuscany, shewing Inbreeding, C. 112 - "Belvidere," C. 100 - Collected by Field-workers in America, P. - Descent of Administrative Ability, I. 1, _see also_ Darwin, Galton, and - Wedgwood families - of Scientific Ability (Wollaston Pedigree), I. 2 - Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in Mankind, I. 3 - Family with peculiarly Curled Hair, C. 5 - Hæmophylic family, C. 12 - Illustrating Royal tendency to Inter-marry, C. 112-14 - Reigning Houses, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116 - Zero von Jorger family, C. 21 - - Physical condition of Childless and Fertile Couples contrasted, C. 45 - - Photographs of Charles Darwin, B. 3, 5, - of Small Study in which "Origin of Species" was written, B. 6 - - Physical Development in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 7 - Qualities, Heredity of, Tables shewing, C. 7 - - Phthisis Mortality, Decline in, for - England & Wales, F. 2 (_a_) - England & Ireland, F. 2 (_b_) - Liverpool, F. 2 (_d_) - Scotland, F. 2 (_c_) - - Polygamous Utah Family, Inheritance in, of Physical and Mental Qualities - and Defects, and of Literary Ability, N. 1 - - Population - Births, _per_ Couple, essential to prevent Decay of - Nation, C. 123 _et proevi_ - Descent of Qualities in (after Galton), O. 4 - Malthusian theory of, H. 1-30 - Neomalthusian theory of, C. 118-29 - - Portraits of - Darwin, Charles - (Engraving by L. Flameng, after Hon. John Collier's painting), B. 4 - by Maull & Polyblank (Photograph), B. 3 - on his horse Tommy (Photograph), B. 5 - Painting by W. W. Ouless, B. 1 - Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son, Erasmus (Silhouette), A. 2 - Darwin, Mrs. (Silhouette), A. 3 - Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters - (Silhouette), A. 4 - Galton, Sir Francis, by Charles Furze, A. 1 - - Poultry, _see_ Blue Andalusian Fowls - - Pregnancy, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101 - - Premature Births and Abortion in various Callings, C. 101 - in relation to Conception losses, C. 52(2) - - Princely families, Infantile Mortality in, in relation to Numerical - position, C. 53 - - Principles of Heredity Charts of, P. - - Progeny of the Highly Gifted in France, C. 124 - - Progressive Muscular Atrophy, Inheritance of, C. 13 - - Prolificness of First Marriages, 19th century, C. 40 - - Protestant Countries, Birth- and Death-rates and Infant - Mortality in, H. 11-13 - - Prussia, Fertility (restricted) in, C. 126 - - Prussia - Lunatic Asylums of, Frequency in, of Delirium tremens, Epilepsy, and - General Paralysis, C. 88 - Male Life-duration in, Urban and Rural, C. 22 - - Ptolemäus X., pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113 - - PUNNETT, PROF. R. C., M. 1-7 (_b_) - - - Q - - Qualities, Descent of, in a Population (after Galton), O. 4 - - - R - - Rabbits, Mendelian Inheritance in, M. 1, 2 - - Rachitic disturbances of Development, Frequency of, in relation to - Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 78 - - Race--Hygiene, C. 46-7 - - Racial Crossing, C. 106-7 - Fertility and Health in relation to, C. 117 - Eye-colour Segregation of, K. - Form of Nose and its Segregative Inheritance, K. 1-2 (_a_ & _b_) - Inbreeding, C. 106-7 - - Recombination of Colours in Fowls, Mendelian experiments shewing, M. 3 - - Recruits, qualified for one year's service, and Recruits in general, - Germany, causes of Unfitness in, compared, C. 33, 34 - - Reigning families, Inbreeding among, C. 112 - Houses, Pedigrees of, shewing Ancestral Loss, C. 116 - - Relations, Nearest, Distribution among, of Particular Taints, C. 16-19 - - Reproduction, effect on, of Female Labour, C. 99-101 - of Paternal Lead Poisoning, C. 98 - - Reproduction-methods of _Alytes obstetricans_, Hereditary changes - in, C. 3-4 - - Reproductive Functions, Injury to, from Alcohol, C. 89-90 - - Restriction of Birth, C. 125-8 - - Reversion in Sweet Peas - on Crossing, followed by appearance in next generation of Numerous - Types, M. 4 - in Structural characters, M. 5 - - Roman Catholic Countries, Birth- and Death-rate and Infant Mortality - in, H. 14-16 - - Rural and Urban Duration of Male Life, Prussia, C. 22 - - - S - - Self-fertilization in Maize, C. 111 - - School Reports, average, in relation to Duration of Breast-feeding, C. 77 - - Schools, German, in relation to Military Fitness, C. 31 - - Scientific Ability, Descent of, Pedigree shewing I. 2, _and see_ Darwin, - Galton, Wedgwood families. - - Sexes, Normal proportion of, Disturbance in, as symptom of Abnormal - germ production, C. 44 - - Segregation Inheritance of Racial form of Nose, K., 1-2 (a & b) - - Segregation of Racial Eye-colour, K. (3-5) - - Silhouettes of - Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, and his son Erasmus, A. 2 - Darwin, Mrs., A. 3 - Galton, Samuel Tertius, his son Erasmus, and three daughters, A. 4. - - Skin-Colour, changes in, in Fire Salamander according to whether kept on - Yellow or Black Earth, C. 1-2 - - Soter II., Pedigree of, shewing Inbreeding, C. 113 - - Spaniard _v._ Gipsy Inheritance, Segregation of Eye-colour, K. 3 - - Stillbirths, in relation to Conception losses, C. 52-3 - Decrease of Total of, C. 48(4) - - Structural Characters, Reversion in, in Sweet Peas, M. 5 - - Students, German, causes of Military Unfitness in, C. 32, 33 - - Suicides in Civilised Countries, Increasing numbers of, C. 35-6 - - Suckling, _see_ Breast-feeding - - Sucklings, _see_ Infant Mortality - - Surgery in Childbirth, increase in, Racial significance of, C. 48 (1-6) - - Standard Scheme of Descent (after Galton), O. 2 - - Sweet Peas - Association in, of Characters in Heredity, M. 6 & 7 (_a_ & _b_) - Reversion in, on Crossing, followed by appearance of Numerous Types in - next generation, M. 4 - in Structural Characters, M. 5 - - Syphilitic and Sexually-immoral Couple, Offspring of, D. 15 - - Syphilis - Heart and Vessels as harmed by, C. 85 - Mortality from, at 36 to 50 years, C. 85 - Frequency of, relative, Urban and Rural, C. 86-8 - - - T - - Taints, particular, distribution of among nearest Relations, C. 16-9 - - Teeth, Carious, average of, Breast-feeding in relation to, C. 74, 75 - - Toronto, City of, Birth- and Death-rates of, H. 27 - - Towns, _see also_ Urban - French and German, Restriction of Births in, C. 125-9 - Life in, Special effect of, on Male Mortality, C. 83-5 - - Tramp and Peasant Inter-marriage, Pedigree showing results, C. 21 - - Tuberculosis - Frequency of, within Families, C. 15 - Infant Mortality, and Pauperism, relation between, E. 5 (_a_ & _e_) - Mortality from, of Married and Unmarried persons, C. 102 - - Tuberculous family with apparently Normal Parents from Tuberculous - Stocks, E. 5 (_a_) - Stock, Survival of, by accession of strength from - Normal, E. 5 (_c_ & _d_) - - Twins, Hereditary tendency to beget, C. 11 - - Two-children System in Berlin, C. 127-9 - - - U - - United Kingdom and Germany, Total Population, and Birth- and Death-rates, - Variations in, H. 5-6 - - Urban Tendency to Extinction of Higher-grade families, C. 37 - and Rural Duration of Male life, Prussia, C. 22 - relative Frequency of Syphilis and other Venereal diseases, C. 86-8 - - - V - - Vitality of Child, influence on, of Birth-intervals, C. 65 - - Venereal Disease, Frequency of - among Military Recruits, C. 87 - Urban and Rural, relative, C. 86-8 - - - W - - Wealth, in relation to - Birth-rate, C. 118-22 - Fertility - Denmark, C. 121, 122 - France, C. 118, 119 - - Wedgwood, Galton, and Darwin Families, Inheritance of Ability as - exemplified by, O. 5 - - WEEKS, DAVID FAIRFIELD, Director of the N. Jersey State Village for - Epileptics at Skillman, U.S.A. D. 1-15 - - WHEELER, E. G., A. (1-4) - - WHETHAM, MR. & MRS. W. C. D., I. 1-3 - - Widows and Divorced persons, High Death-rate of, C. 103 - - WIDTSOE, JOHN A., A.M., Ph.D., Chart shewing Inheritance of Physical and - Mental Qualities and Defects, and of Literary Ability, from - Polygamous family in Utah, N. 1 - - Wife, Importance of in raising or lowering Family Status, C. 21 - - William II., German Emperor, Pedigree of, showing "Ancestral - loss," C. 116 - - Wollaston Pedigree, shewing descent of Scientific Ability, I. 2 - - Woman with two husbands, Defective family by the first, E. 4 - - - Z - - Zero von Jorger family, Pedigree of, C. 21 - - - - -First International Eugenics Congress, - -London, July, 1912. - - -LIST OF EXHIBITS. - - -[Sidenote: A.] - -Exhibited by E. G. Wheler, Esq. - -[Sidenote: A 1] - -Portrait of Sir Francis Galton, by Charles Furze, 1903. - -[Sidenote: A 2] - -Silhouettes of Dr. Erasmus Darwin and his son Erasmus. - -[Sidenote: A 3] - -Silhouette of Mrs. Darwin. - -[Sidenote: A 4] - -Silhouettes of Samuel Tertius Galton, his son Erasmus and three -daughters. - -[Sidenote: B.] - -Exhibited by William> E. and Leonard Darwin. - -[Sidenote: B 1] - -Portrait of Charles Darwin, by W. W. Ouless, R A., painted in 1875. - -[Sidenote: B 2] - -Portrait of Erasmus Darwin (after Wright, of Derby), the common -grandfather of Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. - -[Sidenote: B 3] - -Photograph of Charles Darwin, by Maull & Polyblank, taken about the -year 1854. - -[Sidenote: B 4] - -Leopold Flameng's Engraving, after the portrait of Charles Darwin, by -the Hon. John Collier, painted in the year 1881--now in the National -Portrait Gallery. - -[Sidenote: B 5] - -Photograph of Charles Darwin on his horse Tommy. - -[Sidenote: B 6] - -Photograph of the small study at Down in which the "Origin of Species" -was written. - -[Sidenote: B 7] - -Etching by Axel Haig of the large study at Down, which Charles Darwin -occupied from about 1887 onwards. - -[Sidenote: B 8] - -Water-colour Drawing of Down House, by Albert Goodwin, painted in 1882. - -[Sidenote: B 9] - -Two letters of Charles Darwin, on "Worms and their Habits," - -[Sidenote: C.] - -Exhibited by Professor von Gruber. - -[Sidenote: C 1 & 2] - -Experiments by P. Kammerer on +changes produced in the colours in -the skin of the Fire Salamander--Salamandra maculosa--by keeping them -on yellow or black earth respectively+. - -According as to whether the animals are kept on yellow or black earth -the yellow or black colouring of the skin spreads, and this change -of colour appears in the same way in the offspring, though a direct -influence of the colour of the earth on the germ plasm is absolutely -unthinkable. The two pictures in the lower part of Figure C 1 show -the colouring of that generation to which the animal portrayed above -belongs, according as to whether they have been kept permanently on -yellow soil (right) or returned again to black soil (left). Here, -it is true, it is not a question of a new quality or tendency. The -capacity in the parents to deposit black pigment in their skin has -been increased or decreased according to their surroundings. But the -distinctive point remains, that their offspring is subsequently endowed -with the inherited tendency to produce proportionately more or less -pigment. This may, however, be a direct result of the abnormal life -conditions of the parents, in so far as the depositing of more or less -pigment in the skin of the parents is certainly not a purely local -process, but rather is bound up with other metabolic changes which may -extend to or influence the developing gametes. - -[Sidenote: C 3 & 4] - -Very remarkable are the +hereditary changes+ which Kammerer -established in +Alytes obstetricans+--the midwife toad. - -With them copulation normally takes place on dry land. The male -extricates from the female the string of eggs, winds it round his hind -legs and carries it about until the eggs are ready. Then, and not till -then, he enters the water where the larvæ escape. If, however, one -keeps these toads in a high temperature (25-30 C.) they enter the water -to cool themselves and abandon their normal way of manipulating their -brood because the string of spawn swells in water and does not remain -sufficiently sticky to allow the male to fasten it to his thighs. The -animals become gradually accustomed to live in water, and continue to -carry on the business of reproduction there, even when the temperature -is normal. As soon as the new instinct has become sufficiently -established with the parents they beget offspring, which at a normal -temperature go of their own accord into water to deposit their eggs, -and also produce eggs more numerous than, and somewhat different -from, those of the normal toad. Further, the males of this succeeding -generation develop thumbs and forearms of a character which enables -them to perform the difficult task of holding the females during -copulation in the water. - -[Sidenote: C 5 & 6] - -The likeness of offspring to their parents is extremely great and goes -into many details; this we frequently overlook because a divergence -strikes us more than a similarity. A similarity becomes striking when -it is a question of familiar peculiarities. These often relate to -exterior unimportant peculiarities. Our collection contains +a -pedigree+ (taken by Dr. Walter Bell from Bateson's "Mendel's -Principles of Heredity"), Figure C 5, +of a family with peculiarly -curled hair+; also in Figure C 6, a +case of heredity of a lock -of white hair+, likewise taken from Bateson's work by Rizzoli. - -[Sidenote: C 7] - -The heredity of physical qualities is strikingly illustrated in -Weinberg's Table C 7, showing the age +at death of the parents -and the marital gross and nett fertility+. It is founded on the -Stuttgart family registers, and comprises about 1,900 non-tubercular -and about 3,000 tubercular families ("Archiv für Rassen and -Gesellschafts Biologie" and Württemberger Jahrbücher für Statistik und -Landeskunde, 1911). W. Weinberg adds: - -[Illustration: - -Relation of Age at Death of Parents to Gross and Nett Fertility. (After -Weinberg.) - - Age of parents. Men: Women: - - Years under 30 A 0.58 C 1.00 A 0.93 C 1.79 - B 0.62 D 1.34 B 0.82 D 1.72 - - 30-40 A 1.38 C 2.81 A 1.65 C 3.40 - B 1.41 D 2.70 B 1.81 D 3.53 - - 40-50 A 2.31 C 3.94 A 1.88 C 3.34 - B 1.90 D 3.69 B 2.25 D 4.52 - - 50-60 A 2.39 C 4.05 A 2.31 C 3.69 - B 2.21 D 4.04 B 1.92 D 3.42 - - 60-70 A 3.05 C 4.76 A 2.62 C 4.37 - B 2.88 D 4.65 B 2.79 D 4.28 - - 70-100 A 3.38 C 5.50 A 2.76 C 4.34 - B 3.22 D 5.53 B 2.80 D 4.33 - - A - Non-tuberculous families, number of children surviving 20th year. - B - Tuberculous " " " " " - C - Non-tuberculous families, number of children dying before attaining - 20th year. - D - Tuberculous " " " " " - -Number of non-tuberculous families about 1,900 (1876-79-86), of -tuberculous about 3,000 (1873-89); from Stuttgart family registers. - -Figure C 7.] - -"The gross as well as the nett fertility of those which have died -increases with the age attained, the latter, however, in a greater -degree, because the mortality of children decreases with the greater -age attained at death. With the wife the curve is less steep and less -regular, because in her case mortality is unfavourably influenced by -the birth functions; this is particularly plainly seen in the case of -tuberculous women, when the curve has two peaks." - -[Sidenote: C 8] - -The same fact of heredity of "constitution" is demonstrated in -Weinberg's Table C 8 showing the +age at death of the parents and -the mortality of the children up to the age of 20.+ It is based on -the same material as Table 7 and proves: "With the increasing age of -the parents child mortality decreases, especially so in the case of the -children of the tuberculous, and the number of children reaching the -age of sexual maturity increases correspondingly." - -[Illustration: - -Age at Death of Parents and Mortality of the Children up to the Age of -20 (including Still-born). - -Deaths per 100 living-born children: - - Non-tuberculous. Tuberculous. - - Age at death of father of mother of father of mother - - Under 30 42.1 45.1 52.9 54.8 - 30- 40 51.2 51.6 48.6 40.6 - 40- 50 38.3 43.8 48.3 50.2 - 50- 60 41.5 35.6 45.5 43.7 - 60- 70 38.1 40.1 38.1 36.4 - 70-100 38.5 36.2 42.4 39.8 - -Figure C 8.] - -[Sidenote: C 9 & 10] - -The same is proved by the two Tables C 9 and 10 by Ploëtz referring -to +age at death of fathers and mothers and child mortality up to -the age of five years+. Very striking in both these tables is -the extremely low mortality of the offspring of the parents with the -greatest longevity. - -[Sidenote: C 11] - -Table C 11 by Weinberg: +Hereditary of the disposition to beget -twins+ (Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts Biologie VI. 1909) is -remarkable. "The difference in favour of sisters speaks for Mendel's -law of dominance and recessivity. The more twins a woman has borne, -the more frequently the same phenomena is found in her nearest -female relations." That the mortality among twins is very great is a -well-known fact. - -[Illustration: - -Inheritance of Tendency to Bear Twins. - -About 2,000 families from Würtemberg family registers (after Weinberg). - -In every 100,000 Births Twin Births occur in the following numbers: - -Total population 1087 - -Among daughters 1394 - of mothers - " maidens 1523 - of twins - " sisters 2135 - -Figure C 11.] - -[Illustration: - -In every 1,000 Births there are the following numbers of Twin Births -among the immediate relatives: - - Of all mothers 11 - Of women who have had 1 multiple birth 17 - " " 2 " " 20 - " " 3 or more " 56 - - -Mortality of Twins. - - Percentage of deaths before the age of 20: - Single-born Children 39 - Twins 61 - -Figure C 11 (_continued_).] - -[Sidenote: C 12] - -Figure C 12 the celebrated pedigree of the Hæmophilic +family+ -(bleeders) +Mampel+ (by Rüdin after Lossen). - -[Sidenote: C 13] - -Figure C 13 showing the inheritance of progressive muscular -+atrophy+ (after Eichhorst). - -[Sidenote: C 14] - -Figure C 14 a partial reproduction of a +pedigree+ comprising -over 2,000 people of the family Nongaret suffering from inherited -stationary night +blindness+ (compiled by Cunier, Truc and -Nettleship). With regard to these figures it is to be noted that only a -fraction of the offspring is affected with the illness, the remainder -being perfectly normal. It is remarkable with the bleeders (Hæmophilic -persons) that the females do not suffer from the disease though they -transfer it to their male offspring; a similar latent disposition is -observable in other hereditary conditions, especially colour-blindness. - -[Sidenote: C 15] - -W. Weinberg shows in Table C 15 the +frequency of tuberculosis -within families+. He adds: "This is a comparison of the experiences -of married tubercular individuals, regarding the frequency of -tuberculosis among their parents, brothers and sisters, with the -corresponding experiences of their husbands or wives who come on an -average from similar surroundings. The experiences of the latter -represent the normal expectation. It is especially striking that the -family influence tells most with the children of the well-to-do." The -well-known fact that the tuberculous frequently come from tuberculous -stock is clearly demonstrated in the figures of this table. - -[Sidenote: C 16] - -[Sidenote: C 17] - -In Table C 16 Dr. Otto Diem shows the +distribution of particular -taints+ in every hundred of the tainted members +among the -nearest relations+ (parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers -and sisters) of the entire material he deals with. It is shown for -instance that with the mentally sound, 15% of the tainted relatives -were mentally diseased against 45.9% with the mentally diseased. Figure -C 17 shows the share of this percentage among the parents only. It is -demonstrated that with the mentally diseased a much larger percentage -of the total hereditary taint is traceable to parental madness, -alcoholism, abnormality of character, than with the mentally sound. - -[Sidenote: C 18] - -Figure C 18 corresponds, with figure C 17, except that not only the -parents are reckoned but the nearest defective relative in any degree. - -[Sidenote: C 19] - -Figure C 19 teaches that the reckoning of all the taints in the -ancestry taken together with the collaterals fails to give as clear and -convincing a picture of the dissimilarity in the heredity of mentally -sound and diseased, as the reckoning of the taints among the parents -alone. The establishment of the hereditary taint in the direct ancestry -appears therefore by far the more important. - -[Sidenote: C 20] - -In Figure 144 (Journal f. Psychologie und Neurologie. XIII. Bd.) Drf. -Hans W. Mayer gives a number of examples of +heredity among moral -imbeciles+, and he draws the following conclusions: "Consequently -moral defect in frequent combination with alcoholism is hereditary -in the highest degree. Remedy: Incarceration of these dangerous -individuals, not according to the accidental form of the crime -committed, but as diseased and forming a public danger. If there is a -risk of escape or if liberty is conceded--undoubtedly sterilization -to prevent perpetuation of the defect." This latter course is already -followed in North America, and a start has been made with it in -Switzerland, at least in cases where the consent of the patients is -obtained. - -[Sidenote: C 21] - -The pedigree of the +family of Zero von Jorger+, figure C 21 -(Archiv für Rassen & Gesellschafts biologie I.), shows in a convincing -manner how very important for the protection of society is the -prevention of the reproduction of the degenerate. In the course of time -this family has burdened the sound and fit with taxation amounting to -hundreds of thousands of pounds. The author remarks: "The family Zero -springs from good peasant stock intermarrying with homeless female -tramps. Its history shows how alcohol (especially spirits) and bad -environment (in this case always combined) may create a scourge to -society which continues from generation to generation. The family -has produced many criminals, lunatics and feeble-minded persons. The -offspring of these are destined to die out. Their great fertility at -times is counteracted by great infant mortality." - -"In places regeneration is evident which invariably is inaugurated by -marriage with a good woman and the consequent abandonment of the abuse -of alcohol. As with the degeneration so with the regeneration the wife -takes the leading part." - -The question whether modern civilized races are degenerate in body and -mind is much disputed. In some respects for instance in the increase -of myopia and caries of the teeth it is generally admitted, but in -others it is doubtful, though it may be considered an established fact -that the general average of health among all civilized nations is -unsatisfactory. We do not know for certain whether the general level of -all or certain qualities is being lowered or not, and still less can we -say what part is played by heredity. - -The demand for the systematic collection of data on these points is the -first which Race Hygiene has to make from Governments. - -The examinations as to fitness for military service in Germany might -offer an excellent index of the physique of the people, but for this -purpose the physical condition of the conscripts would have to be -recorded in a much more thorough manner than at present (S. Gruber -Concordia, 1916). There appears, however, to be no doubt that in -general the country and agricultural pursuits produce young men of -better average health than do towns and other occupations. This agrees -with the fact that the life of the inhabitants in rural districts and -of those engaged in agriculture is longer than that of town dwellers. - -[Sidenote: C 22] - -Table C 22 +compares+ the+ duration of life+ of men -living +in towns with+ those living in +rural districts -in Prussia+. Beyond all doubt the peasant population is still -constitutionally the most valuable part of the people, and the -colonisation at home, such as the Prussian Government is pursuing to -an increasing degree, may become of the very highest value for the -improvement of the race. - -[Sidenote: C 23, 24 & 25] - -Dr. Walter Abelsdorff gives the following explanations to Table C -23, and figures C 24 and C 25. "They endeavour to show the number of -+families brought 'back to the land' in North Germany+ in the -years 1900-1910." - -"The Royal Commission for settlement in West Prussia and Posen has -achieved notable results since the beginning of its activity in 1886. -This body has brought about from 1886 to 1910 the settlement in the -country of 18,507 families, 18,127 in leaseholds and 305 in labourers' -dwellings. For 1900 to 1910 the total number of families settled amount -to 14,511." - -"The Royal General Commission began its activity later, but since -1906 has been energetically pursuing the settlement of agricultural -labourers. At Münster, in the years 1908 to 1910, 247 leasehold small -holdings for artisans have been created." - -"The results of the Royal District Administrations are as yet less -considerable, those of private societies with State subvention, though -irregular, are worthy of note." - -"The total work of settlement is almost exclusively effected by the -Commission for settlements and the General Commission." - -"Counting five members to each family, 130,000 people have been brought -into economically improved conditions. In how far this may benefit -the second generation--the children of the settlers--cannot as yet be -determined." - -"These efforts, however, may be looked upon as a regenerative component -among the measures for the improvement of the people." - -[Sidenote: C 26 & 27] - -Figure C 26 deals with the +fitness for military service in Germany -in relation to the locality of birth+ and the +occupation+ -of the individual or the parents. Table C 27 with +fitness for -military service in town and country+ (both after Wellmann). - -[Illustration: - -Fitness for Military Service according to Place of Birth and Calling. - -German Empire, 1902-08. - -Percentage of Recruits examined and found fit: - - Country born. City born. - Employed in Employed in - Agriculture. Otherwise. Agriculture. Otherwise. - - % 60.5 50.5 58.7 59.7 58.3 57.2 59.3 57.9 56.5 53.8 51.3 49.7 - - Years 1902 1904 1907 1902 1904 1907 1902 1904 1907 1902 1904 1907 - -03 -06 -08 -03 -06 -08 -03 -06 -08 -03 -06 -08 - -Figure C 26.] - -[Illustration: - -Fitness for Military Service in Town and Country. (After Wellmann.) - - Locality of Birth. - Trade. Percentage Of those examined. Of both parents. - of fit. - Large city. Village. Large city. Village. - % % % % - - Brewer ... 63.4 3.0 55.3 3.0 55.3 - - Cab Driver 63.3 3.2 69.0 1.6 69.8 - - Smith 61.2 1.9 71.0 1.2 75.7 - - Skilled Mechanic 29.7 44.4 10.9 30.9 30.0 - - Implement maker or - Tool maker ... 28.5 36.3 15.9 24.8 28.3 - -Figure C 27.] - -[Sidenote: C 28] - -+Enlistments into the Army+ in Germany in 1907 and 1908, +according -to size+ (number of inhabitants) +of native place+, are shown by Dr. -Walter Abelsdorff in Figure C 28. - -[Sidenote: C 29] - -Figure C 29 shows +the percentage of those found fit in the final -examination in Bavaria+ and +occupation of the parents+. - -[Sidenote: C 30] - -Table C 30 shows the total of all the +non-commissioned officers and -privates in the German Army+ on December 1st, 1906, +classed -according as they came from town or country+ and +according to -the occupation or the parents+. - -Attention is invited to the fact that according to Figure C 26 the -percentage of those found fit for military service in Germany has -diminished in recent years, but it is doubtful whether this is caused -by a general lowering of physique. It may be due to the application -of a higher standard in consequence of increased supply. The distinct -increase in height, in Germany as well as in many other European -countries, of those obliged to offer themselves for military service -speaks against deterioration in the average of physique. Against the -suggestion that with the increase in height may be coupled a greater -disposition to tuberculosis must be set the fact that amongst the tall -is found a percentage of fit higher than the average. - -Abelsdorff remarks of Table C 27: "The results of recruiting for the -years 1907 and 1908 have been grouped according to the size of the -place of birth of the recruits. - -The average for the whole empire in 1907 is 54.9, in 1908 54.5, fit in -every 100 finally examined. The percentage of fitness has diminished -0.4% from 1907 to 1908. The numbers for 1904, 1905 and 1906 are -respectively 56.4, 56.3, and 55.9%. - -Towns with over 1,000,000 inhabitants show the smallest number of fit: -1907, 31.4%; 1908, 28.2%. The decline is 3.2%. Compared with the figure -for the whole empire it shows 23.5% less fitness in 1907 and 26.3% in -1908. - -For towns of 500,000 to 1,000,000 inhabitants the figures are slightly -better; they reach 39.9% in 1907 and 44.0% in 1908; an improvement of -4.9% on the figures of the largest towns. The other three classes, -viz., towns with 200,000 to 500,000; 100,000 to 200,000 and 50,000 -to 100,000 inhabitants, show comparatively little variation in their -figures for fitness for military service. They are 50.1% and 48.9%; -47.9 and 48.2%; 51.8 and 51.5%. The differences between the two years -are not material. With the towns of from 200,000 to 500,000 and from -50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants there has been a decrease against an -increase in those of from 100,000 to 200,000 inhabitants. But the -figures for all three classes remain behind the average figure for the -empire and so do those of all towns, they show 50.4 and 50.1%. - -The most favourable results are yielded by the country districts. Here -there were fit in 1907 58%, in 1908 57.7%. A trifling decrease is shown -even here. The figures, however, are higher by 3.1% in 1907 and 3.2% -in 1908 than the average for the empire. The conclusion is that the -fitness is highest in the smallest, and lowest in the largest places. - -Taking the average for the Empire as 100, those found fit from country -districts number 106, from towns 92, from towns of over 50,000 -inhabitants 83, and from towns of over 100,000 only 80." - -The tables showing the recruiting results amongst those qualified for -the one year voluntary service are particularly interesting. - -[Sidenote: C 31] - -In Table C 31 Schwiening (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Militär -Sanitatswesen. 