Add files from ibiblio as of 2025-03-07 15:35:27HEADmain

6 files changed, 549 insertions, 19221 deletions

diff --git a/43661-8.txt b/43661-0.txt
index ec3f3da..899cd38 100644
--- a/43661-8.txt
+++ b/43661-0.txt
@@ -1,37 +1,4 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman,
-Volume II of II, by William Langland
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman, Volume II of II
-
-Author: William Langland
-
-Editor: Thomas Wright
-
-Release Date: September 7, 2013 [EBook #43661]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISION, CREED, PIERS PLOUGHMAN, VOL II ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Mark C. Orton, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43661 ***
 
 Transcriber's note: A few obvious typographical errors have been corrected:
 they are listed at the end of the text.
@@ -69,7 +36,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   BY THOMAS WRIGHT, M.A. F.S.A. &c.
 
   Corresponding Member of the Imperial Institute of France,
-  Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
+  Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
 
   IN TWO VOLUMES.
 
@@ -317,14 +284,14 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That it nevere eft is sene ne soor,
   But semeth a wounde y-heeled."
 
-    "Where wonyeth Charité?" quod Haukyn,
+    "Where wonyeth Charité?" quod Haukyn,
   "I wiste nevere in my lyve
   Man that with hym spak,                                 9110
   As wide as I have passed."
 
     "Ther parfit truthe and poore herte is,
   And pacience of tonge,
-  Ther is Charité the chief chaumbrere
+  Ther is Charité the chief chaumbrere
   For God hymselve."
 
     "Wheither paciente poverte," quod Haukyn,
@@ -409,7 +376,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That dyneth er he deserve it,
   And til he have doon his devoir
   {282}
-  And his dayes journée.                                  9190
+  And his dayes journée.                                  9190
   For whan a werkman hath wroght,
   Than many men se the sothe
   What he were worthi for his werk,
@@ -427,13 +394,13 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And hath hire at the laste.
   It may noght be, ye riche men,
   Or Mathew on God lyeth:
-  _Væ! deliciis ad delicias difficile est
+  _Væ! deliciis ad delicias difficile est
       transire._
 
     "Ac if ye riche have ruthe,
   And rewarde wel the poore,                              9210
   And lyven as lawe techeth,
-  And doon leauté to hem alle,
+  And doon leauté to hem alle,
   Crist of his curteisie
   Shal conforte yow at the laste,
   And rewarden alle double richesse
@@ -513,7 +480,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Jhesu Crist seide,
   To robberis and to reveris,
   To riche and to poore,
-  Thou taughtest hem in the Trinité
+  Thou taughtest hem in the Trinité
   To taken bapteme,
   And to be clene through that cristnyng
   Of alle kynnes synne;
@@ -585,7 +552,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   For his poverte and his pacience,                       9350
   A perpetuel blisse.
   _Beati pauperes, quoniam ipsorum
-      est regnum cælorum._
+      est regnum cælorum._
 
     "And pride in richesse regneth
   Rather than in poverte;
@@ -701,7 +668,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
       donum Dei, sanitatis mater,
   {290}
       absque sollicitudine semita,
-      sapientiæ temperatrix, negotium
+      sapientiæ temperatrix, negotium
       sine damno, incerta fortuna,
       absque sollicitudine
       felicitas._"                                        9460
@@ -790,14 +757,14 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Or listneth to his reson,
   For he tempreth the tonge to trutheward,
   And no tresor coveiteth
-  _Sapientiæ temperatrix._
+  _Sapientiæ temperatrix._
 
     "The eightethe is a lele labour,
   And looth to take moore
   Than he may wel deserve,                                9540
   In somer or in wynter.
   And if he chaffareth, he chargeth no losse,
-  Mowe he charité wynne.
+  Mowe he charité wynne.
   _Negotium sine damno._
 
     "The nynthe is swete to the soule,
@@ -950,7 +917,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Al bourdynge that tyme;
   "For bisshopes y-blessed,
   Thei bereth manye names,
-  _Præsul_ and _pontifex_,                                9680
+  _Præsul_ and _pontifex_,                                9680
   And _metropolitanus_,
   And othere names an heep,
   _Episcopus_ and _pastor_."
@@ -1004,7 +971,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And to knowe sciences,
   Putte out of Paradis
   Adam and Eve.
-  _Scientiæ appetitus hominem inmortalitatis
+  _Scientiæ appetitus hominem inmortalitatis
       gloria spoliavit._
 
     "And right as hony is yvel to defie,                  9730
@@ -1023,7 +990,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That to lewed men prechen,
   Ye moeven materes unmesurable
   {299}
-  To tellen of the Trinité,
+  To tellen of the Trinité,
   That ofte tymes the lewed peple
   Of hir bileve doute.
   Bettre it were to manye doctours
@@ -1038,7 +1005,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Foliliche spenden
   In housynge, in haterynge,
   And in to heigh clergie shewynge,
-  Moore for pompe than for pure charité,                  9760
+  Moore for pompe than for pure charité,                  9760
   The peple woot the sothe,
   That I lye noght, loo!
   For lordes ye plesen,
@@ -1046,7 +1013,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   The rather for hir silver
   _Confundantur omnes qui adorant
       sculptilia. Et alibi: Ut quid
-      diligitis vanitatem, et quæritis
+      diligitis vanitatem, et quæritis
       mendacium._
 
     "Gooth to the glose of thise vers,                    9770
@@ -1071,7 +1038,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   I shal tellen it, for truthes sake,
   Take hede who so liketh.
 
-    "As holynesse and honesté                             9790
+    "As holynesse and honesté                             9790
   Out of holy chirche spredeth
   Thorugh lele libbynge men
   That Goddes lawe techen;
@@ -1205,29 +1172,29 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   {304}
   And in mynde haveth,
   In preieres and in penaunces,
-  And in parfit charité."
+  And in parfit charité."
 
-    "What is charité?" quod I tho.
+    "What is charité?" quod I tho.
   "A childisshe thyng," he seide.
   "_Nisi efficiamini parvuli, non intrabitis
-      in regnum cælorum._
-  Withouten fauntelté or folie,                           9920
+      in regnum cælorum._
+  Withouten fauntelté or folie,                           9920
   A fre liberal wille."
 
     "Where sholde men fynde swich a frend,
   With so fre an herte?"
   "I have lyved in londe," quod he,
   "My name is Longe-wille;
-  And fond I nevere ful charité
+  And fond I nevere ful charité
   Byfore ne bihynde.
   Men beth merciable
   To mendinauntz and to poore,
   And wollen lene ther thei leve                          9930
   Lelly to ben paied.
-  Ac charité that Poul preiseth best,
+  Ac charité that Poul preiseth best,
   And moost plesaunt to oure Lord,
   Is _Non inflatur, non est ambitiosa, non
-      quærit quæ sua sunt, etc_.
+      quærit quæ sua sunt, etc_.
 
     "I seigh nevere swich a man,
   So me God helpe!
@@ -1240,14 +1207,14 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That Crist is in alle places;
   Ac I seigh hym nevere soothly,
   But as myself in a mirour:
-  _In ænigmate tunc facie ad faciem._
+  _In ænigmate tunc facie ad faciem._
   {305}
   And so I trowe trewely,
-  By that men telleth of charité,
+  By that men telleth of charité,
   It is noght chaumpions fight,
   Ne chaffare, as I trowe,                                9950
 
-    "Charité," quod he, "ne chaffareth noght,
+    "Charité," quod he, "ne chaffareth noght,
   Ne chalangeth, ne craveth;
   As proud of a peny,
   As of a pound of golde;
@@ -1361,7 +1328,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Alle swiche thei faiten.
   Fy on faitours,
   And _in fautores suos_!
-  For charité is Goddes champion,
+  For charité is Goddes champion,
   And as a good child hende,
   And the murieste of mouth
   At mete where he sitteth.
@@ -1369,7 +1336,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Maketh hym light of speche,
   And is compaignable and confortatif,                   10060
   As Crist bit hymselve.
-  _Nolite fieri sicut hypocritæ tristes, etc._
+  _Nolite fieri sicut hypocritæ tristes, etc._
   For I have seyen hym in silk,
   And som tyme in russet,
   Bothe in grey and in grys,
@@ -1380,9 +1347,9 @@ Library of Old Authors.
     "Edmond and Edward
   Bothe were kynges,                                     10070
   And seintes y-set,
-  For charité hem folwede.
+  For charité hem folwede.
 
-    "I have y-seyen charité also
+    "I have y-seyen charité also
   Syngen and reden,
   Riden and rennen
   In raggede wedes;
@@ -1431,7 +1398,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   But, Lord, amende us alle,
   {310}
   And gyve us grace, good God,
-  Charité to folwe.
+  Charité to folwe.
   For who so myghte meete myd hym,
   Swiche maneres hym eileth,
   Neither he blameth ne banneth,
@@ -1580,7 +1547,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And so youre rule me tolde.
   _Nunquam, dicit Job, rugit onager
       cum herbam habuerit, aut mugiet
-      bos cum ante plenum præsepe
+      bos cum ante plenum præsepe
   {314}
       steterit. Brutorum animalium                       10250
       natura te condemnat,
@@ -1644,17 +1611,17 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   As the book techeth.
   _Quia sacrilegium est res pauperum
       non pauperibus dare. Item:
-      Peccatoribus dare, est dæmonibus
+      Peccatoribus dare, est dæmonibus
       immolare. Item: Monache,
       si indiges et accipis, potius
       das quam accipis; si autem
       non eges et accipis, rapis.
       Porro non indiget monachus, si                     10310
-      habeat quod naturæ sufficit._
+      habeat quod naturæ sufficit._
 
     "For-thi I counseille alle cristene
-  To conformen hem to charité,
-  For charité withouten chalangynge
+  To conformen hem to charité,
+  For charité withouten chalangynge
   Unchargeth the soule,
   And many a prison fram purgatorie
   {316}
@@ -1732,7 +1699,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Muche wonder me thynketh                               10380
   Amonges us alle,
   Doctours of decrees
-  And of divinité maistres,
+  And of divinité maistres,
   That sholde konne and knowe
   {318}
   Alle kynnes clergie,
@@ -1838,7 +1805,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   _Petite et accipietis, etc._
   Salt saveth the catel,
   Siggen thise wives.                                    10480
-  _Vos estis sal terræ, etc._
+  _Vos estis sal terræ, etc._
   The hevedes of holy chirche,
   And thei holy were,
   Crist calleth hem salt
@@ -1926,7 +1893,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   In hem that kepeth lawes.
   For as the cow thorugh kynde mylk
   The calf norisseth til an oxe;                         10560
-  So love and leauté
+  So love and leauté
   Lele men susteneth,
   And maidenes and mylde men
   Mercy desiren,
@@ -1948,7 +1915,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
 
     "What pope or prelat now
   Perfourneth that Crist highte.                         10580
-  _Ite in universum mundum et prædicate, etc._               =
+  _Ite in universum mundum et prædicate, etc._               =
 
     "Allas! that men so longe
   On Makometh sholde bileve,
@@ -1973,8 +1940,8 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Han a lippe of our bileve,
   The lightlier me thynketh
   Thei sholde turne, who so travailed
-  To teche hem of the Trinité.
-  _Quærite et invenietis, etc._
+  To teche hem of the Trinité.
+  _Quærite et invenietis, etc._
 
     "It is ruthe to rede
   How rightwise men lyvede,
@@ -2020,7 +1987,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
 
     "Right so, ye clerkes,
   For youre coveitise, er longe,
-  Shal thei demen _dos ecclesiæ_,
+  Shal thei demen _dos ecclesiæ_,
   And youre pride depose,
   _Deposuit potentes de sede, etc._
 
@@ -2041,7 +2008,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Lordshipes and rentes,
   An aungel men herden
   An heigh at Rome crye,
-  _Dos ecclesiæ_ this day
+  _Dos ecclesiæ_ this day
   Hath y-dronke venym,
   And tho that han Petres power
   Arn apoisoned alle.
@@ -2095,7 +2062,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Thorugh his province to passe,                         10710
   And to his peple to shewe hym,
   Tellen hem and techen hem
-  On the Trinité to bileve,
+  On the Trinité to bileve,
   And feden hem with goostly foode,
   And gyve there it nedeth.
   _In domo mea non est panis neque
@@ -2183,7 +2150,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   _Et in Spiritum sanctum_,
   And reden it and recorden it
   With _remissionem peccatorum,
-  Carnis resurrectionem, et vitam æternam. Amen._"       10793
+  Carnis resurrectionem, et vitam æternam. Amen._"       10793
 
        *       *       *       *       *
 
@@ -2196,7 +2163,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   For Haukyns love, the actif man,
   Evere I shal yow lovye!
   Ac yit I am in a weer
-  What charité is to mene."
+  What charité is to mene."
 
     "It is a ful trie tree," quod he,                    10800
   "Trewely to telle;
@@ -2209,7 +2176,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Pacience hatte the pure tree,
   And pure symple of herte;
   And so, thorugh God and thorugh goode men,             10810
-  Groweth the fruyt charité."
+  Groweth the fruyt charité."
 
     "I wolde travaille," quod I, "this tree to se,
   Twenty hundred myle;
@@ -2341,7 +2308,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   The ground there it groweth,
   Goodnesse it hatte;
   And I have told thee what highte the tree,
-  The Trinité it meneth."
+  The Trinité it meneth."
 
     And egreliche he loked on me;
   And therfore I spared
@@ -2448,7 +2415,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Bothe blynde and crokede,                              11020
   And commune wommen convertede,
   And to goode turnede.
-  _Non est sanis opus medicinæ, sed in, etc._
+  _Non est sanis opus medicinæ, sed in, etc._
 
     Bothe meseles and mute,
   And in the menyson blody,
@@ -2470,7 +2437,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And juggede lawes
   And seide he wroghte thorugh wichecraft,
   And with the develes myghte.
-  _Dæmonium habet, etc._
+  _Dæmonium habet, etc._
 
     Thanne, "are ye cherles," quod ich,
   "And youre children bothe,
@@ -2556,7 +2523,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   {340}
   Shal worthe upon thiselve.                             11120
   _Necesse est ut veniant scandala:
-      Væ homini illi per quem scandalum
+      Væ homini illi per quem scandalum
       venit!_
 
     "Though I bi treson be take
@@ -2648,7 +2615,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   As for servaunt that tyme,
   To ocupie hym here,                                    11200
   Til issue were spronge,
-  That is, children of charité,
+  That is, children of charité,
   And holi chirche the moder;
   Patriarkes and prophetes
   And apostles were the children,
@@ -2661,8 +2628,8 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And that it may be so and sooth,
   Manhode it sheweth,
   Wedlok and widwehode,
-  With virginité y-nempned,
-  In tokenynge of the Trinité
+  With virginité y-nempned,
+  In tokenynge of the Trinité
   Was out of man taken.
 
     "Adam was oure aller fader,
@@ -2676,7 +2643,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Oon singuler name;
   And thus is mankynde and manhede
   Of matrimoyne y-spronge,
-  And bitokneth the Trinité
+  And bitokneth the Trinité
   And trewe bileve.
 
     "Mighty is matrimoyne,                               11230
@@ -2754,7 +2721,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Moore yet he grauntede,
   Mercy for oure mys-dedes,
   As many tyme as we asken.
-  _Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et                        11300
+  _Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et                        11300
       semini ejus._
 
     "And siththe he sente me to seye
@@ -2901,7 +2868,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And lelest to leve so,
   For lif, and for soule?
   Abraham seith                                          11420
-  That he seigh hoolly the Trinité,
+  That he seigh hoolly the Trinité,
   Thre persones in parcelles
   Departable fro oother,
   And alle thre but o god;
@@ -2917,7 +2884,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   To savacion and to blisse?
   And now cometh _Spes_ and speketh,
   That aspied the lawe;
-  And telleth noght of the Trinité
+  And telleth noght of the Trinité
   That took hym hise lettres,
   To bileeve and lovye
   In o lord almyghty,
@@ -3029,7 +2996,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
     And whan I seigh this, I sojourned noght,
   But shoop me to renne,
   And suwed that Samaritan
-  That was so ful of pité,
+  That was so ful of pité,
   And graunted hym to ben his groom.
   "Graunt mercy!" he seide;
   "Ac thi frend and thi felawe," quod he,                11540
@@ -3294,7 +3261,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And wolde his grace quenche.
 
     "And to a torche or a tapur
-  The Trinité is likned;
+  The Trinité is likned;
   As wex and a weke
   Were twyned togideres,
   And thanne a fir flawmynge
@@ -3347,7 +3314,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   To myst and to watre.
 
     "So grace of the Holy Goost
-  The greet myght of the Trinité
+  The greet myght of the Trinité
   Melteth to mercy,
   To merciable and to othere;
   And as wex withouten moore
@@ -3457,7 +3424,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   For every manere good man
   May be likned to a torche,
   Or ellis to a tapur,
-  To reverence the Trinité;
+  To reverence the Trinité;
   And who morthereth a good man,
   Me thynketh by myn inwit,
   He for-dooth the levest light
@@ -3484,12 +3451,12 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   _Vindica sanguinem justorum._
 
     "Thus 'Vengeaunce! vengeaunce!'
-  Verrey Charité asketh.
-  And sith holy chirche and Charité
+  Verrey Charité asketh.
+  And sith holy chirche and Charité
   Chargeth this so soore,                                11950
   Leve I nevere that oure Lord
-  Wol love that charité lakketh,
-  Ne have pité for any preiere
+  Wol love that charité lakketh,
+  Ne have pité for any preiere
   Ther that he pleyneth."
 
     "I pose I hadde synned so,
@@ -3516,7 +3483,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   The peple is so huge,
   That the kyng may do no mercy
   Til bothe men acorde,
-  And eyther have equité,
+  And eyther have equité,
   As holy writ telleth.
   _Nunquam dimittitur peccatum, etc._
 
@@ -3574,7 +3541,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   For kynde clyveth on hym evere
   To contrarie the soule.
   And though it falle, it fynt skiles
-  That freleté it made,
+  That freleté it made,
   And that is lightly forgyven                           12030
   And forgeten bothe,
   To man that mercy asketh,
@@ -3978,7 +3945,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   The place ther he styngeth,
   Til he be deed, and do therto,
   The yvel he destruyeth,
-  The firste venymousté
+  The firste venymousté
   Thorugh venym of hymselve.                             12390
 
     "So shal this deeth for-do,
@@ -4035,7 +4002,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   For Jhesus justede wel,
   Joy bigynneth dawe.
   _Ad vesperum demorabitur fletus, et
-      ad matutinum lætitia._
+      ad matutinum lætitia._
 
     "Love, that is my lemman,                            12440
   Swiche lettres me sente,
@@ -4337,7 +4304,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And Lucifer answerede,
   "What lord artow?" quod Lucifer.                       12710
   _Quis est iste?_
-  "_Rex Gloriæ_,"
+  "_Rex Gloriæ_,"
   The light soone seide,
   "And lord of myght and of man,
   And alle manere vertues.
@@ -4514,7 +4481,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Bothe hungry and a-cale;
   Ac blood may noght se blood
   Blede, but hym rewe.
-  _Audivi arcana verba quæ non licet
+  _Audivi arcana verba quæ non licet
       homini loqui._
 
     "Ac my rightwisnesse and right
@@ -4581,9 +4548,9 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And reverentliche hire kiste.
   {395}
   "Pees and pees here!
-  _Per sæcula sæculorum._"
+  _Per sæcula sæculorum._"
   _Misericordia et veritas obviaverunt
-      sibi, justitia et pax osculatæ sunt._
+      sibi, justitia et pax osculatæ sunt._
 
     Truthe trumpede tho,
   And song _Te Deum laudamus_;                           12940
@@ -4783,7 +4750,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   By counseil of aungeles.                               13110
   And there was that word fulfilled
   The which thow of speke.
-  _Omnia cælestia terrestria flectantur
+  _Omnia cælestia terrestria flectantur
       in hoc nomine Jhesu._
 
     "For alle the aungeles of hevene
@@ -4869,7 +4836,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Noght holy Crist, but Jhesu,
   {403}
   A faunt fyn ful of wit,
-  _Filius Mariæ._
+  _Filius Mariæ._
   For bifore his moder Marie
   Made he that wonder;                                   13190
   That she first and formest
@@ -4898,7 +4865,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And dombe speke he made,
   And alle he heeled and halp
   That hym of grace askede.
-  And tho was he called in contré
+  And tho was he called in contré
   Of the comune peple,
   For the dedes that he dide,
   _Fili David, Jhesus._
@@ -5225,7 +5192,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   The cardynal vertues,
   And sew hem in mannes soule,
   And sithen he tolde hir names.
-  _Spiritus prudentiæ._
+  _Spiritus prudentiæ._
   The firste seed highte;
   And who so ete that,                                   13510
   Ymagynen he sholde
@@ -5237,7 +5204,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   To save the fatte above.
 
     The seconde seed highte
-  _Spiritus temperantiæ._
+  _Spiritus temperantiæ._
   He that ete of that seed                               13520
   Hadde swich a kynde,
   Sholde nevere mete ne muchel drynke
@@ -5273,7 +5240,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   _Esto forti animo, cum sis dampnatus inique._              =
 
     The ferthe seed that Piers sew                       13552
-  Was _spiritus justitiæ_.
+  Was _spiritus justitiæ_.
   And he that ete of that seed,
   Sholde be evere trewe,
   With God, and naught a-gast,
@@ -5282,9 +5249,9 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That good feith outher while
   {414}
   Maye nought ben espied,                                13560
-  For _spiritus justitiæ_.
+  For _spiritus justitiæ_.
 
-    _Spiritus justitiæ._
+    _Spiritus justitiæ._
   Spareth noght to spille
   Hem that ben gilty,
   And for to correcte
@@ -5298,7 +5265,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That he ne dide lawe,
   For present or for preiere,
   Or any prynces lettres;
-  He dide equité to alle
+  He dide equité to alle
   Evene forth his power.
 
     Thise foure sedes Piers sew;
@@ -5450,11 +5417,11 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That kynde wit hadde,
   Save sherewes one
   Swiche as I spak of,
-  That he ne halp a quantité                             13710
+  That he ne halp a quantité                             13710
   Holynesse to wexe,
   Some thorugh bedes biddynge,
   And some thorugh pilgrymages
-  And othere pryvé penaunces,
+  And othere pryvé penaunces,
   And somme thorugh penyes delynge.
 
     And thanne wellede water
@@ -5504,7 +5471,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
     "Ye, baw!" quod a brewere,
   "I wol noght be ruled,
   By Jhesu! for al youre janglynge
-  With _spiritus justitiæ_,
+  With _spiritus justitiæ_,
   Ne after Conscience, by Crist!
   While I kan selle                                      13760
   Bothe dregges and draf,
@@ -5514,7 +5481,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   For that is my kynde,
   And noght hakke after holynesse.
   Hold thi tonge, Conscience!
-  Of _spiritus justitiæ_,
+  Of _spiritus justitiæ_,
   Thow spekest muche on ydel."
 
     "Caytif!" quod Conscience,
@@ -5522,7 +5489,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Un-blessed artow, brewere,
   But if thee God helpe.
   But thow lyve by loore
-  Of _spiritus justitiæ_,
+  Of _spiritus justitiæ_,
   The chief seed that Piers sew,
   Y-saved worstow nevere.
   But Conscience the comune fede,
@@ -5630,7 +5597,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Som what to wynnyng,
   Of gile ne of gabbyng                                  13870
   Gyve thei nevere tale.
-  For _spiritus prudentiæ_
+  For _spiritus prudentiæ_
   Among the peple is gyle;
   And alle tho faire vertues
   As vices thei semeth.
@@ -5671,7 +5638,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   And chieftayn of the comune;
   And what I take of yow two,
   I take it at the techynge
-  Of _spiritus justitiæ_,                                13910
+  Of _spiritus justitiæ_,                                13910
   For I jugge yow alle.
   So I may boldely be housled,
   For I borwe nevere,
@@ -5685,7 +5652,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Take thow mayst in reson                               13920
   As thi lawe asketh.
   _Omnia tua sunt ad defendendum,
-      sed non ad deprædandum._"
+      sed non ad deprædandum._"
   The viker hadde fer hoom,
   And faire took his leeve;
   And I awakned therwith,
@@ -5712,7 +5679,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   That thow toke to thy bilyve,                          13940
   To clothes and to sustenaunce;
   And by techynge and by tellynge
-  Of _spiritus temperantiæ_,
+  Of _spiritus temperantiæ_,
   And thow nome na-moore
   Than nede thee taughte,
   And nede he hath no lawe,
@@ -5744,11 +5711,11 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Withouten counseil of Conscience
   Or cardynale vertues,
   So that he sewe and save                               13970
-  _Spiritus temperantiæ_.
+  _Spiritus temperantiæ_.
 
     "For is no vertue bi fer
-  To _spiritus temperantiæ_;
-  Ne _spiritus justitiæ_
+  To _spiritus temperantiæ_;
+  Ne _spiritus justitiæ_
   Ne _spiritus fortitudinis_.
   For _spiritus fortitudinis_
   Forfeteth ful ofte.
@@ -5760,11 +5727,11 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Than good feith it wolde
   {427}
 
-    "And _spiritus justitiæ_
+    "And _spiritus justitiæ_
   Shal juggen, wol he nele he,
   After the kynges counseil,
   And the comune like.
-  And _spiritus prudentiæ_
+  And _spiritus prudentiæ_
   In many a point shal faille
   Of that he weneth wolde falle,                         13990
   If his wit ne weere.
@@ -5857,7 +5824,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
 
     "I conseille," quod Conscience tho,
   "Cometh with me, ye fooles,
-  Into Unité holy chirche,
+  Into Unité holy chirche,
   And holde we us there;
   And crye we to kynde
   That he come and defende us,
@@ -5895,7 +5862,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Tho aloud cryde
   After Confort, a knyght,
   To come and bere his baner;
-  "_A l'arme! à l'arme!_" quod that lord,
+  "_A l'arme! à l'arme!_" quod that lord,
   "Ech lif kepe his owene!"
 
     And thanne mette thise men,                          14110
@@ -6233,7 +6200,7 @@ Library of Old Authors.
   Than he that laboureth for liflode,
   And leneth it beggeris.
   And sithen freres forsoke
-  The felicité of erthe,
+  The felicité of erthe,
   Lat hem be as beggeris,
   Or lyve by aungeles foode."
 
@@ -6799,7 +6766,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   We Minorities most sheweth
   The pure aposteles liif,
   With penance on erthe,
-  And suen hem in sanctité,
+  And suen hem in sanctité,
   And sufferen wel harde.                                  210
   We haunten no tavernes,
   Ne hobelen abouten;
@@ -6842,7 +6809,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   Wel neigh in the myddel,
   And saint Fraunceis hymselfe
   Shal folden the in his cope,                             250
-  And present the to the Trinité,
+  And present the to the Trinité,
   And praye for thy synnes.
   Thy name shal noblich ben wryten
   And wrought for the nones,
@@ -6892,7 +6859,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   'Nought thy neighbors good
   Coveyte in no tyme.'
   {460}
-  But charité and chastité
+  But charité and chastité
   Ben chased out clene.
   But Christ seide by her fruit
   Men shal hem ful knowen."                                300
@@ -6923,7 +6890,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   And even forth wente;
   And al was walled that wone,
   Though it wiid were,
-  With posternes in privité
+  With posternes in privité
   To pasen when hem liste;
   Orcheyardes and erberes
   Evesed wel clene,                                        330
@@ -7115,7 +7082,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   That suffreden harde;
   And we ben proved the priis
   Of popes at Rome,                                        510
-  And of grettest degré,
+  And of grettest degré,
   As godspelles telleth."
 
     "A! syre," quath I thanne,
@@ -7179,7 +7146,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   {468}
   And prechen al of perfitnesse;
   But loke now, I the prey,                                570
-  Nought but profre hem in privité
+  Nought but profre hem in privité
   A peny for a masse,
   And, but his name be prest,
   Put out myn eighe,
@@ -7232,11 +7199,11 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   Weren founden in tounes,                                 620
   And taughten untrewely,
   And that we wel aspiede.
-  And for chef charyté,
+  And for chef charyté,
   We chargeden us selven
   In amendyng of this men,
   We maden oure celles
-  To ben in cytés y-set,
+  To ben in cytés y-set,
   To styghtle the puple,
   Prechyng and prayeng
   As profetes shoulden.                                    630
@@ -7325,7 +7292,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   That droppeth fro heven,
   With hartes of heynesse,
   Whough halwen the cherches,                              710
-  And deleth in devynyté
+  And deleth in devynyté
   As dogges doth bones.
   Thei medeleth with mesages
   And mariages of grete;
@@ -7347,7 +7314,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   In lyvynge of hevene,                                    730
   And glose hem nought for her good
   To greven her soules.
-  I pray the, where ben they pryvé
+  I pray the, where ben they pryvé
   With any pore whightes
   That may nought amenden her hous,
   Ne amenden hemselven?
@@ -7358,7 +7325,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   Wilneth in erthe.                                        740
   Leeve it wel, lef man,
   And men right lokede,
-  There is more pryvé pryde
+  There is more pryvé pryde
   In Prechoures hertes,
   Than there lefte in Lucifere,
   Or he were lowe fallen.
@@ -7796,11 +7763,11 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   Other Austyn ordeynde,
   And of this dotardes
   Doctur to worthe,
-  Maysters of divinité
+  Maysters of divinité
   Her matynes to leve,
   And cherlich as a cheveteyn
   Hys chaumbre to holden,                                 1160
-  With chymené, and chaple,
+  With chymené, and chaple,
   And chosen whan hem lyste,
   And served as a sovereyn,
   And as a lord sytten.
@@ -7970,7 +7937,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   To blenden the puple.
   They wolden awyrien that wight
   For his wel dedes,                                      1320
-  And so they chewen charité,
+  And so they chewen charité,
   As chewen shaf houndes.
   And thei pursueth the povere,
   And passeth pursutes,
@@ -8015,7 +7982,7 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
   Hath fulliche encombred                                 1360
   Manye of this maner men,
   And maad hem to leven
-  Her charité and chasteté,
+  Her charité and chasteté,
   And shosen hem to lustes,
   And waxen to werly,
   And wayven the trewethe,
@@ -8307,19 +8274,19 @@ PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
 
     "Although this flatterynge freres
   Wyln, for her pryde,                                    1640
-  Disputen of Godes deyté,
+  Disputen of Godes deyté,
   As dotardes shulden,
   The more the matere is moved
   The masedere hi worthen.
   Lat the loseles alone,
   And leve thou the trewthe;
-  For these maystres of dyvynité
+  For these maystres of dyvynité
   Many, als I trowe,
   Folwen nought fully the feith,
   As fele of the lewede.                                  1650
   Whough may mannes wiit,
   Through werk of himselve,
-  Knowen Christes privité,
+  Knowen Christes privité,
   {500}
   That alle kynde passeth?
   It mot ben a man
@@ -8376,7 +8343,7 @@ NOTES AND GLOSSARY
 
 NOTES.
 
-Line 1. Bale, quoting the first two lines, translates them _In æstivo
+Line 1. Bale, quoting the first two lines, translates them _In æstivo
 tempore, cum sol caleret_. The printers of the early editions altered
 _softe_ to _set_.
 
@@ -8420,8 +8387,8 @@ are condemned as getting their living by what is afterwards called
 
 88. _Roberdes knaves._ These are the same class of malefactors who are
 named _Roberdesmen_ in the Statutes, 5 Ed. III. c. 14. "Et diverses
-roberies, homicides, et felonies ont esté faitz eintz ces heures par gentz
-qui sont appellez Roberdesmen, Wastours, et Draghelatche, si est acordé et
+roberies, homicides, et felonies ont esté faitz eintz ces heures par gentz
+qui sont appellez Roberdesmen, Wastours, et Draghelatche, si est acordé et
 establi que si homme eit suspecion de mal de nuls tielx, soit-il de jour
 soit-il de nuyt, que meintenant soient arestus par les conestables des
 villes." This law was confirmed by 7 Ric. II. c. 5, where the word is again
@@ -8430,21 +8397,21 @@ be Robin Hood's men. The other Trin. Coll. MS. reads _Robertis knaves_.
 
 93. _Seint Jame._ St. James of Compostello was a famous resort of pilgrims
 in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. An amusing song on the
-inconveniences which attended the voyage is printed in the Reliquiæ
-Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 2.
+inconveniences which attended the voyage is printed in the Reliquiæ
+Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 2.
 
 107. _Walsyngham._ The shrine of the Virgin Mary at Walsingham in Norfolk,
 also enjoyed an extraordinary celebrity, as a resort of English pilgrims.
 It appears that the first complaints of the Wicliffite reformers were
 strongly expressed against this pilgrimage. "Lolardi sequaces Johannis
-Wiclif ... prædicaverunt peregrinationes non debere fieri, et præcipue apud
+Wiclif ... prædicaverunt peregrinationes non debere fieri, et præcipue apud
 Walsingham," etc. Th. Walsingh. p. 340.
 
 116. The four orders of friars were, of course, the Franciscans,
 Augustines, Dominicans, and Carmelites.
 
 131. These four lines stand thus in Whitaker's text, _Bote holy churche and
-charité | choppe a-doun swich shryvers, | the moste myschif of molde |
+charité | choppe a-doun swich shryvers, | the moste myschif of molde |
 mounteth up faste._ Whitaker has translated it quite wrong, "May true
 charity and church discipline knock down these, the greatest pests on
 earth, who are rapidly increasing!" The simple meaning of the passage, as
@@ -8544,14 +8511,14 @@ Marie. It is however found in the old collection, in French verse of the
 fourteenth century, entitled Ysopet; and M. Robert has also printed a Latin
 metrical version of the story from a MS. of the same century. La Fontaine
 has given it among his fables. It may be observed that the fable is nowhere
-so well told as in Piers Ploughman. (See Robert, Fables Inédites, des
-xii^e, xiii^e, et xiv^e siècles, i, pp. 98-101.) The readers of Scottish
+so well told as in Piers Ploughman. (See Robert, Fables Inédites, des
+xii^e, xiii^e, et xiv^e siècles, i, pp. 98-101.) The readers of Scottish
 history will remember the application of this fable in 1481, by the earl of
 Angus (popularly named, from this circumstance, Archibald Bell-the-cat), in
 the conspiracy against the royal favourites, which forms an excellent
 illustration of our text.
 
-381. _Væ terræ, etc._ Ecclesiastes, x, 16. "Væ tibi, terra, cujus rex puer
+381. _Væ terræ, etc._ Ecclesiastes, x, 16. "Væ tibi, terra, cujus rex puer
 est, et cujus principes mane comedunt."
 
 423. _and pointeth the lawe._ MS. Trin. 2.
@@ -8564,13 +8531,13 @@ Coll.
   Become clerkis of acountis
   The king for to serve,
   Archideknes and denis,
-  That dignités haven,
+  That dignités haven,
   To preche the peple
   And pore men to fede,
   Ben y-lope to Lundone
   Be leve of hire bisshop,
   And ben clerkis of the kinges bench
-  The cuntré to shende.
+  The cuntré to shende.
 
 438. _Taillours, tanneris, | And tokkeris bothe._ MS. Trin. 2.
 
@@ -8604,14 +8571,14 @@ The 'wyn of the Rochel' (vin de la Rochelle) was also a favourite wine.--
   Rochelle, qui tant a de pris,
   Que l'en la va de partout querre;
   Chascun si l'enclot et l'enserre,
-  Car il n'est pas à garçonner,
+  Car il n'est pas à garçonner,
   N'en ne la doit q'aus bons donner;--
   Por les grans seignors l'en salache.
                               (_ib._ p. 300).
 
 The "wyn of Oseye" (vin d'Osaie) was a foreign wine, very rare and dear,
 and sought up by 'gourmands:' it is mentioned with those of Malvoisia,
-Rosetta, and Muscadet. (Depping Réglemens sur les Arts et Métiers de Paris,
+Rosetta, and Muscadet. (Depping Réglemens sur les Arts et Métiers de Paris,
 p. lxiii.) It is unnecessary to explain what was 'wyn of the Ryn' (Rhine).
 
 456. _of the Reule | and of the Rochel._ Whitaker.
@@ -8663,7 +8630,7 @@ by Shakespeare himself, Ben Jonson, and others.
 
 681. _Lucifer with legions._ The story of Lucifer's rebellion and fall was
 extremely popular in the middle ages, and particularly among the
-Anglo-Saxons, who, in the fine poem ascribed to Cædmon, had given it almost
+Anglo-Saxons, who, in the fine poem ascribed to Cædmon, had given it almost
 as much detail as Milton had done at a later date. This legend is related
 in prose in an Anglo-Saxon tract in MS. Cotton. Vespas. D. xiv, fol. 2.
 
@@ -8717,7 +8684,7 @@ supposing that some of the angels who fell with Lucifer were less guilty
 than others, and were allowed to occupy the different elements on the earth
 instead of being condemned to "the pit." In "The Master of Oxford's
 Catechism," written early in the fifteenth century, and printed in the
-Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 231, we have the following question and
+Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 231, we have the following question and
 answer,--"_C._ Where be the anjelles that God put out of heven, and bycam
 devilles? _M._ Som into hell, and som reyned in the skye, and som in the
 erth, and som in waters and in wodys."
@@ -8776,7 +8743,7 @@ second Trin. Coll. MS.:--
   Proud for the nones,
   And ten thousand of tentis
   Teldit beside,
-  Of knightes of cuntrés,
+  Of knightes of cuntrés,
   Of comeres aboute,
   For sisours, for somonours, etc.
 
@@ -8816,7 +8783,7 @@ subject of popular complaint.
   As for the grete treuthe.
 
     Meny sondry sorwes
-  In cyté fallen ofte,
+  In cyté fallen ofte,
   Bothe thorw fyur and flod,
   And al for false puple,
   That bygylen good men,
@@ -8860,7 +8827,7 @@ subject of popular complaint.
   Er he were underfonge free
   And felawe in youre rolles.
   Hit ys nought semly, for soth,
-  In cyté ne in borw-ton,
+  In cyté ne in borw-ton,
   That usurers other regratours
   For eny kynne geftes,
   Be fraunchised for a free-man,
@@ -8940,7 +8907,7 @@ oppressions to which the peasantry were frequently subjected by the king's
 purveyors, and by others in power. See the Political Songs, pp. 377, 378;
 and Hartshorne's Ancient Metrical Tales, pp. 41, 42.
 
-2197. _taillé_, a tally. See the Political Songs, as above quoted. Whitaker
+2197. _taillé_, a tally. See the Political Songs, as above quoted. Whitaker
 translates this passage, which stands thus in his edition,
 
   And taketh me bote a taile
@@ -8978,7 +8945,7 @@ satire against the mendicant friars:--
   And lovede wel fare,
   And no dede to do
   Bote drynke and to slepe,
-  In hele and in unité,
+  In hele and in unité,
   On me aposede,
   Romynge in remembraunce.
   Thus Reson me arated:
@@ -9083,7 +9050,7 @@ satire against the mendicant friars:--
   And alle that ben crounede
   And in queer in churches,
   Cristes owene mynestres.
-  _Dominus pars hæreditatis meæ
+  _Dominus pars hæreditatis meæ
     Et alibi, Clementia non constringit._
   Hit bycometh for clerkus
   Crist for to serven;
@@ -9163,7 +9130,7 @@ satire against the mendicant friars:--
   Thorw wyrdes of his grace.
   _Simile est regnum coelorum thesauro
       abscondito in agro, etc._
-    _Mulier quæ inveniet dragmam, etc._
+    _Mulier quæ inveniet dragmam, etc._
   So hope ich to have of hym
   That his almyghty
   A gobet of hus grace,
@@ -9225,13 +9192,13 @@ Preface to Chaucer, first pointed out the identity of this wind with the
 one mentioned by the old chroniclers (Thorn, Decem. Script. col. 2122;
 Walsingham, p. 178; the continuator of Adam Murimuth, p. 115), as occurring
 on the evening of Jan. 15, 1362. The fifteenth of January in that year was
-a Saturday. The following is the account given by Walsingham: "Anno gratiæ
+a Saturday. The following is the account given by Walsingham: "Anno gratiæ
 millesimo trecentesimo sexagesimo secundo, qui est annus regni regis
 Edwardi a conquestu tertii tricesimus sextus, tenuit rex natale apud
 Wyndesor, et quinto decimo die sequente ventus vehemens, nothus auster
-affricus, tanta vi erupit, quod flatu suo domos altas, ædificia sublimia,
-turres, et campanilia, arbores, et alia quæque durabilia et fortia
-violenter prostravit pariter et impegit, in tantum quod residua quæ modo
+affricus, tanta vi erupit, quod flatu suo domos altas, ædificia sublimia,
+turres, et campanilia, arbores, et alia quæque durabilia et fortia
+violenter prostravit pariter et impegit, in tantum quod residua quæ modo
 extant, sunt hactenus infirmiora." The continuator of Murimuth is more
 particular as to the time of the day, and in other respects more exact.
 "A.D. m. ccc. lxii, xv die Januarii, _circa horam vesperarum_, ventus
@@ -9240,7 +9207,7 @@ vehemens notus australis affricus tanta rabie erupit," etc.
 2529. _And fecche Felis his wyf | Fro wyuene pyne._ MS. Trin. Col. 2.
 
 2547. This was a very old and very common proverb in England. Thus in the
-Proverbs of Hending (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 110):--
+Proverbs of Hending (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 110):--
 
   Ne bue thi child never so duere,
   Ant hit wolle unthewes lerne,
@@ -9253,7 +9220,7 @@ Proverbs of Hending (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 110):--
 
 The proverb is a little varied in another copy of these "Proverbs," p. 194
 of the same work. There is a German proverb closely resembling it, "Je
-lieberes Kind, je schärfere Ruthe."
+lieberes Kind, je schärfere Ruthe."
 
 2551. Prov. xiii, 24.
 
@@ -9277,7 +9244,7 @@ text, ll. 6218-6274.
   Leyved that hymselve
   Were wittyour and worthiour
   Than he that was hus maister.
-  Hold yow in unité.
+  Hold yow in unité.
   And ye that hother wolde
   Is cause of alle combraunce
   To confounde a reame.
@@ -9395,7 +9362,7 @@ differs much from our text.
 2819-2822. The discipline here described seems to have been peculiar to the
 chapter-house of the monasteries. Matth. Paris, p. 848, has an anecdote
 which illustrates curiously this passage of Piers Ploughman. In speaking of
-the turbulent Falcasius de Breuté, who had been warned in a vision to offer
+the turbulent Falcasius de Breuté, who had been warned in a vision to offer
 himself to suffer penance in the monastery of St. Albans, in the reign of
 Henry III, he says, "Vestibus igitur spoliatus cum suis militibus,
 similiter indumentis spoliatis, ferens in manu virgam quam vulgariter
@@ -9411,7 +9378,7 @@ text.)
   And to oure Ladi criede,
   'Ladi, for thi leve sone,
   Loute for me nouthe,
-  That he have pité on me, putour,
+  That he have pité on me, putour,
   For his pure merci.'
   'With that I schal,' quod that schrewe,
   'Saterdaies, for thi love,
@@ -9457,7 +9424,7 @@ text.)
   And hadde i-lorn that kynde,
   I hadde likyng to lige
   Of lecherous tales.
-  Now, lord, for thi lewté,
+  Now, lord, for thi lewté,
   On lecheres have merci.
 
 2850. _Sire Hervy._ Whitaker and Price (in Warton) suppose that there is
@@ -9609,7 +9576,7 @@ extorquet, et minatur.-- Vir quicunque rabidus consors est Roberto.
 
 Still earlier (12th cent.) a scribe says of one of his brothers, "Secundus
 dicebatur _Robertus_, quia a re nomen habuit, _spoliator_ enim diu fuit et
-_prædo_." (Polit. Songs, p. 354.)
+_prædo_." (Polit. Songs, p. 354.)
 
 3419. _Dysmas._ In middle-age legends, Dismas and Gestas were the names of
 the two thieves who were crucified with Christ. The former was the one who
@@ -9647,14 +9614,14 @@ believed in the Saviour, and received a promise of paradise.
   Flaterers and lyers,
   And han lykynge to lythen hem,
   In hope to do yow lawe--
-  _Væ! vobis qui ridetis, etc._
+  _Væ! vobis qui ridetis, etc._
   And geveth suche mede an mete,
   And povre men refusen;
   In youre deth deynge,
   Ich drede me sore
   Lest tho maner men
   To moche sorwe yow brynge.
-  _Consensientes et agentes pari pæna punientur._
+  _Consensientes et agentes pari pæna punientur._
   Patriarkes and prophetes,
   Prechours of Godes wordes,
   Saven thorgh here sermons
@@ -9667,7 +9634,7 @@ believed in the Saviour, and received a promise of paradise.
   Sholde kennen lordes
   What David seide of suche men,
   As the Sauter telleth:
-  _Non habitabit in medio domus meæ qui
+  _Non habitabit in medio domus meæ qui
       facit superbiam, qui loquitur
       iniquum._
   Sholde non harlot have audience
@@ -9723,7 +9690,7 @@ believed in the Saviour, and received a promise of paradise.
   Other purgatorye as wykke,
   For he litheth and loveth
   That Godes lawe despiteth.
-  _Qui histrionibus dat, dæmonibus sacrificat._
+  _Qui histrionibus dat, dæmonibus sacrificat._
 
 3466. _qui manet, &c._ Epist. Joan. iv, 16.
 
@@ -9758,7 +9725,7 @@ its glory, is given by Erasmus, Colloq. _Peregrinatio Religionis ergo._
 3713. _eten apples un-rosted._ One of the many specimens of the burlesque
 manner in which scripture was frequently quoted in these times. A very
 singular passage (but in a tract professedly burlesque) occurs in the
-Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 83:--"Peter askud Adam a full greyt dowtfull
+Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 83:--"Peter askud Adam a full greyt dowtfull
 question, and seyd, 'Adam, Adam, why ete thu the appull unpard?' 'For
 sothe,' quod he, 'for y had no wardyns fryde.'"
 
@@ -9773,9 +9740,9 @@ Chestre._ There was a famous cross at Lucca, but whether a part of the real
 cross, I have not ascertained. Calvin, in his most able and entertaining
 _Admonitio de Reliquiis_, declines undertaking a list of all the places
 where pieces of the real cross were shown. "Denique si congesta in acervum
-essent omnia quæ reperiri possent, integrum navis onus efficerent: cum
-tamen evangelium testificetur ab unico homine ferri potuisse. Quantæ igitur
-audaciæ fuit, ligneis frustis sic totum implere orbem, quibus ferendis ne
+essent omnia quæ reperiri possent, integrum navis onus efficerent: cum
+tamen evangelium testificetur ab unico homine ferri potuisse. Quantæ igitur
+audaciæ fuit, ligneis frustis sic totum implere orbem, quibus ferendis ne
 trecenti quidem homines sufficiant?" _Calvini_, _Opusc._ p. 277. There was
 also at Lucca one of the impressions of our Saviour's face on the
 handkerchief of Veronica. The peculiar oath of William Rufus was by the
@@ -10069,7 +10036,7 @@ substituted in the text adopted by Mr. Whitaker:--
   And hus murye burdiers,
   The wiche are lunatik lollares
   And leperes aboute.
-  For under Godes secré seel
+  For under Godes secré seel
   Here synnes ben y-keverede.
   For thei bereth no bagges,
   Ne non botels under clokes,
@@ -10123,7 +10090,7 @@ substituted in the text adopted by Mr. Whitaker:--
 4645. Luke xix, 23.
 
 4659. Ps. xxxvi, 25. Junior fui, etenim senui: et non vidi justum
-derelictum, nec semen ejus quærens panem.
+derelictum, nec semen ejus quærens panem.
 
 4695. Here again, after many verbal variations from our text, Whitaker's
 text adds the following long passage, which is very curious, and well
@@ -10223,7 +10190,7 @@ the whole poem."
   Vigiles and fastyng dayes
   Forthere to knowe,
   And fulfille tho fastynges
-  Bote infirmité hit made,
+  Bote infirmité hit made,
   Poverte othere penaunces,
   As pilgrymages and travayles.
   Under this obedience
@@ -10266,7 +10233,7 @@ the whole poem."
   Thorw the weke longe,
   Nother blankett in hus bed,
   Ne white bred byfore hym.
-  The cause of al thys caitifté
+  The cause of al thys caitifté
   Cometh of meny bisshepes,
   That suffren suche sottes
   And othere synnes regne.
@@ -10302,7 +10269,7 @@ the whole poem."
   Hus meable to save,
   And the woolle worth weye,
   Woo ys the thenne!
-  _Redde rationem villicationis tuæ_,
+  _Redde rationem villicationis tuæ_,
   Other arerage, ffalle.
   Then hyre hurde, as ich hope,
   Hath nouht to quyty thy dette,
@@ -10319,8 +10286,8 @@ the whole poem."
   For shal no pardone praye for yowe ther,
   Nother princes letteres.
 
-4708. Matth. xxv, 46. Et ibunt hi in supplicium æternum; justi autem in
-vitam æternam.
+4708. Matth. xxv, 46. Et ibunt hi in supplicium æternum; justi autem in
+vitam æternam.
 
 4721. Psal. xxii, 4.
 
@@ -10332,7 +10299,7 @@ vitam æternam.
 Psalms xiii. and lii.
 
 4769. Prov. xxii, 10. Ejice derisorem, et exibit cum eo jurgium,
-cessabuntque causæ et contumeliæ.
+cessabuntque causæ et contumeliæ.
 
 4771. _Perkyn_, the diminutive of Peter, or Piers. Formerly the diminutives
 of people's names were constantly used as marks of familiarity or
@@ -10366,8 +10333,8 @@ identity between this expression and the one so common in Homer: it is "one
 of those primitive figures which are common to the poetry of every
 country."
 
-  [Greek: Outis, emeu zôntos kai epi chthoni derkomenoio,]
-  [Greek: Soi koilêis para nêusi bareias cheiras epoisei.]
+  [Greek: Outis, emeu zôntos kai epi chthoni derkomenoio,]
+  [Greek: Soi koilêis para nêusi bareias cheiras epoisei.]
                                            Il. i, 88.
 
 Whitaker's interpretation is nonsense, "If I have space to live and look in
@@ -10419,7 +10386,7 @@ man's nature was supposed to consist:--
   His life was gentle; and the _elements_
   So mix'd in him, that Nature might stand up
   And say to all the world, This _was a man_.
-                        _Jul. Cæs._ v, 5.
+                        _Jul. Cæs._ v, 5.
 
 On the other hand, the ill mixing of these elements was supposed to be
 accompanied with a corresponding derangement of the intellectual faculties.
@@ -10434,15 +10401,15 @@ addressed:--
 The more mythic form of this legend gives _eight things_ to the formation
 of the body, instead of four. Our earliest notice of this legend in England
 occurs in the prose Anglo-Saxon Dialogue between Saturn and Solomon
-(Thorpe's Analecta, p. 95):--"Saga me þæt andworc þe Adám wæs of-ge-worht
-se ærusta man? Ic þe secge of viii punda ge-wihte. Saga me hwæt hatton
-þage? Ic þe secge þæt æroste wæs fóldan pund, of ðam him wæs flesc
-ge-worht; oðer wæs fyres pund, þanon him wæs þæt blód reád and hát; þridde
-wæs windes pund, þanon him wæs seo æðung ge-seald; feorðe wæs wolcnes pund,
-þanon him wæs his módes unstaðelfæstnes ge-seald; fifte wæs gyfe pund,
-þanon him wæs ge-seald se fat and geðang; syxste wæs blostnena pund, þanon
-him wæs eagena myssenlicnys ge-seald; seofoðe wæs deawes pund, þanon him
-becom swat; eahtothe wæs sealtes pund, þanon him wæron þa tearas
+(Thorpe's Analecta, p. 95):--"Saga me þæt andworc þe Adám wæs of-ge-worht
+se ærusta man? Ic þe secge of viii punda ge-wihte. Saga me hwæt hatton
+þage? Ic þe secge þæt æroste wæs fóldan pund, of ðam him wæs flesc
+ge-worht; oðer wæs fyres pund, þanon him wæs þæt blód reád and hát; þridde
+wæs windes pund, þanon him wæs seo æðung ge-seald; feorðe wæs wolcnes pund,
+þanon him wæs his módes unstaðelfæstnes ge-seald; fifte wæs gyfe pund,
+þanon him wæs ge-seald se fat and geðang; syxste wæs blostnena pund, þanon
+him wæs eagena myssenlicnys ge-seald; seofoðe wæs deawes pund, þanon him
+becom swat; eahtothe wæs sealtes pund, þanon him wæron þa tearas
 sealte."--_Tell me the matter of which Adam the first man was made? I tell
 thee, of eight pound-weights. Tell me their names? I tell thee, the first
 was a pound of earth, of which his flesh was made; the second was a pound
@@ -10455,19 +10422,19 @@ whereof he had sweat; the eighth was a pound of salt, whereof he had salt
 tears._ This legend was still prevalent in England as late as the fifteenth
 century, when we find it among the curious collection of questions (closely
 resembling those of Saturn and Solomon just quoted) entitled "Questions
-bitwene the Maister of Oxinford and his Scoler" (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i,
+bitwene the Maister of Oxinford and his Scoler" (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i,
 p. 230),--"_C._ Whereof was Adam made? _M._ Of viij. thingis: the first of
 erthe, the second of fire, the iij^{de} of wynde, the iiij^{th} of clowdys,
 the v^{th} of aire wherethorough he speketh and thinketh, the vj^{th} of
 dewe wherby he sweteth, the vij^{th} of flowres, wherof Adam hath his ien,
 the viij^{th} is salte wherof Adam hath salt teres." A similar account is
 given in an extract from an old Friesic manuscript communicated to the
-Zeitschrift für Deutsches Alterthum, by Dr. James Grimm,--"God scôp thene
-êresta meneska, thet was Adam, fon achta wendem; that bênete fon tha stêne,
-thet flâsk fon there erthe, thet blôd fon tha wetere, tha herta fon tha
-winde, thene togta (l. thochta) fon tha wolken, the(ne) suêt fon tha dawe,
-tha lokkar fon tha gerse, tha âgene fon there sunna, and tha blêrem on
-thene helga ôm."--_God created the first man, who was Adam, of eight
+Zeitschrift für Deutsches Alterthum, by Dr. James Grimm,--"God scôp thene
+êresta meneska, thet was Adam, fon achta wendem; that bênete fon tha stêne,
+thet flâsk fon there erthe, thet blôd fon tha wetere, tha herta fon tha
+winde, thene togta (l. thochta) fon tha wolken, the(ne) suêt fon tha dawe,
+tha lokkar fon tha gerse, tha âgene fon there sunna, and tha blêrem on
+thene helga ôm."--_God created the first man, who was Adam, of eight
 elements: the bone from the stone, the flesh from the earth, the blood from
 the water, the heart from the wind, the thought from the cloud, the sweat
 from the dew, the hair from the grass, the eyes from the sun._
@@ -10545,7 +10512,7 @@ condemned for their breach of obedience.
   That lycame han ayen the lawe
   That oure Lord ordeynede.
 
-5433. Gen. vi, 7. pænitet enim me fecisse eos.
+5433. Gen. vi, 7. pænitet enim me fecisse eos.
 
 5464. Ezech. xviii, 20.
 
@@ -10567,14 +10534,14 @@ Nangis, who gives a detailed account of the effects of the great pestilence
 on the Continent, mentions the hasty marriages which followed it, but he
 gives quite a different account of their fruitfulness. "Cessante autem
 dicta epidimia, pestilentia, et mortalitate, nupserunt viri qui remanserunt
-et mulieres ad invicem, conceperunt uxores residuæ per mundum ultra modum,
-nulla sterilis efficiebatur, sed prægnantes hinc inde videbantur, et plures
-geminos pariebant, et aliquæ tres infantes insimul vivos emittebant." The
-writer goes on to observe, "Sed proh dolor! ex hujus renovatione sæculi non
+et mulieres ad invicem, conceperunt uxores residuæ per mundum ultra modum,
+nulla sterilis efficiebatur, sed prægnantes hinc inde videbantur, et plures
+geminos pariebant, et aliquæ tres infantes insimul vivos emittebant." The
+writer goes on to observe, "Sed proh dolor! ex hujus renovatione sæculi non
 est mundus propter hoc in melius commutatus. Nam homines fuerunt postea
 magis avari et tenaces, cum multo plura bona quam antea possiderent; magis
 etiam cupidi et per lites, brigas, et rixas, atque per placita, seipsos
-conturbantes.... Charitas etiam ab illo tempore refrigescere cæpit valde,
+conturbantes.... Charitas etiam ab illo tempore refrigescere cæpit valde,
 et iniquitas abundavit cum ignorantiis et peccatis; nam pauci inveniebantur
 qui scirent aut vellent in domibus, villis, et castris informare pueros in
 grammaticalibus rudimentis."--_Contin. G. de Nangis, in Dacherii Spicileg._
@@ -10591,7 +10558,7 @@ the way in which she tyrannized over them,--
 
 In a curious religious poem preserved in a manuscript in the Bodleian
 Library at Oxford, written about the year 1460, from which some extracts
-are printed in the "Reliquiæ Antiquæ," ii, 27-29, we have the following
+are printed in the "Reliquiæ Antiquæ," ii, 27-29, we have the following
 satirical allusion to this custom:--
 
   I can fynde no man now that wille enquere
@@ -10641,7 +10608,7 @@ Chaucer, it is said of the friar:--
 
 5651. Psal. lxxii, 12.
 
-5659. Psal. x, 4. Quoniam quæ perfecisti, destruxerunt: justus autem quid
+5659. Psal. x, 4. Quoniam quæ perfecisti, destruxerunt: justus autem quid
 fecit?
 
 5739. Psal. cxxxi, 6.
@@ -10771,7 +10738,7 @@ of English monachism.
 6291. Catonis Distich. iv, 4.
 
   Dilige denari, sed parce dilige, formam;
-  Quem nemo sanctus nec honestus captat ab ære.
+  Quem nemo sanctus nec honestus captat ab ære.
 
 6327. Colos. iii, 1.
 
@@ -10780,7 +10747,7 @@ is rightly printed in Crowley's edition.
 
 6372. John iii, 13.
 
-6414. Matth. xxiii, 2. Super cathedram Moysi sederunt Scribæ et Pharisæi.
+6414. Matth. xxiii, 2. Super cathedram Moysi sederunt Scribæ et Pharisæi.
 
 6440. Psal. xxxv, 8.
 
@@ -10788,7 +10755,7 @@ is rightly printed in Crowley's edition.
 
 6504. Matth. x, 18. The quotation is not quite literal.
 
-6528. For _idiotæ irapiunt_, read _idiotæ vi rapiunt_: the error was caused
+6528. For _idiotæ irapiunt_, read _idiotæ vi rapiunt_: the error was caused
 accidentally in the printing, and has escaped in the present edition.
 
 6571. Matth. xx, 4.
@@ -10833,7 +10800,7 @@ sounde, thenne I shall do justyce for the deth of thy sone. Thenne sayd the
 wydowe: Syre, and yf thou deye in the bataylle, who shall thenne avenge hys
 deth for me? And the wydowe sayd, is it not better that thou do to me
 justice, and have the meryte thereof of God, than another have it for thee?
-Then had Trayan pyté, and descended fro his horse, and dyde justyce in
+Then had Trayan pyté, and descended fro his horse, and dyde justyce in
 avengynge the deth of her sone. On a tyme saynt Gregory went by the marked
 of Rome whyche is called the marked of Trayan. And thenne he remembred of
 the justyce and other good dedes of Trayan, and how he had ben pyteous and
@@ -10873,7 +10840,7 @@ words he gives are from Matth. xix, 21.
   Hus suster, and hus brother,
   And al that the worlde wolde,
   And my wil folwen.'
-  _Nisi renunciaveritis omnia quæ possidetis,
+  _Nisi renunciaveritis omnia quæ possidetis,
       etc._
   Meny proverbis ich myghte have
   Of meny holy seyntes,
@@ -10940,7 +10907,7 @@ words he gives are from Matth. xix, 21.
   Bytokneth ful triweliche
   In tyme comynge after
   Murthe for hus mornynge,
-  And that muche plenté.
+  And that muche plenté.
   For Crist seide to hus seyntes
   That for hus sake tholeden
   Poverte, penaunces,
@@ -11002,7 +10969,7 @@ words he gives are from Matth. xix, 21.
   Worth lygge ar hit repe;
   Right so, for sothe,
   For to sigge treuthe,
-  Over plenté pryde norssheth
+  Over plenté pryde norssheth
   Ther poverte destrueth hit.
   For how hit evere be y-wonne,
   Bote hit be wel dispended,
@@ -11055,7 +11022,7 @@ words he gives are from Matth. xix, 21.
   And heeld here hymself,
   And Abraam nat hardy
   Ones to letten hym,
-  Ne for brightnesse of here beauté
+  Ne for brightnesse of here beauté
   Here spouse to be byknowe.
   And for he suffrede and seide nouht,
   Oure Lord sente tokne,
@@ -11226,7 +11193,7 @@ words he gives are from Matth. xix, 21.
   For a myte that he offreth,
   As the riche man for al is moneye,
   And more, as by the Godspel:
-  _Amen dico vobis quia hæc vidua paupercula,
+  _Amen dico vobis quia hæc vidua paupercula,
       etc._
   So that povre pacient
   Is parfitest lif of alle,
@@ -11245,7 +11212,7 @@ words he gives are from Matth. xix, 21.
 the service of the church. The following distich points out the classes of
 defaulters in this respect:--
 
-  Ecclesiæ tres sunt qui servitium maie fallunt;
+  Ecclesiæ tres sunt qui servitium maie fallunt;
   Momylers, for-scyppers, ovre-lepers, non bene psallunt.
             _Reliq. Antiq._ p. 90. _Poems of Walter Mapes_, p. 148.
 
@@ -11304,7 +11271,7 @@ passage:--
   _Bele vertue est suffraunce,
       Mal dire est petite venjaunce;
       Bien dire e bien suffrer
-      Fait ly suffrable à bien vener._
+      Fait ly suffrable à bien vener._
   For-thi.' quath Reson, 'Ich rede the,
   Rewele thi tonge evere;
   And er thow lacke eny lyf,
@@ -11405,7 +11372,7 @@ obscure French writer_.
   In suche constellacion
   That wit wexeth therof,
   And othere wordes bothe.
-  _Vultus hujus sæculi sunt subjecti vultibus
+  _Vultus hujus sæculi sunt subjecti vultibus
       coelestibus._
   So grace is a gyfte of God,
   And kynde witt a chaunce,
@@ -11439,16 +11406,16 @@ obscure French writer_.
 
 7470. _makynges._ 7483. _make._--There is a curious analogy between the
 Greek and the Teutonic languages in the name given to the poet--the Greek
-[Greek: poiêtês] (from [Greek: poiein]), the Anglo-Saxon _scóp_ (from
+[Greek: poiêtês] (from [Greek: poiein]), the Anglo-Saxon _scóp_ (from
 _sceopan_, to make or create), and the Middle-English _maker_, preserved in
 the later Scottish _makkar_ (also applied to a poet), have all the same
 signification. In the Neo-Latin tongues a different, though somewhat
-analogous, word was used: the French and Anglo-Norman _trouvère_, and the
-Provençal _trobador_, signify a finder or inventor.
+analogous, word was used: the French and Anglo-Norman _trouvère_, and the
+Provençal _trobador_, signify a finder or inventor.
 
 7484. Catonis Distich. iii, 5.
 
-7500. 1 Cor. xiii, 13. Nunc autem manent fides, spes, charitas, tria hæc:
+7500. 1 Cor. xiii, 13. Nunc autem manent fides, spes, charitas, tria hæc:
 major autem horum est charitas.
 
 7528, &c. _Aristotle_, _Ypocras_, and _Virgile_.--These three names were
@@ -11513,18 +11480,18 @@ the author of a long French poem (apparently written in England in the
 fourteenth century) entitled _Le Miroir de l'Ome_ (Speculum Hominis), as
 follows:--
 
-  Dieus dist, et c'est tout verité,
-  Qe si l'un voegle soit mené
+  Dieus dist, et c'est tout verité,
+  Qe si l'un voegle soit mené
   D'un autre voegle, tresbucher
-  Falt ambedeux en la fossée.
-  C'est un essample comparé
+  Falt ambedeux en la fossée.
+  C'est un essample comparé
   As fols curetz, qui sanz curer
   Ne voient pas le droit sentier,
   Dont font les autres forsvoier,
-  Qui sont après leur trace alé.
+  Qui sont après leur trace alé.
   Car fol errant ne puet quider,
   Ne cil comment nous puet saner,
-  Qui mesmes est au mort naufré.
+  Qui mesmes est au mort naufré.
       _MS. in the possession of Mr. J. Russell Smith._
 
 The following picture of the corrupt manners of the parish priests at this
@@ -11538,9 +11505,9 @@ poem:--
   Car lors ou il bargaignera
   Du seculiere marchandie,
   Dont sa richesce multeplie;
-  Ou il se donne à leccherie,
+  Ou il se donne à leccherie,
   Du quoy son corps delitera;
-  Ou il se prent à venerie,
+  Ou il se prent à venerie,
   Qant duist chanter sa letanie,
   Au bois le goupil huera.
 
@@ -11559,12 +11526,12 @@ cum angelis suis: et tunc reddet unicuique secundum opera ejus.
 7915. _his flessh is foul flessh._ Yet in spite of the "foulness" of its
 flesh, the peacock was a very celebrated dish at table. For an account of
 the use made of the peacock in feasts, see Le Grand d'Aussy, Histoire de la
-Vie privée des Français, tom. i, pp. 299-301, and 361. In the Romance of
+Vie privée des Français, tom. i, pp. 299-301, and 361. In the Romance of
 Mahomet, 13th century, it is said of Dives--
 
   Et dou Riche qui _tant poon
   Englouti_ et tant bon poisson,
-  Tante piéche de venison,
+  Tante piéche de venison,
   Et but bon vin par grant delit, &c.
                      _Roman de Mahommet_, l. 301.
 
@@ -11574,7 +11541,7 @@ all, so, from Esop and Avienus from whom the materials were taken, any
 collection of fables was called an _Avionet_ or an _Esopet_. The title of
 one of these collections in a MS. of the Bibl. du Roi at Paris is,
 _Compilacio Ysopi alata cum Avionetto, cum quibusdam addicionibus et
-moralitatibus_. (_Robert, Fabl. Inéd. Essay_, p. clxv.) Perhaps the
+moralitatibus_. (_Robert, Fabl. Inéd. Essay_, p. clxv.) Perhaps the
 reference in the present case is to the fable of the Peacock who complained
 of his voice, the 39th in the collection which M. Robert calls _Ysopet_, in
 the morality to which are the following lines:--
@@ -11585,8 +11552,8 @@ the morality to which are the following lines:--
   Cil qui petit ara,
   De petit contera
   Au Roy de paradis.
-  Qui vit en povreté,
-  Sans point d'iniquité,
+  Qui vit en povreté,
+  Sans point d'iniquité,
   Moult ara grant richesse
   Es cieux, en paradis,
   O dieux et ses amis
@@ -11616,7 +11583,7 @@ attributed to Walter Mapes (Camden Society's Publication), which has the
 following lines:--
 
   Adest ei bajulus cui nomen Gnato,
-  Præcedebat logicum gressu fatigato,
+  Præcedebat logicum gressu fatigato,
   Dorso ferens sarcinam ventre tensus lato,
   Plenam vestro dogmate, o _Sortes et Plato_.
 
@@ -11632,7 +11599,7 @@ schools--a master of arts.
 
 8133-8137. These are the indications of different Psalms. Psalm li begins
 with the words, _Miserere mei, Deus_, secundum magnam misericordiam tuam.
-The thirty-first Psalm commences with the words, _Beati quorum_ remissæ
+The thirty-first Psalm commences with the words, _Beati quorum_ remissæ
 sunt iniquitates, _et quorum tecta sunt peccata_. _Beatus vir_, is the
 beginning of Psalm i. The fifth verse of Psalm xxxi contains the words
 _Dixi: Confitebor_ adversum me injustitiam meam Domino.
@@ -11683,7 +11650,7 @@ figs or grapes.
 
 8418. Luke xxi, 1-4.
 
-8444. _Surré._ Syria.
+8444. _Surré._ Syria.
 
 8474. _a mynstrall._ The description of the minstrel given here is very
 curious. For a sketch of the character of this profession see Mr. Shaw's
@@ -11804,9 +11771,9 @@ her young mistress should retain her chemise when she goes to bed:--
   Une chose, se Dex me gart,
   Dont je sui molt esmervillie
   C'onques ne vous vi despoillie,
-  Et si vous ai vij. ans gardée;
-  Molt vous ai souvent esgardée
-  Que vo chemise ne sachiés!'
+  Et si vous ai vij. ans gardée;
+  Molt vous ai souvent esgardée
+  Que vo chemise ne sachiés!'
                     _Rom. de la Viol._ l. 577.
 
 The lady explains her conduct by stating that she has a mark on the breast
@@ -11869,7 +11836,7 @@ to the destruction of many of the noblest monuments of medieval art.
 
 The definition given in Piers Ploughman is taken from the Dialogues of
 Secundus, where it is thus expressed:--"Quid est paupertas? Odibile bonum,
-sanitatis mater, curarum remotio, absque sollicitudine semita, sapientiæ
+sanitatis mater, curarum remotio, absque sollicitudine semita, sapientiæ
 reparatrix, negotium sine damno, intractabilis substantia, possessio absque
 calumnia, incerta fortuna, sine sollicitudine felicitas." (MS. Reg. 9 A
 xiv, fol. 140 v^o.) See also Roger de Hoveden, p. 816, and Vincent de
@@ -12030,7 +11997,7 @@ which she found in the desert.
   Raveneres almesse,
   Then Grace sholde growe yut
   And grene-leved wexe,
-  And Charité, that child is now,
+  And Charité, that child is now,
   Sholde chaufen of hem self,
   And comfortye all crystene,
   Wold holy churche amende.
@@ -12082,12 +12049,12 @@ du Monde_ of Gautier de Metz (thirteenth century):--
   Dont or n'est pas seus li quars,
   A ichest tans, chou est gramaire,
   Sans laquele nus ne vaut gaire
-  Qui à clergie veut aprendre:
+  Qui à clergie veut aprendre:
   Car petit puet sans li entendre.
   Gramaires si est fondemens
   De clergie et coumenchemens;
   Cou est li porte de science,
-  Par cui on vient à sapience.
+  Par cui on vient à sapience.
   De lettres en gramaire escole
   Qui ensegne et forme parole,
   Soit en Latin ou en Roumans,
@@ -12114,9 +12081,9 @@ Jerusalem, aspired to succeed him:--
   Nam cum transisset Pater illius urbis, et isset
       In coelum subito corpore disposito,
   Tunc exaltari magus hic et pontificari
-      Affectans avide; se tamen hæc pavide
+      Affectans avide; se tamen hæc pavide
   Dixit facturum, nisi sciret non nociturum
-      Si præsul fiat, cum Deus hoc cupiat.
+      Si præsul fiat, cum Deus hoc cupiat.
 