40. Berlin, Hirschwald, 1909) gives the figures -of those finally passed as +fit for military service in the -Mittelschulen+ (secondary schools), +which are classified -according to their nature+. The figures are too optimistic because -no account has been taken of those who were found temporarily unfit. -The Classical Schools (Gymnasium) give the least satisfactory results. - -[Illustration: - -Fitness for Military Service and Secondary Schools. - -Of every 100 of the pupils of the following Schools - - Class of School: there were found fit for Military Service: - - Classical High Schools (Gymnasium) 62,2 - Old Scientific & Classical High Schools (Realgymnasium) 64,0 - Lower Grade of Classical High Schools (Progymnasium) 64,5 - Polytechnics 64,8 - Lower Grade of Scientific Schools 66,0 - " " " " and Classical High Schools 66,9 - Modern Scientific High Schools 66,9 - Commercial Schools 69,4 - Training Colleges 73,1 - Private Schools 74,9 - Agricultural Schools 83,4 - Average 64,7 - -Figure C 31.] - -[Sidenote: C 32] - -Table C 32 gives the +principal reasons for which students have been -rejected as unfit for military service+. - -[Illustration: - -Causes of Unfitness for Military Service in the German Empire, 1904-6. -Of every 100 permanently unfit. - - There were rejected on account of: [A] [B] - ================================== ====== ====== - General debility--weak chest. 36.4 35.4 - Diseases of the heart and large - blood-vessels. 14.7 5.8 - Defects of eyes (error of - refraction). 10.9 4.4 - Pulmonary defects. 4.5 1.9 - Diseases of the nervous system - (excl. epilepsy). 1.00 0.33 - Obesity. 2.2 0.29 - Diseases of the limbs and joints. 5.6 6.1 - Rupture. 3.1 4.1 - Flat feet. 2.6 4.9 - Varicose veins. 1.9 3.9 - Deformities. 1.4 3.1 - Insanity and Epilepsy. 0.65 2.1 - - Key to Table - ------------ - [A] Entitled to one year's service. (Einjhrign Freiwilligen.) - [B] Ordinary soldiers subject to full Military Service - -Figure C 32.] - -[Sidenote: C 33] - -Table C 33 is a +comparison of the frequency of the various -causes of unfitness as between those qualified for the one year's -voluntary service and the recruits in general+. This table is very -remarkable, because it shows the preponderance of general weakness, -diseases of the heart and large vessels, and pulmonary defects among -the former. - -[Illustration: - -Military Fitness and Secondary Schools. - -Percentage of unfit to every 100 recruits examined. - - Cause of rejection: [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] - ============================= ============================ - General debility--weak chest. 12.2 14.1 13.6 15.1 9.6 - Diseases of the heart and - large blood-vessels. 5.6 5.0 4.7 4.9 5.1 - Defects of eyes (errors of - refraction). 4.5 3.8 2.7 2.6 2.8 - Disease of the joints or limbs. 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.1 - Pulmonary defects. 1.8 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.4 - - Key to Table - ------------ - [A] Classical High School. - [B] Old Science and Classical High School. - [C] Modern Science High School. - [D] Lower Grade High School. - [E] Training College. - -Figure C 33.] - -[Sidenote: C 34] - -It goes without saying that the schools are only responsible to a -lesser degree for this; we have to deal here with a serious symptom -of a bad constitution amongst the higher social grades which betrays -itself also in the dying out of the socially prominent families. How -badly their progeny comes off, in spite of the great care bestowed -on it, is illustrated in Table C 34. In two Munich Regiments the -percentage of fit among all those entitled to offer themselves for the -one year's service from the most varied parts of Germany was only, -according to Dieudonné, 21.6, 20.1, and 16.4. - -[Sidenote: C 35 & 36] - -Great anxiety is justly caused by the increasing number of those -taken care of in public Lunatic Asylums. It remains doubtful to what -degree this may be due to the greater use made of asylums and the -decrease of the care of the mentally infirm in the family home; the -deterioration of the nervous system nevertheless remains according to -the general impression an incontestable fact. As a symptom of this -may be interpreted the increasing +number of suicides in civilised -countries+, demonstrated in Rüdin's Tables, C 35 and C 36, showing -the number of suicides in every one million of inhabitants. - -More serious still than the frequency of mental and nervous diseases -is another phenomenon which demonstrates how unsatisfactory is the -constitutional condition of large circle of our population of to-day. - -This phenomenon which as yet has received much too little attention is -+the large scale on which families die out+, at first in the -male line. Apparently (sufficient observations for control are not -available) those families which hold an eminent economical or social -position (aristocracy, old county families, etc., etc.) are mainly -concerned. Because exceptional endowment in one or more respects -(intelligence, talent, will power, etc.) is generally required to -secure or to maintain a leading position, and because such endowment -is given to only a small fraction of the population, but is inherited -largely by the progeny, this dying out of the leading families means a -serious loss to the race. - -The deficient fertility of the stock thus endowed results in a lower -average of mental capacity in the population generally, and cannot in -the long run be made up by the constant re-appearance of distinguished -men appearing as variations, the smallest number of whom are -"mutations." - -The tendency among town families to die out appears to be wide-spread. -Professor S. Schott in Tables C 37-C 40 adds materially to our -knowledge on this point, Professor Schott makes the following comment -on his Tables:-- - - "S. Schott. Old Mannheim families, 4 tables." - - "Source: 'Old Mannheim families. A contribution to the family - statistics of the 19th Century by Professor Dr. Sigmund Schott, - Mannheim and Leipzig, 1910. J. Rensheimer.' Statistical demonstration - of the development, decline, and extinction of about 4,000 families - which were in existence at Mannheim at the beginning of the 19th - Century, based on permanently maintained family registers. This - research, pursued on a basis of population statistics, lends itself - only to a limited degree to application for biological purposes." - -[Sidenote: C 37] - -+Gradual extinction of the Mannheim families in the 19th -Century.+ Only extinction by death in Mannheim and in the male -line are taken into account. Families which have disappeared through -emigration have been excluded. Branches of families which have become -extinct at Mannheim may be flourishing elsewhere. Of 3,081 families, -2,538 have become extinct by death at Mannheim itself, 543 survive. The -spiral curve shows the number of survivors in any year as so many per -thousand of the original number. - -[Illustration: - -Old Mannheim Families. - -Gradual extinction of Old Mannheim Families during the 19th century. - -Figure C 37.] - -[Sidenote: C 38] - -+Average number of children in each generation; the families being -grouped according to the number of generations they attained.+ -The families of 1807 (original families) and their descendants were -classed into five groups, according to the number of generations they -attained in Mannheim. For each group is calculated the average number -of children within one generation--for each separate family as well as -for the entire family (_i.e._, the total of all the separate families -which have sprung from the same "original family"). For instance: -"Original families" which have lasted into the third generation, 464; -the separate families show in the first generation, 464 families, -2,377 children; in the second generation, 718 families, with 3,645 -children; in the third generation, 754 families, with 2,454 children. -Accordingly, the total families show average numbers 5.1, 7.9, 5.3; -the separate families, 5.1, 5.1, 3.3. All these averages are minimum -figures, because it was impossible to eliminate the moderate number -of couples who emigrated before the number of their offspring was -completed. - -In the generations up to the third inclusive, reproduction may be -considered as terminated, but in the fourth, and especially the fifth -and sixth, it still is in progress. - -[Sidenote: C 39] - -+Age intervals separating the various generations.+ - -Taking into account all the families investigated, the average length -of time between the birth of the originator of the family and his first -born son was 33-1/4 years, his first born grandchild 63-2/3 years, -and his first born great grandchild 95-1/3 years. The curves become -gradually flatter, because the possible difference between minimum -and maximum age distance from one generation to another increases in -arithmetical progression. - -[Sidenote: C 40] - -+Prolificness of first marriages in the 19th century.+ Taking -the entire period from 1811 to 1890 together the percentage of large -families (six children or more) and of small families (one-two -children) produced by all first marriages, excluding childless ones, -is indicated by the horizontal centreline. The positive or negative -deviations from the average during each decade are entered respectively -above and below this line. The note in Figure C 38 referring to the -families which may have emigrated while still productive applies here -also. The temporary increase in prolific marriages after 1870 may be in -connection with the material decrease in the age of those contracting -marriage for the first time, as compared with the preceding decade. -(Men 28.65 in the earlier period as against 27.41 in the later, and -women 25.92 against 24.68 years.) - -The extinction of the families is undoubtedly due partly to other -causes than the voluntary limitation of families--to a process of -degeneration. A very remarkable proof of the degenerative character of -the dying out of families is given by Pontus Fahlbeck in his book, "The -Aristocracy of Sweden" (Fischer, Jena, 1903). - -[Sidenote: C 41-43] - -The six Figures C 38-43 give what is biologically of greatest interest -in it. Note how the terribly +quick extinction+ of the +families+ of -the nobility is +inaugurated by catastrophic changes+: rapid fall in -the frequency of marriages, in the number of fertile marriages, and -in the number of their progeny. The curves of the surviving families -(red in the original tables) are for comparison. That we have to deal -here with a natural and not a voluntary process is shown by the rapid -increase in the mortality of male youth in the last generations; also -by the extraordinary change in the proportion of the sexes of the -children--which, of course, is beyond any control, marked preponderance -of girls amongst the survivors (possibly also by the frequency of -still-born male children). - -+A disturbance in the normal proportion of the sexes as a symptom -of abnormal germ production+ may also assert itself in the opposite -direction. O. Lorenz has pointed out the frequent occurrence of -an extraordinary increase of male children immediately before the -extinction of a family in the male line. One of the most celebrated of -these cases is the one of the family of the Emperor Max II. He had six -sons and two daughters, who all reached the age of maturity, but not a -single male grandchild in the legitimate male line. - -[Sidenote: C 44] - -Fresh evidence is exhibited by von den Velden in Figure C 44. With the -families described by von Riffel, who have died out in the male line, -there is still a great preponderance of boys in the last generation in -which boys have reached the age of sexual maturity, whereas there is a -preponderance of females amongst the brothers and sisters of the wives -of the last male issue of the family. - -[Illustration: - -Families in Process of Extinction. - -(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden in the Archiv für Rassen- und -Gesellschafts-Biologie, 1909, No. 6.) - - [A] [B] -======================================================= ===== ===== - Decrease of frequency of Marriage. Men: 57 39 - Of 100 adults there marry: Women: 61 49 - - Decrease of duration of life. Men: 38.5 24.0 - Average duration of life in years: Women: 33.5 32.0 - - High mortality of offspring. - Of 100 births there died before the 20th year: - Fathers, the only members of their Sons 45.5 - generation who married. Grandchildren 55.4 - Mothers, with childless brothers. Sons 42.0 - Grandchildren 46.1 - - Reversal of proportion of sexes born. - To every 100 girls there are born boys: - In normal families: 106 - In dying-out families: 90 - - Disturbance to Proportion of Sexes among the - Children. - Normal: 106 - Generation of sonless fathers: 160 - " " " mothers: 93 - - Key to Table - ------------ - [A] Normal families. - [B] Families in process of extinction. - -Figure C 44.] - -[Sidenote: C 45] - -In this connection another figure, C 45, by von den Velden ought to -be mentioned. He shows, from investigations made by von Riffel, that -the +physical condition of childless couples is on the average -inferior to that of fertile parents+. This, however, by no means -holds good in every case. Evidence to the contrary is given by the -pedigree of an aristocratic family which has died out in the male line. -It may be looked upon as typical. One generation (the second), with -three times as many grown up men than women, produces only four boys -(44% of the children), of whom two reach maturity. With the fourth -generation the male issue dies out. Though a large majority of the -members of all three generations (2-4th) have good health and attain -to an exceptionally high age, most of the female lines also die out. -Only in two branches, which spring from the marriage of an aristocratic -daughter with a man from the people, there are children in the fifth -generation of whom at least a part promise a healthy progeny. Fahlbeck, -too, has drawn attention to the fact that the dying out Swedish -aristocracy shows no signs of striking degeneracy in the individual. - -This fact is of the greatest theoretical and practical importance -because it proves that there exists, up to a certain degree, an -independent degeneration of the germ plasm, even as the germ plasm -may remain unaffected by damage to the soma. That such a one-sided -degeneration of the germ plasm with respect to the power of -reproduction may take place among animals has been known for a long -time. - -In particular, Chs. Darwin has collected facts of this kind in his -"Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication." For civilised -peoples it is a matter for reflection that with animals even slight -deviations from their customary "natural" mode of living may lead to -such serious consequences. - - -RACE-HYGIENE. - -[Sidenote: C 46 & 47] - -As the +nature and aims of race-hygiene+ are still unknown in -wide circles it will be useful to show in Tables C 46 and C 47, by -A. Ploëtz, what its position is amongst other sciences and what the -various branches of its activity consist in. - -Many theoretical workers hold that the most important mission or -race-hygiene is to fight against Therapeutics and Hygiene of the -individual, for about these they have the most serious misgivings. -They consider, that by maintaining inferior variations up to the age -of reproduction, the average quality of the race must suffer and -that to certain defects--which otherwise would rapidly disappear--an -opportunity is given to spread through an entire people. This point -of view, short sighted as it may be, must be examined into. It -appears to be forgotten that on the one hand hygiene is powerless in -cases of a high degree of degeneration and that on the other hand -hygiene, by prevention of illness, does away with a number of causes -of inferiority. Finally it appears to be entirely overlooked that -with the best inherent qualities and unfavourable surroundings the -individual development may be poor and stunted. Of what use are the -highest potentialities if they remain latent? The main point is that -so far convincing proofs of the preponderant harmfulness of hygiene are -entirely absent. (S. Gruber, Heredity, Selection and Hygiene. Deutsche -med. Wochenschr, 1909). - -[Sidenote: C 48] - -[Illustration: - -The Increasing Frequency of Obstetrical Operations and their -Significance to the Race. - -(Based on the official statistics of Baden by Dr. Agnes Bluhm.) - -Figure C 48.] - -Dr. Agnes Bluhm contributes to the question of the deterioration -of the race by therapeutic measures in dealing in Figure C 48 with -"+The increasing frequency of surgical operations in connection -with childbirth and its significance for the race.+" She writes -in explanation "The number of doctors having increased relatively -much more than the number of the population, it follows that for a -growing number of women medical assistance at childbirth is available. -To this must be added that progress in surgical technique, above all -the diminished danger of infection, allows of a much more frequent -operative interference with good results for mother and child. -Both these facts find expression in the reduction of the number -of stillbirths. The purpose of these operations being to assist a -diminished birth capacity in women, and this diminished capacity -arising partly from constitutional and consequently hereditary factors, -this question suggests itself: Is the average birth capacity of women -progressively diminished by the fact that an increasing number of -women, more or less unfit for childbirth, are artificially assisted -in bringing forth living children who inherit this weakness from the -mother?" - -"Our table attempts to answer this question on the basis of official -Midwifery Statistics compiled in the Grand Duchy of Baden reaching back -to 1871, that is the beginning of the antiseptic era. - -"To avoid the errors, which small figures might lead to, each -calculation has been based on the average figures of a lengthy period. -The material dealt with comprises over two million births." - -[Sidenote: C 48-1] - -"Figure 1 shows the +increasing frequency of all childbirth -operations taken together+. The period 1871 to 1879 shows an -average of 4.38 operations to every 100 births, the period 1900 to 1907 -up to 8.12 operations to every 100 births." - -[Sidenote: C 48-2] - -"Figure 2 shows the +frequency of each class of operation in every -1,000 births+. Each class of operation shows an increase in number, -but the increase has not been uniform throughout the various classes." - -[Sidenote: C 48-3] - -"Figure 3, A and B, shows the +share of each class of operation in -the total number for the various periods+. A more leading part is -taken by aftermath operations, by artificially induced premature birth, -by perforation of the head and by Caesarean section on the living. -Aftermath operations depend (like the use of the forceps) to such a -degree on the teachings of the various schools for midwifery (and on -the time at the doctor's disposal) that they can hardly serve as a -standard of birth capacity. The Caesarean section, too, can hardly be -taken as a guide, as a much wider view is taken now of the indications -for this operation. But the equally increasing numbers of perforations -of the head and artificially induced premature birth are well worthy -of attention. For these two operations exclude one another. With the -existing tendency to avoid perforation of the head by artificially -inducing premature birth, a rise in the curve of premature births -should correspond with a sinking of the perforation curve. 1871 to -1879 a maximum of the former actually coincides with a minimum of the -latter; but from there on both curves rise, though not in the same -degree. Premature births have become since then (see Fig. 2) more than -eight times as frequent; perforations of the head have trebled; and -dismemberments of the child have doubled. This fact must be considered -as a sign of lessened birth capacity." - -[Sidenote: C 48-4] - -"Figure 4 shows the +decrease of the total number of -stillbirths+." - -[Sidenote: C 48-5] - -"Figure 5 gives the +share which abnormal position of the child has -in this total+, and a comparison of the two shows that whilst the -total has decreased by 1.42% the decrease (1880 to 1889) has been 2.35% -in the case of stillbirth through abnormal position. The conclusion is, -that there is now more opportunity for hereditary transmission of the -tendency to faulty position of the child than three to four decades -ago." - -[Sidenote: C 48-6] - -"But Figure 6 proves that up to now an +increased inheritance of -this tendency has not taken place+. The curves of these positions -not only show irregularities but (with the exception of cross births) a -tendency to sink." - -"Recapitulation. The growing frequency of surgically assisted births -cannot be taken as evidence of a diminished birth capacity, but is -closely connected with the growing number of doctors. Against the -indications of a diminished birth capacity stand at the moment those -which previously could be taken as pointing in the opposite direction. -It would, therefore, appear that medical interference at birth has -brought to the race advantages as to quantity and no drawbacks as -to quality. But it is probable that the picture will change during -the coming decades, because only then will the daughters of mothers -who could not have brought forth living children without surgical -assistance become themselves mothers. The renunciation of motherhood -on the part of the women least suited for this function and the war -against rickets might act as preventatives." - -The great anxiety about the elimination of the severest struggle for -existence is based on the undoubtedly erroneous fundamental conception -that the organism is a sorry product of necessity which can barely -manage to maintain a laborious existence by the constant straining -of all its faculties, and that it requires the continuous use of -the whip of necessity to prevent an organism from giving way to its -inherent tendency to degeneration. In fact, however, no organism is -conceivable which has not the "Tendency" to maintain itself and to -react accordingly. There are many facts which prove that a wealth -of capacities and tendencies is dormant in organisms which for -innumerable generations have not been active, or, perhaps, have, never -functioned in every possible way, and that, therefore, if the occasion -arises replacements or accommodations of an unprecedented character -may occur. In an unprejudiced system of race-hygiene these facts must -not be overlooked. The exhibition in this section gives two specially -striking instances; the one from animal the other from plant life. - -[Sidenote: C 49] - -To begin with Figure C 49 gives a diagrammatic representation of the -+development of the eye of a vertebrate+--after K. Kraepelin -(taken from "Experimentelle Biologie II., T. v. Curt Thesing, -Leipzig, Teubner, 1911")--which shows that the lens is formed out -of an invagination of the cornea and the retina by an extension of -the brain. In the lower part of the plate the various phases of the -+reconstruction of the lens out of the iris+ are shown, after -it had been removed by a cataract operation from the eye of a Triton -larva. (This experiment was carried out by Gustav Wolff.)