 His intrigues being discovered, the emperor drives him away, and in revenge
 he goes and founds a new sect. The story of the pigeon (which is not in
@@ -12137,13 +12104,13 @@ apostasy of Judas and the crucifixion of their Lord.
 10550. _Ne fesauntz y-bake._ The pheasant was formerly held in the same
 honour as the peacock (see before the note on l. 7915), and was served at
 table in the same manner. It was considered one of the most precious
-dishes. See Le Grand d'Aussy, Hist. de la Vie privée des François, ii, 19.
+dishes. See Le Grand d'Aussy, Hist. de la Vie privée des François, ii, 19.
 The Miroir de l'Ome (MS. in the possession of Mr. Russell Smith) says
 (punning) of the luxurious prelates of the fourteenth century,--
 
   Pour le phesant et le bon vin
   Le bien-faisant et le divin
-  L'evesque laist à nonchalure;
+  L'evesque laist à nonchalure;
   Si quiert la coupe et crusequin,
   Ainz que la culpe du cristin
   Pour corriger et mettre en cure.
@@ -12308,7 +12275,7 @@ the proverb is alluded to in the following words:--
 
 There was an old French proverbial distich to the same effect,--
 
-  Fumée, pluye, et femme sans raison,
+  Fumée, pluye, et femme sans raison,
   Chassent l'homme de sa maison.
 
 12040. 2 Corinth. xii, 9.
@@ -12328,7 +12295,7 @@ from his birth, but that the blood of the Saviour ran down his spear, and a
 drop of it touching his eye, he was instantly restored to sight, by which
 miracle he was converted. See, in illustration of this subject, Halliwell's
 Coventry Mysteries, p. 334; The Towneley Mysteries, p. 321; Jubinal,
-Mystères inédits du quinzième Siècle, tom. ii, pp. 254-257; &c.
+Mystères inédits du quinzième Siècle, tom. ii, pp. 254-257; &c.
 
 12319, 12418, 12420. _Mercy and Truthe, ... Pees ... Rightwisnesse._
 Lydgate seems to have had this passage in his mind, when he described the
@@ -12341,7 +12308,7 @@ four sisters in the following lines at the commencement of one of his poems
   And with foure sustryn, moost goodly of ther cheer,
   List nat departe nor severe in no maneer,
   Of oon accoord by vertuous encrees,
-  Joyned in charité, pryncessis moost enteer,
+  Joyned in charité, pryncessis moost enteer,
   Mercy and Trouthe, Rihtwisnesse and Pees.
 
 12361. _a tale of Waltrot._ This name, like Wade in Chaucer, appears to
@@ -12373,7 +12340,7 @@ properly to a being of the old Teutonic popular mythology, a hob-goblin,
 the "lubber-fiend" of the poet, and seems to be identical with the German
 _kobold_. (See Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, p. 286.) _Gobelin_ occurs as the
 name of one of the shepherds in the Mystery of the Nativity, printed by M.
-Jubinal in his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. 71. It occurs as the name of a
+Jubinal in his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. 71. It occurs as the name of a
 devil in a song of the commencement of the fourteenth century, Political
 Songs, p. 238:--
 
@@ -12428,7 +12395,7 @@ Eve were tempted to eat the fruit.
 
 12896. _Astroth._ This name, as given to one of the devils, occurs in a
 curious list of actors in the Miracle Play of St. Martin, given by M.
-Jubinal, in the preface to his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. ix. It is
+Jubinal, in the preface to his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. ix. It is
 similarly used in the Miracle Play of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and St.
 Paul, Jubinal, ib. vol. i, p. 69. In one of the Towneley Mysteries (p.
 246), this name is likewise given to one of the devils:--
@@ -12541,7 +12508,7 @@ by Chaucer, in the opening of the "Wif of Bathes Tale:"--
   This was the old oppynyoun, as I rede
   I speke of many hundrid yer ago;
   But now can no man see noon elves mo.
-  For now the grete charité and prayeres
+  For now the grete charité and prayeres
   Of lymytours and other holy freres,
   That sechen every lond and every streem,
   As thik as motis in the sonne-beem,
@@ -12611,7 +12578,7 @@ called Friars Preachers, because their chief duty was to preach and convert
 heretics. They came into England in 1221, and had their first houses in
 Oxford.
 
-327. _posternes in privité._ These private posterns are frequently alluded
+327. _posternes in privité._ These private posterns are frequently alluded
 to in the reports of the Commissioners for the Dissolution of the
 Monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. One of them, speaking of the abbey
 of Langden, says, "Wheras immediatly descendying fro my horse, I sent
@@ -12666,7 +12633,7 @@ of "William and the Werwolf." See on this superstition Grimm's Deutsche
 Mythologie, pp. 620-622.
 
 954. _Golias._ There is perhaps here an allusion to the famous satire on
-the Monkish orders entitled Apocalypsis Goliæ, printed among the poems of
+the Monkish orders entitled Apocalypsis Goliæ, printed among the poems of
 Walter Mapes.
 
 967. _the kynrede of Caym._ In the popular belief of the middle ages,
@@ -12710,7 +12677,7 @@ GLOSSARY.
 
 a, prefixed to verbs of Anglo-Saxon origin, has sometimes a negative,
 sometimes an intensative power: before nouns and adjectives it represents
-_on_ and _at_, as, a-brood, a-fore (æt-foran), a-rowe (i. e. _on a row_),
+_on_ and _at_, as, a-brood, a-fore (æt-foran), a-rowe (i. e. _on a row_),
 a-loft (i. e. _on high_), &c. In words of Anglo-Norman origin, it answers
 to the prepositions, _a_, _ab_, _ad_, of the original Latin words
 
@@ -12842,7 +12809,7 @@ ampulle (A.N.) 109, _a small vessel containing holy water or oil_
 an (A.S.) 2, _on_
 
 ancres (A.S.) 3, 308, _anachorites, monks who live in solitude_. It is
-applied to nuns, in the early English Rule of Nuns. See Reliquiæ Antiquæ,
+applied to nuns, in the early English Rule of Nuns. See Reliquiæ Antiquæ,
 vol. ii, p. 1
 
 and (A.S.) the conjunction, is frequently used in the sense of _if_. and
@@ -12902,7 +12869,7 @@ a-thynken (A.S.) 374, _to repent_
 attachen (A.N.) 40, _to attach, indict_
 
 atte (A.S.) _at the_. atte nale, 124, _at the ale_, a corruption of the
-Saxon, æt þan ale
+Saxon, æt þan ale
 
 attre (A.S.) 243, _poison, venom_
 
@@ -13244,7 +13211,7 @@ thus used in Chaucer's version of the Romance of the Rose, l. 4033:--
 
 The original is,--
 
-  Ce oï dire en reprovier,
+  Ce oï dire en reprovier,
   Que l'en ne puet fere espervier
   En nule guise _d'ung busart_.
 
@@ -13338,7 +13305,7 @@ broke (A.S.) _a brook_
 
 brok, _pl._ brokkes (A.S.) 119, _an animal of the badger kind_
 
-brol (A.S.) 55, 494, 495, _a child, brat_. Reliquiæ Antiquæ, ii, 177:--
+brol (A.S.) 55, 494, 495, _a child, brat_. Reliquiæ Antiquæ, ii, 177:--
 
   Whan hi commith to the world, hi doth ham silf sum gode,
   Al bot the wrech _brol_ that is of Adamis blode.
@@ -13378,7 +13345,7 @@ burel (A.N.) _a kind of coarse brown woollen cloth_. burel clerkes, 191.
 Tyrwhit (Glos. to Chaucer) thinks this means _lay clerks_. In the
 Canterbury Tales, l. 7453, the friar says:--
 
-  And more we se of Goddis secré thinges,
+  And more we se of Goddis secré thinges,
   Than _borel folk_, although that thay ben kinges,
   We lyve in povert and in abstinence,
   And _borel folk_ in riches and dispence.
@@ -13508,13 +13475,13 @@ chatre (A.N.) 287, _to chatter_
 chauncelrie (A.N.) _chancery_
 
 cheke (A.S.) 68, _the cheek_, maugree hire chekes, 68. We have in Chaucer,
-_maugré thin eyen_, _maugré hire hed_, &c. See Tyrwhit's Gloss, v.
+_maugré thin eyen_, _maugré hire hed_, &c. See Tyrwhit's Gloss, v.
 _Maugre_. One of these instances is exactly analogous to the passage of
 Piers Ploughman (C. T. l. 6467):--
 
   And happed, al alone as sche was born,
   He saugh a mayde walkyng him by-forn,
-  Of which mayden anoon _maugré hir heed_,
+  Of which mayden anoon _maugré hir heed_,
   By verray fors byraft hir maydenhed.
 
 cheker (A.N.) _the exchequer_
@@ -13608,7 +13575,7 @@ In a document of the date 1416, quoted by Ducange, v. _Cliquetus_, it is
 ordered that, Refectorarius semper teneat hostium refectorii clausum _cum
 cliqueto_
 
-clyngen (A.S.) 276, _to shrink, wither, pine_. Reliq. Antiquæ, vol. ii, p.
+clyngen (A.S.) 276, _to shrink, wither, pine_. Reliq. Antiquæ, vol. ii, p.
 210:--
 
   When eld me wol aweld, mi wele is awai;
@@ -14188,7 +14155,7 @@ faunt (A.N.) 134, 144, 336, 403, _a child, infant_
 
 fauntekyn (A.N.) 259, _a young child_
 
-faunteltee, fauntelté (A.N.) 204, 304, _childishness_
+faunteltee, fauntelté (A.N.) 204, 304, _childishness_
 
 faute, _pl._ fautes (A.N.) 179, _a fault_
 
@@ -14464,7 +14431,7 @@ frayel (A.N.) 252, _a wicker basket_. See note. In the romance of Richard
 Coeur de Lion, l. 1547, King Richard says:--
 
   Richard aunsweryth, with herte free,
-  Off froyt there is gret plenté;
+  Off froyt there is gret plenté;
   Fyggys, raysyns, in _frayel_,
   And notes may serve us fol wel.
 
@@ -14511,13 +14478,13 @@ gabben (A.N.) 53, _to joke, trifle, tell tales_. gabbyng (A.N.) 423,
 _joking, idle talk_
 
 gadelyng (A.S.) 434, gedelyng, 165. _pl._ gedelynges, 171, gadelynges, 68,
-_a vagabond_. In Anglo-Saxon the word _gædeling_ means a companion or
+_a vagabond_. In Anglo-Saxon the word _gædeling_ means a companion or
 associate, apparently without any bad sense. Thus the romance of Beowulf
 speaks of the armour of one of the heroes:--
 
-  þæt Onela for-geaf,
-  his gædelinges
-  guð-ge-wædu.
+  þæt Onela for-geaf,
+  his gædelinges
+  guð-ge-wædu.
   _which Onela had given him,
   the war-weeds of his comrade,
   the ready implements of war._
@@ -14796,7 +14763,7 @@ Sompnour (C. T. l. 649):--
 
 This passage gives us a remarkable trait of the character of the ribald, or
 harlot, who formed a peculiar class of middle-age society. Among some old
-glosses in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ (vol. i, p. 7), we find "_scurra_, a
+glosses in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ (vol. i, p. 7), we find "_scurra_, a
 harlotte." In the Coventry Mystery of the Woman taken in Adultery (p. 217),
 it is the young man who is caught with the woman, and not the woman
 herself, who is stigmatised as a _harlot_.
@@ -14976,7 +14943,7 @@ hostrie (A.N.) 352, _a hostelry, inn_
 
 houpen (A.S.) 127, _to hoop, shout_
 
-houres (A.N. heures, _Lat._ horæ) _the Romish service_
+houres (A.N. heures, _Lat._ horæ) _the Romish service_
 
 housel (A.S.) 419, _the sacrament of the Eucharist_
 
@@ -15095,7 +15062,7 @@ in describing a battle (Weber, p. 159), says,--
 
 _i.e. there was playing with the sword_. Weber, in his Glossary, has very
 wrongly explained it by _licking_. It is the Anglo-Saxon poetic phrase,
-sweorda ge-lác, _the play of swords_
+sweorda ge-lác, _the play of swords_
 
 lakke (A.S.) 189, _a fault, a lack, or something deficient or wanting_
 
@@ -15144,7 +15111,7 @@ lavendrye (A.N.) 306, _washing_
 
 +lavoures (A.N.) 462, _lavers, ewers, basins to receive water_
 
-leauté (A.N.) _loyalty_
+leauté (A.N.) _loyalty_
 
 leche (A.S.) 443, _a physician_
 
@@ -15254,7 +15221,7 @@ lewed (A.S.) 26, 420, _lay, ignorant, untaught, useless_. lewed of that
 labour, 237, _ignorant of_, or _unskilful in, that labour_. lewednesse, 45,
 _ignorance, rusticity_
 
-lewté (A.N.) _loyalty_
+lewté (A.N.) _loyalty_
 
 lyard (A.N.) 352, 368, a common name for _a horse_, but signifying
 originally _a horse of a grey colour_
@@ -15362,7 +15329,7 @@ it seems to mean generally people who go about from place to place with a
 hypocritical show of praying and devotion. It was certainly in use long
 before the time of the Wycliffites, in Germany as well as in England.
 Johannes Hocsemius (quoted by Ducange, v. _Lollardi_) says, in his
-chronicle on the year 1309, "Eodem anno quidam hypocritæ gyrovagi, qui
+chronicle on the year 1309, "Eodem anno quidam hypocritæ gyrovagi, qui
 _Lollardisive Deum laudantes_ vocabantur, per Hannoniam et Brabantiam
 quasdam mulieres nobiles deceperunt," &c. The term, used in the time of
 Piers Ploughman as one of reproach, was afterwards contemptuously given to
@@ -16333,7 +16300,7 @@ salve (A.N.) 337, _to apply salves_
 
 samplarie (A.N.) 234, _type, first copy_
 
-saufté (A.N.) _safety_
+saufté (A.N.) _safety_
 
 saughtne (A.S.) 65, _to be pacified, reconciled_
 
@@ -16738,7 +16705,7 @@ Parv. One of the stage directions in the Coventry Mysteries (p. 244) is:--
 
 tacches (A.N.) 168, _stains, blemishes_
 
-taillé (A.N.) 68, _a tally, notched stick; an account scored on a piece of
+taillé (A.N.) 68, _a tally, notched stick; an account scored on a piece of
 wood_. _See_ note
 
 tailen (A.N.) _to keep an account by notches on a stick, to give a tally
@@ -17031,7 +16998,7 @@ veille (A.N.) 104, _an old woman_
 
 vendage (A.N.) 391, _vintage, harvest_
 
-venymousté (A.N.) 378, _the property of being poisonous or venomous_
+venymousté (A.N.) 378, _the property of being poisonous or venomous_
 
 venym (A.N.) 326, _poison_
 
@@ -17498,361 +17465,4 @@ Gloss "speken", corrected from "peken".
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vision and Creed of Piers
 Ploughman, Volume II of II, by William Langland
 
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISION, CREED, PIERS PLOUGHMAN, VOL II ***
-
-***** This file should be named 43661-8.txt or 43661-8.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/6/43661/
-
-Produced by Mark C. Orton, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
-will be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
-one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
-(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
-permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
-set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
-copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
-protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
-Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
-charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
-do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
-rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
-such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
-research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
-practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
-subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
-redistribution.
-
-
-
-*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-  www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-
-Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works
-
-1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
-all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
-If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
-terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
-entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-
-1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
-paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
-and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
-or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
-collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
-individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
-located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
-copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
-works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
-are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
-Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
-freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
-this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
-the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
-keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
-a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
-the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
-before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
-creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
-Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
-the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
-States.
-
-1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
-access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
-whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
-copied or distributed:
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
-from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
-posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
-and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
-or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
-with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
-work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
-through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
-Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
-1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
-terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
-to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
-permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
-word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
-distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
-"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
-posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
-you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
-copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
-request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
-form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
-that
-
-- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
-     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
-     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
-     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
-     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
-     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
-     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
-     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
-     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
-     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-     License.  You must require such a user to return or
-     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
-     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
-     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
-     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
-     of receipt of the work.
-
-- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
-forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
-both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
-Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
-Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
-collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
-"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
-corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
-property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
-computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
-your equipment.
-
-1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
-your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
-the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
-refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
-providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
-receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
-is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
-opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
-WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
-If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
-law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
-interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
-the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
-provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
-with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
-promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
-harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
-that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
-or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
-work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
-Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
-
-
-Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
-including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
-because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
-people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
-To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
-and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
-Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
-permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
-Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
-throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
-North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
-contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
-Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-     Chief Executive and Director
-     gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
-SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
-particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
-To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-
-Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
-with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
-Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
-unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
-keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
-
-     www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43661 ***
diff --git a/43661-8.zip b/43661-8.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ab06c1..0000000
--- a/43661-8.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/43661-h.zip b/43661-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 3d9ac39..0000000
--- a/43661-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/43661-h/43661-h.htm b/43661-h/43661-h.htm
index c62af95..71eee49 100644
--- a/43661-h/43661-h.htm
+++ b/43661-h/43661-h.htm
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
 <head>
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
     <title>
       Piers Ploughman II
     </title>
@@ -51,48 +51,7 @@
     </style>
    </head>
 <body>
-
-
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman,
-Volume II of II, by William Langland
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman, Volume II of II
-
-Author: William Langland
-
-Editor: Thomas Wright
-
-Release Date: September 7, 2013 [EBook #43661]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISION, CREED, PIERS PLOUGHMAN, VOL II ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Mark C. Orton, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43661 ***</div>
 
 <table border="0" cellpadding="10" style="background-color: #ccccff;" summary="Transcriber's note">
 <tr>
@@ -141,7 +100,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;">B<span class="gesperrt">Y THOMAS WRIGHT</span>, M.A. F.S.A. &amp;c.</p>
 
 <p class="ac sm66">Corresponding Member of the Imperial Institute of France,</p>
-<p class="ac sm66">Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.</p>
+<p class="ac sm66">Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.</p>
 
 <p class="ac sm66"><span class="gesperrt">IN TWO VOLUMES</span>.</p>
 
@@ -427,7 +386,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Where wonyeth Charité?" quod Haukyn,</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Where wonyeth Charité?" quod Haukyn,</p>
       <p>"I wiste nevere in my lyve</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9110</div></div><p>Man that with hym spak,</p>
       <p>As wide as I have passed."</p>
@@ -436,7 +395,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Ther parfit truthe and poore herte is,</p>
       <p>And pacience of tonge,</p>
-      <p>Ther is Charité the chief chaumbrere</p>
+      <p>Ther is Charité the chief chaumbrere</p>
       <p>For God hymselve."</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -533,7 +492,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That dyneth er he deserve it,</p>
       <p>And til he have doon his devoir</p>
 <!-- Page 282 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page282"></a>{282}</span>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9190</div></div><p>And his dayes journée.</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9190</div></div><p>And his dayes journée.</p>
       <p>For whan a werkman hath wroght,</p>
       <p>Than many men se the sothe</p>
       <p>What he were worthi for his werk,</p>
@@ -553,7 +512,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And hath hire at the laste.</p>
       <p>It may noght be, ye riche men,</p>
       <p>Or Mathew on God lyeth:</p>
-      <p><i>Væ! deliciis ad delicias difficile est</i></p>
+      <p><i>Væ! deliciis ad delicias difficile est</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>transire.</i></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -561,7 +520,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Ac if ye riche have ruthe,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9210</div></div><p>And rewarde wel the poore,</p>
       <p>And lyven as lawe techeth,</p>
-      <p>And doon leauté to hem alle,</p>
+      <p>And doon leauté to hem alle,</p>
       <p>Crist of his curteisie</p>
       <p>Shal conforte yow at the laste,</p>
       <p>And rewarden alle double richesse</p>
@@ -649,7 +608,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Jhesu Crist seide,</p>
       <p>To robberis and to reveris,</p>
       <p>To riche and to poore,</p>
-      <p>Thou taughtest hem in the Trinité</p>
+      <p>Thou taughtest hem in the Trinité</p>
       <p>To taken bapteme,</p>
       <p>And to be clene through that cristnyng</p>
       <p>Of alle kynnes synne;</p>
@@ -725,7 +684,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9350</div></div><p>For his poverte and his pacience,</p>
       <p>A perpetuel blisse.</p>
       <p><a name="vs9352" href="#notevs9352"><i>Beati pauperes, quoniam ipsorum</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9352"><i>est regnum cælorum.</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9352"><i>est regnum cælorum.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -857,7 +816,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9452"><i>donum Dei, sanitatis mater,</i></a></p>
 <!-- Page 290 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page290"></a>{290}</span>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9452"><i>absque sollicitudine semita,</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9452"><i>sapientiæ temperatrix, negotium</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9452"><i>sapientiæ temperatrix, negotium</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9452"><i>sine damno, incerta fortuna,</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9452"><i>absque sollicitudine</i></a></p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9460</div></div><p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9452"><i>felicitas.</i>"</a></p>
@@ -962,7 +921,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Or listneth to his reson,</p>
       <p>For he tempreth the tonge to trutheward,</p>
       <p>And no tresor coveiteth</p>
-      <p><i>Sapientiæ temperatrix.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Sapientiæ temperatrix.</i></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -971,7 +930,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9540</div></div><p>Than he may wel deserve,</p>
       <p>In somer or in wynter.</p>
       <p>And if he chaffareth, he chargeth no losse,</p>
-      <p>Mowe he charité wynne.</p>
+      <p>Mowe he charité wynne.</p>
       <p><i>Negotium sine damno.</i></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -1146,7 +1105,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Al bourdynge that tyme;</p>
       <p>"For bisshopes y-blessed,</p>
       <p>Thei bereth manye names,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9680</div></div><p><i>Præsul</i> and <i>pontifex</i>,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9680</div></div><p><i>Præsul</i> and <i>pontifex</i>,</p>
       <p>And <i>metropolitanus</i>,</p>
       <p>And othere names an heep,</p>
       <p><i>Episcopus</i> and <i>pastor</i>."</p>
@@ -1210,7 +1169,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And to knowe sciences,</p>
       <p>Putte out of Paradis</p>
       <p>Adam and Eve.</p>
-      <p><i>Scientiæ appetitus hominem inmortalitatis</i></p>
+      <p><i>Scientiæ appetitus hominem inmortalitatis</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>gloria spoliavit.</i></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -1233,7 +1192,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That to lewed men prechen,</p>
       <p>Ye moeven materes unmesurable</p>
 <!-- Page 299 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page299"></a>{299}</span>
-      <p>To tellen of the Trinité,</p>
+      <p>To tellen of the Trinité,</p>
       <p>That ofte tymes the lewed peple</p>
       <p>Of hir bileve doute.</p>
       <p>Bettre it were to manye doctours</p>
@@ -1248,7 +1207,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Foliliche spenden</p>
       <p>In housynge, in haterynge,</p>
       <p>And in to heigh clergie shewynge,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9760</div></div><p>Moore for pompe than for pure charité,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9760</div></div><p>Moore for pompe than for pure charité,</p>
       <p>The peple woot the sothe,</p>
       <p>That I lye noght, loo!</p>
       <p>For lordes ye plesen,</p>
@@ -1256,7 +1215,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>The rather for hir silver</p>
       <p><a name="vs9766" href="#notevs9766"><i>Confundantur omnes qui adorant</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9766"><i>sculptilia. Et alibi: Ut quid</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9766"><i>diligitis vanitatem, et quæritis</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9766"><i>diligitis vanitatem, et quæritis</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9766"><i>mendacium.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -1285,7 +1244,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9790</div></div><p style="margin-left:1.2em">"As holynesse and honesté</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9790</div></div><p style="margin-left:1.2em">"As holynesse and honesté</p>
       <p>Out of holy chirche spredeth</p>
       <p>Thorugh lele libbynge men</p>
       <p>That Goddes lawe techen;</p>
@@ -1429,15 +1388,15 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 <!-- Page 304 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page304"></a>{304}</span>
       <p>And in mynde haveth,</p>
       <p>In preieres and in penaunces,</p>
-      <p>And in parfit charité."</p>
+      <p>And in parfit charité."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"What is charité?" quod I tho.</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"What is charité?" quod I tho.</p>
       <p>"A childisshe thyng," he seide.</p>
       <p>"<a name="vs9918" href="#notevs9918"><i>Nisi efficiamini parvuli, non intrabitis</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9918"><i>in regnum cælorum.</i></a></p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9920</div></div><p>Withouten fauntelté or folie,</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9918"><i>in regnum cælorum.</i></a></p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9920</div></div><p>Withouten fauntelté or folie,</p>
       <p>A fre liberal wille."</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -1446,16 +1405,16 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>With so fre an herte?"</p>
       <p>"I have lyved in londe," quod he,</p>
       <p>"My name is Longe-wille;</p>
-      <p>And fond I nevere ful charité</p>
+      <p>And fond I nevere ful charité</p>
       <p>Byfore ne bihynde.</p>
       <p>Men beth merciable</p>
       <p>To mendinauntz and to poore,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9930</div></div><p>And wollen lene ther thei leve</p>
       <p>Lelly to ben paied.</p>
-      <p>Ac charité that Poul preiseth best,</p>
+      <p>Ac charité that Poul preiseth best,</p>
       <p>And moost plesaunt to oure Lord,</p>
       <p>Is <a name="vs9934" href="#notevs9934"><i>Non inflatur, non est ambitiosa, non</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9934"><i>quærit quæ sua sunt, etc</i></a>.</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs9934"><i>quærit quæ sua sunt, etc</i></a>.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -1472,16 +1431,16 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That Crist is in alle places;</p>
       <p>Ac I seigh hym nevere soothly,</p>
       <p>But as myself in a mirour:</p>
-      <p><a name="vs9946" href="#notevs9946"><i>In ænigmate tunc facie ad faciem.</i></a></p>
+      <p><a name="vs9946" href="#notevs9946"><i>In ænigmate tunc facie ad faciem.</i></a></p>
 <!-- Page 305 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page305"></a>{305}</span>
       <p>And so I trowe trewely,</p>
-      <p>By that men telleth of charité,</p>
+      <p>By that men telleth of charité,</p>
       <p>It is noght chaumpions fight,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">9950</div></div><p>Ne chaffare, as I trowe,</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Charité," quod he, "ne chaffareth noght,</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Charité," quod he, "ne chaffareth noght,</p>
       <p>Ne chalangeth, ne craveth;</p>
       <p>As proud of a peny,</p>
       <p>As of a pound of golde;</p>
@@ -1611,7 +1570,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Alle swiche thei faiten.</p>
       <p>Fy on faitours,</p>
       <p>And <i>in fautores suos</i>!</p>
-      <p>For charité is Goddes champion,</p>
+      <p>For charité is Goddes champion,</p>
       <p>And as a good child hende,</p>
       <p>And the murieste of mouth</p>
       <p>At mete where he sitteth.</p>
@@ -1619,7 +1578,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Maketh hym light of speche,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10060</div></div><p>And is compaignable and confortatif,</p>
       <p>As Crist bit hymselve.</p>
-      <p><a name="vs10062" href="#notevs10062"><i>Nolite fieri sicut hypocritæ tristes, etc.</i></a></p>
+      <p><a name="vs10062" href="#notevs10062"><i>Nolite fieri sicut hypocritæ tristes, etc.</i></a></p>
       <p>For I have seyen hym in silk,</p>
       <p>And som tyme in russet,</p>
       <p>Bothe in grey and in grys,</p>
@@ -1632,11 +1591,11 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"<a name="vs10069" href="#notevs10069">Edmond and Edward</a></p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10070</div></div><p>Bothe were kynges,</p>
       <p>And seintes y-set,</p>
-      <p>For charité hem folwede.</p>
+      <p>For charité hem folwede.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"I have y-seyen charité also</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"I have y-seyen charité also</p>
       <p>Syngen and reden,</p>
       <p>Riden and rennen</p>
       <p>In raggede wedes;</p>
@@ -1695,7 +1654,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>But, Lord, amende us alle,</p>
 <!-- Page 310 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page310"></a>{310}</span>
       <p>And gyve us grace, good God,</p>
-      <p>Charité to folwe.</p>
+      <p>Charité to folwe.</p>
       <p>For who so myghte meete myd hym,</p>
       <p>Swiche maneres hym eileth,</p>
       <p>Neither he blameth ne banneth,</p>
@@ -1868,7 +1827,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And so youre rule me tolde.</p>
       <p><a name="vs10247" href="#notevs10247"><i>Nunquam, dicit Job, rugit onager</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10247"><i>cum herbam habuerit, aut mugiet</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10247"><i>bos cum ante plenum præsepe</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10247"><i>bos cum ante plenum præsepe</i></a></p>
 <!-- Page 314 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page314"></a>{314}</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10250</div></div><p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10247"><i>steterit. Brutorum animalium</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10247"><i>natura te condemnat,</i></a></p>
@@ -1944,19 +1903,19 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>As the book techeth.</p>
       <p><a name="vs10303" href="#notevs10303"><i>Quia sacrilegium est res pauperum</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>non pauperibus dare. Item:</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>Peccatoribus dare, est dæmonibus</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>Peccatoribus dare, est dæmonibus</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>immolare. Item: Monache,</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>si indiges et accipis, potius</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>das quam accipis; si autem</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>non eges et accipis, rapis.</i></a></p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10310</div></div><p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>Porro non indiget monachus, si</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>habeat quod naturæ sufficit.</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs10303"><i>habeat quod naturæ sufficit.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"For-thi I counseille alle cristene</p>
-      <p>To conformen hem to charité,</p>
-      <p>For charité withouten chalangynge</p>
+      <p>To conformen hem to charité,</p>
+      <p>For charité withouten chalangynge</p>
       <p>Unchargeth the soule,</p>
       <p>And many a prison fram purgatorie</p>
 <!-- Page 316 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page316"></a>{316}</span>
@@ -2048,7 +2007,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10380</div></div><p>Muche wonder me thynketh</p>
       <p>Amonges us alle,</p>
       <p>Doctours of decrees</p>
-      <p>And of divinité maistres,</p>
+      <p>And of divinité maistres,</p>
       <p>That sholde konne and knowe</p>
 <!-- Page 318 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page318"></a>{318}</span>
       <p>Alle kynnes clergie,</p>
@@ -2164,7 +2123,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p><a name="vs10478" href="#notevs10478"><i>Petite et accipietis, etc.</i></a></p>
       <p>Salt saveth the catel,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10480</div></div><p>Siggen thise wives.</p>
-      <p><a name="vs10481" href="#notevs10481"><i>Vos estis sal terræ, etc.</i></a></p>
+      <p><a name="vs10481" href="#notevs10481"><i>Vos estis sal terræ, etc.</i></a></p>
       <p>The hevedes of holy chirche,</p>
       <p>And thei holy were,</p>
       <p>Crist calleth hem salt</p>
@@ -2264,7 +2223,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>In hem that kepeth lawes.</p>
       <p>For as the cow thorugh kynde mylk</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10560</div></div><p>The calf norisseth til an oxe;</p>
-      <p>So love and leauté</p>
+      <p>So love and leauté</p>
       <p>Lele men susteneth,</p>
       <p>And maidenes and mylde men</p>
       <p>Mercy desiren,</p>
@@ -2290,7 +2249,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"What pope or prelat now</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10580</div></div><p>Perfourneth that Crist highte.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">=</div></div><p><a name="vs10581" href="#notevs10581"><i>Ite in universum mundum et prædicate, etc.</i></a></p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">=</div></div><p><a name="vs10581" href="#notevs10581"><i>Ite in universum mundum et prædicate, etc.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -2319,8 +2278,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Han a lippe of our bileve,</p>
       <p>The lightlier me thynketh</p>
       <p>Thei sholde turne, who so travailed</p>
-      <p>To teche hem of the Trinité.</p>
-      <p><a name="vs10606" href="#notevs10606"><i>Quærite et invenietis, etc.</i></a></p>
+      <p>To teche hem of the Trinité.</p>
+      <p><a name="vs10606" href="#notevs10606"><i>Quærite et invenietis, etc.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -2374,7 +2333,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Right so, ye clerkes,</p>
       <p>For youre coveitise, er longe,</p>
-      <p>Shal thei demen <i>dos ecclesiæ</i>,</p>
+      <p>Shal thei demen <i>dos ecclesiæ</i>,</p>
       <p>And youre pride depose,</p>
       <p><a name="vs10649" href="#notevs10649"><i>Deposuit potentes de sede, etc.</i></a></p>
     </div>
@@ -2399,7 +2358,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Lordshipes and rentes,</p>
       <p>An aungel men herden</p>
       <p>An heigh at Rome crye,</p>
-      <p><i>Dos ecclesiæ</i> this day</p>
+      <p><i>Dos ecclesiæ</i> this day</p>
       <p>Hath y-dronke venym,</p>
       <p>And tho that han Petres power</p>
       <p>Arn apoisoned alle.</p>
@@ -2463,7 +2422,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10710</div></div><p>Thorugh his province to passe,</p>
       <p>And to his peple to shewe hym,</p>
       <p>Tellen hem and techen hem</p>
-      <p>On the Trinité to bileve,</p>
+      <p>On the Trinité to bileve,</p>
       <p>And feden hem with goostly foode,</p>
       <p>And gyve there it nedeth.</p>
       <p><a name="vs10716" href="#notevs10716"><i>In domo mea non est panis neque</i></a></p>
@@ -2563,7 +2522,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p><i>Et in Spiritum sanctum</i>,</p>
       <p>And reden it and recorden it</p>
       <p>With <i>remissionem peccatorum,</i></p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10793</div></div><p><i>Carnis resurrectionem, et vitam æternam. Amen.</i>"</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10793</div></div><p><i>Carnis resurrectionem, et vitam æternam. Amen.</i>"</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -2588,7 +2547,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>For Haukyns love, the actif man,</p>
       <p>Evere I shal yow lovye!</p>
       <p>Ac yit I am in a weer</p>
-      <p>What charité is to mene."</p>
+      <p>What charité is to mene."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -2603,7 +2562,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Pacience hatte the pure tree,</p>
       <p>And pure symple of herte;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">10810</div></div><p>And so, thorugh God and thorugh goode men,</p>
-      <p>Groweth the fruyt charité."</p>
+      <p>Groweth the fruyt charité."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -2759,7 +2718,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>The ground there it groweth,</p>
       <p>Goodnesse it hatte;</p>
       <p>And I have told thee what highte the tree,</p>
-      <p>The Trinité it meneth."</p>
+      <p>The Trinité it meneth."</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -2882,7 +2841,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11020</div></div><p>Bothe blynde and crokede,</p>
       <p>And commune wommen convertede,</p>
       <p>And to goode turnede.</p>
-      <p><a name="vs11023" href="#notevs11023"><i>Non est sanis opus medicinæ, sed in, etc.</i></a></p>
+      <p><a name="vs11023" href="#notevs11023"><i>Non est sanis opus medicinæ, sed in, etc.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -2906,7 +2865,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And juggede lawes</p>
       <p>And seide he wroghte thorugh wichecraft,</p>
       <p>And with the develes myghte.</p>
-      <p><a name="vs11044" href="#notevs11044"><i>Dæmonium habet, etc.</i></a></p>
+      <p><a name="vs11044" href="#notevs11044"><i>Dæmonium habet, etc.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -3004,7 +2963,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 <!-- Page 340 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page340"></a>{340}</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11120</div></div><p>Shal worthe upon thiselve.</p>
       <p><a name="vs11121" href="#notevs11121"><i>Necesse est ut veniant scandala:</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs11121"><i>Væ homini illi per quem scandalum</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs11121"><i>Væ homini illi per quem scandalum</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs11121"><i>venit!</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -3116,7 +3075,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>As for servaunt that tyme,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11200</div></div><p>To ocupie hym here,</p>
       <p>Til issue were spronge,</p>
-      <p>That is, children of charité,</p>
+      <p>That is, children of charité,</p>
       <p>And holi chirche the moder;</p>
       <p>Patriarkes and prophetes</p>
       <p>And apostles were the children,</p>
@@ -3129,8 +3088,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And that it may be so and sooth,</p>
       <p>Manhode it sheweth,</p>
       <p>Wedlok and widwehode,</p>
-      <p>With virginité y-nempned,</p>
-      <p>In tokenynge of the Trinité</p>
+      <p>With virginité y-nempned,</p>
+      <p>In tokenynge of the Trinité</p>
       <p>Was out of man taken.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -3146,7 +3105,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Oon singuler name;</p>
       <p>And thus is mankynde and manhede</p>
       <p>Of matrimoyne y-spronge,</p>
-      <p>And bitokneth the Trinité</p>
+      <p>And bitokneth the Trinité</p>
       <p>And trewe bileve.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -3236,7 +3195,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Moore yet he grauntede,</p>
       <p>Mercy for oure mys-dedes,</p>
       <p>As many tyme as we asken.</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11300</div></div><p><a name="vs11300" href="#notevs11300"><i>Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et</i></a></p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11300</div></div><p><a name="vs11300" href="#notevs11300"><i>Quam olim Abrahæ promisisti et</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs11300"><i>semini ejus.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -3431,7 +3390,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And lelest to leve so,</p>
       <p>For lif, and for soule?</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11420</div></div><p>Abraham seith</p>
-      <p>That he seigh hoolly the Trinité,</p>
+      <p>That he seigh hoolly the Trinité,</p>
       <p>Thre persones in parcelles</p>
       <p>Departable fro oother,</p>
       <p>And alle thre but o god;</p>
@@ -3447,7 +3406,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>To savacion and to blisse?</p>
       <p>And now cometh <i>Spes</i> and speketh,</p>
       <p>That aspied the lawe;</p>
-      <p>And telleth noght of the Trinité</p>
+      <p>And telleth noght of the Trinité</p>
       <p>That took hym hise lettres,</p>
       <p>To bileeve and lovye</p>
       <p>In o lord almyghty,</p>
@@ -3575,7 +3534,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">And whan I seigh this, I sojourned noght,</p>
       <p>But shoop me to renne,</p>
       <p>And suwed that Samaritan</p>
-      <p>That was so ful of pité,</p>
+      <p>That was so ful of pité,</p>
       <p>And graunted hym to ben his groom.</p>
       <p>"Graunt mercy!" he seide;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11540</div></div><p>"Ac thi frend and thi felawe," quod he,</p>
@@ -3884,7 +3843,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"And to a torche or a tapur</p>
-      <p>The Trinité is likned;</p>
+      <p>The Trinité is likned;</p>
       <p>As wex and a weke</p>
       <p>Were twyned togideres,</p>
       <p>And thanne a fir flawmynge</p>
@@ -3941,7 +3900,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"So grace of the Holy Goost</p>
-      <p>The greet myght of the Trinité</p>
+      <p>The greet myght of the Trinité</p>
       <p>Melteth to mercy,</p>
       <p>To merciable and to othere;</p>
       <p>And as wex withouten moore</p>
@@ -4065,7 +4024,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>For every manere good man</p>
       <p>May be likned to a torche,</p>
       <p>Or ellis to a tapur,</p>
-      <p>To reverence the Trinité;</p>
+      <p>To reverence the Trinité;</p>
       <p>And who morthereth a good man,</p>
       <p>Me thynketh by myn inwit,</p>
       <p>He for-dooth the levest light</p>
@@ -4098,12 +4057,12 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Thus 'Vengeaunce! vengeaunce!'</p>
-      <p>Verrey Charité asketh.</p>
-      <p>And sith holy chirche and Charité</p>
+      <p>Verrey Charité asketh.</p>
+      <p>And sith holy chirche and Charité</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">11950</div></div><p>Chargeth this so soore,</p>
       <p>Leve I nevere that oure Lord</p>
-      <p>Wol love that charité lakketh,</p>
-      <p>Ne have pité for any preiere</p>
+      <p>Wol love that charité lakketh,</p>
+      <p>Ne have pité for any preiere</p>
       <p>Ther that he pleyneth."</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -4134,7 +4093,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>The peple is so huge,</p>
       <p>That the kyng may do no mercy</p>
       <p>Til bothe men acorde,</p>
-      <p>And eyther have equité,</p>
+      <p>And eyther have equité,</p>
       <p>As holy writ telleth.</p>
       <p><i>Nunquam dimittitur peccatum, etc.</i></p>
     </div>
@@ -4204,7 +4163,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>For kynde clyveth on hym evere</p>
       <p>To contrarie the soule.</p>
       <p>And though it falle, it fynt skiles</p>
-      <p>That freleté it made,</p>
+      <p>That freleté it made,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">12030</div></div><p>And that is lightly forgyven</p>
       <p>And forgeten bothe,</p>
       <p>To man that mercy asketh,</p>
@@ -4678,7 +4637,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>The place ther he styngeth,</p>
       <p>Til he be deed, and do therto,</p>
       <p>The yvel he destruyeth,</p>
-      <p>The firste venymousté</p>
+      <p>The firste venymousté</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">12390</div></div><p>Thorugh venym of hymselve.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -4745,7 +4704,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>For Jhesus justede wel,</p>
       <p>Joy bigynneth dawe.</p>
       <p><a name="vs12438" href="#notevs12438"><i>Ad vesperum demorabitur fletus, et</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs12438"><i>ad matutinum lætitia.</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs12438"><i>ad matutinum lætitia.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -5091,7 +5050,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And Lucifer answerede,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">12710</div></div><p>"What lord artow?" quod Lucifer.</p>
       <p><i>Quis est iste?</i></p>
-      <p>"<i>Rex Gloriæ</i>,"</p>
+      <p>"<i>Rex Gloriæ</i>,"</p>
       <p>The light soone seide,</p>
       <p>"And lord of myght and of man,</p>
       <p>And alle manere vertues.</p>
@@ -5288,7 +5247,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Bothe hungry and a-cale;</p>
       <p>Ac blood may noght se blood</p>
       <p>Blede, but hym rewe.</p>
-      <p><a name="vs12876" href="#notevs12876"><i>Audivi arcana verba quæ non licet</i></a></p>
+      <p><a name="vs12876" href="#notevs12876"><i>Audivi arcana verba quæ non licet</i></a></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs12876"><i>homini loqui.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -5369,9 +5328,9 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And reverentliche hire kiste.</p>
 <!-- Page 395 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page395"></a>{395}</span>
       <p>"Pees and pees here!</p>
-      <p><i>Per sæcula sæculorum.</i>"</p>
+      <p><i>Per sæcula sæculorum.</i>"</p>
       <p><a name="vs12937" href="#notevs12937"><i>Misericordia et veritas obviaverunt</i></a></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs12937"><i>sibi, justitia et pax osculatæ sunt.</i></a></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><a href="#notevs12937"><i>sibi, justitia et pax osculatæ sunt.</i></a></p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -5611,7 +5570,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13110</div></div><p>By counseil of aungeles.</p>
       <p>And there was that word fulfilled</p>
       <p>The which thow of speke.</p>
-      <p><i>Omnia cælestia terrestria flectantur</i></p>
+      <p><i>Omnia cælestia terrestria flectantur</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>in hoc nomine Jhesu.</i></p>
     </div>
 
@@ -5713,7 +5672,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Noght holy Crist, but Jhesu,</p>
 <!-- Page 403 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page403"></a>{403}</span>
       <p>A faunt fyn ful of wit,</p>
-      <p><i>Filius Mariæ.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Filius Mariæ.</i></p>
       <p>For bifore his moder Marie</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13190</div></div><p>Made he that wonder;</p>
       <p>That she first and formest</p>
@@ -5746,7 +5705,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And dombe speke he made,</p>
       <p>And alle he heeled and halp</p>
       <p>That hym of grace askede.</p>
-      <p>And tho was he called in contré</p>
+      <p>And tho was he called in contré</p>
       <p>Of the comune peple,</p>
       <p>For the dedes that he dide,</p>
       <p><i>Fili David, Jhesus.</i></p>
@@ -6127,7 +6086,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>The cardynal vertues,</p>
       <p>And sew hem in mannes soule,</p>
       <p>And sithen he tolde hir names.</p>
-      <p><i>Spiritus prudentiæ.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Spiritus prudentiæ.</i></p>
       <p>The firste seed highte;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13510</div></div><p>And who so ete that,</p>
       <p>Ymagynen he sholde</p>
@@ -6141,7 +6100,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">The seconde seed highte</p>
-      <p><i>Spiritus temperantiæ.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Spiritus temperantiæ.</i></p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13520</div></div><p>He that ete of that seed</p>
       <p>Hadde swich a kynde,</p>
       <p>Sholde nevere mete ne muchel drynke</p>
@@ -6181,7 +6140,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13552</div></div><p style="margin-left:1.2em">The ferthe seed that Piers sew</p>
-      <p>Was <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>.</p>
+      <p>Was <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>.</p>
       <p>And he that ete of that seed,</p>
       <p>Sholde be evere trewe,</p>
       <p>With God, and naught a-gast,</p>
@@ -6190,11 +6149,11 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That good feith outher while</p>
 <!-- Page 414 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page414"></a>{414}</span>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13560</div></div><p>Maye nought ben espied,</p>
-      <p>For <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>.</p>
+      <p>For <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><i>Spiritus justitiæ.</i></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><i>Spiritus justitiæ.</i></p>
       <p>Spareth noght to spille</p>
       <p>Hem that ben gilty,</p>
       <p>And for to correcte</p>
@@ -6208,7 +6167,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That he ne dide lawe,</p>
       <p>For present or for preiere,</p>
       <p>Or any prynces lettres;</p>
-      <p>He dide equité to alle</p>
+      <p>He dide equité to alle</p>
       <p>Evene forth his power.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -6388,11 +6347,11 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That kynde wit hadde,</p>
       <p>Save sherewes one</p>
       <p>Swiche as I spak of,</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13710</div></div><p>That he ne halp a quantité</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13710</div></div><p>That he ne halp a quantité</p>
       <p>Holynesse to wexe,</p>
       <p>Some thorugh bedes biddynge,</p>
       <p>And some thorugh pilgrymages</p>
-      <p>And othere pryvé penaunces,</p>
+      <p>And othere pryvé penaunces,</p>
       <p>And somme thorugh penyes delynge.</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -6452,7 +6411,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Ye, baw!" quod a brewere,</p>
       <p>"I wol noght be ruled,</p>
       <p>By Jhesu! for al youre janglynge</p>
-      <p>With <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
+      <p>With <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
       <p>Ne after Conscience, by Crist!</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13760</div></div><p>While I kan selle</p>
       <p>Bothe dregges and draf,</p>
@@ -6462,7 +6421,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>For that is my kynde,</p>
       <p>And noght hakke after holynesse.</p>
       <p>Hold thi tonge, Conscience!</p>
-      <p>Of <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
+      <p>Of <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
       <p>Thow spekest muche on ydel."</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -6472,7 +6431,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Un-blessed artow, brewere,</p>
       <p>But if thee God helpe.</p>
       <p>But thow lyve by loore</p>
-      <p>Of <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
+      <p>Of <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
       <p>The chief seed that Piers sew,</p>
       <p>Y-saved worstow nevere.</p>
       <p>But Conscience the comune fede,</p>
@@ -6594,7 +6553,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Som what to wynnyng,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13870</div></div><p>Of gile ne of gabbyng</p>
       <p>Gyve thei nevere tale.</p>
-      <p>For <i>spiritus prudentiæ</i></p>
+      <p>For <i>spiritus prudentiæ</i></p>
       <p>Among the peple is gyle;</p>
       <p>And alle tho faire vertues</p>
       <p>As vices thei semeth.</p>
@@ -6639,7 +6598,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And chieftayn of the comune;</p>
       <p>And what I take of yow two,</p>
       <p>I take it at the techynge</p>
-      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13910</div></div><p>Of <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
+      <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13910</div></div><p>Of <i>spiritus justitiæ</i>,</p>
       <p>For I jugge yow alle.</p>
       <p>So I may boldely be housled,</p>
       <p>For I borwe nevere,</p>
@@ -6655,7 +6614,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13920</div></div><p>Take thow mayst in reson</p>
       <p>As thi lawe asketh.</p>
       <p><i>Omnia tua sunt ad defendendum,</i></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>sed non ad deprædandum.</i>"</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>sed non ad deprædandum.</i>"</p>
       <p>The viker hadde fer hoom,</p>
       <p>And faire took his leeve;</p>
       <p>And I awakned therwith,</p>
@@ -6694,7 +6653,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13940</div></div><p>That thow toke to thy bilyve,</p>
       <p>To clothes and to sustenaunce;</p>
       <p>And by techynge and by tellynge</p>
-      <p>Of <i>spiritus temperantiæ</i>,</p>
+      <p>Of <i>spiritus temperantiæ</i>,</p>
       <p>And thow nome na-moore</p>
       <p>Than nede thee taughte,</p>
       <p>And nede he hath no lawe,</p>
@@ -6732,13 +6691,13 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Withouten counseil of Conscience</p>
       <p>Or cardynale vertues,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13970</div></div><p>So that he sewe and save</p>
-      <p><i>Spiritus temperantiæ</i>.</p>
+      <p><i>Spiritus temperantiæ</i>.</p>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"For is no vertue bi fer</p>
-      <p>To <i>spiritus temperantiæ</i>;</p>
-      <p>Ne <i>spiritus justitiæ</i></p>
+      <p>To <i>spiritus temperantiæ</i>;</p>
+      <p>Ne <i>spiritus justitiæ</i></p>
       <p>Ne <i>spiritus fortitudinis</i>.</p>
       <p>For <i>spiritus fortitudinis</i></p>
       <p>Forfeteth ful ofte.</p>
@@ -6752,11 +6711,11 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     </div>
 
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"And <i>spiritus justitiæ</i></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"And <i>spiritus justitiæ</i></p>
       <p>Shal juggen, wol he nele he,</p>
       <p>After the kynges counseil,</p>
       <p>And the comune like.</p>
-      <p>And <i>spiritus prudentiæ</i></p>
+      <p>And <i>spiritus prudentiæ</i></p>
       <p>In many a point shal faille</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">13990</div></div><p>Of that he weneth wolde falle,</p>
       <p>If his wit ne weere.</p>
@@ -6859,7 +6818,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"I conseille," quod Conscience tho,</p>
       <p>"Cometh with me, ye fooles,</p>
-      <p>Into Unité holy chirche,</p>
+      <p>Into Unité holy chirche,</p>
       <p>And holde we us there;</p>
       <p>And crye we to kynde</p>
       <p>That he come and defende us,</p>
@@ -6903,7 +6862,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Tho aloud cryde</p>
       <p>After Confort, a knyght,</p>
       <p>To come and bere his baner;</p>
-      <p>"<i>A l'arme! à l'arme!</i>" quod that lord,</p>
+      <p>"<i>A l'arme! à l'arme!</i>" quod that lord,</p>
       <p>"Ech lif kepe his owene!"</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -7305,7 +7264,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Than he that laboureth for liflode,</p>
       <p>And leneth it beggeris.</p>
       <p>And sithen freres forsoke</p>
-      <p>The felicité of erthe,</p>
+      <p>The felicité of erthe,</p>
       <p>Lat hem be as beggeris,</p>
       <p>Or lyve by aungeles foode."</p>
     </div>
@@ -7966,7 +7925,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>We Minorities most sheweth</p>
       <p>The pure aposteles liif,</p>
       <p>With penance on erthe,</p>
-      <p>And suen hem in sanctité,</p>
+      <p>And suen hem in sanctité,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">210</div></div><p>And sufferen wel harde.</p>
       <p>We haunten no tavernes,</p>
       <p>Ne hobelen abouten;</p>
@@ -8009,7 +7968,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Wel neigh in the myddel,</p>
       <p>And saint Fraunceis hymselfe</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">250</div></div><p>Shal folden the in his cope,</p>
-      <p>And present the to the Trinité,</p>
+      <p>And present the to the Trinité,</p>
       <p>And praye for thy synnes.</p>
       <p>Thy name shal noblich ben wryten</p>
       <p>And wrought for the nones,</p>
@@ -8063,7 +8022,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>'Nought thy neighbors good</p>
       <p>Coveyte in no tyme.'</p>
 <!-- Page 460 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page460"></a>{460}</span>
-      <p>But charité and chastité</p>
+      <p>But charité and chastité</p>
       <p>Ben chased out clene.</p>
       <p>But Christ seide by her fruit</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">300</div></div><p>Men shal hem ful knowen."</p>
@@ -8096,7 +8055,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And even forth wente;</p>
       <p>And al was walled that wone,</p>
       <p>Though it wiid were,</p>
-      <p><a name="cr327" href="#notecr327">With posternes in privité</a></p>
+      <p><a name="cr327" href="#notecr327">With posternes in privité</a></p>
       <p>To pasen when hem liste;</p>
       <p>Orcheyardes and erberes</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">330</div></div><p>Evesed wel clene,</p>
@@ -8292,7 +8251,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That suffreden harde;</p>
       <p>And we ben proved the priis</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">510</div></div><p>Of popes at Rome,</p>
-      <p>And of grettest degré,</p>
+      <p>And of grettest degré,</p>
       <p>As godspelles telleth."</p>
     </div>
 
@@ -8360,7 +8319,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 <!-- Page 468 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page468"></a>{468}</span>
       <p>And prechen al of perfitnesse;</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">570</div></div><p>But loke now, I the prey,</p>
-      <p>Nought but profre hem in privité</p>
+      <p>Nought but profre hem in privité</p>
       <p>A peny for a masse,</p>
       <p>And, but his name be prest,</p>
       <p>Put out myn eighe,</p>
@@ -8413,11 +8372,11 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">620</div></div><p>Weren founden in tounes,</p>
       <p>And taughten untrewely,</p>
       <p>And that we wel aspiede.</p>
-      <p>And for chef charyté,</p>
+      <p>And for chef charyté,</p>
       <p>We chargeden us selven</p>
       <p>In amendyng of this men,</p>
       <p>We maden oure celles</p>
-      <p>To ben in cytés y-set,</p>
+      <p>To ben in cytés y-set,</p>
       <p>To styghtle the puple,</p>
       <p>Prechyng and prayeng</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">630</div></div><p>As profetes shoulden.</p>
@@ -8510,7 +8469,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>That droppeth fro heven,</p>
       <p>With hartes of heynesse,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">710</div></div><p>Whough halwen the cherches,</p>
-      <p>And deleth in devynyté</p>
+      <p>And deleth in devynyté</p>
       <p>As dogges doth bones.</p>
       <p>Thei medeleth with mesages</p>
       <p>And mariages of grete;</p>
@@ -8532,7 +8491,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">730</div></div><p>In lyvynge of hevene,</p>
       <p>And glose hem nought for her good</p>
       <p>To greven her soules.</p>
-      <p>I pray the, where ben they pryvé</p>
+      <p>I pray the, where ben they pryvé</p>
       <p>With any pore whightes</p>
       <p>That may nought amenden her hous,</p>
       <p>Ne amenden hemselven?</p>
@@ -8543,7 +8502,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">740</div></div><p>Wilneth in erthe.</p>
       <p>Leeve it wel, lef man,</p>
       <p>And men right lokede,</p>
-      <p>There is more pryvé pryde</p>
+      <p>There is more pryvé pryde</p>
       <p>In Prechoures hertes,</p>
       <p><a name="cr745" href="#notecr745">Than there lefte in Lucifere,</a></p>
       <p>Or he were lowe fallen.</p>
@@ -9005,11 +8964,11 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Other Austyn ordeynde,</p>
       <p>And of this dotardes</p>
       <p>Doctur to worthe,</p>
-      <p>Maysters of divinité</p>
+      <p>Maysters of divinité</p>
       <p>Her matynes to leve,</p>
       <p>And cherlich as a cheveteyn</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">1160</div></div><p>Hys chaumbre to holden,</p>
-      <p>With chymené, and chaple,</p>
+      <p>With chymené, and chaple,</p>
       <p>And chosen whan hem lyste,</p>
       <p>And served as a sovereyn,</p>
       <p>And as a lord sytten.</p>
@@ -9189,7 +9148,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>To blenden the puple.</p>
       <p>They wolden awyrien that wight</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">1320</div></div><p>For his wel dedes,</p>
-      <p>And so they chewen charité,</p>
+      <p>And so they chewen charité,</p>
       <p>As chewen shaf houndes.</p>
       <p>And thei pursueth the povere,</p>
       <p>And passeth pursutes,</p>
@@ -9238,7 +9197,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">1360</div></div><p>Hath fulliche encombred</p>
       <p>Manye of this maner men,</p>
       <p>And maad hem to leven</p>
-      <p>Her charité and chasteté,</p>
+      <p>Her charité and chasteté,</p>
       <p>And shosen hem to lustes,</p>
       <p>And waxen to werly,</p>
       <p>And wayven the trewethe,</p>
@@ -9540,19 +9499,19 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">"Although this flatterynge freres</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">1640</div></div><p>Wyln, for her pryde,</p>
-      <p>Disputen of Godes deyté,</p>
+      <p>Disputen of Godes deyté,</p>
       <p>As dotardes shulden,</p>
       <p>The more the matere is moved</p>
       <p>The masedere hi worthen.</p>
       <p>Lat the loseles alone,</p>
       <p>And leve thou the trewthe;</p>
-      <p>For these maystres of dyvynité</p>
+      <p>For these maystres of dyvynité</p>
       <p>Many, als I trowe,</p>
       <p>Folwen nought fully the feith,</p>
       <div class="x1"><div class="linenumr" style="width:30em;">1650</div></div><p>As fele of the lewede.</p>
       <p>Whough may mannes wiit,</p>
       <p>Through werk of himselve,</p>
-      <p>Knowen Christes privité,</p>
+      <p>Knowen Christes privité,</p>
 <!-- Page 500 --><span class="pagenum"><a name="page500"></a>{500}</span>
       <p>That alle kynde passeth?</p>
       <p>It mot ben a man</p>
@@ -9629,7 +9588,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p>Line <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs1"
   name="notevs1">1</a>. Bale, quoting the first two lines, translates them
-  <i>In æstivo tempore, cum sol caleret</i>. The printers of the early
+  <i>In æstivo tempore, cum sol caleret</i>. The printers of the early
   editions altered <i>softe</i> to <i>set</i>.</p>
 
   <p><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs4"
@@ -9692,9 +9651,9 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs88"
   name="notevs88">88</a>. <i>Roberdes knaves.</i> These are the same class
   of malefactors who are named <i>Roberdesmen</i> in the Statutes, 5 Ed.
-  III. c. 14. "Et diverses roberies, homicides, et felonies ont esté faitz
+  III. c. 14. "Et diverses roberies, homicides, et felonies ont esté faitz
   eintz ces heures par gentz qui sont appellez Roberdesmen, Wastours, et
-  Draghelatche, si est acordé et establi que si homme eit suspecion de mal
+  Draghelatche, si est acordé et establi que si homme eit suspecion de mal
   de nuls tielx, soit-il de jour soit-il de nuyt, que meintenant soient
   arestus par les conestables des villes." This law was confirmed by 7 Ric.
   II. c. 5, where the word is again introduced. Whitaker supposes, without
@@ -9706,7 +9665,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   name="notevs93">93</a>. <i>Seint Jame.</i> St. James of Compostello was a
   famous resort of pilgrims in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. An
   amusing song on the inconveniences which attended the voyage is printed
-  in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 2.</p>
+  in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 2.</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs107"
@@ -9714,8 +9673,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   Mary at Walsingham in Norfolk, also enjoyed an extraordinary celebrity,
   as a resort of English pilgrims. It appears that the first complaints of
   the Wicliffite reformers were strongly expressed against this pilgrimage.
-  "Lolardi sequaces Johannis Wiclif ... prædicaverunt peregrinationes non
-  debere fieri, et præcipue apud Walsingham," etc. Th. Walsingh. p.
+  "Lolardi sequaces Johannis Wiclif ... prædicaverunt peregrinationes non
+  debere fieri, et præcipue apud Walsingham," etc. Th. Walsingh. p.
   340.</p>
 
   <p><a
@@ -9726,7 +9685,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs131"
   name="notevs131">131</a>. These four lines stand thus in Whitaker's text,
-  <i>Bote holy churche and charité | choppe a-doun swich shryvers, | the
+  <i>Bote holy churche and charité | choppe a-doun swich shryvers, | the
   moste myschif of molde | mounteth up faste.</i> Whitaker has translated
   it quite wrong, "May true charity and church discipline knock down these,
   the greatest pests on earth, who are rapidly increasing!" The simple
@@ -9846,8 +9805,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   and M. Robert has also printed a Latin metrical version of the story from
   a MS. of the same century. La Fontaine has given it among his fables. It
   may be observed that the fable is nowhere so well told as in Piers
-  Ploughman. (See Robert, Fables Inédites, des xii<sup>e</sup>,
-  xiii<sup>e</sup>, et xiv<sup>e</sup> siècles, i, pp. 98-101.) The readers
+  Ploughman. (See Robert, Fables Inédites, des xii<sup>e</sup>,
+  xiii<sup>e</sup>, et xiv<sup>e</sup> siècles, i, pp. 98-101.) The readers
   of Scottish history will remember the application of this fable in 1481,
   by the earl of Angus (popularly named, from this circumstance, Archibald
   Bell-the-cat), in the conspiracy against the royal favourites, which
@@ -9855,7 +9814,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs381"
-  name="notevs381">381</a>. <i>Væ terræ, etc.</i> Ecclesiastes, x, 16. "Væ
+  name="notevs381">381</a>. <i>Væ terræ, etc.</i> Ecclesiastes, x, 16. "Væ
   tibi, terra, cujus rex puer est, et cujus principes mane comedunt."</p>
 
   <p><a
@@ -9874,13 +9833,13 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Become clerkis of acountis</p>
       <p>The king for to serve,</p>
       <p>Archideknes and denis,</p>
-      <p>That dignités haven,</p>
+      <p>That dignités haven,</p>
       <p>To preche the peple</p>
       <p>And pore men to fede,</p>
       <p>Ben y-lope to Lundone</p>
       <p>Be leve of hire bisshop,</p>
       <p>And ben clerkis of the kinges bench</p>
-      <p>The cuntré to shende.</p>
+      <p>The cuntré to shende.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -9930,7 +9889,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Rochelle, qui tant a de pris,</p>
       <p>Que l'en la va de partout querre;</p>
       <p>Chascun si l'enclot et l'enserre,</p>
-      <p>Car il n'est pas à garçonner,</p>
+      <p>Car il n'est pas à garçonner,</p>
       <p>N'en ne la doit q'aus bons donner;&mdash;</p>
       <p>Por les grans seignors l'en salache.</p>
       <p style="margin-left:10.3em">(<i>ib.</i> p. 300).</p>
@@ -9939,8 +9898,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p>The "wyn of Oseye" (vin d'Osaie) was a foreign wine, very rare and
   dear, and sought up by 'gourmands:' it is mentioned with those of
-  Malvoisia, Rosetta, and Muscadet. (Depping Réglemens sur les Arts et
-  Métiers de Paris, p. lxiii.) It is unnecessary to explain what was 'wyn
+  Malvoisia, Rosetta, and Muscadet. (Depping Réglemens sur les Arts et
+  Métiers de Paris, p. lxiii.) It is unnecessary to explain what was 'wyn
   of the Ryn' (Rhine).</p>
 
   <p><a
@@ -10026,7 +9985,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   name="notevs681">681</a>. <i>Lucifer with legions.</i> The story of
   Lucifer's rebellion and fall was extremely popular in the middle ages,
   and particularly among the Anglo-Saxons, who, in the fine poem ascribed
-  to Cædmon, had given it almost as much detail as Milton had done at a
+  to Cædmon, had given it almost as much detail as Milton had done at a
   later date. This legend is related in prose in an Anglo-Saxon tract in
   MS. Cotton. Vespas. D. xiv, fol. 2.</p>
 
@@ -10094,7 +10053,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   with Lucifer were less guilty than others, and were allowed to occupy the
   different elements on the earth instead of being condemned to "the pit."
   In "The Master of Oxford's Catechism," written early in the fifteenth
-  century, and printed in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 231, we have the
+  century, and printed in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p. 231, we have the
   following question and answer,&mdash;"<i>C.</i> Where be the anjelles
   that God put out of heven, and bycam devilles? <i>M.</i> Som into hell,
   and som reyned in the skye, and som in the erth, and som in waters and in
@@ -10181,7 +10140,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Proud for the nones,</p>
       <p>And ten thousand of tentis</p>
       <p>Teldit beside,</p>
-      <p>Of knightes of cuntrés,</p>
+      <p>Of knightes of cuntrés,</p>
       <p>Of comeres aboute,</p>
       <p>For sisours, for somonours, etc.</p>
     </div>
@@ -10247,7 +10206,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
     <div class="stanza">
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em">Meny sondry sorwes</p>
-      <p>In cyté fallen ofte,</p>
+      <p>In cyté fallen ofte,</p>
       <p>Bothe thorw fyur and flod,</p>
       <p>And al for false puple,</p>
       <p>That bygylen good men,</p>
@@ -10291,7 +10250,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Er he were underfonge free</p>
       <p>And felawe in youre rolles.</p>
       <p>Hit ys nought semly, for soth,</p>
-      <p>In cyté ne in borw-ton,</p>
+      <p>In cyté ne in borw-ton,</p>
       <p>That usurers other regratours</p>
       <p>For eny kynne geftes,</p>
       <p>Be fraunchised for a free-man,</p>
@@ -10428,7 +10387,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs2197"
-  name="notevs2197">2197</a>. <i>taillé</i>, a tally. See the Political
+  name="notevs2197">2197</a>. <i>taillé</i>, a tally. See the Political
   Songs, as above quoted. Whitaker translates this passage, which stands
   thus in his edition,</p>
 
@@ -10485,7 +10444,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And lovede wel fare,</p>
       <p>And no dede to do</p>
       <p>Bote drynke and to slepe,</p>
-      <p>In hele and in unité,</p>
+      <p>In hele and in unité,</p>
       <p>On me aposede,</p>
       <p>Romynge in remembraunce.</p>
       <p>Thus Reson me arated:</p>
@@ -10590,7 +10549,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And alle that ben crounede</p>
       <p>And in queer in churches,</p>
       <p>Cristes owene mynestres.</p>
-      <p><i>Dominus pars hæreditatis meæ</i></p>
+      <p><i>Dominus pars hæreditatis meæ</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><i>Et alibi, Clementia non constringit.</i></p>
       <p>Hit bycometh for clerkus</p>
       <p>Crist for to serven;</p>
@@ -10670,7 +10629,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Thorw wyrdes of his grace.</p>
       <p><i>Simile est regnum c&oelig;lorum thesauro</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>abscondito in agro, etc.</i></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><i>Mulier quæ inveniet dragmam, etc.</i></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.2em"><i>Mulier quæ inveniet dragmam, etc.</i></p>
       <p>So hope ich to have of hym</p>
       <p>That his almyghty</p>
       <p>A gobet of hus grace,</p>
@@ -10741,13 +10700,13 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   (Thorn, Decem. Script. col. 2122; Walsingham, p. 178; the continuator of
   Adam Murimuth, p. 115), as occurring on the evening of Jan. 15, 1362. The
   fifteenth of January in that year was a Saturday. The following is the
-  account given by Walsingham: "Anno gratiæ millesimo trecentesimo
+  account given by Walsingham: "Anno gratiæ millesimo trecentesimo
   sexagesimo secundo, qui est annus regni regis Edwardi a conquestu tertii
   tricesimus sextus, tenuit rex natale apud Wyndesor, et quinto decimo die
   sequente ventus vehemens, nothus auster affricus, tanta vi erupit, quod
-  flatu suo domos altas, ædificia sublimia, turres, et campanilia, arbores,
-  et alia quæque durabilia et fortia violenter prostravit pariter et
-  impegit, in tantum quod residua quæ modo extant, sunt hactenus
+  flatu suo domos altas, ædificia sublimia, turres, et campanilia, arbores,
+  et alia quæque durabilia et fortia violenter prostravit pariter et
+  impegit, in tantum quod residua quæ modo extant, sunt hactenus
   infirmiora." The continuator of Murimuth is more particular as to the
   time of the day, and in other respects more exact. "A.D. m. ccc. lxii, xv
   die Januarii, <i>circa horam vesperarum</i>, ventus vehemens notus
@@ -10761,7 +10720,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs2547"
   name="notevs2547">2547</a>. This was a very old and very common proverb
-  in England. Thus in the Proverbs of Hending (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p.
+  in England. Thus in the Proverbs of Hending (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p.
   110)<span class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
 
   <div class="poem">
@@ -10779,7 +10738,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p>The proverb is a little varied in another copy of these "Proverbs," p.
   194 of the same work. There is a German proverb closely resembling it,
-  "Je lieberes Kind, je schärfere Ruthe."</p>
+  "Je lieberes Kind, je schärfere Ruthe."</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs2551"
@@ -10812,7 +10771,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Leyved that hymselve</p>
       <p>Were wittyour and worthiour</p>
       <p>Than he that was hus maister.</p>
-      <p>Hold yow in unité.</p>
+      <p>Hold yow in unité.</p>
       <p>And ye that hother wolde</p>
       <p>Is cause of alle combraunce</p>
       <p>To confounde a reame.</p>
@@ -10947,7 +10906,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   The discipline here described seems to have been peculiar to the
   chapter-house of the monasteries. Matth. Paris, p. 848, has an anecdote
   which illustrates curiously this passage of Piers Ploughman. In speaking
-  of the turbulent Falcasius de Breuté, who had been warned in a vision to
+  of the turbulent Falcasius de Breuté, who had been warned in a vision to
   offer himself to suffer penance in the monastery of St. Albans, in the
   reign of Henry III, he says, "Vestibus igitur spoliatus cum suis
   militibus, similiter indumentis spoliatis, ferens in manu virgam quam
@@ -10969,7 +10928,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And to oure Ladi criede,</p>
       <p>'Ladi, for thi leve sone,</p>
       <p>Loute for me nouthe,</p>
-      <p>That he have pité on me, putour,</p>
+      <p>That he have pité on me, putour,</p>
       <p>For his pure merci.'</p>
       <p>'With that I schal,' quod that schrewe,</p>
       <p>'Saterdaies, for thi love,</p>
@@ -11015,7 +10974,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And hadde i-lorn that kynde,</p>
       <p>I hadde likyng to lige</p>
       <p>Of lecherous tales.</p>
-      <p>Now, lord, for thi lewté,</p>
+      <p>Now, lord, for thi lewté,</p>
       <p>On lecheres have merci.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -11217,7 +11176,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p>Still earlier (12th cent.) a scribe says of one of his brothers,
   "Secundus dicebatur <i>Robertus</i>, quia a re nomen habuit,
-  <i>spoliator</i> enim diu fuit et <i>prædo</i>." (Polit. Songs, p.
+  <i>spoliator</i> enim diu fuit et <i>prædo</i>." (Polit. Songs, p.
   354.)</p>
 
   <p><a
@@ -11264,14 +11223,14 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Flaterers and lyers,</p>
       <p>And han lykynge to lythen hem,</p>
       <p>In hope to do yow lawe&mdash;</p>
-      <p><i>Væ! vobis qui ridetis, etc.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Væ! vobis qui ridetis, etc.</i></p>
       <p>And geveth suche mede an mete,</p>
       <p>And povre men refusen;</p>
       <p>In youre deth deynge,</p>
       <p>Ich drede me sore</p>
       <p>Lest tho maner men</p>
       <p>To moche sorwe yow brynge.</p>
-      <p><i>Consensientes et agentes pari pæna punientur.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Consensientes et agentes pari pæna punientur.</i></p>
       <p>Patriarkes and prophetes,</p>
       <p>Prechours of Godes wordes,</p>
       <p>Saven thorgh here sermons</p>
@@ -11284,7 +11243,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Sholde kennen lordes</p>
       <p>What David seide of suche men,</p>
       <p>As the Sauter telleth:</p>
-      <p><i>Non habitabit in medio domus meæ qui</i></p>
+      <p><i>Non habitabit in medio domus meæ qui</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>facit superbiam, qui loquitur</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>iniquum.</i></p>
       <p>Sholde non harlot have audience</p>
@@ -11340,7 +11299,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Other purgatorye as wykke,</p>
       <p>For he litheth and loveth</p>
       <p>That Godes lawe despiteth.</p>
-      <p><i>Qui histrionibus dat, dæmonibus sacrificat.</i></p>
+      <p><i>Qui histrionibus dat, dæmonibus sacrificat.</i></p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -11402,7 +11361,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   name="notevs3713">3713</a>. <i>eten apples un-rosted.</i> One of the many
   specimens of the burlesque manner in which scripture was frequently
   quoted in these times. A very singular passage (but in a tract
-  professedly burlesque) occurs in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p.
+  professedly burlesque) occurs in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p.
   83:&mdash;"Peter askud Adam a full greyt dowtfull question, and seyd,
   'Adam, Adam, why ete thu the appull unpard?' 'For sothe,' quod he, 'for y
   had no wardyns fryde.'"</p>
@@ -11429,9 +11388,9 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   Lucca, but whether a part of the real cross, I have not ascertained.
   Calvin, in his most able and entertaining <i>Admonitio de Reliquiis</i>,
   declines undertaking a list of all the places where pieces of the real
-  cross were shown. "Denique si congesta in acervum essent omnia quæ
+  cross were shown. "Denique si congesta in acervum essent omnia quæ
   reperiri possent, integrum navis onus efficerent: cum tamen evangelium
-  testificetur ab unico homine ferri potuisse. Quantæ igitur audaciæ fuit,
+  testificetur ab unico homine ferri potuisse. Quantæ igitur audaciæ fuit,
   ligneis frustis sic totum implere orbem, quibus ferendis ne trecenti
   quidem homines sufficiant?" <i>Calvini</i>, <i>Opusc.</i> p. 277. There
   was also at Lucca one of the impressions of our Saviour's face on the
@@ -11815,7 +11774,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And hus murye burdiers,</p>
       <p>The wiche are lunatik lollares</p>
       <p>And leperes aboute.</p>
-      <p>For under Godes secré seel</p>
+      <p>For under Godes secré seel</p>
       <p>Here synnes ben y-keverede.</p>
       <p>For thei bereth no bagges,</p>
       <p>Ne non botels under clokes,</p>
@@ -11875,7 +11834,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs4659"
   name="notevs4659">4659</a>. Ps. xxxvi, 25. Junior fui, etenim senui: et
-  non vidi justum derelictum, nec semen ejus quærens panem.</p>
+  non vidi justum derelictum, nec semen ejus quærens panem.</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs4695"
@@ -11979,7 +11938,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Vigiles and fastyng dayes</p>
       <p>Forthere to knowe,</p>
       <p>And fulfille tho fastynges</p>
-      <p>Bote infirmité hit made,</p>
+      <p>Bote infirmité hit made,</p>
       <p>Poverte othere penaunces,</p>
       <p>As pilgrymages and travayles.</p>
       <p>Under this obedience</p>
@@ -12022,7 +11981,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Thorw the weke longe,</p>
       <p>Nother blankett in hus bed,</p>
       <p>Ne white bred byfore hym.</p>
-      <p>The cause of al thys caitifté</p>
+      <p>The cause of al thys caitifté</p>
       <p>Cometh of meny bisshepes,</p>
       <p>That suffren suche sottes</p>
       <p>And othere synnes regne.</p>
@@ -12058,7 +12017,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Hus meable to save,</p>
       <p>And the woolle worth weye,</p>
       <p>Woo ys the thenne!</p>
-      <p><i>Redde rationem villicationis tuæ</i>,</p>
+      <p><i>Redde rationem villicationis tuæ</i>,</p>
       <p>Other arerage, ffalle.</p>
       <p>Then hyre hurde, as ich hope,</p>
       <p>Hath nouht to quyty thy dette,</p>
@@ -12080,7 +12039,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs4708"
   name="notevs4708">4708</a>. Matth. xxv, 46. Et ibunt hi in supplicium
-  æternum; justi autem in vitam æternam.</p>
+  æternum; justi autem in vitam æternam.</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs4721"
@@ -12102,7 +12061,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs4769"
   name="notevs4769">4769</a>. Prov. xxii, 10. Ejice derisorem, et exibit
-  cum eo jurgium, cessabuntque causæ et contumeliæ.</p>
+  cum eo jurgium, cessabuntque causæ et contumeliæ.</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs4771"
@@ -12154,8 +12113,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p><span title="Outis, emeu zôntos kai epi chthoni derkomenoio," class="grk">&Omicron;&#x1F54;&tau;&iota;&sigmaf;, &#x1F10;&mu;&epsilon;&#x1FE6; &zeta;&#x1FF6;&nu;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&#x1F76; &#x1F10;&pi;&#x1F76; &chi;&theta;&omicron;&nu;&#x1F76; &delta;&epsilon;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&mu;&#x1F73;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&omicron;,</span></p>
-      <p><span title="Soi koilêis para nêusi bareias cheiras epoisei." class="grk">&Sigma;&#x1F78;&iota; &kappa;&omicron;&#x1F77;&lambda;&#x1FC3;&sigmaf; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&#x1F70; &nu;&eta;&upsilon;&sigma;&#x1F77; &beta;&alpha;&rho;&epsilon;&#x1F77;&alpha;&sigmaf; &chi;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;&sigmaf; &#x1F10;&pi;&omicron;&#x1F77;&sigma;&epsilon;&iota;.</span></p>
+      <p><span title="Outis, emeu zôntos kai epi chthoni derkomenoio," class="grk">&Omicron;&#x1F54;&tau;&iota;&sigmaf;, &#x1F10;&mu;&epsilon;&#x1FE6; &zeta;&#x1FF6;&nu;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf; &kappa;&alpha;&#x1F76; &#x1F10;&pi;&#x1F76; &chi;&theta;&omicron;&nu;&#x1F76; &delta;&epsilon;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&mu;&#x1F73;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&omicron;,</span></p>
+      <p><span title="Soi koilêis para nêusi bareias cheiras epoisei." class="grk">&Sigma;&#x1F78;&iota; &kappa;&omicron;&#x1F77;&lambda;&#x1FC3;&sigmaf; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&#x1F70; &nu;&eta;&upsilon;&sigma;&#x1F77; &beta;&alpha;&rho;&epsilon;&#x1F77;&alpha;&sigmaf; &chi;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;&sigmaf; &#x1F10;&pi;&omicron;&#x1F77;&sigma;&epsilon;&iota;.</span></p>
       <p style="margin-left:14.8em">Il. i, 88.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -12232,7 +12191,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>His life was gentle; and the <i>elements</i></p>
       <p>So mix'd in him, that Nature might stand up</p>
       <p>And say to all the world, This <i>was a man</i>.</p>
-      <p style="margin-left:8.2em"><i>Jul. Cæs.</i> v, 5.</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:8.2em"><i>Jul. Cæs.</i> v, 5.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -12253,16 +12212,16 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p>The more mythic form of this legend gives <i>eight things</i> to the
   formation of the body, instead of four. Our earliest notice of this
   legend in England occurs in the prose Anglo-Saxon Dialogue between Saturn
-  and Solomon (Thorpe's Analecta, p. 95):&mdash;"Saga me þæt andworc þe
-  Adám wæs of-ge-worht se ærusta man? Ic þe secge of viii punda ge-wihte.
-  Saga me hwæt hatton þage? Ic þe secge þæt æroste wæs fóldan pund, of ðam
-  him wæs flesc ge-worht; oðer wæs fyres pund, þanon him wæs þæt blód reád
-  and hát; þridde wæs windes pund, þanon him wæs seo æðung ge-seald; feorðe
-  wæs wolcnes pund, þanon him wæs his módes unstaðelfæstnes ge-seald; fifte
-  wæs gyfe pund, þanon him wæs ge-seald se fat and geðang; syxste wæs
-  blostnena pund, þanon him wæs eagena myssenlicnys ge-seald; seofoðe wæs
-  deawes pund, þanon him becom swat; eahtothe wæs sealtes pund, þanon him
-  wæron þa tearas sealte."&mdash;<i>Tell me the matter of which Adam the
+  and Solomon (Thorpe's Analecta, p. 95):&mdash;"Saga me þæt andworc þe
+  Adám wæs of-ge-worht se ærusta man? Ic þe secge of viii punda ge-wihte.
+  Saga me hwæt hatton þage? Ic þe secge þæt æroste wæs fóldan pund, of ðam
+  him wæs flesc ge-worht; oðer wæs fyres pund, þanon him wæs þæt blód reád
+  and hát; þridde wæs windes pund, þanon him wæs seo æðung ge-seald; feorðe
+  wæs wolcnes pund, þanon him wæs his módes unstaðelfæstnes ge-seald; fifte
+  wæs gyfe pund, þanon him wæs ge-seald se fat and geðang; syxste wæs
+  blostnena pund, þanon him wæs eagena myssenlicnys ge-seald; seofoðe wæs
+  deawes pund, þanon him becom swat; eahtothe wæs sealtes pund, þanon him
+  wæron þa tearas sealte."&mdash;<i>Tell me the matter of which Adam the
   first man was made? I tell thee, of eight pound-weights. Tell me their
   names? I tell thee, the first was a pound of earth, of which his flesh
   was made; the second was a pound of fire, from which his blood was red
@@ -12275,7 +12234,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   prevalent in England as late as the fifteenth century, when we find it
   among the curious collection of questions (closely resembling those of
   Saturn and Solomon just quoted) entitled "Questions bitwene the Maister
-  of Oxinford and his Scoler" (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p.
+  of Oxinford and his Scoler" (Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i, p.
   230),&mdash;"<i>C.</i> Whereof was Adam made? <i>M.</i> Of viij. thingis:
   the first of erthe, the second of fire, the iij<sup>de</sup> of wynde,
   the iiij<sup>th</sup> of clowdys, the v<sup>th</sup> of aire
@@ -12283,12 +12242,12 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   he sweteth, the vij<sup>th</sup> of flowres, wherof Adam hath his ien,
   the viij<sup>th</sup> is salte wherof Adam hath salt teres." A similar
   account is given in an extract from an old Friesic manuscript
-  communicated to the Zeitschrift für Deutsches Alterthum, by Dr. James
-  Grimm,&mdash;"God scôp thene êresta meneska, thet was Adam, fon achta
-  wendem; that bênete fon tha stêne, thet flâsk fon there erthe, thet blôd
+  communicated to the Zeitschrift für Deutsches Alterthum, by Dr. James
+  Grimm,&mdash;"God scôp thene êresta meneska, thet was Adam, fon achta
+  wendem; that bênete fon tha stêne, thet flâsk fon there erthe, thet blôd
   fon tha wetere, tha herta fon tha winde, thene togta (l. thochta) fon tha
-  wolken, the(ne) suêt fon tha dawe, tha lokkar fon tha gerse, tha âgene
-  fon there sunna, and tha blêrem on thene helga ôm."&mdash;<i>God created
+  wolken, the(ne) suêt fon tha dawe, tha lokkar fon tha gerse, tha âgene
+  fon there sunna, and tha blêrem on thene helga ôm."&mdash;<i>God created
   the first man, who was Adam, of eight elements: the bone from the stone,
   the flesh from the earth, the blood from the water, the heart from the
   wind, the thought from the cloud, the sweat from the dew, the hair from
@@ -12403,7 +12362,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p><span class="correction" title="Original reads '5423'."><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs5433"
-  name="notevs5433">5433</a></span>. Gen. vi, 7. pænitet enim me fecisse
+  name="notevs5433">5433</a></span>. Gen. vi, 7. pænitet enim me fecisse
   eos.</p>
 
   <p><a
@@ -12442,14 +12401,14 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   marriages which followed it, but he gives quite a different account of
   their fruitfulness. "Cessante autem dicta epidimia, pestilentia, et
   mortalitate, nupserunt viri qui remanserunt et mulieres ad invicem,
-  conceperunt uxores residuæ per mundum ultra modum, nulla sterilis
-  efficiebatur, sed prægnantes hinc inde videbantur, et plures geminos
-  pariebant, et aliquæ tres infantes insimul vivos emittebant." The writer
-  goes on to observe, "Sed proh dolor! ex hujus renovatione sæculi non est
+  conceperunt uxores residuæ per mundum ultra modum, nulla sterilis
+  efficiebatur, sed prægnantes hinc inde videbantur, et plures geminos
+  pariebant, et aliquæ tres infantes insimul vivos emittebant." The writer
+  goes on to observe, "Sed proh dolor! ex hujus renovatione sæculi non est
   mundus propter hoc in melius commutatus. Nam homines fuerunt postea magis
   avari et tenaces, cum multo plura bona quam antea possiderent; magis
   etiam cupidi et per lites, brigas, et rixas, atque per placita, seipsos
-  conturbantes.... Charitas etiam ab illo tempore refrigescere cæpit valde,
+  conturbantes.... Charitas etiam ab illo tempore refrigescere cæpit valde,
   et iniquitas abundavit cum ignorantiis et peccatis; nam pauci
   inveniebantur qui scirent aut vellent in domibus, villis, et castris
   informare pueros in grammaticalibus rudimentis."&mdash;<i>Contin. G. de
@@ -12473,7 +12432,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p>In a curious religious poem preserved in a manuscript in the Bodleian
   Library at Oxford, written about the year 1460, from which some extracts
-  are printed in the "Reliquiæ Antiquæ," ii, 27-29, we have the following
+  are printed in the "Reliquiæ Antiquæ," ii, 27-29, we have the following
   satirical allusion to this custom<span class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
 
   <div class="poem">
@@ -12549,7 +12508,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs5659"
-  name="notevs5659">5659</a>. Psal. x, 4. Quoniam quæ perfecisti,
+  name="notevs5659">5659</a>. Psal. x, 4. Quoniam quæ perfecisti,
   destruxerunt: justus autem quid fecit?</p>
 
   <p><a
@@ -12759,7 +12718,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Dilige denari, sed parce dilige, formam;</p>
-      <p>Quem nemo sanctus nec honestus captat ab ære.</p>
+      <p>Quem nemo sanctus nec honestus captat ab ære.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -12780,7 +12739,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs6414"
   name="notevs6414">6414</a>. Matth. xxiii, 2. Super cathedram Moysi
-  sederunt Scribæ et Pharisæi.</p>
+  sederunt Scribæ et Pharisæi.</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs6440"
@@ -12797,7 +12756,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs6528">6528</a>.
-  For <i>idiotæ irapiunt</i>, read <i>idiotæ vi rapiunt</i>: the error was
+  For <i>idiotæ irapiunt</i>, read <i>idiotæ vi rapiunt</i>: the error was
   caused accidentally in the printing, and has escaped in the present
   edition.</p>
 
@@ -12866,7 +12825,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   sayd the wydowe: Syre, and yf thou deye in the bataylle, who shall thenne
   avenge hys deth for me? And the wydowe sayd, is it not better that thou
   do to me justice, and have the meryte thereof of God, than another have
-  it for thee? Then had Trayan pyté, and descended fro his horse, and dyde
+  it for thee? Then had Trayan pyté, and descended fro his horse, and dyde
   justyce in avengynge the deth of her sone. On a tyme saynt Gregory went
   by the marked of Rome whyche is called the marked of Trayan. And thenne
   he remembred of the justyce and other good dedes of Trayan, and how he
@@ -12927,7 +12886,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Hus suster, and hus brother,</p>
       <p>And al that the worlde wolde,</p>
       <p>And my wil folwen.'</p>
-      <p><i>Nisi renunciaveritis omnia quæ possidetis,</i></p>
+      <p><i>Nisi renunciaveritis omnia quæ possidetis,</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>etc.</i></p>
       <p>Meny proverbis ich myghte have</p>
       <p>Of meny holy seyntes,</p>
@@ -12994,7 +12953,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Bytokneth ful triweliche</p>
       <p>In tyme comynge after</p>
       <p>Murthe for hus mornynge,</p>
-      <p>And that muche plenté.</p>
+      <p>And that muche plenté.</p>
       <p>For Crist seide to hus seyntes</p>
       <p>That for hus sake tholeden</p>
       <p>Poverte, penaunces,</p>
@@ -13056,7 +13015,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Worth lygge ar hit repe;</p>
       <p>Right so, for sothe,</p>
       <p>For to sigge treuthe,</p>
-      <p>Over plenté pryde norssheth</p>
+      <p>Over plenté pryde norssheth</p>
       <p>Ther poverte destrueth hit.</p>
       <p>For how hit evere be y-wonne,</p>
       <p>Bote hit be wel dispended,</p>
@@ -13113,7 +13072,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And heeld here hymself,</p>
       <p>And Abraam nat hardy</p>
       <p>Ones to letten hym,</p>
-      <p>Ne for brightnesse of here beauté</p>
+      <p>Ne for brightnesse of here beauté</p>
       <p>Here spouse to be byknowe.</p>
       <p>And for he suffrede and seide nouht,</p>
       <p>Oure Lord sente tokne,</p>
@@ -13284,7 +13243,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>For a myte that he offreth,</p>
       <p>As the riche man for al is moneye,</p>
       <p>And more, as by the Godspel:</p>
-      <p><i>Amen dico vobis quia hæc vidua paupercula,</i></p>
+      <p><i>Amen dico vobis quia hæc vidua paupercula,</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>etc.</i></p>
       <p>So that povre pacient</p>
       <p>Is parfitest lif of alle,</p>
@@ -13318,7 +13277,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Ecclesiæ tres sunt qui servitium maie fallunt;</p>
+      <p>Ecclesiæ tres sunt qui servitium maie fallunt;</p>
       <p>Momylers, for-scyppers, ovre-lepers, non bene psallunt.</p>
       <p style="margin-left:4.0em"><i>Reliq. Antiq.</i> p. 90. <i>Poems of Walter Mapes</i>, p. 148.</p>
     </div>
@@ -13399,7 +13358,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p><i>Bele vertue est suffraunce,</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>Mal dire est petite venjaunce;</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>Bien dire e bien suffrer</i></p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>Fait ly suffrable à bien vener.</i></p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>Fait ly suffrable à bien vener.</i></p>
       <p>For-thi.' quath Reson, 'Ich rede the,</p>
       <p>Rewele thi tonge evere;</p>
       <p>And er thow lacke eny lyf,</p>
@@ -13518,7 +13477,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>In suche constellacion</p>
       <p>That wit wexeth therof,</p>
       <p>And othere wordes bothe.</p>
-      <p><i>Vultus hujus sæculi sunt subjecti vultibus</i></p>
+      <p><i>Vultus hujus sæculi sunt subjecti vultibus</i></p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>c&oelig;lestibus.</i></p>
       <p>So grace is a gyfte of God,</p>
       <p>And kynde witt a chaunce,</p>
@@ -13564,15 +13523,15 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs7483"
   name="notevs7483">7483</a>. <i>make.</i>&mdash;There is a curious analogy
   between the Greek and the Teutonic languages in the name given to the
-  poet&mdash;the Greek <span title="poiêtês" class="grk"
+  poet&mdash;the Greek <span title="poiêtês" class="grk"
   >&pi;&omicron;&iota;&#x1F75;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</span> (from <span
   title="poiein" class="grk"
   >&pi;&omicron;&iota;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&nu;</span>), the Anglo-Saxon
-  <i>scóp</i> (from <i>sceopan</i>, to make or create), and the
+  <i>scóp</i> (from <i>sceopan</i>, to make or create), and the
   Middle-English <i>maker</i>, preserved in the later Scottish
   <i>makkar</i> (also applied to a poet), have all the same signification.
   In the Neo-Latin tongues a different, though somewhat analogous, word was
-  used: the French and Anglo-Norman <i>trouvère</i>, and the Provençal
+  used: the French and Anglo-Norman <i>trouvère</i>, and the Provençal
   <i>trobador</i>, signify a finder or inventor.</p>
 
   <p><a
@@ -13582,7 +13541,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs7500"
   name="notevs7500">7500</a>. 1 Cor. xiii, 13. Nunc autem manent fides,
-  spes, charitas, tria hæc: major autem horum est charitas.</p>
+  spes, charitas, tria hæc: major autem horum est charitas.</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs7528"
@@ -13686,18 +13645,18 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Dieus dist, et c'est tout verité,</p>
-      <p>Qe si l'un voegle soit mené</p>
+      <p>Dieus dist, et c'est tout verité,</p>
+      <p>Qe si l'un voegle soit mené</p>
       <p>D'un autre voegle, tresbucher</p>
-      <p>Falt ambedeux en la fossée.</p>
-      <p>C'est un essample comparé</p>
+      <p>Falt ambedeux en la fossée.</p>
+      <p>C'est un essample comparé</p>
       <p>As fols curetz, qui sanz curer</p>
       <p>Ne voient pas le droit sentier,</p>
       <p>Dont font les autres forsvoier,</p>
-      <p>Qui sont après leur trace alé.</p>
+      <p>Qui sont après leur trace alé.</p>
       <p>Car fol errant ne puet quider,</p>
       <p>Ne cil comment nous puet saner,</p>
-      <p>Qui mesmes est au mort naufré.</p>
+      <p>Qui mesmes est au mort naufré.</p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em"><i>MS. in the possession of Mr. J. Russell Smith.</i></p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -13715,9 +13674,9 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Car lors ou il bargaignera</p>
       <p>Du seculiere marchandie,</p>
       <p>Dont sa richesce multeplie;</p>
-      <p>Ou il se donne à leccherie,</p>
+      <p>Ou il se donne à leccherie,</p>
       <p>Du quoy son corps delitera;</p>
-      <p>Ou il se prent à venerie,</p>
+      <p>Ou il se prent à venerie,</p>
       <p>Qant duist chanter sa letanie,</p>
       <p>Au bois le goupil huera.</p>
     </div>
@@ -13751,7 +13710,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   name="notevs7915">7915</a>. <i>his flessh is foul flessh.</i> Yet in
   spite of the "foulness" of its flesh, the peacock was a very celebrated
   dish at table. For an account of the use made of the peacock in feasts,
-  see Le Grand d'Aussy, Histoire de la Vie privée des Français, tom. i, pp.
+  see Le Grand d'Aussy, Histoire de la Vie privée des Français, tom. i, pp.
   299-301, and 361. In the Romance of Mahomet, 13th century, it is said of
   Dives&mdash;</p>
 
@@ -13759,7 +13718,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Et dou Riche qui <i>tant poon</i></p>
       <p><i>Englouti</i> et tant bon poisson,</p>
-      <p>Tante piéche de venison,</p>
+      <p>Tante piéche de venison,</p>
       <p>Et but bon vin par grant delit, &amp;c.</p>
       <p style="margin-left:7.1em"><i>Roman de Mahommet</i>, l. 301.</p>
     </div>
@@ -13774,7 +13733,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   an <i>Avionet</i> or an <i>Esopet</i>. The title of one of these
   collections in a MS. of the Bibl. du Roi at Paris is, <i>Compilacio Ysopi
   alata cum Avionetto, cum quibusdam addicionibus et moralitatibus</i>.
-  (<i>Robert, Fabl. Inéd. Essay</i>, p. clxv.) Perhaps the reference in the
+  (<i>Robert, Fabl. Inéd. Essay</i>, p. clxv.) Perhaps the reference in the
   present case is to the fable of the Peacock who complained of his voice,
   the 39th in the collection which M. Robert calls <i>Ysopet</i>, in the
   morality to which are the following lines<span
@@ -13788,8 +13747,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Cil qui petit ara,</p>
       <p>De petit contera</p>
       <p>Au Roy de paradis.</p>
-      <p>Qui vit en povreté,</p>
-      <p>Sans point d'iniquité,</p>
+      <p>Qui vit en povreté,</p>
+      <p>Sans point d'iniquité,</p>
       <p>Moult ara grant richesse</p>
       <p>Es cieux, en paradis,</p>
       <p>O dieux et ses amis</p>
@@ -13835,7 +13794,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Adest ei bajulus cui nomen Gnato,</p>
-      <p>Præcedebat logicum gressu fatigato,</p>
+      <p>Præcedebat logicum gressu fatigato,</p>
       <p>Dorso ferens sarcinam ventre tensus lato,</p>
       <p>Plenam vestro dogmate, o <i>Sortes et Plato</i>.</p>
     </div>
@@ -13866,7 +13825,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   name="notevs8137">8137</a>. These are the indications of different
   Psalms. Psalm li begins with the words, <i>Miserere mei, Deus</i>,
   secundum magnam misericordiam tuam. The thirty-first Psalm commences with
-  the words, <i>Beati quorum</i> remissæ sunt iniquitates, <i>et quorum
+  the words, <i>Beati quorum</i> remissæ sunt iniquitates, <i>et quorum
   tecta sunt peccata</i>. <i>Beatus vir</i>, is the beginning of Psalm i.
   The fifth verse of Psalm xxxi contains the words <i>Dixi: Confitebor</i>
   adversum me injustitiam meam Domino.</p>
@@ -13959,7 +13918,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs8444"
-  name="notevs8444">8444</a>. <i>Surré.</i> Syria.</p>
+  name="notevs8444">8444</a>. <i>Surré.</i> Syria.</p>
 
   <p><a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#vs8474"
@@ -14137,9 +14096,9 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Une chose, se Dex me gart,</p>
       <p>Dont je sui molt esmervillie</p>
       <p>C'onques ne vous vi despoillie,</p>
-      <p>Et si vous ai vij. ans gardée;</p>
-      <p>Molt vous ai souvent esgardée</p>
-      <p>Que vo chemise ne sachiés!'</p>
+      <p>Et si vous ai vij. ans gardée;</p>
+      <p>Molt vous ai souvent esgardée</p>
+      <p>Que vo chemise ne sachiés!'</p>
       <p style="margin-left:6.8em"><i>Rom. de la Viol.</i> l. 577.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -14220,7 +14179,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p>The definition given in Piers Ploughman is taken from the Dialogues of
   Secundus, where it is thus expressed:&mdash;"Quid est paupertas? Odibile
   bonum, sanitatis mater, curarum remotio, absque sollicitudine semita,
-  sapientiæ reparatrix, negotium sine damno, intractabilis substantia,
+  sapientiæ reparatrix, negotium sine damno, intractabilis substantia,
   possessio absque calumnia, incerta fortuna, sine sollicitudine
   felicitas." (MS. Reg. 9 A xiv, fol. 140 v<sup>o</sup>.) See also Roger de
   Hoveden, p. 816, and Vincent de Beauvais, Spec. Hist. lib. x, c. 71.</p>
@@ -14410,7 +14369,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Raveneres almesse,</p>
       <p>Then Grace sholde growe yut</p>
       <p>And grene-leved wexe,</p>
-      <p>And Charité, that child is now,</p>
+      <p>And Charité, that child is now,</p>
       <p>Sholde chaufen of hem self,</p>
       <p>And comfortye all crystene,</p>
       <p>Wold holy churche amende.</p>
@@ -14475,12 +14434,12 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Dont or n'est pas seus li quars,</p>
       <p>A ichest tans, chou est gramaire,</p>
       <p>Sans laquele nus ne vaut gaire</p>
-      <p>Qui à clergie veut aprendre:</p>
+      <p>Qui à clergie veut aprendre:</p>
       <p>Car petit puet sans li entendre.</p>
       <p>Gramaires si est fondemens</p>
       <p>De clergie et coumenchemens;</p>
       <p>Cou est li porte de science,</p>
-      <p>Par cui on vient à sapience.</p>
+      <p>Par cui on vient à sapience.</p>
       <p>De lettres en gramaire escole</p>
       <p>Qui ensegne et forme parole,</p>
       <p>Soit en Latin ou en Roumans,</p>
@@ -14513,9 +14472,9 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>Nam cum transisset Pater illius urbis, et isset</p>
       <p style="margin-left:1.9em">In c&oelig;lum subito corpore disposito,</p>
       <p>Tunc exaltari magus hic et pontificari</p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em">Affectans avide; se tamen hæc pavide</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em">Affectans avide; se tamen hæc pavide</p>
       <p>Dixit facturum, nisi sciret non nociturum</p>
-      <p style="margin-left:1.9em">Si præsul fiat, cum Deus hoc cupiat.</p>
+      <p style="margin-left:1.9em">Si præsul fiat, cum Deus hoc cupiat.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
 
@@ -14541,7 +14500,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   y-bake.</i> The pheasant was formerly held in the same honour as the
   peacock (see before the note on l. 7915), and was served at table in the
   same manner. It was considered one of the most precious dishes. See Le
-  Grand d'Aussy, Hist. de la Vie privée des François, ii, 19. The Miroir de
+  Grand d'Aussy, Hist. de la Vie privée des François, ii, 19. The Miroir de
   l'Ome (MS. in the possession of Mr. Russell Smith) says (punning) of the
   luxurious prelates of the fourteenth century,&mdash;</p>
 
@@ -14549,7 +14508,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Pour le phesant et le bon vin</p>
       <p>Le bien-faisant et le divin</p>
-      <p>L'evesque laist à nonchalure;</p>
+      <p>L'evesque laist à nonchalure;</p>
       <p>Si quiert la coupe et crusequin,</p>
       <p>Ainz que la culpe du cristin</p>
       <p>Pour corriger et mettre en cure.</p>
@@ -14759,7 +14718,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Fumée, pluye, et femme sans raison,</p>
+      <p>Fumée, pluye, et femme sans raison,</p>
       <p>Chassent l'homme de sa maison.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -14784,8 +14743,8 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   of the Saviour ran down his spear, and a drop of it touching his eye, he
   was instantly restored to sight, by which miracle he was converted. See,
   in illustration of this subject, Halliwell's Coventry Mysteries, p. 334;
-  The Towneley Mysteries, p. 321; Jubinal, Mystères inédits du quinzième
-  Siècle, tom. ii, pp. 254-257; &amp;c.</p>
+  The Towneley Mysteries, p. 321; Jubinal, Mystères inédits du quinzième
+  Siècle, tom. ii, pp. 254-257; &amp;c.</p>
 
   <p><a href="#vs12319" name="notevs12319">12319</a>, <a href="#vs12418"
   name="notevs12418">12418</a>, <a href="#vs12420"
@@ -14803,7 +14762,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>And with foure sustryn, moost goodly of ther cheer,</p>
       <p>List nat departe nor severe in no maneer,</p>
       <p>Of oon accoord by vertuous encrees,</p>
-      <p>Joyned in charité, pryncessis moost enteer,</p>
+      <p>Joyned in charité, pryncessis moost enteer,</p>
       <p>Mercy and Trouthe, Rihtwisnesse and Pees.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -14845,7 +14804,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   of the poet, and seems to be identical with the German <i>kobold</i>.
   (See Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, p. 286.) <i>Gobelin</i> occurs as the
   name of one of the shepherds in the Mystery of the Nativity, printed by
-  M. Jubinal in his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. 71. It occurs as the name
+  M. Jubinal in his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. 71. It occurs as the name
   of a devil in a song of the commencement of the fourteenth century,
   Political Songs, p. 238<span class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
 
@@ -14914,7 +14873,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p><a href="#vs12896" name="notevs12896">12896</a>. <i>Astroth.</i> This
   name, as given to one of the devils, occurs in a curious list of actors
   in the Miracle Play of St. Martin, given by M. Jubinal, in the preface to
-  his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. ix. It is similarly used in the Miracle
+  his Mystères inédits, vol. ii, p. ix. It is similarly used in the Miracle
   Play of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, Jubinal, ib. vol. i, p.
   69. In one of the Towneley Mysteries (p. 246), this name is likewise
   given to one of the devils<span class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
@@ -15058,7 +15017,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
       <p>This was the old oppynyoun, as I rede</p>
       <p>I speke of many hundrid yer ago;</p>
       <p>But now can no man see noon elves mo.</p>
-      <p>For now the grete charité and prayeres</p>
+      <p>For now the grete charité and prayeres</p>
       <p>Of lymytours and other holy freres,</p>
       <p>That sechen every lond and every streem,</p>
       <p>As thik as motis in the sonne-beem,</p>
@@ -15137,7 +15096,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   into England in 1221, and had their first houses in Oxford.</p>
 
   <p><a href="#cr327" name="notecr327">327</a>. <i>posternes in
-  privité.</i> These private posterns are frequently alluded to in the
+  privité.</i> These private posterns are frequently alluded to in the
   reports of the Commissioners for the Dissolution of the Monasteries in
   the reign of Henry VIII. One of them, speaking of the abbey of Langden,
   says, "Wheras immediatly descendying fro my horse, I sent Bartlett your
@@ -15202,7 +15161,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p><a href="#cr954" name="notecr954">954</a>. <i>Golias.</i> There is
   perhaps here an allusion to the famous satire on the Monkish orders
-  entitled Apocalypsis Goliæ, printed among the poems of Walter Mapes.</p>
+  entitled Apocalypsis Goliæ, printed among the poems of Walter Mapes.</p>
 
   <p><a href="#cr967" name="notecr967">967</a>. <i>the kynrede of Caym.</i>
   In the popular belief of the middle ages, hob-goblins and evil spirits
@@ -15268,7 +15227,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p class="ind1">a, prefixed to verbs of Anglo-Saxon origin, has sometimes
   a negative, sometimes an intensative power: before nouns and adjectives
-  it represents <i>on</i> and <i>at</i>, as, a-brood, a-fore (æt-foran),
+  it represents <i>on</i> and <i>at</i>, as, a-brood, a-fore (æt-foran),
   a-rowe (i. e. <i>on a row</i>), a-loft (i. e. <i>on high</i>), &amp;c. In
   words of Anglo-Norman origin, it answers to the prepositions, <i>a</i>,
   <i>ab</i>, <i>ad</i>, of the original Latin words</p>
@@ -15505,7 +15464,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page3">3</a>,
   <a href="#page308">308</a>, <i>anachorites, monks who live in
   solitude</i>. It is applied to nuns, in the early English Rule of Nuns.
-  See Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. ii, p. 1</p>
+  See Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. ii, p. 1</p>
 
   <p class="ind1">and (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) the conjunction, is
   frequently used in the sense of <i>if</i>. and men crye, <a
@@ -15612,7 +15571,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p class="ind1">atte (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <i>at the</i>. atte
   nale, <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page124">124</a>,
-  <i>at the ale</i>, a corruption of the Saxon, æt þan ale</p>
+  <i>at the ale</i>, a corruption of the Saxon, æt þan ale</p>
 
   <p class="ind1">attre (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page243">243</a>,
@@ -16235,7 +16194,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>Ce oï dire en reprovier,</p>
+      <p>Ce oï dire en reprovier,</p>
       <p>Que l'en ne puet fere espervier</p>
       <p>En nule guise <i>d'ung busart</i>.</p>
     </div>
@@ -16399,7 +16358,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p class="ind1">brol (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page55">55</a>,
   <a href="#page494">494</a>, <a href="#page495">495</a>, <i>a child,
-  brat</i>. Reliquiæ Antiquæ, ii, 177<span class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+  brat</i>. Reliquiæ Antiquæ, ii, 177<span class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
@@ -16473,7 +16432,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>And more we se of Goddis secré thinges,</p>
+      <p>And more we se of Goddis secré thinges,</p>
       <p>Than <i>borel folk</i>, although that thay ben kinges,</p>
       <p>We lyve in povert and in abstinence,</p>
       <p>And <i>borel folk</i> in riches and dispence.</p>
@@ -16720,7 +16679,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page68">68</a>,
   <i>the cheek</i>, maugree hire chekes, <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page68">68</a>.
-  We have in Chaucer, <i>maugré thin eyen</i>, <i>maugré hire hed</i>,
+  We have in Chaucer, <i>maugré thin eyen</i>, <i>maugré hire hed</i>,
   &amp;c. See Tyrwhit's Gloss, v. <i>Maugre</i>. One of these instances is
   exactly analogous to the passage of Piers Ploughman (C. T. l. 6467)<span
   class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
@@ -16729,7 +16688,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>And happed, al alone as sche was born,</p>
       <p>He saugh a mayde walkyng him by-forn,</p>
-      <p>Of which mayden anoon <i>maugré hir heed</i>,</p>
+      <p>Of which mayden anoon <i>maugré hir heed</i>,</p>
       <p>By verray fors byraft hir maydenhed.</p>
     </div>
   </div>
@@ -16897,7 +16856,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   refectorii clausum <i>cum cliqueto</i></p>
 
   <p class="ind1">clyngen (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <a
-  href="#page276">276</a>, <i>to shrink, wither, pine</i>. Reliq. Antiquæ,
+  href="#page276">276</a>, <i>to shrink, wither, pine</i>. Reliq. Antiquæ,
   vol. ii, p. 210<span class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
 
   <div class="poem">
@@ -18053,7 +18012,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page259">259</a>,
   <i>a young child</i></p>
 
-  <p class="ind1">faunteltee, fauntelté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
+  <p class="ind1">faunteltee, fauntelté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page204">204</a>,
   <a href="#page304">304</a>, <i>childishness</i></p>
 
@@ -18577,7 +18536,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
       <p>Richard aunsweryth, with herte free,</p>
-      <p>Off froyt there is gret plenté;</p>
+      <p>Off froyt there is gret plenté;</p>
       <p>Fyggys, raysyns, in <i>frayel</i>,</p>
       <p>And notes may serve us fol wel.</p>
     </div>
@@ -18683,16 +18642,16 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page171">171</a>,
   gadelynges, <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page68">68</a>,
-  <i>a vagabond</i>. In Anglo-Saxon the word <i>gædeling</i> means a
+  <i>a vagabond</i>. In Anglo-Saxon the word <i>gædeling</i> means a
   companion or associate, apparently without any bad sense. Thus the
   romance of Beowulf speaks of the armour of one of the heroes<span
   class="nw">:&mdash;</span></p>
 
   <div class="poem">
     <div class="stanza">
-      <p>þæt Onela for-geaf,</p>
-      <p>his gædelinges</p>
-      <p>guð-ge-wædu.</p>
+      <p>þæt Onela for-geaf,</p>
+      <p>his gædelinges</p>
+      <p>guð-ge-wædu.</p>
       <p><i>which Onela had given him,</i></p>
       <p><i>the war-weeds of his comrade,</i></p>
       <p><i>the ready implements of war.</i></p>
@@ -19210,7 +19169,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p class="ind1">This passage gives us a remarkable trait of the character
   of the ribald, or harlot, who formed a peculiar class of middle-age
-  society. Among some old glosses in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ (vol. i, p. 7),
+  society. Among some old glosses in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ (vol. i, p. 7),
   we find "<i>scurra</i>, a harlotte." In the Coventry Mystery of the Woman
   taken in Adultery (p. 217), it is the young man who is caught with the
   woman, and not the woman herself, who is stigmatised as a
@@ -19529,7 +19488,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <i>to hoop, shout</i></p>
 
   <p class="ind1">houres (<span class="sm">A.N.</span> heures, <i>Lat.</i>
-  horæ) <i>the Romish service</i></p>
+  horæ) <i>the Romish service</i></p>
 
   <p class="ind1">housel (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <a
   href="#page419">419</a>, <i>the sacrament of the Eucharist</i></p>
@@ -19776,7 +19735,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
   <p class="ind1"><i>i.e. there was playing with the sword</i>. Weber, in
   his Glossary, has very wrongly explained it by <i>licking</i>. It is the
-  Anglo-Saxon poetic phrase, sweorda ge-lác, <i>the play of swords</i></p>
+  Anglo-Saxon poetic phrase, sweorda ge-lác, <i>the play of swords</i></p>
 
   <p class="ind1">lakke (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page189">189</a>,
@@ -19901,7 +19860,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="#page462">462</a>, <i>lavers, ewers, basins to receive
   water</i></p>
 
-  <p class="ind1">leauté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <i>loyalty</i></p>
+  <p class="ind1">leauté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <i>loyalty</i></p>
 
   <p class="ind1">leche (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <a
   href="#page443">443</a>, <i>a physician</i></p>
@@ -20137,7 +20096,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page45">45</a>,
   <i>ignorance, rusticity</i></p>
 
-  <p class="ind1">lewté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <i>loyalty</i></p>
+  <p class="ind1">lewté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <i>loyalty</i></p>
 
   <p class="ind1">lyard (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
   href="#page352">352</a>, <a href="#page368">368</a>, a common name for
@@ -20342,7 +20301,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   certainly in use long before the time of the Wycliffites, in Germany as
   well as in England. Johannes Hocsemius (quoted by Ducange, v.
   <i>Lollardi</i>) says, in his chronicle on the year 1309, "Eodem anno
-  quidam hypocritæ gyrovagi, qui <i>Lollardisive Deum laudantes</i>
+  quidam hypocritæ gyrovagi, qui <i>Lollardisive Deum laudantes</i>
   vocabantur, per Hannoniam et Brabantiam quasdam mulieres nobiles
   deceperunt," &amp;c. The term, used in the time of Piers Ploughman as one
   of reproach, was afterwards contemptuously given to the church reformers.
@@ -22132,7 +22091,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page234">234</a>,
   <i>type, first copy</i></p>
 
-  <p class="ind1">saufté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <i>safety</i></p>
+  <p class="ind1">saufté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <i>safety</i></p>
 
   <p class="ind1">saughtne (<span class="sm">A.S.</span>) <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page65">65</a>,
@@ -22927,7 +22886,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page168">168</a>,
   <i>stains, blemishes</i></p>
 
-  <p class="ind1">taillé (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
+  <p class="ind1">taillé (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
   href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/43660/43660-h/43660-h.htm#page68">68</a>,
   <i>a tally, notched stick; an account scored on a piece of wood</i>.
   <i>See</i> note</p>
@@ -23451,7 +23410,7 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
   <p class="ind1">vendage (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
   href="#page391">391</a>, <i>vintage, harvest</i></p>
 
-  <p class="ind1">venymousté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
+  <p class="ind1">venymousté (<span class="sm">A.N.</span>) <a
   href="#page378">378</a>, <i>the property of being poisonous or
   venomous</i></p>
 
@@ -24170,383 +24129,6 @@ Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.<br/>
 