[A] Thus an -organ which normally is not concerned with the formation of the lens -takes charge of its regeneration. - -[Footnote A: Studies in the Physiology of Development II. Archiv. für -Entwicklungs mechanic der Organismen, XII. Vol., 3 Part, 1901.] - -A large number of tables deal with the influence of the numerical -position in the progeny, with the number of births and the interval -between births, on the health of the children, partly acting alone, -partly in combination with the influence of the manner of nourishment -during infancy. - -[Sidenote: C 50] - -+Numerical position in family and infantile mortality+, after -Geissler. According to these statistics, the fifth child of a mother -has materially less vitality than the first four, the second and third -children have the most; but this does not agree with other statistics. - -[Sidenote: C 51] - -According to Riffel's investigations--+influence of the numerical -position of the child and the age of the parents at the time of -marriage on infant mortality+, after v.d. Velden, a material -difference between the mortality of the three earliest born children -and the three next born is only shown if both parents at the time of -marriage have attained a certain age (man over 28, woman over 25); only -the seventh to ninth show under all circumstances a materially greater -mortality than the earlier children. The children of more aged parents -show a materially greater mortality than those of younger parents. -The number of children in a family up to the eleventh has no material -influence on infant mortality, only in families with twelve children or -more a materially greater number of children perish before the fifth -year. - -[Illustration: - -Relation of Number of Births to Infant Mortality. - -Percentage of Deaths to 100 Births. - - -Died during the first year of life. - -Geissler. - -26,429 births to 5,236 marriages of members of Saxon coalminers' funds. -(Some still-born infants, and children of marriages to which there were -only one or two births, are not included). - -Died before reaching the age of 0.09 of a year, _i.e._, a little more -than a month. - -[Note: under the first graph in figure] The mortality of the 1st, 2nd, -3rd and 4th child is below the average. Greatest vitality shown by 2nd -and 3rd child. - -[Note: under the second graph in figure] The mortality of the 2nd, 3rd, -4th and 5th child is below the average. Greatest vitality shown by 2nd, -3rd, and 4th child. - -Figure C 50.] - -[Illustration: - -Influence of the Number of Births and the Age of the Parents at the -Time of Marriage on Infant Mortality. - -(From Riffel's Tables, after v. d. Velden). - -Key to Table ------------ - - -Percentage of Children Born. 1-3 4-6 7-9 Children -=================================== ==== ==== ==== { Children of all -28.8 30.5 38.5 { parents. { { Husband over 28 or Died before { wife -over 25 years 38.5 41.6 53.4 reaching { old. 6th year. { { Husband over -28 and { wife over 25 years 41.5 51.7 64.7 { old. - - -Influence of the Number of Children Born to a Family on Infant -Mortality. - -3-5 6-8 9-11 12-15 Children ==== ==== ==== ===== Percentage of children -born Died before reaching 5th year 25.5 27.7 22.7 44.3 - -Figure C 51.] - -[Sidenote: C 52] - -+Number of conceptions and conception losses+, by Dr. Agnes -Bluhm; the exhibitor gives the following explanation-- - - Hamburger's material deals with 1,042 marriages of the labouring - classes in Berlin, with a total of 7,261 conceptions (an average of - 6.97 conceptions for each woman); the material of Bluhm comprises - 856 marriages of the wealthier and educated German middle and higher - classes with a total of 3,856 conceptions (averaging 4.50 conceptions - to each woman). Hamburger has counted as conception losses only - miscarriages, premature births, stillbirths, or deaths from illness - before the completion of the sixteenth year. Bluhm has included all - those up to the twentieth year. Both have only included marriages - which have been contracted at least twenty years back. As the births - in these marriages apparently date back to twenty years, all living - children are reckoned as survivors or conception results, even if they - have not attained the sixteenth or twentieth year respectively. This - has influenced the result optimistically, but as it has done so with - both authors alike, the comparison of their results is admissible. - -[Sidenote: C 52-1] - - Figure 1 shows the +conception losses in marriages of varying - conception numbers+ (Curve A, Hamburger's working-men's families; - Curve B, Bluhm's well-to-do families); both curves confirm Hamburger's - words that "the percentage of the survivors gets smaller in proportion - as the conception number increases." The mounting of Curve B in the - families with ten births is probably a delusion brought about by a - very small number. In the marriages with eleven or more births there - are lost with the well-to-do one quarter and with the working-classes - nearly two-thirds of the conceptions up to the twentieth or sixteenth - year respectively. - -[Sidenote: C 52-2] - - Figure 2 represents the +share which miscarriages and premature - births have in the conception losses in marriages of different degrees - of productiveness+ (Curve A, Hamburger; Curve B, Bluhm). Amongst - the Berlin labouring classes on the average 17.89 per cent. of all - conceptions are lost through miscarriage and premature birth; for the - wealthier German families the figure is 7.59 per cent. - -[Sidenote: C 52-3] - - Figure 3 shows the +share which deaths and stillbirths have in - conception losses+. With the labouring classes it amounts on the - average to 32.75 per cent. (Curve A), and in the wealthier families to - 10.55 per cent. (Curve B). - -[Sidenote: C 52-4] - - Figure 4. To investigate whether the continuous decrease in the - percentage of the survivors, going hand in hand with the increase of - maternal conceptions, is caused by the constitutional inferiority - of the offspring as the numerical position increases, Bluhm has - established, in dealing with her material, the loss for each numerical - position (first, second, third, etc., conceptions respectively). If - this were the case, Curve A, which gives the loss according to the - frequency of conception in each marriage, would have to be identical - with Curve B, which gives the loss of first, second, and third, etc., - conceptions, but this is by no means the case, for only at a very high - numerical position of the conception the curves begin to be parallel. - This proves that Hamburger's "the percentage of the survivors gets - smaller in proportion as the conception number increases" is not - a biological law but only expresses a social phenomenon. With the - increasing number of children there is a decrease in the value of - each individual childlife. The mother is less careful about avoiding - miscarriages; she devotes, and must necessarily devote, less care to - each child; and the risk of infectious diseases which are a frequent - cause of death during infancy increases. - -[Sidenote: C 53] - -How little the increasing mortality of the later born children up to -the tenth child is based on a biological law is shown in Figure C 53. -+Numerical position of birth and infant mortality up to the age -of five in princely families+, by Ploëtz; 463 seventh to ninth -children show the same mortality as the 614 first born. - -Pearson endeavored to prove a high degree of inferiority in the first -born, physically and intellectually as well as morally. But his -results are very open to attack, as Weinberg has recently shown; one -is reminded of Pearson's results in Crzellitzer's Figure C 54--first -and later born. Crzellitzer writes thus about this--"A +high degree -of myopia+ is +more frequent amongst first born+ than among -later children. The disadvantage of the first born in respect of -myopia is based on a greater hereditary taint and on no other factor. -Where there is no hereditary taint about one quarter to one-third -are affected, no matter whether first, second, third, etc., born. -Also in well-to-do families, where the age of fathers at the time of -procreation is materially higher, the first born are more frequently -myopic than their brothers or sisters." - -[Illustration: - -First and Later-Born. - -Percentage of Frequency of Extreme Short-sightedness. - -(After Dr. Crzellitzer.) - - Child - 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th - ============================== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== ==== - 1,246 children from 216 - working-class families. 46.4 33.7 31.4 26.6 26.5 26.0 15.5 18.7 - - 1,246 children from 216 - working-class families, - classified according to - presence or absence of - inherited tendency to - short-sightedness. - - With inherited tendency 61.6 34.9 27.7 25.5 31.5 32.0 10.5 6.7 - Without inherited tendency 35.9 33.7 34.3 24.6 25.0 22.2 19.0 23.3 - - 206 children from 45 well-to-do - families. 63.1 36.1 36.0 36.0 20.0 - -Figure C 54.] - -A large amount of material has been treated by W. Weinberg, in which -tuberculous and non-tuberculous families are compared. - -[Sidenote: C 55 & 56] - -Figure C 55--+influence of numerical position of birth on infant -mortality+ and Figure C 56--+mortality of the first and later -born+. Weinberg writes concerning these: "The parallelograms in -the first row indicate for each position in order of birth how many -children out of every hundred die before the age of 20. On this, -however, the difference in the mortality in families with different -numbers of children has an influence. To counteract this, it has been -calculated how many children in each position would die if within each -family the number of children had no influence, and the actual number -of deaths expressed as a percentage of the expectation calculated in -this way gives parallelograms to the second row. After eliminating the -influence exercised by the size of the family, the increase of the -mortality with the higher birth number appears considerably smaller. -Figure C 56, which compares the mortality of the first and last born -children, is to a certain extent a test of this. This shows clearly a -considerably higher death rate in the last born. Both figures indicate -that children of the same numerical position of birth show a higher -mortality, if from tuberculous families." - -[Illustration: - -Mortality of Children According to Sequence of Birth. - -3,129 Tuberculous and 1,830 Non-Tuberculous Families of Stuttgart, -1873-1889 (after Weinberg). - - - Key to Tables - ------------- - [N] - non-tuberculous - [T] - tuberculous - - Paternal family. - - No. of child Percentage of children Death rates expressed in - according to born alive who died before relative figures corrected for - sequence of reaching their 20th year. differences in the death rates - birth. in families differing in size. - ============ ========================== ============================== - [N] [T] [N] [T] - ===== ===== ===== ===== - 1 33.9 40.6 90.5 91.3 - 2 37.4 44.4 101.0 99.5 - 3 49.4 45.4 109.0 103.5 - 4 40.1 47.9 105.0 103.0 - 5 39.5 49.7 101.0 104.0 - 6 43.5 52.5 103.0 107.0 - 7 39.0 51.2 92.0 105.0 - 8 43.2 54.1 96.0 111.5 - 9 50.8 59.1 101.0 115.0 - 10 40.2 60.2 101.0 113.5 - 11-12 50.0 51.7 101.0 97.0 - 13-18 64.4 52.8 111.0 107.0 - - - Maternal family. - - No. of child Percentage of children Death rates expressed in - according to born alive who died before relative figures corrected for - sequence of reaching their 20th year. differences in the death rates - birth. in families differing in size. - ============ ========================== ============================== - [N] [T] [N] [T] - ===== ===== ===== ===== - 1 34.6 40.0 92.0 87.0 - 2 36.5 46.6 96.0 97.0 - 3 40.6 49.0 107.0 104.0 - 4 41.7 57.1 107.0 111.0 - 5 37.6 50.3 91.0 104.0 - 6 41.8 53.8 97.5 108.0 - 7 51.3 52.5 116.0 107.0 - 8 45.9 54.0 102.0 111.0 - 9 51.1 52.5 100.0 103.0 - 10 47.6 53.8 100.0 103.0 - 11-12 47.1 60.0 103.0 130.0 - 13-18 68.8 62.5 121.0 104.0 - -Figure C 55.] - -[Illustration: - -Relative Mortality of the First and Last-born. - -3,129 Tuberculous and 1,830 Non-Tuberculous Families of Stuttgart, -1873-1889 (after Weinberg) - - Of each 100 living-born there died before reaching their 20th year: - - Non-tuberculous Tuberculous - ======================= ======================= - FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN - ========== ========= ========== ========= - Paternal Family 33.9 37.2 40.6 49.9 - Maternal Family 34.6 37.5 40.0 53.4 - - - Comparison of the mortality of the First and Last-born, - The mortality of the First-born = 100. - - Non-tuberculous Tuberculous - ======================= ======================= - FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN FIRST-BORN LAST-BORN - ========== ========= ========== ========= - Paternal Family 100 108 100 128 - Maternal Family 100 108 100 134 - - -Figure C 56.] - -[Sidenote: C 57] - -Of a materially greater influence than the numerical position of birth -or the number of children in each family is the length of interval -between births. We point at first to Figure C 57--+interval between -births and child mortality+, after Ansell and Westergaard, by Dr. -A. Bluhm. She writes in reference to it: "Ansell has demonstrated, -from the material of the National Life Assurance Society of London, -that a child has an increasingly better chance to survive his first -year, the greater the interval between his own birth and that of the -child born before him. If this interval is less than a year, the infant -mortality is double what it is when there is an interval of two years -(15.75% against 7.33%). This influence makes itself felt beyond the -age of infancy up to five years but not in so striking a manner. The -proportion becomes modified to 20% against 12%. As the influence of -the birth interval on child mortality is still very perceptible after -the tenth or later children, it may be assumed that it is not caused -exclusively by the exhaustion of the maternal organism produced by the -rapid sequence of births. The varying length of breast-feeding of the -children has probably also its influence. Though these statistics give -no data about the mode of infant feeding, it is nevertheless probable -that in those families in which there are longer intervals between -consecutive births each child is suckled for a longer period. - -[Sidenote: C 58] - -+Birth interval and health of the offspring+, after Riffel--v. -d. Velden. - -[Sidenote: C 59] - -+Influence of the length of the birth interval and the duration of -breast-feeding on infant mortality+, exhibited by Weinberg. The -author writes regarding the latter table "in proportion to the length -of the interval between two births, the mortality of the children -following decreases materially, but this relation only becomes clearly -apparent in families in which several of the children have been suckled -for more than six months." - -[Sidenote: C 60, 61 62] - -The intimate connection which exists between birth interval and -suckling and the great importance which suckling has under the -favourable influence of a long birth interval is shown in Dr. Agnes -Bluhm's Figures C 60, C 61, and C 62--+infant nutrition (breast -feeding), number of children and infant mortality+, after Dr. -Marie Baum. "The material is taken from the towns of Gladbach, Rheydt, -Odenkirchen and, Rheindalen, and comprises 1,495, mostly poor families, -with 9,393 cases in which the mother survived childbirth and 9,487 -children born alive. In this table only 7,983 children were counted, -because the remainder had not reached the age of one year on the day of -counting. Of these 7,983, there died before the completion of the first -year 1,276, or 15.98%." - -+Number of children and child mortality+: Bluhm adds:--"Figure -1 shows in Curve A the +influence of the duration of breast -feeding+; in Curve B +influence of numerical position of birth -on the mortality of the infant+. The very divergent course of -the two curves expresses the very different influence of both these -factors on mortality; the latter is almost exclusively dependent upon -the length of suckling, and shows corresponding with its increase a -continuous and steep decline down to 1.46% from a maximum number of -35%. The very slight increase of the mortality of children suckled for -six weeks compared with those who have not been breast fed at all -is immaterial (35.55% against 35.28%). These figures prove only that -breast feeding up to six weeks does not give the child any protection -against fatal diseases. The influence of the birth number hardly makes -itself felt up to the seventh child, only from the eighth onwards the -power of resistance decreases continuously but not nearly to the same -degree in which it grows with the length of breast-feeding (greatest -difference only 21%). Curve B shows a materially different course from -that of similar curves by other authors, for instance--from Geissler's -well-known curve, dealing with Saxon miners, in which not only the -first born show up less favourably than the second and third born, but -in which, from the fourth child on, the mortality increases rapidly. -The economical condition of both groups being similar (85% of Baum's -families had a maximum yearly income of £75), it is highly probable -that the difference in the curves arises from different methods of -infant feeding. In the Rhine provinces, as is also proved by Baum's -figures, the feeding is good; in Saxony, however, it is notoriously -bad. The co-relation of infant mortality with infant feeding is -very clearly illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, the former shows the -+influence of the length of suckling on the mortality of the -children classed in order of birth+, the latter +the influence -of the order of birth in connection with different lengthed periods -of suckling+. The extraordinarily regular course of all the nine -curves in Figure 2 and the extremely irregular course of the six top -curves in Figure 3 are very striking. From these figures it is shown -that the first, second and third born if breast-fed for a short time -only, or not at all, are subjected to much greater risks than the -eighth, ninth, tenth or later children, suckled for a sufficient length -of time (maximum difference 1 to 42). In the curve showing the children -who were breast fed for 39 weeks (Figure 3), the influence of the high -birth number shows only to a very small degree." - -[Sidenote: C 61] - -+Number of children and capacity for breast-feeding.+ Concerning -this it is remarked: "The upper curve shows what percentage of children -had to do without breast feeding, and the lower one how many enjoyed -the sufficient period of 39 weeks of breast-feeding. Though Baum's -figures are only intended to deal with the number of cases of breast -feeding and not with its duration, and though no difference is made -between exclusive and partial breast feeding, yet some conclusions -may be drawn with regard to suckling capacity. In a district where -breast feeding is as general as it is in the one examined into here, -the number of women who voluntarily renounce every attempt at suckling -must necessarily be small. The curve dealing with the children who -had no breast feeding at all is therefore likely to give a fairly -correct picture of the absolute or primary incapacity for suckling on -the mother's part; absolute incapacity does not of course mean that -the mother could not produce a single drop of milk, but that she does -not produce enough to satisfy the child, and therefore must resort to -artificial feeding. As a period of 39 weeks' feeding, even if only -partial, points to a good capacity, the lower curve may also be taken -as an expression of feeding ability. A comparison of both figures -illustrates that the milk production after the first birth is smaller -than after the following ones, and that beyond the eighth birth, it -decreases materially and continuously, probably in consequence of the -exhaustion of the maternal organism." - -[Sidenote: C 62] - -+The habit of breast-feeding as running in families and infant -mortality.+ With this goes the following explanation: "The two -figures illustrate the proportion of mortality of the infants in 143 -bottle-feeding families and 376 breast-feeding families of the first -order. As the line could not be drawn very sharply, and as in the -bottle-feeding families there had to be included those in which as an -exception one or other child was suckled for a few days or perhaps for -a week, one can see in these groups only the expression of the habit, -but not the power of suckling. Both figures illustrate the largely -avoidable sacrifice in young lives which still goes on through a want -of knowledge and of feeling of responsibility towards the coming race. -With the absence of breast-feeding the unfavourable influence of a -very large number of children becomes much more apparent; whereas -in breast-feeding families the difference in the mortality between -medium-sized families (four to six children) and very large families -(above ten children) amounts to only 1.39%, it reaches 12.90% with -the non-suckling families. Here, if the number of children surpasses -ten, nearly every second child dies in the suckling age, and amongst -thirteen families there is not a single one which has not lost a child -in that period, whereas in breast-feeding families of the first order, -with the same large number of children, only every thirteenth child -died in infancy, and of sixteen families seven (= 43.75%) lost no -infant." The same material is treated in a different way by Dr. Marie -Baum, of Dusseldorf, in Figures C 63-66. - -[Sidenote: C 63] - - +As the length of the period of suckling of the preceding child - increases, there is a constant and rapid decrease in the number of - children who are born at intervals of less than one year.+ If the - preceding child was not breast-fed a new birth occurred before the - expiration of one year in 9.6 cases out of 100. With a suckling period - of one-half to three-quarters of a year of the preceding child, this - figure is reduced to 1.8 per cent., and after a still longer suckling - period to 1 per cent. Out of one hundred mothers who have only partly - or not at all suckled the preceding child, seventy must count on a - fresh birth within a period of 1-3/4 years. If the preceding child - was suckled for at least 39 weeks, only thirty-eight, and with a - suckling period of more than a year only twenty mothers have to reckon - on a fresh birth within 1-3/4 years. - -Dependence of Infant Mortality on the Duration of Breast-Feeding and -the Length of Time Intervening Between Successive Births. - -[Illustration: Figure C 63.] - -[Sidenote: C 64] - -Figure C 64 shows the +parallelism between+ the +average -length of breast-feeding and the average time between births+ -within the families. A half to three-quarters of the mothers who -suckled either long enough or very long show an interval between births -of from 1-1/4 to 3 years, whereas of those who did not suckle at all, -or only did so insufficiently, only one-third belong to this group, and -figure largely in the column of lower birth intervals. - -Dependence of Infant Mortality on the Average Duration of -Breast-Feeding and the Average Length of Time Intervening between the -Successive Births of the Children in a Family. - -[Illustration: Figure C 64.] - -[Sidenote: C 65] - - Figure C 65 enables us to examine into the +influence exercised by - a longer or shorter interval after the preceding birth on the vitality - of a child+, according as to whether the child was not breast-fed - at all or only moderately or amply so. The black oblongs demonstrate - that the average infant mortality falls regularly and decisively - according to the length of time between the birth of the children - considered and their predecessors. The average mortality of infants - who are born in rapid succession--under one year, one to one and a - quarter years, amounts to over 25 and to 22 per cent. respectively, - whereas the average mortality of children with at least two years' - interval amounts only to 11 per cent. "At the same time, however, it - is observed that the influence of the length of suckling is still - greater than that of the length of time elapsing between births. Even - with an interval of three or more years, the mortality of children who - were insufficiently or not at all breast-fed was above 20 per cent. - The children who had been suckled for at least three-quarters of a - year were only very slightly influenced by this factor in all groups, - except that with a birth interval of less than one year, where the - influence of short birth intervals is not counterbalanced even by long - extended breast-feeding." - -[Sidenote: C 66] - - Figure C 66. "The +infant mortality within the families+ dealt - with +falls materially and evenly as the average birth intervals - lengthen+. With an average birth interval of less than one year, - one-third of the children die in the first year, but only 7 per cent. - where the average birth interval was over three years; but here also - the influence is strongly modified by the mode of feeding. With the - non-suckling families the mortality is almost 25 per cent., even - with a birth interval of more than two years. On the other hand, - when the duration of suckling is sufficient, short birth intervals - almost disappear (see Table 2), and with an average birth interval of - 1-1/4 to 2 years and a suckling duration of at least half a year the - mortality remains on an extremely small scale." - -[Sidenote: C 67-73] - -Groth and Hahn have exhibited two large tables C 67 and C 68 and a -similar one C 69, the results of their important investigations about -+breast-feeding and mortality in the administrative districts of -Bavaria+. Groth shows in Table C 70 "+mortality of sucklings in -Bavaria+," and in Table C 71 "+breast-feeding and cancer+." -In Tables C 72 and C 73 the Groth and Hahn statistics are treated by -Dr. A. Bluhm from the point of view of the +influence of the habit -of breast-feeding on the frequency of births+. In connection with -Figure C 73 she remarks: "This diagram shows the number of bottle-fed -babies in the various Bavarian districts counted at the time of -vaccination. To give as correct a picture as possible of the probable -influence which the habit of breast-feeding has on the birth-rate -(annual number of births per 1,000 of the whole population) there are -represented on this figure by green and yellow columns the average -birth-rate for the five years, 1875 to 1879, because in that period a -record birth-rate was established, so that it may be assumed that there -was then no intentional restriction of births. We see within the four -'old Bavarian' districts, where on the average 64.1% of the babies were -not breast-fed at all, the number of births is about 4 per 1,000 of -the population higher than in the Palatinate and the three 'Frankish' -districts, which together only show 18% of non-breast-fed children." - -[Sidenote: C 72 & 73] - -"These two figures deal with the +influence of the length of -suckling on the birth-rate+, the longer the duration of the -suckling period, _i.e._, the higher the number of children breast-fed -for six months or more, the lower the birth-rate. This only holds good -for the country (Curve B) not for towns (Curve A). This circumstance -is explained by the fact that the voluntary restriction of births is -much more frequent in towns than in the country, where consequently -the influence of the length of the period of suckling on the birth -frequency can find much stronger expression than in towns, where, -as Curve A shows, it is entirely extinguished by artificial birth -preventatives. From both tables it results that, to prevent the -senseless waste of human life, the interval between every two births -must be more than two years; further, that it is possible to increase -it by breast-feeding; the number of births in a district is based in -the main on the larger or smaller intervals at which the women of -reproductive age have children, and it may, therefore, at the same -time, be taken as an expression of these intervals. Keeping these -two facts in view, and considering the influence of the mode of -infant feeding on infant mortality, it appears to be in the interest -of the race that by means of the long duration of breast-feeding, -the birth intervals should be extended to at least two years. The -facts established in these two tables have a considerable bearing on -race-hygiene, especially in reference to the Neomalthusian contentions -of the necessary inferiority of the later born, and as a confirmation -of the utility of breast-feeding for the reduction of birth frequency. -Extremely great appears the influence of breast-feeding on infant -mortality." - -[Sidenote: C 74-78] - -This importance of breast-feeding is further illustrated by Figure C -74--+duration of breast-feeding and infant mortality+, after -Dietrich; by Figure C 75--+average number of carious teeth+, -after Bunge; and by the three figures, C 76, 77, and 78--"+average -duration of breast-feeding and physical development, duration of -breast-feeding and average school reports+, and +duration -of breast-feeding and frequency of rachitic disturbances of -development+," after the extensive and valuable researches by Röse. - -It must be pointed out that a far more direct connection exists between -breast-feeding, duration of suckling, infant mortality and physical -development than through the mere provision of suitable nourishment -for the child. A good suckling capacity is a symptom of a strong -constitution which is transmitted from mother to child. Examination of -Röse's table offers this suggestion. - -[Sidenote: C 79-82] - -+The importance of the hereditary constitution+ (which he -considers is dependent on soil and climate) +as regards infant -mortality+ v. Vogel expresses in four maps of Bavaria (Figures -79-82), so which he has furnished the following comments (contained in -the pamphlet, "Der Örtliche Stand der Säuglingsterblichkeit in Bayern," -Munich, Piloty and Loehle, 1911): "The district of the highest infant -mortality in Bavaria is inhabited by a population of small height, -small fitness for military service, and high tuberculous mortality. The -reverse holds good on the whole for the district with a low mortality. - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria - -Infant mortality in 1901. - -Figure C 79.] - -I cannot suppress another objection to the usual way of proving the--to -my mind undoubted--influence of breast-feeding on the duration of life -in infancy. Why is the mortality of those children who have not been -suckled for a week so large? Is it because they have not been suckled, -or because they have only lived altogether for less than a week? Or, -again, to be able to be suckled for 40 or 50 weeks, one must have lived -for 40 or 50 weeks, but a child who has lived for 40 or 50 weeks, -whether it has been suckled or not, has passed over the worst period. -It is well-known that the mortality in the first days of life is the -highest in the second week, much higher than in the third week, and so -on. In short, the mortality changes in such an extremely high degree -in the course of the first year of life that this period is much too -long for the comparison between mortality of suckled and non-suckled -children. One ought to calculate how many of those who have been -suckled for 0 weeks, one week, two weeks, one month, three months, six -months, and so on, have survived the first week, the second week, the -first month, and so on. Only in this manner can be established what is -the share of the absence of breast-feeding and what is the share of -the innate weakness and tendency to disease in the degree of infant -mortality." - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria - -Percentage of under-sized Bavarian recruits (below 1.62 metres in -height) in 1875. - -After Professor Ranke. - -Figure C 80.] - -Exhibit C 81-82. - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria. - -Fitness for Military Service in Bavaria, 1902. - -Figure C 81.] - - -[Illustration: Map of Bavaria - -Mortality from Pulmonary Consumption in 1901. - -Figure C 82.] - -[Sidenote: C 83] - -A striking peculiarity of cities, especially large cities, is, as -pointed out before, the high mortality amongst men; for this general -observation Figure C 83, +male and female mortality in town and -country+, offers an example. Whereas the female mortality in -Berlin, in the higher age groups, is even lower than in Mecklenburg -with its