 <p class="ac" style="margin-top:3ex;">PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. <br/>EDINBURGH AND LONDON.</p>
 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vision and Creed of Piers
-Ploughman, Volume II of II, by William Langland
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISION, CREED, PIERS PLOUGHMAN, VOL II ***
-
-***** This file should be named 43661-h.htm or 43661-h.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/6/43661/
-
-Produced by Mark C. Orton, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
-will be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
-one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
-(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
-permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
-set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
-copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
-protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
-Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
-charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
-do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
-rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
-such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
-research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
-practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
-subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
-redistribution.
-
-
-
-*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-  www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-
-Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works
-
-1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
-all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
-If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
-terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
-entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-
-1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
-paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
-and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
-or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
-collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
-individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
-located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
-copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
-works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
-are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
-Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
-freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
-this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
-the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
-keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
-a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
-the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
-before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
-creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
-Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
-the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
-States.
-
-1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
-access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
-whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
-copied or distributed:
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
-from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
-posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
-and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
-or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
-with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
-work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
-through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
-Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
-1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
-terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
-to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
-permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
-word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
-distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
-"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
-posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
-you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
-copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
-request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
-form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
-that
-
-- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
-     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
-     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
-     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
-     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
-     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
-     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
-     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
-     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
-     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-     License.  You must require such a user to return or
-     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
-     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
-     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
-     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
-     of receipt of the work.
-
-- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
-forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
-both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
-Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
-Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
-collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
-"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
-corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
-property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
-computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
-your equipment.
-
-1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
-your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
-the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
-refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
-providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
-receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
-is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
-opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
-WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
-If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
-law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
-interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
-the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
-provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
-with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
-promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
-harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
-that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
-or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
-work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
-Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
-
-
-Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
-including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
-because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
-people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
-To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
-and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
-Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
-permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
-Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
-throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
-North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
-contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
-Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-     Chief Executive and Director
-     gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
-SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
-particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
-To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-
-Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
-with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
-Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
-unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
-keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
-
-     www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
-
-</pre>
-
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 43661 ***</div>
 </body>
 </html>
diff --git a/43661.txt b/43661.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index a4d9d26..0000000
--- a/43661.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,17864 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman,
-Volume II of II, by William Langland
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman, Volume II of II
-
-Author: William Langland
-
-Editor: Thomas Wright
-
-Release Date: September 7, 2013 [EBook #43661]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISION, CREED, PIERS PLOUGHMAN, VOL II ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Mark C. Orton, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber's note: A few obvious typographical errors have been corrected:
-they are listed at the end of the text.
-
-In this edition line numbers are displayed on every tenth line--in the
-printed work they were synchronised to the pagination, with sometimes only
-one number per page. Lines marked = were printed AND COUNTED as two lines.
-
-Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). Thorn and eth
-characters (in cited passages) are expanded to th and dh respectively. A
-carat character is used to denote superscription. A single character, or
-group enclosed enclosed in curly brackets, following the carat is
-superscripted (example: .xxx.^{ti}). In the main texts of The Vision and
-The Creed, the numbers of the original pages are enclosed in curly brackets
-to facilitate the use of the glossary.
-
-Project Gutenberg has the other volume of this work.
-Volume I: see http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/43660
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-Library of Old Authors.
-
-  THE VISION AND CREED
-
-  OF
-
-  PIERS PLOUGHMAN.
-
-  EDITED,
-  FROM A CONTEMPORARY MANUSCRIPT,
-  WITH A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION,
-  NOTES, AND A GLOSSARY,
-
-  BY THOMAS WRIGHT, M.A. F.S.A. &c.
-
-  Corresponding Member of the Imperial Institute of France,
-  Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
-
-  IN TWO VOLUMES.
-
-  VOL. II.
-
-  _SECOND AND REVISED EDITION._
-
-  LONDON:
-  REEVES AND TURNER, 196 STRAND.
-  1887.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{273}
-
-          _Passus Decimus Quartus, etc._
-
-  "Ihave but oon hool hater," quod Haukyn;                8900
-  "I am the lasse to blame,
-  Though it be soiled and selde clene:
-  I slepe therinne o nyghtes.
-  And also I have an houswif,
-  Hewen and children,--
-  _Uxorem duxi, et ideo non possum venire._--
-  That wollen by-molen it many tyme,
-  Maugree my chekes.
-  It hath be laved in Lente
-  And out of Lente bothe,                                 8910
-  With the sope of siknesse,
-  That seketh wonder depe,
-  And with the losse of catel,
-  Looth for to a-gulte
-  God of any good man,
-  By aught that I wiste;
-  And was shryven of the preest
-  That gaf me for my synnes
-  To penaunce pacience
-  And povere men to fede,                                 8920
-  Al for coveitise of my cristendom
-  In clennesse to kepen it.
-  {274}
-  And kouthe I nevere, by Crist!
-  Kepen it clene an houre,
-  That I ne soiled it with sighte
-  Or som ydel speche,
-  Or thorugh werk, or thorugh word,
-  Or wille of myn herte,
-  That I ne flobre it foule
-  Fro morwe til even."                                    8930
-
-    "And I shal kenne thee," quod Conscience,
-  "Of contricion to make
-  That shal clawe thi cote
-  Of alle kynnes filthe.
-  _Cordis contritio, etc._
-  Do-wel shal wasshen and wryngen it
-  Thorugh a wis confessour.
-  _Oris confessio, etc._
-  Do-bet shal beten it and bouken it
-  As bright as any scarlet,                               8940
-  And engreyven it with good wille
-  And Goddes grace to amende the,
-  And sithen sende thee to satisfaccion
-  For to sowen it after.
-  _Satisfactio Do-best._
-
-    "Shal nevere cheeste by-molen it,
-  Ne mothe after biten it,
-  Ne fend ne fals man
-  Defoulen it in thi lyve.
-  Shal noon heraud ne harpour                             8950
-  Have a fairer garnement
-  Than Haukyn the actif man,
-  And thow do by my techyng;
-  Ne no mynstrall be moore worth
-  Amonges povere and riche,
-  Than Haukyns wif the wafrer,
-  {275}
-  With his _activa vita_."
-
-    "And I shal purveie thee paast," quod Pacience,
-  "Though no plough erye,
-  And flour to fede folk with                             8960
-  As best be for the soule,
-  Though nevere greyn growed,
-  Ne grape upon vyne.
-  To alle that lyveth and loketh
-  Liflode wolde I fynde,
-  And that y-nogh shal noon faille
-  Of thyng that hem nedeth,
-  We sholde noght be to bisy
-  Abouten oure liflode,"
-  _Ne solliciti sitis, etc. Volucres coeli                8970
-      Deus pascit, etc. Patientes
-      vincunt._
-
-    Thanne laughed Haukyn a litel,
-  And lightly gan swerye,
-  "Who so leveth yow, by oure Lord!
-  I leve noght he be blessed."
-
-    "No," quod Pacience paciently;
-  And out of his poke hente
-  Vitailles of grete vertues
-  For alle manere beestes,                                8980
-  And seide, "Lo here liflode y-nogh!
-  If oure bileve be trewe.
-  For lent nevere was lif,
-  But liflode were shapen,
-  Wher-of or wher-fore
-  Or wher-by to libbe.
-
-    "First the wilde worm
-  Under weet erthe,
-  Fissh to lyve in the flood,
-  {276}
-  And in the fir the criket,                              8990
-  The corlew by kynde of the eyr
-  Moost clennest flessh of briddes,
-  And bestes by gras and by greyn
-  And by grene rootes,
-  In menynge that alle men
-  Myghte the same
-  Lyve thorugh leel bileve
-  And love, as God witnesseth."
-  _Quodcunque petieritis a patre in
-      nomine meo, etc. Et alibi:                          9000
-      Non in solo pane vivit homo,
-      sed in omni verbo quod procedit
-      de ore Dei._
-
-    But I lokede what liflode it was
-  That Pacience so preisede;
-  And thanne was it a pece of the pater-noster,
-  _Fiat voluntas tua._
-
-    "Have, Haukyn," quod Pacience,
-  "And et this whan the hungreth,
-  Or whan thow clomsest for cold,                         9010
-  Or clyngest for drye;
-  Shul nevere gyves thee greve,
-  Ne gret lordes wrathe,
-  Prison ne peyne;
-  For _patientes vincunt_.
-  By so that thow be sobre
-  Of sighte and of tonge,
-  In etynge and in handlynge,
-  And in alle thi fyve wittes,
-  Darstow nevere care for corn,                           9020
-  Ne lynnen cloth ne wollen,
-  Ne for drynke, ne deeth drede,
-  But deye as God liketh,
-  {277}
-  Or thorugh hunger or thorugh hete,
-  At his wille be it.
-  For if thow lyve after his loore,
-  The shorter lif the bettre.
-  _Si quis amat Christum,
-      Mundum non diliget istum._
-
-    "For thorugh his breeth beestes woxen                 9030
-  And a-brood yeden.
-  _Dixit et facta sunt, etc._
-  _Ergo_ thorugh his breeth mowen
-  Men and beestes lyven,
-  As holy writ witnesseth,
-  Whan men seye hir graces.
-  _Aperis tu manum tuam, et imples
-      omne animal benedictione._
-
-    "It is founden that fourty wynter
-  Folk lyvede withouten tulying;                          9040
-  And out of the flynt sprong the flood
-  That folk and beestes dronken;
-  And in Elyes tyme
-  Hevene was y-closed,
-  That no reyn ne roon;
-  Thus rede men in bokes                                  9046
-  That many wyntres men lyveden,
-  And no mete ne tulieden.
-
-    "Sevene slepe, as seith the book,
-  Sevene hundred wynter,
-  And lyveden withouten liflode,
-  And at the laste thei woken.
-  And if men lyvede as mesure wolde,
-  Sholde nevere moore be defaute
-  Amonges cristene creatures,
-  If Cristes wordes ben trewe.
-
-  "Ac unkyndenesse _caristiam_ maketh                     9056
-  {278}
-  Amonges cristen peple;
-  And over plentee maketh pryde
-  Amonges poore and riche.
-  Therfore mesure is muche worth,                         9060
-  It may noght be to deere;
-  For the meschief and the meschaunce
-  Amonges men of Sodome,
-  Weex thorugh plentee of payn,
-  And of pure sleuthe.
-  _Otiositas et abundantia panis peccatum
-      turpissimum nutrivit._
-  For thei mesured noght hemself
-  Of that thei ete and dronke,
-  Thei diden dedly synne                                  9070
-  That the devel liked,
-  So vengeaunce fil upon hem
-  For hir vile synnes;
-  Thei sonken into helle,
-  The citees echone.
-
-    "For-thi mesure we us wel,
-  And make oure feith oure sheltrom;
-  And thorugh feith cometh contricion,
-  Conscience woot wel,
-  Which dryveth awey dedly synne,                         9080
-  And dooth it to be venial.
-  And though a man myghte noght speke,
-  Contricion myghte hym save,
-  And brynge his soule to blisse;
-  For so that feith bere witnesse,
-  That whiles he lyvede, he bilevede
-  In the loore of the holy chirche.
-  _Ergo_ contricion, feith, and conscience
-  Is kyndeliche Do-wel,
-  {279}
-  And surgiens for dedly synnes                           9090
-  Whan shrift of mouthe failleth.
-  Ac shrift of mouth moore worthi is,
-  If man be y-liche contrit;
-  For shrift of mouthe sleeth synne,
-  Be it never so dedly.
-  _Per confessionem_ to a preest
-  _Peccata occiduntur._
-
-    "Ther contricion dooth but dryveth it down
-  Into a venial synne,
-  As David seith in the Sauter,                           9100
-  _Et quorum tecta sunt peccata_;
-  Ac satisfaccion seketh out the roote,
-  And bothe sleeth and voideth,
-  An as it nevere hadde y-be
-  To noghte bryngeth dedly synne,
-  That it nevere eft is sene ne soor,
-  But semeth a wounde y-heeled."
-
-    "Where wonyeth Charite?" quod Haukyn,
-  "I wiste nevere in my lyve
-  Man that with hym spak,                                 9110
-  As wide as I have passed."
-
-    "Ther parfit truthe and poore herte is,
-  And pacience of tonge,
-  Ther is Charite the chief chaumbrere
-  For God hymselve."
-
-    "Wheither paciente poverte," quod Haukyn,
-  "Be moore plesaunt to our Drighte
-  Than richesse rightfulliche wonne,
-  And resonably despended?"
-
-    "Ye, _quis est ille_?" quod Pacience;                 9120
-  "Quik _laudabimus eum_.
-  {280}
-  Though men rede of richesse
-  Right to the worldes ende,
-  I wiste nevere renk that riche was,
-  That whan he rekene sholde,
-  Whan he drogh to his deeth day,
-  That he ne dredde hym soore,
-  And that at the rekenyng in arrerage fel
-  Rather than out of dette.
-  Ther the poore dar plede,                               9130
-  And preve by pure reson,
-  To have allowance of his lord,
-  By the lawe he it cleymeth;
-  Joye, that nevere joye hadde,
-  Of rightful jugge he asketh,
-  And seith 'Lo! briddes and beestes
-  That no blisse ne knoweth,
-  And wilde wormes in wodes,
-  Thorugh wyntres thow hem grevest;
-  And makest hem wel neigh meke,                          9140
-  And mylde for defaute;
-  And after thow sendest hem somer,
-  That is hir sovereyn joye,
-  And blisse to alle that ben,
-  Bothe wilde and tame.'
-
-    "Thanne may beggeris as beestes
-  After boote waiten,
-  That al hir lif han lyved
-  In langour and in defaute,
-  But God sente hem som tyme                              9150
-  Som manere joye
-  Outher here or ellis where,
-  Kynde wolde it nevere;
-  For to wrotherhele was he wroght
-  That nevere was joye shapen.
-  {281}
-  Aungeles that in helle now ben
-  Hadden joye som tyme;
-  And Dives in the deyntees lyvede,
-  And in _douce vie_.
-  Right so reson sheweth                                  9160
-  That the men that were riche,
-  And hir makes also,
-  Lyvede hir lif in murthe.
-
-    "Ac God is of wonder wille,
-  By that kynde wit sheweth,
-  To gyve many man his mede
-  Er he it have deserved.
-  Right so fareth God by some riche,
-  Ruthe me it thynketh;
-  For thei han hir hire heer,                             9170
-  And hevene, as it were,
-  And greet likynge to lyve
-  Withouten labour of bodye:
-  And whan he dyeth, ben disalowed,
-  As David seith in the Sauter:
-  _Dormierunt, et nihil invenerunt._
-  And in another stede also:
-  _Velut somnium surgentium, Domine,
-      in civitate tua, et ad nihilum
-      rediges, etc._                                      9180
-
-    "Allas! that richesse shal reve
-  And robbe mannes soule
-  From the love of oure Lord,
-  At his laste ende.
-
-    "Hewen, that han hir hire afore,
-  Arn evere moore nedy;
-  And selden deyeth he out of dette,
-  That dyneth er he deserve it,
-  And til he have doon his devoir
-  {282}
-  And his dayes journee.                                  9190
-  For whan a werkman hath wroght,
-  Than many men se the sothe
-  What he were worthi for his werk,
-  And what he hath deserved;
-  And noght to fonge bifore,
-  For drede of disalowyng.
-
-    "So I seye by yow riche,
-  It semeth noght that ye shulle
-  Have hevene in youre here dwellyng,
-  And hevene also therafter;                              9200
-  Right so as a servaunt taketh his salarie bifore,
-  And siththe wolde clayme moore,
-  As he that noon hadde,
-  And hath hire at the laste.
-  It may noght be, ye riche men,
-  Or Mathew on God lyeth:
-  _Vae! deliciis ad delicias difficile est
-      transire._
-
-    "Ac if ye riche have ruthe,
-  And rewarde wel the poore,                              9210
-  And lyven as lawe techeth,
-  And doon leaute to hem alle,
-  Crist of his curteisie
-  Shal conforte yow at the laste,
-  And rewarden alle double richesse
-  That rewful hertes habbeth.
-  And as an hyne that hadde
-  His hire er he bigonne,
-  And whan he hath doon his devoir wel
-  Men dooth hym oother bountee,                           9220
-  Gyveth hym a cote above his covenaunt,
-  {283}
-  Right so Crist gyveth hevene
-  Bothe to riche and to noght riche
-  That rewfulliche libbeth;
-  And alle that doon hir devoir wel
-  Han double hire for hir travaille,
-  Here forgifnesse of hir synnes,
-  And hevene blisse after.
-
-    "Ac it is but selde y-seien,
-  As by holy seintes bokes,                               9230
-  That God rewarded double reste
-  To any riche wye.
-  For muche murthe is amonges riche,
-  As in mete and clothyng;
-  And muche murthe in May is
-  Amonges wilde beestes,
-  And so forth while somer lasteth
-  Hir solace dureth.
-
-    "Ac beggeris aboute Midsomer
-  Bred-lees thei slepe.
-  And yet is wynter for hem worse,
-  For weet shoed thei gone,
-  A-furst soore and a-fyngred,
-  And foule y-rebuked,                                    9244
-  And a-rated of riche men
-  That ruthe is to here.
-  Now, Lord, sende hem somer,
-  And som maner joye,
-  Hevene after hir hennes goyng,
-  That here han swich defaute,
-  For alle myghtestow have maad
-  Noon mener than oother,
-  And y-liche witty and wise,
-  If thee wel hadde liked.
-  But, Lord, have ruthe on thise riche men,               9254
-  {284}
-  That rewarde noght thi prisoners.
-  Of the good that thow hem gyvest
-  _Ingrati_ ben manye;
-  Ac, God, of thi goodnesse
-  Gyve hem grace to amende.
-  For may no derthe be hem deere,                         9260
-  Droghte ne weet hem greve,
-  Ne neither hete ne hayll;
-  Have thei hir heele,
-  Of that thei wilne and wolde
-  Wanteth hem noght here.
-
-    "Ac poore peple thi prisoners,
-  Lord, in the put of meschief,
-  Conforte tho creatures,
-  That muche care suffren
-  Thorugh derthe, thorugh droghte,                        9270
-  Alle hir dayes here,
-  Wo in wynter tymes
-  For wantynge of clothes,
-  And in somer tyme selde
-  Soupen to the fulle.
-  Conforte thi carefulle,
-  Crist, in thi richesse;
-  For how thow confortest alle creatures,
-  Clerkes bereth witnesse:
-  _Convertimini ad me, et salvi eritis_.                  9280
-
-    "Thus _in genere_ of gentries
-  Jhesu Crist seide,
-  To robberis and to reveris,
-  To riche and to poore,
-  Thou taughtest hem in the Trinite
-  To taken bapteme,
-  And to be clene through that cristnyng
-  Of alle kynnes synne;
-  {285}
-  And if us fille thorugh folie
-  To falle in synne after,                                9290
-  Confession and knowlichynge
-  In cravynge thi mercy,
-  Shulde amenden us as manye sithes
-  As man wolde desire.
-  And if the pope wolde plede ayein,
-  And punysshe us in conscience,
-  He sholde take the acquitaunce as quyk,
-  And to the queed shewen it.
-  _Pateat, etc. per passionem Domini._
-  And putten of so the pouke,                             9300
-  And preven us under borwe.
-  Ac the parchemyn of this patente
-  Of poverte be moste,
-  And of pure pacience,
-  And parfit bileve.
-
-    "Of pompe and of pride
-  The parchemym decourreth,
-  And principalliche of al the peple,
-  But thei be poore of herte;
-  Ellis is al on ydel,                                    9310
-  Al that evere writen
-  Pater-nostres and penaunce,
-  And pilgrymages to Rome;
-  But oure spences and spendynge
-  Sprynge of a trewe wille,
-  Ellis is al our labour lost,
-  Lo! how men writeth
-  In fenestres at the freres,
-  If fals be the foundement.
-  For-thi cristene sholde be in commune riche,            9320
-  Noon coveitous for hymselve.
-  {286}
-
-    "For sevene synnes ther ben,
-  That assaillen us evere;
-  The fend folweth hem alle,
-  And fondeth hem to helpe.
-  Ac with richesse that ribaud
-  He rathest men bigileth.
-  For ther that richesse regneth,
-  Reverence folweth;
-  And that is plesaunt to pride,                          9330
-  In poore and in riche.
-  And the riche is reverenced
-  By reson of his richesse,
-  Ther the poore is put bihynde,
-  And peraventure kan moore
-  Of wit and of wisdom,
-  That fer awey is bettre
-  Than richesse or reautee,
-  And rather y-herd in hevene.
-  For the riche hath muche to rekene;                     9340
-  And many tyme hym that walketh
-  The heighe wey to hevene-ward,
-  Richesse hym letteth,--
-  _Ita inpossibile diviti, etc._--
-  Ther the poore preesseth bifore the riche,
-  With a pak at his rugge,--
-  _Opera enim illorum sequuntur illos_.--
-  Batauntliche, as beggeris doon,
-  And boldeliche he craveth,
-  For his poverte and his pacience,                       9350
-  A perpetuel blisse.
-  _Beati pauperes, quoniam ipsorum
-      est regnum caelorum._
-
-    "And pride in richesse regneth
-  Rather than in poverte;
-  {287}
-  Arst in the master than in the man
-  Som mansion he haveth.
-  Ac in poverte, ther pacience is,
-  Pride hath no myghte,
-  Ne none of the sevene synnes                            9360
-  Sitten ne mowe ther longe,
-  Ne have power in poverte,
-  If pacience folwe.
-  For the poore is ay prest
-  To plese the riche,
-  And buxom at hise biddynges,
-  For his broke loves;
-  And boxomnesse and boost
-  Arn evere moore at werre,
-  And either hateth oother                                9370
-  In alle maner werkes.
-
-    "If wrathe wrastle with the poore,
-  He hath the worse ende;
-  And if thei bothe pleyne,
-  The poore is but feble;
-  And if he chide or chatre,
-  Hym cheveth the worse.
-
-    "And if coveitise cacche the poore,
-  Thei may noght come togideres;
-  And by the nekke namely                                 9380
-  Hir noon may hente oother.
-  For men knowen wel that coveitise
-  Is of kene wille,
-  And hath hondes and armes
-  Of ful greet lengthe;
-  And poverte nys but a petit thyng,
-  Apereth noght to his navele;
-  And lovely layk was it nevere
-  Bitwene the longe and the shorte.
-  {288}
-
-    "And though avarice wolde angre the poore,            9390
-  He hath but litel myghte;
-  For poverte hath but pokes
-  To putten in hise goodes,
-  Ther avarice hath almaries,
-  And yren bounden cofres.
-  And wheither be lighter to breke,
-  And lasse boost maketh,
-  A beggeris bagge
-  Than an yren bounde cofre?
-
-    "Lecherie loveth hym noght,                           9400
-  For he gyveth but litel silver,
-  Ne dooth hym noght dyne delicatly,
-  Ne drynke wyn ofte.
-  A straw for the stuwes!
-  Thei stoode noght, I trowe,
-  Hadde thei no thyng but of poore men,
-  Hir houses stoode untyled.
-
-    "And though sleuthe suwe poverte,
-  And serve noght God to paie,
-  Meschief is his maister,                                9410
-  And maketh hym to thynke
-  That God is his grettest help,
-  And no gome ellis;
-  And he is servaunt, as he seith,
-  And of his sute bothe;
-  And wheither he be or be noght,
-  He bereth the signe of poverte,
-  And in that secte oure Saveour
-  Saved al mankynde.
-  For-thi every poore that pacient is,                    9420
-  May cleymen and asken
-  After hir endynge here
-  {289}
-  Hevene riche blisse,
-
-    "Muche hardier may he asken,
-  That here myghte have his wille
-  In lond and in lordshipe,
-  And likynge of bodie,
-  And for Goddes love leveth al,
-  Any lyveth as a beggere;
-  And as a mayde for mannes love                          9430
-  Hire moder forsaketh,
-  Hir fader and alle hire frendes,
-  And folweth hir make.
-  Muche moore is to love
-  Of hym that swich oon taketh,
-  Than is that maiden
-  That is maried thorugh brocage,
-  As by assent of sondry parties,
-  And silver to boote,
-  Moore for coveitise of good                             9440
-  Than kynde love of bothe.
-  So it fareth by ech a persone
-  That possession forsaketh,
-  And put hym to be pacient.
-  And poverte weddeth,
-  The which is sib to God hymself,
-  And so to hise seintes."
-
-    "Have God my trouthe!" quod Haukyn,
-  "Ye preise faste poverte,
-  What is poverte with pacience," quod he;                9450
-  "Proprely to mene?"
-  "_Paupertas_," quod Pacience, "_est
-      odibile bonum, remotio curarum,
-      possessio sine calumnia,
-      donum Dei, sanitatis mater,
-  {290}
-      absque sollicitudine semita,
-      sapientiae temperatrix, negotium
-      sine damno, incerta fortuna,
-      absque sollicitudine
-      felicitas._"                                        9460
-
-    "I kan noght construe al this," quod Haukyn,
-  "Ye moste kenne me this on Englissh."
-
-    "In Englissh," quod Pacience,
-  "It is wel hard wel to expounen;
-  Ac som deel I shal seyen it,
-  By so thow understonde:
-  Poverte is the firste point
-  That pride moost hateth;
-  Thanne is it good by good skile,
-  Al that agasteth pride.                                 9470
-  Right as contricion is confortable thyng,
-  Conscience woot wel,
-  And a sorwe of hymself,
-  And a solace to the soule,
-  So poverte propreliche,
-  Penaunce and joye,
-  Is to the body
-  Pure spiritual helthe.
-  _Ergo paupertas est odibile bonum._
-  And contricion confort,                                 9480
-  And _cura animarum_.
-
-    "Selde sit poverte,
-  The sothe to declare;
-  For as justice to jugge men,
-  Enjoyned is no poore,
-  Ne to be mair above men
-  Ne mynystre under kynges;
-  Selde is any poore y-put
-  {291}
-  To punysshen any peple.
-  _Remotio curarum._                                      9490
-  _Ergo_ poverte and poore men
-  Perfournen the comaundement,
-  _Nolite judicare
-  Quemquam_ the thridde,"
-
-    "Selde is any poore riche,
-  But of rightful heritage;
-  Wynneth he noght with wightes false,
-  Ne with unseled mesures,
-  Ne borweth of hise neighebores,
-  But that he may wel paie.                               9500
-  _Possessio sine calumnia._
-
-    "The ferthe is a fortune
-  That florissheth the soule,
-  With sobretee fram alle synne,
-  And also yit moore
-  It afaiteth the flessh
-  Fram folies ful manye,
-  A collateral confort,
-  Cristes owene gifte.
-  _Donum Dei._                                            9510
-
-    "The fifte is moder of helthe,
-  A frend in alle fondynges,
-  And for the land evere a leche,
-  A lemman of alle clennesse.
-  _Sanitatis mater._
-
-    "The sixte is a path of pees,
-  Ye, thorugh the paas of Aultone
-  Poverte myghte passe
-  Withouten peril of robbyng.
-  For ther that poverte passeth,                          9520
-  Pees folweth after;
-  And ever the lasse that he bereth,
-  {292}
-  The hardier he is of herte.
-  For-thi seith Seneca,
-  _Paupertas est absque sollicitudine semita_                =
-  And an hardy man of herte,
-  Among an heep of theves.
-  _Cantabit paupertas coram latrone
-      viatore._                                           9530
-
-    "The seventhe is welle of wisedom,
-  And fewe wordes sheweth;
-  Therfore lordes alloweth hym litel,
-  Or listneth to his reson,
-  For he tempreth the tonge to trutheward,
-  And no tresor coveiteth
-  _Sapientiae temperatrix._
-
-    "The eightethe is a lele labour,
-  And looth to take moore
-  Than he may wel deserve,                                9540
-  In somer or in wynter.
-  And if he chaffareth, he chargeth no losse,
-  Mowe he charite wynne.
-  _Negotium sine damno._
-
-    "The nynthe is swete to the soule,
-  No sugre is swetter.
-  For pacience is payn
-  For poverte hymselve,
-  And sobretee swete drynke
-  And good leche in siknesse.                             9550
-  Thus lered me a lettred man,
-  For oure Lordes love of hevene;
-  Seint Austyn a blessed lif
-  Withouten bisynesse ladde
-  For body and for soule,
-  _Absque sollicitudine felicitas_.
-  {293}
-  Now God, that alle good gyveth,
-  Graunte his soule reste
-  That this first wroot to wissen men
-  What poverte was to mene!"                              9560
-
-    "Allas!" quod Haukyn the actif man tho,
-  "That after my cristendom
-  I ne hadde be deed and dolven
-  For Do-welis sake!
-  So hard it is," quod Haukyn,
-  "To lyve and to do no synne.
-  Synne seweth us evere," quod he,
-  And sory gan wexe,
-  And wepte water with hise eighen,
-  And weyled the tyme                                     9570
-  That he evere dide dede
-  That deere God displesed;
-  Swound and sobbed
-  And siked ful ofte,
-  That evere he hadde lond outher lordshipe,
-  Lasse other moore,
-  Or maistrie over any man
-  Mo than of hymselve.
-  "I were noght worthi, woot God!" quod Haukyn,
-  "To werien any clothes,                                 9580
-  Ne neither sherte ne shoon,
-  Save for shame one
-  To covere my careyne," quod he;
-  And cride mercy faste,
-  And wepte and wailede;
-  And therwith I awakede.                                 9586
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{294}
-
-          _Passus Decimus Quintus, etc. finit Do-wel, et incipit Do-bet._
-
-  Ac after my wakynge,                                    9587
-  It was wonder longe
-  Er I koude kyndely
-  Knowe what was Do-wel.
-  And so my wit weex and wanyed,
-  Til I a fool weere;
-  And some lakkede my lif,
-  Allowed it fewe,
-  And lete me for a lorel,
-  And looth to reverencen
-  Lordes or ladies,
-  Or any lif ellis;
-  As persons in pelure,
-  With pendauntz of silver;                               9600
-  To sergeauntz ne to swiche
-  Seide I noght ones,
-  "God loke yow, lordes!"
-  Ne loutede faire;
-  That folk helden me a fool,
-  And in that folie I raved.
-  Til reson hadde ruthe on me,
-  And rokked me a-slepe,
-  Til I seigh, as it sorcerie were,
-  A sotil thyng withalle;                                 9610
-  {295}
-  Oon withouten tonge and teeth
-  Tolde me whider I sholde,
-  And wherof I cam, and of what kynde;
-  I conjured hym at the laste,
-  If he were Cristes creature
-  Anoon me to tellen.
-
-    "I am Cristes creature," quod he,
-  "And cristene in many a place,
-  In Cristes court y-knowe wel,
-  And of his kyn a party.                                 9620
-  Is neither Peter the porter,
-  Nor Poul with his fauchon,
-  That wole defende me the dore,
-  Dynge I never so late;
-  At mydnyght, at mydday,
-  My vois so is knowe,
-  That ech a creature of his court
-  Welcometh me faire."
-
-    "What are ye called," quod I, "in that court,
-  Among Cristes peple?"                                   9630
-
-    "The whiles I quikne the cors," quod he,
-  "Called am I _Anima_;
-  And whan I wilne and wolde,
-  _Animus_ ich hatte;
-  And for that I kan knowe,
-  Called am I _Mens_;
-  And whan I make mone to God,
-  _Memoria_ is my name;
-  And whan I deme domes,
-  And do as truthe techeth,                               9640
-  Thanne is _Ratio_ my righte name,
-  Reson on Englisshe;
-  {296}
-  And whan I feele that folk telleth,
-  My firste name is _Sensus_,
-  And that is wit and wisdom,
-  The welle of alle craftes.
-  And whan I chalange or chalange noght,
-  Chepe or refuse,
-  Thanne am I _Conscience_ y-called,
-  Goddes clerk and his notarie;                           9650
-  And whan I love leelly
-  Oure Lord and alle othere,
-  Thanne is lele Love my name,
-  And in Latyn _Amor_;
-  And whan I flee fro the flesshe,
-  And forsake the careyne,
-  Thanne am I a spirit specheless,
-  _Spiritus_ thanne iche hatte.
-  Austyn and Ysodorus,
-  Either of hem bothe,                                    9660
-  Nempnede me thus to name,
-  And now thow myght chese
-  How thow coveitest to calle me,
-  For now thow knowest my names."
-  _Anima pro diversis actionibus diversa
-      nomina sortitur; dum
-      vivificat corpus, anima est;
-      dum vult, animus est; dum
-      scit, mens est; dum recolit,
-      memoria est; dum judicat,                           9670
-      ratio est; dum sentit, sensus
-      est; dum amat, amor est;
-      dum negat vel consentit, conscientia
-      est; dum spirat, spiritus
-      est._
-  "Ye ben as a bisshope," quod I,
-  {297}
-  Al bourdynge that tyme;
-  "For bisshopes y-blessed,
-  Thei bereth manye names,
-  _Praesul_ and _pontifex_,                               9680
-  And _metropolitanus_,
-  And othere names an heep,
-  _Episcopus_ and _pastor_."
-
-    "That is sooth," seide he;
-  "Now I se thi wille;
-  Thow woldest knowe and konne
-  The cause of alle my names,
-  And of me, if thow myghtest,
-  Me thynketh by thi speche."
-
-    "Ye, sire," I seide,                                  9690
-  "By so no man were greved,
-  Alle the sciences under sonne,
-  And alle the sotile craftes,
-  I wolde I knewe and kouthe
-  Kyndely in myn herte."
-
-    "Thanne artow inparfit," quod he,
-  "And oon of Prides knyghtes;
-  For swich a lust and likyng
-  Lucifer fel from hevene."
-  _Ponam pedem meum in aquilone, et                       9700
-      similis ero altissimo._
-
-    "It were ayeins kynde," quod he,
-  "And alle kynnes reson,
-  That any creature sholde konne al,
-  Except Crist oone:
-  Ayein swiche Salomon speketh,
-  And despiseth hir wittes,
-  And seith, _Sicut qui mel comedit
-      multum, non est ei bonum; sic
-      qui scrutator est majestatis,                       9710
-      opprimitur a gloria_.
-  {298}
-
-    "To Englisshe men this is to mene,
-  That mowen speke and here,
-  The man that muche hony eteth,
-  His mawe it engleymeth;
-  And the moore that a man
-  Of good matere hereth,
-  But he do therafter,
-  It dooth hym double scathe.
-  _Beatus est_, seith seint Bernard,                      9720
-      _Qui scripturas legit,
-      Et verba vertit in opera_
-  Fulliche to his power.
-  Coveitise to konne
-  And to knowe sciences,
-  Putte out of Paradis
-  Adam and Eve.
-  _Scientiae appetitus hominem inmortalitatis
-      gloria spoliavit._
-
-    "And right as hony is yvel to defie,                  9730
-  And engleymeth the mawe;
-  Right so he that thorugh reson
-  Wolde the roote knowe
-  Of God and of hise grete myghtes,
-  Hise graces it letteth.
-  For in the likynge lith a pride,
-  And licames coveitise,
-  Ayein Cristes counseil
-  And alle clerkes techynge;
-  That is _Non plus sapere quam oportet sapere_              =
-
-    "Freres and fele othere maistres,                     9742
-  That to lewed men prechen,
-  Ye moeven materes unmesurable
-  {299}
-  To tellen of the Trinite,
-  That ofte tymes the lewed peple
-  Of hir bileve doute.
-  Bettre it were to manye doctours
-  To leven swich techyng,
-  And tellen men of the ten comaundmentz,                 9750
-  And touchen the sevene synnes,
-  And of the braunches that burjoneth of hem,
-  And bryngen men to helle,
-  And how that folk in folies
-  Misspenden hir fyve wittes,
-  As wel freres as oother folk
-  Foliliche spenden
-  In housynge, in haterynge,
-  And in to heigh clergie shewynge,
-  Moore for pompe than for pure charite,                  9760
-  The peple woot the sothe,
-  That I lye noght, loo!
-  For lordes ye plesen,
-  And reverencen the riche
-  The rather for hir silver
-  _Confundantur omnes qui adorant
-      sculptilia. Et alibi: Ut quid
-      diligitis vanitatem, et quaeritis
-      mendacium._
-
-    "Gooth to the glose of thise vers,                    9770
-  Ye grete clerkes;
-  If I lye on yow to my lewed wit,
-  Ledeth me to brennyng.
-  For as it semeth, ye forsaketh
-  No mannes almesse
-  Of usurers, of hoores,
-  {300}
-  Of avarouse chapmen;
-  And louten to thise lordes
-  That mowen lene yow nobles,
-  Ayein youre rule and religion,                          9780
-  I take record at Jhesus,
-  That seide to hise disciples,
-  _Ne sitis personarum acceptores_.
-  Of this matere I myghte
-  Make a long bible!
-  Ac of curatours of cristen peple,
-  As clerkes bereth witnesse,
-  I shal tellen it, for truthes sake,
-  Take hede who so liketh.
-
-    "As holynesse and honeste                             9790
-  Out of holy chirche spredeth
-  Thorugh lele libbynge men
-  That Goddes lawe techen;
-  Right so out of holi chirche
-  Alle yveles spryngeth,
-  There inparfit preesthode is,
-  Prechours and techeris.
-  I se it by ensaunple
-  In somer tyme on trowes:
-  Ther some bowes ben leved,                              9800
-  And some bereth none,
-  Ther is a meschief in the morre
-  Of swiche manere bowes.
-
-    "Rightso bi persons and preestes,
-  And prechours of holi chirche,
-  That aren roote of the right feith
-  To rule the peple.
-  And ther the roote is roten,
-  Reson woot the sothe,
-  Shal nevere flour ne fruyt                              9810
-  {301}
-  Ne fair leef be greene.
-  For-thi wolde ye, lettrede, leve
-  The lecherie of clothyng;
-  And be kynde, as bifel for clerkes,
-  And curteise of Cristes goodes,
-  Trewe of youre tonge,
-  And of youre tail bothe,
-  And hatien to here harlotrie;
-  And noght to underfonge
-  Tithes, but of trewe thyng,                             9820
-  Y-tilied or chaffared;
-  Lothe were lewed men,
-  But thei youre loore folwede,
-  And amendeden hem that mysdoon
-  Moore for youre ensaumples,
-  Than for to prechen and preven it noght,
-  Ypocrisie it semeth;
-  The which in Latyn
-  Is likned to a dongehill
-  That were bi-snewed with snow,                          9830
-  And snakes withinne;
-  Or to a wal that were whit-lymed,
-  And were foul withinne;
-
-    "Right so manye preestes,
-  Prechours and prelates,
-  Ye aren enblaunched with _bele paroles_,
-  And with clothes also;
-  Ac youre werkes and youre wordes ther under,
-  Aren ful unloveliche.
-  Johannes Crisostomus                                    9840
-  Of clerkes speketh and preestes;
-  _Sicut de templo omne bonum progreditur,
-      sic de templo omne
-      malum procedit. Si sacerdotium
-  {302}
-      integrum fuerit, tota floret
-      ecclesia: si autem corruptum
-      fuerit, omnis fides marcida
-      est. Si sacerdotium fuerit
-      in peccatis, totus populus
-      convertitur ad peccandum. Sicut                     9850
-      cum videris arborem pallidam
-      et marcidam, intelligis
-      quod vitium habet in radice.
-      Ita cum videris populum indisciplinatum
-      et irreligiosum, sine
-      dubio sacerdotium ejus non est
-      sanum._
-
-    "If lewed men wiste
-  What this Latyn meneth,
-  And who was myn auctour,                                9860
-  Muche wonder me thinketh,
-  But if many a preest beere,
-  For hir baselardes and hir broches,
-  A peire of bedes in hir hand,
-  And a book under hir arme.
-  Sire Johan and sire Geffrey
-  Hath a girdel of silver.
-  A baselard or a ballok-knyf,
-  With botons over gilte;
-  Ac a porthors that sholde be his plow                   9870
-  _Placebo_ to sigge,
-  Hadde he nevere service to save silver therto.
-  Seith it with ydel wille.
-
-    "Allas! ye lewed men,
-  Muche lese ye on preestes.
-  Ac thing that wikkedly is wonne,
-  And with false sleightes,
-  Wolde nevere the wit of witty God
-  {303}
-  But wikkede men it hadde,
-  The whiche arn preestes inparfite,                      9880
-  And prechours after silver,
-  Executours and sodenes,
-  Somonours and hir lemmannes;
-  That that with gile was geten,
-  Ungraciousliche is despended;
-  So harlotes and hores
-  Arn holpe with swiche goodes,
-  And Goddes folk, for defaute therof,
-  For-faren and spillen.
-
-    "Curatours of holy kirke,                             9890
-  As clerkes that ben avarouse,
-  Lightliche that thei leven,
-  Losels it habbeth,
-  Or deieth intestate,
-  And thanne the bisshope entreth
-  And maketh murthe thermyd,
-  And hise men bothe,
-  And seyen he was a nygard
-  That no good myghte aspare
-  To frend ne to fremmed,                                 9900
-  The fend have his soule!
-  For a wrecchede hous held he
-  Al his lif tyme;
-  And that he spared and bisperede,
-  Dispende we in murthe;
-  By lered, by lewed,
-  That looth is to despende.
-  Thus goon hire goodes.
-  Be the goost faren.
-  Ac for goode men, God woot!                             9910
-  Greet doel men maken,
-  And bymeneth goode mete gyveres,
-  {304}
-  And in mynde haveth,
-  In preieres and in penaunces,
-  And in parfit charite."
-
-    "What is charite?" quod I tho.
-  "A childisshe thyng," he seide.
-  "_Nisi efficiamini parvuli, non intrabitis
-      in regnum caelorum._
-  Withouten fauntelte or folie,                           9920
-  A fre liberal wille."
-
-    "Where sholde men fynde swich a frend,
-  With so fre an herte?"
-  "I have lyved in londe," quod he,
-  "My name is Longe-wille;
-  And fond I nevere ful charite
-  Byfore ne bihynde.
-  Men beth merciable
-  To mendinauntz and to poore,
-  And wollen lene ther thei leve                          9930
-  Lelly to ben paied.
-  Ac charite that Poul preiseth best,
-  And moost plesaunt to oure Lord,
-  Is _Non inflatur, non est ambitiosa, non
-      quaerit quae sua sunt, etc_.
-
-    "I seigh nevere swich a man,
-  So me God helpe!
-  That he ne wolde aske after his,
-  And outher while coveite
-  Thyng that neded hym noght,                             9940
-  And nyme it, if he myghte.
-
-    "Clerkes kenne me
-  That Crist is in alle places;
-  Ac I seigh hym nevere soothly,
-  But as myself in a mirour:
-  _In aenigmate tunc facie ad faciem._
-  {305}
-  And so I trowe trewely,
-  By that men telleth of charite,
-  It is noght chaumpions fight,
-  Ne chaffare, as I trowe,                                9950
-
-    "Charite," quod he, "ne chaffareth noght,
-  Ne chalangeth, ne craveth;
-  As proud of a peny,
-  As of a pound of golde;
-  And is as glad of a gowne
-  Of a gray russet,
-  As of a tunycle of Tarse,
-  Or of trie scarlet.
-  He is glad with alle glade,
-  And good til alle wikkede,                              9960
-  And leveth and loveth alle
-  That oure Lord made.
-  Corseth he no creature,
-  Ne he kan bere no wrathe,
-  Ne no likynge hath to lye,
-  Ne laughe men to scorne;
-  Al that men seyn, he leet it sooth,
-  And in solace taketh,
-  And alle manere meschiefs
-  In myldenesse he suffreth.                              9970
-  Coveiteth he noon erthely good,
-  But hevene riche blisse,
-  Hath he anye rentes or richesse,
-  Or anye riche frendes.
-
-    "Of rentes nor of richesse
-  Ne rekketh he nevere;
-  For a frend that fyndeth hym,
-  Failed hym nevere at neede.
-  _Fiat voluntas tua_
-  Fynt hym evere moore;                                   9980
-  {306}
-  And if he soupeth, eteth but a sop
-  Of _spera in Deo_.
-  He kan portreye wel the paternoster,
-  And peynte it with aves;
-  And outher while he is woned
-  To wenden on pilgrymages,
-  Ther poore men and prisons liggeth,
-  Hir pardon to have.
-  Though he bere hem no breed,
-  He bereth hem swetter liflode,                          9990
-  Loveth hem as oure Lord biddeth,
-  And loketh how thei fare.
-
-    "And whan he is wery of that werk,
-  Than wole he som tyme
-  Labouren in lavendrye
-  Wel the lengthe of a mile,
-  And yerne into youthe,
-  And yepeliche speke
-  Pride with al the appurtenaunces,
-  And pakken hem togideres,                              10000
-  And bouken hem at his brest,
-  And beten hem clene,
-  And leggen on longe,
-  With _laboravi in gemitu meo_;
-  And with warm water at hise eighen
-  Wasshen hem after.
-  And thanne he syngeth whan he doth so,
-  And som tyme seith wepynge,
-  _Cor contritum et humiliatum, Deus,
-      non despicies_."                                   10010
-
-    "By Crist! I wolde that I knewe hym," quod I,
-  "No creature levere!"
-
-    "Withouten help of Piers Plowman," quod he,
-  {307}
-  "His persone sestow nevere."
-
-    "Wheither clerkes knowen hym," quod I,
-  "That kepen holi kirke?"
-
-    "Clerkes have no knowyng," quod he,
-  "But by werkes and by wordes.
-  Ac Piers the Plowman
-  Parceyveth moore depper                                10020
-  What is the wille and wherfore
-  That many wight suffreth.
-  _Et vidit Deus cogitationes eorum._
-  For ther are ful proude herted men,
-  Pacient of tonge,
-  And buxome as of berynge
-  To burgeises and to lordes,
-  And to poore peple
-  Han pepir in the nose,
-  And as a lyoun he loketh,                              10030
-  Ther men lakken hise werkes.
-
-    "For ther are beggeris and bidderis,
-  Bedemen as it were,
-  Loken as lambren,
-  And semen ful holy;
-  Ac it is moore to have hir mete
-  With swich an esy manere,
-  Than for penaunce and perfitnesse,
-  The poverte that swiche taketh.
-
-    "Therfore by colour ne by clergie                    10040
-  Knowe shaltow nevere,
-  Neither thorugh wordes ne werkes,
-  But thorugh wil oone.
-  And that knoweth no clerk,
-  Ne creature on erthe,
-  But Piers the Plowman
-  {308}
-  _Petrus, i. Christus._
-  For he nys noght in lolleris,
-  Ne in lond leperis heremytes,
-  Ne at ancres there a box hangeth,                      10050
-  Alle swiche thei faiten.
-  Fy on faitours,
-  And _in fautores suos_!
-  For charite is Goddes champion,
-  And as a good child hende,
-  And the murieste of mouth
-  At mete where he sitteth.
-  The love that lith in his herte
-  Maketh hym light of speche,
-  And is compaignable and confortatif,                   10060
-  As Crist bit hymselve.
-  _Nolite fieri sicut hypocritae tristes, etc._
-  For I have seyen hym in silk,
-  And som tyme in russet,
-  Bothe in grey and in grys,
-  And in gilt harneis;
-  And as gladliche he it gaf
-  To gomes that it neded.
-
-    "Edmond and Edward
-  Bothe were kynges,                                     10070
-  And seintes y-set,
-  For charite hem folwede.
-
-    "I have y-seyen charite also
-  Syngen and reden,
-  Riden and rennen
-  In raggede wedes;
-  Ac biddynge as beggeris
-  Biheld I hym nevere.
-  Ac in riche robes
-  Rathest he walketh,                                    10080
-  {309}
-  Y-called and y-crymyled,
-  And his crowne y-shave;
-  And in a freres frokke
-  He was y-founden ones,
-  Ac it is fern ago,
-  In seint Fraunceis tyme:
-  In that secte siththe
-  To selde hath he ben founde.
-
-    "Riche men he recomendeth,
-  And of hir robes taketh,                               10090
-  That withouten wiles
-  Ledeth hir lyves.
-  _Beatus est dives qui, etc._
-
-    "In kynges court he cometh ofte,
-  Ther the counseil is trewe;
-  Ac if coveitise be of the counseil,
-  He wolnoght come therinne,
-
-    "In court amonges japeris
-  He cometh noght but selde,
-  For braulynge and bakbitynge,                          10100
-  And berynge of fals witnesse.
-
-    "In the consistorie bifore the commissarie
-  He cometh noght but ofte;
-  For hir lawe dureth over longe,
-  But if thei lacchen silver,
-  And matrimoyne for moneie
-  Maken and unmaken;
-  And that conscience and Crist
-  Hath y-knyt faste,
-  Thei undoon it unworthily,                             10110
-  Tho doctours of lawe.
-
-    "Ac I ne lakke no lif,
-  But, Lord, amende us alle,
-  {310}
-  And gyve us grace, good God,
-  Charite to folwe.
-  For who so myghte meete myd hym,
-  Swiche maneres hym eileth,
-  Neither he blameth ne banneth,
-  Bosteth ne preiseth,
-  Lakketh ne loseth,                                     10120
-  Ne loketh up sterne,
-  Craveth ne coveiteth,
-  Ne crieth after moore.
-  _In pace in idipsum dormiam, etc._
-
-    "The mooste liflode that he lyveth by,
-  Is love in Goddes passion;
-  Neither he biddeth ne beggeth,
-  Ne borweth to yelde,
-  Misdooth he no man,
-  Ne with his mouth greveth.                             10130
-
-    "Amonges cristene men
-  This myldenesse sholde laste.
-  In alle manere angres
-  Have this at herte,
-  That theigh thei suffrede al this,
-  God suffrede for us moore,
-  In ensample we sholde do so,
-  And take no vengeaunce
-  Of oure foes that dooth us falsnesse,
-  That is oure fadres wille.                             10140
-
-    "For wel may every man wite,
-  If God hadde wold hymselve,
-  Sholde nevere Judas ne Jew
-  Have Jhesu doon on roode,
-  Ne han martired Peter ne Poul,
-  Ne in prison holden.
-  Ac he suffrede in ensample
-  {311}
-  That we sholde suffren also,
-  And seide to swiche that suffre wolde,
-  That _patientes vincunt_.                              10150
-
-    "_Verbi gratia_," quod he,
-  "And verray ensamples manye,
-  In _Legenda Sanctorum_,
-  The lif of holy seintes,
-  What penaunce and poverte
-  And passion thei suffrede,
-  In hunger, in hete,
-  In alle manere angres.
-
-    "Antony and Egidie,
-  And othere holy fadres,                                10160
-  Woneden in wildernesse
-  Among wilde beestes;
-  Monkes and mendinauntz,
-  Men by hemselve,
-  In spekes and in spelonkes,
-  Selde speken togideres.
-
-    "Ac neither Antony ne Egidie,
-  Ne heremyte that tyme,
-  Of leons ne of leopardes
-  No liflode ne toke;                                    10170
-  But of foweles that fleeth,
-  Thus fyndeth men in bokes.
-  Except that Egidie
-  After an hynde cride,
-  And thorugh the mylk of that mylde beest
-  The man was sustened;
-  And day bi day hadde he hire noght
-  His hunger for to slake,
-  But selden and sondry tymes,
-  As seith the book and techeth.                         10180
-
-    "Antony a dayes,
-  {312}
-  Aboute noon tyme,
-  Hadde a brid that broughte hym breed,
-  That he by lyvede;
-  And though the gome hadde a gest,
-  God fond hem bothe.
-
-    "Poul _primus heremita_
-  Hadde parroked hymselve,
-  That no man myghte hym se
-  For mosse and for leves;                               10190
-  Foweles hym fedde
-  Fele wyntres withalle,
-  Til he foundede freres
-  Of Austynes ordre.
-  Poul, after his prechyng,
-  Paniers he made,
-  And wan with hise hondes
-  That his wombe neded.
-
-    "Peter fisshed for his foode,
-  And his felawe Andrew;                                 10200
-  Som thei solde and som thei soden,
-  And so thei lyved bothe.
-
-    "And also Marie Maudeleyne
-  By mores lyvede and dewes
-  Ac moost thorugh devocion
-  And mynde of God almyghty.
-  I sholde noght thise seven daies
-  Siggen hem alle,
-  That lyveden thus for oure Lordes love
-  Many longe yeres.                                      10210
-
-    "Ac ther ne was leon ne leopard
-  That on laundes wenten,
-  Neither bere ne boor,
-  Ne oother beest wilde,
-  That ne fil to hir feet,
-  {313}
-  And fawned with the taillies;
-  And if thei kouthe han y-carped,
-  By Crist! as I trowe,
-  Thei wolde have y-fed that folk
-  Bifore wild foweles.                                   10220
-  Ac God sente hem foode by foweles,
-  And by no fierse beestes,
-  In menynge that meke thyng
-  Mylde thyng sholde fede.
-
-    "Ac who seith religiouses
-  Rightfulle men sholde fede,
-  And lawefulle men to lif-holy men
-  Liflode sholde brynge;
-  And thanne wolde lordes and ladies
-  Be looth to agulte,                                    10230
-  And to taken of hir tenauntz
-  Moore than trouthe wolde,
-  Foulde thei that freres
-  Wolde forsake hir almesses,
-  And bidden hem bere it
-  There it was y-borwed.
-  For we ben Goddes foweles,
-  And abiden alwey
-  Til briddes brynge us
-  That we sholde lyve by.                                10240
-  For hadde ye potage and payn y-nogh,
-  And peny ale to drynke,
-  And a mees thermyd
-  Of o maner kynde,
-  Ye hadde right y-nogh, ye religiouse,
-  And so youre rule me tolde.
-  _Nunquam, dicit Job, rugit onager
-      cum herbam habuerit, aut mugiet
-      bos cum ante plenum praesepe
-  {314}
-      steterit. Brutorum animalium                       10250
-      natura te condemnat,
-      quia cum eis pabulum commune
-      sufficiat, ex adipe prodiit iniquitas tua._
-
-    "If lewed men knewe this Latyn,
-  Thei wolde loke whom thei yeve,
-  And avisen hem bifore
-  A fyve dayes or sixe,
-  Er thei amortisede to monkes
-  Or chanons hir rente.
-  Allas! lordes and ladies,                              10260
-  Lewed counseil have ye,
-  To gyve from youre heires
-  That youre aiels yow lefte,
-  And gyveth it to bidde for yow
-  Fo swiche that ben riche,
-  And ben founded and feffed ek
-  To bidde for othere.
-
-    "Who perfourneth this prophecie
-  Of the peple that now libbeth?
-  _Dispersit, dedit pauperibus._                         10270
-
-    "If any peple perfourne that text,
-  It are thise poore freres;
-  For that thei beggen aboute,
-  In buyldynge thei spende it,
-  And on hemself som,
-  And swiche as ben hir laborers;
-  And of hem that habbeth thei taken,
-  And gyveth hem that habbeth.
-
-    "Ac clerkes and knyghtes,
-  And communers that ben riche,                          10280
-  Fele of yow fareth
-  As if I a forest hadde
-  {315}
-  That were ful of faire trees,
-  And I fondede and caste
-  How I myghte mo therinne
-  Amonges hem sette.
-
-    "Right so, ye riche,
-  Ye robeth that ben riche,
-  And helpeth hem that helpeth yow,
-  And gyveth ther no nede is.                            10290
-  As who so filled a toune
-  Of a fressh ryver,
-  And wente forth with that water
-  To woke with Temese;
-  Right so, ye riche,
-  Ye robeth and fedeth
-  Hem that han as ye han,
-  Hem ye make at ese.
-
-    "Ac religiouse that riche ben,
-  Sholde rather feeste beggeris                          10300
-  Than burgeises that riche ben,
-  As the book techeth.
-  _Quia sacrilegium est res pauperum
-      non pauperibus dare. Item:
-      Peccatoribus dare, est daemonibus
-      immolare. Item: Monache,
-      si indiges et accipis, potius
-      das quam accipis; si autem
-      non eges et accipis, rapis.
-      Porro non indiget monachus, si                     10310
-      habeat quod naturae sufficit._
-
-    "For-thi I counseille alle cristene
-  To conformen hem to charite,
-  For charite withouten chalangynge
-  Unchargeth the soule,
-  And many a prison fram purgatorie
-  {316}
-  Thorugh his preieres he delivereth.
-  Ac ther is a defaute in the folk
-  That the feith kepeth;
-  Wherfore folk is the febler,                           10320
-  And noght ferm of bileve,
-  As in lussheburwes is a luther alay,
-  And yet loketh he lik a sterlyng;
-  The merk of that monee is good,
-  Ac the metal is feble.
-
-    "And so it fareth by som folk now,
-  Thei han a fair speche,
-  Crowne and cristendom,
-  The kynges mark of hevene;
-  Ac the metal, that is mannes soule,                    10330
-  With synne is foule alayed.
-  Bothe lettred and lewed
-  Beth alayed now with synne,
-  That no lif loveth oother,
-  Ne oure Lord, as it semeth.
-  For thorugh werre and wikkede werkes,
-  And wederes unresonable,
-  Weder-wise shipmen,
-  And witty clerkes also,
-  Han no bileve to the lifte,                            10340
-  Ne to the loore of philosofres.
-
-    "Astronomiens al day
-  In hir art faillen,
-  That whilom warned bifore
-  What sholde falle after.
-
-    "Shipmen and shepherdes,
-  That with ship and sheep wenten,
-  Wisten by the walkne
-  What sholde bitide,
-  As of wedres and wyndes                                10350
-  {317}
-  Thei warned men ofte.
-
-    "Tilieris, that tiled the erthe,
-  Tolden hir maistres,
-  By the seed that thei sewe,
-  What thei selle myghte,
-  And what to lene, and what to lyve by,
-  The lond was so trewe.
-
-    "Now faileth the folk of the flood,
-  And of the lond bothe,
-  Shepherdes and shipmen,                                10360
-  And so do thise tilieris,
-  Neither thei konneth ne knoweth
-  Oon cours bifore another.
-
-    "Astronomyens also
-  Aren at hir wittes ende,
-  Of that was calculed of the element
-  The contrarie thei fynde;
-  Grammer, the ground of al,
-  Bigileth now children,
-  For is noon of this newe clerkes,                      10370
-  Who so nymeth hede,
-  Naught oon among an hundred
-  That an auctour kan construwe,
-  Ne rede a lettre in any langage
-  But in Latyn or in Englissh.
-
-    "Go now to any degree,
-  And but if gile be maister,
-  And flaterere his felawe
-  Under hym to fourmen,
-  Muche wonder me thynketh                               10380
-  Amonges us alle,
-  Doctours of decrees
-  And of divinite maistres,
-  That sholde konne and knowe
-  {318}
-  Alle kynnes clergie,
-  And answere to argumentz,
-  And also to a _quodlibet_;
-  I dar noght siggen it for shame,
-  If swiche were apposed,
-  Thei sholde faillen of her philosophie,                10390
-  And in phisik bothe.
-
-    "Wherfore I am a-fered
-  Of folk of holy kirke,
-  Lest thei overhuppen, as oothere doon,
-  In office and in houres;
-  And if they overhuppe, as I hope noght,
-  Oure bileve suffiseth;
-  As clerkes in Corpus Christi feeste
-  Syngen and reden,
-  That _sola fides sufficit_                             10400
-  To save with lewed peple;
-  And so may Sarzens be saved,
-  Scribes, and Jewes.
-
-    "Allas, thanne! but our looresmen
-  Lyve as thei leren us,
-  And for hir lyvynge that lewed men
-  Be the lother God agulten.
-  For Sarzens han somwhat
-  Semynge to oure bileve;
-  For thei love and bileve                               10410
-  In o persone almyghty,
-  And we, lered and lewed,
-  In oon God almyghty;
-  And oon Makometh, a man,
-  In mysbileve broughte
-  Sarzens of Surree,
-  And see in what manere.
-
-    "This Makometh was a cristene
-  {319}
-  And for he moste noght ben a pope
-  Into Surrie he soughte,                                10420
-  And thorugh hise sotile wittes
-  He daunted a dowve,
-  And day and nyght hire fedde,
-  The corn that she croppede
-  He caste it in his ere;
-  And if he among the peple preched,
-  Or in places come,
-  Thanne wolde the colvere come
-  To the clerkes ere
-  Menynge as after mete,--                               10430
-  Thus Makometh hire enchauntede;
-  And dide folk thanne falle on knees,
-  For he swoor in his prechyng
-  That the colvere that com so,
-  Com from God of hevene,
-  As messager to Makometh,
-  Men for to teche.
-  And thus thorugh wiles of his wit,
-  And a whit dowve,
-  Makometh in mysbileve                                  10440
-  Men and wommen broughte;
-  That lyved tho there and lyve yit
-  Leeven on hise lawes.
-
-    "And siththe oure Saveour suffred,
-  The Sarzens so bigiled
-  Thorugh a cristene clerk,
-  Acorsed in his soule!
-  For drede of the deeth
-  I dare noght telle truthe,
-  How Englisshe clerkes a colvere fede                   10450
-  That coveitise highte,
-  And ben manered after Makometh,
-  {320}
-  That no man useth trouthe.
-
-    "Ancres and heremytes,
-  And monkes and freres,
-  Peeren to the apostles
-  Thorugh hire parfit lyvynge;
-  Wolde nevere the feithful fader
-  That hise ministres sholde
-  Of tirauntz that teneth trewe men                      10460
-  Taken any almesse,
-  But doon as Antony dide,
-  Dominyk and Fraunceys,
-  Beneit and Bernard
-  The whiche hem first taughte
-  To lyve by litel, and in lowe houses,
-  By lele mennes almesse.
-  Grace sholde growe and be grene
-  Thorugh hir goode lyvynge;
-  And folkes sholden fare,                               10470
-  That ben in diverse siknesse,
-  The bettre for hir biddynges
-  In body and in soule.
-  Hir preieres and hir penaunces
-  To pees sholde brynge
-  Alle that ben at debaat,
-  And bedemen were trewe.
-  _Petite et accipietis, etc._
-  Salt saveth the catel,
-  Siggen thise wives.                                    10480
-  _Vos estis sal terrae, etc._
-  The hevedes of holy chirche,
-  And thei holy were,
-  Crist calleth hem salt
-  For cristene soules.
-  _Et si sal evanuerit in quo salietur, etc._
-  {321}
-
-    "For fressh flessh outher fissh,
-  Whan it salt failleth,
-  It is unsavory for sothe,
-  Y-soden or y-bake;                                     10490
-  So is mannes soule, soothly,
-  That seeth no goode ensamples
-  Of hem of holi chirche,
-  That the heighe wey sholde teche,
-  And be gide, and go bifore,
-  As a good banyer;
-  And hardie hem that bihynde ben,
-  And gyve hem good evidence.
-
-    "Ellevene holy men
-  Al the world tornede                                   10500
-  Into lele bileve;
-  The lightloker me thinketh
-  Sholde all maner men,
-  We han so manye maistres,
-  Preestes and prechours,
-  And a pope above,
-  That Goddes salt sholde be
-  To save mannes soule.
-
-    "Al was hethynesse som tyme
-  Engelond and Walis,                                    10510
-  Til Gregory garte clerkes
-  To go here and preche;
-  Austyn at Caunterbury
-  Cristnede the kyng,
-  And thorugh miracles, as men now rede,
-  Al that marche he tornede
-  To Crist and to cristendom,
-  And cros to honoure;
-  And follede folk faste,
-  And the feith taughte,                                 10520
-  {322}
-  Moore thorugh miracles
-  Than thorugh muche prechyng,
-  As wel thorugh hise werkes
-  As with hise holy wordes,
-  And seide hem what fullynge
-  And feith was to mene.
-
-    "Clooth that cometh fro the wevyng
-  Is noght comly to were,
-  Til it be fulled under foot
-  Or in fullyng stokkes,                                 10530
-  Wasshen wel with water,
-  And with taseles cracched,
-  Y-touked and y-teynted,
-  And under taillours hande;
-  Right so it fareth by a barn,
-  That born is of a wombe,
-  Til it be cristned in Cristes name,
-  And confermed of the bisshope,
-  It is hethene as to hevene-ward.
-  And help-lees to the soule.                            10540
-  Hethen is to mene after heeth
-  And untiled erthe,
-  As in wilde wildernesse
-  Wexeth wilde beestes,
-  Rude and unresonable,
-  Rennynge withouten cropiers.
-
-    "Ye mynnen wel how Mathew seith,
-  How a man made a feste;
-  He fedde him with no venyson,
-  Ne fesauntz y-bake,                                    10550
-  But with foweles that fram hym nolde,
-  But folwede his whistlyng.
-  _Ecce altilia mea, et omnia parata sunt._                  =
-  And with calves flessh he fedde
-  {323}
-  The folk that he lovede.
-
-    "The calf bitokneth clennesse
-  In hem that kepeth lawes.
-  For as the cow thorugh kynde mylk
-  The calf norisseth til an oxe;                         10560
-  So love and leaute
-  Lele men susteneth,
-  And maidenes and mylde men
-  Mercy desiren,
-  Right as the cow calf
-  Coveiteth melk swete,
-  So doon rightfulle men
-  Mercy and truthe.
-
-    "Ac who beth that excuseth hem
-  That ben persons and preestes,                         10570
-  That hevedes of holy chirche ben,
-  That han hir wil here
-  Withouten travaille the tithe deel
-  That trewe men biswynken;
-  Thei wol be wrooth for I write thus,
-  Ac to witnesse I take
-  Bothe Mathew and Marc,
-  And _Memento Domine David_.
-
-    "What pope or prelat now
-  Perfourneth that Crist highte.                         10580
-  _Ite in universum mundum et praedicate, etc._              =
-
-    "Allas! that men so longe
-  On Makometh sholde bileve,
-  So manye prelates to preche
-  As the pope maketh,
-  Of Nazareth, of Nynyve,
-  Of Neptalym and Damaske,
-  That thei ne wente as Crist wisseth,
-  Sithen thei wille have name                            10590
-  {324}
-  To be pastours and preche
-  To lyve and to dye.
-  _Bonus pastor animam suam ponit, etc._                     =
-  And seide it in salvacion
-  Of Sarzens and othere,
-  For cristene and uncristene
-  Crist seide to prechours:
-  _Ite vos in vineam meam, etc._
-
-    "And sith that thise Sarzens,                        10600
-  Scribes, and Jewes,
-  Han a lippe of our bileve,
-  The lightlier me thynketh
-  Thei sholde turne, who so travailed
-  To teche hem of the Trinite.
-  _Quaerite et invenietis, etc._
-
-    "It is ruthe to rede
-  How rightwise men lyvede,
-  How thei defouled hir flessh,
-  Forsoke hir owene wille,                               10610
-  Fer fro kyth and fro kyn
-  Yvele y-clothed yeden,
-  Baddely y-bedded,
-  No book but conscience,
-  Ne no richesse but the roode
-  To rejoisse hem inne.
-  _Absit nobis gloriari nisi in cruce
-      Domini nostri, etc._
-
-    "And tho was plentee and pees
-  Amonges poore and riche,                               10620
-  And now is routhe to rede
-  How the rede noble
-  Is reverenced er the roode,
-  And receyved for worthier
-  Than Cristes cros, that overcam
-  {325}
-  Deeth and dedly synne.
-  And now is werre and wo;
-  And who so why asketh,
-  For coveitise after cros
-  The croune stant in golde.                             10630
-  Bothe riche and religious
-  That roode thei honoure
-  That in grotes is y-grave
-  And in gold nobles.
-  For coveitise of that cros,
-  Men of holy kirke
-  Shul torne as templers dide,
-  The tyme approcheth faste.
-
-    "Wite ye noght, ye wise men,
-  How tho men honoured                                   10640
-  Moore tresor than trouthe,
-  I dar noght telle the sothe,
-  Reson and rightful doom
-  The religiouse demede.
-
-    "Right so, ye clerkes,
-  For youre coveitise, er longe,
-  Shal thei demen _dos ecclesiae_,
-  And youre pride depose,
-  _Deposuit potentes de sede, etc._
-
-    "If knyghthod and kynde wit                          10650
-  And the commune by conscience
-  Togideres love leelly,
-  Leveth it wel, ye bisshopes,
-  The lordshipe of youre londes
-  For evere shul ye lese,
-  And lyven as _levitici_,
-  As oure Lord techeth.
-  _Per primitias et decimas, etc._
-
-    "Whan Costantyn of curteisie
-  Holy kirke dowed                                       10660
-  {326}
-  With londes and ledes,
-  Lordshipes and rentes,
-  An aungel men herden
-  An heigh at Rome crye,
-  _Dos ecclesiae_ this day
-  Hath y-dronke venym,
-  And tho that han Petres power
-  Arn apoisoned alle.
-
-    "A medicyne moot therto,
-  That may amende prelates,                              10670
-  That sholden preie for the pees,
-  Possession hem letteth;
-  Taketh hire landes, ye lordes,
-  And leteth hem lyve by dymes.
-
-    "If possession be poison,
-  And inparfite hem make,
-  Good were to deschargen hem,
-  For holy chirches sake,
-  And purgen hem of poison,
-  Er moore peril falle.                                  10680
-
-    "If preesthode were parfit,
-  The peple sholde amende
-  That contrarien Cristes lawe,
-  And cristendom dispise.
-  For alle paynymes preieth,
-  And parfitly bileveth
-  In the holy grete God,
-  And his grace thei asken,
-  And make hir mone to Makometh
-  Hir message to shewe.                                  10690
-  Thus in a feith leve that folk,
-  And in a fals mene;
-  And that is routhe for rightful men
-  That in the reawme wonyen,
-  {327}
-  And a peril to the pope,
-  And prelates that he maketh,
-  That bere bisshopes names
-  Of Bethleem and Babiloigne,
-  That huppe aboute in Engelond
-  To halwe mennes auteres,                               10700
-  And crepe amonges curatours,
-  And confessen ageyn the lawe.
-  _Nolite mittere falcem in messem alienam, etc._
-
-    "Many man for Cristes love
-  Was martired in Romayne,
-  Er any cristendom was knowe there,
-  Or any cros honoured.
-
-    "Every bisshop that bereth cros,
-  By that he is holden
-  Thorugh his province to passe,                         10710
-  And to his peple to shewe hym,
-  Tellen hem and techen hem
-  On the Trinite to bileve,
-  And feden hem with goostly foode,
-  And gyve there it nedeth.
-  _In domo mea non est panis neque
-      vestimentum, et ideo nolite constituere
-      me regem._
-
-    "Ozias seith for swiche
-  That sike ben and feble,                               10720
-  _Inferte omnes decimas in horreum
-      meum, ut sit cibus in domo mea._
-
-    "Ac we cristene creatures
-  That on the cros bileven,
-  Arn ferme as in the feith,
-  Goddes forbode ellis!
-  And han clerkes to kepen us therinne,
-  {328}
-  And hem that shul come after us.
-
-    "And Jewes lyven in lele lawe,
-  Oure Lord wroot it hymselve                            10730
-  In stoon, for it stedefast was,
-  And stonde sholde evere.
-  _Dilige Deum et proximum_,
-  Is parfit Jewen lawe;
-  And took it Moyses to teche men
-  Til Messie coome;
-  And on that lawe thei lyve yit,
-  And leten it the beste,
-  And yit knewe thei Crist
-  That cristendom taughte                                10740
-  For a parfit prophete
-  That muche peple savede
-  Of selkouthe sores,
-  Thei seighen it ofte,
-  Bothe of miracles and merveilles,
-  And how he men festede,
-  With two fisshes and fyve loves,
-  Fyve thousand peple;
-  And by that mangerie men myghte wel se
-  That Messie he semede,                                 10750
-  And whan he lifte up Lazar,
-  That leid was in grave,
-  And under stoon deed and stank,
-  With stif vois hym callede:
-  _Lazare, veni foras._
-  Dide hym rise and rome,
-  Right bifore the Jewes.
-
-    "Ac thei seiden and sworen
-  With sorcerie he wroughte,
-  And studieden to struyen hym,                          10760
-  And struyden hemselve;
-  {329}
-  And thorugh his pacience, hir power
-  To pure noght he broughte.
-  _Patientes vincunt._
-
-    "Daniel of hire undoynge
-  Devyned and seide,
-  _Cum sanctus sanctorum veniat, cessabit
-      unctio vestra._
-  And wenen tho wrecches
-  That he were _pseudo-propheta_,                        10770
-  And that his loore be lesynges,
-  And lakken it alle,
-  And hopen that he be to come
-  That shal hem releve,
-  Moyses eft or Messie
-  Hir maistres yit devyneth.
-
-    "Ac Pharisees and Sarzens,
-  Scribes and Jewes,
-  Arn folk of oon feith,
-  The fader God thei honouren.                           10780
-  And sithen that the Sarzens,
-  And also the Jewes,
-  Konne the firste clause of oure bileve,
-  _Credo in Deum patrem omnipotentem_,
-  Prelates of cristene provinces
-  Sholde preve, if thei myghte,
-  To lere hem litlum and litlum
-  _Et in Jesum Christum filium_,
-  Til thei kouthe speke and spelle
-  _Et in Spiritum sanctum_,
-  And reden it and recorden it
-  With _remissionem peccatorum,
-  Carnis resurrectionem, et vitam aeternam. Amen._"      10793
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{330}
-
-          _Passus Decimus Sextus, etc. et Primus de Do-bet._
-
-  "Now faire falle yow," quod I tho,                     10794
-  "For youre faire shewyng;
-  For Haukyns love, the actif man,
-  Evere I shal yow lovye!
-  Ac yit I am in a weer
-  What charite is to mene."
-
-    "It is a ful trie tree," quod he,                    10800
-  "Trewely to telle;
-  Mercy is the more therof,
-  The myddul stok is ruthe;
-  The leves ben lele wordes,
-  The lawe of holy chirche;
-  The blosmes beth buxom speche,
-  And benigne lokynge;
-  Pacience hatte the pure tree,
-  And pure symple of herte;
-  And so, thorugh God and thorugh goode men,             10810
-  Groweth the fruyt charite."
-
-    "I wolde travaille," quod I, "this tree to se,
-  Twenty hundred myle;
-  And for to have my fulle of that fruyt,
-  {331}
-  Forsake alle othere saulees.
-  Lord!" quod I, "if any wight wite
-  Whider out it groweth."
-
-    "It groweth in a gardyn," quod he,
-  "That God made hymselve,
-  Amyddes mannes body,                                   10820
-  The more is of that stokke,
-  Herte highte the herber
-  That it inne groweth.
-  And _liberum arbitrium_
-  Hath the lond the ferme
-  Under Piers the Plowman,
-  To piken it and to weden it."
-
-    "Piers the Plowman!" quod I tho,
-  And al for pure joye
-  That I herde nempne his name,                          10830
-  Anoon I swowned after,
-  And lay longe in a lone dreem;
-  And at the laste, me thoughte
-  That Piers the Plowman
-  Al the place me shewed,
-  And bad me to toten on the tree,
-  On top and on roote;
-  With thre piles was it under-pight,
-  I perceyved it soone.
-
-    "Piers," quod I, "I preie thee,                      10840
-  Whi stonde thise piles here?"
-
-    "For wyndes, wiltow wite," quod he,
-  To witen it fro fallyng.
-  _Cum ceciderit justus, non collidetur,
-      quia Dominus supponit manum
-      suam._
-  And in blowyng tyme, abite the flowres,
-  But if thise piles helpe,
-  {332}
-
-    "The world is a wikked wynd
-  To hem that willen truthe;                             10850
-  Coveitise comth of that wynd,
-  And crepeth among the leves,
-  And for-freteth neigh the fruyt
-  Thorugh manye faire sightes;
-  Thanne with the firste pil I palle hym down,
-  That is _Potentia Dei_.
-
-    "The flessh is a fel wynd,
-  And in flouryng tyme
-  Thorugh likynge and lustes
-  So loude he gynneth blowe,                             10860
-  That it norisseth nyce sightes,
-  And som tyme wordes,
-  And wikkede werkes therof,
-  Wormes of synne,
-  And for-biteth the blosmes
-  Right to the bare leves.
-
-    "Than sette I to the secounde pil
-  _Sapientia Dei patris_;
-  That is the passion and the power
-  Of oure prince Jhesu.                                  10870
-  Thorugh preieres and thorugh penaunces,
-  And Goddes passion in mynde,
-  I save it til I se it ripen
-  And som del y-fruyted.
-
-    "And thanne fondeth the fend
-  My fruyt to destruye,
-  With alle the wiles that he kan;
-  And waggeth the roote,
-  And casteth up to the crop
-  Unkynde neighebores;                                   10880
-  Bakbiteris breke the cheste,
-  Brawleris and chideris,
-  {333}
-  And leith a laddre therto,
-  Of lesynges are the ronges,
-  And feccheth awey my floures som tyme
-  Afore bothe myne eighen.
-  Ac _liberum arbitrium_
-  Letteth hym som tyme,
-  That is lieutenaunt to loken it wel,
-  Bi leve of myselve.                                    10890
-  _Videatis qui peccat in spiritum
-      sanctum nunquam remittetur,
-      etc. Hoc est idem, qui peccat
-      per liberum arbitrium non
-      repurgatur._
-
-    "Ac whan the fend and the flessh
-  Forth with the world
-  Manacen bihynde me
-  My fruyt for to fecche,
-  Thanne _liberum arbitrium_                             10900
-  Laccheth the firste plante,
-  And palleth adoun the pouke,
-  Pureliche thorugh grace
-  And help of the Holy Goost,
-  And thus have I the maistrie."
-
-    "Now faire falle yow! Piers," quod I,
-  "So faire ye discryven
-  The power of thise postes,
-  And hire propre myghtes.
-  Ac I have thoughtes a threve                           10910
-  Of thise thre piles,
-  In what wode thei woxen,
-  And where that thei growed;
-  For alle are thei aliche longe,
-  Noon lasse than oother,
-  And to my mynde, as me thinketh,
-  {334}
-  On o more thei growed,
-  And of o greetnesse,
-  And grene of greyn thei semen."
-
-    "That is sooth," quod Piers,                         10920
-  "So it may bifalle;
-  I shal telle thee as tid
-  What this tree highte.
-  The ground there it groweth,
-  Goodnesse it hatte;
-  And I have told thee what highte the tree,
-  The Trinite it meneth."
-
-    And egreliche he loked on me;
-  And therfore I spared
-  To asken hym any moore therof,                         10930
-  And bad hym ful faire
-  To discryve the fruyt
-  That so faire hangeth.
-
-    "Heer no bynethe," quod he tho,
-  "If I nede hadde,
-  Matrimoyne I may nyme,
-  A moiste fruyt withalle;
-  Thanne continence is neer the crop,
-  As kaylewey bastard,
-  Thanne bereth the crop kynde fruyt,                    10940
-  And clennest of alle,
-  Maidenhode aungeles peeris
-  And rathest wole be ripe,
-  And swete withouten swellyng,
-  Sour worth it nevere."
-
-    I preide Piers tho to pulle a-doun
-  An appul, and he wolde,
-  And suffre me to assaien
-  What savour it hadde.
-
-    And Piers caste to the crop,                         10950
-  {335}
-  And thanne comsed it to crye,
-  And waggede widwehode,
-  And it wepte after;
-  And whan it meved matrimoyne,
-  It made a foul noise.
-  And I hadde ruthe whan Piers rogged,
-  It gradde so rufulliche;
-  For evere as thei dropped a-doun,
-  The devel was redy
-  And gadrede hem alle togideres,                        10960
-  Bothe grete and smale,
-  Adam and Abraham,
-  And Ysaye the prophete,
-  Sampson and Samuel,
-  And seint Johan the Baptist,
-  Bar hem forth bodily,
-  No body hym letted,
-  And made of holy men his hoord
-  _In limbo inferni_,
-  There is derknesse and drede,                          10970
-  And the devel maister.
-
-    And Piers, for pure tene,
-  Of that a pil he raughte;
-  He hitte after hym,
-  Hitte how it myghte,
-  _Filius_ by the fader wille,
-  And frenesse of _Spiritus sancti_,
-  To go robbe that rageman,
-  And reve the fruyt fro hym.
-
-    And thanne spak _Spiritus sanctus_                   10980
-  In Gabrielis mouthe,
-  To a maide that highte Marie,
-  A meke thyng withalle,
-  That oon Jhesus a justices sone
-  {336}
-  Moste jouke in hir chambre,
-  Til _plenitudo temporis_
-  Fully comen were,
-  That Piers fruyt floured,
-  And felle to be rype,
-  And thanne sholde Jhesus juste therfore,               10990
-  By juggement of armes,
-  Wheither sholde fonge the fruyt,
-  The fend or hymselve.
-
-    The maide myldeliche tho
-  The messager graunted,
-  And seide hendeliche to hym,
-  "Lo me his hand-maiden
-  For to werchen his wille,
-  Withouten any synne."
-  _Ecce ancilla Domini, fiat mihi, etc._                 11000
-
-    And in the wombe of that wenche
-  Was he fourty woukes,
-  Til he weex a faunt thorugh hir flessh,
-  And of fightyng kouthe,
-  To have y-foughte with the fend
-  Er ful tyme come.
-  And Piers the Plowman
-  Perceyved plener tyme,
-  And lered hym lechecraft
-  His lif for to save,                                   11010
-  That though he were wounded with his enemy,
-  To warisshen hymselve,
-  And dide hym assaie his surgenrie
-  On hem that sike were,
-  Til he was perfit praktisour,
-  If any peril fille;
-  And soughte out the sike
-  And synfulle bothe,
-  {337}
-  And salvede sike and synfulle,
-  Bothe blynde and crokede,                              11020
-  And commune wommen convertede,
-  And to goode turnede.
-  _Non est sanis opus medicinae, sed in, etc._
-
-    Bothe meseles and mute,
-  And in the menyson blody,
-  Ofte heeled swiche,
-  He ne held it for no maistrie,
-  Save tho he leched Lazar
-  That hadde y-leye in grave,
-  _Quatriduanus_ quelt,                                  11030
-  Quyk dide hym walke.
-  Ac as he made the maistrie,
-  _Moestus coepit esse_,
-  And wepte water with hise eighen,
-  Ther seighen it manye.
-  Some that the sighte seighen,
-  Seiden that tyme
-  That he was leche of lif,
-  And lord of heigh hevene.
-  Jewes jangled ther ayein,                              11040
-  And juggede lawes
-  And seide he wroghte thorugh wichecraft,
-  And with the develes myghte.
-  _Daemonium habet, etc._
-
-    Thanne, "are ye cherles," quod ich,
-  "And youre children bothe,
-  And Sathan youre saveour,
-  Ye self now ye witnessen."
-  "For I have saved yow self," seith Crist,
-  "And youre sones after,                                11050
-  Youre bodies, youre beestes,
-  {338}
-  And blynde men holpen
-  And fed yow with two fisshes
-  And with fyve loves,
-  And lefte baskettesful of broke mete,
-  Bere awey who so wolde."
-  And mys-seide the Jewes manliche
-  And manaced hem to bete,
-  And knokked on hem with a corde,
-  And caste a-doun hir stalles                           11060
-  That in chirche chaffareden,
-  Or chaungeden any moneie,
-  And seide it in sighte of hem alle,
-  So that alle herden:--
-
-    "I shal overturne this temple,
-  And a-doun throwe it,
-  And in thre daies after
-  Edifie it new,
-  And maken it as muche outher moore
-  In alle manere poyntes                                 11070
-  As evere it was, and as wid;
-  Wherfore I hote yow,
-  Of preieres and of perfitnesse
-  This place that ye callen."
-  _Domus mea domus orationis vocabitur._                     =
-
-    Envye and yvel wil
-  Was in the Jewes;
-  Thei casten and contreveden
-  To kulle hym whan thei myghte,                         11080
-  Eche day after oother
-  Hir tyme thei awaiteden;
-  Til it bifel on a Friday
-  A litel bifore Pasqe,
-  The Thursday bifore
-  {339}
-  There he made his maundee,
-  Sittynge at the soper
-  He seide thise wordes,
-  "I am sold thorugh oon of yow,
-  He shal the tyme rewe,                                 11090
-  That evere he his Saveour solde,
-  For silver or ellis."
-
-    Judas jangled ther ayein;
-  Ac Jhesus hym tolde,
-  It was hymself soothly,
-  And seide _tu dicis_.
-
-    Thanne wente forth that wikked man,
-  And with the Jewes mette,
-  And tolde hem a tokne
-  How to knowe with Jhesus,                              11100
-  And which tokne to this day
-  To muche is y-used,
-  That is kissynge and fair countenaunce,
-  And unkynde wille.
-  And so was with Judas tho,
-  That Jhesus bitrayed:
-  "_Ave, raby_," quod that ribaud,
-  And right to hym he yede,
-  And kiste hym, to be caught therby,
-  And kulled of the Jewes.                               11110
-
-    Thanne Jhesus to Judas
-  And to the Jewes seide,
-  "Falsnesse I fynde
-  In thi faire speche,
-  And gile in thi glad chere,
-  And galle is in thi laughyng;
-  Thow shalt be myrour
-  To many men to deceyve,
-  Ac the worse and the wikkednesse
-  {340}
-  Shal worthe upon thiselve.                             11120
-  _Necesse est ut veniant scandala:
-      Vae homini illi per quem scandalum
-      venit!_
-
-    "Though I bi treson be take
-  At youre owene wille,
-  Suffreth myne apostles in pees
-  And in pays gange."
-  On a Thursday in thesternesse
-  Thus was he taken,
-  Thorugh Judas and Jewes,                               11130
-  Jhesus was his name,
-  That on the Friday folwynge
-  For mankyndes sake
-  Justed in Jherusalem,
-  A joye to us alle.
-  On cros upon Calvarie
-  Crist took the bataille
-  Ayeins deeth and the devel,
-  Destruyed hir botheres myghtes,
-  Deide and deed for-dide,                               11140
-  And day of nyght made.
-
-    And I awaked therwith,
-  And wiped myne eighen,
-  And after Piers the Plowman
-  Pried and stared
-  Est-ward and west-ward,
-  I waited after faste,
-  And yede forth as an ydiot
-  In contree to aspie,
-  After Piers the Plowman                                11150
-  Many a place I soughte.
-  And thanne mette I with a man,
-  A myd-lenten Sonday,
-  {341}
-  As hoor as an hawethorn,
-  And Abraham he highte.
-  I frayned hym first
-  Fram whennes he come,
-  And of whennes he were,
-  And whider that he soughte.
-
-  "Iam Feith," quod that freke,                          11160
-  "It falleth noght to lye,
-  And of Abrahames hous
-  An heraud of armes,
-  And seke after a segge
-  That I seigh ones,
-  A ful bold bacheler,
-  I knew hym by his blasen."
-
-    "What berth that buyrn?" quod I tho,
-  "So blisse thee bitide!"
-
-    "Thre leodes in oon lyth,                            11170
-  Noon lenger than oother,
-  Of oon muchel and myght
-  In mesure and in lengthe;
-  That oon dooth, alle dooth,
-  And ech dooth bi his one.
-
-    "The firste hath myght and majestee,
-  Makere of alle thynges,
-  _Pater_ is his propre name,
-  A persone by hymselve.
-
-    "The secounde of tha sire is                         11180
-  Sothfastnesse _filius_,
-  Wardeyn of that wit hath
-  Was evere withouten gynnyng.
-
-    "The thridde highte the Holi Goost,
-  A persone by hymselve,
-  The light of al that lif hath
-  {342}
-  A-londe and a-watre,
-  Confortour of creatures,
-  Of hym cometh alle blisse.
-
-    "So thre bilongeth for a lord                        11190
-  That lordshipe cleymeth,
-  Might and mene
-  To knowe his owene myghte,
-  Of hym and of his servaunt,
-  And what thei suffre bothe.
-
-    "So God that gynnyng hadde nevere,
-  But tho hym good thoughte,
-  Sente forth his sone,
-  As for servaunt that tyme,
-  To ocupie hym here,                                    11200
-  Til issue were spronge,
-  That is, children of charite,
-  And holi chirche the moder;
-  Patriarkes and prophetes
-  And apostles were the children,
-  And Crist and cristendom,
-  And cristene holy chirche,
-  In menynge that man moste
-  On o God bileve.
-  And there hym likede and lovede,                       11210
-  In thre persones hym shewede,
-  And that it may be so and sooth,
-  Manhode it sheweth,
-  Wedlok and widwehode,
-  With virginite y-nempned,
-  In tokenynge of the Trinite
-  Was out of man taken.
-
-    "Adam was oure aller fader,
-  And Eve was of hymselve,
-  {343}
-  And the issue that thei hadde                          11220
-  It was of hem bothe,
-  And either is otheres joie
-  In thre sondry persones,
-  And in hevene and here
-  Oon singuler name;
-  And thus is mankynde and manhede
-  Of matrimoyne y-spronge,
-  And bitokneth the Trinite
-  And trewe bileve.
-
-    "Mighty is matrimoyne,                               11230
-  That multiplieth the erthe,
-  And bitokneth trewely,
-  Telle if I dorste,
-  Hym that first formed al,
-  The fader of hevene.
-
-    "The sone, if I it dorste seye,
-  Resembleth wel the widewe.
-  _Deus meus, Deus meus, ut quid dereliquisti me!_           =
-
-    "That is, creatour weex creature                     11240
-  To knowe what was bothe.
-  As widewe withouten wedlok
-  Was nevere yit y-seighe;
-  Na-moore myghte God be man,
-  But if he moder hadde.
-  So widewe withouten wedlok
-  May noght wel stande,
-  Ne matrimoyne withouten muliere
-  Is noght muche to preise.
-  _Maledictus homo qui non reliquit                      11250
-      semen in Israel! etc._
-
-    "Thus in thre persones
-  Is perfitliche manhede;
-  {344}
-  That is man and his make
-  And mulliere children.
-  And is noght but gendre of a generacion
-  Bifore Jhesu Crist in hevene;
-  So is the fader forth with the sone,
-  And fre wille of bothe.
-  _Spiritus procedens a patre et filio, etc._                =
-  Which is the Holy Goost of alle,                       11262
-  And alle is but o God.
-
-    "Thus in a somer I hym seigh
-  As I sat in my porche.
-  I roos up and reverenced hym,
-  And right faire hym grette,
-  Thre men to my sighte
-  I made wel at ese,
-  Wessh her feet and wiped hem,                          11270
-  And afterward thei eten
-  Calves flessh and cake-breed,
-  And knewe what I thoughte!
-  Ful trewe toknes bitwene us is,
-  To telle whan me liketh.
-
-    "First he fonded me
-  If I lovede bettre
-  Hym or Ysaak myn heir,
-  The which he highte me kulle.
-  He wiste my wille bi hym,                              11280
-  He wol me it allowe;
-  I am ful siker in soule therof,
-  And my sone bothe.
-  I circumscised my sone
-  Sithen for his sake,
-  Myself and my meynee,
-  And alle that male weere,
-  {345}
-  Bledden blood for that Lordes love,
-  And hope to blisse the tyme.
-  Myn affiaunce and my feith                             11290
-  Is ferme in his bileve;
-  For himself bihighte to me,
-  And to myn issue bothe,
-  Lond and lordshipe,
-  And lif withouten ende;
-  To me and to myn issue
-  Moore yet he grauntede,
-  Mercy for oure mys-dedes,
-  As many tyme as we asken.
-  _Quam olim Abrahae promisisti et                       11300
-      semini ejus._
-
-    "And siththe he sente me to seye
-  I sholde do sacrifise,
-  And doon hym worship with breed
-  And with wyn bothe;
-  And called me the foot of his feith,
-  His folk for to save,
-  And defende hem fro the fend,
-  Folk that on me leveden.
-
-    "Thus have I ben his heraud                          11310
-  Here and in helle,
-  And conforted many a careful
-  That after his comynge waiteden.
-  And thus I seke hym," he seide,
-  "For I herde seyn late
-  Of a barn that baptysed hym,
-  Johan Baptist was his name,
-  That to patriarkes and to prophetes,
-  And to oother peple in derknesse,
-  Seide that he seigh here                               11320
-  That sholde save us alle."
-  {346}
-  _Ecce agnus Dei! etc._
-
-    I hadde wonder of hise wordes,
-  And of hise wide clothes;
-  For in his bosom he bar a thyng
-  That he blissed evere.
-  And I loked in his lappe,
-  A lazar lay therinne
-  Amonges patriarkes and prophetes
-  Pleyinge togideres.                                    11330
-
-    "What awaitestow?" quod he,
-  "And what woldestow have?"
-
-    "I wolde wite," quod I tho,
-  "What is in youre lappe."
-
-    "Loo!" quod he; and leet me see.
-  "Lord, mercy!" I seide;
-  "This is a present of muche pris,
-  What prynce shal it have?"
-
-    "It is a precious present," quod he;
-  "Ac the pouke it hath attached,                        11340
-  And me thermyde," quod that man,
-  "May no wed us quyte,
-  Ne no buyrn be oure borgh,
-  Ne brynge us fram his daunger;
-  Out of the poukes pondfold
-  No maynprise may us feeche,
-  Til he come that I carpe of,
-  Crist is his name.
-  That shal delivere us som day
-  Out of the develes power,                              11350
-  And bettre wed for us legge
-  Than we ben alle worthi,
-  That is lif for lif,
-  Or ligge thus evere
-  Lollynge in my lappe,
-  {347}
-  Til swich a lord us fecche."
-
-    "Allas!" I seide, "that synne
-  So longe shal lette
-  The myght of Goddes mercy,
-  That myghte us alle amende."                           11360
-  I wepte for hise wordes.
-  With that saugh I another
-  Rapeliche renne forth,
-  The righte wey he wente.
-  I affrayned hym first
-  Fram whennes he come,
-  And what he highte, and whider he wolde;
-  And wightly he tolde.                                  11368
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{348}
-
-          _Passus Decimus Septimus, etc. et Secundus de Do-bet._
-
-  "Iam _Spes_," quod he, "aspie                          11369
-  And spire after a knyght,
-  That took me a maundement
-  Upon the mount of Synay,
-  To rule alle reames with,
-  I bere the writ here."
-
-    "Is it enseled?" I seide,
-  "May men see thi lettres?"
-
-    "Nay," he seide, "seke hym
-  That hath the seel to kepe;
-  And that is cros and cristendom,
-  And Crist theron to honge.                             11380
-  And whan it is enseled so,
-  I woot wel the sothe,
-  That Luciferis lordshipe
-  Laste shal no lenger."
-
-    "Lat se thi lettres," quod I,
-  "We myghte the lawe knowe."
-
-    Thanne plukkede he forth a patente,
-  A pece of an hard roche,
-  Wheron were writen two wordes
-  On this wise y-glosed.                                 11390
-  _Dilige Deum et proximum tuum._
-
-    This was the tixte trewely,
-  {349}
-  I took ful good yeme;
-  The glose was gloriously writen,
-  With a gilt penne.
-  _In his duobus mandatis tota lex
-      pendet et prophetia._
-
-    "Ben here alle thi lordes lawes?" quod I.
-  "Ye, leve me wel," he seide;
-  And who so wercheth after this writ,                   11400
-  I wol undertaken
-  Shal nevere devel hym dere,
-  Ne deeth in soule greve.
-  For, though I seye it myself,
-  I have saved with this charme,
-  Of men and of wommen
-  Many score thousand.
-
-    "Ye seien sooth," seide this heraud;
-  "I have y-founde it ofte.
-  Lo! here in my lappe                                   11410
-  That leeved on that charme,
-  Josue and Judith,
-  And Judas Macabeus,
-  Ye, and sixti thousand biside forth,
-  That ben noght seyen here."
-
-    "Youre wordes arn wonderfulle," quod I tho,
-  "Which of yow is trewest,
-  And lelest to leve so,
-  For lif, and for soule?
-  Abraham seith                                          11420
-  That he seigh hoolly the Trinite,
-  Thre persones in parcelles
-  Departable fro oother,
-  And alle thre but o god;
-  {350}
-  Thus Abraham me taughte,
-  And hath saved that bileved so,
-  And sory for hir synnes.
-  He kan noght siggen the somme,
-  And some arn in his lappe.
-  What neded it thanne                                   11430
-  A newe lawe to bigynne,
-  Sith the firste suffiseth
-  To savacion and to blisse?
-  And now cometh _Spes_ and speketh,
-  That aspied the lawe;
-  And telleth noght of the Trinite
-  That took hym hise lettres,
-  To bileeve and lovye
-  In o lord almyghty,
-  And siththe right as myself                            11440
-  So lovye alle peple.
-
-    "The gome that gooth with o staf,
-  He semeth in gretter heele
-  Than he that gooth with two staves,
-  To sighte of us alle.
-
-    "And right so, bi the roode!
-  Reson me sheweth
-  That it is lighter to lewed men
-  O lesson to knowe,
-  Than for to techen hem two,                            11450
-  And to hard to lerne to the leeste
-  It is ful hard for any man
-  On Abraham bileve;
-  And wel awey worse yit
-  For to love a sherewe.
-  It is lighter to leeve
-  In thre lovely persones,
-  Than for to lovye and leve
-  {351}
-  As wel lorels as lele."
-
-    "Go thi gate!" quod I to _Spes_,                     11460
-  "So me God helpe!
-  Tho that lernen thi lawe,
-  Wol litel while usen it."
-  And as we wenten thus in the wey
-  Wordynge togideres,
-  Thanne seighe we a Samaritan
-  Sittynge on a mule,
-  Ridynge ful rapely
-  The righte wey we yeden,
-  Comynge from a contree                                 11470
-  That men called Jerico,
-  To a justes in Jerusalem
-  He chaced awey faste.
-  Bothe the heraud and Hope
-  And he mette at ones
-  Where a man was wounded,
-  And with theves taken;
-  He myghte neither steppe ne stande,
-  Ne stere foot ne handes,
-  Ne helpe hymself soothly,                              11480
-  For semy-vif he semed,
-  And as naked as a nedle,
-  And noon help aboute hym.
-
-    Feith hadde first sighte of hym;
-  Ac he fleigh aside,
-  And nolde noght neghen hym
-  By nyne londes lengthe.
-
-    Hope cam hippynge after,
-  That hadde so y-bosted
-  How he with Moyses maundement                          11490
-  Hadde many men y-holpe;
-  Ac whan he hadde sighte of that segge
-  {352}
-  Aside he gan hym drawe
-  Dredfully bi this day,
-  As doke dooth fram the faucon.
-
-    Ac so soone so the Samaritan
-  Hadde sighte of this leode,
-  He lighte a-down of lyard,
-  And ladde hym in his hande,
-  And to the wye he wente                                11500
-  Hise woundes to biholde;
-  And perceyved bi his pous
-  He was in peril to dye,
-  And but he hadde recoverer the rapelier,
-  That rise sholde he nevere.
-  With wyn and with oille
-  Hise woundes he wasshed,
-  Enbawmed hym and bond his heed,
-  And in his lappe hym leide,
-  And ladde hym so forth on lyard                        11510
-  Te _lex Christi_, a graunge
-  Wel sixe mile or sevene
-  Biside the newe market;
-  Herberwed hym at an hostrie,
-  And to the hostiler called,
-  And seide, "Have kepe this man
-  Til I come fro the justes;
-  And lo! here silver," he seide,
-  "For salve to hise woundes."
-  And he took hym two pens,                              11520
-  To liflod, as it weere;
-  And seide, "What he spendeth moore,
-  I make thee good herafter;
-  For I may noght lette," quod that leode;
-  And lyard he bistrideth,
-  And raped hym to Jerusalem-ward
-  {353}
-  The righte wey to ryde.
-
-    Feith folwede after faste,
-  And fondede to mete hym;
-  And _Spes_ spakliche hym spedde,                       11530
-  Spede if he myghte
-  To overtaken hym and talke to hym,
-  Er thei to towne coome.
-
-    And whan I seigh this, I sojourned noght,
-  But shoop me to renne,
-  And suwed that Samaritan
-  That was so ful of pite,
-  And graunted hym to ben his groom.
-  "Graunt mercy!" he seide;
-  "Ac thi frend and thi felawe," quod he,                11540
-  "Thow fyndest me at nede."
-
-    And I thanked hym tho,
-  And siththe I hym tolde
-  How that Feith fleigh awey,
-  And _Spes_ his felawe bothe,
-  For sighte of that sorweful man
-  That robbed was with theves.
-
-    "Have hem excused," quod he,
-  "Hir help may litel availle;
-  May no medicyne on molde                               11550
-  The man to heele brynge,
-  Neither feith ne fyn hope,
-  So festred be hise woundes,
-  Withouten the blood of a barn
-  Born of a mayde.
-  And he be bathed in that blood,
-  Baptised as it were,
-  And thanne plastred with penaunce
-  And passion of that baby,
-  {354}
-  He sholde stonde and steppe.                           11560
-  Ac stalworthe worth he nevere.
-  Til he have eten al the barn,
-  And his blood y-dronke.
-  For wente nevere wye in this world
-  Thorugh that wildernesse,
-  That he ne was robbed or rifled,
-  Rood he there or yede,
-  Save Feith and his felawe,
-  _Spes_, and myselve,
-  And thiself now,                                       11570
-  And swiche as suwen oure werkes.
-
-    "For outlawes in the wode
-  And under bank lotieth,
-  And mowen ech man see,
-  And good mark take
-  Who is bihynde and who bifore,
-  And who ben on horse
-  For he halt hym hardier on horse
-  Than he that is foote.
-  For he seigh me that am Samaritan                      11580
-  Suwen Feith and his felawe
-  On my capul that highte _caro_,
-  Of mankynde I took it;
-  He was unhardy that harlot,
-  And hidde hym _in Inferno_.
-  Ac er this day thre daies,
-  I dar undertaken,
-  That he worth fettred, that feloun,
-  Faste with cheynes,
-  And nevere eft greve gome                              11590
-  That gooth this ilke gate.
-
-    "And thanne shal Feith be forster here,
-  {355}
-  And in this fryth walke,
-  And kennen out comune men
-  That knowen noght the contree
-  Which is the wey that I wente,
-  And wher forth to Jerusalem.
-  And Hope the hostilers man shal be,
-  Ther the man lith an helyng;
-  And alle that feble and feynte be,                     11600
-  That Feith may noght teche,
-  Hope shal lede hem forth with love,
-  As his lettre telleth,
-  And hostele hem and heele
-  Thorugh holy chirche bileve,
-  Til I have salve for alle sike;
-  And thanne shal I turne,
-  And come ayein bi this contree,
-  And conforten alle sike
-  That craveth it and coveiteth it,                      11610
-  Or crieth therafter.
-  For the barn was born in Bethleem,
-  That with his blood shal save
-  Alle that lyven in feith
-  And folwen his felawes techynge."
-
-    "A! swete sire," I seide tho,
-  "Wher I shal bileve,
-  As Feith and his felawe
-  Enformed me bothe,
-  In thre persones departable,                           11620
-  That perpetuele were evere,
-  And alle thre but o God,
-  Thus Abraham me taughte.
-
-    "And Hope afterward
-  He bad me to lovye
-  O God with al my good,
-  {356}
-  And alle gomes after,
-  Lovye hem lik myselve,
-  Ac oure Lord aboven alle.
-
-    "After Abraham," quod he,                            11630
-  "That heraud of armes,
-  Sette fully thi feith
-  And ferme bileve;
-  And as Hope highte thee,
-  I hote that thow lovye
-  Thyn evene cristene evere moore
-  Evene forth with thiselve.
-  And if Conscience carpe ther ayein,
-  Or kynde wit eyther,
-  Or eretikes with argumentz                             11640
-  Thyn hond thow hem shewe;
-  For God is after an hand,
-  Y-heer now and knowe it.
-
-    "The fader was first as a fust,
-  With o fynger foldynge;
-  Til hym lovede and liste
-  To unlosen his fynger,
-  And profre it forth as with a pawme
-  To what place it sholde,
-
-    "The pawme is purely the hand,                       11650
-  And profreth forth the fyngres,
-  To ministren and to make
-  That myght of hand knoweth;
-  And bitokneth trewely,
-  Telle who so liketh,
-  The Holy Goost of hevene
-  He is as the pawme.
-
-    "The fyngres that fre ben
-  To folde and to serve,
-  Bitoknen soothly the Sone                              11660
-  {357}
-  That sent was til erthe,
-  That touched and tastede
-  At techynge of the pawme
-  Seinte Marie a mayde,
-  And mankynde laughte.
-  _Qui conceptus est de Spiritu sancto, etc._                =
-
-    "The Fader is pawme as a fust,
-  With fynger to touche,--
-  _Quia omnia traham ad meipsum, etc._                       =
-  Al that the pawme perceyveth                           11672
-  Profitable to feele.
-
-    "Thus are thei alle but oon,
-  As it an hand weere,
-  And thre sondry sightes
-  In oon shewynge,
-  The pawme for it putteth forth fyngres,
-  And the fust bothe;
-  Right so redily,                                       11680
-  Reson it sheweth
-  How he that is Holy Goost
-  Sire and Son preveth.
-
-    "And as the hand halt harde,
-  And alle thyng faste,
-  Thorugh foure fyngres and a thombe
-  Forth with the pawme;
-  Right so the Fader and the Sone,
-  And Seint Spirit the thridde,
-  Al the wide world                                      11690
-  Withinne hem thre holden,
-  Bothe wolkne and the wynd,
-  Water and erthe,
-  Hevene and helle,
-  {358}
-  And al that is therinne.
-
-    "Thus it is, nedeth no man
-  Trowe noon oother,
-  That thre thynges bilongeth
-  In oure Lord of Hevene;
-  And aren serelopes by hemself,                         11700
-  A-sondry were thei nevere,
-  Na-moore than myn hand may
-  Meve withoute my fyngres.
-
-    "And as my fust is ful hand
-  Y-holden togideres;
-  So is the Fader a ful God,
-  Formour and shappere.
-  _Tu fabricator omnium, etc._
-  And al the myght myd hym is
-  In makynge of thynges.                                 11710
-  The fyngres formen a ful hand
-  To portreye or peynten,
-  Kervynge and compasynge,
-  As craft of the fyngres.
-
-    "Right so is the Sone
-  The science of the Fader,
-  And ful God as is the Fader,
-  No febler ne no bettre.
-
-    "The pawme is pureliche the hand,
-  And hath power by hymselve,                            11720
-  Other wise than the writhen fust,
-  Or werkmanshipe of fyngres.
-  For he hath power
-  To putte out alle the joyntes,
-  And to unfolde the folden fust,
-  At the fyngres wille.
-
-    "So is the Holy Goost God,
-  Neither gretter ne lasse.
-  {359}
-  Than is the Sire and the Sone,
-  And in the same myghte.                                11730
-  And alle are thei but o God;
-  As is myn hand and my fyngres,
-  Unfolden or folden,
-  My fust and my pawne,
-  Al is but an hand;
-  Evene in the myddes,
-  He may receyve right noght,
-  Reson it sheweth,
-  For the fyngres that folde sholde
-  And the fust make,                                     11740
-  For peyne of the pawme,
-  Power hem failleth
-  To clucche or to clawe,
-  To clippe or to holde.
-
-    "Were the myddel of myn hand
-  Y-maymed or y-perissed,
-  I sholde receyve right noght
-  Of that I reche myghte.
-
-    "Ac though my thombe and my fyngres
-  Bothe were to-shullen,                                 11750
-  And the myddel of myn hand
-  Withoute _male-ese_,
-  In many kynnes maneres
-  I myghte myself helpe,
-  Bothe mene and amende,
-  Though alle my fyngres oke.
-
-    "By this skile, me thynketh,
-  I se an evidence
-  That who so synneth in the Seint Spirit,
-  Assoilled worth he nevere,                             11760
-  Neither here ne ellis where,
-  As I herde telle.
-  {360}
-  _Qui peccat in Spiritu sancto, etc._
-  For he priketh God as in the pawme,
-  That _peccat in Spiritu sancto_.
-  For God the fader is as a fust,
-  The Sone is as a fynger,
-  The Holy Goost of hevene
-  Is as it were the pawme;
-  So who so synneth in the Seint Spirit,                 11770
-  It semeth that he greveth
-  God, that he grypeth with,
-  And wolde his grace quenche.
-
-    "And to a torche or a tapur
-  The Trinite is likned;
-  As wex and a weke
-  Were twyned togideres,
-  And thanne a fir flawmynge
-  Forth out of bothe;
-  And as wex and weke                                    11780
-  And hoot fir togideres
-  Fostren forth a flawmbe
-  And a fair leye,
-  So dooth the Sire and the Sone
-  And also _Spiritus sanctus_,
-  That alle kynne cristene
-  Clenseth of synnes
-  And as thow seest som tyme
-  Sodeynliche a torche,
-  The blase therof y-blowe out,                          11790
-  Yet brenneth the weke
-  Withouten leye or light
-  That the macche brenneth;
-  So is the Holy Goost God,
-  And grace withoute mercy
-  To alle unkynde creatures,
-  {361}
-  That coveite to destruye
-  Lele love or lif
-  That oure Lord shapte.
-
-    "And as glowynge gledes                              11800
-  Gladeth noght thise werkmen,
-  That werchen and waken
-  In wyntres nyghtes,
-  As dooth a kex or a candle
-  That caught hath fir and blaseth;
-  Na-moore dooth Sire ne Sone
-  Ne Seint Spirit togidres
-  Graunte no grace
-  Ne forgifnesse of synnes,
-  Til the Holy Goost gynne                               11810
-  To glowe and to blase.
-  So that the Holy Goost
-  Gloweth but as a glade,
-  Til that lele love
-  Ligge on hym and blowe,
-  And thanne flawmeth he as fir
-  On Fader and on _Filius_,
-  And melteth hire myght into mercy;
-  As men may se in wyntre
-  Ysekeles and evesynges                                 11820
-  Thorugh hete of the sonne
-  Melte in a minut while
-  To myst and to watre.
-
-    "So grace of the Holy Goost
-  The greet myght of the Trinite
-  Melteth to mercy,
-  To merciable and to othere;
-  And as wex withouten moore
-  On a warm glede
-  Wol brennen and blasen,                                11830
-  {362}
-  Be thei togideres,
-  And solacen hem that mowe se,
-  That sitten in derknesse.
-
-    "So wol the Fader forgyve
-  Folk of mylde hertes,
-  That rufully repenten,
-  And restitucion make,
-  In as muche as thei mowen
-  Amenden and paien;
-  And if it suffise noght for assetz,                    11840
-  That in swich a wille deyeth,
-  Mercy for his mekenesse
-  Wol maken good the remenaunt.
-  And as the weke and fir
-  Wol maken a warm flaumbe,
-  For to murthen men myd
-  That in the derke sitten;
-  So wole Crist of his curteisie,
-  And men crye hym mercy,
-  Bothe forgyve and foryete,                             11850
-  And yit bidde for us
-  To the Fader of hevene
-  Forgifnesse to have.
-
-    "Ac hewe fir at a flynt
-  Foure hundred wynter,
-  But thow have tow to take it with,
-  Tonder or broches,
-  Al thi labour is lost,
-  And al thi long travaille;
-  For may no fir flaumbe make,                           11860
-  Faille it is kynde.
-
-    "So is the Holi Goost God,
-  And grace withouten mercy
-  To alle unkynde creatures,
-  {363}
-  Crist hymself witnesseth.
-  _Amen dico vobis, nescio vos, etc._
-
-    "Be unkynde to thyn evene cristene,
-  And al that thow kanst bidde,
-  Delen and do penaunce
-  Day and nyght evere,                                   11870
-  And purchace al the pardon
-  Of Pampilon and Rome,
-  And indulgences y-nowe,
-  And be _ingratus_ to thi kynde,
-  The Holy Goost hereth thee noght,
-  Ne helpe may thee by reson;
-  For unkyndenesse quencheth hym,
-  That he kan noght shyne,
-  Ne brenne ne blase clere
-  For blowynge of unkyndenesse.                          11880
-  Poul the apostel
-  Preveth wheither I lye.
-  _Si linguis hominum loquar, etc._
-
-    "For-thi beth war, ye wise men,
-  That with the world deleth,
-  That riche ben and reson knoweth,
-  Ruleth wel youre soule,
-  Beth noght unkynde, I conseille yow,
-  To youre evene cristene,
-  For manye of yow riche men,                            11890
-  By my soule! men telleth,
-  Ye brenne, but ye blase noght,
-  That is a blynd bekene.
-  _Non omnis qui dicit Domine! Domine!
-      intrabit, etc._
-
-    "Dives deyde dampned,
-  For his unkyndenesse
-  {364}
-  Of his mete and of his moneie
-  To men that it nedede.
-  Ech a riche I rede                                     11900
-  Reward at hym take,
-  And gyveth youre good to that God
-  That grace of ariseth;
-  For thei that ben unkynde to hise,
-  Hope I noon oother,
-  But thei dwelle ther Dives is
-  Dayes withouten ende.
-
-    "Thus is unkyndenesse the contrarie,
-  That quencheth, as it were,
-  The grace of the Holy Goost,                           11910
-  Goddes owene kynde.
-  For that kynde dooth, unkynde for-dooth;
-  As thise corsede theves
-  Unkynde cristene men,
-  For coveitise and envye,
-  Sleeth a man for hise moebles
-  With mouth or with handes.
-  For that the Holy Goost hath to kepe,
-  The harlotes destruyeth,
-  The which is lif and love,                             11920
-  The leye of mannes body.
-  For every manere good man
-  May be likned to a torche,
-  Or ellis to a tapur,
-  To reverence the Trinite;
-  And who morthereth a good man,
-  Me thynketh by myn inwit,
-  He for-dooth the levest light
-  That oure Lord lovyeth.
-
-    "And yet in manye mo maneres                         11930
-  Men offenden the Holy Goost.
-  Ac this is the worste wise
-  {365}
-  That any wight myghte
-  Synnen ayein the Seint Spirit,
-  Assenten to destruye
-  For coveitise of any kynnes thyng
-  That Crist deere boughte,
-  That wikkedliche and wilfulliche
-  Wolde mercy aniente.
-
-    "Innocence is next God,                              11940
-  And nyght and day it crieth,
-  'Vengeaunce! vengeaunce!
-  Forgyve be it nevere
-  That shente us and shedde oure blood,
-  For-shapte us, as it were!'
-  _Vindica sanguinem justorum._
-
-    "Thus 'Vengeaunce! vengeaunce!'
-  Verrey Charite asketh.
-  And sith holy chirche and Charite
-  Chargeth this so soore,                                11950
-  Leve I nevere that oure Lord
-  Wol love that charite lakketh,
-  Ne have pite for any preiere
-  Ther that he pleyneth."
-
-    "I pose I hadde synned so,
-  And sholde now deye;
-  And now I am sory that I so
-  The Seint Spirit a-gulte,
-  Confesse me and crye his grace,
-  God that al made,                                      11960
-  And myldeliche his mercy aske,
-  Myghte I noght be saved?"
-
-    "Yis," seide the Samaritan,
-  "So wel thow myght repente,
-  That rightwisnesse thorugh repentaunce,
-  To ruthe myghte turne.
-  Ac it is but selden y-seighe
-  {366}
-  Ther soothnesse bereth witnesse,
-  Any creature that is coupable
-  Afore a kynges justice,                                11970
-  Be raunsoned for his repentaunce,
-  Ther alle reson hym dampneth.
-  For ther that partie pursueth,
-  The peple is so huge,
-  That the kyng may do no mercy
-  Til bothe men acorde,
-  And eyther have equite,
-  As holy writ telleth.
-  _Nunquam dimittitur peccatum, etc._
-
-    "Thus it fareth by swich folk                        11980
-  That falsly al hire lyves
-  Yvele lyven, and leten noght
-  Til lif hem forsake.
-  Good hope, that helpe sholde,
-  To wanhope torneth,
-  Noght of the noun power of God,
-  That he ne is myghtful
-  To amende al that amys is,
-  And his mercy gretter
-  Than alle oure wikkede werkes,                         11990
-  As holy writ telleth.
-  _Misericordia ejus super omnia opera ejus._                =
-  Ac er his rightwisnesse to ruthe torne,
-  Som restitucion bihoveth.
-  His sorwe is satisfaccion,
-  For hym that may noght paie.
-
-    "Thre thynges ther ben
-  That doon a man by strengthe
-  For to fleen his owene,                                12000
-  As holy writ sheweth.
-
-    "That oon is a wikkede wif,
-  {367}
-  That wol noght be chastised;
-  Hir feere fleeth fro hire,
-  For feere of hir tonge.
-
-    "And if his hous be un-hiled,
-  And reyne on his bedde,
-  He seketh and seketh
-  Til he slepe drye.
-
-    "And whan smoke and smolder                          12010
-  Smyt in his sighte,
-  It dooth hym worse than his wif
-  Or wete to slepe.
-  For smoke and smolder
-  Smyteth in hise eighen,
-  Til he be bler-eighed, or blynd,
-  And hoors in the throte,
-  Cogheth, and curseth
-  That Crist gyve hem sorwe
-  That sholde brynge in bettre wode,                     12020
-  Or blowe it til it brende.
-
-    "Thise thre that I telle of
-  Ben thus to understonde;
-  The wif is oure wikked flessh,
-  That wol noght be chastised;
-  For kynde clyveth on hym evere
-  To contrarie the soule.
-  And though it falle, it fynt skiles
-  That frelete it made,
-  And that is lightly forgyven                           12030
-  And forgeten bothe,
-  To man that mercy asketh,
-  And amende thenketh.
-
-    "The reyn that reyneth
-  Ther we reste sholde,
-  Ben siknesse and sorwes
-  That we suffren ofte;
-  {368}
-  As Poul the apostle
-  To the people taughte.
-  _Virtus infirmitate perficitur, etc._                  12040
-
-    "And though that men make
-  Muche doel in hir angre,
-  And ben inpacient in hir penaunce,
-  Pure reson knoweth
-  That thei han cause to contrarie
-  By kynde of hir siknesse;
-  And lightliche oure Lord
-  At hir lyves ende
-  Hath mercy on swiche men,
-  That so yvele may suffre.                              12050
-
-    "Ac the smoke and the smolder
-  That smyt in oure eighen,
-  That is coveitise and unkyndenesse,
-  That quencheth Goddes mercy.
-  For unkyndenesse is the contrarie
-  Of alle kynnes reson.
-  For ther nys sik ne sory,
-  Ne noon so muche wrecche,
-  That he ne may lovye, and hym like,
-  And lene of his herte                                  12060
-  Good wille and good word,
-  And wisshen and willen
-  Alle manere men
-  Mercy and forgifnesse,
-  And lovye hem lik hymself,
-  And his lif amende.
-
-    "I may no lenger lette," quod he;
-  And lyard he prikede,
-  And went awey as wynd;
-  And therwith I awakede.                                12070
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{369}
-
-          _Passus Decimus Octavus, etc. et Tertius de Do-bet._
-
-  Wolleward and weet-shoed                                   =
-  Wente I forth after,                                   12073
-  As a recchelees renk
-  That of no wo roughte,
-  And yede forth lik a lorel
-  Al my lif tyme,
-  Til I weex wery of the world,
-  And wilned eft to slepe,
-  And lened me to a lenten,                              12080
-  And longe tyme I slepte;
-  And of Cristes passion and penaunce,
-  The peple that of raughte,
-  Reste me there, and rutte faste
-  Til _ramis palmarum_.
-  Of gerlis and of _gloria laus_
-  Gretly me dremed,
-  And how _hosanna_ by organye
-  Olde folk songen.
-
-    Oon semblable to the Samaritan,                      12090
-  And som deel to Piers the Plowman,
-  Bare-foot on an asse bak
-  Boot-les cam prikye,
-  {370}
-  Withouten spores other spere,
-  Spakliche he lokede,
-  As is the kynde of a knyght
-  That cometh to be dubbed,
-  To geten hym gilte spores,
-  Or galoches y-couped.
-
-    Thanne was Feith in a fenestre,                      12100
-  And cryde a _fili David_,
-  As dooth an heraud of armes,
-  Whan aventrous cometh to justes.
-  Old Jewes of Jerusalem
-  For joye thei songen,
-  _Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini._                   =
-
-    Thanne I frayned at Feith,
-  What al that fare by-mente,
-  And who sholde juste in Jerusalem.                     12110
-  "Jhesus," he seide,
-  "And fecche that the fend claymeth,
-  Piers fruyt the Plowman."
-
-    "Is Piers in this place?" quod I.
-  And he preynte on me:
-  "This Jhesus of his gentries
-  Wol juste in Piers armes,
-  In his helm and in his haubergeon,
-  _Humana natura_;
-  That Crist be noght bi-knowe here                      12120
-  For _consummatus Deus_.
-  In Piers paltok the Plowman
-  This prikiere shal ryde.
-  For no dynt shal hym dere,
-  As _in deitate Patris_."
-
-    "Who shal juste with Jhesus?" quod I,
-  {371}
-  "Jewes or scrybes?"
-
-    "Nay," quod he; "The foule fend,
-  And fals doom and deeth.
-  Deeth seith he shal for-do                             12130
-  And a-doun brynge
-  Al that lyveth and loketh
-  In londe and in watre.
-
-    "Lif seith that he lieth,
-  And leieth his lif to wedde,
-  That for al that deeth kan do
-  Withinne thre daies
-  To walke and fecche fro the fend
-  Piers fruyt the Plowman,
-  And legge it ther hym liketh,                          12140
-  And Lucifer bynde,
-  And for-bete and a-doun brynge
-  Bale deeth for evere."
-  _O mors, ero mors tua._
-
-    Thanne cam Pilatus with muche peple,
-  _Sedens pro tribunali_,
-  To se how doghtiliche Deeth sholde do,
-  And deme hir botheres right.
-
-    The Jewes and the justice
-  Ayeins Jhesu thei weere,                               12150
-  And al the court on hym cryde
-  _Crucifige_ sharpe.
-  Tho putte hym forth a pilour
-  Bifore Pilat, and seide,
-  "This Jhesus of oure Jewes temple
-  Hath japed and despised,
-  To for-doon it on o day,
-  And in thre dayes after
-  Edifie it eft newe;
-  {372}
-  Here he stant that seide it;                           12160
-  And yit maken it as muche
-  In alle manere poyntes,
-  Bothe as long and as large,
-  Bi lofte and by grounde."
-
-    "_Crucifige!_" quod a cachepol;
-  "I warrante hym a wicche."
-
-    "_Tolle! tolle!_" quod another,
-  And took of kene thornes,
-  And bigan of kene thorn
-  A garland to make,                                     12170
-  And sette it sore on his heed,
-  And seide in envye,
-  "Ave, Raby," quod that rybaud,
-  And threw reedes at hym,
-  Nailed hym with thre nailes
-  Naked on the roode,
-  And poison on a poole
-  Thei putte up to hise lippes,
-  And beden hym drynken his deeth yvel,
-  Hise daies were y-done,                                12180
-  "And if that thow sotil be,
-  Help now thiselve;
-  If thow be Crist and kynges sone,
-  Com down of the roode;
-  Thanne shul we leve that lif thee loveth,
-  And wol noght lete thee deye."
-
-    "_Consummatum est_," quod Crist,
-  And comsede for to swoune
-  Pitousliche and pale,
-  As a prison that deieth.                               12190
-  The lord of lif and of light
-  Tho leide hise eighen togideres.
-  {373}
-  The day for drede withdrough,
-  And derk bicam the sonne;
-  The wal waggede and cleef,
-  And al the world quaved;
-  Dede men for that dene
-  Come out of depe graves,
-  And tolde why that tempeste
-  So longe tyme durede;                                  12200
-  "For a bitter bataille,"
-  The dede body seide,
-  "Lif and deeth in this derknesse
-  Hir oon for-dooth hir oother.
-  Shal no wight wite witterly
-  Who shal have the maistrie
-  Er Sonday aboute sonne risyng;"
-  And sank with that til erthe.
-
-    Some seide that he was Goddes sone
-  That so faire deide.                                   12210
-  _Vere filius Dei erat iste._
-  And some seide he was a wicche,
-  "Good is that we assaye
-  Wher he be deed or noght deed,
-  Doun er he be taken."
-
-    Two theves also
-  Tholed deeth that tyme,
-  Upon a croos besides Crist,
-  So was the comune lawe.
-  A cachepol cam forth                                   12220
-  And craked bothe hire legges,
-  And the armes after
-  Of either of tho theves.
-  Ac was no body so boold
-  Goddes body to touche;
-  For he was knyght and kynges sone,
-  {374}
-  Kynde for-yaf that tyme,
-  That noon harlot were so hardy
-  To leyen hond upon hym.
-
-    Ac ther cam forth a knyght,                          12230
-  With a kene spere y-grounde,
-  Highte Longeus, as the lettre telleth,
-  And longe hadde lore his sighte.
-  Bifore Pilat and oother peple
-  In the place he hoved;
-  Maugree his manye teeth,
-  He was maad that tyme
-  To take the spere in his hond,
-  And justen with Jhesus.
-  For alle thei were unhardy,                            12240
-  That hoved on horse or stode,
-  To touchen hym or to tasten hym,
-  Or taken doun of roode.
-  But this blynde bacheler
-  Baar hym thorugh the herte;
-  The blood sprong doun by the spere,
-  And unspered the knyghtes eighen.
-
-    Thanne fil the knyght upon knees,
-  And cryde hym mercy;
-  "Ayein my wille it was, Lord,                          12250
-  To wownde yow so soore."
-  He sighed and seide,
-  "Soore it me a-thynketh,
-  For the dede that I have doon
-  I do me in youre grace.
-  Have on me ruthe! rightful Jhesu!"
-  And right with that he wepte.
-
-    Thanne gan Feith felly
-  The false Jewes despise,
-  {375}
-  Callede hem caytyves                                   12260
-  Acorsed for evere;
-  "For this foule vileynye
-  Vengeaunce to yow falle!
-  To do the blynde bete hym y-bounde,
-  It was a boyes counseille.
-  Cursede caytif!
-  Knyghthood was it nevere
-  To mys-do a deed body
-  By daye or by nyghte.
-  The gree yit hath he geten,                            12270
-  For al his grete wounde.
-
-    "For youre champion chivaler,
-  Chief knyght of yow alle,
-  Yilt hym recreaunt rennyng
-  Right at Jhesus wille.
-  For be this derknesse y-do,
-  His deeth worth avenged;
-  And ye, lurdaynes, han y-lost,
-  For lif shal have the maistrye;
-  And youre fraunchise, that fre was,                    12280
-  Fallen is in thraldom,
-  And ye, cherles, and youre children
-  Cheve shulle nevere
-  To have lordshipe in londe,
-  Ne no lond tilye,
-  But al barayne be,
-  And usurie usen,
-  Which is lif that oure Lord
-  In alle lawes acurseth.
-  Now youre goode dayes arn doon,                        12290
-  As Daniel prophecied,
-  Whan Crist cam, of hir kyngdom
-  The crowne sholde cesse."
-  {376}
-  _Cum veniat sanctus sanctorum, cessabit
-      unctio vestra._
-
-    What for feere of this ferly,
-  And of the false Jewes,
-  I drow me in that derknesse
-  To _descendit ad inferna_;
-  And there I saugh soothly                              12300
-  _Secundum Scripturas_
-  Out of the west coste
-  A wenche, as me thoughte,
-  Cam walkynge in the wey,
-  To helle-ward she loked.
-  Mercy highte that mayde,
-  A meke thyng withalle,
-  A ful benigne burde,
-  And buxom of speche.
-
-    Hir suster, as it semed,                             12310
-  Cam soothly walkynge.
-  Evene out of the est,
-  And west-ward she lokede,
-  A ful comely creature,
-  Truthe she highte,
-  For the vertue that hire folwede
-  A-fered was she nevere.
-
-    Whan thise maydenes mette,
-  Mercy and Truthe,
-  Either asked oother                                    12320
-  Of this grete wonder,
-  Of the dyn and of the derknesse,
-  And how the day rowed,
-  And which a light and a leme
-  Lay bifore helle.
-  "Ich have ferly of this fare,
-  In feith!" seide Truthe,
-  {377}
-  "And am wendynge to wite
-  What this wonder meneth."
-
-    "Have no merveille," quod Mercy,                     12330
-  "Murth it bitokneth.
-  A maiden that highte Marie,
-  And moder withouten felyng
-  Of any kynnes creature,
-  Conceyved thorugh speche
-  And grace of the Holy Goost,
-  Weex greet with childe,
-  Withouten wem
-  Into this world she broghte hym;
-  And that my tale be trewe,                             12340
-  I take God to witnesse.
-
-    "Sith this barn was y-bore
-  Ben .xxx.^{ti} wynter passed,
-  Which deide and deeth tholed
-  This day aboute myd-day,
-  And that is cause of this clips
-  That closeth now the sonne,
-  In menynge that man shal
-  Fro merknesse be drawe,
-  The while this light and this leme                     12350
-  Shal Lucifer a-blende.
-  For patriarkes and prophetes
-  Han preched herof ofte:
-  That man shal man save
-  Thorugh a maydenes helpe;
-  And that was tynt thorugh tree,
-  Tree shal it wynne;
-  And that deeth a-down broughte,
-  Deeth shal releve."
-
-    "That thow tellest," quod Truthe,                    12360
-  "Is but a tale of Waltrot.
-  {378}
-  For Adam and Eve,
-  And Abraham, with othere,
-  Patriarkes and prophetes,
-  That in peyne liggen,
-  Leve thow nevere that yon light
-  Hem a-lofte brynge,
-  Ne have hem out of helle.
-  Hold thi tonge, Mercy!
-  It is but a trufle that thow tellest;                  12370
-  I, Truthe, woot the sothe.
-  For he that is ones in helle,
-  Out cometh he nevere.
-  Job the prophete patriark
-  Repreveth thi sawes."
-  _Quia in inferno nulla est redemptio._
-
-    Thanne Mercy ful myldely
-  Mouthed thise wordes,
-  "Thorugh experience," quod she,
-  "I hope thei shul be saved.                            12380
-  For venym for-dooth venym;
-  And that preve I by reson.
-  For of alle venymes
-  Foulest is the scorpion,
-  May no medicyne helpe
-  The place ther he styngeth,
-  Til he be deed, and do therto,
-  The yvel he destruyeth,
-  The firste venymouste
-  Thorugh venym of hymselve.                             12390
-
-    "So shal this deeth for-do,
-  I dar my lif legge,
-  Al that deeth for-dide first
-  Thorugh the develes entisyng;
-  And right as thorugh gile
-  {379}
-  Man was bi-giled,
-  So shal grace that bi-gan
-  Make a good sleighte."
-  _Ars ut artem falleret._
-
-    "Now suffre we," seide Truthe;                       12400
-  "I se, as me thynketh,
-  Out of the nyppe of the north
-  Noght ful her hennes
-  Rightwisnesse come rennynge.
-  Reste we the while;
-  For he woot moore than we,
-  He was er we bothe."
-
-    "That is sooth," seide Mercy;
-  "And I se here by sowthe
-  Where Pees cometh pleyinge,                            12410
-  In pacience y-clothed.
-  Love hath coveited hire longe,
-  Leve I noon oother,
-  But he sente hire som lettre,
-  What this light by-meneth
-  That over-hoveth helle thus,
-  She us shal telle."
-
-    When Pees in pacience y-clothed
-  Approched ner hem tweyne,
-  Rightwisnesse hire reverenced,                         12420
-  By hir riche clothyng,
-  And preide Pees to telle hire
-  To what place she wolde,
-  And in hire gaye garnementz
-  Whom she grete thoughte.
-
-    "My wil is to wende," quod she,
-  "And welcome hem alle
-  That many day myghte I noght se
-  For merknesse of synne,
-  {380}
-  Adam and Eve,                                          12430
-  And othere mo in helle;
-  Moyses and many mo
-  Mercy shul have,
-  And I shal daunce therto,
-  Do thow so, suster,
-  For Jhesus justede wel,
-  Joy bigynneth dawe.
-  _Ad vesperum demorabitur fletus, et
-      ad matutinum laetitia._
-
-    "Love, that is my lemman,                            12440
-  Swiche lettres me sente,
-  That Mercy, my suster, and I
-  Mankynde sholde save,
-  And that God hath for-gyven
-  And graunted me pees and mercy,
-  To be mannes meynpernour
-  For evere moore after.
-  Lo here the patente!" quod Pees,
-  "_In pace in idipsum._
-  And that this dede shal dure,                          12450
-  _Dormiam et requiescam_."
-
-    "What! ravestow?" quod Rightwisnesse,
-  "Or thow art right dronke?
-  Levestow that yond light
-  Unlouke myghte helle,
-  And save mannes soule?
-  Suster, wene it nevere.
-  For God the bigynnere
-  Gaf the doom hymselve,
-  That Adam and Eve,                                     12460
-  And alle that hem suwede,
-  Sholden deye down righte,
-  {381}
-  And dwelle in pyne after,
-  If that thei touchede a tree,
-  And the fruyt eten.
-
-    "Adam afterward
-  Ayeins his defence
-  Freet of that fruyt,
-  And forsook, as it weere,
-  The love of oure Lord                                  12470
-  And his loore bothe,
-  And folwede that the fend taughte,
-  And his felawes wille,
-  Ayeins reson and rightwisnesse,
-  Recorde thus with truthe,
-  That hir peyne be perpetuel,
-  And no preiere hem helpe.
-  For-thi lat hem chewe as thei chosen,
-  And chide we noght, sustres;
-  For it is bote-lees bale,                              12480
-  The byte that thei eten."
-
-    "And I shal preve," quod Pees,
-  "Hir peyne moot have ende,
-  And from wo into wele
-  Mowe wenden at the laste.
-  For hadde thei wist of no wo,
-  Wele hadde the noght knowen.
-  For no wight woot what wele is,
-  That nevere wo suffrede;
-  Ne what is hoot hunger,                                12490
-  That hadde nevere defaute.
-
-    "If no nyght ne weere,
-  No man, as I leeve,
-  Sholde nevere wite witterly
-  What day is to meene.
-  Sholde nevere right riche man,
-  {382}
-  That lyveth in reste and ese,
-  Wite what wo is,
-  Ne were the deeth of kynde.
-
-    "So God, that bigan al                               12500
-  Of his goode wille,
-  Bicam man of a mayde
-  Mankynde to save;
-  And suffrede to be sold,
-  To se the sorwe of deying,
-  The which unknytteth alle care,
-  And comsynge is of reste.
-  For til _modicum_ mete with us,
-  I may it wel avowe,
-  Woot no wight, as I wene,                              12510
-  What y-nogh is to mene.
-
-    "For-thi God of his goodnesse
-  The firste gome Adam
-  Sette hym in solace,
-  And in sovereyn murthe;
-  And siththe he suffred hym synne,
-  Sorwe to feele,
-  To wite what wele was
-  Kyndeliche and knowe it.
-  And after God auntrede hymself,                        12520
-  And took Adames kynde,
-  To wite what he hath suffred
-  In thre sondry places,
-  Bothe in hevene and in erthe,
-  And now til helle he thenketh
-  To wite what alle wo is,
-  And what is alle joye.
-
-    "So it shal fare by this folk,
-  Hir folie and hir synne
-  Shal lere hem what langour is                          12530
-  {383}
-  And lisse withouten ende.
-  Woot no wight what werre is
-  Ther that pees regneth,
-  Ne what is witterly wele
-  Til weylawey! hym teche."
-
-    Thanne was ther a wight
-  With two brode eighen,
-  Book highte that beau-peere,
-  A bold man of speche;
-  "By Goddes body!" quod this Book,                      12540
-  "I wol bere witnesse
-  That tho this barn was y-bore,
-  Ther blased a sterre
-  That alle the wise of this world
-  In o wit acorden,
-  That swich a barn was y-bore
-  In Bethleem the citee,
-  That mannes soule sholde save,
-  And synne destroye.
-  And alle the elementz," quod the Book,                 12550
-  "Herof beren witnesse,
-  That he was God that al wroghte,
-  The wolkne first shewed.
-
-    "Tho that weren in hevene
-  Token _stella cometa_,
-  And tendeden it as a torche
-  To reverencen his burthe;
-  The light folwede the Lord
-  Into the lowe erthe.
-
-    "The water witnessed that he was God,                12560
-  For he wente on it.
-  Peter the apostel
-  Parceyved his gate,
-  And as he wente on the water,
-  {384}
-  Wel hym knew, and seide,
-  _Jube me venire ad te super aquas._
-
-    "And lo! how the sonne gan louke
-  Hire light in hirselve,
-  Whan she seigh hym suffre,
-  That sonne and see made.                               12570
-
-    "The erthe for hevynesse
-  That he wolde suffre,
-  Quaked as quyk thyng,
-  And al biquasshed the roche.
-
-    "Lo! helle myghte nat holde,
-  But opnede tho God tholede,
-  And leet out Symondes sone
-  To seen hym hange on roode.
-  And now shal Lucifer leve it,
-  Though hym looth thynke;                               12580
-  For _Gigas_ the geaunt
-  With a gyn hath engyned
-  To breke and to bete a-doun
-  That ben ayeins Jhesus.
-  And I, Book, wole be brent,
-  But Jhesus rise to lyve
-  In alle myghtes of man,
-  And his moder gladie,
-  And conforte al his kyn
-  And out of care brynge,                                12590
-  And al the Jewene joye
-  Unjoynen and unlouken,
-  And but thei reversen his roode,
-  And his resurexion,
-  And bileve on a newe lawe,
-  Be lost lif and soule."
-
-    "Suffre we," seide Truthe;
-  "I here and see bothe
-  {385}
-  How a spirit speketh to helle,
-  And biddeth unspere the yates."                        12600
-  _Attolite portas, etc._
-
-    A vois loude in that light
-  To Lucifer crieth,
-  "Prynces of this place,
-  Unpynneth and unlouketh!
-  For here cometh with crowne
-  That kyng is of glorie."
-
-    Thanne sikede Sathan,
-  And seide to hem alle,
-  "Swich a light ayeins oure leve                        12610
-  Lazar out fette;
-  Care and encombraunce
-  Is comen to us alle!
-  If this kyng come in,
-  Mankynde wole he fecche,
-  And lede it ther hym liketh,
-  And lightliche me bynde.
-  Patriarkes and Prophetes
-  Han parled herof longe,
-  That swich a lord and light                            12620
-  Sholde lede hem alle hennes."
-
-    "Listneth," quod Lucifer,
-  "For I this lord knowe.
-  Bothe this lord and this light,
-  Is longe a-go I knew hym.
-  May no deeth hym dere,
-  Ne no develes queyntise;
-  And where he wole is his wey,
-  Ac ware hym of the perils.
-  If he reveth me my right,                              12630
-  He robbeth me by maistrie;
-  For by right and by reson
-  {386}
-  The renkes that ben here
-  Body and soule beth myne,
-  Bothe goode and ille.
-  For hymself seide,
-  That sire is of hevene,
-  If Adam ete the appul,
-  Alle sholde deye
-  And dwelle with us develes;                            12640
-  This thretynge he made.
-  And he that soothnesse is,
-  Seide thise wordes.
-  And sithen I seised
-  Sevene hundred wynter,
-  I leeve that lawe nyl noght
-  Lete hym the leeste."
-
-    "That is sooth," seide Sathan;
-  "But I me soore drede.
-  For thow gete hem with gile,                           12650
-  And his gardyn breke,
-  And in semblaunce of a serpent
-  Sete upon the appul-tree,
-  And eggedest hem to ete,
-  Eve by hirselve;
-  And toldest hire a tale,
-  Of treson were the wordes;
-  And so thow haddest hem out,
-  And hider at the laste.
-  It is noght graithly geten,                            12660
-  Ther gile is the roote.
-  For God wol noght be bi-giled,"
-  Quod Gobelyn, "ne by-japed;
-  We have no trewe title to hem,
-  For thorugh treson were thei dampned."                     =
-  {387}
-
-    "Certes, I drede me," quod the devel,
-  "Lest Truthe wol hem fecche;
-  Thise thritty wynter, as I wene,
-  Hath he gon and preched.                               12670
-  I have assailled hym with synne,
-  And som tyme y-asked
-  Wheither he were God or Goddes sone;
-  He yaf me short answere.
-  And thus hath he trolled forth
-  Thise two and thritty wynter.
-  And whan I seigh it was so,
-  Lepynge I wente
-  To warne Pilates wif
-  What done man was Jhesus.                              12680
-  For Jewes hateden hym,
-  And han doon hym to dethe.
-  I wolde have lengthed his lif;
-  For I leved if he deide,
-  That his soule wolde suffre
-  No synne in his sighte.
-  For the body, while it on bones yede,
-  Aboute was evere
-  To save men from synne,
-  If hemself wolde.                                      12690
-  And now I se wher a soule
-  Cometh hiderward seillynge,
-  With glorie and with gret light,--
-  God it is, I woot wel.
-  I rede that we fle," quod he,
-  "Faste alle hennes;
-  For us were bettre noght be,
-  Than biden his sighte.
-  For thi lesynges, Lucifer,
-  {388}
-  Lost is al oure praye.                                 12700
-
-    "First thorugh the we fellen
-  Fro hevene so heighe,
-  For we leved on thi lesynges;
-  Y-lorn we have Adam,
-  And al oure lordshipe, I leve,
-  A-londe and a-watre."
-  _Nunc princeps hujus mundi ejicietur foras_.
-
-    Eft the light bad unlouke;
-  And Lucifer answerede,
-  "What lord artow?" quod Lucifer.                       12710
-  _Quis est iste?_
-  "_Rex Gloriae_,"
-  The light soone seide,
-  "And lord of myght and of man,
-  And alle manere vertues.
-  _Dominus virtutum_.
-  Dukes of this dymme place,
-  Anoon undo thise yates,
-  That Crist may come in,
-  The kynges sone of hevene!"                            12720
-
-    And with that breeth helle brak,
-  With Belialles barres,
-  For any wye or warde,
-  Wide opned the yates.
-
-    Patriarkes and prophetes,
-  _Populus in tenebris_,
-  Songen seint Johanes song,
-  _Ecce agnus Dei._
-  Lucifer loke ne myghte,
-  So light hym a-blente.                                 12730
-
-    And tho that oure Lord lovede
-  Into his light he laughte;
-  And seide to Sathan,
-  {389}
-  "Lo! here my soule to amendes
-  For alle synfulle soules,
-  To save tho that ben worthi.
-  Myne thei ben and of me,
-  I may the bet hem cleyme.
-  And though Reson recorde
-  And Right, of myselve,                                 12740
-  That if he ete the appul
-  Alle sholde deye;
-  I bi-highte hem noght here
-  Helle for evere.
-  For the dede that thei dide,
-  Thi deceite it made;
-  With gile thow hem gete,
-  Ageyn alle reson.
-  For in my paleis Paradis,
-  In persone of an addre,                                12750
-  Falsliche thow fettest
-  Thyng that I lovede.
-
-    "Thus y-lik a lusard,
-  With a lady visage,
-  Thefliche thow me robbedest;
-  And the olde lawe graunteth
-  That gilours be bigiled,
-  And that is good reson.
-  _Dentem pro dente et oculum pro oculo._                    =
-  _Ergo_ soule shal soule quyte,                         12761
-  And synne to synne wende,
-  And al that man hath mys-do
-  I, man, wole amende;
-  Membre for membre
-  By the olde lawe was amendes,
-  And lif for lif also,
-  {390}
-  And by that lawe I clayme it,
-  Adam and al his issue
-  At my wille herafter,                                  12770
-  And that deeth in hem for-dide
-  My deeth shal releve,
-  And bothe quykne and quyte
-  That queynt was thorugh synne.
-  And that grace gile destruye,
-  Good feith it asketh.
-  So leve I noght, Lucifer,
-  Ayein the lawe I fecche hem;
-  But by right and by reson
-  Raunsone here my liges.                                12780
-  _Non veni solvere legem, sed adimplere._                   =
-
-    "Thow fettest myne in my place
-  Ayeins alle reson,
-  Falsliche and felonliche;
-  Good feith me it taughte,
-  To recovere hem thorugh raunson,
-  And by no reson ellis.
-  So that thorugh gile thow gete,
-  Thorugh grace it is y-wonne.                           12790
-  Thow Lucifer in liknesse
-  Of a luther addere
-  Getest bi gile
-  Tho that God lovede.
-
-    "And I in liknesse of a leode,
-  That lord am of hevene,
-  Graciousliche thi gile have quyt;
-  Go gile ayein gile.
-  And as Adam and alle
-  Thorugh a tree deyden;                                 12800
-  Adam and alle thorugh a tree
-  {391}
-  Shul turne ayein to lyve;
-  And gile is bi-giled,
-  And in his gile fallen.
-  _Et cecidit in foveam quam fecit._
-
-    "Now bi-gynneth thi gile
-  Ageyn thee to turne,
-  And my grace to growe
-  Ay gretter and widder;
-  That art doctour of deeth,                             12810
-  Drynk that thow madest.
-
-    "For I that am lord of lif,
-  Love is my drynke;
-  And for that drynke to-day
-  I deide upon erthe.
-  I faught so, me thursteth yit,
-  For mannes soule sake;
-  May no drynke me moiste,
-  Ne my thurst slake,
-  Til the vendage falle                                  12820
-  In the vale of Josaphat,
-  That I drynke right ripe must,
-  _Resurrectio mortuorum_;
-  And thanne shal I come as a kyng,
-  Crouned with aungeles,
-  And have out of helle
-  Alle mennes soules.
-
-    "Fendes and fyndekynes
-  Bifore me shul stande,
-  And be at my biddyng                                   12830
-  Wher so evere me liketh;
-  And to be merciable to man
-  Thanne my kynde asketh.
-  For we beth bretheren of blood,
-  But noght in baptisme alle.
-  {392}
-  Ac alle that beth myne hole bretheren
-  In blood and in baptisme.
-  Shul noght be dampned to the deeth
-  That is withouten ende.
-  _Tibi soli peccavi, etc._                              12840
-
-    "It is noght used in erthe,
-  To hangen a feloun
-  Ofter than ones,
-  Though he were a tretour.
-  And if the kyng of that kyngdom
-  Come in that tyme
-  There feloun thole sholde
-  Deeth or oother juwise,
-  Lawe wolde he yeve hym lif,
-  If he loked on hym.                                    12850
-  And I, that am kyng of kynges,
-  Shal come swich a tyme
-  Ther doom to the deeth
-  Dampneth alle the wikked;
-  And if lawe wole I loke on hem,
-  It lith in my grace
-  Wheither thei deye or deye noght
-  For that thei diden ille;
-  Be it any thyng a-bought
-  The boldnesse of hir synnes,                           12860
-  I do mercy thorugh rightwisnesse,
-  And alle my wordes trewe;
-  And though holy writ wole that I be wroke
-  Of hem that diden ille,--
-  _Nullum malum impunitum, etc._--
-  Thei shul be clensed clerliche,
-  And wasshen of hir synnes,
-  In my prisone Purgatorie,