preponderantly country population--which is evidence that in -town life there are no inherent circumstances adversely affecting all -persons in a high degree--the male mortality in all the age groups -is higher, and in some much higher. The special adverse influence on -men of town life is also apparent in the upper part of the figure -(+comparison of male and female mortality)+. In Mecklenburg the -mortality among men is at most 25% higher than among women, and during -the period of most intense child production, as well as in the highest -age group, it is even smaller, whereas in Berlin the differences -are much more accentuated. It may be remarked that the higher male -death-rate in Mecklenburg between the ages of 40 to 75 years can only -to a small degree be explained by physiological reasons. This is shown -for example by the fact that in the provinces of Schleswig-Holstein, -Pomerania, Hanover, Hessen-Nassau, and the Rhein Provinces in the -country, the expectation of life for men aged 25 years is about equal -to that of women. - -[Sidenote: C 84 & 85] - -The higher male mortality in cities is only partially explained by -the specific harmfulness peculiar to men's town occupations, though -the mortality of peasants and agricultural labourers ranks amongst -the lowest. A very important part in this connection may be played -by syphilis. How terribly syphilis injures the body, though it is -seldom directly fatal, is shown by the experiences of life insurance -companies, of which examples are given in Tables C 84 and C 85. With -the Gotha Life Insurance Bank, for instance, +the mortality of the -syphilitic at the ages of 36 to 50 years+ was found to be nearly -double as high (186%) as that of the non-syphilitic. - -[Sidenote: C 85] - -Table C 85 shows to what a high degree +the heart and vessels -especially are harmed by syphilis+. At this point it is to be -noted that it may now be considered as proved that the statement that -general paralysis causes death in 2.9% cases among the non-syphilitic -is erroneous, because general paralysis only occurs among persons who -have been affected with syphilis. There is no doubt that the poison -of syphilis is also most injurious to the germs and the progeny; the -foetus is sometimes infected in the mother's womb, and sometimes -suffers by the general debility of the maternal body. A large -proportion also of those children who attain a higher age are either -enfeebled or damaged in many ways, and this inferiority is often -passed down to the grandchildren. The most recent Serum investigations -(the Wasserman reaction) are the first to throw full light on this. -In Germany syphilis occurs much more frequently in town than in the -country; this no doubt dependent on prostitution and on a much greater -degree of promiscuity of sexual intercourse in cities. In the country -couples keep together with greater constancy, even in the case of -cohabitation without marriage. - -[Sidenote: C 86-88] - -+The frequency of syphilis and other venereal diseases in town and -country+ is illustrated in Table C 86, which gives the result of -the enquiries of the Prussian Government on the 30th April, 1900, -and Table C 87 after Schwiening, on +the frequency of sexual -diseases among military recruits+. Also Table C 88 which gives the -+frequency of delirium tremens, epilepsy, and general paralysis+ -in the +Prussian lunatic asylums+, points in the same direction -by the great differences shown in the frequency of general paralysis -in the different institutions. This table, at the same time, indicates -what is also supported by other observations, that the +frequency -and intensity of harmful influences through alcohol+ are much -+greater in towns than in the country+; this may be partly -because in cities there is a greater and more regular abuse of -alcoholic beverages than in the country, partly because town-life -induces a greater susceptibility to alcoholic poisoning than country -life (less intense metabolism with sedentary occupations). - -[Sidenote: C 89-90] - -+Injury to the reproductive function through alcohol+. It has -been known for a long time that drunkards are frequently sterile. This -must be attributed to the fact that the testicles of drunkards become -to a great extent atrophied. The condition is shown in Figure C 89 by -R. Weichselbaum,[B] representing a section through the testicle of a -drunkard. Figure C 90 which shows a section through a normal testicle, -enables even the layman to observe the atrophy of the characteristic -glandular tissue of the testicle. Weichselbaum has up to now found that -in fifty-four cases, without exception, in which alcoholism had been -proved, this atrophy could be demonstrated to a greater or less degree. -In thirty of these cases the subject was so young that senile atrophy -was out of the question. The abuse of alcohol is not the only harmful -influence which is able to induce such atrophy of the testicles, but -chronic alcoholism acts with special intensity. Very similar results -to those of Weichselbaum have been obtained by Bertholet (Zentralbl. -f. allg. Pathologie 20 Bd. 1909) in 37 out of 39 habitual drunkards. -They agree with observations on the vesiculae seminales of drunkards by -Simmonds, who found that in 61% of the cases examined the spermatozoa -were absent or dead. It is a permissible assumption that a poison which -can cause the total atrophy of the sexual glands may, in an earlier -stage, have adversely influenced in respect to quality the function of -those organs. - -[Footnote B: Verhandlungen der Deutschen Patholog: Gesellschaft, 14th -day, Jena, Fischer, 1910, page 234.] - -[Sidenote: C 91] - -[Sidenote: C 92] - -+Alcohol and Degeneration+, from the tables on the alcohol question -by Gruber and Kraepelin, Munich; Lehmann; contains the well-known -statistics of Demme, Bunge, and Arrivée. Table C 92 adds to the summary -of the statistical observations of Demme, further details of the +kind -of abnormalities+ which were +observed in children of drunkards+. -Representing, as they do, exceptionally bad cases with a high degree -of degeneration, one may doubt whether and in how far congenital -hereditary inferiority of the parents may have had its influence. - -[Sidenote: C 93] - -Figure C 93 contains the well-known result of v. Bunge's investigations -on the +influence of paternal alcoholism on the suckling capacity of -the daughters+. The varying frequency of the habitual consumption -of alcohol and of drunkenness proper of the father in the two groups of -families is most striking. Official investigations of this question on -a large scale are urgently called for. - -[Sidenote: C 94] - -Figure C 94 dealing with the +interconnection of tuberculosis, -nervous diseases and psychoses of the progeny and the alcohol -consumption of the father+, is derived from Bunge's investigations. -It is worthy of notice that he endeavoured to eliminate from his -statistics all families in whom hereditary diseases could be traced -previously. - -[Sidenote: C 95] - -Table C 95 contains a summary of T. Laitinen's +experiments on -animals with small quantities of alcohol+. The degree of injury -to the progeny supposed to be produced by even a minimum quantity of -alcohol (corresponding to about one-third of pint of beer for a man) is -astounding. Repetition of these experiments on a large scale and with -the strictest care would be most desirable here also. - -[Sidenote: C 96] - -Table C 96 also refers to reports by T. Laitinen.[C] +It deals -with the effect of alcohol on the progeny in man+. Unfortunately -Laitinen's paper is so confused and inexact that it is impossible -for the reader safely to draw conclusions from it. His personal -observations are mixed up with those gathered by means of inquiry -sheets circulated by him in such a way that one cannot make out how -he has arrived at his weights at birth and mortality. Information is -lacking with regard to the nutrition of the children, their age at the -conclusion of the investigations, the length of marriage, the rapidity -of birth sequence and so on. It is, therefore, indispensable to await -the more detailed report before Laitinen's information can be made use -of. - -[Footnote C: Internat. Monatschrift z. Erforschung des Alkoholismus, -Juli, 1910.] - -[Sidenote: C 97] - -Bezzola has sent in in a modified form the data which he presented -to the Eighth International Congress against Alcoholism in Vienna -in 1901, on the +effect of acute intoxication on the origin of -feeble-mindedness+. With their help the curve on Figure C 97 has -been constructed, showing the distribution of illegitimate births in -Switzerland during the different months of the year from Bezzola's -data and the corresponding curve of the births of mentally eminent -individuals (taken from Brockhaus' encyclopædia.) The author supplies -the following comments:-- - -"+Comparison between the general birth curve and the corresponding -one for the birth of feeble-minded children+." - - The casual observation at the registration of the personal history - of feeble-minded individuals that 50 per cent. of the birth dates - fall within only fourteen weeks of the year (New Year, carnival, - and wine harvest) has aroused the desire to deal with the seasonal - incidence of the begetting of the feeble-minded on the basis of as - much material as possible. For this purpose the author's census of - feeble-minded school children, which took place in the year 1897, and - referred to the years 1886-90 inclusive, seemed specially suited. - Originally (in 1901) a curve was plotted in which all the 8,186 - feeble-minded and idiotic children were included whose exact birthdays - were known, and this curve was compared with the total curve for that - period. (Schweiz. Statistik 112 Liefg.) The latter was constructed - in the following manner from the whole number of births (934,619) - which occurred in these eleven years:--The general daily average was - taken as 100, and the daily average for each month was expressed - proportionately. Thus numbers above 100 show a daily birth frequency - above the average, while for numbers below 100 the reverse is the - case. The curve for the 8,136 feeble-minded persons was constructed - in a similar way, and thus a comparison with the general population - producing them was made possible. Subsequently (1910-11), in order to - secure homogeneous material, the first and last years were left out, - since by including them, owing to the non-agreement of the school - year and the astronomical year, the earlier months (January-April) - were much weighted. By this restriction of the material dealt with - the number of feeble-minded is reduced to 7,759, but the material for - each separate year is more homogeneous. Distributed between 2,922 days - (eight years), the daily production of the feeble-minded is 2.648, - the corresponding total number of births of the years 1882-89 ls - 677,083, or 231.7 per day. 1.14 per cent. of all births are included - in the figure for the feeble-minded. If one treats the total number of - births for each month as well as the number of births of feeble-minded - according to the method described above, and used by the Federal - Statistical Bureau, two curves are produced which diverge considerably - from each other in particular months. On the whole the curve for the - feeble-minded (thick line) is flatter than the curve for the total. - Especially striking are the drop in May and June (corresponding to - the procreation period from the 25th July to the 23rd September) and - two peaks rising above the "total" curve. One of these is slight, - yet distinct. It refers to the months of birth, July and August, - corresponding with the procreation period from the 24th September to - the 24th November. More conspicuous is the second peak of the curve - for the feeble-minded from October to December, otherwise a time poor - in births. The centre of the corresponding period of procreation - (25th December to 26th March) is in February (carnival). This seems - to confirm the suspicion that during the wine harvest and carnival - an increased procreation of feeble-minded occurs (procreation during - drunkenness?). - -We cannot suppress the remark that the fluctuations of the curve for -the feeble-minded are much too small to admit of the drawing of an -ætiological conclusion, but the fluctuations of the intelligence curve -and the illegitimate curve partly exceed the limits of probable error. -The peaks of both birth curves in February, correspond to a peak in -the procreation curve in May. Perhaps one may attribute them to the -existence of a remnant of a period of "heat" (or a rutting season) in -man. - -[Sidenote: C 98] - -+Lead.+ Whereas the +germ cells+ are well protected against many -harmful influences from without which affect the soma of the mother, -they +and the foetus produced from them suffer considerably from+ -some. Amongst their deadliest enemies are +certain poisons+, and -+notorious in this respect is lead+. Table C 98 gives two sets of -statistics on this point, they justify the law in Germany, and in other -States, forbidding female labour to deal with lead and lead-containing -materials. Paul's figures, showing that lead poisoning of the father -is also extremely adverse to the production of a healthy progeny, are -remarkable. - -[Sidenote: C 99] - -+Female Labour.+ A baneful influence on reproduction is brought -to bear by the growing quantity of professional female labour away from -home and by the economic emancipation of women. Evidence of this is -given in Table C 99--"+female labour and child mortality+"--the -data of which are taken from Prinzing's work. Infant mortality is -higher the larger the percentage of females employed in factories -during the child-bearing period. This is partly due to interference -with breast-feeding and partly to the unfavourable influence on -pregnancy. - -[Sidenote: C 100] - -Dr. Agnes Bluhm has given in Figure C 100 "+Female Labour and -Reproductive Activity+," the statistics of Roger and Thiraux, as -well as the results of the investigation of the Imperial Statistical -Office on the "Relationship of illness and deaths in the Local -Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings." Dr. Bluhm gives the -following explanation: "The top figure on the left is based on material -of the Local Invalidity Fund for Leipzig and surroundings, dealing -with over a quarter of a million of women of child-bearing age. The -distinction between obligatory and voluntary members makes possible -the estimate of the +influence of work continued up to the time of -confinement+, because the voluntary members receive the same weekly -payments during confinement as the obligatory ones, and, consequently, -a woman has no object in joining the voluntary insurance scheme except -in order to secure rest before confinement, which they procure for -themselves at their own expense and with the loss of their wages. (At -that time the compulsory support during time of pregnancy did not -exist.) It is to be noted that the voluntary members show ten times as -many confinements as the obligatory ones." - -"The left hand figure at the top shows that the women who work up to -the time of confinement fall ill during their pregnancy twice as often, -and have six or seven times as many miscarriages and premature births -and 1.28 times as many cases of death in child-bed, as those who stop -work for a more or less extended period previous to their delivery." - -"The frequency of illness after childbirth is in both categories of -women almost the same; but the duration of the illness beyond the -period for which the legal subvention provides (13, 26, or 34 weeks -respectively) is much greater in the case of the obligatory members who -do not spare themselves before their delivery." - -"Left hand figure at the bottom--the researches were made by Roger and -Thiraux in a maternity home. A comparison is made between the women -who entered the home only at the beginning of childbirth and those who -entered during the last month of pregnancy or sooner. Premature birth -occurs in nearly one-third of the cases among the former, but among the -latter only one-eighth. - -"Right hand figure at the bottom--dealing with the same material as -the left hand figure below compares the weight at birth of the first, -second and later born. The average weight of the former is 300 g. -and that of the latter 341 g. higher with mothers who cease work two -or three months before delivery, than with those who worked up to -the last. Possibly this expresses in the main the different duration -of pregnancy. The importance of the birth weight of a child for its -further development is not to be underrated." - -"The top figure on the right shows that the importance of the adverse -influence of female labour on the race, shown in the above figures, is -growing, because there is an increase of employment amongst married -women. Simon's figures show that the manufacturing industries, which -in 1907 employed by themselves two million female hands, the number of -married women has increased by almost 200,000 during the last twelve -years. In agriculture, in which four and a half million females find -their main occupation, the share of the married women is much greater -still." - -"The increase of married female labour being intimately connected with -the development of our economic life, which cannot be deliberately -influenced, the demand for a Motherhood Insurance for all female -labourers of any kind, and for the extension of the legal time of -stoppage of work before childbirth to at least four weeks, follows as a -practical result of the facts stated above." - -Dr. Bluhm's repeated assertion, which is regarded by many as a -dogma, that economic conditions cannot be deliberately influenced -(+i.e.+, that they are of the character of a law of nature) must -not remain uncontradicted as a principal. It is absolutely unproved, -though the difficulty of influencing our economic life cannot be -denied; the economic order has been created by man and +must+ be -altered if it proves harmful for the race. - -[Sidenote: C 101] - -The adverse influence of female labour on the progeny is shown from -a somewhat different point of view in Table C 101--"+premature -births and abortions in different callings+." The most serious -fact shown here is that a low birth rate may frequently be found in -conjunction with a high rate for miscarriage and premature birth; -as the compiler of these statistics points out, this conjunction is -most apparent in those callings which demand frequent intercourse -with the public, such as domestic service, that is to say in cases -where pregnancy is particularly inconvenient. Probably in these cases -artificial prevention of pregnancy goes hand in hand with the procuring -of abortion! - -Race-hygiene does not aim at an indiscriminate motherhood insurance of -married and unmarried mothers, but it aims at the economic subvention -and encouragement of legitimate fertility of healthy and able parents, -connected with, and rendered possible by, a reduction of female labour -away from the home. Marriage is one of the most important hygienic -institutions for the individual as well as for the race, and it is -folly to allow its decay and to replace it by substitutes. - -[Sidenote: C 102] - -+The importance of marriage for the health to married persons+ -is shown by figure C 102--"+condition with regard to marriage and -mortality in Prussia, 1894-97+," as given in Prinzing's book. That -we have to deal here with an actual favourable influence of marriage, -and not with a selection of the healthy at the time of marriage, is -proved by the fact that the low death rate of the married is maintained -through all age classes and that the widowed and divorced show -throughout the highest death rate. - -[Sidenote: C 103] - -"+Condition with regard to marriage and mortality, cases of death -from tuberculosis+," after Weinberg, also confirms with regard to -tuberculosis the favourable influence of marriage on the health of -men. With women the mortality from tuberculosis up to the age of 60 is -lowest among the unmarried. Pregnancy and suckling act here adversely, -but by far the worst position is also held here by widows and divorced -women. - -[Sidenote: C 104-105] - -The advantage of marriage for the progeny is made evident in Figure -C 104--"+mortality of illegitimate children in different European -states+", and in Figure C 105 dealing with the "+survival of the -legitimate and illegitimate children in Berlin in 1885+." After -five years there are still alive more than 60% of the legitimate, -but only 40% of the illegitimate children. The higher mortality of -the latter is by no means a purifying process of weeding, but the -expression of greater sickliness which permanently harms the surviving -also. The division of labour between man and wife, with reference to -the care of the offspring, is one of Nature's institutions which is of -the greatest advantage for parents as well as children. - -[Sidenote: C 106-107] - -+Inbreeding and the Crossing of Races.+ On the whole with -mankind inbreeding is viewed with fear, and justly so, in view of -our customary carelessness with regard to the physical and mental -conditions of those who contract marriage. +If blood relations have -similar pathological conditions or pre-dispositions to illness or -degeneracy, the progeny which results from their union is endangered to -a particularly high degree.+ Our collection brings as an example -of this in Table C 106--the pedigree of the celebrated Don Carlos. The -bad inheritance of Johanna the Mad asserts itself to a lesser degree -yet quite perceptibly also in the children of Max. II. Table C 107--the -children of Maximilian and his cousin Maria of Spain; undoubtedly the -Emperor Rudolf II. was mentally diseased. Also Charles V. and his son -Philip II. were abnormal characters. - -[Sidenote: C 108] - -+Blood relationship of the parents and health of the children+, -which v. d. Velden has prepared from Riffel's family tables, also -speaks for the harmfulness of inbreeding. The offspring of blood -relations are emphatically weaker and sicklier than those of persons -related distantly or not at all. - -[Sidenote: C 109] - -The harm of inbreeding amongst the pathological is also illustrated by -the large Table 222 (exhibited by Schüle). Pedigrees from wine-growing -districts in the centre of Baden; against this it may be taken as -proved that inbreeding in itself between the healthy and fit is -not harmful. Animal breeders (as well as plant cultivators) make -an extensive use of it with the view to the cultivation of certain -hereditary characteristics. - -[Sidenote: C 110] - -We show in Table C 110, after de Chapeaurouge, the +pedigree of -Belvidere+, an animal which, in spite of close inbreeding, was -distinguished by excellent qualities, and by whom, out of his own -daughter, another sire of the highest rank was produced. - -[Sidenote: C 111] - -After long-continued and very close inbreeding, even with a faultless -condition of the germ plasm, the decrease of vitality and fertility -of the progeny asserts itself. Important evidence for this is given -by Georg. H. Shull in his exhibition of +cross-fertilized, -self-fertilized and hybridized maize+ (Exhibit No. C 111). -Shull makes the following comments: "Results of inbreeding with -maize--crossing between different races or genotypes, if not too -distantly related, results in a progeny which excels its parents in -vitality, whereas crosses between individuals belonging to the same -genotype engender no increase of vitality as compared with the parents." - -In maize, and presumably in most other plants and animals in which -cross-fertilization is the rule, all individuals are usually -complicated hybrids between different varieties of genotype. They owe -their vigorous constitution to this hybrid nature. - -"The result of self-fertilization or of close inbreeding is that -the hybrid nature diminishes in degree. The stock is reduced to a -homozygotic condition, and is thus deprived of the stimulus which lies -in the hybrid condition." - -"When two given genotypes are crossed, the first hybrid generation is -possessed of the greatest vigour. Even the second generation shows -much less vitality, and this decrease continues with the third and -later generations. But each succeeding generation differs less from -its predecessor than the latter differed from its own parents. As soon -as the stock has become a pure line, inbreeding produces no further -weakening." - -"The top row of the exhibited collection of maize cobs (large cobs with -many grains) is derived from a family in which for five generations -self-fertilization has been prevented by using mixed pollen. These -conditions approach those prevailing in an ordinary field." - -"The middle row of maize cobs (small cobs with few grains) comes -from families of the same derivation as the first row; but for five -generations they have been self-fertilized. Each one has characters -which the others do not possess. They are almost pure bred, and -continued self-fertilization produces no further adverse influence. The -cob, quite to the right, without grains, has pistils so short that -they do not project from the husks. This genotype must, therefore, be -fertilized artificially." - -"The lowest row (the largest cobs with the most grains) comes from -families which have been created by the crossing of plants belonging to -different genotypes, the relationship in which case is indicated by the -lines which connect this row with the middle row." - -"The following harvests of grain were made in the year 1910:-- - - Self-fertilization prevented (average of nine - families) 53.5 hi pro ha. - Self-fertilized (average of ten families) 25.3 " " " - F1 hybrid (average of six families) 59.2 " " " - F2 hybrid (average of seven families) 38.8 " " " - -[Sidenote: C 112-114] - -It is well-known to what degree +inbreeding+ is practised in -+reigning families+. We show as an example for this, Chart -C 112, the +pedigree of the Archduchess Maria de los Dolores of -Tuscany+, exhibited by Dr. Stephan Kekule von Stradonitz, and -Chart C 113 of the same exhibitor, +pedigree of Ptolemäus X+. -Soter II. (Lathros), and Chart C 114, +pedigree of the celebrated -Cleopatra+. Though with Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual -reproduction in bringing about new combinations of hereditary units was -very limited, since the couple, Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra -Syra having produced all the germ cells from which he developed, he -appears, nevertheless, to have been a perfectly normal being. In his -granddaughter Cleopatra certainly much "extraneous blood" circulated. - -[Sidenote: C 115] - -Even where there is no high degree of inbreeding, the individuals of a -people are much more closely related to each other than is generally -assumed. Table C 115, "+theoretical number of ancestors+," shows -that, assuming the duration of one generation to be 35 years, and that -no marriages between relations have taken place, the number of the -ancestors of a man living now would have been eighteen billions in the -year 0 a.d. In reality the germanic race, wandering west, probably -only numbered hundreds of thousands. This phenomenon of "+ancestral -loss+," as Ottokar Lorenz calls it (that the number of real -ancestors is much smaller than those theoretically possible), can be -illustrated in the pedigrees of the reigning houses. - -[Sidenote: C 116] - -We have in Table C 116 an +analysis of pedigree of Emperor William -II.+, after Ottokar Lorenz. Investigations show that twelve -generations back the real number of his ancestors amounts to only -one-eighth of the possible figure. Only 275 persons have actually been -found because in the older lines, the bourgeois element, of which no -record can be found, has had a very large share. - -[Sidenote: C 117] - -Very little knowledge exists concerning the effect of the crossing of -races in man. On the whole it appears not to be favourable, if it is a -question of crossing of races from far apart, even in purely physical -respects. An example of harmful influence is given in v. d. Velden's -Table C 117--"+Fertility and Health in relation to the crossings of -races+." - - - - -NEOMALTHUSIANISM. - - -[Sidenote: C 118-122] - -The next and the greatest concern of race-hygiene--much greater than -the relative increase of inferiority--is, to-day, neomalthusianism, -the intentional restriction of the number of births in varying degrees -up to complete unproductiveness. Though conscious regulation of the -production of children is absolutely necessary, it becomes fatal to -a nation if under no control but the egotism of the individual. For -its permanent prosperity a nation requires, in order merely to hold -its own, a sufficient number of "hands" and a sufficient number of -"heads" to guide those "hands." We referred to this when mention was -made of sterility as a phenomenon of degeneration, but this cause of -sterility during the last decades only takes a second place compared -to deliberate intention. The wealthy and higher social classes were -first attacked by neomalthusianism. Their progeny is becoming more and -more utterly insufficient, so that under our present social conditions, -particularly which give mind and talent better openings, and thereby -more and more take out of the mass of the people the better elements, -make the strongest demand for them and use them up, the danger of an -increasing deterioration of the average quality of its progeny grows -greater and greater. The baneful influence of wealth on fertility is -shown by several tables. Figure C 118 "+Fertility and Wealth+," -after Goldstein and Tallquist, gives the condition in the French -Departments; Figure C 119, "+Number of Children and Wealth+," -after Bertillon, for the Arrondissements of Paris; Figure C 120, -"+Fertility and Wealth+," after Mombert, for Münich, 1901, Table -C 121, "+The Number of Children in Families of Different Classes in -Denmark+, 1901," after Westergaard; Table C 122, "+Fertility -of Marriages, Occupation, and Wealth for Copenhagen, and Dutch -Conditions+," after Rubin, Westergaard, and Verrijn Stuart. - -[Sidenote: C 123] - -The worst condition with regard to the fertility prevails among -those with the highest mental endowment. Evidence of this is given -in Figure C 123, "+Insufficient Fertility of the Highly Endowed -in Holland+," after J. R. Steinmetz. It shows the rapidity with -which the number of children decreases. In order to estimate the -significance of these statistics, it must be noted that after taking -into account the mortality among children and young persons, and the -unfitness for parenthood of an appreciable fraction of the adults, -a fully capable couple would have to produce at least four children -to assure the necessary moderate increase in the population which -is required to prevent a people from sinking into stagnation and -deterioration. - -[Sidenote: C 124] - -The dying out of highly gifted families is shown to be more accentuated -in Figure 255, after Bertillon, "+Progeny of the Highly Gifted in -France+." Four hundred and forty-five of the best known Frenchmen, -with their wives, have not even reproduced that number of individuals, -and this in spite of the fact that repeated marriages of the same -individuals have not been taken into account. - -[Sidenote: C 125-126] - -Even if one has been able, up to the present, to live in the hope -that the number of persons of more than average ability produced by -the mass of the people is always sufficient to replace those that are -used up, at the present time anxiety about the "heads" is replaced -by anxiety about the "hands." The knowledge of means of preventing -fertilization spreads incessantly, and is recklessly promulgated by -the neomalthusians and by a shameless industry. We point to Figure C -125, "+Want of Fertility in French Towns+," after Jayle, and to -Figure C 126, "+Fertility in Prussia+." In Berlin fertility is -decreasing most rapidly; at the end of the sixties it still amounted -to 200 in every 1,000 women of child-bearing age. In the five years, -1905-1910, only to 84; in the year 1910 only to 74. This state of -things is shown also in the relative increase in numbers of the first -born. - -[Sidenote: C 127, 128 & 129] - -Figure C 127, "+Decrease of Legitimate Fertility in Berlin--the -two-children system+." The other German towns follow the example -of Berlin. Berlin to-day produces 20% less children than are required -to maintain its own population without immigration, and the same -conditions will soon prevail in other towns. Up to now the country -districts in general maintain their fertility (West Prussia on Figure -C 128), but there, too, modern practices begin to make themselves -felt. The town and industrial population increases so rapidly that the -conditions prevailing among them have an ever increasing effect on the -people as a whole. Thus we see, even at the present time, a serious -decline in fertility among an overwhelming majority of European States: -Figure C 129, "+Decrease of Fertility in Some European States+." - -[Sidenote: D] - -Exhibited by David Fairchild Weeks, M.D., - -+Director of the New Jersey State Village for Epileptics at -Skillman, U.S.A.+ - - -Explanation of Symbols used in the Charts. - -Male individuals are indicated by squares and females by circles. The -members of each fraternity are connected by the same horizontal line. -The fraternity line is connected by a vertical line to the line joining -the symbols representing the father and mother. Illegal unions and -illegitimate children are shown by dotted lines. As an aid in tracing -the patient's immediate family, a green line is used to connect the -direct ancestors on the paternal side, and a red line on the maternal -side. The red squares and circles indicate epileptics, the green the -insane, the black the feeble-minded, and purple the criminalistic. The -figures directly above the fraternity line indicate the rank in birth, -a figure inside a square or circle shows the number of individuals of -that sex. A black dot suspended from the fraternity line stands for a -miscarriage or a stillbirth. A line underneath a square or circle shows -that institutional care has been received. The hand points out our -patient. - -The following letters indicate the different conditions: A, alcoholic; -B, blind; C, criminalistic; D, deaf; E, epileptic; F, feeble-minded; -I, insane; M, migrainous; N, normal; P, paralytic; S, syphilitic; T, -tubercular; W, wanderer, tramp; d, died; b, born; inf, infancy; Sx, -unchaste. - -[Sidenote: D 1] - -This chart shows very clearly the dangerous results of a marriage in -which both of the +parents are epileptic+. Of the four children -the first three were epileptic, and the fourth, a boy, who died at the -age of nine, was feeble-minded. All four of these children were cared -for at public expense, two are patients at the New Jersey State Village -for Epileptics, and the other two were wards of the Children's Home -Finding Society. The epileptic father is dead, and the mother married -again to an alcoholic man. When last heard of she had another child. - -[Sidenote: D 2] - -An +epileptic+ woman, married to a +feeble-minded man+, -is responsible for the large number of defectives shown on this chart. -The principal mating is that of one of the epileptic daughters of -this woman, who, like her mother, married a feeble-minded man. Eight -children resulted from this marriage; one died before two years of age, -the other seven were epileptic, the five who are living are patients -at the New Jersey State Village. Two of the girls in this fraternity -had illegitimate children before receiving proper care. This family is -undoubtedly a branch of a family of defectives, most of whom live in an -adjoining State. - -[Sidenote: D 3] - -This is a case of +incest+, and shows plainly that the "empty -germ plasm can yield only emptiness." These people lived in a hut -in the woods. The feeble-minded man had by his defective sister an -epileptic daughter, then by this daughter he had four children, one an -epileptic, one a feeble-minded woman of the streets, who spends much -of her time in jail, one an anencephalic monster who died soon after -birth, and one a feeble-minded boy, who did not grow to manhood. Since -the hut in the woods burned down, the epileptic woman and feeble-minded -daughter live in a cellar in town, though much of their time is spent -in jail. - -[Sidenote: D 4] - -This chart shows a +feeble-minded+ man, who came from a -feeble-minded family, married to an +epileptic+ woman, who -descended from a tubercular epileptic father and a mother who is -described as "flighty," "not too bright." This couple had six children, -three feeble-minded, two epileptic, and one still-born. Since the death -of the epileptic mother, the father has secured homes in institutions -for all of his children except one, and then married again. As yet he -has no children by the second wife. - -[Sidenote: D 5] - -The wife in the central mating in this case is a low grade -+epileptic+, who can scarcely recognize her own children. The -father is a +feeble-minded alcoholic+, who works hard, but who -spends all his money for drink. There were six children; one died at -the age of four, and all of the others except one six-year-old boy are -epileptic. All are being cared for by the public. Before the mother and -three of the epileptic children were brought to the State Village for -Epileptics the family lived in a cellar, slept on rags, and depended on -the neighbours for food. - -[Sidenote: D 6] - -This is a history which illustrates very well the source of a -large number of the almshouse inmates. The central figure is an -+epileptic+ woman, who spent most of her life in the poor house. -No two of her seven children are by the same father. The epileptic -daughter, whose father was feeble-minded, had started to lead the same -kind of life as her mother; in the almshouse she gave birth to one -illegitimate child before she was put under State care. The mother, -when she last left the almshouse, went to live in a hut in the woods -with a feeble-minded man, who had three feeble-minded sons; one of -these sons married the feeble-minded sister of one of the epileptic -patients at the New Jersey State Village. - -[Sidenote: D 7a] - -[Sidenote: D 7b] - -This is the history of two patients who have been found to be related, -the great grandfather of the one was the brother of the grandmother of -the other. The principal mating under D 7a is that of a +feeble-minded+ -man married to an +epileptic+ woman, whose mother died in the insane -asylum. They had six children, the first died when only a few months -old, the next and the fourth were not bright and died young, the third -is an epileptic, the fifth is feeble-minded and criminalistic and he -is now at the State Home for Boys, the sixth is also feeble-minded and -cared for at an industrial home for children. The mother and father, -at one time inmates of the almshouse, are now supported by the town. -Under D 7b the father, who died of spinal meningitis, was migrainous -and had many epileptic relatives, the mother is neurotic. There were -four children, the first an epileptic, the second died at 20 of spinal -meningitis, the third is of a very nervous temperament, the last, a -girl of 16, seems to be normal. - -[Sidenote: D 8] - -Both of the parents in this case are +feeble-minded+. The -father was the black sheep of his family, his brothers are intelligent -men, and for the most part good citizens; the mother, however, was -the illegitimate child of a feeble-minded woman. There were seven -children, one an epileptic, the others all feeble-minded with the -exception of the sixth, who is now about 11 years old; she was taken -from her home and put with a very good family; she shows the effect -of the changed environment, and though not up to her grade in school, -is only slightly backward. There is some doubt about the parentage of -the child, and it is very probable that she is by a different father. -Since the father's death the mother has had one illegitimate child; her -children were taken away from her except the two oldest because of the -immoral conditions in the home, and she now claims to be married to -a feeble-minded man, who is the younger feeble-minded brother of her -imbecile daughter's husband. - -[Sidenote: D 9] - -The central mating in this case is that of an +epileptic, alcoholic, -sexually immoral+ man, married to a +neurotic and sexually -immoral+ woman, who has many insane and feeble-minded relatives. -They had in all ten children; two were epileptic, three, feeble-minded, -one criminalistic and sexually immoral, the sixth is the only one who -has a good reputation, the last was a stillbirth. The father and mother -are no longer living together. - -[Sidenote: D 10] - -The case illustrated on this chart is of a +feeble-minded+ -woman married to an +alcoholic+ man. The wife descended from an -alcoholic father, who had several epileptic relatives. The husband also -descended from an alcoholic father, and had an epileptic nephew. Of -their nine children, the first three died young of scarlet fever, the -fourth was epileptic, and the other five are feeble-minded. - -[Sidenote: D 11] - -On this chart we have the history of an +epileptic+ man whose -attacks were of the petit-mal type. He married a choreic woman. They -had four children, the eldest a man who developed epilepsy after -his second marriage. His first wife was insane; by her he had two -daughters, one of whom is now an inmate in an insane asylum, the other -is neurotic and has been treated in a sanatorium. Of the other children -two are apparently normal and one migrainous. - -[Sidenote: D 12] - -This chart shows an +epileptic+ man married to a normal woman; -he had both epileptic and insane relatives, while she had epileptic, -alcoholic, and tubercular relatives. Their first child was an -epileptic, the next were twins, one of these appears to be normal while -the other is of a very nervous temperament, the fourth died in infancy, -and the last three were stillbirths. The mother married the second -time, this time to a man who drank to excess after their marriage; by -him she had two children, both of whom seem to be normal. They are both -in school. - -[Sidenote: D 13] - -This is the history of a low grade +epileptic+. His oldest -sister is normal; she was brought up by strangers after her mother's -death, and is now earning her living as a saleslady. The second was a -boy, who was thought to be normal until he was about sixteen, when he -displayed criminalistic tendencies, and for the crime of rape was put -in the Reform School. The youngest is a girl, who is of a very nervous -temperament. The father was an alcoholic, and went on long sprees; he -deserted his wife and family to live with a woman who also deserted a -family. His brother is an alcoholic, and married the patient's mother's -sister; they are now divorced. The mother was migrainous, she died of -tuberculosis; her family shows a neurotic taint, while the father has -several epileptic relatives. - -[Sidenote: D 14] - -In the central mating the father and mother are both -+migrainous+. They both belong to families prominent in the -community in which they reside; their homes are among the best, and -they are counted as leading citizens. There were nine children; -three died before four years of age, one is epileptic, one seems to -be normal, and the others all show some nervous taint, though not -migrainous. - -[Sidenote: D 15] - -This is the history of a +syphilitic and a sexually immoral -couple+. They were never married, and the woman for many years -supported the man, who was never sober and frequently had attacks of -delirium tremens. She finally deserted him. Of their eight children two -were stillbirths, three were epileptic, and the other syphilitic. One -of the epileptics in a jealous rage shot the woman whom he loved, and -when he found that escape was impossible, killed himself. - -[Sidenote: D 15a-b] - -Charts explaining the method of collecting and recording data. - - * * * * * - - - - -[Sidenote: E] - -Exhibited by Mr E. J. Lidbetter. - - -A selection by Mr. E. J. Lidbetter, from his collection of pedigrees, -showing pauperism in association with mental and physical defect, -justifying the inference that a high proportion of +pauperism is to -be attributed to the transmission of defect+ and the perpetuation -of stocks of a low type:-- - -[Sidenote: E 1] - -Pedigree showing +mental disease and destructive eye-disease+ -in the same stock. Insanity, epilepsy, feeble-mindedness and idiocy in -various degrees in twelve members, several of them being also blind; -partial or total blindness from detachment of the retina without mental -defect in several others. Tendency to "anti-dating" or "anticipation" -of the mental disease in succeeding generations or younger born -offspring. The printed numbers on the diagram indicate the age of the -individual on 1st attack. Prevalence of tuberculosis (three members). -Neither mental nor ocular conditions attributable to syphilis. Of the -49 individuals whose history is known 26 have been, or are being, -maintained in public institutions (Asylums, Workhouses, Blind Schools, -or Poor Law Schools), 29 have been paupers at intervals, and two -are known to have been in prison. Several marriages between mental -defectives yielding large but inferior families. (Exhibited by Mr. E. -T. Lidbetter. The eye-disease reported upon by Mr. E. Nettleship.) - -[Sidenote: E 2] - -Pedigree showing the tendency to +intermarry among pauper and -defective families+. On the left "able-bodied" pauperism and on -the right sickness. One hundred and fifty-seven units shown in five -generations; 76 paupers shown, including 38 classed as chronic, 32 -occasional and six medical only. Twenty-eight died in infancy, nine -tuberculous, six insane, two epileptics, and one blind. Shows also -pauper children born in lucid intervals of parent suffering from -periodic insanity. - -[Sidenote: E 3] - -Pedigree illustrating stock of a +low type in which very little -physical defect appears+. The total includes 61 individuals, of -whom 42 are or have been paupers, eight have died in workhouse or -infirmary, and two in asylums for lunatics; one child is an imbecile. -On the whole the stock may be described as mentally sub-normal (not -strongly so), but with a marked non-moral tendency. Of the 34 children -in the last generation, ten are certainly illegitimate; 15 were, or -are, being brought up in Poor Law Institutions, and nine received -out-door relief with their parents. The collective period of pauperism -in this case exceeds 115 years and the cost to the ratepayers is -estimated at about £2,400. - -[Sidenote: E 4] - -Showing the case of a woman who had two husbands. With the first her -children were consistently defective (deaf and dumb). With the second, -one died in infancy and three are doing well. All the children of the -first are, or have been, paupers. - -[Sidenote: E 5] - -A series showing the intimate +relation between tuberculosis infant -mortality and pauperism+:-- - -[Sidenote: E 5a] - -Showing a +tuberculous family with apparently normal parents+, -both of whom come from tuberculous stocks. Of their 14 children only -two are normal; six are consumptive; four died in infancy. The father -was one of a family of 8 of whom only he and one other survived--and -that other became insane, and his wife and children became paupers in -consequence. - -[Sidenote: E 5b] - -Showing +insanity, consumption and infant mortality+; also the -transmission of insanity through the apparently normal. - -[Sidenote: E 5c] - -Showing the +survival of tuberculous+ stock by accession of -strength from the normal. Only the illegitimate children and their -non-sick father survive in this group. - -[Sidenote: E 5d] - -Showing the case of a +normal woman who had two consumptive -husbands+. Survival of defective strain by accession of strength -from the normal. - -[Sidenote: E 5e] - -+Consumption+ in three generations. +Male infant -mortality+. Query, transmission (?) through the normal. - -[Sidenote: E 6] - -A series showing +transmission of mental defect through the -apparently normal+. - -[Sidenote: E 6a] - -Insanity, blindness, epilepsy and feeble-mindedness. - -[Sidenote: E 6b] - -Insanity in three generations. Transmission through the normal in each -case. - -[Sidenote: E 6c] - -Insanity through the normal twice removed. - -[Sidenote: E 6d] - -Insanity, epilepsy, and infant mortality--a Mendelian suggestion. - - -[Sidenote: F] - -EXHIBITED BY PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT, CITY OF LIVERPOOL. - -E. W. Hope, M.D., M.O.H. - -[Sidenote: F 1] - -One large model of +insanitary property+ dealt with in -Liverpool, built to scale, etc., with glass cover. - -[Sidenote: F 2] - -Charts showing the +decline in mortality from phthisis+:-- - -[Sidenote: F 2a] - -One showing rate for England and Wales. - -[Sidenote: F 2b] - -One " " England and Ireland. - -[Sidenote: F 2c] - -One " " Scotland. - -[Sidenote: F 2d] - -One " " Liverpool. - -[Sidenote: F 3 b c d e f] - -Six framed and glazed photographs illustrating insanitary property -which has been demolished in Liverpool, and the new dwellings which -have been erected to house the dispossessed tenants. - - * * * * * - - - - -[Sidenote: G] - -AN EXHIBIT OF A SYSTEM OF MAKING PEDIGREE RECORDS. - -Exhibited by Dr. Raymond Pearl, - -+Biologist of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, -Maine.+ - - -This exhibit consists of a series of blank record forms designed to -+illustrate the method of keeping pedigree records+ which has -been in use at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for a period -of five years, in connection with its work in the experimental study of -inheritance in poultry and in various plants. The advantages which have -been found by experience to inhere in this system of pedigree record -keeping are (_a_) simplicity; (_b_) ease of operation; (_c_) small -chance for error in the keeping of large masses of pedigree records; -(_d_) uniformity of the system, such that records of all kinds, in any -way pertaining to the work, may be brought together with great ease for -consultation or study. - -In addition to the record blanks there are exhibited also various -marking devices and other apparatus connected with the proper working -of the plan. - -It should be noted that while the blanks here exhibited are devised -particularly for work with poultry and plants, the same system, with -slight modifications, may be successfully applied to the keeping of -human pedigree records; indeed it is a pleasure to state that the -system here exhibited is an outgrowth and development of a scheme for -the keeping of pedigree data in general and particularly human pedigree -records suggested many years ago by the late Sir Francis Galton. - - * * * * * - - - - -[Sidenote: H] - -Exhibited by C. V. Drysdale, Esq., D. Sc. - - -The +Malthusian theory of population+ leads to the conclusion -that the population of the majority of countries is held in check by -lack of food. Therefore, there should be a correspondence between the -birth and death rates, high birth rates producing high death rates and -high infantile mortality, and the death rate should rise or fall with a -rise or fall of the birth rate. - -In the accompanying diagrams, white strips imply birth rates, shaded -strips death rates, and black strips infantile mortality, or deaths of -children under one year. - -[Sidenote: H 1] - -Shows the relation between +birth and death rates and infantile -mortality+ in various countries in 1901-1905. - -[Illustration: VARIOUS COUNTRIES 1901-05 - -Figure H 1.] - -[Sidenote: H 2] - -Relation between _birth rate and +corrected+ death rates_ in -various countries. (This shows that France is healthier than appears in -H 1.) - -[Sidenote: H 3] - -Shows relation between +birth and death rates+ from various -causes in five districts of +London+. - -[Sidenote: H 4] - -Relation between the +birth rate and death rate+ for various -arrondissements of +Paris+ in 1906. (Note that the increase in -the Elysée quarter is as high as the average in the quarters of high -birth rate.) - -[Sidenote: H 5-6] - -Variation of the +total population and birth and death rates+ in -the +United Kingdom+ and the +German Empire+. (Note that the fall -in the death rate corresponds fairly closely to that in the birth -rate.) - -[Sidenote: H 7] - -Id. for +France+. (Note that the population is still increasing -although slowly.) - -[Sidenote: H 8] - -=Birth and death rates for France= since 1781. (Note that the rate of -increase of population in 1781 was no higher with a birth rate of 39 -per 1,000 than in 1901-6 with a birth rate of only 21 per 1,000. A fall -of 17.8 per 1,000 in the birth rate has resulted in a fall of 17.5 per -1,000 in the death rate.) - -[Sidenote: H 9] - -+Birth and death rates and infantile mortality for England and -Wales+. Also +marriage rate, fertility of married women, -illegitimacy+ and +variation of diseases+. (Note that the -illegitimate birth rate has fallen to half since the fall of the birth -rate set in.) - -[Sidenote: H 10] - -+Birth and death rates and infantile mortality+ in the -+Netherlands+ (Notice the rapid increase of population as the -death rate falls, and the great fall of infantile mortality, probably -due to the practical work of the Dutch Neo-Malthusian League among the -poor.) - -[Sidenote: H 11-13] - -+_Protestant Countries._+ (Notice the correspondence between the -birth and death rates and infantile mortality in all.) - -[Sidenote: H 14-16] - -+_Roman Catholic Countries._+ (Note that the fall of the birth -rate has taken place almost equally with that in the Protestant -Countries, and with the same result.) - -[Sidenote: H 17-20] - -The only +four countries in which the birth rate is approximately -_stationary_+. (Notice that the death rate has not fallen--except, -perhaps in Russia--and that the infantile mortality has not fallen. -Also that the highest birth rate produces the highest death rate and -infantile mortality, and the lowest birth rate the lowest mortality.) - -[Sidenote: H 21-24] - -The only +four countries with _rising_ birth rates.