-  {393}
-  Til _parce_ it hote,
-  And my mercy shal be shewed                            12870
-  To manye of my bretheren.
-  For blood may suffre blood,
-  Bothe hungry and a-cale;
-  Ac blood may noght se blood
-  Blede, but hym rewe.
-  _Audivi arcana verba quae non licet
-      homini loqui._
-
-    "Ac my rightwisnesse and right
-  Shul rulen al helle,
-  And mercy al mankynde                                  12880
-  Bifore me in hevene.
-  For I were an unkynde kyng,
-  But I my kynde helpe,
-  And nameliche at swich a nede.
-  Ther nedes help bihoveth.
-  _Non intres in judicium cum servo tuo._                    =
-
-    "Thus by lawe," quod oure Lord,
-  "Lede I wole fro hennes
-  Tho that me lovede                                     12890
-  And leved in my comynge.
-  And for thi lesynge, Lucifer,
-  That thow leighe til Eve,
-  Thow shalt abyen it bittre;"--
-  And bond hym with cheynes.
-  Astroth and al the route
-  Hidden hem in hernes;
-  They dorste noght loke on oure Lord,
-  The boldeste of hem alle,
-  But leten hym lede forth whom hym liked,               12900
-  And lete whom hym liste.
-  {394}
-
-    Manye hundred of aungeles
-  Harpeden and songen,
-  _Culpat caro, purgat caro,
-  Regnat Deus Dei caro._
-
-    Thanne pipede Pees
-  Of Poesie a note,
-  _Clarior est solito post maxima nebula Phoebus,            =
-  Post inimicitias, etc._                                12910
-
-    "After sharpe shoures," quod Pees,
-  "Moost shene is the sonne;
-  Is no weder warmer
-  Than after watry cloudes;
-  Ne no love levere,
-  Ne lever frendes,
-  Than after werre and wo,
-  Whan Love and Pees ben maistres.
-  Was nevere werre in this world,
-  Ne wikkednesse so kene,                                12920
-  That ne Love, and hym liste,
-  To laughynge ne broughte,
-  And pees thorugh pacience
-  Alle perils stoppeth."
-
-    "Trewes," quod Truthe;
-  "Thow tellest us sooth, by Jhesus!
-  Clippe we in covenaunt,
-  And ech of us clippe oother."
-  "And leteth no peple," quod Pees,
-  "Perceyve that we chidde.                              12930
-  For inpossible is no thyng
-  To hym that is almyghty."
-
-    "Thow seist sooth," quod Rightwisnesse;
-  And reverentliche hire kiste.
-  {395}
-  "Pees and pees here!
-  _Per saecula saeculorum._"
-  _Misericordia et veritas obviaverunt
-      sibi, justitia et pax osculatae sunt._
-
-    Truthe trumpede tho,
-  And song _Te Deum laudamus_;                           12940
-  And thanne lutede,
-  In a loud note,
-  _Ecce quam bonum et quam jocundum, etc._
-
-    Til the day dawed
-  Thise damyseles dauncede,
-  That men rongen to the resurexion.
-  And right with that I wakede,
-  And callede Kytte my wif,
-  And Calote my doghter;
-  And bad hem rise and reverence                         12950
-  Goddes resurexion;
-  And crepe to the cros on knees,
-  And kisse it for a juwel,
-  For Goddes blissede body
-  It bar for oure boote;
-  And it a-fereth the fend,
-  For swich is the myghte,
-  May no grisly goost
-  Glide there it walketh.                                12959
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{396}
-
-          _Passus Decimus Nonus, explicit Do-bet, et incipit Do-best._
-
-  Thus I awaked and wroot                                12960
-  What I hadde y-dremed;
-  And dighte me derely,
-  And dide me to chirche,
-  To here holly the masse,
-  And to be housled after.
-
-    In myddes of the masse,
-  Tho men yede to offryng,
-  I fel eft-soones a-slepe;
-  And sodeynly me mette
-  That Piers the Plowman                                 12970
-  Was peynted al blody,
-  And com in with a cros
-  Bifore the comune peple,
-  And right lik in alle thynges
-  To oure Lord Jhesus.
-
-    And thanne called I Conscience,
-  To kenne me the sothe;
-  "Is this Jhesus the justere," quod I,
-  "That Jewes dide to dethe?
-  Or it is Piers the Plowman.                            12980
-  Who peynted hym so rede?"
-
-    Quod Conscience, and kneled tho,
-  "Thise arn Piers armes,
-  {397}
-  Hise colours and his cote armure;
-  Ac he that cometh so blody
-  Is Crist with his cros,
-  Conquerour of cristene."
-
-    "Why calle hym Crist," quod I,
-  "Sithen Jewes calle hym Jhesus?
-  Patriarkes and prophetes                               12990
-  Prophecied bifore
-  That alle kynne creatures
-  Sholden knelen and bowen,
-  Anoon as men nempned
-  The name of God Jhesu.
-  _Ergo_ is no name
-  To the name of Jhesus;
-  Ne noon so nedeful to nempne
-  By nyghte ne by daye.
-  For alle derke develes                                 13000
-  Arn a-drad to heren it;
-  And synfulle aren solaced
-  And saved by that name.
-  And ye callen hym Crist;
-  For what cause telleth me?
-  Is Crist moore of myght,
-  And moore worthi name,
-  Than Jhesu or Jhesus,
-  That al oure joye com of?"
-
-    "Thow knowest wel," quod Conscience,                 13010
-  "And thow konne reson,
-  That knyght, kyng, conquerour,
-  May be o persone.
-  To be called a knyght is fair,
-  For men shul knele to hym;
-  To be called a kyng is fairer,
-  {398}
-  For he may knyghtes make;
-  Ac to be conquerour called,
-  That cometh of special grace,
-  And of hardynesse of herte,                            13020
-  And of hendenesse,
-  To make lordes of laddes
-  Of lond that he wynneth,
-  And fre men foule thralles
-  That folwen noght hise lawes.
-
-    "The Jewes that were gentil men,
-  Jhesus thei despised,
-  Bothe his loore and his lawe;
-  Now are thei lowe cherles.
-  As wide as the world is,                               13030
-  Noon of hem ther wonyeth
-  But under tribut and taillage,
-  As tikes and cherles;
-  And tho that bicome cristene
-  Bi counseil of the baptisme,
-  Aren frankeleyns, free men,
-  Thorugh fullynge that thei toke,
-  And gentil men with Jhesu;
-  For Jhesu was y-fulled,
-  And upon Calvarie on cros                              13040
-  Y-crouned kyng of Jewes.
-
-    "It bicometh to a kyng
-  To kepe and to defende;
-  And conquerour of conquest
-  Hise lawes and his large.
-  And so dide Jhesus the Jewes,
-  He justified and taughte hem
-  The lawe of lif,
-  That laste shal evere;
-  And defended from foule yveles,                        13050
-  {399}
-  Feveres and fluxes,
-  And from fendes that in hem were,
-  And false bileve.
-  Tho was he Jhesus of Jewes called,
-  Gentile prophete,
-  And kyng of hir kyngdom,
-  And croune bar of thornes.
-
-    "And tho conquered he on cros,
-  As conquerour noble.
-  Mighte no deeth hym for-do,                            13060
-  Ne a-doun brynge,
-  That he naroos and regnede,
-  And ravysshed helle:
-  And tho was he conquerour called
-  Of quyke and of dede.
-  For he yaf Adam and Eve
-  And othere mo blisse,
-  That longe hadde y-leyen bifore
-  As Luciferis cherles.
-
-    "And sith he yaf largely                             13070
-  Alle hise lele liges
-  Places in Paradis,
-  At hir partynge hennes;
-  He may wel be called conquerour,
-  And that is Crist to mene.
-
-    "Ac the cause that he cometh thus
-  With cros of his passion,
-  Is to wissen us therwith
-  That whan that we ben tempted,
-  Therwith to fighte and defenden us                     13080
-  Fro fallynge to synne.
-  And so bi his sorwe,
-  That who so loveth joye
-  To penaunce and to poverte
-  {400}
-  He moste puten hymselven,
-  And muche wo in this world
-  To willen and suffren.
-
-    "Ac to carpe moore of Crist,
-  And how he com to that name,
-  Faithly for to speke,                                  13090
-  His firste name was Jhesus;
-  Tho he was born in Bethleem,
-  As the book telleth,
-  And cam to take mankynde,
-  Kynges and aungeles
-  Reverenced hym faire
-  With richesses of erthe,
-  Aungeles out of hevene
-  Come knelynge and songe,
-  _Gloria in excelsis Deo, etc._                         13100
-
-    "Kynges that come after
-  Knelede, and offrede
-  Mirre and muche gold,
-  Withouten mercy askynge
-  Or any kynnes catel,
-  But knowelichynge hym sovereyn
-  Bothe of lond, sonne, and see,
-  And sithenes thei wente
-  Into hir kyngene kith,
-  By counseil of aungeles.                               13110
-  And there was that word fulfilled
-  The which thow of speke.
-  _Omnia caelestia terrestria flectantur
-      in hoc nomine Jhesu._
-
-    "For alle the aungeles of hevene
-  At his burthe knelede,
-  And al the wit of the world
-  Was in tho thre kynges,
-  {401}
-  Reson and rightwisnesse
-  And ruthe thei offrede;                                13120
-  Wherfore and why
-  Wise men that tyme,
-  Maistres and lettred men,
-  _Magi_ hem callede.
-
-    "That o kyng cam with reson,
-  Covered under sense.
-
-    "The seconde kyng siththe
-  Soothliche offrede
-  Rightwisnesse under reed gold,
-  Resones felawe.                                        13130
-  For gold is likned to leautee
-  That laste shal evere.
-
-    "The thridde kyng tho kam
-  Knelynge to Jhesu,
-  And presented hym with pitee,
-  Apperynge by mirre.
-  For mirre is mercy to mene
-  And mylde speche of tonge.
-
-    "Thre y-liche honeste thynges
-  Were offred thus at ones,                              13140
-  Thorugh thre kynne kynges
-  Knelynge to Jhesu,
-
-    "Ac for alle thise preciouse presentz,
-  Oure Lord kyng Jhesus
-  Was neither kyng ne conquerour,
-  Til he gan to wexe
-  In the manere of a man,
-  And that by muchel sleighte,
-  As it bi-cometh a conquerour
-  To konne manye sleightes,                              13150
-  And manye wiles and wit,
-  That wole ben a ledere.
-  {402}
-  And so dide Jhesu in hise dayes,
-  Who so hadde tyme to telle it.
-
-    "Som tyme he suffrede,
-  And som tyme he hidde hym;
-  And some tyme he faught faste,
-  And fleigh outher while;
-  And som tyme he gaf good,
-  And grauntede heele bothe,                             13160
-  Lif and lyme,
-  As hym liste he wroghte.
-  As kynde is of a conquerour,
-  So comsede Jhesu,
-  Til he hadde alle hem
-  That he for bledde.
-
-    "In his juventee this Jhesus
-  At Jewene feeste
-  Water into wyn turnede,
-  As holy writ telleth.                                  13170
-  And there bigan God
-  Of his grace to do-wel.
-  For wyn is likned to lawe
-  And lif-holynesse,
-  And lawe lakkede tho,
-  For men lovede noght hir enemys.
-  And Crist counseileth thus,
-  And comaundeth bothe,
-  To lered and to lewede
-  To lovyen oure enemys.                                 13180
-  So at the feeste first,
-  As I bifore tolde,
-  Bigan God of his grace
-  And goodnesse to do-wel.
-  And thanne was he called
-  Noght holy Crist, but Jhesu,
-  {403}
-  A faunt fyn ful of wit,
-  _Filius Mariae._
-  For bifore his moder Marie
-  Made he that wonder;                                   13190
-  That she first and formest
-  Ferme sholde bileve
-  That he thorugh grace was gete,
-  And of no gome ellis.
-  He wroghte that by no wit,
-  But thorugh word one;
-  After the kynde that he cam of,
-  There comsede he do-wel.
-
-    "And whan he woxen was moore,
-  In his moder absence,                                  13200
-  He made lame to lepe,
-  And yaf light to blynde,
-  And fedde with two fisshes,
-  And with fyve loves,
-  Sore a fyngred folk
-  Mo than fyve thousand.
-
-    "Thus he confortede carefulle
-  And caughte a gretter name,
-  The which was Do-bet,
-  Where that he wente,                                   13210
-  For deve thorugh hise doynges to here
-  And dombe speke he made,
-  And alle he heeled and halp
-  That hym of grace askede.
-  And tho was he called in contre
-  Of the comune peple,
-  For the dedes that he dide,
-  _Fili David, Jhesus._
-  For David was doghtiest
-  Of dedes in his tyme.                                  13220
-  {404}
-  The burdes tho songe,
-  _Saul interfecit mille, et David decem millia._            =
-
-    "For-thi the contree ther Jhesu cam
-  Called hym _fili David_,
-  And nempned hym of Nazareth,
-  And no man so worthi
-  To be kaiser or kyng
-  Of the kyngdom of Juda,
-  Ne over Jewes justice,                                 13230
-  As Jhesus was, hem thoughte.
-
-    "Wherof Cayphas hadde envye,
-  And othere of the Jewes;
-  And for to doon hym to dethe
-  Day and nyght thei casten,
-  Killeden hym on cros wise
-  At Calvarie on Friday,
-  And sithen buriede his body,
-  And beden that men sholde,
-  Kepen it fro nyght comeris                             13240
-  With knyghtes y-armed,
-  For no frendes sholde hym fecche.
-  For prophetes hem tolde
-  That that blissede body
-  Of burieles risen sholde,
-  And goon into Galilee,
-  And gladen hise apostles,
-  And his moder Marie;
-  Thus men bifore demede.
-
-    "The knyghtes that kepten it                         13250
-  Bi-knewe it hemselven,
-  That aungeles and archaungeles
-  Er the day spronge
-  Come knelynge to the corps,
-  {405}
-  And songen _Christus resurgens_,
-  Verray men bifore hem alle,
-  And forth with hem he yede.
-
-    "The Jewes preide hem be pees,
-  And bi-soughte the knyghtes
-  Telle the comune that ther cam                         13260
-  A compaignie of hise apostles,
-  And bi-wicched hem as thei woke,
-  And awey stolen it.
-
-    "Ac Marie Maudeleyne
-  Mette hym by the weye,
-  Goynge toward Galilee
-  In godhede and manhede,
-  And lyves and lokynge,
-  And she a-loud cride
-  In ech a compaignie ther she cam,                      13270
-  _Christus resurgens_.
-
-    "Thus cam it out that Crist over-coom,
-  Recoverede and lyvede
-  _Sic oportet Christum pati et intrare, etc._               =
-  For that that wommen witeth,
-  May noght wel be counseille.
-
-    "Peter parceyved al this,
-  And pursued after,
-  Bothe James and Johan,                                 13280
-  Jhesu for to seke,
-  Thaddee and ten mo,
-  With Thomas of Inde.
-  And as alle thise wise wyes
-  Weren togideres,
-  In an hous al bi-shet,
-  And hir dore y-barred,
-  Crist cam in, and al closed
-  {406}
-  Bothe dore and yates,
-  To Peter and to thise apostles,                        13290
-  And seide _pax vobis!_
-  And took Thomas by the hand,
-  And taughte hym to grope,
-  And feele with hise fyngres
-  His flesshliche herte.
-
-    "Thomas touched it,
-  And with his tonge seide,
-  '_Deus meus et Dominus meus_--
-  Thow art my lord, I bi-leve,
-  My God, lord Jhesu;                                    13300
-  Thow deidest and deeth tholedest,
-  And deme shalt us alle,
-  And now art lyvynge and lokynge,
-  And laste shalt evere.'
-
-    "Crist carpede thanne,
-  And curteisliche seide,
-  'Thomas, for thow trowest this,
-  And treweliche bi-levest it,
-  Blessed mote thow be,
-  And be shalt for evere;                                13310
-  And blessed mote thei alle be
-  In body and in soule
-  That nevere shul se me in sighte,
-  As thow doost nowthe,
-  And lelliche bi-leve al this,
-  I love hem and blesse hem.'
-  _Beati qui non viderunt, etc._
-
-    "And whan this dede was doon,
-  Do-best he taughte,
-  And yaf Piers power,                                   13320
-  And pardon he grauntede,
-  To alle maner men
-  {407}
-  Mercy and forgifnesse,
-  Hym myght to assoille
-  Of alle manere synne,
-  In covenaunt that thei come
-  And kneweliched to paie
-  To Piers pardon the Plowman,
-  _Redde quod debes._
-
-    "Thus hath Piers power,                              13330
-  By his pardon paied,
-  To bynde and unbynde,
-  Bothe here and ellis where;
-  And assoille men of alle synnes,
-  Save of dette one.
-
-    "Anoon after an heigh
-  Up into hevene
-  He wente, and wonyeth there,
-  And wol come at the laste,
-  And rewarde hym right wel                              13340
-  That _reddit quod debet_,
-  Paieth parfitly,
-  As pure truthe wolde;
-  And what persone paieth it nought,
-  Punysshen he thenketh,
-  And demen hem at domes day
-  Bothe quyke and dede.
-  The goode to the godhede
-  And to greet joye,
-  And wikkede to wonye                                   13350
-  In wo withouten ende."
-
-    Thus Conscience of Crist
-  And of the cros carpede,
-  And counseiled me to knele therto.
-  And thanne cam, me thoughte,
-  Oon _spiritus paraclitus_
-  {408}
-  To Piers and to hise felawes
-  In liknesse of a lightnynge
-  He lighte on hem alle,
-  And made hem konne and knowe                           13360
-  Alle kynne langages.
-  I wondred what that was,
-  And waggede Conscience,
-  And was a-fered of the light,
-  For in fires lightnesse
-  _Spiritus paraclitus_
-  Over-spradde hem alle.
-
-    Quod Conscience, and knelede,
-  "This is Cristes messager,
-  And cometh fro the grete God,                          13370
-  And Grace is his name.
-  Knele now," quod Conscience,
-  "And if thow kanst synge,
-  Welcome hym and worshipe hym
-  With _Veni creator spiritus_."
-
-    Thanne song I that song,
-  So dide manye hundred,
-  And cride with Conscience,
-  "Help us, God of Grace!"
-
-    And thanne bigan Grace                               13380
-  To go with Piers Plowman,
-  And counseillede hym and Conscience
-  The comune to sompne;
-  "For I wole dele to-day
-  And gyve divine grace
-  To alle kynne creatures
-  That han hir fyve wittes,
-  Tresour to lyve by
-  To hir lyves ende,
-  And wepne to fighte with                               13390
-  {409}
-  That wole nevere faille.
-  For Antecrist and hise
-  Al the world shul greve,
-  And acombre thee, Conscience,
-  But if Crist thee helpe.
-
-    "And false prophetes fele,
-  Flatereris and gloseris,
-  Shullen come and be curatours
-  Over kynges and erles,
-  And Pride shal be pope,                                13400
-  Prynce of holy chirche,
-  Coveitise and unkyndenesse
-  Cardinals hym to lede;
-  For-thi," quod Grace, "er I go,
-  I wol gyve yow tresor,
-  And wepne to fighte with
-  Whan Antecrist yow assaileth."
-  And gaf ech man a grace
-  To gide with hymselven,
-  That ydelnesse encombre hym noght,                     13410
-  Envye ne pride.
-  _Divisiones gratiarum sunt, etc._
-
-    Some he yaf wit
-  With wordes to shewe,
-  Wit to wynne hir liflode with,
-  As the world asketh,
-  As prechours and preestes,
-  And prentices of lawe,
-  They lelly to lyve
-  By labour of tonge,                                    13420
-  And by wit to wissen othere
-  As grace hem wolde teche.
-
-    And some he kennede craft
-  And konnynge of sighte,
-  {410}
-  With sellynge and buggynge
-  Hir bilyve to wynne.
-
-    And some he lered to laboure,
-  A lele lif and a trewe;
-  And some he taughte to tilie,
-  To dyche and to thecche,                               13430
-  To wynne with her liflode
-  Bi loore of his techynge.
-
-    And some to devyne and divide,
-  Noumbres to kenne;
-  And some to compace craftily,
-  And colours to make;
-  And some to se and to seye
-  What sholde bi-falle,
-  Bothe of wele and of wo,
-  Telle it er it felle,                                  13440
-  As astronomyens thorugh astronomye,
-  And philosofres wise.
-
-    And some to ryde, and to recovere
-  That wrongfully was wonne;
-  He wissed hem to wynne it ayein
-  Thorugh wightnesse of handes,
-  And fecchen it fro false men
-  With folvyles lawes.
-
-    And some he lered to lyve
-  In longynge to ben hennes,                             13450
-  In poverte and in penaunce,
-  To preie for alle cristene.
-  And alle he lered to be lele,
-  And ech a craft love oother;
-  And forbad hem alle debat,
-  That noon were among hem.
-  "Though some be clenner than some,
-  Ye se wel," quod Grace,
-  {411}
-  "That he that useth the faireste craft,
-  To the fouleste I kouthe have put hym.                 13460
-  Thynketh alle," quod Grace,
-  "That grace cometh of my gifte;
-  Loketh that no man lakke oother,
-  But loveth alle as bretheren.
-
-    "And who that moost maistries kan
-  Be myldest of berynge;
-  And crouneth Conscience kyng,
-  And maketh Craft youre stiward,
-  And after Craftes conseil
-  Clotheth yow and fede.                                 13470
-  For I make Piers the Plowman
-  My procuratour and my reve,
-  And registrer to receyve,
-  _Redde quod debes._
-  My prowor and my plowman
-  Piers shal ben on erthe,
-  And for to tilie truthe
-  A teeme shal he have."
-
-    Grace gaf Piers a teeme
-  Of foure grete oxen.                                   13480
-  That oon was Luk, a large beest,
-  And a lowe chered;
-  And Mark, and Mathew the thridde,
-  Myghty beestes bothe;
-  And joyned to hem oon Johan,
-  Moost gentil of alle,
-  The pris neet of Piers Plow,
-  Passynge all othere.
-
-    And Grace gaf Piers
-  Of his goodnesse foure stottes;                        13490
-  Al that hise oxen eriede,
-  {412}
-  Thei to harewen after.
-  Oon highte Austyn,
-  And Ambrose another,
-  Gregori the grete clerk,
-  And Jerom the goode.
-  Thise foure the feith to teche
-  Folweth Piers teme,
-  And harewede in an hand while
-  Al holy Scripture,                                     13500
-  With two harewes that thei hadde,
-  An oold and a newe.
-  _Id est, vetus testamentum et novum._
-
-    And Grace gaf greynes,
-  The cardynal vertues,
-  And sew hem in mannes soule,
-  And sithen he tolde hir names.
-  _Spiritus prudentiae._
-  The firste seed highte;
-  And who so ete that,                                   13510
-  Ymagynen he sholde
-  Er he deide any deeth,
-  Devyse wel the ende;
-  And lerned men a ladel bugge
-  With a long stele,
-  And caste for to kepe a crokke
-  To save the fatte above.
-
-    The seconde seed highte
-  _Spiritus temperantiae._
-  He that ete of that seed                               13520
-  Hadde swich a kynde,
-  Sholde nevere mete ne muchel drynke
-  Make hym to swelle,
-  Ne no scornere ne scolde
-  Out of skile hym bringe,
-  {413}
-  Ne wynnynge ne wele
-  Of worldliche richesse,
-  Waste word of ydelnesse
-  Ne wikked speche moeve;
-  Sholde no curious clooth                               13530
-  Comen on his rugge,
-  Ne no mete in his mouth
-  That maister Johan spicede.
-
-    The thridde seed that Piers sew
-  Was _spiritus fortitudinis_.
-  And who ete that seed,
-  Hardy was he evere
-  To suffren al that God sente,
-  Siknesse and angres;
-  Mighte no lesynges ne lyere,                           13540
-  Ne los of worldly catel,
-  Maken hym for any mournynge
-  That he nas murie in soule,
-  And bold and abidynge
-  Bismares to suffre;
-  And pleieth al with pacience
-  And _parce mihi domine_;
-  And covered hym under conseille
-  Of Caton the wise:
-  _Esto forti animo, cum sis dampnatus inique._              =
-
-    The ferthe seed that Piers sew                       13552
-  Was _spiritus justitiae_.
-  And he that ete of that seed,
-  Sholde be evere trewe,
-  With God, and naught a-gast,
-  But of gile one;
-  For gile gooth so pryvely,
-  That good feith outher while
-  {414}
-  Maye nought ben espied,                                13560
-  For _spiritus justitiae_.
-
-    _Spiritus justitiae._
-  Spareth noght to spille
-  Hem that ben gilty,
-  And for to correcte
-  The kyng, if he falle
-  In gilt or in trespas.
-  For counteth he no kynges wrathe,
-  Whan he in court sitteth
-  To demen as a domesman,                                13570
-  A-drad was he nevere
-  Neither of duc ne of deeth,
-  That he ne dide lawe,
-  For present or for preiere,
-  Or any prynces lettres;
-  He dide equite to alle
-  Evene forth his power.
-
-    Thise foure sedes Piers sew;
-  And siththe he dide hem harewe
-  With olde lawe and newe lawe,                          13580
-  That love myghte wexe
-  Among tho foure vertues,
-  And vices destruye.
-  For comunliche in contrees
-  Cammokes and wedes
-  Foulen the fruyt in the feld,
-  Ther thei growen togideres;
-  And so doon vices
-  Vertues worthi.
-
-    Quod Piers, "Hareweth alle that konneth kynde wit,
-  By conseil of thise doctours;                          13591
-  And tilieth after hir techynge
-  {415}
-  The cardynale vertues."
-
-    "Ayeins thei greynes," quod Grace,
-  "Bi-gynneth for to ripe,
-  Ordeigne thee an hous, Piers,
-  To herberwe inne thi cornes."
-
-    "By God! Grace," quod Piers,
-  "Ye moten gyve tymber,
-  And ordeyne that hous,                                 13600
-  Er ye hennes wende."
-
-    And Grace gaf hym the cros,
-  With the croune of thornes,
-  That Crist upon Calvarie
-  For mankynde on pyned,
-  And of his baptisme and blood
-  That he bledde on roode
-  He made a manere morter,
-  And mercy it highte.
-  And therwith Grace bi-gan                              13610
-  To make a good foundement,
-  And watlede it and walled it
-  With his peyne and his passion,
-  And of al holy writ
-  He made a roof after,
-  And called that hous _Unitee_,
-  Holy chirche on Englisshe.
-
-    And whan this dede was doon,
-  Grace devysede
-  A cart highte cristendom                               13620
-  To carie Piers sheves;
-  And gaf hym caples to his carte,
-  Contricion and confession;
-  And made preesthod hayward,
-  The while hymself wente
-  As wide as the world is
-  {416}
-  With Piers to tilie truthe.
-
-    Now is Piers to the plow;
-  And Pride it aspide,
-  And gadered hym a greet oost,                          13630
-  For to greven he thynketh
-  Conscience and alle cristene
-  And cardinale vertues,
-  Blowe hem doun and breke hem,
-  And bite a-two the mores;
-  And sente forth Surquidous,
-  His sergeaunt of armes,
-  And his spye Spille-love,
-  Oon Spek-yvel bihynde.
-
-    Thise two coome to Conscience,                       13640
-  And to cristen peple,
-  And tolde hem tidynges,
-  That tyne thei sholde the sedes
-  That Piers there hadde y-sowen,
-  The cardynale vertues;
-  "And Piers bern worth y-broke,
-  And thei that ben in _Unitee_
-  Shulle come out, and Conscience
-  And youre two caples,
-  Confession and Contricion;                             13650
-  And youre carte the bileeve
-  Shal be coloured so queyntely,
-  And covered under sophistrie,
-  That Conscience shal noght
-  Knowe by Contricion
-  Ne by Confession
-  Who is cristene or hethene;
-  Ne no manere marchaunt
-  That with moneie deleth,
-  Wheither he wynne with right,                          13660
-  {417}
-  With wrong, or with usure.
-
-    "With swiche colours and queyntise
-  Cometh Pride y-armed,
-  With the lord that lyveth after
-  The lust of his body,
-  To wasten on welfare,
-  And in wikked lyvynge,
-  Al the world in a while
-  Thorugh oure wit," quod Pryde.
-
-    Quod Conscience to alle cristene tho,                13670
-  "My counseil is to wende
-  Hastiliche into Unitee,
-  And holde we us there;
-  And praye we that a pees weere
-  In Piers berne the Plowman.
-  For witterly I woot wel,
-  We beth noght of strengthe
-  To goon agayn Pride,
-  But Grace weere with us."
-
-    And thanne kam Kynde Wit                             13680
-  Conscience to teche,
-  And cryde and comaundede
-  Alle cristene peple
-  For to delven a dych
-  Depe aboute Unitee,
-  That holy chirche stode in Unitee,
-  As it a pyl weere.
-
-    Conscience comaundede tho
-  Alle cristene to delve,
-  And make a muche moot,                                 13690
-  That myghte ben a strengthe
-  To helpe holy chirche
-  And hem that it kepeth.
-
-    Thanne alle kynne cristene,
-  {418}
-  Save comune wommen,
-  Repenteden and refused synne,
-  Save thei one,
-  And false men, flatereris,
-  Usurers, and theves,
-  Lyeris, and queste-mongeres                            13700
-  That were for-sworen ofte,
-  Witynge and wilfully
-  With the false helden,
-  And for silver were for-swore,
-  Soothly they wiste it.
-
-    Ther nas no cristene creature
-  That kynde wit hadde,
-  Save sherewes one
-  Swiche as I spak of,
-  That he ne halp a quantite                             13710
-  Holynesse to wexe,
-  Some thorugh bedes biddynge,
-  And some thorugh pilgrymages
-  And othere pryve penaunces,
-  And somme thorugh penyes delynge.
-
-    And thanne wellede water
-  For wikkede werkes,
-  Egreliche ernynge
-  Out of mennes eighen,
-  Clennesse out of comune,                               13720
-  And clerkes clene lyvynge,
-  Made Unitee holy chirche
-  In holynesse to stonde.
-
-    "I care noght," quod Conscience,
-  "Though Pride come nouthe.
-  The lord of lust shal be letted
-  Al this lente, I hope.
-  Cometh," quod Conscience,
-  {419}
-  "Ye cristene, and dyneth,
-  That han laboured lelly                                13730
-  Al this lenten tyme.
-  Here is breed y-blessed,
-  And Goddes body therunder:
-  Grace, thorugh Goddes word,
-  Yaf Piers power
-  And myghtes to maken it,
-  And men to ete it after
-  In helpe of hir heele
-  Ones in a monthe,
-  Or as ofte as thei hadde nede,                         13740
-  Tho that hadde y-paied
-  To Piers pardon the Plowman.
-  _Redde quod debes._"
-
-    "How?" quod al the comune,
-  "Thow conseillest us to yelde
-  Al that we owen any wight,
-  Er we go to housel?"
-
-    "That is my conseil," quod Conscience,
-  "And cardinale vertues,
-  That ech man for-gyve oother,                          13750
-  And that wol the pater-noster.
-  _Et dimitte nobis debita nostra, etc._
-  And so to ben assoilled,
-  And siththen ben houseled."
-
-    "Ye, baw!" quod a brewere,
-  "I wol noght be ruled,
-  By Jhesu! for al youre janglynge
-  With _spiritus justitiae_,
-  Ne after Conscience, by Crist!
-  While I kan selle                                      13760
-  Bothe dregges and draf,
-  And drawe it out at oon hole
-  {420}
-  Thikke ale and thynne ale,
-  For that is my kynde,
-  And noght hakke after holynesse.
-  Hold thi tonge, Conscience!
-  Of _spiritus justitiae_,
-  Thow spekest muche on ydel."
-
-    "Caytif!" quod Conscience,
-  "Cursede wrecche!                                      13770
-  Un-blessed artow, brewere,
-  But if thee God helpe.
-  But thow lyve by loore
-  Of _spiritus justitiae_,
-  The chief seed that Piers sew,
-  Y-saved worstow nevere.
-  But Conscience the comune fede,
-  And cardinale vertues,
-  Leve it wel, thei ben lost,
-  Bothe lif and soule."                                  13780
-
-    "Thanne is many a man lost,"
-  Quod a lewed vicory.--
-  "I am a curatour of holy kirke,
-  And cam nevere in my tyme
-  Man to me, that me kouthe telle
-  Of cardinale vertues,
-  Or that acountede Conscience
-  At a cokkes fethere or an hennes.
-  I knew nevere cardynal,
-  That he ne cam fro the pope;                           13790
-  And we clerkes, whan thei come,
-  For hir comunes paieth,
-  For hir pelure and hir palfreyes mete,
-  And pilours that hem folweth.
-
-    "The comune _clamat cotidie_
-  Ech a man til oother,
-  {421}
-  The contree is the corseder
-  That cardinals comme inne;
-  And ther thei ligge and lenge moost,
-  Lecherie there regneth.                                13800
-
-    "For-thi," quod this vicory,
-  "By verray God! I wolde
-  That no cardynal coome
-  Among the comune peple;
-  But in hir holynesse
-  Helden hem stille
-  At Avynone among the Jewes,--
-  _Cum sancto sanctus eris, etc._--
-  Or in Rome, as hir rule wole,
-  The relikes to kepe;                                   13810
-  And thow, Conscience, in kynges court,
-  And sholdest nevere come thennes;
-  And Grace, that thow graddest so of,
-  Gyour of alle clerkes;
-  And Piers with his newe plow,
-  And ek with his olde,
-  Emperour of al the world,
-  That alle men were cristene.
-
-    "Inparfit is that pope
-  That al the world sholde helpe,                        13820
-  And sendeth swiche that sleeth hem
-  That he sholde save.
-
-    "And wel worthe Piers the Plowman,
-  That pursueth God in doynge,
-  _Qui pluit super justos
-  Et injustos_ at ones,
-  And sent the sonne to save
-  A cursed mannes tilthe,
-  As brighte as to the beste man,
-  Or to the beste womman.                                13830
-  {422}
-
-    "Right so Piers the Plowman
-  Peyneth hym to tilye
-  As wel for a wastour
-  And wenches of the stewes,
-  As for hymself and his servauntz,
-  Save he is first y-served;
-  And travailleth and tilieth
-  For a tretour also soore
-  As for a trewe tidy man,
-  Alle tymes y-like.                                     13840
-  And worshiped be he that wroghte al,
-  Bothe good and wikke,
-  And suffreth that synfulle be,
-  [Tyl som tyme that thei repenten].
-  And God amende the pope!
-  That pileth holy kirke,
-  And cleymeth bifore the kyng
-  To be kepere over cristene;
-  And counteth noght though cristene ben
-  Killed and robbed;                                     13850
-  And fynt folk to fighte,
-  And cristen blood to spille,
-  Ayein the olde lawe and newe lawe,
-  As Luc therof witnesseth.
-  _Non occides, mihi vindictam, etc._
-
-    "It semeth, bi so
-  Hymself hadde his wille,
-  That he reccheth right noght
-  Of al the remenaunt.
-  And Crist of his curteisie                             13860
-  The cardinals save,
-  And torne hir wit to wisdom,
-  And to welthe of soule!
-  For the comune," quod this curatour,
-  {423}
-  "Counten ful litel
-  The counseil of Conscience,
-  Or cardinale vertues.
-  But if thei seighe, as by sighte,
-  Som what to wynnyng,
-  Of gile ne of gabbyng                                  13870
-  Gyve thei nevere tale.
-  For _spiritus prudentiae_
-  Among the peple is gyle;
-  And alle tho faire vertues
-  As vices thei semeth.
-  Ech man subtileth a sleighte
-  Synne for to hide,
-  And coloureth it for a konnynge,
-  And a clene lyvynge."
-
-    Thanne lough ther a lord,                            13880
-  And "By this light!" seide,
-  "I holde it right and reson
-  Of my reve to take
-  Al that myn auditour,
-  Or ellis my styward,
-  Counseilleth me bi hir acounte
-  And my clerkes writyng.
-  With _spiritus intellectus_
-  Thei seke the reves rolles;
-  And with _spiritus fortitudinis_                       13890
-  Fecche it I wole after."
-
-    And thanne cam ther a kyng,
-  And, by his croune! seide,
-  "I am kyng with croune
-  The comune to rule,
-  And holy kirke and clergie
-  From cursed men to fende;
-  And if me lakketh to lyve by,
-  {424}
-  The lawe wole I take it
-  Ther I may hastilokest it have.                        13900
-  For I am heed of lawe;
-  And ye ben but membres,
-  And I above alle.
-  And sith I am youre aller heed,
-  I am youre aller heele,
-  And holy chirches chief help,
-  And chieftayn of the comune;
-  And what I take of yow two,
-  I take it at the techynge
-  Of _spiritus justitiae_,                               13910
-  For I jugge yow alle.
-  So I may boldely be housled,
-  For I borwe nevere,
-  Ne crave of my comune,
-  But as my kynde asketh."
-
-    "In condicion," quod Conscience,
-  "That thow konne defende
-  And rule thi reaume in reson,
-  Right wel and in truthe,
-  Take thow mayst in reson                               13920
-  As thi lawe asketh.
-  _Omnia tua sunt ad defendendum,
-      sed non ad depraedandum._"
-  The viker hadde fer hoom,
-  And faire took his leeve;
-  And I awakned therwith,
-  And wroot as me mette.                                 13927
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{425}
-
-          _Passus Vicesimus de Visione, et Primus de Do-best._
-
-  Thanne as I wente by the wey,                          13928
-  Whan I was thus awaked,
-  Hevy-chered I yede,
-  And elenge in herte;
-  I ne wiste wher to ete,
-  Ne at what place,
-  And it neghed neigh the noon,
-  And with Nede I mette
-  That afrounted me foule,
-  And faitour me called:
-  "Kanstow noght excuse thee,
-  As dide the kyng and othere,
-  That thow toke to thy bilyve,                          13940
-  To clothes and to sustenaunce;
-  And by techynge and by tellynge
-  Of _spiritus temperantiae_,
-  And thow nome na-moore
-  Than nede thee taughte,
-  And nede he hath no lawe,
-  Ne nevere shal falle in dette;
-  For thre thynges he taketh,
-  His lif for to save.
-
-    "That is mete, whan men hym werneth                  13950
-  {426}
-  And he no moneye weldeth,
-  Ne wight noon wol ben his borugh,
-  Ne wed hath noon to legge;
-  And he caughte in that caas,
-  And come therto by sleighte,
-  He synneth noght, soothliche,
-  That so wynneth his foode.
-
-    "And though he come so to a clooth,
-  And kan no bettre chevyssaunce,
-  Nede anoon righte                                      13960
-  Nymeth hym under maynprise.
-
-    "And if hym list for to lape,
-  The lawe of kynde wolde
-  That he dronke at ech dych,
-  Er he for thurst deide.
-  So Nede al gret nede
-  May nymen, as for his owene,
-  Withouten counseil of Conscience
-  Or cardynale vertues,
-  So that he sewe and save                               13970
-  _Spiritus temperantiae_.
-
-    "For is no vertue bi fer
-  To _spiritus temperantiae_;
-  Ne _spiritus justitiae_
-  Ne _spiritus fortitudinis_.
-  For _spiritus fortitudinis_
-  Forfeteth ful ofte.
-  He shal do moore than mesure
-  Many tyme and ofte,
-  And bete men over bittre,                              13980
-  And some of hem to litel,
-  And greve men gretter
-  Than good feith it wolde
-  {427}
-
-    "And _spiritus justitiae_
-  Shal juggen, wol he nele he,
-  After the kynges counseil,
-  And the comune like.
-  And _spiritus prudentiae_
-  In many a point shal faille
-  Of that he weneth wolde falle,                         13990
-  If his wit ne weere.
-  Wenynge is no wysdom,
-  Ne wys ymaginacion,
-  _Homo proponit, et Deus disponit_,
-  And governeth alle goode vertues;
-  Ac Nede is next hym,
-  For anoon he meketh,
-  And as lowe as a lomb,
-  For lakkyng of that hym nedeth.
-  Wise men forsoke wele,                                 14000
-  For thei wolde be nedy,
-  And woneden in wildernesse,
-  And wolde noght he riche.
-
-    "And God al his grete joye
-  Goostliche he lefte,
-  And cam and took mankynde,
-  And bi-cam nedy.
-  So nedy he was, as seith the book,
-  In manye sondry places,
-  That he seide in his sorwe                             14010
-  On the selve roode,
-  Bothe fox and fowel
-  May fle to hole and crepe,
-  And the fissh hath fyn
-  To flete with to reste,
-  Ther Nede hath y-nome me
-  That I moot nede abide
-  {428}
-  And suffre sorwes ful soure
-  That shal to joye torne,
-  For-thi be noght abasshed                              14020
-  To bide and to be nedy;
-  Sith he that wroghte al the world
-  Was wilfulliche nedy,
-  Ne nevere noon so nedy
-  Ne poverer deide."
-
-  Whan Nede hath under-nome me thus,
-  Anoon I fil a-slepe;
-  And mette ful merveillously,
-  That in mannes forme
-  Antecrist cam thanne,                                  14030
-  And al the crop of Truthe
-  Torned it up-so-doun,
-  And over-tilte the roote;
-  And fals sprynge and sprede,
-  And spede mennes nedes,
-  In ech a contree ther he cam
-  He kutte awey truthe,
-  And gerte gile growe there,
-  As he a Good weere.
-
-    Freres folwede that fend,                            14040
-  For he gaf hem copes;
-  And religiouse reverenced hym,
-  And rongen hir belles,
-  And al the covent forth cam
-  To welcome that tyraunt,
-  And alle hise as wel as hym,
-  Save oonly fooles.
-  Whiche foolis were wel levere
-  To deye than to lyve
-  {429}
-  Lenger, sith Lenten                                    14050
-  Was so rebuked.
-  And as a fals fend, Antecrist
-  Over alle folk regnede,
-  Save that were mylde men and holye,
-  That no meschief dradden,
-  Defyed alle falsnesse
-  And folk that it usede;
-  And what kyng that hem conforted,
-  Knowynge hem any while,
-  They cursed and hir conseil,                           14060
-  Were it clerk or lewed.
-
-    Antecrist hadde thus soone
-  Hundredes at his baner,
-  And Pride it bar
-  Boldely aboute,
-  With a lord that lyveth
-  After likyng of body,
-  That kam ayein Conscience,
-  That kepere was and gyour
-  Over kynde cristene                                    14070
-  And cardynale vertues.
-
-    "I conseille," quod Conscience tho,
-  "Cometh with me, ye fooles,
-  Into Unite holy chirche,
-  And holde we us there;
-  And crye we to kynde
-  That he come and defende us,
-  Fooles, fro thise fendes lymes,
-  For Piers love the Plowman;
-  And crye we to al the comune,                          14080
-  That thei come to Unitee,
-  And there abide and bikere
-  Ayeins Beliales children."
-  {430}
-
-    Kynde Conscience tho herde,
-  And cam out of the planetes,
-  And sente forth his forreyours,
-  Feveres and fluxes,
-  Coughes and cardiacles,
-  Crampes and tooth-aches,
-  Rewmes and radegundes,                                 14090
-  And roynous scabbes,
-  Biles and bocches,
-  And brennynge agues,
-  Frenesies and foule yveles,
-  Forageres of kynde,
-  Hadde y-priked and prayed
-  Polles of peple,
-  That largeliche a legion
-  Loste hir lif soone.
-
-    There was, "Harrow and help!                         14100
-  Here cometh Kynde,
-  With Deeth that is dredful
-  To undo us alle!"
-
-    The lord that lyved after lust
-  Tho aloud cryde
-  After Confort, a knyght,
-  To come and bere his baner;
-  "_A l'arme! a l'arme!_" quod that lord,
-  "Ech lif kepe his owene!"
-
-    And thanne mette thise men,                          14110
-  Er mynstrals myghte pipe,
-  And er heraudes of armes
-  Hadden discryved lordes,
-  Elde the hoore
-  That was in the vaunt-warde.
-  And bar the baner bifore Deeth,
-  Bi right he it cleymede.
-  {431}
-
-    Kynde cam after,
-  With many kene soores,
-  As pokkes and pestilences,                             14120
-  And muche peple shente;
-  So Kynde thorugh corrupcions
-  Kilde ful manye.
-
-    Deeth cam dryvynge after,
-  And al to duste passhed
-  Kynges and knyghtes,
-  Kaysers and popes,
-  Lered and lewed,
-  He leet no man stonde
-  That he hitte evene,                                   14130
-  That evere stired after.
-  Manye a lovely lady,
-  And lemmans of knyghtes,
-  Swowned and swelted
-  For sorwe of hise dyntes.
-
-    Conscience of his curteisie
-  To Kynde he bi-soughte
-  To cesse and suffre,
-  And see wher thei wolde
-  Leve Pride pryvely,                                    14140
-  And be parfite cristene.
-
-    And Kynde cessede tho
-  To se the peple amende.
-  Fortune gan flatere thanne
-  Tho fewe that were alyve,
-  And bi-highte hem long lif,
-  And Lecherie he sente
-  Amonges alle manere men,
-  Wedded and unwedded,
-  And gaderede a greet hoost                             14150
-  Al agayn Conscience.
-  {432}
-
-    This Lecherie leide on
-  With a janglynge chiere,
-  And with pryvee speche
-  And peyntede wordes;
-  And armede hym in ydelnesse,
-  And in heigh berynge.
-  He bar a bowe in his hand,
-  And manye brode arewes,
-  Weren fethered with fair bi-heste                      14160
-  And many a fals truthe.
-  With hise un-tidy tales
-  He tened ful ofte.
-  Conscience and his compaignye,
-  Of holy chirche the techeris.
-
-    Thanne cam Coveitise,
-  And caste how he myghte
-  Overcome Conscience
-  And cardinale vertues,
-  And armed hym in avarice,                              14170
-  And hungriliche lyvede.
-  His wepne was al wiles
-  To wynnen and to hiden;
-  With glosynges and with gabbynges
-  He giled the peple.
-
-    Symonye hym sente
-  To assaille Conscience,
-  And preched to the peple;
-  And prelates thei hem maden
-  To holden with Antecrist,                              14180
-  His temporaltees to save;
-  And cam to the kynges counseille
-  As a kene baroun,
-  And kneled to Conscience
-  In court afore hem alle,
-  {433}
-  And garte good feith flee,
-  And fals to abide;
-  And boldeliche bar a-doun,
-  With many a bright noble,
-  Muche of the wit and wisdom                            14190
-  Of Westmynstre Halle.
-  He jogged to a justice,
-  And justed in his eere,
-  And over-tilte al his truthe
-  With "Tak this up amendement."
-
-    And to the Arches in haste
-  He yede anoon after,
-  And tornede cyvyle into symonye,
-  And siththe he took the official
-  For a mantel of menever,                               14200
-  And made lele matrymoyne
-  Departen er deeth cam,
-  And devors shapte.
-
-    "Allas!" quod Conscience, and cryde tho,
-  "Wolde Crist of his grace
-  That coveitise were cristene!
-  That is so kene a fightere,
-  And boold and bidynge
-  While his bagge lasteth."
-
-    And thanne lough Lyf,                                14210
-  And leet daggen hise clothes,
-  And armed hym an haste
-  With harlotes wordes;
-  And heeld holynesse a jape,
-  And hendenesse a wastour;
-  And leet leautee a cherl,
-  And lyere a fre man;
-  Conscience and his counseil
-  He counted at a flye
-  {434}
-  Thus relyede Lif,                                      14220
-  For a litel fortune;
-  And priketh forth with Pride,
-  Preiseth he no vertue,
-  Ne careth noght how Kynde slow,
-  And shal come at the laste,
-  And kille alle erthely creatures,
-  Save Conscience oone.
-  Lyf lepte aside,
-  And laughte hym a lemman;
-  "Heele and I," quod he,                                14230
-  "And heighnesse of herte,
-  Shal do thee noght drede
-  Neither deeth ne elde,
-  And to forgyte sorwe,
-  And gyve noght of synne."
-
-    This likede Lif,
-  And his lemman Fortune;
-  And geten in hir glorie
-  A gadelyng at the laste,
-  Oon that muche wo wroghte,                             14240
-  Sleuthe was his name.
-  Sleuthe wax wonder yerne,
-  And soone was of age,
-  And wedded oon Wanhope,
-  A wenche of the stuwes.
-  Hir sire was a sysour
-  That nevere swoor truthe,
-  Oon Tomme Two-tonge,
-  Atteynt at ech enqueste.
-
-    This Sleuthe was war of werre,                       14250
-  And a slynge made,
-  And threw drede of dispair
-  A dozeyne myle aboute.
-  {435}
-
-    For care Conscience tho
-  Cryde upon Elde,
-  And bad hym fonde to fighte,
-  And a-fere Wanhope.
-
-    And Elde hente good hope,
-  And hastiliche he shifte hym,
-  And wayved awey Wanhope,                               14260
-  And with Lif he fighteth.
-  And Lif fleigh for feere
-  To phisik after helpe,
-  And bi-soughte hym of socour,
-  And of his salve he hadde.
-  He gaf hym gold good woon,
-  That gladede his herte;
-  And thei gyven hym ageyn
-  A glazene howve.
-
-    Lyf leeved that lechecraft                           14270
-  Lette sholde elde,
-  And dryven awey deeth
-  With dyas and drogges.
-
-    And Elde auntred hym on lyf,
-  And at the laste he hitte
-  A phisicien with a furred hood,
-  That he fel in a palsie,
-  And there dyed that doctour
-  Er thre dayes after.
-
-    "Now I se," seide Lif,                               14280
-  "That surgerie ne phisik
-  May noght a myte availle
-  To mede ayein Elde."
-  And in hope of his heele
-  Good herte he hente,
-  And rood forth to a revel,
-  A ryche place and a murye;
-  {436}
-  The compaignye of confort
-  Men cleped it som tyme.
-
-    And Elde anoon after me                              14290
-  And over myn heed yede;
-  And made me balled bifore,
-  And bare on the crowne.
-  So harde he yede over myn heed,
-  It wole be sene evere.
-
-    "Sire yvele y-taught, Elde!" quod I,
-  "Unhende go with the!
-  Sith whanne was the wey
-  Over mennes heddes?
-  Haddestow be hende," quod I,                           14300
-  "Thow woldest have asked leeve."
-
-    "Ye, leve lurdeyn!" quod he;
-  And leyde on me with age,
-  And hitte me under the ere,
-  Unnethe myghte ich here.
-  He buffetted me so aboute the mouth,
-  That out my teeth he bette;
-  And gyved me in goutes,
-  I may noght goon at large.
-  And of the wo that I was inne                          14310
-  My wif hadde ruthe,
-  And wisshed ful witterly
-  That I were in hevene;
-  For the lyme that she loved me fore,
-  And leef was to feele,--
-  On nyghtes, namely,
-  Whan we naked weere,--
-  I ne myghte in no manere
-  Maken it at hir wille;
-  So Elde and she, soothly,                              14320
-  Hadden it for-beten.
-  {437}
-
-    And as I seet in this sorwe,
-  I saugh how Kynde passede;
-  And Deeth drogh neigh me.
-  For drede gan I quake,
-  And cryde to Kynde,
-  "Out of care me brynge!
-  Lo! Elde the hoore
-  Hath me bi-seye.
-  Awreke me! if youre wille be,                          14330
-  For I wolde ben hennes."
-
-    "If thow wolt be wroken,
-  Wend into Unitee,
-  And hold thee there evere,
-  Til I sende for thee;
-  And loke thow konne som craft,
-  Er thow come thennes."
-
-    "Counseille me, Kynde," quod I,
-  "What craft is best to lerne."
-
-    "Lerne to love," quod Kynde,                         14340
-  "And leef of alle othere."
-
-    "How shal I come to catel so,
-  To clothe me and to feede?"
-
-    "And thow love lelly," quod he,
-  "Lakke shal thee nevere
-  Mete ne worldly weede,
-  While thi lif lasteth."
-
-    And there by conseil of Kynde
-  I comsed to rome
-  Thorugh Contricion and Confession,                     14350
-  Til I cam to Unitee.
-  And there was Conscience conestable
-  Cristene to save,
-  And bisegede soothly
-  With sevene grete geauntz
-  {438}
-  That with Antechrist helden
-  Harde ayein Conscience.
-
-    Sleuthe with his slynge
-  An hard assaut he made.
-  Proude preestes coome with hym                         14360
-  Mo than a thousand,
-  In paltokes and pyked shoes,
-  And pisseris longe knyves,
-  Coomen ayein Conscience,
-  With Coveitise thei helden.
-
-    "By Marie!" quod a mansed preest
-  Of the Marche of Walys,
-  "I counte na-moore Conscience,
-  By so I cacche silver,
-  Than I do to drynke                                    14370
-  A draughte of good ale."
-  And so seiden sixty
-  Of the same contree;
-  And shotten ayein with shot
-  Many a sheef of othes,
-  And brode hoked arwes,
-  Goddes herte and hise nayles;
-  And hadden almoost Unitee,
-  And holynesse a-down.
-
-    Conscience cryede, "Helpe, Clergie!                  14380
-  Or ellis I falle,
-  Thorugh inparfite preestes
-  And prelates of holy chirche."
-  Freres herden hym crye,
-  And comen hym to helpe;
-  Ac for thei kouthe noght wel hir craft,
-  Conscience forsook hem.
-
-    Nede neghede tho neer,
-  And Conscience he tolde
-  {439}
-  That thei come for coveitise                           14390
-  To have cure of soules;
-  "And for thei are povere, peraventure,
-  For patrymoyne thei faille,
-  They wol flatere and fare wel
-  With folk that ben riche.
-  And sithen thei chosen chele
-  And cheitiftee poverte,
-  Lat hem chewe as thei chose,
-  And charge hem with no cure.
-  For lomere he lyeth,                                   14400
-  That liflode moot begge,
-  Than he that laboureth for liflode,
-  And leneth it beggeris.
-  And sithen freres forsoke
-  The felicite of erthe,
-  Lat hem be as beggeris,
-  Or lyve by aungeles foode."
-
-    Conscience of this counseil tho
-  Comsede for to laughe,
-  And curteisliche conforted hem,                        14410
-  And called in alle freres,
-  And seide, "Sires, soothly
-  Welcome be ye alle
-  To Unitee and holy chirche;
-  Ac o thyng I yow preye,
-  Holdeth yow in Unitee,
-  And haveth noon envye
-  To lered ne to lewed,
-  But lyveth after youre reule,
-  And I wol be youre borugh                              14420
-  Ye shal have breed and clothes
-  And othere necessaries y-nowe,
-  Yow shal no thyng faille,
-  {440}
-  With that ye leve logik,
-  And lerneth for to lovye.
-  For love lafte thei lordshipe,
-  Bothe lond and scole,
-  Frere Fraunceys and Domynyk,
-  For love to be holye.
-
-    "And if ye coveite cure,                             14430
-  Kynde wol yow teche
-  That in mesure God made
-  Alle manere thynges,
-  And sette hem at a certein
-  And a siker nombre,
-  And nempnede names newe,
-  And noumbrede the sterres.
-  _Qui numerat multitudinem stellarum,
-      et omnibus eis, etc._
-
-    "Kynges and knyghtes                                 14440
-  That kepen and defenden,
-  Han officers under hem,
-  And ech of hem a certein.
-  And if thei wage men to werre,
-  Thei write hem in noumbre;
-  Alle othere in bataille
-  Ben y-holde brybours,
-  Pylours and pyke-harneys,
-  In ech a place y-cursed,
-  Wol no man tresore hem paie,                           14450
-  Travaille thei never so soore.
-
-    "Monkes and moniales,
-  And alle men of religion,
-  Hir ordre and hir reule wole
-  To han a certein noumbre,
-  Of lewed and of lered,
-  The lawe wole and asketh
-  {441}
-  A certein for a certein,
-  Save oonliche of freres.
-
-    "For thi," quod conscience, "by Crist!               14460
-  Kynde wit me telleth
-  It is wikked to wage yow,
-  Ye wexen out of noumbre;
-  Hevene hath evene noumbre,
-  And helle is withoute noumbre.
-  For-thi I wolde witterly
-  That ye were in the registre,
-  And youre noumbre under notaries signe,
-  And neither mo ne lasse."
-
-    Envye herde this,                                    14470
-  And heet freres to go to scole
-  And lerne logyk and lawe,
-  And ek contemplacion,
-  And preche men of Plato,
-  And preve it by Seneca,
-  That alle thynges under hevene
-  Oughte to ben in comune.
-
-    And yet he lyeth, as I leve,
-  That to the lewed so precheth;
-  For God made to men a lawe,                            14480
-  And Moyses it taughte.
-  _Non concupisces rem proximi tui._
-
-    And yvele in this y-holde
-  In parisshes of Engelonde;
-  For persons and parissh-preestes
-  That sholde the peple shryve,
-  Ben curatours called,
-  To knowe and to hele
-  Alle that ben hir parisshens,
-  Penaunce to enjoigne;                                  14490
-  And sholden be ashamed in his shrift;
-  {442}
-  Ac shame maketh hem wende
-  And fleen to the freres,
-  As fals folk to Westmynstre,
-  That borweth, and bereth it thider,
-  And thanne biddeth frendes
-  Yerne of forgifnesse,
-  Or lenger yeres loone.
-  Ac while he is in Westmynstre,
-  He wol be bifore,                                      14500
-  And maken hym murie
-  With oother mennes goodes.
-
-    And so it fareth with muche folk
-  That to the freres hem shryveth,
-  As sisours and executours,
-  Thei wol gyve the freres
-  A parcel to preye for hem,
-  And make hemself murye
-  With the residue and the remenaunt
-  That othere men bi-swonke,                             14510
-  And suffre the dede in dette
-  To the day of doome.
-
-    Envye herfore
-  Hatede Conscience;
-  And freres to philosophie
-  He fond thanne to scole,
-  The while Coveitise and Unkyndenesse,
-  Conscience assaillede.
-  In Unitee holy chirche
-  Conscience held hym,                                   14520
-  And made Pees porter
-  To pynne the yates,
-  Of alle tale-telleris
-  And titeleris in ydel
-  {443}
-  Ypocrisie and he
-  An hard assaut thei made,
-  And woundede wel wikkedly
-  Many a wis techere
-  That with Conscience acordede
-  And cardynale vertues.                                 14530
-
-    Conscience called a leche,
-  That koude wel shryve,
-  To go salve tho that sike ben
-  And thorugh synne y-wounded
-  Shrift shoop sharpe salve,
-  And made men do penaunce
-  For hir mys-dedes
-  That thei wroght hadde,
-  And that Piers were y-payed:
-  _Redde quod debes._                                    14540
-
-    Some liked noght this leche,
-  And lettres thei sente,
-  If any surgien were the segge
-  That softer koude plastre.
-  Sire Leef-to-lyve-in-lecherie
-  Lay there and gronede,
-  For fastynge of a Frydaye
-  He ferde as he wolde deye.
-
-    "Ther is a surgien in this sege
-  That softe kan handle,                                 14550
-  And moore of phisik bi fer
-  And fairer he plastreth,
-  Oon frere Flaterere,
-  Is phisicien and surgien."
-
-    Quod Contricion to Conscience,
-  "Do hym come to Unitee;
-  For here is many a man
-  {444}
-  Hurt thorugh Ypocrisye."
-
-    "We han no nede," quod Conscience,
-  "I woot no bettre leche                                14560
-  Than person or parisshe-preest,
-  Penitauncer or bisshope,
-  Save Piers the Plowman,
-  That hath power over hem alle,
-  And indulgence may do,
-  But if dette lette it."
-
-    "I may wel suffre," seide Conscience,
-  "Syn ye desiren
-  That frere Flaterere be fet
-  And phisike yow sike."                                 14570
-
-    The frere herof herde
-  And hiede faste
-  To a lord for a lettre,
-  Leve to have to curen,
-  As a curatour he were;
-  And cam with hise lettres
-  Boldely to the bisshope,
-  And his brief hadde,
-  In contrees ther he coome
-  Confessions to here,                                   14580
-  And cam there Conscience was,
-  And knokked at the yate.
-
-    Pees unpynned it,
-  Was porter of Unitee,
-  And in haste askede
-  What his wille were.
-
-    "In faith!" quod this frere,
-  "For profit and for helthe
-  Carpe I wolde with Contricion,
-  And therfore cam I hider."                             14590
-
-    "He is sik," seide Pees,
-  {445}
-  "And so are manye othere.
-  Ypocrisie hath hurt hem,
-  Ful hard is if thei kevere."
-
-    "I am a surgien," seide the segge,
-  "And salves kan make.
-  Conscience knoweth me wel,
-  And what I kan do bothe."
-
-    "I praye thee," quod Pees tho,
-  "Er thow passe ferther,                                14600
-  What hattestow? I praye thee;
-  Hele noght thi name."
-
-    "Certes," seide his felawe,
-  "Sire _Penetrans-domos_."
-
-    "Ye, go thi gate," quod Pees,
-  "By God! for al thi phisik,
-  But thow konne som oother craft,
-  Thow comest nought herinne.
-  I knew swich oon ones,
-  Noght eighte wynter hennes,                            14610
-  Coom in thus y-coped
-  At a court there I dwelde,
-  And was my lordes leche,
-  And my ladies bothe.
-  And at the laste this lymytour,
-  Tho my lord was oute,
-  He salvede so oure wommen
-  Til some were with childe."
-
-    Hende-speche heet Pees
-  Open the yates,                                        14620
-  "Lat in the frere and his felawe,
-  And make hem fair cheere;
-  He may se and here,
-  So it may bifalle
-  That lif thorugh his loore
-  {446}
-  Shal leve Coveitise,
-  And be a-drad of Deeth,
-  And withdrawe hym fram Pryde,
-  And acorde with Conscience,
-  And kisse hir either oother."                          14630
-
-    Thus thorugh Hende-speche
-  Entred the frere,
-  And cam in to Conscience,
-  And curteisly hym grette.
-
-    "Thou art welcome," quod Conscience,
-  "Kanstow heele the sike?
-  Here is Contricion," quod Conscience,
-  "My cosyn, y-wounded.
-  Conforte hym," quod Conscience,
-  "And tak kepe to hise soores.                          14640
-  The plastres of the person
-  And poudres biten to soore;
-  He lat hem ligge over longe,
-  And looth is to chaunge hem;
-  Fro lenten to lenten
-  He lat hise plastres bite."
-
-    "That is over longe," quod this lymytour,
-  "I leve I shal amende it."
-  And gooth and gropeth Contricion,
-  And gaf hym a plastre                                  14650
-  Of 'a pryvee paiement,
-  And I shal praye for yow
-  For al that ye ben holden to,
-  Al my lif tyme,
-  And make yow, my lady,
-  In masse and in matyns
-  As frere of oure fraternytee
-  {447}
-  For a litel silver.'
-
-    Thus he gooth and gadereth,
-  And gloseth there he shryveth,                         14660
-  Til Contricion hadde clene foryeten
-  To crye and to wepe;
-  And wake for hise wikked werkes,
-  As he was wont to doone,
-  For confort of his confessour
-  Contricion he lafte,
-  That is the soverayneste salve
-  For alle kynne synnes.
-
-    Sleuthe seigh that,
-  And so dide Pryde,                                     14670
-  And comen with a kene wille
-  Conscience to assaille.
-
-    Conscience cryed eft,
-  And bad Clergie helpe hym,
-  And also Contricion,
-  For to kepe the yate.
-
-    "He lyth and dremeth," seide Pees,
-  "And so do manye othere,
-  The frere with his phisyk
-  This folk hath enchaunted,                             14680
-  And plastred hem so esily,
-  Thei drede no synne."
-
-    "By Crist!" quod Conscience tho,
-  "I wole bicome a pilgrym,
-  And walken as wide
-  As the world lasteth,
-  To seken Piers the Plowman,
-  That Pryde may destruye;
-  And that freres hadde a fyndyng,
-  That for nede flateren,                                14690
-  And countrepledeth me, Conscience.
-  {448}
-  Now Kynde me avenge,
-  And sende me hap and heele,
-  Til I have Piers the Plowman."
-  And siththe he gradde after Grace,
-  Til I gan awake.                                       14696
-
-          _Explicit hic Dialogus Petri Plowman._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-THE CREED OF PIERS PLOUGHMAN.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-{451}
-
-PIERS PLOUGHMAN'S CREED.
-
-  Cros and curteis Christ                                    1
-  This begynnyng spede,
-  For the faders frendshipe
-  That fourmed heaven,
-  And through the special spirit
-  That sprong of hem tweyne,
-  And al in one God-hed
-  Endles dwelleth.
-  A, and all myn a.b.c.
-  After have I lerned,                                      10
-  And patred in my pater-noster
-  Iche poynt after other;
-  And after al, myne Ave-marie
-  Almost to the end;
-  But al my care is to comen,
-  For I can nought my Crede.
-  Whan I shall shewen my shrift,
-  Shent mote I worthen;
-  The preeste wil me punyche,
-  And penaunce enjoyne;                                     20
-  The lengthe of a lenton
-  Flesh moot I leve,
-  After that Estur is y-come,
-  And that is hard fare;
-  {452}
-  And Wedenesday iche wyke
-  Withouten flesh-mete.
-  And also Jesu hymselfe
-  To the Jewes he saide,
-  "He that leeveth nought on me,
-  He leseth the blisse."                                    30
-  Therfor lerne the byleve
-  Levest me were,
-  Gif any worldly wight
-  Wil me [it] couthe;
-  Other lewed or lered,
-  That lyveth thereafter
-  And fulliche folweth the feith,
-  And feyneth non other;
-  That no worldeliche wele
-  Wilneth no tyme,                                          40
-  But liveth in lovyng of God,
-  And his lawe holdeth;
-  And for no gettyng of good
-  Never his God greveth,
-  But folweth hym the full way,
-  As he the folke taughte.
-  But to many maner of men
-  This matter is asked,
-  Both to lered and to lewed,
-  That seyn that they liveden                               50
-  Hollich on the grete God,
-  And holden al his hestes.
-  But by a fraynyng for than
-  Faileth ther manye.
-  For first I frayned the freres,
-  And they me fulle tolden,
-  That al the fruyt of the fayth
-  Was in her foure orders;
-  {453}
-  And the cofres of Christendom,
-  And the keie bothen,                                      60
-  And the lock of byleve,
-  Lieth loken in her hondes,
-
-    Then wennede I to wytten,
-  And with a whight I mette,
-  A Minoure in a morwe-tide;
-  And to this man I saide,
-  "Sire, for greate Godes love!
-  The graith thou me tell,
-  Of what myddel-erde man
-  Myght I best lerne                                        70
-  My Crede? For I can it nought,
-  My kare is the more.
-  And therfore, for Christes love!
-  Thy counseyl I preie.
-  A Carm me hath y-covenant,
-  The nede me to teche;
-  But for thou knowest Carmes wel,
-  Thy counsail I aske."
-
-    This Minour loked on me,
-  And laughyng he sayde,                                    80
-  "Leve christen man,
-  I leve that thou [art] madde:
-  Whough shulde thei techen the god,
-  That con non hemselve?
-  They ben but jugulers,
-  And japers of kynde;
-  Lorels and lechures,
-  And lemans holden,
-  Neyther in order ne out,
-  But unneth lybbeth,                                       90
-  And by-japeth the folk
-  With gestes of Rome.
-  {454}
-  It is but a faynt folke,
-  Y-founded upon japes.
-  They maketh hem Maries men,
-  And so thei men tellen;
-  And leieth on oure Lady
-  Many a long tale.
-  And that wicked folk
-  Wymmen betraieth,                                        100
-  And begileth hem her good
-  With glaverynge wordes,
-  And therwith holden her hous
-  In harlotes warkes.
-  And, so save me God!
-  I hold it greate synne
-  To gyven hem any good,
-  Swiche glotones to fynde,
-  To mayntaynen swiche maner men
-  That michel good destruieth.                             110
-  Yet seyn they in her sutiltie
-  To sottes in townes,
-  Thei comen out of Carmeli
-  Christ for to folwen,
-  And feyneth hem with holynesse,
-  That yvele hem bisemeth.
-  Thei lyven more in lecherie,
-  And lyeth in her tales,
-  Than suen any good liif;
-  But lurken in her selles,                                120
-  And wynnen werdliche good,
-  And wasten it in synne.
-  And ghif thei couthen her Crede,
-  Other on Christ leveden,
-  Thei weren nought so hardy
-  Swyche harlotri usen.
-  {455}
-  Sikerli I can nought fynden
-  Who hem first founded;
-  But the foles foundeden hemselfe
-  Freres of the Pye,                                       130
-  And maken hem mendynans,
-  And marre the puple.
-  But what glut of tho gomes
-  May any good kachen,
-  He wyl kepen it hemself,
-  And cofrene it faste;
-  And thoigh his felawes fayle good,
-  For hym he may sterven.
-  Her monei mai byquest,
-  And testament maken,                                     140
-  And none obedience bere,
-  But don as hym luste.
-  And ryght as Robartes men
-  Raken aboute
-  At feyres and at full ales,
-  And fyllen the cuppe;
-  And precheth al of pardon,
-  To plesen the puple.
-  Her pacience is al pased,
-  And put out to ferme;                                    150
-  And pride is in her povertie,
-  That litel is to preisen.
-  And at the lullyng of oure lady
-  The wymmen to lyken,
-  And miracles of mydwyves,
-  And maken wymmen to wenen
-  That the lace of oure Lady smok
-  Lighteth hem of children.
-  Thei ne prechen nought of Powel,
-  Ne penaunce for synne;                                   160
-  {456}
-  But al of merci and mensk,
-  That Marie may helpen.
-  With sterne staves and stronge
-  Thei over lond straketh,
-  Thider as here lemmans liggeth,
-  And lurketh in townes,
-  Grey grete-heded quenes
-  With gold by the eighen,
-  And seyne that her sustern thei ben,
-  That sojurneth aboute.                                   170
-  And thus abouten the gon,
-  And Godes folke betrayeth.
-  It is the puple that Powel
-  Preched of in his tyme;
-  He seyde of swich folke
-  That so aboute wente,
-  Wepyng, I warne you
-  Of walkers aboute,
-  It beth enemyes of the cros
-  That Christ upon tholede.                                180
-  Swiche slomrers in slepe,
-  Slaughte in her ende,
-  And glotonye is her God,
-  With gloppynge of drynk,
-  And gladnesse in glees,
-  And grete joye y-maked.
-  In the shendyng of swiche
-  Shal mychel folk lawghe;
-  Therfore, frend, for thy feith
-  Fond to don beter;                                       190
-  Leve nought on tho losels,
-  Put let hem forth pasen,
-  For thei ben fals in her faith,
-  And feele mo other."
-  {457}
-
-    "Alas! frere," quath I tho,
-  "My purpos is y-failed;
-  Now is my comfort a-cast.
-  Canstou no bote,
-  Wher I myght meten with a man
-  That myghte me wyssen                                    200
-  For to conne my Crede,
-  Christ for to folwen?"
-
-    "Certeyn, felawe," quath the frere,
-  "Withouten any fayle,
-  Of al men upon mold,
-  We Minorities most sheweth
-  The pure aposteles liif,
-  With penance on erthe,
-  And suen hem in sanctite,
-  And sufferen wel harde.                                  210
-  We haunten no tavernes,
-  Ne hobelen abouten;
-  At marketes and miracles
-  We medeleth us never;
-  We hondlen no moneye,
-  But monelich faren,
-  And haven hunger at the mete,
-  At ich a mel ones.
-  We haven forsaken the world,
-  And in wo libbeth,                                       220
-  In penaunce and poverte,
-  And prechethe the puple
-  By ensample of oure liif
-  Soules to helpen;
-  And in poverte preien
-  For al oure parteneres,
-  That gyveth us any good
-  God to honouren,
-  {458}
-  Other bel other book,
-  Or bred to our foode,                                    230
-  Other catel, other cloth
-  To coveren with oure bones.
-  For we buldeth a burwgh,
-  A brod and a large,
-  A chirch and a chapitle,
-  With chaumbers a-lofte;
-  With wide wyndowes y-wrought,
-  And walles wel heye,
-  That mote ben portreid and paint,
-  And pulched ful clene,                                   240
-  With gay glitering glas
-  Glowyng as the sunne.
-  And mightestou amenden us
-  With moneye of thyn owen,
-  Thou shouldest knely bifore Christ
-  In compas of gold,
-  In the wyde window west-ward
-  Wel neigh in the myddel,
-  And saint Fraunceis hymselfe
-  Shal folden the in his cope,                             250
-  And present the to the Trinite,
-  And praye for thy synnes.
-  Thy name shal noblich ben wryten
-  And wrought for the nones,
-  And in remembraunce of the
-  Y-rad there for evere.
-  And, brother, be thou nought a-ferd;
-  Bythenk in thyne herte,
-  Though thou conne nought thy Crede,
-  Care thou no-more!                                       260
-  I shal asoilen the, syr,
-  And setten it on my soule;
-  {459}
-  And thou may maken this good,
-  Thenk thou non other."
-
-    "Sir," I sayde, "in certaine
-  I shal gon and asaye."
-  And he set on me his hond,
-  And asoiled me clene,
-  And there I parted him fro
-  Wythouten and peyne;                                     270
-  In covenaunt that I come agayne,
-  Christ he me be-taught.
-
-    Then saide I to myself,
-  "Here semeth litel treuthe!
-  First to blame his brother,
-  And bakbyten hym foule,
-  There as curteis Christ
-  Clerliche saide,
-  Whow myght thou in thy brothers eighe
-  A bare mote loken,                                       280
-  And in thyn owen eighe
-  Nought a beme toten?
-  See fyrst on thyself,
-  And sithen on another,
-  And clense clene thy syght,
-  And kepe wel thyne eighe,
-  And for another mannes eighe
-  Ordeyne after.
-  And also I see coveitise
-  Catel to fongen,                                         290
-  That Christ hath clerliche forboden,
-  And clenliche destrueden;
-  And sayde to his sueres
-  For sothe on this wyse,
-  'Nought thy neighbors good
-  Coveyte in no tyme.'
-  {460}
-  But charite and chastite
-  Ben chased out clene.
-  But Christ seide by her fruit
-  Men shal hem ful knowen."                                300
-  Thanne saide I, "certeine, syr,
-  Thou demest ful trewe."
-
-    Than thought I to frayne the first
-  Of this foure ordres;
-  And presed to the Prechoures,
-  To proven hir wille.
-  Ich highed to her house,
-  To herken of more;
-  And when I came to that court,
-  I gaped aboute,                                          310
-  Swich a bild bold
-  Y-buld upon erthe heighte
-  Say I nought in certeyn
-  Syththe a long tyme.
-  I semed opon that hous,
-  And yerne theron loked,
-  Whow the pileres weren y-paint,
-  And pulched ful clene,
-  And queyntly y-corven
-  With curious knottes;                                    320
-  With wyndowes wel y-wrought,
-  Wyde up a-lofte,
-  And thanne I entred in,
-  And even forth wente;
-  And al was walled that wone,
-  Though it wiid were,
-  With posternes in privite
-  To pasen when hem liste;
-  Orcheyardes and erberes
-  Evesed wel clene,                                        330
-  {461}
-  And a curious cros
-  Craftly entayled,
-  With tabernacles y-tight
-  To toten al abouten.
-  The pris of a plough-lond
-  Of penies so rounde
-  To aparaile that pyler
-  Were pure litel.
-  Than I munte me forth
-  The mynstre to knowen,                                   340
-  And awaytede a woon
-  Wonderly wel y-bild,
-  With arches on everiche half,
-  And bellyche y-corven,
-  With crochetes on corneres,
-  With knottes of gold,
-  Wyde wyndowes y-wrought,
-  Y-wryten ful thikke,
-  Shynen with shapen sheldes,
-  To shewen aboute,                                        350
-  With merkes of merchauntes
-  Y-medeled betwene,
-  Mo than twentie and two
-  Twyse y-noumbbred.
-  Ther is non heraud that hath
-  Half swich a rolle,
-  Right as a rageman
-  Hath rekned hem newe.
-  Tombes upon tabernacles
-  Tylde opon lofte,                                        360
-  Housed in hornes,
-  Harde set abouten,
-  Of armede alabaustre
-  Clad for the nones,
-  {462}
-  Maad opon marbel
-  In many manner wyse,
-  Knyghtes in ther conisante
-  Clad for the nones;
-  Alle it semed seyntes
-  Y-sacred opon erthe;                                     370
-  And lovely ladies y-wrought
-  Leyen by her sydes
-  In manye gay garnemens,
-  That weren gold beten.
-  Though the tax of ten yere
-  Were trewely y-gadered,
-  Nolde it nought maken that hous
-  Half, as I trowe.
-  Than cam I to that cloystre,