+ _The death -rate and the infantile mortality have increased in every one._ - -[Sidenote: H 25] - -+_Australia._+ The death rate has fallen with the birth rate, -and is now only about 10 per 1,000. - -[Sidenote: H 26] - -+_New Zealand._+ The only country in which the fall in the -birth rate has not produced a fall in the death rate, and which is not -therefore over-populated. The infantile mortality is the lowest in the -world, and the death rate less than 10 per 1,000, which gives us an -ideal which we can reach in all countries by lowering the birth rate -sufficiently. - -[Sidenote: H 27] - -+_The City of Toronto._+ The birth rate has fallen and -afterwards risen. The death rate has fallen with the birth rate, and -afterwards risen, showing that the improvements in sanitation have not -been the cause of the falling death rate in other countries. - -[Sidenote: H 28] - -+_Berlin._+ The birth rate rose rapidly from 1841 to 1876, and -afterwards fell even more rapidly. The death rate, except for epidemics -and wars, rose and fell in almost precise correspondence with the birth -rate. - -[Sidenote: H 29-30] - -+_Europe and Western Europe._+ These show that the total -population of Europe is increasing faster, the more the birth rate -falls, while in Western Europe the birth and death rates correspond -almost exactly. Calculations made from this show that about 25,000,000 -fewer deaths have occurred in Europe since 1876, due to the fall in -the birth rate caused by the Knowlton Trial and the Neo-Malthusian -movement. It should be noted that in the great majority of cases the -decline of the birth rate commenced in 1877, the year of the Knowlton -Trial. - -[Illustration: - -EUROPE. - -WESTERN EUROPE. (COMPRISING THE UNITED KINGDOM, NORWAY, SWEDEN, -FINLAND, DENMARK, HOLLAND, BELGIUM, FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, -SWITZERLAND, ITALY, SPAIN, & PORTUGAL.) - -(SEE SUNDBARG'S APERÇUS STATISTIQUES INT'ONAUX 1905. pp. 76 & 80.) - -Figures H 29-30] - - -[Sidenote: I] - -Exhibits lent by Mr. and Mrs. W. C. D. Whetham. - - * * * * * - -[Sidenote: I 1] - -1. Pedigree showing the descent of Administrative Ability. - -[Sidenote: I 2] - -2. Wollaston Pedigree, showing the descent of Scientific Ability. - -[Sidenote: I 3] - -3. Pedigree showing the Mendelian descent of Eye-colour in mankind. - - - - -[Sidenote: K] - -THE RACIAL FORM OF NOSE AND ITS SEGREGATIVE INHERITANCE. - -By Geo. P. Mudge. - -The +form of a nose+ doubtless depends upon many factors. But -chief among them we may suppose are the length, breadth, and angle -of inclination of the nasal bones; the form, length, breadth, and -thickness of the nasal septum, and the degree of development of the -turbinal bones. The segregation and persistence in families of a -definite type of nose-form is a subject well worth further study. The -inheritance of this character from the Mendelian standpoint has not yet -been adequately studied. But as with eye-colour, so with nose-form, -we desire to know not only how alternative characters are inherited -among individuals of the same race, but how they are +transmitted -among+ the offspring of mixed races. - - -ENGLISH V. GIPSY. - -[Sidenote: K 1] - -I am able in the photograph exhibited to show what appears to be -an undoubted transmission of a very prominent form of nose from a -grandmother to a grandson. The grandmother (on the right of the -photograph, who is now over 80 years of age) was the wife of a gipsy -and she herself came of gipsy stock. She and her husband eventually -settled in a small village in the West of England. They had six -children, namely, two sons and four daughters. Of the two sons, one was -fair in complexion and had the "wild ways and habits of the gipsy." The -other was dark in complexion and married an English countrywoman of the -district in which his parents had settled. She was of fair complexion. -They are shown, as husband and wife, in the left-hand corner of the -central photograph. They have had four children, namely, three girls -(shown in the centre of the photograph) and one son (shown standing -by the right of his gipsy grandmother in the right corner of the -photograph). - -The gipsy grandmother has a very prominent type of nose. It is -characterised by three chief features: First, the broad base on -which the external narial apertures are lodged; second, the marked -convexity of the contour of the bridge; third, the well-defined or -sharp angularity of the general form. Her son's nose differs from hers -in all three of these points. His wife's nose is of the more rounded -type and differs very widely from that of the gipsy grandmother (her -mother-in-law). The three girl children of these two parents clearly -do not possess a nose like that of their grandmother. The two younger -daughters appear to resemble their mother, while the oldest appears to -be an intermediate between her mother and father. So far then there is -no feature of any special interest. - -But it is otherwise when we come to deal with the nose of the son -(grandson of the old gipsy woman). For it resembles hers in all three -of the marked features which give to her nose its distinctive and -prominent form. The convexity of the bridge is, perhaps, not quite so -pronounced, but then he is still young, and this is a feature likely to -become accentuated with age. - -Two features of Mendelian interest are shown in this group of a -grandmother, two parents and four grandchildren. First, there is a -hereditary transmission of nose type from grandmother to grandson. -Second, there is a clean segregation of the nose type manifested by -the brother, from the contrasted nose type or types exemplified by his -three sisters. In addition, the case is interesting since it manifests -segregation of characters in the offspring of parents of different -races, _i.e._, a gipsy and a native of the West of England. - -In the absence of precise information concerning the form of nose of -the gipsy grandmother's husband, and of their five other children, and -of the brothers and sisters of the grandmother, it is difficult to -formulate a scheme showing a definite Mendelian inheritance in this -case. But the two features alluded to in the preceding paragraph are -strongly suggestive of inheritance according to Mendelian principles. - -We are indebted to Mrs. Rose Haig Thomas for the general facts of this -case and for the photograph of the group. - - -+EUROPEAN V. AMERICAN RED INDIAN.+ - -[Sidenote: K 2] - -A few years ago I had an opportunity of meeting two friends who had -spent many years in different parts of Canada and were acquainted with -families who were derived from an ancestry partly European and partly -North American Indian. I gathered from my friends, in virtue of much -kindness and patience upon their part, some valuable facts concerning -the nature of various facial features in the offspring of the two -mixed races--European and Red Indian. I purpose here to deal with two -families and with only one character, _i.e._, the type of nose. The -Red Indian and European type of nose are easily distinguishable. In the -Red Indian the nose is prominent and its frontal profile is formed by -two lines which diverge from the bridge towards the base. The latter -is, in consequence, very broad. The form of nose is sometimes known as -the _busqué_ or curved type, since its lateral profile is in outline -markedly aquiline. But examination of a series of photographs of Red -Indians shows some variation in the lateral profile, since some are -decidedly concave. But the broadness at the base is apparently never -diminished; it is always marked and unmistakable. The well-pronounced -Indian nose can always be easily distinguished from the European nose -by persons who have had a long acquaintance with both races. But cases -do occur where even an experienced observer would feel some doubt in -expressing an opinion as to which type a given nose belonged. Such -cases are, however, not common. - -[Sidenote: K 2a] - -From the pedigrees of families derived from a mixed racial parentage -in my possession, I select two for exhibition at this Congress. The -first is that known as "Family 5" in my list. In this case a Scotchman -(Generation A, S) married a full-blood Indian woman. They had a son and -daughter (Generation B, 2 and 3). The half-breed son had the Indian -type of nose. The daughter had a small and well-shaped European nose. - -The son married a full-blood Indian woman (Generation B, 1) and had -four children. Two of these were infants at the time my informant knew -them, and though they were described as being generally of the Indian -type, they were too young to give any reliable details concerning the -form of the nose. The two elder children (Generation C, 1 and 2) were a -daughter and a son, and both had the Indian type of nose. - -The half-breed daughter (Generation B, 4) married twice. Her first -husband was a half-breed Indian (B 3). He was not seen by my informant. -They had a son and a daughter (Generation C, 5 and 6). The former -was Indian in type of nose as well as in other facial characters. -The daughter, though she had very decided Indian cheek bones, had -the European type of nose. She is of further interest, inasmuch -as while her eye-colour was European the shape of her eyes was -characteristically Indian. - -The second husband of the half-breed daughter was a Welshman -(Generation B, W). By him she had seven children. The last was a baby -at the time my informant saw it, and we may leave it out of account. -The penultimate child was a son (Generation C, 12), and his nose was -sunken, and my informant found it difficult to say whether it was -European or Indian in type. I rather suspect from an inspection of some -photographs of Indians which I have seen that it resembles a very -concave flattened Indian type. Of the remaining five children, four had -an European type and one an Indian type of nose. - -Assuming that my informant's observations and memory are accurate--and -I feel sure they are quite reliable since he spent many years among -the Indians and half-breeds of North America in company with other -Europeans, and he is a man of naturally sharp discernment--this family -shows clear evidence of the segregation of nose type. It is shown more -particularly in the children of the half-breed daughter who married -twice, since among her offspring (Generation C, 5-13) both types of -nose appeared. The re-appearance of the European nose was manifested, -not only when she was mated back to an European in her second marriage, -but when she married a half-breed like herself. This latter marriage, -however, did not constitute, as we might at first sight regard it, an -experimental mating in every way analogous to a Mendelian cross of DR -x DR; because although she was a half-breed her nose was not like her -brother's of the Indian type, but European. - -It thus appears as though the Indian nose was dominant in one case, -and the European in the other. Too much stress must not be laid on -this point. So many half-breeds are indistinguishable from full-blood -Indians, that the possibility is to be borne in mind that this woman's -mother, who was married to the Scotchman, was not really a full-blood -Indian, and that tradition was in error. I am, however, making further -inquiries. - -But Mendelian segregation is shown in this pedigree in another way. The -granddaughter (Generation C, 6), by the first husband, manifested, as -already indicated, an European type of nose and European eye-colour. -She also manifested other European characters, with which I do not -now purpose dealing. But her cheek bones were decidedly Indian and -the shape of her eyes were also Indian. Thus we have the segregation -in the same individual of the characters of two distinct races of -men. In other words, there has been segregation of racial characters -followed by their recombination in a hybrid race. That is a fact of -some importance, in what we may designate as anthropological Eugenics, -or, if we prefer it, as the Eugenics of Anthropology. For it turns our -thoughts to the possibility of calling into being a more perfect type -of men by the recombination of the better alternative qualities of two -less perfect races. - -[Sidenote: K 2b] - -The second pedigree exhibited is that of "Family 4" in my list. I am -indebted to another informant for the facts of this pedigree, and they -relate to another part of North America. In this case a Frenchman -(Generation A, F) married a full-blood Indian Princess, namely, a -daughter of a Chief. She had one only daughter (Generation B, 2) whose -nose was of the Indian type, but rather flat. - -The daughter married an Irishman (Generation B, 1), and they had six -children. Of these three had European types of nose and three the -Indian type (Generation C, 1-6). - -This family shows again an apparently clean segregation of Indian -and European types of nose. The two types appear, side by side, in -different individuals of the same fraternity. - -THE SEGREGATION OF RACIAL EYE-COLOUR. - -By Geo. P. Mudge. - -It is a matter of importance to know the exact influence which a -mixture of races exerts upon the hereditary transmission of characters. -For instance, do the alternative characters of two races of men, when -they are related by marriage, segregate in inheritance in accordance -with Mendelian principles? Is the term "blending or fusion of races -misleading, and only accurate when employed in a qualified sense"? - -It has been shown by Mr. Hurst's very careful investigations in a -Leicestershire village that certain types of human eye-colour, which -he designates as "Simplex" and "Duplex," are inherited in complete -accord with Mendelian principles of inheritance. The two types not -only segregate from each other in the course of transmission, but they -do so in practically exact Mendelian proportions. And the "Simplex" -type, which is the recessive form of eye-colour, breeds true. It begets -nothing but the Simplex eye. These results have been confirmed by -Professor and Mrs. Davenport in America. In this and similar cases we -are merely dealing with the transmission of alternative characters in -individuals of the same race.[D] - -[Footnote D: Of course, the "English" race is really a community of -many commingled races. But from our present standpoint that matters -little. It is rather confirmatory of the further facts and conclusions -I am about to describe.] - -But one of the interesting problems of the future is concerned with the -transmission of characters when human races of diverse characteristics -breed together. We are not concerned to discuss now whether the races -of mankind are varieties or species. - -[Sidenote: K 3] - -SPANIARD _v._ GIPSY. - -The records of travellers provide certain information which helps -us to form reliable though limited conclusions as to the results of -the +interbreeding of different human races+. Mrs. Rose Haig -Thomas, to whom we are indebted for the exhibit of a photograph, -taken during a journey through Spain a few years ago, of a Spanish -gipsy woman with her three children, has made several observations -of some interest. She became acquainted with a family in which "the -mother was a dark-skinned, black-haired, black-eyed gipsy woman. (See -photograph, Exhibit No. K 3.) The husband was a Spaniard with blue -eyes. There were three children. Of these, the eldest had flaxen hair -and blue eyes. The second was a boy with black eyes, black hair, and an -olive skin as dark as the mother's. The third child was too young to -justify any conclusion being based on its characteristics. It was only -18 months old; but was flaxen-haired, blue-eyed, and fair skinned." -This observation of Mrs. Haig Thomas, in Granada, affords then a clear -example of the segregation of blue-eye and flaxen-hair characters among -the gametes of the black-eyed, black-haired, and olive-complexioned -mother. For, in the light of Mendelian researches, it is obvious she -was carrying these characters recessive, and that some of her gametes -were pure in respect of them. - - -ARAB _v._ SPANIARD. - -[Sidenote: K 4] - -The second photograph, exhibited by Mrs. Haig Thomas (Exhibit No. K 4), -is of three sisters who were also photographed in Granada. The eldest -is of the dark, typical "Arab type," so well recognised by Spaniards -wherever it is seen in Spain. The second sister is clearly much lighter -in hair and fairer in complexion than her sister. The nose, too, is -very distinct in both. The baby is fair. It is impossible, of course, -to trace the remote ancestry of these sisters, and Mrs. Haig Thomas -obtained no information as to their parents, but from what we know of -Spanish history the case suggests a +possible segregation of Moorish -from Gothic features+ after the intermixture of the two races, -by marriage, had occurred. But the question is extremely complex. It -is impossible to say to what extent the inhabitants of modern Spain -represent in varying degrees a commingled race of Phoenicians and -Iberians, of these with Romans and Goths, and of all with Moors, -themselves at the time of the conquest of Spain a mixed race. All that -can be said with any degree of probability is that these various races -have more or less intermingled[E] during the long history of Spain, -and that the flaxen hair and blue eyes among its inhabitants are the -heritage which the Goths have left them. - -[Footnote E: I advisedly use the word intermingled and not blended.] - - -EUROPEAN _v._ AMERICAN RED INDIAN. - -For the facts of the segregation of European and Indian eye-colour, -I am indebted to two friends who resided for many years in different -parts of Canada, and who do not desire their names published. - -[Sidenote: K 5] - -The first case of this kind (Pedigree Chart, No. K 5) of -+segregation of racial eye-colour+ is that of the offspring -from a marriage between a blue-eyed Scotchman and a black-eyed, full -blood American Red Indian woman.[F] They had a son and a daughter, and -the eyes of both were Indian brown. This brown differs from that of -European eyes, and can usually be distinguished by observers who know -the two races well. The half-breed son (No. 2, Generation B) married a -full blood Indian woman (No. 1), who also had Indian brown eyes, and by -her had four children. Two of them were babies at the time my informant -knew them, and we may leave them out of account. The other two, a son -and daughter (Nos. 2 and 1, Generation C), had Indian brown eyes. This -result is in accord with Mendelian expectations. - -[Footnote F: This is the same family as Family 5 described in -connection with Segregation of Nose Form in exhibit K 2a.] - -The half-breed Indian daughter (No. 4, Generation B) of the blue-eyed -Scotchman and Indian mother married a Welshman (No. 5, B) with hazel -eyes. They had seven children. Of these, two--a son and daughter (No. -7 and 11, Generation C)--had blue eyes. The remaining children--with -the exception of a baby, whom my informant had seldom seen--had eyes of -varying shades of brown. Two (Nos. 9 and 12, C) had European brown, one -dark Indian brown, and one Indian brown eyes (Nos. 8 and 10, C). - -The re-appearance of blue eyes among two of the Scotchman's -grandchildren is a clear example of the Mendelian segregation among the -gametes of the half-breed Indian mother of the factors which produce -blue eyes. The Welsh father, with the hazel eyes, must, of course, as -we deduce from other cases, have carried the blue-eye factors recessive. - -The black-eyed full blood Indian grandmother also carried various -shades of Indian brown, recessive to the Indian black which she herself -manifested, since her daughter and two granddaughters exhibited Indian -brown and dark Indian brown coloured eyes. The two European brown-eyed -grandsons were probably in eye-colour hybrids between the hazel colour -of the Welsh father and the Indian brown of the half-breed Indian -mother. - -The pedigree is thus, in respect of eye-colour--and of other -characters also which are not here described--clearly Mendelian in its -manifestations. It shows that the offspring of two very different types -of human races exhibit the same mode of Mendelian inheritance as do the -descendants of two contrasted parents of the same race. - -[Sidenote: K 6] - -Family 4 (Pedigree Chart, No. K 6) illustrates the same kind of facts -and conclusions. In the A Generation a Frenchman, whose eye-colour -was unknown to my informant, married a full blood Indian princess who -had Indian brown eyes. There was one daughter only (Generation B) by -this marriage, and she had Indian brown eyes. She married an Irishman, -who had red hair, grey eyes, and a freckled complexion (Generation -B). From this marriage there came six children (Generation C). Two of -these had "grey eyes like their father." Three had dark brown eyes of -European tint. My informant had some doubt as to the European tint of -two of these three (Nos. 3 and 4, C Generation); their eye-colour was -very dark brown, and possibly it may have been the Indian tint. The -remaining member of this generation had Indian brown eyes of a very -dark shade. - -It may be desirable to state that Families 4 and 5 come from different -parts of Canada. - -The chief feature of interest in this family is the segregation of the -grey eye-colour of the Irishman among his offspring. It appears in -two daughters. From what we know of analogous cases, there is little -doubt that the gametes of his half-breed Indian wife carried the blue -or grey factors derived from her French father. The appearance of an -European brown eye-colour in Generation C, No. 6, suggests that the -French grandfather had brown eyes, and that, therefore, this colour has -segregated out among the gametes of the half-breed Indian mother. - - - - -Exhibited by Mr. E. Nettleship. - -[Sidenote: L] - -[Sidenote: L 1] - -+Congenital Colour-blindness+. Pedigree showing unusual -features, viz.: (_a_) females affected; (_b_) twins, of whom one -is affected, the other not; (_c_) marriage between two unrelated -colour-blind stocks. Except that two females are affected the -inheritance, so far as can be traced, has followed the rule for -colour-blindness; viz., limitation to males and transmission through -unaffected females. - -_Key to Signs_. - - [M] normal male; [F] normal female. - [M-] colour-blind male; [F-] colour-blind female. - [circle] batch of whom there are no particulars. - [OO with over bar] twins. [Greek: ph] died in infancy. [ob]: dead. - [×] seen and examined. - [× ×] reported normal, but not seen. - -[Sidenote: L 2] - -+Hereditary night-blindness with myopia+ (short sight) affecting -21 males and only 1 female in a large pedigree. The night-blindness -congenital and stationary. Descent always through mothers themselves -unaffected. Mental defects in several of the night-blind stock. Other -pedigrees of this male-limited night-blindness are on record. - -_Key_. - - [M-] and [F-] night-blind male and female. - Otherwise the same as for L 1. - -[Sidenote: L 3] - -Pedigrees of +hereditary congenital Nystagmus+ (involuntary -rhythmical movements of the eyes) showing two different modes of -descent. - -[Sidenote: L 3a] - -In Figure L 3a the nystagmus occurs only in males and descends through -unaffected females. - -[Sidenote: L 3b] - -In Fig. L 3b both males and females are liable to the disease, and -either parent may transmit it, although descent is more often through -mother than father. - -The movements of the eyes are very often accompanied by rhythmical -movements of the head in the non-sex-limited type (Fig. L 3b), but head -movements very seldom occur in the male-limited type (Fig. L 3a). - -In both types many of those affected have also optical defects of the -eyes, especially astigmatism. No mental or nerve complications in -either kind. - -_Key_. - - [M-] and [F-] male and female with Nystagmus. - Otherwise as for L 1. - -[Sidenote: L 4] - -Pedigree of +hereditary Cataract+. The cataract in this -genealogy begins in childhood, and usually progresses so as to require -operation by the time its subject is grown up; results of operation -usually good and lasting. Most of the affected members still living; of -the four dead, none died before 54, and two of them lived to 78 and 83 -respectively. Both sexes affected and either sex may transmit. No other -eye disease and no prevalent constitutional diseases or degeneracies in -the cataractous stock. - -Many similar pedigrees are known. - -_Key_. - - [M-] and [F-] male and female with cataract. - Otherwise as for L 1. - - - - -[Sidenote: M] - -Exhibited by Professor R. C. Punnett, F.R.S. - -Mendelian Inheritance in Rabbits. - -[Sidenote: M 1.] - - Yellow Himalayan - Dutch × (Black) - | - F_{1} Agouti - (reversion to wild colour). - | - F | - ______________________|__________________________ - | | | | | - Agouti Black Yellow Tortoise Himalayan - +Ratio.+ 27 9 9 3 16 - -Factors concerned:-- - -+A+. the factor for agouti which turns a black into an agouti, -or a tortoise into a yellow. - -+E+. the factor for extension of pigment which when present -turns a yellow into an agouti, or a tortoise into a black. - -+S+. the factor for self colour which turns a Himalayan into a -self coloured animal. - -All the rabbits in this experiment contain the factor for black (B). - -[Sidenote: M 2.] - -The Himalayan pattern can occur in all four colour classes. Thus the -agouti Himalayan has lighter points than the black Himalayan. (cf. 2 -specimens shown.) - -Experiments to demonstrate that +black rabbits may be of different -constitution genetically+. - -Factors concerned in these experiments are:-- - -+A+. the agouti factor. - -+E+. the factor for extension of pigment. - -+D+. a factor for density of pigmentation. - -All the rabbits are homozygous for the black factor +B+. - -Homozygous agouti = +AA BB EE+. - -Black rabbits may be either:-- - -(1) Rabbits of the constitution +aa BB EE+. These breed true and -behave as simple recessive to agouti. - -(2) Rabbits of the constitution +AA BB EE DD+., _i.e._, -agoutis to which a double dose of D has been added are pure blacks in -appearance, when only a single dose of D is added the animal shows some -agouti markings and is an agouti-black. Such rabbits have always proved -to be heterozygous, and when mated together give blacks, agouti-blacks, -and agoutis in the ratio 7:6:3. - -(3) Rabbits of the constitution +AA BB Ee Dd+. An agouti-black -(AA BB EE Dd) becomes a pure black when heterozygous for E. Such blacks -when mated with blacks of constitution +aa BB EE dd+ throw some -agoutis and also some agouti-blacks. - -Further, the experiments have shewn that the factor +D+ is coupled with -+E+ in the gametogenesis of rabbits of the constitution +AA BB Ee Dd+. -The gametes produced by such animals are of two kinds only viz--+A B -E D+ and +A B e d+. When mated with a tortoise aa BB ee dd they give -blacks and yellows only--+and no agoutis+. So far as is known, the -coupling between E and D is complete. At present this is the only case -of coupling between characters yet worked out in a mammal. - -[Sidenote: M 3] - -Experiments with +Poultry+, illustrating the +recombination -of characters+. - - Brown - Leghorn [F-] × Silky [M-] - | - (_a_) Coloured (chiefly brown) | (_a_) White plumage (with or - plumage | without slight buff tinge) - | - (_b_) Normal feathers | (_b_) Silky feathers - | - _________________________|__________________________ - | | - F_1 [F-] (_a_) Coloured F_1 [M-] - (_b_) Normal feathers - --------________ ________--------- - --------- × --------- - | - | - | - F_2 Generation - ________________________________________________________ - | | | | - /------+------\ /------+------\ /------+------\ /------+------\ - - Coloured plumage Coloured plumage White plumage White plumage - Normal feathers Silky feathers Normal feathers Silky feathers - -[Sidenote: M 4] - -Experiment with +Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion on crossing, -followed by the appearance of numerous types in next generation+. - - White × White - | - F_1 Purple - | - +---------------------+-------------------+ - | | | - F_2 3 types of purple 3 corresponding figures Whites - viz.:-- of reds, viz.:-- - - (_a_) Purple (_a_) Painted Lady - - (_b_) Deep Purple (_b_) Miss Hunt - - (_c_) Picotee (_c_) Tinged White - -The varied forms in the F_2 generation appear in definite proportions -and a certain number of plants of each variety are already "fixed," and -have been shewn, by further experiment, to breed true to type. - -[Sidenote: M 5] - -Experiment with Sweet Peas, illustrating reversion in structural -characters. - -A cross between the ordinary "Cupid" dwarfs and the half-dwarf "Bush" -form results in a complete reversion to the normal tall habit such as -occurs in the wild sweet pea. A further generation raised from these -reversionary talls consists of talls, Bush, Cupids, and a new form, the -"Bush-Cupid." These last combine the erect bush-like habit of growth -with the dwarfness of the Cupid. - - Bush × Cupid - | - F_1 Tall - | - +----------+----+----+------------+ - | | | | - F_2 Tall Bush Cupid Bush-Cupid - - In the - ratio 9 3 3 1 - -[Sidenote: M 6a] - -Example of +association of characters in heredity+. - -In the sweet pea the dark reddish purple axil is dominant to the light -green one. Also the fertile condition of the anthers is dominant to -the contabescent sterile condition. In families which involve these -characters, the nature of the F_2 generation depends upon the way in -which the original cross was made. (A) When each parent has one of the -dominant characters. - - Dark axil} {Light axil - Sterile} × {Fertile - | - F_{1} Dark axil - Fertile - | - +------------+---+---------+----------------+ - | | | | - F_{2} Dark axil Dark axil Light axil {[*]Light axil} - Fertile Sterile Fertile { Sterile } - - Approximate 2 1 1 - ratio - - * Not yet found, but probably occurs very rarely.] - -[Sidenote: M 6b] - -(B) If, however, both of the dominant characters go in with one parent, -and neither with the other parent, they tend to remain associated in -F_{2}; thus:-- - - Light} {Dark - Sterile} × {Fertile - | - F_{1} Dark Fertile - | - +-----------+----------+-----------+ - | | | | - F_{2} Dark Dark Light Light - Fertile Sterile Fertile Sterile - +Ratio.