-  And gaped abouten,                                       380
-  Whough it was pilered and peynt,
-  And portreyed wel clene,
-  Al y-hyled with leed
-  Lowe to the stones,
-  And y-paved with poynttyl
-  Ich point after other;
-  With cundites of clene tyn
-  Closed al aboute,
-  With lavoures of latun
-  Loveliche y-greithed.                                    390
-  I trowe the gaynage of the ground
-  In a gret shyre
-  Nold aparaile that place
-  Oo poynt tyl other ende.
-  Thanne was that chapitre house
-  Wrought as a greet chirche,
-  Corven and covered;
-  And queyntelyche entayled,
-  {463}
-  With semliche selure
-  Y-seet on lofte,                                         400
-  As a parlement-hous
-  Y-peynted aboute.
-  Thanne ferd I into fraytoure,
-  And fond there another,
-  An halle for an hygh kynge
-  An houshold to holden,
-  With brode bordes abouten
-  Y-benched wel clene,
-  With wyndowes of glaas
-  Wrought as a chirche                                     410
-  Than walkede I ferrer,
-  And went al abouten,
-  And seigh halles full heygh,
-  And houses ful noble,
-  Chambres with chymeneys,
-  And chapeles gaye,
-  And kychenes for an high kynge
-  In casteles to holden;
-  And her dortoure y-dight
-  With dores ful stronge;                                  420
-  Fermerye and fraitur,
-  With fele mo houses,
-  And al strong ston wal
-  Sterne upon heithe,
-  With gaye garites and grete,
-  And iche hole y-glased,
-  And other houses y-nowe
-  To herberwe the queene.
-  And yet thise bilderes wiln beggen
-  A bagge ful of whete                                     430
-  Of a pure pore man,
-  That may onethe paye
-  {464}
-  Half his rent in a yere,
-  And half ben byhynde.
-
-    Than turned I ayen,
-  Whan I hadde all y-toted,
-  And fond in a freitoure
-  A frere on a benche,
-  A greet chorl and a grym,
-  Growen as a tonne,                                       440
-  With a face so fat
-  As a ful bleddere
-  Blowen bretful of breth,
-  And as a bagge honged
-  On bothen his chekes, and his chyn
-  With a chol lollede
-  So greet as a gos ey,
-  Growen al of grece;
-  That al wagged his fleish
-  As a quick myre.                                         450
-  His cope, that bi-clypped hym,
-  Wel clene was it folden,
-  Of double worstede y-dyght
-  Doun to the hele.
-  His kyrtel of clene whiit,
-  Clenlyche y-sewed,
-  Hit was good y-now of ground
-  Greyn for to beren.
-  I haylsede that hirdman,
-  And hendlich I sayde,                                    460
-  "Gode sire, for Godes love!
-  Canstou me graith tellen
-  To any worthely wiight
-  That wissen me couthe,
-  Whow I shulde conne my Crede,
-  Christ for to folwe,
-  {465}
-  That levede lelliche hymselfe
-  And lyvede therafter,
-  That feynede no falshede,
-  But fully Chrise suwede?                                 470
-  For sich a certeyn man
-  Syker wold I trosten,
-  That he wolde telle me the trewthe,
-  And turne to non other.
-  And an Austyn this ender day
-  Egged me faste,
-  That he wolde techen me wel,
-  He plyght me his treuthe,
-  And seyde me "certeyn,
-  Syghthen Christ deyed                                    480
-  Oure ordre was euelles
-  And erst y-founde."
-
-    "First, felawe," quath he,
-  "Fy on his pilche!
-  He is but abortiif,
-  Eked with cloutes,
-  He holdeth his ordynaunce
-  With hores and theves,
-  And purchaseth hem pryvyleges
-  With penyes so rounde.                                   490
-  It is a pur pardoners craft,
-  Prove and asay;
-  For have they thy money,
-  A moneth therafter
-  Certes, theigh thou come agen,
-  He wil the nought knowen.
-  But, felawe, oure foundement
-  Was first of the othere,
-  And we ben founded fulliche
-  Withouten fayntise,                                      500
-  {466}
-  And we ben clerkes y-cnowen,
-  Cunnyng in schole,
-  Proved in processyon
-  By processe of lawe.
-  Of oure order ther beth
-  Bichopes wel manye,
-  Seyntes on sundri stedes
-  That suffreden harde;
-  And we ben proved the priis
-  Of popes at Rome,                                        510
-  And of grettest degre,
-  As godspelles telleth."
-
-    "A! syre," quath I thanne,
-  "Thou seyst a grete wonder;
-  Sithen Christ sayd hymselfe
-  To alle his diciples,
-  'Which of you that is most,
-  Most shal he werche;
-  And who is goere byforne,
-  First shal he serven.'                                   520
-  And seyde he saugh Satan
-  Sytten ful heyghe,
-  And ful low ben y-leid.
-  In lyknesse he tolde,
-  That in povernesse of spyrit
-  Is spedfullest hele;
-  And hertes of heyne
-  Harmeth the soule.
-  And therefore, frere, farewel;
-  Here fynd I but pride.                                   530
-  I preise nought thy prechyns,
-  But as a pur myte."
-
-    And angerich I wandrede
-  The Austyns to prove,
-  {467}
-  And mette with a maistre of tho men,
-  And meklich I seyde,
-  "Maistre, for the moder love
-  That Marie men calleth!
-  Knowest thou ought there thou comest
-  A creature on erthe                                      540
-  That coude me my Crede teche,
-  And trewelich enfourme,
-  Withouten flateryng fare,
-  And nothing feyne,
-  That folweth fulliche the feith,
-  And non other fables,
-  Withouten gabinge of glose,
-  As the godspelles telleth?
-  A Minoure hath me holly behyght
-  To helen my soule,                                       550
-  For he seith that her secte
-  Is sykerest on erthe,
-  And ben kepers of the keye
-  That Chrystendom helpeth,
-  And puriche in poverte
-  The apostles they suweth."
-  "Allaas!" quath the frere,
-  "Almost I madde in mynde,
-  To sen hough this Minoures
-  Many men bygyleth.                                       560
-  Sothly somme of tho gomes
-  Hath more good hymselve
-  Than ten knyghtes that I knowe,
-  Of catel in cofres.
-  In fraytoure they faren best
-  Of al the foure ordres,
-  And usun ypocricie
-  In al that thei werchen,
-  {468}
-  And prechen al of perfitnesse;
-  But loke now, I the prey,                                570
-  Nought but profre hem in privite
-  A peny for a masse,
-  And, but his name be prest,
-  Put out myn eighe,
-  Though he had more money hid
-  Than marchauntes of wolle.
-  Loke hough this loresmen
-  Lordes betrayen,
-  Seyn that they folwen
-  Fully Fraunceyses rewle,                                 580
-  That in cotinge of his cope
-  Is more cloth y-folden
-  Than was in Fraunceis froc
-  Whan he hem first made.
-  And yet under that cope
-  A cote hathe he furred
-  With foyns, or with fichewes,
-  Other fyn bevere,
-  And that is cutted to the kne,
-  And queyntly y-botend,                                   590
-  Lest any spiritual man
-  Aspie that gyle.
-  Fraunceys bad his brethern
-  Bar-fot to wenden;
-  Now han they buclede shone,
-  For blenyng of her heles,
-  And hosen in harde weder
-  Y-hamled by the ancle,
-  And spicerie sprad in her purs
-  To parten where hem luste.                               600
-  Lordes loveth hem wel,
-  For they so lowe crouchen;
-  {469}
-  But knowen men her cautel
-  And her queynte wordes,
-  Thei wolde worshypen hem
-  Nought but a litle,
-  The ymage of ypocricie
-  Ymped upon fendes.
-  But, sone, gif thou wilt ben seker,
-  Seche thou no ferther,                                   610
-  We freres beth the firste,
-  And founded upon treuthe;
-  Paule _primus heremita_
-  Put us hymselve
-  Away into wildernesse,
-  The world to despisen,
-  And there we lengeden ful long,
-  And leveden ful harde;
-  For to alle this freren folke
-  Weren founden in tounes,                                 620
-  And taughten untrewely,
-  And that we wel aspiede.
-  And for chef charyte,
-  We chargeden us selven
-  In amendyng of this men,
-  We maden oure celles
-  To ben in cytes y-set,
-  To styghtle the puple,
-  Prechyng and prayeng
-  As profetes shoulden.                                    630
-  And so we holden us the hetheved
-  Of al holy chirche.
-  We han power of the Pope
-  Purliche assoylen
-  Al that helpen oure hous
-  In helpe of her soules;
-  {470}
-  To dispensen hem with
-  In dedes of synne,
-  Al that amendeth oure hous
-  In money other elles,                                    640
-  With corne other catel,
-  Or clothes to beddes,
-  Other bedys or broche,
-  Or breed for our fode.
-  And gif thou hast any good,
-  And wilt thyself helpen,
-  Help us hertelich therwith,
-  And here I undertake
-  Thou shalt ben brother of oure hous,
-  And a book habben                                        650
-  At the nexte chapitre
-  Clerliche enseled.
-  And than oure provincial
-  Hath power to assoylen
-  Alle sustren and bretheren
-  That beth of oure ordre.
-  And though thou conne nought the Crede,
-  Knele down here,
-  My soule I sette for thyn,
-  To asoile the clene,                                     660
-  In covenaunt that thou come ageyne,
-  And katel us brynge."
-  And thanne loutede I adoun,
-  Add he me leve grauntede;
-  And so I parted hym fro,
-  And the frere lefte.
-
-    Than seide I to myself,
-  "Here is no bote;
-  Here pride is the pater-noster
-  In preying of synne;                                     670
-  {471}
-  Her Crede is coveytise:--
-  Now can I no ferthere.
-  Yet wil I fonden forth,
-  And fraynen the Carmes."
-  Than toted I into a taverne,
-  And there I aspyede
-  Two frere Carmes
-  With a ful coppe.
-  There I auntrede me in,
-  And aisliche I seyde,                                    680
-  "Leve sire, for the Lordes love
-  That thou on levest!
-  Lere me to som man
-  My Crede for to lerne,
-  That lyveth in lel liif,
-  And loveth no synne,
-  And gloseth nought the godspel,
-  But halt Godes hetes,
-  And neyther money ne mede
-  Ne may hym nought letten,                                690
-  But werchen after Godes word,
-  Withouten any faile.
-  A Prechoure y-professed
-  Hath plight me his trewthe
-  To techen me trewely;
-  But wouldest thou me tellen,
-  For they ben certeyne men,
-  And syker on to trosten,
-  I would quiten the thy mede
-  As my myght were."                                       700
-
-    "A trefle," quath he, "trewely!
-  His treweth is ful litel;
-  He dynede nought with Dominic,
-  Sithe Christ deide.
-  {472}
-  For with the prynces of pryde
-  The Prechours dwellen;
-  They ben so digne as the devel
-  That droppeth fro heven,
-  With hartes of heynesse,
-  Whough halwen the cherches,                              710
-  And deleth in devynyte
-  As dogges doth bones.
-  Thei medeleth with mesages
-  And mariages of grete;
-  Thei leeven with lordes
-  With lesynges y-nowe;
-  Thei biggeth hem bichopriches
-  With bagges of gold;
-  Thei wilneth worchipes:--
-  But waite on her dedes.                                  720
-  Harkne at Herdforthe
-  How that they werchen,
-  And loke when that they lyven
-  And leeve as thou fyndest.
-  They ben counseylours of kynges,
-  Christ wot the sothe,
-  Whou thei curreth kynges
-  And her bak claweth.
-  God leve hem laden wel
-  In lyvynge of hevene,                                    730
-  And glose hem nought for her good
-  To greven her soules.
-  I pray the, where ben they pryve
-  With any pore whightes
-  That may nought amenden her hous,
-  Ne amenden hemselven?
-  They prechen in proud herte,
-  And preyseth her ordre,
-  {473}
-  And werdlich worchype
-  Wilneth in erthe.                                        740
-  Leeve it wel, lef man,
-  And men right lokede,
-  There is more pryve pryde
-  In Prechoures hertes,
-  Than there lefte in Lucifere,
-  Or he were lowe fallen.
-  They bene dygne as dich-watere,
-  That dogges in bayteth.
-  Lok a ribaut of hem
-  That can nought wel reden                                750
-  His Rewel ne his Respondes,
-  But be pure rote;
-  Als as he were a connyng clerk,
-  He casteth the lawes
-  Nought lowly, but lordly,
-  And lesynges lyeth.
-  For right as Minoures
-  Most hypocrice useth,
-  Ryght so ben Prechoures proude
-  Purlyche in herte.                                       760
-
-    "But, chrysten creatoure,
-  We Carmes firste comen,
-  Even in Elyes tyme,
-  First of hem alle;
-  And lyven by oure Lady,
-  And lelly her serven,
-  In clene commun liif
-  Kepen us out of synne;
-  Nowt proude as Prechoures beth,
-  But preyen ful stylle.                                   770
-  We couuen on no quentyse,
-  Christ wot the southe!
-  {474}
-  But bisyeth us in oure bedes,
-  As us best holdeth.
-  And, therfore, leeve leelman,
-  Leeve that iche sigge,
-  A masse of us meene men
-  Is of more mede,
-  And passeth alle prayers
-  Of this proude freres.--                                 780
-  And thou wilt ghyven us any good,
-  I wolde ye here graunten
-  To taken al thy penaunce
-  In peril of my soule;
-  And tho thou conne nought thy Crede,
-  Clene the assoyle,
-  So that thou mowe amenden oure house
-  With money other elles,
-  With som catel, other corn,
-  Or cuppes of sylvere."                                   790
-
-    "Trewely, frere," quath I tho,
-  "To tellen the the sothe,
-  There is no peny in my pakke
-  To payen for my mete.
-  I have no good, ne no golde,
-  But go thus abouten,
-  And travaile ful trewely
-  To wynnen with my fode.
-  But woldest thou for Godes love
-  Lerne me my Crede,                                       800
-  I shulde don for the wil,
-  Whan I wele hadde."
-
-    "Trewely," quath the frere,
-  "A fole I the holde:--
-  Thou woldest nought wetten thy fote,
-  And woldest fich kachen.
-  {475}
-  Oure pardon and oure preieres
-  So beth they nought parten,
-  Oure power lasteth nought so feer,
-  But we som peny fongen.                                  810
-
-    "Fare wel," quath the frere,
-  "For I mot hethen fonden,
-  And hyen to an house-wiif
-  That hath us byquethen
-  Ten pound in hir testament.
-  To tellen the sothe,
-  Ho draweth to the deth-ward;
-  But yet I am in drede
-  Leste ho turne hire testament,
-  And therfore I hyghe                                     820
-  To haven hire to oure hous,
-  And henten, gif I mighte,
-  An anuel for myne owen use,
-  To helpen to clothe."
-  "Godys forbode!" quath his felawe,
-  "But ho forth passe
-  Whil ho is in purpos
-  With us to departen!
-  God let hir no lengere lyven!
-  For letteres ben manye."                                 830
-
-    Thanne turnede I me forth,
-  And talked to myselfe
-  Of the falshede of this folke,
-  Whow feythles thei weren.
-  And as I wente by the way
-  Wepynge for sorowe,
-  I seigh a sely man me by,
-  Opon the plough hongen.
-  His cote was of a cloute
-  That cary was y-called;                                  840
-  {476}
-  His hod was ful of holes,
-  And his heare oute;
-  With his knoppede shon
-  Clouted ful thykke;
-  His ton toteden out,
-  As he the lond tredede;
-  His hosen over-hongen his hok-shynes
-  On everich a syde,
-  Al beslomered in fen,
-  As he the plow folwede.                                  850
-  Tweye myteynes as meter
-  Maad al of cloutes,
-  The fyngres weren for-werd,
-  And ful of fen honged.
-  This whit waselede in the feen
-  Almost to the ancle;
-  Foure rotheren hym byforne,
-  That feble were worthi;
-  Men myghte reknen ich a ryb,
-  So rentful they weren.                                   860
-  His wiif walked hym with,
-  With a long gode,
-  In a cuttede cote,
-  Cutted ful heyghe,
-  Wrapped in a wynwe shete
-  To weren hire fro wederes,
-  Bar-fot on the bare iis,
-  That the blod folwede.
-  And at the londes ende lath
-  A little crom-bolle,                                     870
-  And theron lay a lytel chylde
-  Lapped in cloutes,
-  And tweyne of tweie yeres olde
-  Opon another syde.
-  {477}
-  And al they songen o songe,
-  That sorwe was to heren;
-  They crieden alle o cry,
-  A kareful note.
-  The sely man sighed sore,
-  And seyde, "Children, beth stille!"                      880
-  This man lokede opon me,
-  And leet the plough stonden;
-  And seyde, "Sely man,
-  Whi syghest thou so harde?
-  Gif the lakke liiflode,
-  Lene the ich wille
-  Swich good as God hath sent;
-  Go we, leeve brother."
-
-    I sayde thanne, "Nay, syre,
-  My sorowe is wel more.                                   890
-  For I can nought my Crede,
-  I care wel harde;
-  For I can fynden no man
-  That fulli byleveth,
-  To techen me the heyghe weie,
-  And therfore I wepe.
-  For I have fonded the freres
-  Of the foure ordres;
-  For there I wende have wist,
-  But now my wit lakketh;                                  900
-  And al myn hope was on hem,
-  And myn herte also,
-  But thei ben fulli faithles,
-  And the fend sueth."
-
-    "A! brother," quath he tho,
-  "Be ware of tho foles;
-  For Christ seyde hymself,
-  'Of swiche I you warne,'
-  {478}
-  And false profetes in the feith
-  He fulliche hem calde,                                   910
-  _In vestimentis ovium_,
-  But only withinne
-  They ben wilde werwolves
-  That wiln the folke robben.
-  The fen[d] founded hem first,
-  The feyth to distrie;
-  And by his craft thei comen in,
-  To combren the chirche,
-  By the covetise of his craft
-  The curates to helpen.                                   920
-  But nowe they haven an hold,
-  They harmen ful manye;
-  They don nought after Dominik,
-  But dreccheth the puple.
-  He folwen nought Fraunceis,
-  But falsliche lybben;
-  And Austynes rewle
-  They rekeneth but a fable;
-  And purchaseth hem privilege
-  Of popes at Rome.                                        930
-  They coveten confessiones,
-  To kachen some hyre;
-  And sepulturus also,
-  Somme wayten to lacchen;
-  But other cures of Christen
-  They coveten nought to have,
-  But there as wynnynge liith,
-  He loketh non other."
-
-    "Whough shal I nemne thy name,
-  That neyghbores the calleth?"                            940
-  "Peres," quath he, "the pore man,
-  The Ploughman I hatte."
-  {479}
-
-    "A! Peres!" quath I tho,
-  "I pray the thou me telle
-  More of thise tryflers,
-  Hou trechurly they libbeth;
-  For ichon of hem hath tolde me
-  A tale of that other,
-  Of her wikked liif,
-  In werld that he libbeth.                                950
-  I trowe that some wicked wight
-  Wroughte this ordres.
-  Trow ye that gleym of that gest
-  That Golias is y-cald,
-  Other els Satan hymself,
-  Sente hem fro helle,
-  To combren men with her crafte,
-  Christendome to shenden."
-
-    "Dere brother," quath Peres,
-  "The devel is ful queynte,                               960
-  To encombren holy chirche
-  He casteth ful harde,
-  And fluricheth his falsnesse
-  Opon fele wise,
-  And fer he casteth to-forn
-  The folk to dystroye.
-
-    "Of the kynrede of Caym
-  He cast the freres,
-  And founded hem on Sarysenes,
-  Feyned for God.                                          970
-  But they with her falshe faith
-  Mychel folk shendeth.
-  Christ calde hem hymself
-  Kynd ipocrites;
-  How often he cursed hem,
-  Wel can I tellen.
-  {480}
-  He seide ons hymself
-  To that sory puple:
-  'Who worthe you, wyghtes,
-  Wel lerned of the lawe!'                                 980
-  Eft he seyde to hem selfe,
-  'Wo mote you worthen
-  That the toumbes of profetes
-  Bildeth up heighe!
-  Your faderes for-deden hem,
-  And to the deth hem broughte.'
-  Here I touche this two,
-  Twynnen hem I thenke.
-  Who wilneth be wiser of lawe
-  Than lewede freres,                                      990
-  And in multitude of men
-  But maistres y-called,
-  And wilneth worship of the werld,
-  And sytten with heye,
-  And leveth lovyng of God
-  And lownesse byhynde,
-  And in beldyng of toumbes
-  Thei traveileth grete,
-  To chargen her chirche flore,
-  And chaungen it ofte.                                   1000
-  And the fader of the freres
-  Defouled her soules,
-  That was the dyggyng devel,
-  That dreccheth men ofte.
-  The devel by his dotage
-  Dissaveth the chirche,
-  And put in the Prechours,
-  Y-paynted withouten,
-  And by his queyntise they comen in
-  The curates to helpen;                                  1010
-  {481}
-  But that harmed hem harde,
-  And halp hem ful littel.
-  But Austynes ordinaunce
-  Was on a good treuthe;
-  And also Dominikes dedes
-  Weren dernelich y-used;
-  And Fraunceis founded his folke
-  Fulliche on treuthe,
-  Pure parfit prestes
-  In penaunce to libben,                                  1020
-  In love and in lownesse
-  And lettynge of pryde,
-  Grounded on the Godspel,
-  As God baad hymselve.
-  But now the glose is so greet
-  In gladdyng tales,
-  That turneth up two-fold
-  Un-teyned upon treuthe,
-  That they ben cursed of Christ,
-  I can hem wel prove                                     1030
-  Withouten his blissyng,
-  Bare beth thei in her werkes.
-  For Christ seyde hymselfe
-  To swiche as him folwede:
-  'Y-blissed mot they ben
-  That mene ben in soule;'
-  And alle power in gost
-  God hymself blisseth.
-  Whou fele freres fareth so,
-  Fayne wolde I knowe,                                    1040
-  Prove hem in proces,
-  And pynch at her ordre,
-  And deme hem after that the don,
-  And dredles, Y leve,
-  {482}
-  Thei wiln wexon pure wroth
-  Wonderliche sone,
-  And shewen the a sharp wil
-  In a short tyme
-  To wiln wilfully wrathe,
-  And werche therafter.                                   1050
-  Wytnes on Wyclif,
-  That warned hem with trewthe.
-  For he in goodnesse of gost
-  Graythliche hem warned
-  To wayven her wikednesse
-  And werkes of synne.
-  Whou sone this sorimen
-  Seweden hys soule,
-  And overal lolled hym
-  With heritikes werkes!                                  1060
-  And so of the blissyng of God
-  Thei bereth little mede.
-
-    "Afterward another,
-  Onliche he blissede
-  The meke of the myddel-erde
-  Through myght of his fader.
-  Fynd foure freres in a flok
-  That folweth that rewle,
-  Than have I tynt al my tast,
-  Touche and assaye.                                      1070
-  Lakke hem a littel wight,
-  And her liif blamen;
-  But he lepe up on heigh
-  In hardenesse of herte,
-  And nemne the anon nought,
-  And thy name lakke,
-  With proude wordes apert
-  That passeth his rewle,
-  {483}
-  Bothe with 'thou leyst,' and 'thou lext,'
-  In heynesse of soule,                                   1080
-  And turnnen as a tyraunt
-  That turmenteth hymselve.
-  A lord were lother
-  For to leyne a knave,
-  Thanne swich a begger,
-  The best in a toun.
-  Loke now, leve man,
-  Beth nought thise y-lyke
-  Fully to the Pharisens,
-  In fele of these poyntes.                               1090
-  Al her brad beldyng
-  Ben belded with synne,
-  And in worshipe of the world
-  Here wynnyng they holden;
-  They shapen her chapolories,
-  And strecchet hem brode,
-  And launceth heighe her hemmes
-  With babelyng in stretes.
-  They ben y-sewed with whight silke,
-  And semes ful queynte,                                  1100
-  Y-stongen with stiches
-  That stareth as sylver.
-  And but freres ben fyrst y-set
-  At sopers and at festes,
-  They wiln ben wonderly wroth
-  Y-wis, as I trowe;
-  But they ben at the lordes borde,
-  Louren they willeth.
-  He mot bygynne that bord,
-  A beggere with sorowe;                                  1110
-  And first sitten in se
-  In her synagoges,
-  {484}
-  That beth her heigh helle hous,
-  Of Caymes kynd.
-  For though a man in her mynstre
-  A masse wolde heren,
-  His sight shal so by set
-  On sondrye werkes,
-  The penonnes and the pomels
-  And poyntes of sheldes                                  1120
-  Withdrawen his devocion,
-  And dusken his herte.
-  I likene it to a lim-yerde
-  To drawen men to helle,
-  And to worchipe of the fend,
-  To wraththen the soules.
-  And also Christ himself seide
-  To swich ypocrites,
-  He loveth in marketes ben met
-  With gretynges of povere,                               1130
-  And lowynge of lewed men
-  In Lentenes tyme;
-  For thei han of bichopes y-bought
-  With her propre silver
-  And purchased of penaunce
-  The puple to asoyle.
-  But money may maken
-  Mesure of the peyne;
-  After that his power is to payen,
-  His penaunce shal fayle.                                1140
-  God leve it be a good help
-  For hele of the soules!
-  And also this myster men
-  Ben maysters i-called,
-  That the gentill Jesus
-  Generalliche blamed,
-  {485}
-  And that poynt to his apostles
-  Purly defended.
-  But freres haven forgeten this,
-  And the fend suweth,                                    1150
-  He that maystri loved,
-  Lucifer the olde.
-  Where Fraunceys or Dominik,
-  Other Austyn ordeynde,
-  And of this dotardes
-  Doctur to worthe,
-  Maysters of divinite
-  Her matynes to leve,
-  And cherlich as a cheveteyn
-  Hys chaumbre to holden,                                 1160
-  With chymene, and chaple,
-  And chosen whan hem lyste,
-  And served as a sovereyn,
-  And as a lord sytten.
-  Swich a gome Godes wordes
-  Grysliche gloseth;
-  I trowe he toucheth nought the text,
-  But taketh it for a tale.
-  God forbad to his folk,
-  And fullyche defendede,                                 1170
-  They shoulden nought stodyen biforne
-  Ne sturren her wyttes,
-  But sodenly the same word
-  With here mouth shewe,
-  That weren given hem of God,
-  Thorugh gost of hemselve.
-  Now mot a frere studyen
-  And stumlen in tales,
-  And leven his matynes,
-  And no masse syngen,                                    1180
-  {486}
-  And loken hem lesynges
-  That liketh the puple,
-  To purchasen hym his purs ful,
-  To paye for the drynke.
-  And, brother, when bernes ben ful,
-  And holy tyme passed,
-  Thanne comen cursed freres,
-  And croucheth ful lowe,
-  A losel, a lymytoure,
-  Over al the lond lepeth.                                1190
-  And loke that he leve non hous,
-  That somwhat he ne laiche;
-  And there thei gylen hemself,
-  And Godes word turneth,
-  Bagges and beggyng
-  He bad his folke leven,
-  And only serven hymself,
-  And his ruwel sechen,
-  And al that nedly nedeth,
-  That shulden hem nought lakken.                         1200
-  Wherto beggen thise men,
-  And ben nought so feble?
-  Hem fayleth no furryng,
-  Ne clothes atte fulle,
-  But for a lustful liif
-  In lustes to dwellen;
-  Withouten any travail
-  Untrulych libbeth;
-  Thei beth nought maymed men,
-  Ne no mete lakketh;                                     1210
-  Thei [ben] clothed in curious cloth,
-  And clenliche arayed.
-  It is a lawles liif,
-  As lordynges usen,
-  {487}
-  Nether ordeyned in ordre,
-  But onethe libbeth.
-
-    "Christ bad blissen
-  Bodies on erthe
-  That wepen for wikkednesse
-  That he byforn wroughte.                                1220
-  That ben few of tho freres,
-  For thei ben nere dede,
-  And put al in pur clath,
-  With pottes on her hedes;
-  Thanne he warieth, and wepeth,
-  And wicheth after heven,
-  And fyeth on her falshedes
-  That thei before deden.
-  And therfore of that blissyng,
-  Trewely, as I trowe,                                    1230
-  Thei may trussen her part
-  In a terre powghe.
-
-    "Alle tho blissed beth
-  That bodyliche hongreth;
-  That ben the pore penyles,
-  That han over-passed
-  The poynt of her pris liif,
-  In penaunce of werkes,
-  And mown nought swynken ne sweten,
-  But ben swith feble,                                    1240
-  Other mayned at meschef,
-  Or meseles lyke,
-  And her god is a-gon,
-  And greveth hem to beggen.
-  Ther is no frere, in feith,
-  That fareth in this wyse,
-  That he may beggen his bred,
-  His bed is y-greithed
-  {488}
-  Under a pot he shall be put
-  In a pryvye chaumbre,                                   1250
-  That he shal lyven ne last
-  But lytel whyle after.
-  Almyghti God and man,
-  The merciable blessed,
-  That han mercy on men
-  That mis-don hem here.
-  But who so for-gabbed a frere
-  Y-founden at the stues,
-  And brought blod of his bodi,
-  On back or on syde,                                     1260
-  Hym were as good greven
-  A grete lord of rentes;
-  He shoulde sonnere ben shryven,
-  Shortly to tellen,
-  Though he kilde a comly knyght,
-  And compasd his mother,
-  Then a buffet to beden
-  A beggere frere.
-
-    "The clene hertes Christ
-  He curteyliche blissed                                  1270
-  That coveten no catel
-  But Christes fulle blysse,
-  That leveth fulliche on God,
-  And lelliche thenketh
-  On his lore and his lawe,
-  And lyveth opon trewthe.
-  Freres han forgetten this,
-  And folweth another,
-  That they may henten they holden,
-  By-hirneth it sone;                                     1280
-  Here hertes ben clen y-hid
-  In her heighe cloystre,
-  {489}
-  As curres from careyne
-  That is cast in diches.
-
-    "And parfiit Christ
-  The pesible blissede,
-  That ben suffrant and sobre,
-  And susteyne anger.
-  Asay of her sobernesse,
-  And thou might y-knowen                                 1290
-  Ther ne is no waspe in this world
-  That wil folloke styngen,
-  For stappyng on a too
-  Of a styncand frere.
-  For neyther soveren ne seget
-  Thei ne suffereth never.
-  Al thei blessyng of God
-  Beouten thei walken,
-  For of her suffraunce, for sothe,
-  Men say but lytel.                                      1300
-
-    "Alle that persecution
-  In pure liif suffren,
-  They han the beneson of God,
-  Blissed in erthe.
-  I pray, parceyve now
-  The pursut of a frere,
-  In what mesure of a mekenesse
-  Thise men deleth.
-  Byhold upon Water Brut
-  Whou bisiliche thei pursueden,                          1310
-  For he seid hem the sothe.
-  And yet, syre, ferther
-  Hy may no more marren hem,
-  But men telleth
-  That he is an heretik,
-  And yvele beleveth.
-  {490}
-  And precheth it in pulpit
-  To blenden the puple.
-  They wolden awyrien that wight
-  For his wel dedes,                                      1320
-  And so they chewen charite,
-  As chewen shaf houndes.
-  And thei pursueth the povere,
-  And passeth pursutes,
-  Bothe they wyln and thei wolden
-  Y-worthen so grete,
-  To passen any manes myght,
-  To mortheren the soules;
-  First to brenne the body
-  In a bale of fiir,                                      1330
-  And sythen the sely soule slen,
-  And senden hyre to helle.
-  And Christ clerly forbad
-  His christene, and defended,
-  They shoulden nought after the face
-  Never the folke demen."
-
-    "Sire," I seide myself,
-  "Thou semest to blamen.
-  Why dispisest thou thus
-  Thise sely pore freres,                                 1340
-  None other men so mychel,
-  Monkes ne prestes,
-  Chanons ne charthous
-  That in chirche serveth?
-  It semeth that thise sely men
-  Han somewhat the greved,
-  Other with word, or with werk,
-  And therfore thou wilnest
-  To shenden other shamen hem
-  With the sharp speche,                                  1350
-  {491}
-  And bannen holliche,
-  And her hous greven."
-
-    "I prey the," quath Peres,
-  "Put that out of thy mynde;
-  Certeyn for soule hele
-  I say the this wordes.
-  I preise nought pocessioneres
-  But pur lytel;
-  For falshed of freres
-  Hath fulliche encombred                                 1360
-  Manye of this maner men,
-  And maad hem to leven
-  Her charite and chastete,
-  And shosen hem to lustes,
-  And waxen to werly,
-  And wayven the trewethe,
-  And leven the love of her God,
-  And the werld serven.
-  But for falshed of freres
-  I fele in my soule,                                     1370
-  Seyng the synful liif,
-  That sorweth myn herte,
-  Hou they ben clothed in cloth
-  That clennest sheweth,
-  For angeles and archangeles
-  Alle they whiit useth,
-  And al aldremen
-  That ben _ante thronum_.
-  Thise toknes haven freres taken;
-  But I trowe that a fewe                                 1380
-  Folwen fully that cloth,
-  But falslyche that useth.
-  For whiit, in trowthe, bytokeneth
-  Clennes in soule:--
-  {492}
-  Gif he have undernethen whiit,
-  Thanne he above wereth
-  Black, that betokeneth
-  Bale for oure synne,
-  And mournyng for mis-dede
-  Of hem that this useth,                                 1390
-  And sorwe for synful liif,
-  So that cloth asketh.
-  I trowe there ben nought ten freres
-  That for synne wepen.
-  For that liif is her lust,
-  And therby thei libben,
-  In fraytour and in fermori
-  Her fostryng is synne;
-  It is her mete at ich a mel,
-  Her most sustinaunce.                                   1400
-  Herkne opon Hildegare
-  Hou homlich he telleth
-  How her sustinaunce is synne;
-  And syker, as I trowe,
-  Weren her confessiones
-  Clenly destrued,
-  Hy shoulde nought beren hem so brag,
-  Ne belden so heyghe.
-  For the fallyng of synne
-  Socoreth the foles,                                     1410
-  And begileth the grete
-  With glaverynge wordes;
-  With glosyng of godspels
-  Thei Godes word turneth,
-  And passen al the pryvylege
-  That Peter after used.
-  The power of the apostles
-  Thie pasen in speche,
-  {493}
-  For to sellen the synnes
-  For selver other mede.                                  1420
-  And purliche _a poena_
-  The puple asoyleth,
-  And _a culpa_ also,
-  That they may kachen
-  Money other money-worth,
-  And mede to fonge;
-  And ben at lone and at bode,
-  As burgeises useth.
-  Thus they serven Sathanas,
-  And soules bygyleth,                                    1430
-  Marchaunes of malisones,
-  Mansede wrecches.
-  Thei usen russet also
-  Some of this freres,
-  That bitokeneth travaile
-  And treuth upon erthe,
-  But loke whou this lorels
-  Laboren the erthe.
-  But freten the fruyt that the folke
-  Ful lellich beswynketh;                                 1440
-  With travail of trewe men
-  Thei tymbren her houses,
-  And of the curiouse cloth
-  Her copes they beggen;
-  And als his gettyng is grete
-  He shal ben good holden.
-  And right as dranes doth nought
-  But drynketh up the huny,
-  Whan been with her busynes
-  Han brought it to hepe,                                 1450
-  Right so fareth freres
-  With folk opon erthe;
-  {494}
-  They freten up the firste froyt,
-  And falsliche lybbeth.
-  But alle freres eten nought
-  Y-liche good mete,
-  But after that his wynnyng is
-  Is his wel-fare,
-  And after that he bringeth hom
-  His bed shal ben graythed,                              1460
-  And after that his richesse is raught
-  He shal ben redy served.
-  But se thiself in thi sight
-  Whou somme of hem walketh
-  With clouted shon,
-  And clothes ful feble,
-  Wel neigh for-werd,
-  And the wlon offe;
-  And his felawe in a frok
-  Worth swhich fiftene,                                   1470
-  Arayd in rede stone,
-  And elles were reuthe:
-  And sexe copes or seven
-  In his celle hongeth;
-  Though for fayling of good
-  His felawe shulde sterve,
-  He wolde nought lenen hym a peny
-  His liif for to holden.
-  I myght tymen tho troiflardes
-  To toylen with the erthe,                               1480
-  Tylyen, and trewlich lyven,
-  And her flesh tempren.
-  Now mot ich soutere hys sone
-  Seten to schole,
-  And ich a beggeres brol
-  On the book lerne.
-  {495}
-  And worth to a writere
-  And with a lorde dwelle;
-  Other falsly to a frere
-  The fend for to serven;                                 1490
-  So of that beggares brol
-  An abbot shal worthen,
-  Among the peres of the lond
-  Prese to sytten,
-  And lordes sones lowly
-  To tho losels aloute,
-  Knyghtes crouketh hem to
-  And cruccheth ful lowe;
-  And his syre a soutere
-  Y-suled in grees,                                       1500
-  His teeth with toylyng of lether
-  Tatered as a sawe.
-  Alaas! that lordes of the londe
-  Leveth swiche wrechen,
-  And leveth swych lorels
-  For her lowe wordes.
-  They shulden maken abbots
-  Her owen bretheren childre,
-  Other of som gentil blod,
-  And so yt best semed,                                   1510
-  And fostre none forytoures,
-  Ne swich false freres,
-  To maken fat and fulle
-  And her flesh combren.
-  For her kynde were more
-  To y-clense diches,
-  Than ben to sopers y-set first,
-  And served with sylver.
-  A grete bolle-ful of benen
-  Were beter in hys wombe,                                1520
-  {496}
-  And with the bandes of bakun
-  His baly for to fillen,
-  Then pertryches, or plovers,
-  Or pecokes y-rosted,
-  And comeren her stomakes
-  With curiuse drynkes,
-  That maketh swyche harlotes
-  Hordom usen,
-  And with her wikked word
-  Wymmen bitrayeth.                                       1530
-  God wold her wonyynge
-  Were in wildernesse,
-  And fals freres forboden
-  The fayre ladis chaumbres.
-  For knewe lordes her craft,
-  Treuly I trowe,
-  They shulden nought haunten her house
-  So holy on nyghtes,
-  Ne bedden swich brothels
-  In so brode shetes;                                     1540
-  But sheten her heved in the stre,
-  To sharpen her wittes;
-  Ne ben kynges confessours of custom,
-  Ne the counsel of the rewme knowe.
-  For Fraunceis founded hem nought
-  To faren on that wise,
-  Ne Domynyk dued hem nevere
-  Swyche drynkers to worthe,
-  Ne Helye ne Austyn
-  Swyche liif never used,                                 1550
-  But in povert of spirit
-  Spended her tyme.
-  We have seyn ourself
-  In a short tyme
-  {497}
-  Whou freres wolden no flesh
-  Among the folk usen;
-  But now the harlotes
-  Han hyd thilke reule,
-  And for the love of oure Lord
-  Han leyd hire in water.                                 1560
-  Wenest thou ther wolde so fele
-  Swich warlawes worthen?
-  Ne were werliche wele
-  And her welfare,
-  Thei shulden delven and dyken,
-  And dongen the erthe,
-  And menemong corn breed
-  To her mete fongen,
-  And wortes fleshles wrought,
-  And water to drynken,                                   1570
-  And werchen and wolward gon,
-  As we wrecches usen.
-  An aunter gif ther wolde on,
-  Among an hol hundred,
-  Lyven so for Godes love
-  In tyme of a wyntere."
-
-    "Leve Peres," quath I tho,
-  "I pray that thou me telle
-  Whou I may conne my Crede
-  In Christen byleve."                                    1580
-
-    "Leve brother," quath he,
-  "Hold that I segge,
-  I wil techen the the trouthe,
-  And tellen the the sothe.--                             1584
-
-            THE CREDE.
-
-  "Leve thou in oure Loverd God                           1585
-  That al the werld wrought,
-  {498}
-  Holy heven eke on hey
-  Holliche he fourmede,
-  And is almyghti hymself
-  Over alle his werkes.                                   1590
-  And wrought as his wil was
-  The werld and the heven;
-  And on gentil Jesu Christ,
-  Engendred of hymselven,
-  His owen onlyche sone,
-  Lord over all y-knowen,
-  That was clenlich conceived
-  Clerli in trewthe
-  Of the heye Holy Gost,
-  This is the holy beleve.                                1600
-  And of the maiden Marye
-  Man was he born,
-  Withouten synful seed,
-  This is fully the byleve.
-  With thorn y-crouned, crucified,
-  And on the cros dyede,
-  And sythen his blessed body
-  Was in a stone byried,
-  And descended a-doun
-  To the derk helle,                                      1610
-  And fet out our formfaderes,
-  And hy ful fayn weren.
-  The thyrd day redeliche
-  Hymself ros fram deeth,
-  And, on a ston there he stod,
-  He steigh up to hevene,
-  And on his fader ryght hand
-  Redelich he sitteth,
-  That almyghti God,
-  Over alle other whyghtes;                               1620
-  {499}
-  And is herafter to commen,
-  Christ all himselven,
-  To demen the quyke and the dede,
-  Withouten any doute.
-  And in the heighe Holy Gost
-  Holly I beleve;
-  And generall holy chirche also,
-  Hold this in the minde;
-  The communion of sayntes,
-  For soth I to the sayn;                                 1630
-  And for our great sinnes
-  Forgivenes for to getten,
-  And only by Christ
-  Clenlich to be clensed;
-  Our bodies again to risen
-  Right as we been here;
-  And the liif everlasting
-  Leve ich to habben. Amen.
-
-    "Although this flatterynge freres
-  Wyln, for her pryde,                                    1640
-  Disputen of Godes deyte,
-  As dotardes shulden,
-  The more the matere is moved
-  The masedere hi worthen.
-  Lat the loseles alone,
-  And leve thou the trewthe;
-  For these maystres of dyvynite
-  Many, als I trowe,
-  Folwen nought fully the feith,
-  As fele of the lewede.                                  1650
-  Whough may mannes wiit,
-  Through werk of himselve,
-  Knowen Christes privite,
-  {500}
-  That alle kynde passeth?
-  It mot ben a man
-  Of also mek an herte,
-  That myght with his good liif
-  The Holy Gost fongen;
-  And thanne nedeth him nought
-  Nevere for to studyen;                                  1660
-  He myght no maistre ben cald,
-  For Christ that defended,
-  Ne puten no pylion
-  On his pild pate,
-  But prechen in parfit liif,
-  And no pryde usen.
-  But al that ever I have seyd,
-  Soth it me semeth;
-  And al that evere I have wryten
-  Is soth, as I trowe;                                    1670
-  And for amendyng of thise men
-  Is most that I write.
-  God wolde hy wolden ben war,
-  And werchen the betere!
-  But for I am a lewed man,
-  Paraunter I myghte
-  Passen par adventure,
-  And in some poynt erren,
-  I wil nought this matere
-  Maistrely avowen.                                       1680
-  But gif ich have mys-said,
-  Mercy ich aske,
-  And pray al mannere men
-  This matere amende,
-  Ich a word by hymself,
-  And al, gif it nedeth.
-  God of his grete myght,
-  {501}
-  And his good grace,
-  Save alle freres
-  That feithfulli lybben!                                 1690
-  And alle tho that ben fals,
-  Fayre hem amende,
-  And gyve hem wiit and good wil
-  Swiche dedes to werch,
-  That thei may wynnen the liif
-  That evere shal lesten."
-                 _Amen._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-NOTES AND GLOSSARY
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-NOTES.
-
-Line 1. Bale, quoting the first two lines, translates them _In aestivo
-tempore, cum sol caleret_. The printers of the early editions altered
-_softe_ to _set_.
-
-4, 5. _shroudes ... sheep_. The other text of this poem reads _Yshop into
-shrobbis | as y shepherde were_. See the Introduction.
-
-28. The text represented in Whitaker's edition here differs much from the
-other. Our dreamer is there introduced very unadvisedly telling us of this
-tower, 'truthe was therynne,' a piece of information which he only learns
-afterwards from dame 'Holy Churche:'
-
-  Ich was aferd of hure face,
-  Thauh hue faire were,
-  And saide, mercy, madame,
-  Wat may this be to mene,
-  _The tour upon toft_, quath hue,
-  Treuthe ys therynne.
-                 (Passus Secundus, ed. Whit.)
-
-Where there is an evident reference to the "tour on a toft," which has been
-previously mentioned in the more correct text.
-
-43, 44. Dr. Whitaker, misunderstanding this passage, has printed 'ther' for
-'that,' which is in all the MSS. In his gloss, he interprets 'wonnen' by
-'to dwell;' and he paraphrases the sentence, 'some destroying themselves by
-gluttony and excess,' translating it, I suppose, "And there dwell wasters
-whom gluttony destroyeth." The meaning is, the ploughmen worked hard, "and
-obtained (wan) that which wasters destroy with their gluttony." The writer
-of the second Trin. Coll. MS. seems to have understood the meaning of the
-passage, but not the words, and has 'whom that thise wastours.'
-
-68. I have here to preserve the alliteration, adopted 'giltles,' from the
-second Trin. Coll. MS., and one of the printed editions, in place of
-'synneles,' which the other MS. has. Though we find instances of
-irregularity in the sub-letters (or alliterative letters in the first line)
-in Pierce Plowman, the chief letter is not so often neglected. In
-Whitaker's text the account of the minstrels is very confused. Here the
-minstrels get gold by their song without sin, but the japers and janglers
-are condemned as getting their living by what is afterwards called
-'turpiloquium,' when they had ability to get it in an honester way.
-
-88. _Roberdes knaves._ These are the same class of malefactors who are
-named _Roberdesmen_ in the Statutes, 5 Ed. III. c. 14. "Et diverses
-roberies, homicides, et felonies ont este faitz eintz ces heures par gentz
-qui sont appellez Roberdesmen, Wastours, et Draghelatche, si est acorde et
-establi que si homme eit suspecion de mal de nuls tielx, soit-il de jour
-soit-il de nuyt, que meintenant soient arestus par les conestables des
-villes." This law was confirmed by 7 Ric. II. c. 5, where the word is again
-introduced. Whitaker supposes, without any reason, the 'Roberdes knaves' to
-be Robin Hood's men. The other Trin. Coll. MS. reads _Robertis knaves_.
-
-93. _Seint Jame._ St. James of Compostello was a famous resort of pilgrims
-in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. An amusing song on the
-inconveniences which attended the voyage is printed in the Reliquiae
-Antiquae, vol. i, p. 2.
-
-107. _Walsyngham._ The shrine of the Virgin Mary at Walsingham in Norfolk,
-also enjoyed an extraordinary celebrity, as a resort of English pilgrims.
-It appears that the first complaints of the Wicliffite reformers were
-strongly expressed against this pilgrimage. "Lolardi sequaces Johannis
-Wiclif ... praedicaverunt peregrinationes non debere fieri, et praecipue
-apud Walsingham," etc. Th. Walsingh. p. 340.
-
-116. The four orders of friars were, of course, the Franciscans,
-Augustines, Dominicans, and Carmelites.
-
-131. These four lines stand thus in Whitaker's text, _Bote holy churche and
-charite | choppe a-doun swich shryvers, | the moste myschif of molde |
-mounteth up faste._ Whitaker has translated it quite wrong, "May true
-charity and church discipline knock down these, the greatest pests on
-earth, who are rapidly increasing!" The simple meaning of the passage, as
-given by Whitaker, is, "Unless holy church and charity chop down such
-shrivers (confessors), the greatest mischief of the world is increasing
-fast." The present text affords a better and equally clear meaning, "Unless
-holy church and they hold better together, the greatest mischief in the
-world is increasing, or gaining ground very fast."
-
-141. _of falshede of fastynge_, the comma has slipped in by accident. The
-meaning is "of breaking fast-days."
-
-147. _He bunchith hem_, MS. Trin. 2.
-
-168. _the pestilence tyme._ See further on, the note on l. 2497. The great
-plague of 1349 and 1350 had carried off so much people, that hands were
-wanting to cultivate the lands in many parishes, and the distress which
-followed, with the failure of tithes which naturally accompanied it, drove
-the parsons to plead poverty as an excuse for going to London and seeking
-other occupations.
-
-192. Whitaker's text inserts the following passage between this line and
-the one following:--
-
-  Conscience cam and acusede hem,
-  And the commune herde hit,
-  And seide, "Ydolatrie ye soffren
-  In sondrye places menye,
-  And boxes ben y-set forth
-  Bounden with yren,
-  To undertake the tool
-  Of untrewe sacrifice,
-  In menynge of miracles
-  Muche wex hongeth there,
-  Al the worldle wot wel
-  Hit myghte nat be trywe.
-  Ac for it profitith yow to pors-warde,
-  Ye prelates soffren
-  That lewede men in mysbylyve
-  Leven and deien.
-  Ich lyve wel, by oure Lorde!
-  For love of youre covetyse,
-  That al the worlde be the wors;
-  As holy wryght telleth
-  What cheste and meschaunce
-  To children of Israel
-  Ful on hem that free were,
-  Thorwe two false preestes.
-  For the synne of Ophni
-  And of Finees hus brother,
-  Thei were disconfit in bataille,
-  And losten _Archa Dei_,
-  And fore hure syre sauh hem syngen,
-  And aoffred hem don ylle,
-  And noght chasted hem therof,
-  And wolde noght rebukie hem,
-  Anon as it was y-told hyme
-  That the children of Israel
-  Weren disconfit in bataille,
-  And _Archa Dei_ y-lore,
-  And hus sones slayen,
-  Anon he ful for sorwe
-  Fro hus chaire thare he sat,
-  And brak hus necke a-tweyne;
-  And al was for venjaunce
-  That he but noght hus children.
-  And for they were preestes,
-  And men of holy churche,
-  God was well wrother,
-  And toke the rather venjaunce.
-  For-thei ich seye, ye preestes,
-  And men of holy churche,
-  That soffren men do sacrifice
-  And worsheppen mawmettes,
-  And ye sholde be here fadres,
-  And techen hem betere;
-  God shal take venjaunce
-  In alle swiche preestes
-  Wel harder and grettere,
-  On suche shrewede faderes,
-  Than ever he dude on Ophni
-  And Finees, or in here fadere.
-  For youre shrewede suffraunce,
-  And youre owen synne,
-  Youre masse and youre matynes,
-  And meny of youre houres, etc.
-
-225. This is the constitutional principle which was universally
-acknowledged by our early political writers, and of which some strong
-declarations will be found in my "Political Songs" (published by the Camden
-Society). The doctrine of "right divine" was certainly not a prevalent one
-in the middle ages.
-
-291. This fable appears to be of middle-age formation, for it is not found
-in any of the ancient collections. It does not occur in the fables of
-Marie. It is however found in the old collection, in French verse of the
-fourteenth century, entitled Ysopet; and M. Robert has also printed a Latin
-metrical version of the story from a MS. of the same century. La Fontaine
-has given it among his fables. It may be observed that the fable is nowhere
-so well told as in Piers Ploughman. (See Robert, Fables Inedites, des
-xii^e, xiii^e, et xiv^e siecles, i, pp. 98-101.) The readers of Scottish
-history will remember the application of this fable in 1481, by the earl of
-Angus (popularly named, from this circumstance, Archibald Bell-the-cat), in
-the conspiracy against the royal favourites, which forms an excellent
-illustration of our text.
-
-381. _Vae terrae, etc._ Ecclesiastes, x, 16. "Vae tibi, terra, cujus rex
-puer est, et cujus principes mane comedunt."
-
-423. _and pointeth the lawe._ MS. Trin. 2.
-
-429. after this line the following are inserted in the second MS. of Trin.
-Coll.
-
-  I saugh bisshopis bolde,
-  And bacheleris of devyn,
-  Become clerkis of acountis
-  The king for to serve,
-  Archideknes and denis,
-  That dignites haven,
-  To preche the peple
-  And pore men to fede,
-  Ben y-lope to Lundone
-  Be leve of hire bisshop,
-  And ben clerkis of the kinges bench
-  The cuntre to shende.
-
-438. _Taillours, tanneris, | And tokkeris bothe._ MS. Trin. 2.
-
-453. The Cottonian MS. Vespas. B. xvi, from which Price has given a long
-extract in his edition of Warton, has here "With wyne of Oseye | and wyn of
-Gascoyne." Whitaker's reading is "Whit wyn of Oseye and of Gascoyne." Price
-observes, in a note, "good wyne of Gaskyne, and the wyne of Osee [is the
-reading of MS. Harl. No. 875].--The same hand already noticed has corrected
-_wyn_ to _weyte_ (wheat) _of Gascoyne_;--an obvious improvement." I by no
-means partake in this opinion: _wine_ of Gascony, and _not wheat_ of
-Gascony, is perpetually alluded to in the literature of France and England
-from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. The reading of the text now
-printed is evidently the original one, which has been corrupted in the
-others: the wine more particularly known as Gascon, was a red wine. The
-writer of "La Desputoison du Vin et de l'Iaue," says of it--
-
-  Vin de Gascoigne, sa coulour
-  N'est pas de petite valour;
-  Les autres vins fet honnorer.
-  Quant de soi les veult coulourer:
-  Force donne, aide, et confort,
-  Et d'un vin foible, fet. i. fort.
-  Il a de vin plaine sustance;
-  Il nourrist sans faire grevance:
-  Aus testes est bons et au flanc.
-  Et du rouge y a et du blanc.
-  (_Jubinal, Nouveau Recueil de Contes, &c._, i. 399.)
-
-The 'wyn of the Rochel' (vin de la Rochelle) was also a favourite wine.--
-
-  Rochelle, qui tant a de pris,
-  Que l'en la va de partout querre;
-  Chascun si l'enclot et l'enserre,
-  Car il n'est pas a garconner,
-  N'en ne la doit q'aus bons donner;--
-  Por les grans seignors l'en salache.
-                              (_ib._ p. 300).
-
-The "wyn of Oseye" (vin d'Osaie) was a foreign wine, very rare and dear,
-and sought up by 'gourmands:' it is mentioned with those of Malvoisia,
-Rosetta, and Muscadet. (Depping Reglemens sur les Arts et Metiers de Paris,
-p. lxiii.) It is unnecessary to explain what was 'wyn of the Ryn' (Rhine).
-
-456. _of the Reule | and of the Rochel._ Whitaker.
-
-458. These two lines, omitted in the MS. from which our text is printed,
-have been added from MS. Trin. 2.
-
-489. _fyve wittes._ The five wits were equivalent to the five _senses_. One
-of the characters in the early interlude of The Four Elements, a production
-of the earlier part of the sixteenth century, says:--
-
-  I am callyd Sensuall Apetyte,
-  All craturs in me delyte;
-  I comforte the _wyttys fyve_,
-  The tastyng, smellyng, and herynge,
-  I refresh the syght and felynge,
-  To all creaturs alyve.
-
-Stephen Hawes, in his Pastime of Pleasure (chap. xxiv), belonging to this
-same age, refines upon this notion, and talks of five "internall wittes,"
-answering to the five external wits, or to those which were commonly
-understood by that name.
-
-522. Genesis xix, 32. It is very singular that this story of Lot and his
-daughters was the favourite example of the medieval preachers against
-drunkenness.
-
-563. Luke xx, 25.
-
-595. _on an eller._ It was the prevailing belief during the middle ages,
-that the tree on which Judas hanged himself was an elder. Maundevile tells
-us that this tree was still in existence, when he visited Jerusalem. "Also
-streghte from Natatorie Siloe is an ymage of ston and of olde auncyen werk,
-that Absalon leet make; and because thereof, men clepen it the hond of
-Absalon. And faste by is yit the _tree of eldre_ that Judas henge himself
-upon for despeyr that he hadde, whan he solde and betrayed oure Lord." The
-same notion continued to exist in the age of Shakespeare, and is alluded to
-by Shakespeare himself, Ben Jonson, and others.
-
-  _Hol._ What mean you, sir?
-
-  _Boyet._ To make Judas hang himself.
-
-  _Hol._ Begin, sir; you are _my elder_.
-
-  _Biron._ Well followed: _Judas was hang'd on an elder._
-
-                                              _Love's Labours Lost_, v, 2.
-
-681. _Lucifer with legions._ The story of Lucifer's rebellion and fall was
-extremely popular in the middle ages, and particularly among the
-Anglo-Saxons, who, in the fine poem ascribed to Caedmon, had given it
-almost as much detail as Milton had done at a later date. This legend is
-related in prose in an Anglo-Saxon tract in MS. Cotton. Vespas. D. xiv,
-fol. 2.
-
-682. The second Trin. Col. MS. has, _Leride it in hevene, | and as the
-lovelokest | to loke on, aftir oure Lord_.
-
-697-704. Instead of these lines, we find the following in Whitaker's text:
-
-  Lord, why wolde he tho,
-  Thulke wrechede Lucifer,
-  Lepen on a-lofte
-  In the northe syde,
-  To sitten in the sonne side
-  Ther the day roweth,
-  Ne were it for northerne men,
-  Anon ich wolde telle:
-  Ac ich wolle lacke no lyf,
-  Quath that lady sotthly.
-  'Hyt is sykerer by southe,
-  Ther the sonne regneth,
-  Than in the north, by meny notes,
-  No man loyne other.
-  For theder as the fend flegh,
-  Hus fote for to sette,
-  Ther he failede and fuel,
-  And hus felawes alle.
-  And helle is ther he is,
-  And he ther y-bounde,
-  Evene contrarie suteth Criste,
-  Cierkus knowen the sothe,
-  _Dixit Dominus Domino meo, sede a dextris
-      meis._
-    'Ac of this matere
-  No more mene ich nelle,
-  He was in the halyday
-  After heten wayten,
-  They care noght thauh it be cold
-  Knaves wen thei worchen.'
-
-Whitaker has translated the last four lines of the foregoing extract thus,
-"Excepting that hyndes on the holyday look out for warm places, but knaves
-(servants) when working hard, are indifferent to cold."
-
-695. Isaiah xiv, 14. The citation varies a little from the text of the
-printed vulgate.
-
-707. _Somme in the eyr._ The monks in the middle ages endeavoured to
-explain the existence of different classes of spirits and fairies, which
-the popular creed represented as harmless, or even beneficent creatures, by
-supposing that some of the angels who fell with Lucifer were less guilty
-than others, and were allowed to occupy the different elements on the earth
-instead of being condemned to "the pit." In "The Master of Oxford's
-Catechism," written early in the fifteenth century, and printed in the
-Reliquiae Antiquae, vol. i, p. 231, we have the following question and
-answer,--"_C._ Where be the anjelles that God put out of heven, and bycam
-devilles? _M._ Som into hell, and som reyned in the skye, and som in the
-erth, and som in waters and in wodys."
-
-815. Mark iv, 24. In qua mensura mensi fueritis, remetietur vobis, et
-adjicietur vobis.
-
-835. Epist. Jac. ii, 17. Sic et fides, si non habeat opera, mortua est in
-semetipsa.
-
-862. Luke vi, 38.
-
-901. The second Trin. Col. MS. has--
-
-  Frettid with rynges,
-  Of the pureste perreighe
-  That prince werde evere,
-  In red scarlet robid
-  And ribande with gold.
-  Ther nis no quen queyntere
-  That quyk is o-lyve,
-  'What is this womman,' quod I.
-
-934. Matth. vii, 17. _bonus_ (for _bona_) is the reading of the MS. Perhaps
-it was thought allowable to use the masculine thus before a fem. noun
-beginning with _a_, for the sake of euphony, as the French still write _mon
-amie_, instead of _ma amie_, and the like. Whitaker's text has here--
-
-  _Talis pater, talis filius._
-  For shal never brere bere
-  Beries as a vyne,
-  No on crokyd kene thorne
-  Kynde fygys wexe.
-  _Bona arbor bonum fructum facit._
-
-The lines which follow differ considerably in the two texts.
-
-958. Psalm xiv, 1.
-
-991-994. Instead of these lines, the following are substituted in the
-second Trin. Coll. MS.:--
-
-  Sire Symonye is assent
-  To asele the chartres,
-  That Fals and Favel
-  Be any fyn halden,
-  And feffe Mede therwith
-  In mariage for evere.
-  Ther nas halle ne hous
-  To herberwe the peple,
-  That iche feld nas ful
-  Of folk al aboute.
-  In myddis a mounteyne
-  At myd-morewe tide
-  Was pight up a pavyloun
-  Proud for the nones,
-  And ten thousand of tentis
-  Teldit beside,
-  Of knightes of cuntres,
-  Of comeres aboute,
-  For sisours, for somonours, etc.
-
-And the rest, as far as line 1100, differs very much in the two MSS.
-
-1103. _of Banneburies sokne, | Reynald the reve, | and the redyngkynges
-menye, | Munde the mylnere._ Whit.
-
-1128. Luke x, 7.
-
-1177. _With floryns ynowe._ Edward III had issued, not very long before the
-date of this poem, the first extensive English gold coinage, to which he
-gave the Italian name of florins, derived originally from that of the city
-of Florence.
-
-1204. _to Westmynstre_: _i. e._ to the courts of law which were held there.
-
-1404. _A moton of golde._ A mutton (mouton) was a small French coin of
-gold, which bore the stamp of a lamb or sheep. See Ducange, v. _Multo_.
-
-1501. Matth. vi, 3.
-
-1523. Regrating, or the buying up of provisions and other things to make
-extravagant profits by retailing them, was one of the great sources of
-oppression of the poor by the rich in the middle ages, and was a constant
-subject of popular complaint.
-
-1529. Whitaker's text adds here,--
-
-  Thei have no puteye of the puple
-  That parcel-mele mote biggen,
-  Thauh thei take hem untydy thyng,
-  Thei hold it no treson;
-  And thauh thei fulle nat ful,
-  That for lawe y-seelde,
-  He gripeth therfor as grete
-  As for the grete treuthe.
-
-    Meny sondry sorwes
-  In cyte fallen ofte,
-  Bothe thorw fyur and flod,
-  And al for false puple,
-  That bygylen good men,
-  And greveth hem wrongliche,
-  The wiche cryen on hure knees
-  That Christ hem avenge
-  Here on this erthe,
-  Other elles on helle,
-  That so bygyleth hem of here good,
-  And God on hem sendeth
-  Feveres, other fouler hyveles,
-  Other fur on here houses,
-  Moreyne, other meschaunce.
-  And menye tyme hit falleth,
-  That innocence ys y-herde
-  In hevene amonge seyntes,
-  That louten for hem to oure Lorde,
-  And to oure Lady bothe,
-  To granten gylours on erthe
-  Grace to amende,
-  And have here penaunce on pure erthe,
-  And noght in the pyne of helle.
-  And thenne falleth the fur
-  On false menne houses,
-  And good men for here gultes
-  Gloweth on fuyr after.
-  Al thys have we seyen,
-  That some tyme thorw a brewere
-  Many burgages y-brent,
-  And bodyes therynne,
-  And thorw a candel cloming
-  In a cursed place,
-  Fel a-don and for-brende
-  Forth al the rewe,
-  For-thy mayres that maken free-men,
-  Me thynken that thei ouhten
-  For to spure and aspye,
-  For eny speche of selver,
-  What manere mester
-  Of merchaundise he usede,
-  Er he were underfonge free
-  And felawe in youre rolles.
-  Hit ys nought semly, for soth,
-  In cyte ne in borw-ton,
-  That usurers other regratours
-  For eny kynne geftes,
-  Be fraunchised for a free-man,
-  And have fals name.
-
-1548. Job, xv, 34.
-
-1611. _Youre fader she felled._ An allusion to the deposition and death of
-Edward II.
-
-1652. Provisors were people who obtained from the pope the reversion of
-ecclesiastical dignities, and several severe statutes were made against
-them, one well-known one by Edward III.
-
-1674. _Love-daies._ See further on, the note on l. 5634.
-
-1735. _In Normandie._ 1750. _To Caleis._ Allusions, no doubt, to recent
-events in the wars of Edward III. See the Introduction.
-
-1769. _Caytiflyche thow, Conscience, | Consailedist the kyng leten | In hus
-enemys honde | Ys heritage of Fraunce._ Whit.
-
-1827. Psalm xiv, 1.
-
-1835. Ps. xiv, 2.
-
-1845. Ps. xiv, 5.
-
-1862. Psalm xxv, 10.
-
-1875. Matth. vi, 5.
-
-1885. _Regum._ The reference is to 1 Sam. xv, which in the old Vulgate was
-called _primus liber regum_.
-
-1985, 2019. Isaiah ii, 4.
-
-2043. Prov. xxii, 9. Victoriam et honorem acquiret qui dat munera; animam
-autem aufert accipientium.
-
-2099. _lernest._ Whitaker's text has _ledest_.
-
-2149. Psalm xiii, 3. The quotation which follows is from the same verse.
-
-2171. _his sone._ The Black Prince, who was a great favourite with the
-people.
-
-2175-2186. The variation in Whitaker's text deserves notice. This passage
-there stands as follows:--
-
-  Thenne cam Pees into parlement,
-  And putte up a bylle.
-  How that Wrong wilfullich
-  Hadde hus wif for-leyen;
-  And how he ravysed Rose,
-  The riche widewe, by nyghte;
-  And Margarete of here maidenhod,
-  As he met hure late.
-  'Both my goos, and my grys,
-  And my gras he taketh,
-  Ich dar nouht for is felaweshepe,
-  In faith!' Pees saide,
-  'Bere sickerlich eny selver
-  To seint Gyles doune;
-  He watteth ful wel,
-  Wan ich sulfere taketh,
-  Wat wey ich wende.
-  Wel yerne he aspieth,
-  To robbe me and to ryfle me,
-  Yf ich ride softe.
-  Yut he is bolde for to borwe,
-  And baldelich he payeth:
-  He borwede of me Bayarde,' etc.
-
-2177. _How Wrong ayeins his wille._ What follows is a true picture of the
-oppressions to which the peasantry were frequently subjected by the king's
-purveyors, and by others in power. See the Political Songs, pp. 377, 378;
-and Hartshorne's Ancient Metrical Tales, pp. 41, 42.
-
-2197. _taille_, a tally. See the Political Songs, as above quoted. Whitaker
-translates this passage, which stands thus in his edition,
-
-  And taketh me bote a taile
-  For ten quarters other twelve,
-
-by, "and for ten or twelve quarters of it repaid me but _a sheep's tail_!"
-
-2298. _in my stokkes._ In my prison. Prisons were usually furnished with
-stocks, in which, instead of fetters, prisoners were set.
-
-2323. _Beneyt._ St. Benedict, the founder of the Benedictine order; St.
-Bernard, of the order of Cistercians; St. Francis, of the Franciscans.
-
-2335. _Galis._ Compostello in Galicia.
-
-2473. _Passus Quintus._ In Whitaker's text, this section, which is called
-_Passus Sextus_, is prefaced by the following long exordium, intended as a
-satire against the mendicant friars:--
-
-  Thus ich awaked, God wot!
-  Wanne ich wonede on Cornhulle,
-  Kytte and ich in a cote,
-  Clothede as a lollere:
-  And a lytel ich let by,
-  Leyve me, for sothe,
-  Among lolleres of London,
-  And lewede heremytes.
-  For ich made of tho men,
-  As Reson me tauhte.
-  For as ich cam by Conscience,
-  Wit Reson ich mette,
-  In an hote hervest,
-  Wenne ich hadde myn hele,
-  And lymes to labore with,
-  And lovede wel fare,
-  And no dede to do
-  Bote drynke and to slepe,
-  In hele and in unite,
-  On me aposede,
-  Romynge in remembraunce.
-  Thus Reson me arated:
-  'Canstow serven,' he seide,
-  'Other syngen in a churche?
-  Other loke for my cokers?
-  Other to the carte picche?
-  Mowe, other mowen,
-  Other make bond to sheves?
-  Repe, other be a repe-reyve
-  And arise erliche?
-  Other have an horne and be hay-warde,
-  And liggen out a nyghtes,
-  And kepe my corn in my croft
-  From pykers and theeves?
-  Other shap shoon other clothes?
-  Other shep other kyne kepe?
-  Eggen, other harwen,
-  Other swyne other gees dryve?
-  Other eny kyne craft
-  That to the comune nudeth,
-  Hem that bed-reden be
-  Bylyve to fynde?'
-    'Certes,' ich seyde,
-  'And so me God helpe!
-  Ich am to waik to worche
-  With sykel other with sythe;
-  And to long, leyf me,
-  Lowe for to stoupe,
-  To worchen as workeman
-  Eny wyle to dure.'
-  'Then havest thow londes to lyve by,'
-  Quath Reson, 'other lynage ryche
-  That fynden the thy fode?
-  For an hydel man thow semest,
-  A spendour that spende mot,
-  Other a spille-tyme;
-  Other beggest thy lyve
-  Aboute ate menne hatches;
-  Other faitest upon Fridays
-  Other feste dayes in churches;
-  The wiche is lollerene lyf,
-  That lytel is preysed
-  Ther ryghtfulnesse rewardeth
-  Ryght as men deserveth.
-  _Reddit unicuique juxta opera sua._
-  Ether thow ert broke, so may be,
-  In body other in membre,
-  Other y-maymed thorow som myshap.
-  Werby thow myght be excusede.'
-  'Wanne ich yong was,' quath ich,
-  'Many yer hennes,
-  My fader and my frendes
-  Founden me to scole,
-  Tyl ich wiste wyterliche
-  Wat holy wryt menede,
-  And wat is best for the body,
-  As the bok telleth,
-  And sykerest for the soule,
-  By so ich wolle continue.
-  And yut fond ich never in faith,
-  Sytthen my frendes deyden,
-  Lyf that me lyked,
-  Bote in thes long clothes.
-  Hyf ich by laboure sholde lyf,
-  And lyflode deserven,
-  That labour that ich lerned best
-  Therwhit lyve ich sholde.
-  _In eadem vocatione qua vocati estis._
-  And ich lyve in Londene
-  And on Londen bothe.
-  The lomes that ich laboure with
-  And lyflode deserve,
-  Ys paternoster and my prymer,
-  _Placebo et dirige_,
-  And my sauter some tyme,
-  And my sevene psalmes.
-  Thus ich synge for hure soules
-  Of suche as me helpen.
-  And tho that fynden me my fode
-  Vochen saf, ich trowe,
-  To be wolcome wan ich come
-  Other wyle in a monthe,
-  Now with hym, and now with hure,
-  And thus gate ich begge
-  Withoute bagge other botel,
-  Bote my wombe one.
-  And also, moreover,
-  Me thynketh, syre Reson,
-  Men sholde constreyne
-  No clerke to knavene werkes.
-  For by law of Livitici,
-  That oure Lord ordeynede,
-  Clerkes that aren crowned
-  Of kynde understondyng,
-  Sholde nother swynke ne swete,
-  Ne swere at enquestes,
-  Ne fyghte in no vauntwarde,
-  Ne hus fo greve.
-  _Nou reddas malum pro malo._
-  For it ben aires of hevene,
-  And alle that ben crounede
-  And in queer in churches,
-  Cristes owene mynestres.
-  _Dominus pars haereditatis meae
-    Et alibi, Clementia non constringit._
-  Hit bycometh for clerkus
-  Crist for to serven;
-  And knaves uncrounede
-  To cart and to worche.
-  For shold no clerk be crouned,
-  Bote yf he y-come were
-  Of franklens and freemen
-  And of folke y-weddede.
-  Bondmen and bastardes,
-  And beggers children,
-  Thuse bylongeth to labour.
-  And lordes children sholde serven,
-  Bothe God and good men,
-  As here degree asketh;
-  Some to synge masses,
-  Others sitten and wryte,
-  Rede and receyve
-  That Reson oughte spende.
-  And sith bondemenne barnes
-  Han be made bisshopes,
-  And barnes bastardes
-  Han ben archidekenes;
-  And sopers and here sones
-  For selver han be knyghtes,
-  And lordene sones here laboreres,
-  And leid here rentes to wedden
-  For the ryght of the reame,
-  Ryden ayens oure enemys,
-  In consort of the comune
-  And the kynges worshep.
-  And monkes and moniales.
-  That mendinauns sholden fynde,
-  Han mad here kyn knyghtes,
-  And knyght fees purchase.
-  Popes and patrones
-  Povre gentil blod refuseth,
-  And taken Symondes sonne
-  Seyntewarie to kepe.
-  Lyf-holynesse and love
-  Han ben longe hennes,
-  And wole, til hit be wered out,
-  Or otherwise y-chaunged.
-  For-thy rebuke me ryht nouht,
-  Reson, ich yow praye;
-  For in my conscience ich knowe
-  What Crist wolde that ich wroughte.
-  Preyers of perfyt man,
-  And penaunce discret,
-  Is the levest labour
-  That oure Lord pleseth.
-  _Non de solo_, ich seyde,
-  For sothe _vivit homo,
-  Nec in pane et pabulo_,
-  The paternoster witnesseth.
-  _Fiat voluntas tua_
-  Fynt ous alle thynges.'
-  Quath Conscience, 'By Crist!
-  Ich can nat see this lyeth.
-  Ac it semeth nouht perfitnesse
-  In cyties for to begge,
-  Bote he be obediencer
-  To pryour other to mynstre.'
-  'That ys soth,' ich seide,
-  'And so ich by-knowe
-  That ich have tynt tyme,
-  And tyme mys-spended.
-  And yut ich hope, as he
-  That ofte haveth chaffarede,
-  That ay hath lost and lost,
-  And at the latest hym happeth
-  He bouhte suche a bargayn
-  He was the bet evere,
-  And sette hus lost at a lef
-  At the laste ende;
-  Suche a wynnynge hym warth
-  Thorw wyrdes of his grace.
-  _Simile est regnum coelorum thesauro
-      abscondito in agro, etc._
-    _Mulier quae inveniet dragmam, etc._
-  So hope ich to have of hym
-  That his almyghty
-  A gobet of hus grace,
-  And bygynne a tyme
-  That alle tymes of my tyme
-  To profit shal turne.'
-  'Ich rede the,' quath Reson tho,
-  'Rathe the to bygynne
-  The lyf that ys lowable
-  And leel to the soule.'
-  'Ye, and continue,' quath Conscience.
-  And to the church ich wente.
-    And to the church gan ich go,
-  God to honourie,
-  Byfor the crois on my knees
-  Knocked ich my brest,
-  Sykinge for my sennes,
-  Segginge my paternoster,
-  Wepyng and wailinge,
-  Tyl ich was a-slepe
-  Thenne mete me moche more
-  Than ich byfor tolde,
-  Of the mater that ich mete fyrst
-  On Malverne hulles.
-  Ich sawe the feld ful of folk
-  Fram ende to the other;
-  And Reson revested
-  Ryght as a pope,
-  And Conscience his crocer
-  Byfore the kynge stande.
-  Reson reverentliche
-  Byfor all the reame
-  Prechede and provede
-  That thuse pestilences
-  Was for pure synne, etc.
-      _See_ l. 2497, of the present edition.
-
-2497. _thise pestilences._--There were three great pestilences in the reign
-of Edward III, the terrible effects of which were long fresh in people's
-minds, and they were often taken as points from which to date common
-events. Two of them had passed at the period when the Visions of Piers
-Ploughman are believed to have been written, and are the ones here alluded
-to. Of the first, or great pestilence, which lasted from 31 May, 1348, to
-29 Sept. 1349, the contemporary chroniclers give a fearful account. In a
-register of the Abbey of Gloucester (MS. Cotton. Domit. A. VIII, fol. 124),
-we have the following entry:--"Anno Domini m^o.ccc^o.xlviij^o. anno vero
-regni regis Edwardi III, post conquestum xxij^o. incepit magna pestilentia
-in Anglia, ita quod _vix tertia pars_ hominum remansit." This pestilence,
-known as the _black plague_, ravaged most parts of Europe, and is said to
-have carried off in general about two-thirds of the people. It was the
-pestilence which gave rise to the Decameron of Boccaccio. For an
-interesting account of it, see Michelet's Hist. de France, iii, 342-349.
-The second pestilence lasted from 15 Aug. 1361, to May 3, 1362, and was
-much less severe. The third pestilence raged from 2 July to 29 September,
-1369.
-
-2500. _The south-westrene wynd | on Saterday at even._ Tyrwhitt, in his
-Preface to Chaucer, first pointed out the identity of this wind with the
-one mentioned by the old chroniclers (Thorn, Decem. Script. col. 2122;
-Walsingham, p. 178; the continuator of Adam Murimuth, p. 115), as occurring