+ 737 31 31 225 - -In such a cross the classes resembling the two original parents tend to -be produced in excess, while the other two combinations are produced -much more rarely. Nevertheless, the ratio of dark to light axil, and of -fertile to sterile anthers, is, in each case, a simple 3:1 ratio. - - -[Sidenote: M 7a] - -Example of association of +characters in heredity+. - -Purple flower colour is dominant to red in the sweet pea, and the -old-fashioned erect form of standard with the central notch is dominant -to the hooded. In families where these characters are involved, the -nature of the F_{2} generation depends upon the manner in which the -cross was made. - -(A) When one dominant character goes in with each parent. - - Purple} {Red - hood} × {erect - | - Purple erect - +--------+-------+-------+ - | | | | - Purple Purple Red [*]Red - erect hood erect hood - Approximate - ratio 2 1 1 - - * Not yet found in this mating, but probably occurs very rarely. - -[Sidenote: M 7b] - -(B) When the two dominants enter, from one parent, they tend to remain -associated in the F_{2} generation. - - Purple} {Red - erect} × {hood - | - +--------+----+------+--------+ - | | | | - Purple Purple Red Red - erect hood erect hood - Approximate \-------+--------/ - ratio 3 | 1 - These two classes are - only found very rarely - _i.e._, about once in - each 300 plants of the - F_{2} generation. - - - - -[Sidenote: N & N 1] - -Exhibited by the Utah Agricultural College. - - * * * * * - -Mr. E. G. Titus. - - * * * * * - -The chart is 147 feet long, 54 inches wide, exclusive of the important -data condensed on a separate 8-foot sheet. This is only a preliminary -chart, as may be seen from the condensed data attached, which shows -that of the 822 persons represented on the chart 539 are of mature -age. The unknown persons represent 303, unknown ability; 336, unknown -height; 339, unknown weight; 348, unknown health. The family is -remarkable for the health of its members, having so far only 97 deaths. -The oldest child, Generation II-1, was born in 1827. There are, of -course, a large number of persons on the chart who are rather young. -Where a person has more than one ability well marked, such as music and -literary ability, or music and business ability, or constructive and -business ability, the chart shows only one ability. There are several -cases where persons have three well marked abilities. In all cases, the -following is the rank on the chart:-- - -Literary ability is always charted. Following this, music and then art, -and then constructive. Constructive ability represents those persons -who have a decided mathematical and mechanical turn of mind, who are -builders, contractors, carpenters of advanced standing, architects -and men of these classes. Under "Various" abilities are classified -business, agricultural and domestic abilities. These are not marked on -the chart. - -It will be noticed under "Diseases" that a majority of the persons -who have died were infants, and even among infants the deaths are -remarkable for their small number considering the conditions under -which the people of the third generation of this family had to live. -The paternal ancestor, Generation I., came to America in 1842, dying -two years later, and his children came to Utah among the early -settlers, 1847-52. Many of the third generation were born in this State -under conditions that are not by any means comparable to those existing -in communities that have been settled for many years. The opportunity -to care for children was very limited. Physicians were not as easily -reached, and the methods and appliances of modern times were not at -hand. Yet, even under these circumstances, it will be noticed of the -822 persons listed on the chart, that only 68 deaths were those of -persons under 25 years. - - - GENERATIONS - I IC II IIC III IIIC IV IVC V TOTALS - PERSONS CHARTED 1 1 7 18 125 82 384 68 136 822 - " OF MATURE AGE 1 1 6 18 118 82 237 68 8 539 - --------------------------------------------------------------------- - ABILITY--LITERARY 1 5 5 30 6 31 2 1 81 - MUSICAL 1 1 9 14 27 1 4 57 - ARTISTIC 1 4 2 7 1 15 - CONSTRUCTIVE 1 2 2 16 3 15 3 2 44 - VARIOUS 1 2 3 36 10 9 61 - TOTALS 2 1 11 11 95 35 89 7 7 258 - NO SPECIAL ABILITY 3 8 1 2 14 - ABILITY UNKNOWN 4 26 65 146 61 1 303 - --------------------------------------------------------------------- - HEIGHT 5 FT. OR LESS 1 2 3 - 5-1 TO 5-2 1 3 2 1 2 9 - 5-3 TO 5-4 1 2 3 8 10 16 40 - 5-5 TO 5-6 2 14 9 12 2 39 - 5-7 TO 5-8 2 2 19 4 14 1 42 - 5-9 TO 5-10 1 1 1 9 2 10 1 25 - 5-11 TO 6-0 2 16 3 11 3 35 - 6-1 TO 6-2 3 1 4 1 9 - 6-3 TO 6-4 1 1 - TOTALS 1 1 6 13 72 31 71 7 1 203 - UNKNOWN 5 46 51 166 61 7 336 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - WEIGHT 100 LBS. OR LESS 2 1 2 2 1 8 - 101 TO 120 1 10 10 11 1 33 - 121 TO 150 1 1 6 28 10 27 4 1 78 - 151 TO 170 1 3 4 23 5 11 6 47 - 171 TO 200 2 4 7 3 5 6 27 - 201 TO 220 3 1 4 - 221 TO 250 1 2 3 - TOTALS 1 1 6 17 73 31 58 10 3 200 - UNKNOWN 1 45 51 179 58 5 339 - - GENERATIONS - I IC II IIC III IIIC IV IVC V TOTALS - HEALTH--EXCELLENT 1 1 6 3 34 15 131 6 44 241 - GOOD 7 42 16 54 4 18 141 - FAIR 3 3 4 8 18 - DELICATE 1 2 4 7 - POOR 1 7 2 11 21 - TOTALS 1 1 6 15 88 37 208 10 62 428 - UNKNOWN 3 24 45 147 58 71 348 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - DIED UNDER ONE YEAR 8 16 2 26 - 1 TO 5 YEARS 1 5 13 1 20 - 6 TO 25 YEARS 11 11 22 - 26 TO 40 YEARS 3 3 - 41 TO 70 YEARS 1 2 5 2 10 - PAST 70 YEARS 1 3 4 - AGE UNKNOWN 1 2 5 2 1 1 12 - TOTALS 1 1 2 7 37 4 41 1 3 97 - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - CAUSE OF DEATH - PREMATURE BIRTH 1 5 6 - INFANTILE COMPLAINTS 1 11 13 3 28 - DIPHTHERIA 3 5 8 - SCARLET FEVER 2 2 - MEASLES 1 1 - TYPHOID FEVER 2 2 4 - PNEUMONIA 1 6 1 1 9 - CONSUMPTION 2 2 - OPERATIONS 1 1 - CHILD BIRTH 1 1 2 - - VARIOUS 1 1 6 6 9 23 - UNKNOWN 1 3 3 3 1 11 - TOTALS 1 1 2 7 37 4 41 1 3 97 - - -[Sidenote: O] - -Exhibited by the Eugenics Education Society. - -O 1 Mendelism. - - -[Sidenote: O 1a] - -Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (After _Thomson_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1b] - -Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance in Peas. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1c] - -Theoretical Example of Mendelian Inheritance, with Dominance, in Mice. -(After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1d] - -Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity in -Mice. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1e] - -Example of Mendelian Inheritance, without Dominance, in Blue Andalusian -Fowls. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 1f] - -Illustration of the Theory of Gametic Purity in Mendelian Heredity, in -Blue Andalusian Fowls. (After _Laurie_.) - -[Sidenote: O 2] - -Standard Scheme of Descent. (After _Galton_.) - -[Sidenote: O 3] - -Comparison of Mr. Booth's Classification of All London with the Normal -Classes. (After _Galton_.) - -[Sidenote: O 4] - -Descent of Qualities in a Population. (After _Galton_.) - -[Sidenote: O 5] - -Inheritance of Ability, as exemplified in the Darwin, Galton, and -Wedgwood Families. (After _Whetham_ and _Marshall_.) - - - - -[Sidenote: P] - -Exhibited by the American Breeders' Association--Eugenics Section. - -C. B. Davenport, Esq. - -[Sidenote: P 1-16] - -Charts of Statistics of Defectives. - -Charts of Classification of Defectives. - -Charts of Principles of Heredity. - -Pedigrees collected by field-workers in America. - - - - -[Sidenote: Q] - -Exhibited by Cyril Burt, Esq. - -Description of Diagrams illustrating the use of experimental Tests of -Mental Capacities. - -1. "Experimental Tests of General Intelligence." - -[Sidenote: Q 1] - -A List of twelve tests applied to two schools at Oxford. The first -two columns of figures indicate the "reliability" or self-consistency -of the tests as compared with that of examinations and master's -general impression. The second two columns give the correlations of -the results of the tests with the children's "general intelligence." -It will be seen that several of the tests of higher mental processes -are as reliable as the scholastic tests at present in vogue, and that -they correlate quite as highly with intelligence. Further experiments -show that while examinations and master's estimates measure knowledge -and skill acquired by memory and training, the tests seems to provide -measurements rather of innate capacities; and that children of -superior parentage (_e.g._ the preparatory school boys) are themselves -superior at tests, which show an appreciable positive correlation -with intelligence (_i.e_. all except tests of touch and weight). The -tests thus provide an experimental demonstration of the inheritance of -mental ability and a means of measuring the same. (References:--Burt, -Experimental Tests of General Intelligence, British Journal of -Psychology, Vol. III., Pts. 1 and 2.) Burt, Inheritance of Mental -Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July. - -[Sidenote: Q 2] - -2. Sex-differences in mental tests. - -A list of experimental tests applied to children of both sexes with -a view to measuring their innate capacities for performing mental -processes of different levels of complexity. The amount of divergence -between the sexes, is indicated by the column in red. It will be seen -that the sex-differences become smaller, the higher the level tested. -There is some evidence to show that these differences are the result -of inheritance and are not the result of difference of tradition or -environment. (References: Burt and Moore, the Mental Differences -between the sexes. Journal of Experimental Pedagogy, 1912, June. Burt, -Inheritance of Mental Characteristics, Eugenics Review, 1912, July.) - - - - -[Sidenote: R] - -Exhibit by Dr. George Papillault. - -Four sets of questions drawn up by Dr. George Papillault, Professor of -Sociology in the Paris School of Anthropology, with a view to noting -and comparing the +bio-social characteristics+ of individuals -belonging to different groups of population. - -[Sidenote: R 1] - -Set of questions +adopted by the Commission of Criminology+ -instituted and presided over by Mr. ---- Keeper of the Seals; -Vice-presidents, Messrs. Léon Bourgeois, senator, and Dr. Dron, -Vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies and Reporter to the -Commission; Scientific Secretary, Dr. G. Papillault. - -This set of questions comprises: - -1st. An individual criminological chart for the purpose of showing 271 -biological and social characteristics of the prisoners. - -2nd. Family Charts for each of the ancestors, descendants or collateral -relatives of the prisoner and more particularly intended to note -hereditary characteristics. - -These Charts have been issued with a view to a methodical enquiry on -the criminal, under the direction of the Scientific and Criminological -Department. - -[Sidenote: R 2] - -Set of questions of the French Lay Mission, designed to note the -characteristics of the young natives and of their relatives in the -French Colonies. The teachers will have to return them filled up with -the greatest care to the Lay Mission, where Dr. Papillault, before -their departure, delivered a series of lectures to teach them how to -proceed. - -[Sidenote: R 3] - -Questions on the half-breeds, adopted by the Paris Society of -Anthropology, and designed to show the bio-social characteristics of -the half-breeds proceeding from cross-breeding between different races. - -[Sidenote: R 4] - -Questions asked by the General Psychological Institute for the purpose -of undertaking a vast enquiry on the value taxonomic, organic, -bio-social, and selective of the different human races which actually -exist in the French Colonies, and particularly in North Africa. - -A like spirit and method governs these four sets of questions; to -discard the verbalism which obstructs and imperils Sociology; to study -characteristics precise, objective, easily controllable and comparable, -and likely consequently to form statistics, which alone, are capable -of revealing characteristics of groups; to establish the correlations -which these characteristics may present among themselves, and to arrive -at last at the discovery of positive sociological laws. - - - - -[Sidenote: S] - -Exhibited by Frederick Adams Woods, M.D. - -Thirteen photographic copies of authentic portraits of distinguished -historical personages of the sixteenth century, showing that the bony -framework of the face, especially about the nose and eyes, was not -commonly the same as it is to-day. - -These are samples of a much larger collection. - -[Sidenote: S 1] - -Charles VII., XV Century, eye-brows very high above the eyes. - -[Sidenote: S 2] - -Mary of Lorraine, Queen of James of Scotland (National Portrait -Gallery). Eyes far apart, and eye-brows high. - -[Sidenote: S 3] - -Francis I. of France, French School, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Eyes -small, upper eye-lids peculiar, and typical of the period. - -[Sidenote: S 4] - -Louse de Rieux; Marquise d'Elboef, XVI. Century. (Louvre.) Naso-orbital -region typical, eyes small far apart, upper part of the nose broad and -flat, upper eye-lids long (vertical distance between eye and eye brow -considerable.) - -[Sidenote: S 5] - -Dr. Stokesley, Bishop of London (Holbein.) Eyes far apart upper part of -nose broad. - -[Sidenote: S 6] - -Jane Seymour (Holbein). Eyes far apart, upper eye lids characteristic. - -[Sidenote: S 7] - -Jean de Bourbon, Comte d'Enghien. XVI Century. Eyes far apart, upper -eye-lids vertically prominent. - -[Sidenote: S 8] - -Portrait of a young German gentleman. - -The eye-lids are modern, that is the eyes are set in deeply under the -arch, but the eyes themselves are far apart, and the upper part of the -nose is broad. - -[Sidenote: S 9] - -Mary Queen of England. (National Portrait Gallery). - -It would seem that allowance might be made for the crudity of the -portrait, but the naso-orbital region is typical of the northern races -during the XVI century. - -[Sidenote: S 10] - -Holbein's Duke of Norfolk. In the Royal Gallery at Windsor Castle. - -Eyes are more deep-set under the superorbital arch than is usual in -portraits of the period, but the upper part of the nose is broad, and -eyes are far apart. - -[Sidenote: S 11] - -Henry VIII., attributed to Holbein but on doubtful authority. - -Broad flat nose, small eyes set far apart, eye-brows arching upward -and outward. Observe the upper eye-lids in contrast to the Italian by -Lorenzo Lotto, which shows the usual modern type of eye-lid. - -[Sidenote: S 12] - -Portrait of the Prothonotary Apostolic Juliano. (Lorenzo Lotto.) - -Modern type of face. Eyes deep set in under the superorbital arch and -eye-brow. Upper part of the nose delicate and projecting. This type of -face is occasionally, but only rarely met with north of the Alps during -the early period. It is common enough in portraits of Italians. - -[Sidenote: S 13] - -Portrait of a German scholar, by Holbein. Modern type, very rarely -found. - - - - - - First - - International Eugenics Congress, - - LONDON, 1912. - - ========= - - PROGRAMME. - - =============================================== - - - Contents. - - Page - - Accommodation 5 - - Application Forms 23, 25 - - Arrival 7 - - Badges 8 - - Banquet 5 - - Business Meetings 9, 14 - - Consultative Committees 3 - - Correspondence 4 - - Daily Time-Table 9-18 - - Delegates 11, 21 - - Entertainments 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16 - - Exhibition 19 - - General Arrangements 1 - - Hospitality Bureau 7, 11 - - Languages 4 - - Lunches and Refreshments 10, 27 - - Meetings 10-18 - - Membership 5 - - Offices of Congress 1 - - Officers 11-20 - - Place of Meeting 1 - - Railway Arrangements 5, 6, 7 - - Receptions 9, 11, 13, 16 - - Rules of Procedure 8 - - Stewards 5 - - Vice-Presidents 2 - - =============================================== - - _All Communications should be addressed to the Secretaries._ - - --------><-------- - - Offices of the Congress: "The Eugenics Education Society," - 6, York Buildings, Adelphi, London. - - (=Office Hours, 10-30 a.m. to 5 p.m.=) - - -PRESIDENT *MAJOR LEONARD DARWIN, D.Sc. - - -Vice-Presidents. - -Sir Clifford Allbutt, K.C.B., F.R.S., M.D., Regius Professor of Physic, -Cambridge. - -The Right Hon. Lord Alverstone, G.C.M.G., LL.D., Lord Chief Justice. - -The Right Hon. Lord Avebury, F.R.S. - -Sir Thomas Barlow, Bart., K.C.V.O., F.R.S., President of the Royal -College of Physicians. - -Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, Founder of the Volta Bureau, Washington. - -Sir William Church, K.C.B., D.Sc., lately President of the Royal -College of Physicians. - -The Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P., First Lord of the Admiralty. - -Sir William Collins, F.R.C.S., Vice-Chancellor of the University of -London. - -Dr. C. B. Davenport, Secretary of the American Breeders' Association. - -Dr. J. Déjérine, Clinical Professor of Nervous Diseases, Salpêtrière. - -Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University. - -Dr. Auguste Forel, Lately Professor of Psychiatry, University of Zurich. - -Sir Archibald Geikie, President of the Royal Society. - -Sir Rickman J. Godlee, F.R.C.S., President of the Royal College of -Surgeons. - -Professor M. von Gruber, Professor of Hygiene, Munich, President of the -German Society for Race Hygiene. - -Dr. David Starr Jordan, Principal, Leland Stanford University. -President of the Eugenic Section, American Breeders' Association. - -Monsieur L. March, Director, Statistique Générale de la France. - -The Right Hon. Reginald McKenna, M.P., Secretary of State for Home -Affairs. - -The Right Hon. The Lord Mayor of London. - -Dr. Magnan, l'Asile Sainte-Anne, Paris. - -Dr. L. Manouvrier, Professor of Anthropology, Paris. - -Dr. A. Marie, Asiles de la Seine. - -Sir Henry Alexander Miers, D.Sc., F.R.S., Principal of the University -of London. - -Professor Alfredo Niceforo, Professor of Statistics, Naples. - -Sir William Osler, M.D., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Medicine, Oxford. - -The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Oxford, D.D. - -Dr. E. Perrier, Director, Natural History Museum, Paris. - -Gifford Pinchot, Washington. - -Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President of the International Society for Race -Hygiene, Germany. - -Sir William Ramsay, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, University of -London. - -The Right Rev. The Lord Bishop of Ripon, D.D. - -Professor G. J. Sergi, Professor of Anthropology, Rome. - -Dr. E. E. Southard, Neuro-Pathologist, Harvard University, and Director -of the State Psychopathological Hospital. - -The Right Hon. Sir T. Vezey Strong, K.C.V.O. - -Bleecker van Wagenen, of the Board of Trustees, Vineland Training -School, New Jersey, U.S.A. - -Professor August Weismann, Professor of Zoology, Freiburg. - - -Honorary Members. - -Monsieur Henri Jaspar, Avocat à la Cour D'Appel, Président de la -Société Protectrice de l'Enfance Anormale; Secrétaire de la Commission -Royale des Patronages, Brussels. - -Monsieur Adolph Prins, Inspecteur Générale des Prisons, Brussels. - -Professor Ludwig Schemann, President of the Gobineau-Vereinigung, -Germany. - -His Excellency the General von Bardeleben, President of the _Verein -Herold_, Berlin. - - -AMERICAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=President=--Dr. David Starr Jordan. - - -Committee. - -Dr. C. B. Davenport, Alexander Graham Bell, Professors W. E. Castle, -Charles R. Henderson, Adolph Meyer, A. Hrdlicka, Vernon L. Kellogg, J. -Webber, W. L. Tower, Dr. Frederick Adams Woods. - -=Secretary and Treasurer=--Dr. C. B. Davenport, Eugenics Record Office, -Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York. - - * * * * * - -BELGIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=Secretary=--Dr. Louis Querton, Boulevard de Grande Ceinture, 77, -Brussels. - - -Committee. - -MM. Dr. Boulenger, Dr. Bordet, Dr. Caty, Dr. Decroly, Dr. Gengou, Dr. -Herman, Dr. L. MM. Gaspart, Gheude, Jacquart, Marc de Sélys Longchamps, -Nyns, E. Waxweiler, Professor Marchal. - - * * * * * - -FRENCH CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -Hon. Presidents. - -MM. Bouchard, Henry Chéron, Yves Delage, Paul Doumer, A. de Foville, -Landouzy, Paul Strauss. - -=President=--M. Edward Perrier. - - -Committee. - -M. M. Déjérine, Gide, March, Magnan, Manouvrier, Marie, Pinard, Variot. -=Secretary and Treasurer=--M. Huber, Statistique Générale de la France, -Paris, 97, Quai D'Orsay. - - * * * * * - -GERMAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=President=--Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, Gundelinden Str., 5, Munchen. - - -Committee. - -The Committee of the International Society for Race Hygiene. - - * * * * * - -ITALIAN CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE. - -=President=--Professor Alfredo Niceforo, 54, Via Ara Coeli, Rome. - - -Committee. - -Professors Corrado Gini, Achille Loria, Roberto Michels, Enrico -Morselli, Sante de Sanctis, Giuseppe Sergi, V. Ginffrida-Ruggeri. - - - - -First International Eugenics Congress - -LONDON. - -Wednesday, July 24th, to Tuesday, July 30th, 1912. - - - -=General Arrangements for the Meeting.= - -An invitation circular has been widely circulated to all members of -Eugenic and Heredity Societies in Europe and America, and to many -other persons likely to be interested in the approaching Congress. -Through that circular the objects and general plan of the Congress have -been made widely known. Copies may still be had on application to the -Secretary. - -The following arrangements have now been definitely made. - -=Place of Meeting.= The Meetings of the Congress will be held in the -Great Hall of the University of London, Imperial Institute Road, South -Kensington, London, S.W., which is easily reached from South Kensington -Station on the Underground Railway, and by omnibus from all parts of -London. (In wet weather those travelling by rail can avail themselves -of the subway). - -=Headquarters of the Congress.= Until Tuesday, July 23rd, the -headquarters and offices of the Congress will remain at 6, York -Buildings, Adelphi, W.C. (close to Charing Cross Station), where all -information will be supplied and tickets issued. Office hours 10-30 -a.m. to 5 p.m. On and after Wednesday, July 24th, the headquarters -will be transferred to the University of London, South Kensington. If -arrangements for hotels or for lodgings have not been made previously, -members arriving on and after July 24th are recommended to leave their -luggage in the "Cloak Room" at the railway station and come to the -office of the Congress, at London University, South Kensington, for -information. - -=Correspondence.= From July 24th to 30th, Members and Associates of -the Congress may have their letters addressed to them at the First -International Eugenics Congress, c/o The University of London, South -Kensington, S.W., where special postal facilities will be provided. All -invitations to Receptions, etc., will be distributed in this way. - -=Languages.= It has been decided that in the Meetings and Discussions -the English, French, German, and Italian languages shall be on an -equal footing. At the same time it is right to point out that in all -Congresses the number of Members speaking and understanding only the -language of the country in which they are held has been far in excess -of those conversant with several languages; therefore those who speak -in English on the present occasion will be most widely understood. The -abstract of every paper which is received in time by the Secretary will -be translated into English, French, and German. Pamphlets containing -the abstracts in these languages will be available on July 24th at the -University Buildings. Members wishing for advance copies should notify -the fact to the Secretaries, and state clearly in what language they -are required, and to what address they should be sent. - -=Stewards.= A number of Stewards acting as interpreters will be in -attendance; the languages spoken being indicated by rosettes of the -following colours:--Red, French; Blue, German; Green, Italian. - -=Hotels, etc.= The Organising Committee is prepared to book rooms in -advance for intending Members. Lists of hotels and the accommodation -vouchers have been sent out to all Members with their membership -cards. Any Member wishing to pay his membership fee on arrival can on -application obtain an accommodation voucher in advance. - -=To make certain of securing the accommodation desired, it is essential -that accommodation vouchers duly filled in should reach the office not -later than July 10th.= - -=Tickets of Membership.= In order to take advantage of the reduced -fares offered by the railway companies (see below), the official -Congress ticket must be produced when paying the fare. The subscription -entitling to membership of the Congress is £1 sterling; for an -Associate it is 10/-. Members may obtain additional tickets for -ladies at the cost of 10/- each. These additional ladies' tickets are -transferable to ladies. Associates are entitled to all the privileges -of Members, except that they have no vote in the meetings and will -not receive a copy of the Report when published. The tickets of all -Members and Associates who pay in advance will be forwarded to their -addresses before the commencement of the Congress. A limited number -of Day Membership Cards at 5/- each will be obtainable from the -Secretary's Office in the Marble Hall during the Congress. These cards -admit to both the morning and afternoon sessions, but do not carry the -privileges of voting and hospitality. - -=Inaugural Banquet.= An Inaugural Banquet will be held at the Hotel -Cecil on Wednesday, July 24th, at 7 p.m., at which all the officials -of the Congress and readers of papers will be the guests of the -Entertainments Committee. Members of the Congress can obtain tickets at -7/6 each, from the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee, 30, York -Terrace, Harley Street, London, W. Speeches of welcome will be made by -the President, the Lord Mayor of London, the Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour, -and others. The Banquet will be followed by a Reception to which all -Members and Associates of the Congress will be invited. - -=Railway Arrangements.= Important concessions have been made by a -number of Railway Companies to Members and Associates of the Congress. -On the railways of Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Switzerland and -Holland, no reductions will be allowed; but by taking tickets to a -station in Belgium or France, near the frontier, reductions may be -secured by groups of not less than 20 visitors travelling together -from those countries for the rest of their journey. =In all cases -it is necessary to produce the Congress Membership Ticket before -receiving railway tickets at reduced rates; and arrangements MUST be -made in advance, 14 days' notice being required. Persons desiring -to take advantage of these concessions must therefore forward their -subscriptions at once; and immediately on receipt of their membership -ticket should communicate with the Secretary of their country= (see -page 3). In the following list the countries most distant from London -are mentioned first:-- - -=Italy.= The P.L.M. Company will grant a reduction of 50% to Members -coming from Italy via Modane. - -At the time of issuing this notice definite information regarding -reduced rates on the Italian State Railways is not to hand. - -=Germany.= Members from Germany desiring to obtain reduced rates are -requested to communicate, through their Secretary, with the General -Agent of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway Office in Cologne (6 -Domhof). Provided at least 20 Members travel together on the journey -to London, arrangements can be made for reduced fares at 50% reduction -from the Belgian or from the Dutch Frontier to London and back. At -least 14 days' notice must be given to secure these facilities. - -=Belgium.= If at least 20 members travel together, a reduction of about -50% is granted. Members are requested to communicate, through the -Secretary of their country, with the General Agent of the South Eastern -and Chatham Railway in Brussels (19, rue de la Regence). - -=France.= On presentation of their Congress Cards, members attending -the Congress will be able to obtain at Paris (Gare du Nord) special 15 -day return tickets to London via Calais-Dover or Boulogne-Folkestone at -the following fares:-- - - 1st Class.--72f. 85c. 2nd Class.--46f. 85c. 3rd Class.--37f. 50c. - available from July 22nd. - -These tickets are available by the following trains:-- - - Paris (Nord) dep. 8-25 a.m. 3-05 p.m. 9-20 p.m. - London (Charing Cross) arr. 3-25 p.m. 10-45 p.m. 5-43 a.m. - (B) (B) (C) - - (B) via Boulogne-Folkestone. - (C) via Calais-Dover. - -Special arrangements can be made for reserved accommodation to be -provided for groups. The above-mentioned tickets can also be obtained -at the Paris Office of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (14 Rue du -4 Septembre), but the Congress vouchers must be presented at the time -in either case. - -_Another Route_--From Paris (St. Lazare) special 15 day return tickets -to London via Dieppe-Newhaven at the following fares:-- - - 1st Class.--47f. 20c. 2nd Class.--36f. 40c. - - These tickets are available for the following trains:-- - Paris (St. Lazare) dep. 10-20 a.m. 9-00 p.m. - London (Victoria) arr. 7-40 p.m. 7-50 a.m. - -=Great Britain.= All the British Railways have very kindly granted -exceptional facilities to members of the Congress. Return tickets for -the price of a single fare and a third, lasting from July 23rd to 30th, -will be issued from all stations in the United Kingdom on presentation -of the Congress voucher at the Booking Office. - - * * * * * - - Members wishing to return to their homes outside London daily, must - apply for separate vouchers for each day if the distance is more than - 50 miles. If however the member resides within that distance, the - usual sleeping-out arrangements will apply, _i.e._, that tickets at - a single fare and a third for the double journey may be issued (upon - production of cards of membership or letters of invitation), from the - town where the Conference is being held to places where the delegates - reside. The minimum fare will be 1/-. - -=Stations Of Arrival.= Passengers travelling from the Continent by the -South Eastern and Chatham Railway, arrive at Victoria or Charing Cross -Stations according to the train service selected. Passengers by the -Great Eastern Railway arrive at Liverpool Street Station; and those -by the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway arrive at Victoria -Station. - -=Hospitality Bureau.= During the meeting of the Congress there will be -many entertainments in the form of receptions, dinners, afternoon and -evening parties, for which there will be invitations to Members and -Associates of the Congress. In most cases the number to be entertained -is limited, and it is desirable that the Secretaries should have as -complete a list of members as possible to submit to the hosts. - -All =Officials of the Congress=, and =Readers of Papers=, -and =Delegates=, will shortly receive invitations to the various -entertainments mentioned in the programme. - -_Members should apply at the Hospitality Bureau in the Marble Hall on -arrival_, as the number that can attend each function is limited, and -cards will be issued to members in order of application. - -A limited number of Tickets for the Zoological Gardens, tickets to hear -debates in the House of Commons, and invitations to tea on the Terrace -of the House of Commons, etc., will also be available. - -The German Athenæum Club has very kindly signified its willingness to -accord the privilege of Hon. Membership of the Club to German Readers -of Papers and Members of the German Consultative Committee, and to a -limited number of German Members of the Congress. - - - - -RULES OF PROCEDURE. - - -The Organising Committee feel that the interest and usefulness of the -Congress will be greatly increased by the usual sectional plan being -departed from, so that all papers can be discussed in general sittings. -This plan will necessarily limit the time available for papers, but, on -the other hand, it will allow the interest of all members to be focused -on each question to be considered. To enable the maximum amount of work -to be done in the time available, the following arrangements have been -made:-- - -=Papers.= The reader of each paper will be allowed 25 minutes in which -to give a summary of his paper and to reply to criticisms. A certain -time, limited at the discretion of the Chairman, will then be allowed -for discussion (maximum time--20 minutes). - -Should the reader of a paper not desire to exercise his right of reply -he may devote the whole 25 minutes to his opening summary. - -If, on the other hand, he prefers to reserve a longer time for reply he -must reduce the length of his opening remarks, bearing in mind that the -whole time at his disposal for the two speeches will be 25 minutes. - -=Discussions.= All discussions are under the absolute control of -the Chairman, who will regulate the length of time allotted to each -discussion, and to each speaker in that discussion. The Chairman will -ring a bell one minute before each speech must end. After the bell is -rung a second time the next speaker will be called. The maximum time -allotted to the discussion on each single paper is twenty minutes,--to -each single speaker, seven minutes. - -The names of persons wishing to speak must be handed up to the Chairman -before the conclusion of the speech opening the Discussion. - -=Badges.= A button badge, consisting of a reproduction of the head of -Sir Francis Galton, will be presented to every Member and Associate. - -A silvered medal with ribbon and clasp will be presented to members -of the Consultative Committees, Readers of Papers and Government -Delegates. Distinctive colours will be as follows:-- - - _Organizing and Consultative Committees_ Medal and Red Ribbon. - _Readers of Papers_ " " White " - _Stewards_ " " Yellow " - _Executive Committee_ " " Blue " - -The medals with green ribbons will be on sale, price 1/- each, to all -Members and Associates. - - - - -DAILY PROGRAMME. - - -This programme will be adhered to as closely as possible, but the -Executive Committee reserve the power to make any alterations which -circumstances may render necessary. - - -WEDNESDAY, JULY 24th. - - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -The Offices of the Congress will be opened at the University of London, -South Kensington. - -Members and Delegates are requested to call during the day, to sign -the register and enter their address, and to obtain invitations to the -Receptions, Dinners, etc. - -[Sidenote: 3 p.m.] - -A Meeting of the Congress Executive Committee will be held in the -Senate Room. The Congress Executive consists of the President, -Secretary, and two members of each of the Consultative Committees, -and the President, Secretary and two members of the British Executive -Committee. - - -Business:-- - -The arrangement of the agenda for the Business Meeting on the 27th. - - -[Sidenote: 7 p.m.] - -=Reception bu the President= of the guests to the =Inaugural Banquet= -at the Hotel Cecil, Strand. The Banquet commences at 7-30 p.m. -punctually. Speeches will be made by the President, The Lord Mayor of -London, Mr. A. J. Balfour and others. - -All Officers of the Congress, Readers of Papers, Presidents and -Secretaries of Branches of the Eugenics Education Society, are the -_guests of the Hospitality Committee_. Ordinary Members of the Congress -may attend (tickets, 7s. 6d. each, exclusive of wine) and may take one -friend on the same terms. The maximum seating capacity of the hall -is 400 and only a limited number of seats are available. =To prevent -disappointment early application for tickets should be made on the form -on page 25, to the Hon. Secretary, Mrs. Alec Tweedie, Entertainments -Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street, W.= - -[Sidenote: 9-45 p.m.] - -Reception of welcome to all Members and Associates of the Congress at -the Hotel Cecil to meet the delegates and others who have attended the -Inaugural Banquet. - - - - -_SECTION I._ - -Biology and Eugenics. - - -THURSDAY. JULY 25th. - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -Opening of the Congress. - -Presidential Address. - -[Sidenote: 10-30 a.m.] - -"Le Cosidette Leggi Dell 'Ereditarieta Nell' Uomo." (The So-called Laws -of Heredity in Man.) - -V. Guiffrida-Ruggeri, Professor of Anthropology, Naples. Speakers in -discussion Professor J. A. Thomson, Dr. Apert. - -[Sidenote: 11-15 a.m.] - -"The Inheritance of Fecundity." - -Raymond Pearl, Ph. D. Biologist of the Maine Experiment Station, Orono, -U.S.A. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 12 noon.] - -"Variation and Heredity in Man." - -L. Sergi, Professor of Anthropology, Rome. Discussion opened by Dr. -Seligmann. - -[Sidenote: 12-45 p.m.] - -"On the Increase of Stature in certain European Populations." - -Soren Hansen, M.D., Director of the Danish Anthropological Committee, -Copenhagen. - - -Luncheon Interval. - -[Sidenote: 1-15 p.m.] - -Cold Lunch will be provided at the University for all Readers of -Papers and Members of the Congress Executive Committee who give in -their names at the Secretary's table before 11-30 a.m. A few places -will be available (Lunch, 2/-) for ordinary members of the Congress. -Application for seats should be made at the Secretary's table before -noon. (A list of neighbouring restaurants will be found on page 27). - - - - -SECTION I. - - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"Eugenics and Genetics." - -R. C. Punnett, F.R.S., Professor of Biology, Cambridge University. - -Discussion opened by Professor W. Bateson. - -[Sidenote: 3-15 p.m.] - -"The Inheritance of Epilepsy." - -David F. Weeks, M.D., - -Medical Superintendent and Executive Officer of the New Jersey State -Village for Epileptics, U.S.A. - -(_These papers will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_). - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -"La Psicologia Etrica e la Scienca Eugenistica." - -(Ethnic Psychology and the Science of Eugenics). - -Professor Enrico Morselli, Director of the Clinic for Mental and -Nervous Diseases, Royal University, Genoa. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 4-45 p.m.] - -"Influence de l'age des Parents sur les Caractères Psycho-Physique des -Enfants." - -(The Influence of Parental Age on the Psycho-Physiological Characters -of Children). - -Professor Antonio Marro, - -Director of the Lunatic Asylum, Turin. - -Discussion opened by Dr. Ewart. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -[Sidenote: 9-30 p.m.= ] - -Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough will hold a Reception at -Sunderland House, Curzon Street. (The card of invitation should be -given up at the door). - -=Officials= and =Delegates=, _who receive their cards in advance_, are -requested to return them at once to the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments -Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street, W., _if they do not intend -to be present_. - -=Ordinary Members= of the Congress are requested on their arrival -in London to _apply at the Hospitality Bureau_, at the University for -the invitation card. - - - - -SECTION II. - - -Practical Eugenics. - - -FRIDAY, JULY 26th. - - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -Considérations Générales sur "La Puériculture avant la Procreation." - -(General Considerations on "Education before Procreation.") - -Professor Adolphe Pinard, Member of the Paris Medical Academy. - -Discussion. - - -[Sidenote: 10-45 p.m.] - -"The Bearing of Neo-Malthusianism upon Race Hygiene." - -Dr. Alfred Ploëtz, President, International Society for Race Hygiene. - -Discussion opened by Dr. Drysdale. - - -[Sidenote: 11-30 a.m.] - -"Rapport sur l'organisation Pratique de l'Action Eugénique." - -(Report on the Practical Organisation of Eugenic Action). - -Dr. Louis Querton, Professor of the "Université Libre," Brussels. - - -[Sidenote: 11-50 a.m.] - -Discussion opened by Dr. C. W. Saleeby. - - -[Sidenote: 12-35 p.m.] - -"Marriage and Eugenics." - -Dr. C. B. Davenport, Director Eugenics Record Office, U.S.A. - - -[Sidenote: 1-15 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[G] - -[Footnote G: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - - -SECTION II. - - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"Preliminary Report to the First International Eugenics Congress of -the Committee of the Eugenics Section American Breeders' Association -to Study and Report as to the Best Practical Means for cutting off the -Defective Germ Plasm in the Human Population." - -Mr. Bleecker van Wagenen, Chairman of Committee. - -(_This paper will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_). - -Discussion to be opened by Sir John Macdonnell. - -[Sidenote: 3-45 p.m.] - -"Eugénique Sélection et Déterminisme des Tarés." - -(Eugenic Selection and Elimination of Defectives). - -Frederic Houssay, Professor of Science, University, Paris. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 4-30 p.m.] - -CLOSE OF MEETING. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -[Sidenote: 5 p.m.] - -The Lord Mayor of London will receive the Members of the Congress at -the Mansion House, between the hours of 5 and 7 p.m., when the suites -of rooms will be on view. - -[Sidenote: 10 p.m.] - -The American Ambassador and Mrs. Whitelaw Reid are giving a Reception -to the Members of the Congress at Dorchester House, Park Lane, at 10 -p.m. - -(_For directions as to invitation cards see page 11, at foot_). - - -SECTION IIa. - -Education and Eugenics. - -SATURDAY, JULY 27TH. - - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -"Eugenics and the New Social Consciousness." - -G. Smith, Professor of Sociology, Minnesota University, U.S.A. - -Discussion to be opened by Mrs. MacCoy Irwin. - -[Sidenote: 10-45 a.m.] - -"Practicable Eugenics in Education." - -Dr. F. C. S. Schiller, Oxford University. - -A Discussion will be arranged in which it is hoped several well-known -Educationalists, including Professor Sadler and Dr. Georges Schreiber -will participate. - - -[Sidenote: 1 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[H] - -[Footnote H: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - -[Sidenote: 3 p.m.] - -GENERAL MEETING OF CONGRESS. - -=Business Agenda.= - -To be issued after the Meeting of the Congress Executive Committee on -July 24th, and circulated to all members on the 26th. - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -CLOSE OF MEETING. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -The Co-Partnership Tenants have invited Members to visit the =Hampstead -Garden Suburb=, where they will be entertained to tea. The party leaves -South Kensington Station at 2-30 p.m. - -Several Luncheon and Tea Parties are also being arranged for this day. -Will any Members wishing to enjoy this hospitality give in their names -not later than the afternoon of Thursday, July 25th, at the Hospitality -Bureau in the Hall of the University? - - -SUNDAY, JULY 28th. - -A Lunch and Garden Party will be given by Mr. Robert Mond to the -Members of the Congress in the Grounds of Combe Park, Sevenoaks (near -London). Guests will be conveyed there and back by special train. -Invitations and all particulars will be issued in the same way as for -the Duchess of Marlborough's reception. (See page 11, at foot). - -The Proprietors of the =London Aerodrome= have kindly issued a limited -number of invitations to witness exhibition flights during the -afternoon (weather permitting). - - -SECTION III. - -Sociology and Eugenics. - - -MONDAY, JULY 29th. - - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -"Elite Fisio--Psichica ed Elite Economica." - -("The Psycho Physical Elite, and the Economic Elite.") - -Achille Loria, Professor of Political Economy, University of Turin. - -[Sidenote: 10-25 a.m.] - -"The Cause of the Inferiority of Physical and Mental Characters in the -Lower Social Classes." - -Alfredo Niceforo, Professor of Statistics at the University of Naples. - -(_As these two papers treat of similar subjects, they will be grouped -for discussion_.) - -[Sidenote: 11 a.m.] - -"La Fertilité des Marriages suivant la Profession et la Situation -Sociale." - -(The Fertility of Marriages according to Profession and Social -Position). - -Monsieur Lucien March, - -Directeur de la Statistique Générale de la France. - -Discussion opened by Mr. Bernard Mallett. - -[Sidenote: 11-45 a.m.] - -"Eugenics and Militarism." - -Vernon L. Kellogg, Professor of Entomology, Stanford University. - -[Sidenote: 12-30 p.m.] - -"Eugenics in Party Organisation." - -Roberto Michels, Professor of Political Economy, University of Turin. - - -[Sidenote: 1 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[I] - -[Footnote I: For Arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - - -SECTION IIIa. (Continued). - -Sociology and Eugenics. - -MONDAY, JULY 29th. - - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"The Influence of Race on History." - -W. C. D. and Mrs. W. C. D. Whetham, Cambridge. - -[Sidenote: 2-55 p.m.] - -"Some Interrelations between Eugenics and Historical Research." - -Dr. Adams Woods, Harvard Medical School. - -(_As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and -discussed together_). - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -"Contributi Demografici ai Problemi dell' Eugenica." - -(The Contributions of Demography to Eugenics). - -Corrado Gini, - -Professor of Statistics, University of Cagliari, Italy. - -[Sidenote: 4-45 p.m.] - -CLOSE OF SESSION. - - -ENTERTAINMENTS. - -[Sidenote: 9-30 p.m.] - -A Reception will be given at the University of London by the President -and Mrs. Leonard Darwin. (Invitations to this reception will be -forwarded to all Members and Associates on their joining the Congress. -Those Members who join on or after Wednesday, 24th, should apply for -their cards at the Hospitality Bureau at the Congress.) - - -SECTION IV. - -Medicine and Eugenics. - - -TUESDAY, JULY 30th. - -MORNING SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 10 a.m.] - -"Sur la prophylaxie de la Syphilis Héréditaire et son action Eugénique." - -(On the Prophylaxis of Hereditary Syphilis and its Eugenic Effect). - -Dr. Hallopeau, Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 10-45 a.m.] - -"Alkohol und Eugenik." - -(Alcohol and Eugenics). - -Dr. Alfred Mjoën, Kristiania, Norway. - -[Sidenote: 11-10 a.m.] - -"Alcoholisme et Dégénérescence." - -Statistiques du Bureau central d'Administration des aliénés de Paris et -du department de la Seine de 1867 à 1912. - -(Alcoholism and Degeneracy). - -(Statistics from the central office for the management of the insane of -Paris and the Department of the Seine from 1867 to 1912). - -Dr. Magnan, of the Asile Saint Anne, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine - -Dr. Fillassier, Membre de l'Academie de Médecine. - -(_As these two papers are on similar subjects they will be grouped and -discussed together_). - -Discussion opened by Dr. Archdall Reid. - -[Sidenote: 12-15 p.m.] - -"Rassenhygiene und Arztliche Gebürtshilfe." - -(Eugenics and Obstetrics). - -Dr. Agnes Bluhm, Berlin. - -[Sidenote: 1 p.m.] - -LUNCHEON INTERVAL.[J] - -[Footnote J: For arrangements see pages 10 and 27.] - - -SECTION IV. - -Medicine and Eugenics. - - -TUESDAY, JULY 30th. - -AFTERNOON SESSION. - -[Sidenote: 2-30 p.m.] - -"Heredity and Eugenics in Relation to Insanity." - -Dr. F. W. Mott, F.R.S., Pathologist to the London County Asylums. - -(_This paper will be illustrated by Lantern Slides_.) - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 3-15 p.m.] - -"The Place of Eugenics in the Medical Curriculum." - -H. E. Jordan, - -Professor of Histology and Embryology, University of Virginia, and -Chairman Eugenics Section American Breeders' Association for the Study -and Prevention of Infant Mortality. - -Discussion. - -[Sidenote: 4 p.m.] - -"The History of a Healthy, Sane Family showing Longevity, in Catalonia." - -Valenti y Vivo, - -Professor of Medicine and Toxicology, University of Barcelona Spain. - - -FAREWELL ADDRESS. - -By the President. - - - - -THE EXHIBITION. - - -The Exhibition in connection with the First International Eugenics -Congress will include--(1) Charts, pedigrees, photographs, and -specimens illustrative of Heredity, especially in man. (2) Relics of -Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton and Gregor Mendel. (3) Portraits of -Notable Workers. - -The Committee desires to make the Exhibition as fully representative -as possible of the past history and present state of the sciences of -Heredity and Eugenics. - -Many interesting exhibits have been received from America, France, -Germany and all parts of the United Kingdom. - -Professor von Gruber has sent over from the International Race -Hygiene Congress, held in Dresden, in 1911, a collection of exhibits -representative of German work. - -The American Eugenics Record Office is sending an important exhibit, as -are also the State Epileptic Colony of New Jersey, and Dr. Goddard, of -Vineland. - -Among the British Exhibitors are Major Leonard Darwin, Professor -Punnett, Mr. Wheler, Mr. Whetham, Mr. Nettleship, Mr. E. J. Lidbetter -and many others. - -An Illustrated Catalogue is in preparation, and will be on sale at the -Book Stall. - -Many of the Exhibitors have signified their intention of attending the -Congress, and their willingness to explain their exhibits to enquirers. - - - - -MEMBERS OF GENERAL COMMITTEE. - - - Sir James Barr, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S.E. - Sir Edward Brabrook, C.B. - Sir James Crichton-Browne, F.R.S. - Rev. R. J. Campbell, M.A. - The Hon. Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G., M.D. - Montague Crackanthorpe, K.C. - R. Newton Crane, M.A. - A. E. Crawley, M.A. - Sir Henry Cunningham, K.C.I.E. - Francis Darwin, Sc.D., M.B., F.R.S. - Dr. C. B. Davenport. - Dr. Langdon Down. - Havelock Ellis. - The Hon. Sir John Findlay, K.C.M.G., LL.D. - Professor J. J. Findlay, M.A. - Dr. Wilfred Hadley. - Mrs. H. N. C. Heath. - Admiral W. H. Henderson. - Monsieur Huber. - The Very Rev. The Dean of St. Paul's, D.D. - Dr. David Starr Jordan. - R. Dixon Kingham, B.A. - Miss Kirby. - J. Ernest Lane, F.R.C.S. - The Rev. Hon. Edward Lyttelton, M.A. - Lady Owen Mackenzie. - W. C. Marshall, M.A. - Colonel Melville, R.A.M.C. - Lady Ottoline Morrell. - F. W. Mott, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. - G. P. Mudge, F.Z.S. - Professor A. Niceforo. - Mrs. J. Penrose. - Mrs. E. F. Pinsent. - Dr. A. Ploëtz. - Mrs. G. Pooley. - Professor E. B. Poulton, LL. D., D.Sc. F.R.S. - Professor R. C. Punnett, M.A. - Walter Rea, M.P. - G. Archdall Reid, M.B., F.R.S.E. - John Russell, M.A. - Ettie Sayer, M.D. - C. G. Seligmann, M.D. - Professor Arthur Schuster, Ph.D., D.Sc. F.R.S. - Edgar Schuster, M.A., D.Sc. - F. C. S. Schiller, M.A., D.Sc. - Lady Henry Somerset. - Dr. J. W. Slaughter. - W. C. Sullivan, M.D. - Professor J. A. Thomson, M.A. - A. F. Tredgold, L.R.C.P. - Mrs. Alec Tweedie. - W. C. D. Whetham, M.A., F.R.S. - Arnold White. - A. Gordon Wilson, M.D., F.R.C.S. - P. von Fleischl, Hon. Treasurer. - Mrs. Gotto, Hon. Secretary. - - -EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. - - Major L. Darwin, _President_. - Paul Von Fleischl, _Hon. Treasurer_. - Mrs. Gotto, _Hon. Secretary_. - H. B. Grylls, _Secretary of the Exhibition_. - Professor Punnett. - Dr. E. Schuster. - Dr. Tredgold. - - -RECEPTION COMMITTEE. - - Her Grace the Duchess of Marlborough. - The Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor of London. - Lady Aberconway. - Mr. Newton Crane. - Mrs. Leonard Darwin. - Mrs. A. C. Gotto. - Mrs. Whitelaw Reid. - Mrs. Alec-Tweedie, _Hon. Secretary_. - - -DELEGATES.[K] - -[Footnote K: _As Delegates are daily being appointed this list is -necessarily quite incomplete, only those appointments made before June -15th being included._] - - American Breeders' Association Professor V. L. Kellogg. - Bleecker van Wagenen. - Assistance Nationale aux Tuberculeux Monsieur Cassiano Veves. - Board of Education Sir George Newman, M.D. - Borough of Holborn Councillor A. Chapman. - Borough of Ealing Councillor Farr. - Borough of Shoreditch Councillor J. Timmins, M.W.B. - British Womens' Emigration Association Mrs. Ross - British Constitution Association Mr. W. H. Southon. - British Academy Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour. - Cheltenham Ladies' College Dr. Eveline Cargill. - Commonwealth of Australia Sir John Cockburn, K.C.M.G. - Education Department, Wakefield Alderman Hinchliffe. - Entomological Society of London Professor W. Bateson. - Eugenics Education Society of New - Zealand Dr. Emily Siedeberg. - Folk-Lore Society Sir Edward Brabrook. - French Republic Monsieur Lucien March, - Directeur Statistique - Générale de la France. - Incorporated Association of Assistant - Masters in Secondary Schools Mr. F. Charles. - L'Académie de Médecine M. le Prof. Pinard. - Linnean Society Professor W. Bateson. - Liverpool Biological Society Mr. R. D. Laurie. - Local Government Board Dr. Arthur Newsholme. - London County Council Mr. A. O. Goodrich. - Sir John McDougall. - Metropolitan Asylums Board Mr. Walter Dennis. - Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury Dr Lauzun-Brown. - Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth Alderman Major M. - Robinson, L.M.D. - National League for Physical Education - and Improvement Colonel T. H. Hendley, - C.I.E. - National Hospital for the Paralysed and - Epileptic Dr. Risien-Russell. - National Service League - National Society for Epileptics Mr. G. Penn Gaskell. - National Union of Teachers Mr. C. W. Crook. - Newport Elementary Education Committee Dr. J. Lloyd Davies. - Councillor Peter Wright. - - North London or University College Hospital - Nurses' Social Union Mrs. Barnes. - Parents' National Education Union Miss E. Parish. - Miss M. Franklin. - Prudential Insurance Co., of America Mr. Frederick Hoffman. - Ranyard Nurses Miss Zoë L. Puxley. - Royal Anthropological Institute Dr. Seligmann. - Royal University of Athens Professor André Andreadis. - Royal College of Surgeons Mr. G. H. Makins, C.B. - Royal Society of Medicine Sir George Savage, M.D. - Royal Statistical Society Dr. Dudfield. - Royal Surgical Aid Society Mr. Henry Allhusen. - Rev. Professor Green. - Société Nationale des Professeurs de - Français en Angleterre Monsieur A. Perret. - Society of Women Journalists Mrs. Bedford Fenwick. - Society of Medical Officers of Health Dr. A. Bustock-Hill. - St. Pancras School for Mothers Lady Meyer, - Mr. Warden. - Union des Associations Internationales, - Brussels Madame van Schelle. - University of Barcelona Professor I. Valenti Vivo. - University of Bristol Professor C. Lloyd Morgan, - F.R.S. - University of Edinburgh Rt. Hon. A. J. Balfour. - University of Glasgow Dr. W. E. Agor. - University of Minnesota Professor S. G. Smith. - University of Oxford Dr. Edgar Schuster, M.A. - University of St. Andrews Professor Edgar - (or) Dr. Heron. - University of Sydney Professor A. Stuart, M.D. - Urban District of Finchley Councillor Royston. - Willesden Urban District Council Councillor Riley. - Women's Freedom League Mrs. Clarke. - - - - -First - -International Eugenics Congress - -LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JULY 24th--TUESDAY, 30th, 1912. - - _To_ THE SECRETARY, EUGENICS EDUCATION SOCIETY, - - 6, York Buildings, Adelphi, London, W.C. - - a MEMBER[L] - Kindly enrol my name as an ASSOCIATE[M] of the First International - - Eugenics Congress for which I herewith enclose my fee. - for which I will pay on arrival. - (_Cross out one of these lines_). - -Name _______________________________________________________________ - -Profession _________________________________________________________ - -Address in full ____________________________________________________ - - ____________________________________________________ - (_Kindly write clearly._) - -The foregoing data are requested at your earliest convenience, so that -they may be included in the official list of the Congress. - -Fees may be paid either by cash, postal money order or cheque, to the -Assistant Treasurer-- - -Miss E. Sellar, - 6, York Buildings, - Adelphi, London, W.C. - -=N.B.--Only Members paying in advance will be able to avail themselves -of the reduced Railway fares, as in all cases the Congress Voucher must -be produced before the ticket will be issued.= - -[Footnote L: The Membership fee is one pound sterling, equivalent to -twenty-five francs, twenty marks, twenty-eight pesetas, or ten dollars -Mexican currency.] - -[Footnote M: The Associate Membership fee is ten shillings, equivalent -to thirteen francs, ten marks, fourteen pesetas, or five dollars -Mexican currency.] - - - - -INAUGURAL BANQUET. - - -APPLICATION FORM. - - -_To the Hon. Secretary, Entertainments Committee._ - - Please send me one Ticket for my own use (and one for a guest[N]), Seven - Shillings and Sixpence (10 frcs.) each, for the Inaugural Banquet of the - First International Eugenics Congress to be held at the Hotel Cecil, - Strand, at 7 p.m., July 24th. I enclose £ s. d. - -_Name_ _____________________________________________________________ - (Member of the Congress). - -_Address_ __________________________________________________________ - - __________________________________________________________ - -N.B.--This form should be sent immediately to the Hon. Secretary, -Entertainments Committee, 30, York Terrace, Harley Street. - -[Footnote N: _Strike out if not wanted._] - - - - -LUNCHEONS. - - -A List of some Restaurants within easy reach of the University. - - -Open-Air Café, à la Carte - Kensington Gardens 5 minutes walk. (Reasonable Charges). - -Imperial Restaurant, - 24, Alfred Place 5 " 1/6 Table d'Hôte. - -A.B.C. Depôt, - 32, Alfred Place 5 " à la Carte - (Adjoining South Kensington (Popular Prices). - Tube Station). - -Lyon's Depôt, - Gloucester Road 7 " " - -Royal Palace Hotel, - Kensington Gardens 8 " Special 2/6 Table d'Hôte - to Members of Congress - or à la Carte. - -Lyon's Depôt, - Brompton Road 8 " à la Carte. - (Popular Prices). - -Harrods' Stores, - Brompton Road 12 " 2/- Table d'Hôte or - à la Carte. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Minor typographical errors were corrected. Some unmatched double -quotation marks were left unchanged because it was not clear -where the missing quotation marks should be. - -The following changes were made: - - Abstracts of Papers - p. 5: dolicomorphic => dolichomorphic - - Programme - p. 16: Handwritten correction of a.m. to p.m. under Entertainments - P. 17: [Greek: geêêaô] not a word! => [Greek: gennaô] = birth - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS READ AT THE -FIRST INTERNATIONAL EUGENICS CONGRESS*** - - -******* This file should be named 44948-8.txt or 44948-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/4/9/4/44948 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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