-on the evening of Jan. 15, 1362. The fifteenth of January in that year was
-a Saturday. The following is the account given by Walsingham: "Anno gratiae
-millesimo trecentesimo sexagesimo secundo, qui est annus regni regis
-Edwardi a conquestu tertii tricesimus sextus, tenuit rex natale apud
-Wyndesor, et quinto decimo die sequente ventus vehemens, nothus auster
-affricus, tanta vi erupit, quod flatu suo domos altas, aedificia sublimia,
-turres, et campanilia, arbores, et alia quaeque durabilia et fortia
-violenter prostravit pariter et impegit, in tantum quod residua quae modo
-extant, sunt hactenus infirmiora." The continuator of Murimuth is more
-particular as to the time of the day, and in other respects more exact.
-"A.D. m. ccc. lxii, xv die Januarii, _circa horam vesperarum_, ventus
-vehemens notus australis affricus tanta rabie erupit," etc.
-
-2529. _And fecche Felis his wyf | Fro wyuene pyne._ MS. Trin. Col. 2.
-
-2547. This was a very old and very common proverb in England. Thus in the
-Proverbs of Hending (Reliquiae Antiquae, vol. i, p. 110):--
-
-  Ne bue thi child never so duere,
-  Ant hit wolle unthewes lerne,
-    Bet hit other whyle;
-  Mote hit al habben is wille,
-  Woltou nultou hit wolle spille,
-    Ant bicome a fule.
-  _Luef child lore byhoveth_;
-              Quoth Hendyng.
-
-The proverb is a little varied in another copy of these "Proverbs," p. 194
-of the same work. There is a German proverb closely resembling it, "Je
-lieberes Kind, je schaerfere Ruthe."
-
-2551. Prov. xiii, 24.
-
-2569. After this line Whitaker's text has inserted a passage, answering
-nearly word for word (except in the few first lines) to the passage in our
-text, ll. 6218-6274.
-
-2573. In the same text, the following lines are here added:--
-
-  'And also,' quath Reson,
-  'Ich rede yow, riche
-  And comuners, to acorden
-  In alle kynne treuthe.
-  Let no kynne consail
-  Ne covetyze yow departe,
-  That on wit and on wil
-  Alle youre wardes kepe.
-  Lo! in hevene on hy
-  Was an holy comune,
-  Til Lucifer the lyere
-  Leyved that hymselve
-  Were wittyour and worthiour
-  Than he that was hus maister.
-  Hold yow in unite.
-  And ye that hother wolde
-  Is cause of alle combraunce
-  To confounde a reame.
-
-2586. Matt. xxv, 12.
-
-2594. Whitaker's _Passus Sextus_ ends with this line.
-
-2625. Before Envy's confession, and in the place of Lechery, Whitaker's
-text introduces the confession of Pride--
-
-  Ich, Pruyde, patientliche
-  Penaunce ich aske;
-  For ich formest and ferst
-  To fader and to moder
-  Have y-be unboxome,
-  Ich beseche God of mercy;
-  And unboxome y-be,
-  Nouht abaissed to agulte
-  God and alle good men,
-  So gret was myn herte;
-  Inobedient to holy churche,
-  And to hem that ther serven,
-  Demed for hure yvel vices,
-  And excited othere
-  Thorw my word and al my wit
-  Hure yvel workes to shewe;
-  And scorned hem and othere,
-  Yf a skyle founde,
-  Lauhynge al aloude,
-  For lewede men sholde
-  Wene that ich were witty
-  And wyser than anothere;
-  Scorner and unskilful to hem
-  That skil shewede,
-  In all manere manners
-  My name to be y-knowe,
-  Semeng a sovereyn on,
-  Wer so me byfulle
-  To telle eny tale.
-  Ich trowede me wiser
-  To carpen other to counsaile
-  Than eny, lered other lewede.
-  Proud of aparail
-  In porte amonge the puple,
-  Otherwise than ich have,
-  Withynne other withoute,
-  Me wilnede that men wende
-  Ich were in aveyr
-  Riche and resonable,
-  And ryghtful of lyvynge;
-  Bostynge and braggynge
-  Wyt meny bolde othes;
-  Avauntyng upon my veine glorie
-  For eny undernemynge;
-  And yut so syngeler by myself
-  Ne non so pomp holy,
-  Som tyme on a secte,
-  Sam tyme on another;
-  In all kynne covetyse
-  Contrevede how ich myghte
-  Be holde for holy,
-  And hondred sithe by that encheison;
-  Wilnede that men wende
-  My werkes were the beste
-  And konnygest of my craft,
-  Clerkes other othere,
-  And strengest upon my stede,
-  And styvest under gurdell,
-  And lovelokest to loken on,
-  And lykyngest a-bedde;
-  And lykynge of such a lif
-  That no lawe preyseth;
-  Proud of my faire fetours;
-  And for ich songe shrille;
-  And what ich gaf for Godes love,
-  To godsybbes ich tolde,
-  Ther to wene that ich were
-  Wel holy and wel almesful.
-  And non so bold begger
-  To bydden an[d] crave,
-  Tales to telle
-  In tavernes and in stretes,
-  Thyng that nevere was thouhte,
-  And yut ich swor ich sauh hit,
-  And lyed on my lykame
-  And on my lyf bothe.
-  Of werkes that ich wel dude
-  Witnesse ich take,
-  And syggen to such
-  That sytten me bysyde,
-  'Lo! yf ye leyve me nouht,
-  Other that ye wene ich lye,
-  Ask of hym other of hure,
-  And thei conne yow telle
-  What ich soffrede an[d] seih,
-  And som tyme hadde,
-  And what ich knew and couthe,
-  Of wat kyn ich kam of;
-  Al ich wolde that men wuste,
-  When it to pruyde sonede,
-  As to preised among the puple,
-  Thauh ich povre semede.'
-  _Si hominibus placerem, Christi servus
-      non essem. Nemo potest duobus
-      dominis servire._
-  'Now God, of hus goodnesse,
-  Geve the grace to amende!'
-  Quath Repentaunce ryght with that;
-  And thenne roos Envye.
-
-The description of Envy, which follows, is shorter in Whitaker's text, and
-differs much from our text.
-
-2819-2822. The discipline here described seems to have been peculiar to the
-chapter-house of the monasteries. Matth. Paris, p. 848, has an anecdote
-which illustrates curiously this passage of Piers Ploughman. In speaking of
-the turbulent Falcasius de Breute, who had been warned in a vision to offer
-himself to suffer penance in the monastery of St. Albans, in the reign of
-Henry III, he says, "Vestibus igitur spoliatus cum suis militibus,
-similiter indumentis spoliatis, ferens in manu virgam quam vulgariter
-_baleis_ appellamus, et confitens culpam suam, ... a singulis fratribus
-disciplinas nuda carne suscepit."
-
-2846. In the text which Whitaker has printed, the confession of Wrath was
-followed by that of Luxury or Lechery. It stands as follows in the copy of
-the same text in MS. Cotton. Vespas. B. xvi. (_See_ l. 8713, of our present
-text.)
-
-  Thanne seide Lecherie, Alas!
-  And to oure Ladi criede,
-  'Ladi, for thi leve sone,
-  Loute for me nouthe,
-  That he have pite on me, putour,
-  For his pure merci.'
-  'With that I schal,' quod that schrewe,
-  'Saterdaies, for thi love,
-  Drynke with the doke,
-  And dine but ones.'
-    I, gulti in gost,
-  To God I me schrive,
-  As in likyng of lecherige
-  My licames gultes,
-  In wordes, in wedes,
-  In waityng of eyen,
-  To eche maide that I mette
-  I made here a sigge,
-  Semyng to synne-ward,
-  And summe can I taste
-  Aboute the mouth, and binethe
-  Bigon I to grope,
-  Til bothe oure wil was on,
-  To werke we yeden,
-  As wel fastyng daies,
-  And hi festes eves,
-  And wel in Lente as out of Lente,
-  Al tymes i-liche;
-  Swiche werkes with us
-  Weren nevere out of seson,
-  Til we mighten ne more,
-  Tho hadde we muri tales
-  Of putrige and of paramours,
-  And provede thorw speche,
-  Handelyng, and halsyng,
-  And also thorw cussyng,
-  Excityng heither other
-  To oure elde synne;
-  Sotilde songes,
-  And sente out elde baudes
-  For te wynne to my wil
-  Wemmen with gile;
-  Bi sorcerie sum time,
-  And sum time be maistrie,
-  I lai bi the lovelokest,
-  And lovede hem nevere aftur.
-    Whan I was eld and hor,
-  And hadde i-lorn that kynde,
-  I hadde likyng to lige
-  Of lecherous tales.
-  Now, lord, for thi lewte,
-  On lecheres have merci.
-
-2850. _Sire Hervy._ Whitaker and Price (in Warton) suppose that there is
-here a personal allusion, which at the time had become proverbial.
-
-2874. _Symme at the Style._ Whit.
-
-2881. _To Wy and to Wynchestre | I wente to the feyre._ Warton (Hist. of
-Eng. p. ii, 55, edit. 1840) supposes Wy to be Weyhill, in Hampshire, "where
-a famous fair still subsists." In fact it is one of the greatest fairs in
-England, lasting ten days. For anecdotes of the celebrity of the great fair
-at Winchester in former times, and for some interesting observations on
-fairs in general, _see_ Warton, loc. cit.
-
-2933. _The Roode of Bromholm._ At the Priory of Bromholm, in Norfolk, there
-was a celebrated cross, said to be made of fragments of the real cross, and
-much resorted to by pilgrims. It was brought from Constantinople to England
-in 1223. The history of this cross, and the miracles said to have been
-performed by it at Bromholm, are told by Matthew Paris (p. 268). In the MS.
-Chronicle of Barthol. de Cotton, it is recorded at the date 1223, "Eo
-tempore Peregrinatio de Bromholm incepit."
-
-2949. _Frensshe ... of Northfolk._ Norfolk, it would appear by this, was
-one of the least refined parts of the island.
-
-3030. In this part of the poem, the smaller variations between the present
-text and Whitaker's are very numerous. After this line, the following
-passage is inserted:--
-
-  With false wordes and writes
-  Ich have wonne my goodes,
-  And with gyle and glosynge
-  Gadered that ich have;
-  Meddled my merchaundise,
-  And mad a good moustre,
-  The werst lay withynne,
-  A gret wit ich let hit.
-  And yf my neyhgebore had an hyne,
-  Other eny best ellys,
-  More profitable than myn,
-  Ich made meny wentes,
-  How ich myght have hit
-  Al my wit ich caste;
-  And bote ich hadde hit by othes away,
-  At last ich stal hit,
-  Other pryvyliche hus pors shok,
-  Unpiked his lokes.
-  And yf ich yede to the plouh,
-  Ich pynchede on hus half acre,
-  That a fot londe other a forwe
-  Fetchen ich wolde
-  Of my neyhgeboris next,
-  Nymen of hus erthe,
-  And yf y repe, over reche,
-  Other gaf hem red that repen
-  To sese to me with here sykel,
-  That ich sewe nevere.
-  In haly dayes at holy churche
-  Wenne ich hurde messe,
-  Ich hadde nevere witerlich
-  To byseche mercy
-  For my mysdedes,
-  That ich ne mornede ofter
-  For lost of good, leyve me,
-  Then for lycames gultes.
-  Thauh ich dedliche synne dude,
-  Ich dradde hit nat so sore
-  As wenne ich lenede and leyvede hit lost,
-  Other longe er hit were paied.
-  And yf [ich] sente over see
-  My servaunt to Brugges,
-  Other into Prus my prentys,
-  My profit to awaite,
-  To marchaunde with monye
-  And maken here eshaunge,
-  Myght nevere man comforty me
-  In the meyn time,
-  Neither matyns ne masse,
-  Ne othere manere syghtes,
-  And nevere penaunce performede,
-  Ne paternoster seyde.
-  That my mynde ne was
-  More in my goodes,
-  Than in Godes grace,
-  And hus grete myghte.
-  _Ubi thesaurus tuus, ibi cor tuum._
-          _See_ ll. 8751-8827.
-
-3039. Psa. l, 8.
-
-3083. The confessions of the robber and the glutton are reversed in
-Whitaker's text, and present many variations. The robber's confession is
-there preceded by the following curious lines:--
-
-  Then was ther a Walishman
-  That was wonderlich sory,
-  He hight Yyvan Yeld ageyn;
-  'If ich so moche have,
-  Al that ich wickedlich wan
-  Setthen ich hit hadde;
-  And thauh my liflode lache
-  Leten ich nelle
-  That ech man shal have hus,
-  Er ich hennes wende.
-  For me ys levere in this lif
-  As a lorel beggen,
-  Than in lysse to lyve,
-  And lese lyf and soule.'
-
-3162. Between this line and the next, MS. Trin. Col. 2, inserts _Bargoynes
-and beverechis | Begonne for to arise._
-
-3277, 3278. _rymes of Robyn Hood | and Randolf erl of Chestre._ This seems
-to be the earliest mention of the ballads of Robin Hood which can now be
-found. Ritson was quite mistaken (Robin Hood, Introd. p. xlix) in the
-supposed mention of him by the prior of Alnwick, the title of the Latin
-song being modern. The passage of Fordun, in which Robin Hood is spoken of,
-is probably an interpolation.
-
-I am not sure that Ritson is right in taking the _Randolf erl of Chester_
-of Piers Ploughman, to be Ranulf de Blundevile: it is quite as probable
-that he was the Ranulf of Chester of the days of Stephen, whose turbulent
-deeds may have been the subject of popular ballads. Warton (H. E. P. ii,
-373), quoting the passage of Piers Ploughman with the word _erl_ omitted,
-conceives it to mean Ralph Higden, and imagines the _rymes_ to be the
-Chester Mysteries, of which he conjectured that Ralph Higden was the
-author.
-
-3311. _Ite missa est._ The concluding sentence of the service of the Mass.
-
-3408. _the Rode of Chestre._ There was a celebrated cross or rood at
-Chester, which was long an object of great veneration, and even of
-pilgrimage, among our Roman Catholic forefathers. "I do not recollect any
-thing remarkable (says Mr. Pennant, speaking of Chester) on the outside of
-the walls which has been unnoticed, unless it be the Rood-eye, and the
-adjacent places."--"The name of this spot is taken from _eye_, its watery
-situation, and rood, the cross which stood there, whose base is still to be
-seen." Pennant's Tour in Wales, edit. 1778, p. 191. According to Gough's
-Camden, the base was still remaining in 1789.
-
-3410. _Roberd the robbere._ This name is rather curious in conjunction with
-the term _Roberdesmen_ mentioned in the note on l. 88. It was no uncommon
-practice to give punning names in this way to people or classes of people.
-In a Latin song of the reign of Henry III (Political Songs, p. 49), we have
-a very curious instance of it, one of the names being, as here, _Robert_:--
-
-Competentur per _Robert_, _robbur_ designatur; Robertus excoriat,
-extorquet, et minatur.-- Vir quicunque rabidus consors est Roberto.
-
-Still earlier (12th cent.) a scribe says of one of his brothers, "Secundus
-dicebatur _Robertus_, quia a re nomen habuit, _spoliator_ enim diu fuit et
-_praedo_." (Polit. Songs, p. 354.)
-
-3419. _Dysmas._ In middle-age legends, Dismas and Gestas were the names of
-the two thieves who were crucified with Christ. The former was the one who
-believed in the Saviour, and received a promise of paradise.
-
-3443. Before this line, Whitaker's text has the following passage:--
-
-  Ac whiche be the braunches
-  That bryngeth me to sleuthe,
-  Ys wanne a man mourneth nat
-  For hus mysdedes;
-  The penaunce that the prest enjoyneth
-  Parfourmeth uvele;
-  Doth non almys-dedes,
-  And drat nat of synne:
-  Lyveth ayens the byleyve,
-  And no lawe kepeth;
-  And hath no lykynge to lerne,
-  Ne of houre Lord hure,
-  Bote harlotrie other horedom,
-  Other elles of som wynnyng.
-  Wan men carpen of Crist
-  Other of clennesse of soule,
-  He wext wroth, and wol not huyre
-  Bote wordes of murthe,
-  Penaunce and povre men,
-  The passion of seyntes,
-  He hateth to huyre therof
-  And alle that therof carpen.
-  Thuse beth the braunches, be war,
-  That bryngeth man to wanhope.
-  Ye lordes and ladyes,
-  And legates of holy churche,
-  That feden fool sages,
-  Flaterers and lyers,
-  And han lykynge to lythen hem,
-  In hope to do yow lawe--
-  _Vae! vobis qui ridetis, etc._
-  And geveth suche mede an mete,
-  And povre men refusen;
-  In youre deth deynge,
-  Ich drede me sore
-  Lest tho maner men
-  To moche sorwe yow brynge.
-  _Consensientes et agentes pari paena punientur._
-  Patriarkes and prophetes,
-  Prechours of Godes wordes,
-  Saven thorgh here sermons
-  Mannes soule fro helle:
-  Ryght so flaterers and foles
-  Aren the fendes procuratores,
-  Entysen men thorgh here tales
-  To synne and to harlotrie.
-  Clerkus that knowen this,
-  Sholde kennen lordes
-  What David seide of suche men,
-  As the Sauter telleth:
-  _Non habitabit in medio domus meae qui
-      facit superbiam, qui loquitur
-      iniquum._
-  Sholde non harlot have audience
-  In halle ne in chaumbre,
-  Ther that wys men were.
-  Whitnesse of Godes wordes;
-  Nother a mys-prout man
-  Among lordes alouwed.
-  Clerkus and knyghtes
-  Wolcometh kynges mynstrales,
-  For love of here lordes
-  Lithen hem at festes:
-  Muche more, me thenketh,
-  Riche men auhte
-  Have beggers byfore hem,
-  Wiche beth Godes mynstreles,
-  As he seith hymself,
-  Seynt Johan berith whittnesse:
-  _Qui vos spernit, me etiam spernit._
-  Therfor ich rede yow, riche,
-  Reveles when ye maken,
-  For to solace youre soules,
-  Suche mynstrales to have,
-  The povre for a foul sage
-  Syttynge at thy table,
-  Whith a lered man to lere the
-  What oure Lord suffrede,
-  For to savy thy saule
-  Fram Satan thyn enemye,
-  And fitayle the withoute flateryng
-  Of Good Friday the feste:
-  And a blynde man for a bordiour,
-  Other a bed-reden womman
-  To crye a largesse byfor oure Lord,
-  Youre good loos to shewe.
-  Thuse thre manere mynstrales
-  Maken a man to lauhe;
-  In hus deth deyng
-  Thei don hym gret comfort,
-  That by hus lyfe loveth hem,
-  And loveth hem to huyre.
-  Thuse solaceth the soule,
-  Til hymself be falle
-  In a wele good hope, for he wroghte so,
-  Among worthy seyntes,
-  Ther flaterers and foles
-  Whith here foule wordes
-  Leden tho that lithen hem
-  To Luciferes feste,
-  With _Turpiloquio_, a lay of sorwe,
-  And Lucifers fitele,
-  To perpetual peyne
-  Other purgatorye as wykke,
-  For he litheth and loveth
-  That Godes lawe despiteth.
-  _Qui histrionibus dat, daemonibus sacrificat._
-
-3466. _qui manet, &c._ Epist. Joan. iv, 16.
-
-3477. Epist. Paul, ad Ephes. iv, 8.
-
-3484. Isai. ix, 2.
-
-3496. Matt. ix, 13.
-
-3502. John i, 14.
-
-3520. Psalm xxxv, 8.
-
-3545. _Signes of Synay, | and shelles of Galice ... keyes of Rome._ It is
-perhaps hardly necessary to remark that the articles mentioned here were
-borne by the pilgrim to indicate the particular holy sites which he had
-visited. The reader will readily call to mind the lines of a modern poet:--
-
-  The summon'd Palmer came in place,
-  His sable cowl o'erhung his face;
-  In his black mantle was he clad,
-  With _Peter's keys_ in cloth of red
-    On his broad shoulders wrought;
-  The _scallop shell_ his cap did deck;
-  The crucifix around his neck
-    Was from Loretto brought.
-
-3622. _Seint Thomas shryne._ St. Thomas of Canterbury. It may not perhaps
-be generally known that an interesting description of this shrine, when in
-its glory, is given by Erasmus, Colloq. _Peregrinatio Religionis ergo._
-
-3713. _eten apples un-rosted._ One of the many specimens of the burlesque
-manner in which scripture was frequently quoted in these times. A very
-singular passage (but in a tract professedly burlesque) occurs in the
-Reliquiae Antiquae, vol. i, p. 83:--"Peter askud Adam a full greyt dowtfull
-question, and seyd, 'Adam, Adam, why ete thu the appull unpard?' 'For
-sothe,' quod he, 'for y had no wardyns fryde.'"
-
-3826. _leven_, should be _lenen_.
-
-3890. Luke xiv, 10.
-
-3944, 3948. Psalm lxviii, 29.
-
-3997. _the rode of Lukes._ The second Trin. Col. MS. has _be the rode of
-Chestre._ There was a famous cross at Lucca, but whether a part of the real
-cross, I have not ascertained. Calvin, in his most able and entertaining
-_Admonitio de Reliquiis_, declines undertaking a list of all the places
-where pieces of the real cross were shown. "Denique si congesta in acervum
-essent omnia quae reperiri possent, integrum navis onus efficerent: cum
-tamen evangelium testificetur ab unico homine ferri potuisse. Quantae
-igitur audaciae fuit, ligneis frustis sic totum implere orbem, quibus
-ferendis ne trecenti quidem homines sufficiant?" _Calvini_, _Opusc._ p.
-277. There was also at Lucca one of the impressions of our Saviour's face
-on the handkerchief of Veronica. The peculiar oath of William Rufus was by
-the holy face at Lucca.
-
-4027. _with hey trolly lolly._ MS. Trin. Col. 2.
-
-4154. In the second Trin. Col. MS. the passage stands as follows:--
-
-  Ne hadde Peris but a pese lof,
-  Thei preyede hym beleve,
-  And with a bene batte
-  He hadde betwene,
-  And hitte hunger therwith
-  Amydde hise lippes,
-  And blodde in it the bodyward
-  A bolle ful of growel,
-  Ne hadde the fisician ferst
-  Defendite him watir,
-  To abate the barly bred,
-  And the benis y-grounde,
-  Thei hadde be ded be this day,
-  And dolven al warm.
-  Faitours for fer, etc.
-
-4194. _Thei corven here coppes, | and courtepies made._ Whitaker, who
-translates it, "They _carved wooden cups_, and made themselves short
-cloaks." It ought to be, "They cut their copes to make courtpies (a kind of
-short cloaks) of them."
-
-4242. Paul Epist. ad Galat. vi, 2.
-
-4251. Scimus enim qui dixit, mihi vindicta, et ego retribuam. Paul. ad Heb.
-x, 30; conf. Paul. ad Rom. xii, 19.
-
-4256. Luke xvi, 9.
-
-4272. Propter frigus piger arare noluit. Prov. xx, 4.
-
-4306. Labores manuum tuarum quia manducabis, beatus es et bene tibi erit.
-Psal. cxxvii, 2.
-
-4336. _His mawe is alongid._ MS. Trin. Coll. 2.
-
-4336. Whitaker's text inserts here the following passage, which is curious
-as containing the same word, _latchdrawers_, that occurs in Edward's
-statute, quoted before in the note to l. 88:--
-
-  Thenk that Dives for hus delicat lyf
-  To the devel wente,
-  And Lazar the lene beggere
-  That longed after cromes,
-  And yut had he hem nat,
-  For ich Hunger culde hym,
-  And suthe ich sauh hym sute,
-  As he a syre were,
-  At alle manere ese
-  In Abrahame lappe.
-  An yf you be of power,
-  Peers, ich the rede,
-  Alle that greden at thy gate
-  For Godes love after fede,
-  Parte wit hem of thy payn,
-  Of potage and of souel,
-  Lene hem som of thy loof,
-  Thauh thu the lesse chewe.
-  And thauh lyers and latchedrawers,
-  And lolleres knocke,
-  Let hem abyde tyl the bord be drawe,
-  Ac bere hem none cromes,
-  Tyl al thyn nedy neihebores
-  Have none y-maked.
-
-4339. _Phisik ... hise furred hodes ... his cloke of Calabre._ Whitaker
-cites, in illustration of the dress of the physician, the costume still
-worn by the Doctors of Medicine in the universities. Chaucer gives the
-following description of the dress of the "Doctour of Phisike":--
-
-  In sangwin and in pers he clad was al,
-  Lyned with taffata, and with sendal.
-                              (Cant. T. Prolog. 441.)
-
-_Calabre_ appears to have been a kind of fur: a document in Rymer, quoted
-by Ducange, speaks of an _indumentum foderatum cum Calabre_.
-
-4390. _ripe chiries manye._ This passage, joined with the mention of
-cherry-time in l. 2794, shows that cherries were a common fruit in the
-fourteenth century. "Mr. Gough, in his British Topography, says that
-cherries were first brought in by the Romans, but were afterwards lost and
-brought in again in the time of Henry VIII, by Richard Harris, the king's
-fruiterer; but this is certainly a mistake. When in the New Forest in
-Hampshire in the summer of 1808, I saw a great many cherry-trees,
-apparently, of much more considerable age than the time of Henry VIII. The
-_very old_ trees were universally of the kind called _merries_." H. E.
-
-4431. Cato, Distich. i, 21:--
-
-  Infantem nudum quum te natura crearit,
-  Paupertatis onus patienter ferre memento.
-
-4453. _so seide Saturne._ See the Introduction, p. xii.
-
-4490. Whitaker's text reads after this line:--
-
-  Leel and ful of love,
-  And no lord dreden,
-  Merciable to meek,
-  And mylde to the goode,
-  And bytynge on badde men
-  Bote yf thei wolde amende,
-  And dredeth nat for no deth
-  To distruye by here powere
-  Lecherie among lordes,
-  And hure luther custymes,
-  And sithen lyve as thei lereth men,
-  Oure lorde Treuthe hem graunteth,
-  To be peeres to Apostles, &c.
-
-4525. _sette scolers to scole._ It was common in the _scholastic_ ages for
-scholars to wander about gathering money to support them at the
-universities. In a poem in MS. Lansdowne, No. 762, the husbandman,
-complaining of the many burdens he supports in taxes to the court, payments
-to the church, and charitable contributions of different kinds, enumerates
-among the latter the alms to scholars:--
-
-  Than cometh clerkys of Oxford, and mak their mone,
-  To her scole-hire they most have money.
-
-4547. Psa. xiv, 5. Qui pecuniam suam non dedit ad usuram, et munera super
-innocentem non accepit.
-
-4571. Psa. xiv, 1.
-
-4593. Matt. vii, 12. Luke vi, 31.
-
-4618. _the clerc of stories._ Called, elsewhere, _maister of stories_.
-These names were given popularly to Peter Comestor, author of the famous
-Historia Scolastica, a paraphrase of the Bible history, with abundance of
-legendary matter added to it. The title given him by the author of Piers
-Ploughman is not uncommon in English treatises of the fourteenth and
-fifteenth centuries. Lydgate, Minor Poems, p. 102 (Ed. Halliwell), speaks
-of Comestor thus:--
-
-  _Maister of storyes_, this doctour ful notable,
-  Holding a chalice here in a sonne cliere.
-
-4619. _Catons techyng._ "Cui des videto," is the twenty-third of the
-"Distichorum Lemmata" of Dionysius Cato.
-
-4621. Instead of ll. 4621-4658, the following long and curious passage is
-substituted in the text adopted by Mr. Whitaker:--
-
-  Wot no man, as ich wene,
-  Who is worthy to have.
-  The most needy aren oure neighebores,
-  And we nyme good hede;
-  As prisoners in puttes,
-  And poore folke in cotes
-  Charged with children
-  And chef lordes rente,
-  That thei spynnynge may spare,
-  Spynen hit in hous hyre,
-  Bothe in mylk and in mele.
-  To maken with papelotes
-  To aglotye with here gurles
-  That greden after fode.
-  Al so hemselve
-  Suffren muche hunger,
-  And wo in winter tyme;
-  With wakyng a-nyghtes
-  To ryse to the ruel,
-  To rocke the cradel,
-  Bothe to karde and to kembe,
-  To clouten and to wasche,
-  To rubbe and to rely,
-  Russhes to pilie,
-  That reuthe is to rede
-  Othere in ryme shewe
-  The wo that theese women
-  That wonyeth in cotes,
-  And of meny other men
-  That muche wo suffren,
-  Bothe a-fyngrede and a-furst,
-  To turne the fayre outwarde;
-  And beth abasshed for to begge,
-  And wolle nat be y-knowe
-  What hem needeth att here neihebores
-  At non and at even.
-  This Wit wot witerly,
-  As the world techeth,
-  What other byhoveth
-  That hath meny children.
-  And hath no catel bote hus crafte
-  To clothy hem and to fede,
-  And fele to fonge therto,
-  And fewe pans taketh.
-  Ther is payn and peny ale,
-  As for a pytaunce y-take;
-  Cold flesch and cold fyssh,
-  For veneson y-bake.
-  Frydays and fastyng-dayes
-  Ferthyng worth of muscles
-  Were a feste for suche a folke,
-  Other so fele cockes.
-  Theese were almes to helpe
-  That han suche charges,
-  And to comforte suche cotyers,
-  And crokede men and blynde.
-  Ac beggers with bagges, the wiche
-  Brewhouses ben here churches,
-  Bote thei be blynde other broke,
-  Other elles syke,
-  Thauh he falle for defaute,
-  That faiteth for hus lyflode,
-  Reicheth nevere, ye ryche,
-  Thauh suche lorelles sterven;
-  For all that han here hele
-  And here eyen syghte,
-  And lymes to laborye with,
-  And lolleres lyf usen,
-  Lyven ayens Godes lawe,
-  And love of holy churche.
-  And yut arn ther other beggers,
-  In hele, as it semeth;
-  Ac hem wanteth here witt,
-  Men and women bothe,
-  The wiche aren lunatik lollers
-  And leperes aboute,
-  And mad, as the mone sitt,
-  More other lasse:
-  Thei caren for no cold,
-  Ne counteth of no hete,
-  And are mevenge after the mone,
-  Moneyles thei walke,
-  With a good wil wit-lees,
-  Meny wyde contreys,
-  Ryght as Peter dude and Paul,
-  Save that thei preche nat,
-  Ne myracles maken;
-  Ac meny tymes hem happeth
-  To prophetien of the puple,
-  Pleyninge, as hit were,
-  And to oure sight, as hit semeth,
-  Suththe God hath the myghte
-  To yeven eche a whit wit,
-  Welthe, and his hele,
-  And suffreth suche so gon,
-  Hit semeth to myn inwitt,
-  Hit arn as hus aposteles suche puple,
-  Other as his prevye disciples;
-  For he sente hem forth selverles,
-  In a somer garnement,
-  Withoute bred and bagge,
-  As the Bok telleth.
-  _Quando misi vos sine pane et pera._
-  Bar fot and bred-les,
-  Beggeth thei of no man;
-  And thauh he mete with the meyere
-  In mydest the strete,
-  He reverenceth hym ryght nouht
-  No rather than another.
-  _Neminem salutaveris per viam_,
-  Suche manere of men,
-  Matheu ous techeth,
-  We sholde have hem to house,
-  And help hem when thei come.
-  _Et egenos vagosque induc in domum tuam._
-  For hit aren murye mouthede men,
-  Mynstrales of hevene
-  And Godes boyes bordiours,
-  As the Bok telleth.
-  _Si quis videtur sapiens, fiet stultus ut
-      sit sapiens._
-  And alle manere mynstrales,
-  Men wot wel the sothe,
-  To underfonge hem faire
-  Byfalle for the ryche;
-  For the lordes love and ladies
-  That thei with lengen,
-  Men suffren al that suche seyn,
-  And in solas taken;
-  And yut more to suche men
-  Doth, er thei passe,
-  Gyven hem gyftes and gold,
-  For grete lordes sake.
-  Ryght so, ye riche,
-  Rather ye sholde, for sothe,
-  Wolcomen and worsshepen
-  And with youre goode helpen
-  Godes mynstrales, and hus messagers,
-  And hus murye burdiers,
-  The wiche are lunatik lollares
-  And leperes aboute.
-  For under Godes secre seel
-  Here synnes ben y-keverede.
-  For thei bereth no bagges,
-  Ne non botels under clokes,
-  The wiche is lollaren lyf
-  And lewede eremytes,
-  That loken ful louheliche
-  To lacchen mennes almesse,
-  In hope to suten at even
-  By the hote coles,
-  Unlouke hus legges abrod,
-  Other lygge at hus ese,
-  Reste hym and roste hym,
-  And his ryg turne,
-  Drynke drue and deepe,
-  And drawe hym thanne to bedde,
-  And when hym lyketh and lust
-  Hus leve ys is to aryse;
-  When he rysen, rometh out,
-  And ryght wel aspieth
-  War he may rathest have a repast,
-  Other a rounde of bacon,
-  Sulver other fode-mete
-  And some tyme bothe,
-  A loof other alf a loof,
-  Other a lompe of chese,
-  And carieth it hom to hus cote,
-  And cast hym to lyve
-  In ydelnesse and in ese,
-  And by others travayle.
-  And wat frek of thys tolde
-  Fisketh thus aboute
-  With a bagge at hus bak,
-  Abegeneldes wyse,
-  And can som manere craft,
-  In cas he wolde hit use.
-  Thorgh wiche craft he couthe come
-  To bred and to ale,
-  And ovar more to an hater
-  To helye with hus bones,
-  And lyveth like a lollere,
-  Godes lawe him dampneth.
-  Lolleres lyvinge in sleuthe,
-  And overe lond stryken,
-  Beeth nat in thys bulle, quath Peers,
-  Til thei ben amended.
-  Nother beggars that beggen,
-  Bote yf thei have neede.
-  The Bok blameth alle beggerye,
-  And banneth in this manere: etc.
-
-4645. Luke xix, 23.
-
-4659. Ps. xxxvi, 25. Junior fui, etenim senui: et non vidi justum
-derelictum, nec semen ejus quaerens panem.
-
-4695. Here again, after many verbal variations from our text, Whitaker's
-text adds the following long passage, which is very curious, and well
-worthy to be preserved. Whitaker calls it "one of the finest passages in
-the whole poem."
-
-  Ac eremites that enhabiten hem
-  By the heye weyes,
-  And in borwes among brewesters,
-  And beggen in churches
-  Al that holy eremytes
-  Hateden and despisede,
-  As rychesses and reverences
-  And ryche mennes almesse.
-  These lolleres, latche-draweres,
-  Lewede eremytes,
-  Coveyten the contrarie,
-  As cotyers thei lybben,
-  For hit beth bote boyes,
-  Lolleres atten ale,
-  Of linguage of lettrure
-  Ne lyf-holy as eremytes
-  That wonnede wyle in wodes
-  With beres and lyones.
-  Some had lyflode of here lynage,
-  And of no lyf elles;
-  And some lyvede by here lettrure
-  And labour of here hondes;
-  Some had foreynes to frendes,
-  That hem fode sente;
-  And bryddes brouhten to some bred,
-  Werby thei lyveden.
-  Alle thuse holy eremytes
-  Were of hye kynne,
-  Forsoke londe and lordshep
-  And lykynges of the body;
-  Ac thuse eremytes, that edefyen
-  Thus by the hye weyes,
-  Wylen were workmen,
-  Webbes and taillours,
-  And carters knaves
-  And clerkus without grace,
-  Heelden hungry hous,
-  And had much defaute,
-  Long labour and lyte wynnynge,
-  And atte laste aspiden
-  That faitours in frere clothynge
-  Had fatte chekus;
-  For-thi lefte thei here laboure,
-  Theese lewede knaves,
-  And clothed hem in copes,
-  Clerkus as hit were.
-  Other on of som ordre,
-  Othere elles prophite,
-  Ayens the lawe he lyveth,
-  Yf Latyn be trywe:
-  _Non licet nobis legem voluntate, sed voluntatem
-      conjungere legi._
-  Now kyndeliche, by Crist!
-  Beth suche callyd lolleres,
-  As by Englisch of oure eldres,
-  Of olde menne techynge,
-  He that lolleth his lame,
-  Other his leg out of the joynte,
-  Other meymed in som membre,
-  For to meschief hit souneth;
-  And ryght so sothlyche
-  Suche manere eremytes
-  Lollen ayen the bylyeve
-  And lawe of holy churche.
-  For holy churche hoteth
-  Alle manere puple
-  Under obedience to bee,
-  And buxum to the lawe,
-  Furst religious of religion
-  Here ruele to holde,
-  And under obedience to be
-  By dayes and by nyghtes,
-  Lewede men to laborie,
-  Lordes to honte
-  In frythes and in forestes
-  For fox and other bestes
-  That in wilde wodes ben,
-  And in wast places,
-  As wolves that wyrhyeth men,
-  Wommen, and children,
-  And upon Sonedayes to cesse,
-  Godes service to huyre,
-  Bothe matyns and messe,
-  And after mete in churches
-  To huyre here eve song
-  Every man ouhte.
-  Thus it bylongeth for lorde,
-  For lered and lewede,
-  Eche halyday to huyre
-  Hollyche the service,
-  Vigiles and fastyng dayes
-  Forthere to knowe,
-  And fulfille tho fastynges
-  Bote infirmite hit made,
-  Poverte othere penaunces,
-  As pilgrymages and travayles.
-  Under this obedience
-  Arn we echone.
-  Who so brekyeth this, be wel war,
-  Bot yf he repente,
-  Amenden hym and mercy aske,
-  And meekliche hym shryve,
-  Ich drede me, and he deye,
-  Hit worth for dedlich synne
-  Acounted byfore Crist,
-  Bote Conscience excuse hym.
-  Loke now were theese lolleres
-  And lewede eremytes,
-  Yf thei breke thys obedience
-  That ben so fro churche,
-  Wher see we hem on Sonedays
-  The servise to huyre?
-  As matyns by the morwe
-  Tyl masse bygynne,
-  Other Sonedays at eve songe,
-  See we wol fewe;
-  Othere labory for our lyflode
-  As the lawe wolde
-  Ac at mydday meel tyme
-  Ich mete with hem ofte,
-  Conynge in a cope
-  As he a clerke were,
-  A bachelor other a beaupere
-  Best hym bysemeth,
-  And for the cloth that kevereth hem
-  Cald his here a frere,
-  Whassheth and wypeth,
-  And with the furste suteth.
-  Ac while he wrought in thys worlde,
-  And wan hus mete with Treuthe,
-  He sat atte syd benche
-  And secounde table,
-  Com no wyn in hus wombe
-  Thorw the weke longe,
-  Nother blankett in hus bed,
-  Ne white bred byfore hym.
-  The cause of al thys caitifte
-  Cometh of meny bisshepes,
-  That suffren suche sottes
-  And othere synnes regne.
-  Certes ho so thurste hit segge,
-  _Symon quasi dormit._
-  _Vigilate_ were fairour,
-  For thow hast gret charge:
-  For meny waker wolves
-  Ben broke into foldes.
-  Thyne berkeres ben al blynde,
-  That bryngeth forth thy lambren;
-  _Disperguntur oves_, thi dogge
-  Dar nat beerke.
-  The tarre is untydy
-  That to thyne sheep bylongeth;
-  Hure salve ys of _supersedeas_
-  In someneres boxes,
-  Thyne sheep are ner al shabbyd,
-  The wolf sheteth woolle.
-  _Sub molli pastore lupus lanam cacat, et
-      grex incustoditus dilaceratur eo._
-  Hoow hurde wher is thyn hounde,
-  And thyn hardy herte,
-  For to wyne the wolf
-  That thy woolle fouleth.
-  Ich leyve for thy lacchesse
-  Thow leest meny wederes,
-  And ful meny fayre flus
-  Falsliche wasshe.
-  When thy lord loketh to have
-  Alowance for hus bestes,
-  And of the monye thow haddist thermyd,
-  Hus meable to save,
-  And the woolle worth weye,
-  Woo ys the thenne!
-  _Redde rationem villicationis tuae_,
-  Other arerage, ffalle.
-  Then hyre hurde, as ich hope,
-  Hath nouht to quyty thy dette,
-  Ther as mede ne mercy
-  May nat a myte avayle,
-  Bote have this for that,
-  Tho that thow toke
-  Mercy for mede,
-  And my lawe breke;
-  Loke now for thi lacchesse
-  Whether lawe wol the graunt
-  Purgatorie for thy paye,
-  Other perpetuel helle.
-  For shal no pardone praye for yowe ther,
-  Nother princes letteres.
-
-4708. Matth. xxv, 46. Et ibunt hi in supplicium aeternum; justi autem in
-vitam aeternam.
-
-4721. Psal. xxii, 4.
-
-4739. Psal. xli, 4.
-
-4745. Luke xii, 22. Conf. Matth. vi, 25.
-
-4764. "Dixit insipiens in corde suo, non est Deus," is the commencement of
-Psalms xiii. and lii.
-
-4769. Prov. xxii, 10. Ejice derisorem, et exibit cum eo jurgium,
-cessabuntque causae et contumeliae.
-
-4771. _Perkyn_, the diminutive of Peter, or Piers. Formerly the diminutives
-of people's names were constantly used as marks of familiarity or
-endearment, as Hawkyn or Halkyn for Henry, Tymkyn for Tim or Timothy,
-Dawkyn for David, Tomkyn for Thomas, &c.
-
-4796. Cato, Distich. ii, 31.
-
-  Somnia ne cures, nam mens humana quod optans,
-  Dum vigilat, sperat, per somnum cernit id ipsum.
-
-4847. Matth. xvi, 19.
-
-4941. Prov. xxiv, 16. Septies enim cadet justus, _et resurget_; impii autem
-corruent in malum.
-
-4963. _To falle and to stonde._ I by no means agree with Price's
-interpretation of this phrase, or in his preference of the reading _to
-falle if he stonde_. (Note on Warton ii, 67.) The motion of the boat causes
-the firm man alternately to fall and stand; be he ever so stable, he
-stumbles now and then, but his strength is shown in his being able to
-recover himself. Such are the moral slips which even the just man cannot
-avoid. But if the man in the boat be too weak to arise again and place
-himself at the helm, his boat and himself will be lost for want of strength
-and guidance. So it is with the wicked man. The completion of the phrase
-quoted from Proverbs, as given in the preceding note, shows the justice of
-this explanation.
-
-5014. _if I may lyve and loke._ Price (in Warton) first pointed out the
-identity between this expression and the one so common in Homer: it is "one
-of those primitive figures which are common to the poetry of every
-country."
-
-  [Greek: Outis, emeu zontos kai epi chthoni derkomenoio,]
-  [Greek: Soi koileis para neusi bareias cheiras epoisei.]
-                                           Il. i, 88.
-
-Whitaker's interpretation is nonsense, "If I have space to live and look in
-the book." Other instances of this phrase occur in ll. 12132, 13268, and
-13303 of Piers Ploughman.
-
-5082. 2 Corinth. xi, 19.
-
-5157. _of four kynnes thynges._ The medieval notion of the manner in which
-the elements were mixed together in the formation of the human body, here
-alluded to, appears to partake more of Western legend than of Eastern
-tradition. In the English verses on Popular Science (given in my "Popular
-Treatises of Science written during the Middle Ages," p. 138), we have the
-following curious account of the four things forming the body, and the
-influence of each:--
-
-  Man hath of urthe al his bodi, of water he haveth wete,
-  Of eyr he haveth wynd, of fur he haveth hete.
-  Ech quic thing of alle this foure, of some hath more other lasse;
-  Ho so haveth of urthe most, he is slou as an asse;
-  Of vad colour, of hard hide, boustes forme, and ded strong,
-  Of moche thoght, of lute speche, of stille grounynge, and wraththe long,
-  A slough wrecche and ferblet, fast and loth to geve his god,
-  Sone old, and noght wilful, stable and stedefast of mode.
-
-And so on with the other elements. This doctrine of the composition of man
-from the four elements became a very popular one in the sixteenth century,
-when the poets frequently allude to it, as may be seen in the examples
-given by Nares (_v._ ELEMENTS). In the _Mirror for Magistrates_ (_King
-Forrex_, page 76), it is said:--
-
-  If we behold the substance of a man,
-    How he is made of _elements_ by kind,
-  Of earth, of water, aire, and fire, than
-    We would full often call unto our mind,
-    That all our earthly joys we leave behind.
-
-Massinger (_Renegado_ iii, 2) says:--
-
-                      ----I've heard
-  Schoolmen affirm, man's body is compos'd
-  Of _the four elements_.
-
-In Shakespeare (_Twel. N._ ii, 3), Sir Toby Belch inquires, "Does not our
-life consist of _the four elements_?" and Brutus is commended for
-possessing these elements properly blended, in which the perfection of a
-man's nature was supposed to consist:--
-
-  His life was gentle; and the _elements_
-  So mix'd in him, that Nature might stand up
-  And say to all the world, This _was a man_.
-                        _Jul. Caes._ v, 5.
-
-On the other hand, the ill mixing of these elements was supposed to be
-accompanied with a corresponding derangement of the intellectual faculties.
-Thus, in one of the plays of Beaumont and Fletcher, a madman is
-addressed:--
-
-  I prithee, thou _four elements_ ill brew'd
-  Torment none but thyself: Away, I say,
-  Thou beast of passion.
-                        _B. and Fl. Nice Valour_, act i, p. 312.
-
-The more mythic form of this legend gives _eight things_ to the formation
-of the body, instead of four. Our earliest notice of this legend in England
-occurs in the prose Anglo-Saxon Dialogue between Saturn and Solomon
-(Thorpe's Analecta, p. 95):--"Saga me thaet andworc the Adam waes
-of-ge-worht se aerusta man? Ic the secge of viii punda ge-wihte. Saga me
-hwaet hatton thage? Ic the secge thaet aeroste waes foldan pund, of dham
-him waes flesc ge-worht; odher waes fyres pund, thanon him waes thaet blod
-read and hat; thridde waes windes pund, thanon him waes seo aedhung
-ge-seald; feordhe waes wolcnes pund, thanon him waes his modes
-unstadhelfaestnes ge-seald; fifte waes gyfe pund, thanon him waes ge-seald
-se fat and gedhang; syxste waes blostnena pund, thanon him waes eagena
-myssenlicnys ge-seald; seofodhe waes deawes pund, thanon him becom swat;
-eahtothe waes sealtes pund, thanon him waeron tha tearas sealte."--_Tell me
-the matter of which Adam the first man was made? I tell thee, of eight
-pound-weights. Tell me their names? I tell thee, the first was a pound of
-earth, of which his flesh was made; the second was a pound of fire, from
-which his blood was red and hot; the third was a pound of wind, of which
-breath was given him; the fourth was a pound of cloud, whereof was given
-him his instability of mood; the fifth was a pound of ..., whereof was
-given him fat and sinew; the sixth was a pound of flowers, whereof was
-given him diversity of eyes; the seventh was a pound of dew, whereof he had
-sweat; the eighth was a pound of salt, whereof he had salt tears._ This
-legend was still prevalent in England as late as the fifteenth century,
-when we find it among the curious collection of questions (closely
-resembling those of Saturn and Solomon just quoted) entitled "Questions
-bitwene the Maister of Oxinford and his Scoler" (Reliquiae Antiquae, vol.
-i, p. 230),--"_C._ Whereof was Adam made? _M._ Of viij. thingis: the first
-of erthe, the second of fire, the iij^{de} of wynde, the iiij^{th} of
-clowdys, the v^{th} of aire wherethorough he speketh and thinketh, the
-vj^{th} of dewe wherby he sweteth, the vij^{th} of flowres, wherof Adam
-hath his ien, the viij^{th} is salte wherof Adam hath salt teres." A
-similar account is given in an extract from an old Friesic manuscript
-communicated to the Zeitschrift fuer Deutsches Alterthum, by Dr. James
-Grimm,--"God scop thene eresta meneska, thet was Adam, fon achta wendem;
-that benete fon tha stene, thet flask fon there erthe, thet blod fon tha
-wetere, tha herta fon tha winde, thene togta (l. thochta) fon tha wolken,
-the(ne) suet fon tha dawe, tha lokkar fon tha gerse, tha agene fon there
-sunna, and tha blerem on thene helga om."--_God created the first man, who
-was Adam, of eight elements: the bone from the stone, the flesh from the
-earth, the blood from the water, the heart from the wind, the thought from
-the cloud, the sweat from the dew, the hair from the grass, the eyes from
-the sun._
-
-5169. _a proud prikere of Fraunce._ A proud rider of France. Until the
-fifteenth century there appears to have been a strong prejudice among the
-lower orders against horsemen: their name was connected with oppressors and
-foreigners. Horses appear to have been comparatively little used for riding
-among the Anglo-Saxons until they were introduced by the Norman favourites
-of Edward the Confessor, in whose reign we read that the Anglo-Saxon
-soldiers in Herefordshire were defeated by the Welsh owing to their
-awkwardness on horseback, having been unadvisedly mounted by their Norman
-commander. The Anglo-Norman barons of the three following centuries, with
-their numerous household of knights and attendants who plundered and
-oppressed the peasantry and middle classes of society, kept alive the
-prejudice alluded to, and we trace it in several popular songs. In a song
-of the reign of Edward I (Political Songs, p. 240), we find the following
-lines:--
-
-  Whil God wes on erthe
-    And wondrede wyde,
-  Whet wes the resoun
-    Why he nolde ryde?
-  For he nolde no grom
-    To go by ys syde,
-  Ne grucchyng of no gedelyng
-    To chaule ne to chyde.
-  Spedeth ou to spewen,
-    Ase me doth to spelle;
-  The fend ou afretie
-    With fleis ant with felle!
-  Herkneth hideward, horsmen,
-    A tidyng ich ou telle,
-  That ye shulen hongen,
-    Ant herbarewen in helle!
-
-5276. Epist. ad. Philippens. iii, 19.
-
-5283. Epist. Joan. iv, 16.
-
-5289. Matth. xxv, 12; Psal. lxxx, 13. Et dimisi eos secundum desideria
-cordis eorum, ibunt in adventionibus suis.
-
-5305. _the four doctours._ The four doctors _par excellence_ of the western
-church were, I believe, Gregory, Ambrose, Augustine, and Jerome.
-
-5354. Ecclesiast. i, 16.
-
-5363. Epist. Jacob. ii, 10. Quicunque autem totam legem servaverit,
-offendat autem in uno, factus est omnium reus.
-
-5412. _as Caym was on Eve._ See further on l. 5549. According to a very
-curious legend, which was popular in the middle ages, Cain was born during
-the period of penitence and fasting to which our first parents were
-condemned for their breach of obedience.
-
-5415. Psa. vii, 15. Concepit dolorem et peperit iniquitatem.
-
-5417. Whitaker's text inserts before this line--
-
-  Caym, the cursed creature,
-  Conceyved was in synne;
-  After that Adam and Eve
-  Hadden y-synged,
-  Withoute repentaunce
-  Of here rechelessnesse,
-  A rybaud thei engendrede,
-  And a gome unryghtful;
-  As an hywe that ereth nat
-  Auntreth hym to sowe
-  On a leye lond,
-  Ayens hus lordes wille,
-  So was Caym conceyved,
-  And so ben cursed wrettches
-  That lycame han ayen the lawe
-  That oure Lord ordeynede.
-
-5433. Gen. vi, 7. paenitet enim me fecisse eos.
-
-5464. Ezech. xviii, 20.
-
-5470. Whitaker's text adds here:--
-
-  Westminster lawe, ich wot,
-  Worcheth the contrarie;
-  For thauh the fader be a frankelayne,
-  And for a felon be hanged,
-  The heritage that the air sholde have
-  Ys at the kynges wille.
-
-5479. Matt. vii, 16.
-
-5497. John xiv, 6.
-
-5507. _many a peire, sithen the pestilence._ The continuator of William de
-Nangis, who gives a detailed account of the effects of the great pestilence
-on the Continent, mentions the hasty marriages which followed it, but he
-gives quite a different account of their fruitfulness. "Cessante autem
-dicta epidimia, pestilentia, et mortalitate, nupserunt viri qui remanserunt
-et mulieres ad invicem, conceperunt uxores residuae per mundum ultra modum,
-nulla sterilis efficiebatur, sed praegnantes hinc inde videbantur, et
-plures geminos pariebant, et aliquae tres infantes insimul vivos
-emittebant." The writer goes on to observe, "Sed proh dolor! ex hujus
-renovatione saeculi non est mundus propter hoc in melius commutatus. Nam
-homines fuerunt postea magis avari et tenaces, cum multo plura bona quam
-antea possiderent; magis etiam cupidi et per lites, brigas, et rixas, atque
-per placita, seipsos conturbantes.... Charitas etiam ab illo tempore
-refrigescere caepit valde, et iniquitas abundavit cum ignorantiis et
-peccatis; nam pauci inveniebantur qui scirent aut vellent in domibus,
-villis, et castris informare pueros in grammaticalibus
-rudimentis."--_Contin. G. de Nangis, in Dacherii Spicileg._ iii, 110 (_ed._
-1723).
-
-5515. _do hem to Dunmowe._ This is, I believe, the earliest allusion at
-present known to the custom of the flitch of bacon at Dunmow, which was
-evidently, at that time, a matter of general celebrity. In Chaucer, about
-half a century later, the Wife of Bath says of her two old husbands, and of
-the way in which she tyrannized over them,--
-
-  The bacoun was nought fet for hem, I trowe,
-  That som men fecche in Essex at Donmowe.--_Cant. T._ 5799.
-
-In a curious religious poem preserved in a manuscript in the Bodleian
-Library at Oxford, written about the year 1460, from which some extracts
-are printed in the "Reliquiae Antiquae," ii, 27-29, we have the following
-satirical allusion to this custom:--
-
-  I can fynde no man now that wille enquere
-  The parfyte wais unto Dunmow;
-  For they repent hem within a yere,
-  And many within a weke, and sonner, men trow;
-  That cawsith the weis to be rowgh and over-grow,
-  That no man may fynd path or gap,
-  The world is turnyd to another shap.
-
-  Befe and moton wylle serve wele enow;
-  And for to seche so ferre a lytill bakon flyk,
-  Which hath long hanggid resty and tow
-  And the wey, I telle you, is comborous and thyk,
-  And thou might stomble, and take the cryk;
-  Therfor bide at home, what so ever hap
-  Tylle the world be turnyd into another shap.
-
-One or two other allusions to this custom have been found in manuscripts of
-the fifteenth century, and in the sixteenth century these allusions become
-more numerous.
-
-5563. 1 Corinth. vii, 1.
-
-5613. _Margery perles._ A margarite pearl, _perle marguerite_. The Latin
-name for a pearl (_margarita_) seems to be the origin of this expression.
-
-5634. _a love day | to lette with truthe._ Love days (_Dies amoris_) were
-days fixed for settling differences by umpire, without having recourse to
-law or to violence. The ecclesiastics seem generally to have had the
-principal share in the management of these transactions, which throughout
-the Visions of Piers Ploughman appear to be censured as the means of
-hindering justice and of enriching the clergy. A little further on,
-Religion is blamed for being "a ledere of love-dayes." (l. 6219.) In
-Chaucer, it is said of the friar:--
-
-  And over'al, ther eny profyt schulde arise,
-  Curteys he was, and lowe of servyse.
-    .    .    .    .    .    .
-  And rage he couthe and pleye as a whelpe,
-  In love-dayes, ther couthe he mochil helpe.
-  For ther was he not like a cloysterer
-  With a thredbare cope, as a pore scoler,
-  But he was like a maister or a pope.--_Cant. T._ 249, 259.
-
-5646. The quotation is made up from Job xxi, 7; and Jerem. xii, 2.
-
-5651. Psal. lxxii, 12.
-
-5659. Psal. x, 4. Quoniam quae perfecisti, destruxerunt: justus autem quid
-fecit?
-
-5739. Psal. cxxxi, 6.
-
-5769. Isai. lviii, 7.
-
-5778. Tob. iv, 9. Si multum tibi fuerit, abundanter tribue; si exiguum tibi
-fuerit, etiam exiguum libenter impertiri stude.
-
-In what follows, Whitaker's text is in parts much more brief than the one
-now printed; there are also many transpositions, and other variations,
-which are not of sufficient importance to be pointed out more particularly.
-
-5801. _in a pryvee parlour._ 5803. _in a chambre with a chymenee._ This is
-a curious illustration of contemporary manners. The hall was the apartment
-in which originally the lord of the household and the male portion of the
-family passed nearly all their time when at home, and where they lived in a
-manner in public. The chambers were only used for sleeping, and as places
-of retirement for the ladies, and had, at first, no fire-places
-(_chymenees_), which were added, in course of time, for their comfort. The
-parlour was an apartment introduced also at a comparatively late period,
-and was, as its name indicates, a place for private conferences or
-conversation. As society advanced in refinement, people sought to live less
-and less in public, and the heads of the household gradually deserted the
-hall, except on special occasions, and lived more in the parlour and in the
-"chambre with a chymenee." With the absence of the lord from the hall, its
-festive character and indiscriminate hospitality began to diminish; and the
-popular agitators declaimed against this as an unmistakeable sign of the
-debasement of the times.
-
-5829. Ezech. xviii, 19.
-
-5835. Galat. vi, 5.
-
-5844. Pauli Epist. ad Rom. xii, 3.
-
-5911. _seven artz._ In the scholastic system of the middle ages, the whole
-course of learning was divided into seven arts, which were, grammar,
-dialectics, rhetoric, music, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy. They were
-included in the following memorial distich:--
-
-  Gram. loquitur, Dia. vera docet, Rhet. verba colorat,
-  Mus. canit, Ar. numerat, Geo. ponderat, As. colit astra.
-
-5963. _a baleys._ See before, the note on l. 2819.
-
-5990. _Caton._ Distich. lib. i, 26.
-
-6009. Galat. vi, 10.
-
-6022. Epist. ad Rom. xii, 19.
-
-6037. The second Trin. Coll. MS. reads here--
-
-  Experimentis of Alkenemye
-  Of Albertis makyng,
-  Nigromancie and permansie
-  The pouke to reisen,
-  Gif thou thenke, etc.
-
-6146. Matth. vii, 3.
-
-6179. Matth. xv, 14; Luke vi, 39; Mark (?)
-
-6186. _mausede._ An error of the press for _mansede_. See the Glossary.
-
-6191. _Offyn and Fynes_. Ophni and Phinees. See 1 Samuel iv. (in the
-Vulgate called 1 Kings).
-
-6199. Psal. xlix, 21.
-
-6207. Isai. lvi, 10.
-
-6217. The text of the Trin. Coll. MS. 2, differs very much from ours in
-this part of the poem. Instead of 6217-6277, we have the following lines:--
-
-  Ac now is Religioun a ridere
-  And a rennere aboute,
-  A ledere of ladies,
-  And a lond biggere;
-  Poperith on a palfrey
-  To toune and to toune;
-  A bidowe or a biselard
-  He berith be his side;
-  Godis flessh and his fet
-  And hise fyve woundis
-  Arn more in his mynde
-  Than the memorie of his foundours.
-  This is the lif of this lordis
-  That lyven shulde with Do-bet,
-  And wel awey wers,
-  And I shulde al telle.
-  I wende that kinghed and knighthed,
-  And caiseris with erlis,
-  Wern Do-wel and Do-bet
-  And Do-best-of-hem-alle.
-  For I have seighe it myself,
-  And siththen red it aftir,
-  How Crist counseilleth the comune,
-  And kenneth hem this tale,
-  _Super cathedram Moisi sederunt principes_
-  For-thi I wende that tho wyes
-  Wern Do-best-of-alle.
-  I nile not scorne, etc.
-
-6223. _an heepe of houndes._ "Walter de Suffield, bishop of Norwich,
-bequeathed by will his pack of hounds to the king, in 1256. Blomefield's
-Norf. ii, 347. See Chaucer's Monke, Prol. v, 165. This was a common topic
-of satire. It occurs again fol. xxvii, a [l. 3321, of the present Edition].
-See Chaucer's Testament of Love, page 492, col. ii, Urr. The Archdeacon of
-Richmond, on his visitation, comes to the priory of Bridlington in
-Yorkshire, in 1216, with ninety-seven horses, twenty dogs, and three hawks.
-Dugd. Mon. ii, 65." WARTON.
-
-6251. Psal. xix, 8.
-
-6259. _the abbot of Abyngdone._ There was a very ancient and famous abbey
-at Abingdon in Berkshire. Geoffrey of Monmouth was abbot there. It was the
-house into which the monks, strictly so called, were first introduced in
-England, and is, therefore, very properly introduced as the representative
-of English monachism.
-
-6266. Isai. xiv, 4, 5.
-
-6289. Ecclesiasticus x, 10.
-
-6291. Catonis Distich. iv, 4.
-
-  Dilige denari, sed parce dilige, formam;
-  Quem nemo sanctus nec honestus captat ab aere.
-
-6327. Colos. iii, 1.
-
-6353. _moechaberis._ A mistake in the original MS. for _necaberis_, as it
-is rightly printed in Crowley's edition.
-
-6372. John iii, 13.
-
-6414. Matth. xxiii, 2. Super cathedram Moysi sederunt Scribae et Pharisaei.
-
-6440. Psal. xxxv, 8.
-
-6476. Ecclesiastes ix, 1.
-
-6504. Matth. x, 18. The quotation is not quite literal.
-
-6528. For _idiotae irapiunt_, read _idiotae vi rapiunt_: the error was
-caused accidentally in the printing, and has escaped in the present
-edition.
-
-6571. Matth. xx, 4.
-
-6741. John iii, 3.
-
-6755. Matth. vii, 1.
-
-6764. Psal. l, 21.
-
-6815. Isai. lv, 1.
-
-6825. Mark xvi, 16.
-
-6831. _may no cherl chartre make._ Such was the law of _vileinage_, then in
-existence. There is a curious story illustrative of the condition of the
-_cherl_ or peasant, in the Descriptio Norfolciensium, in my Early Mysteries
-and other Latin Poems of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, p. 94. The
-'cherl,' vilein, or bondman, could not even be put apprentice without the
-licence of the lord of the soil. In the curious poem on the Constitution of
-Masonry (14th cent.) published by Mr. Halliwell, the master is particularly
-cautioned on this point:--
-
-  The fowrthe artycul thys moste be,
-  That the mayster hym wel be-se
-  That he no bondemon prentys make,
-  Ny for no covetyse do hym take;
-  For the lord that he ys bonde to,
-  May fache the prentes whersever he go.
-            _Early History of Freemasonry in England_, p. 14.
-
-6859. _Trojanus._ 6869. _Gregorie._ The legend here alluded to is given
-briefly as follows, in the life of St. Gregory in the Golden Legend, fol.
-lxxxxvii,--
-
-"In the tyme that Trayan themperour regned, and on a tyme as he wente
-toward a batayll out of Rome, it happed that in hys waye as he shold ryde a
-woman a wydowe came to hym wepyng and sayd: I praye thee, syre, that thou
-avenge the deth of one my sone, whyche innocently and wythout cause hath
-ben slayn. Themperour answerd: yf I come agayn fro the batayll hool and
-sounde, thenne I shall do justyce for the deth of thy sone. Thenne sayd the
-wydowe: Syre, and yf thou deye in the bataylle, who shall thenne avenge hys
-deth for me? And the wydowe sayd, is it not better that thou do to me
-justice, and have the meryte thereof of God, than another have it for thee?
-Then had Trayan pyte, and descended fro his horse, and dyde justyce in
-avengynge the deth of her sone. On a tyme saynt Gregory went by the marked
-of Rome whyche is called the marked of Trayan. And thenne he remembred of
-the justyce and other good dedes of Trayan, and how he had ben pyteous and
-debonayr, and was moche sorowfull that he had ben a paynem; and he tourned
-to the chyrche of saynt Peter waylyng for thorrour of the mescreaunce of
-Trayan. Thenne answerd a voys fro God, sayng: I have now herd thy prayer,
-and have spared Trayan fro the payne perpetuelly. By thys thus, as somme
-saye, the payne perpetuell due to Trayan as a mescreaunt was somme dele
-take awaye, but for all that was he not quyte fro the pryson of helle; for
-the sowle may well be in helle, and fele ther no payne, by the mercy of
-God."
-
-6907. 1 John iii, 15.
-
-6938. Luke xiv, 12.
-
-6964. John viii, 34.
-
-6981. Galat. vi, 2.
-
-7015. Matth. vii, 3.
-
-7063. Luke x, 40.
-
-7072. Luke x, 42.
-
-7113. Although our writer quotes the circumstance from Luke xviii, the
-words he gives are from Matth. xix, 21.
-
-7113. In Whitaker's text the following passage is here inserted:--
-
-  Thus consaileth Crist
-  In comun ous alle,
-  'Ho so coveyteth to come
-  To my kynriche,
-  He mot forsake hymself,
-  Hus suster, and hus brother,
-  And al that the worlde wolde,
-  And my wil folwen.'
-  _Nisi renunciaveritis omnia quae possidetis,
-      etc._
-  Meny proverbis ich myghte have
-  Of meny holy seyntes,
-  To testifie for treuthe
-  The tale that ich shewe,
-  And poetes to preoven hit,
-  Porfirie and Plato,
-  Aristotle, Ovidius,
-  And ellevene hundred,
-  Tullius, Tholomeus,
-  Ich can nat telle here names,
-  Preoven pacient poverte
-  Pryns of alle vertues.
-  And by greyn that groweth,
-  God ous alle techeth.
-  _Nisi granum frumenti cadens in terra,
-      et mortuum fuit, ipsum solum manet._
-  Bot yf that sed that sowen is,
-  In the sloh sterve,
-  Shal nevere spir springen up,
-  Ne spik on strawe curne;
-  Sholde nevere wete wexe,
-  Bote wete fyrste deyde;
-  And other sedes also
-  In the same wyse,
-  That ben leide on louh eerthe,
-  Y-lore as hit were,
-  And thorw the grete grace of God,
-  Of greyn ded in erthe
-  Atte the laste launceth up
-  Werby lyven alle.
-  Ac sedes that ben sowen
-  And mowe suffre wyntres,
-  Aren tydyor and tower
-  To mannes by-hofte,
-  Than seedes that sowen beeth
-  And mowe nouht with forste,
-  With wyndes, ne with wederes,
-  As in wynter tyme,
-  As lynne-seed, and lik-seed,
-  And Lente-seedes alle,
-  Aren nouht so worthy as whete,
-  Ne so wel mowen
-  In the feld with the forst,
-  And hit freese longe.
-  Ryght so, for sothe,
-  That suffre may penaunces
-  Worth alowed of oure Lorde
-  At here laste ende,
-  And for here penaunce be preysed,
-  As for puyre martir,
-  Other for a confessour y-kud,
-  That counteth nat a ruysshe
-  Fere ne famyne,
-  Ne false menne tonges;
-  Bote as an hosebonde hopeth
-  After an hard wynter,
-  Yf God gyveth hym the lif
-  To have a good hervest,
-  So preoveth thees prophetes
-  That pacientliche suffreth
-  Myschiefs and myshappes,
-  And menye tribulacions,
-  Bytokneth ful triweliche
-  In tyme comynge after
-  Murthe for hus mornynge,
-  And that muche plente.
-  For Crist seide to hus seyntes
-  That for hus sake tholeden
-  Poverte, penaunces,
-  Persecution of body,
-  Angeles in here angre
-  On this wise hem grate,
-  _Tristitia vestra vertetur in gaudium._
-  Youre sorwe into solas
-  Shal turne atte laste,
-  And out of wo into wele
-  Youre wyrdes shul chaunge.
-  Ac so redeth of riche,
-  The revers he may fynde,
-  How God, as the Godspel telleth,
-  Geveth hem foul towname,
-  And that hus gost shal go,
-  And hus good byleve,
-  And asketh hym after
-  Ho shal hit have,
-  The catel that he kepeth so
-  In coffres and in hernes,
-  And ert so loth to lene
-  Thet leve shalt needes.
-  _O stulte, ista nocte anima tua egrediatur,
-      thesauriza et ignorat._
-  An unredy reve
-  Thi residue shal spene,
-  That menye moththe was ynne
-  In a mynte while;
-  Upholderes on the hul
-  Shullen have hit to selle.
-  Lo! lo! lordes, lo!
-  And ladies taketh hede,
-  Hit lasteth nat longe
-  That is lycour swete,
-  Ac pees-coddes and pere-ronettes,
-  Plomes and chiries,
-  That lyghtliche launceth up,
-  Litel wile dureth,
-  And that that rathest rypeth,
-  Roteth most sannest.
-  On fat londe and ful of donge
-  Foulest wedes groweth,
-  Right so, for sothe,
-  Suche that ben bysshopes,
-  Erles and archdekenes,
-  And other ryche clerkes.
-  That chaffaren as chapmen,
-  And chiden bote thei wynne,
-  And haven the worlde at here wil
-  Other wyse to lyve;
-  Right as weodes wexen
-  In wose and in dunge,
-  So of rychesse upon richesse
-  Arist al vices.
-  Lo! lond overe-layde
-  With marle and with donge,
-  Whete that wexeth theron
-  Worth lygge ar hit repe;
-  Right so, for sothe,
-  For to sigge treuthe,
-  Over plente pryde norssheth
-  Ther poverte destrueth hit.
-  For how hit evere be y-wonne,
-  Bote hit be wel dispended,
-  Worliche wele is wuked thynge
-  To hym that hit kupeth.
-  For yf he be feer therfro,
-  Ful ofte hath he drede
-  That fals folke fetche away
-  Felonliche hus godes.
-  And yut more hit maketh men
-  Meny time and ofte
-  To synegen, and to souchen
-  Soteltees of gyle,
-  For covetyze of that catel
-  To culle hem that hit kepeth;
-  And so is meny men y-morthred
-  For hus money and goodes;
-  And tho that duden the dede
-  Y-dampned therfore after,
-  And he, for hus harde heldynge,
-  In helle paraunter;
-  So covetise of catel
-  Was combraunce to hem alle.
-  Lo! how pans purchasede
-  Faire places, and drede,
-  That rote is robbers
-  The richesse withynne.
-
-      [_Passus quartus de Dowel._]
-
-  Ac wel worth Poverte,
-  For he may walke unrobbede,
-  Among pilours in pees,
-  Yf pacience hym folwe,
-  Oure prynce Jhesu poverte chees,
-  And hus aposteles alle,
-  And ay the lenger thei lyveden
-  The lasse good thei hadde.
-  _Tanquam nihil habentes, et omnia
-      possidentes._
-  Yut men that of Abraam
-  And Job were wonder ryche,
-  And out of numbre tho men
-  Menye meobles hadden.
-  Abraam, for al hus good,
-  Hadde muche teene,
-  In gret poverte was y-put,
-  A pryns as hit were
-  Bynom hym ys housewif
-  And heeld here hymself,
-  And Abraam nat hardy
-  Ones to letten hym,
-  Ne for brightnesse of here beaute
-  Here spouse to be byknowe.
-  And for he suffrede and seide nouht,
-  Oure Lord sente tokne,
-  That the kynge cride
-  To Abraam mercy,
-  And deliverede hym hus wif,
-  With muche welthe after.
-  And also Job the gentel
-  What joye hadde he on erthe,
-  How bittere he hit bouhte!
-  As the book telleth.
-  And for he songe in hus sorwe,
-  _Si bona accipimus a Domino_,
-  Dereworthe dere God,
-  Do we so _mala_;
-  Al hus sorwe to solas
-  Thorgh that songe turnede,
-  And Job bycam a jolif man,
-  And al hus joye newe.
-  Lo how patience in here poverte
-  Thees patriarkes relevede,
-  And brouhte hem al above
-  That in bale rotede,
-  As greyn that lyth in the greot
-  And thorgh grace atte laste
-  Spryngeth up and spredeth,
-  So spedde the fader Abraam,
-  And also the gentel Job,
-  Here joie hath non ende.
-  Ac leveth nouht, ye lewede men,
-  That ich lacke richesse,
-  Thauh ich preise poverte thus,
-  And preove hit by ensamples,
-  Worthiour as by holy writ,
-  And wise philosophers,
-  Bothe two but goode,
-  Be ye ful certayn,
-  And lyves that our Lorde loveth,
-  And large weyes to hevene.
-  Ac the povre pacient
-  Purgatorye passeth
-  Rathere than the ryche,
-  Thauh thei renne at ones.
-  For yf a marchaunt and a messager
-  Metten to-gederes,
-  For the parcels of hus paper
-  And other pryvey dettes,
-  Wol lette hym as ich leyve
-  The lengthe of a myle;
-  The messager doth namore
-  Bote hus mouth telleth,
-  Hus lettere and hus ernde sheweth,
-  And is anon delyvered;
-  And thauh thei wende by the wey
-  Tho two to-gederes.
-  Thauh the messager made hus wey
-  Amyde the whete,
-  Wole no wys man wroth be,
-  Ne hus wed take,
-  Ys non haiwarde y-hote
-  Hus wed for to take.
-  _Necessitas non habet legem._
-  Ac yf the marchaunt make hus way
-  Overe menne cornne,
-  And the haywarde happe
-  With hym for to mete,
-  Other hus hatt, other hus hed,
-  Other elles hus gloves,
-  The merchaunt mot for-go,
-  Other moneys of huse porse,
-  And yut be lett, as ich leyve,
-  For the lawe asketh
-  Marchauns for here merchandise
-  In meny place to tullen.
-  Yut thauh thei wenden on wey
-  As to Wynchestre fayre,
-  The marchaunt with hus marchaundise
-  May nat go so swythe
-  As the messager may,
-  Ne with so mochel ese.
-  For that on bereth bote a boxe,
-  A brevet therynne,
-  Ther the marchaunt ledeth a male
-  With meny kynne thynges;
-  And dredeth to be ded therefore,
-  And he in derke mete
-  With robbours and with revers
-  That riche men despoilen,
-  Ther the messager is ay murye,
-  Hus mouthe ful of songes,
-  And leyveth for hus letters
-  That no wight wol hym greve.
-  Ac yut myghte the marchaunt
-  Thorgh monye and other yeftes
-  Have hors and hardy men,
-  Thauh he mette theoves,
-  Wolde non suche asailen hym
-  For hem that hym folweth,
-  As safliche passe as the messager,
-  And as sone at hus hostel.
-  Ye, wyten wel, ye wyse men,
-  What this is to mene.
-  The marchaunt is no more to mene
-  Bote men that ben ryche
-  Aren acountable to Crist
-  And to the kyng of hevene,
-  That holden mote the heye weye,
-  Evene ten hestes,
-  Bothe lovye and lene,
-  The leele and the unleele,
-  And have reuthe, and releve
-  With hus grete richesse
-  By hus power alle manere men
-  In meschief y-falle,
-  Fynde beggars bred,
-  Backes for the colde,
-  Tythen here goodes tryweliche,
-  A tol as hit semeth
-  That oure Lord loketh after
-  Of eche a lyf that wyneth,
-  Withoute wyles other wrong,
-  Other wommen atte stuwes,
-  And yut more, to make pees,
-  And quyte menne dettes,
-  Bothe spele and spare
-  To spene upon the needful,
-  As Crist self comandeth
-  To alle Cristene puple.
-  _Alter alterius onera porta._
-  The messager aren the mendinans
-  That lyveth by menne almesse,
-  Beth nat y-bounde, as beeth the riche,
-  To bothe the two lawes,
-  To lene and to lere,
-  Ne lentenes to faste,
-  And other pryvey penaunces
-  The wiche the preest wol wel,
-  That the law yeveth leve
-  Suche lowe folke to be excused,
-  As none tythes to tythen,
-  Ne clothe the nakede,
-  Ne in enquestes to come,
-  Ne contumax thauh he worthe
-  Halyday other holy eve
-  Hus mete to deserve;
-  For yf he loveth and byleyveth
-  As the lawe techeth,
-  _Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, etc._
-  Telleth the lord a tale,
-  As a triwe messager,
-  And sheweth by seel and suthe by lettere
-  With wat lord he dwelleth,
-  Kneweleche hym crystene
-  And of holy churche byleyve,
-  Ther is no lawe, as ich leyve,
-  Wol let hym the gate,
-  Ther God is gatwarde hymself
-  And eche a gome knoweth.
-  The porter of pure reuthe
-  May parforme the lawe
-  In that he wilneth and wolde
-  Ech wight as hemself;
-  For the wil is as muche worth
-  Of a wretche beggere
-  As al that the ryche may reyme
-  And ryght fulliche dele,
-  And as much mede
-  For a myte that he offreth,
-  As the riche man for al is moneye,
-  And more, as by the Godspel:
-  _Amen dico vobis quia haec vidua paupercula,
-      etc._
-  So that povre pacient
-  Is parfitest lif of alle,
-  And alle parfit preestes
-  To poverte sholde drawe.
-
-7128. Matth. xvii, 20.
-
-7131. Psal. xxxiii, 11.
-
-7141. Psal. xlii, 1.
-
-7191. James ii, 10.
-
-7194. _over-skipperis._ Those who skipped over words in reading or chanting
-the service of the church. The following distich points out the classes of
-defaulters in this respect:--
-
-  Ecclesiae tres sunt qui servitium maie fallunt;
-  Momylers, for-scyppers, ovre-lepers, non bene psallunt.
-            _Reliq. Antiq._ p. 90. _Poems of Walter Mapes_, p. 148.
-
-A still more numerous list of such offenders is given in the following
-lines from MS. Lansdowne, 762, fol. 101, v^o:--
-
-  Hii sunt qui Psalmos corrumpunt nequitur almos:
-  Jangler cum jasper, lepar, galper quoque, draggar,
-  Momeler, for-skypper, for-reynner, sic et over-leper,
-  Fragmina verborum Tutivillus colligit horum.
-
-Tutivillus was the popular name of one of the fiends (see Towneley
-Mysteries, pp. 310, 319; Reliq. Antiq. p. 257). According to an old legend,
-a hermit walking out met one of the devils bearing a large sack, very full,
-under the load of which he seemed to labour. The hermit asked him what he
-carried in his sack. He answered that it was filled with the fragments of
-words which the clerks had skipped over or mutilated in the performance of
-the service, and that he was carrying them to hell to be deposited among
-the stores there.
-
-7195. Psal. xlvi, 7, 8.
-
-7264. _Briddes I biheld._ A similar sentiment is expressed in the following
-parallel passage of a modern poet:--
-
-  But most of all it wins my admiration
-  To view the structure of this little work--
-  A bird's nest. Mark it well, within, without,
-  No tool had he that wrought, no knife to cut,
-  No nail to fix, no bodkin to insert,
-  No glue to join; his little beak was all:
-  And yet how neatly finished! What nice hand,
-  With every implement and means of art,
-  And twenty years' apprenticeship to boot,
-  Could make me such another? Fondly then
-  We boast of excellence, where noblest skill
-  Instinctive genius foils.--_Hurdis._
-
-7342. Ecclesiasticus xi, 9.
-
-7344. Instead of ll. 7344-7363, Whitaker's text has the following
-passage:--
-
-  'Ho suffreth more than God?' quath he,
-  'No gome, as ich leyve.
-  He myght amende in a mynt while
-  Al that amys stondes.
-  Ac he suffreth, in ensaumple
-  That we sholde all suffren.
-  Ys no vertue so feyr
-  Of value ne of profit,
-  As ys suffraunce, soveraynliche,
-  So hit be for Godes love,
-  And so wittnesseth the wyse,
-  And wysseth the Frenshe,
-  _Bele vertue est suffraunce,
-      Mal dire est petite venjaunce;
-      Bien dire e bien suffrer
-      Fait ly suffrable a bien vener._
-  For-thi.' quath Reson, 'Ich rede the,
-  Rewele thi tonge evere;
-  And er thow lacke eny lyf,
-  Loke ho is to preise.
-  For is no creature under Cryst,
-  That can hymselve make;
-  And yf cristene creatures
-  Couthen make hemselve,
-  Eche lede wolde be lacles,
-  Leyf thow non othere.
-  Man was mad of suche matere,
-  He may nat wel asterte,
-  That som tymes hym tit
-  To folwen hus kynde.
-  Caton acordeth herwith:
-  _Nemo sine crimine vivit._
-
-7347. Genes. i, 31.
-
-7363. Cato, Distich. i, 5.
-
-  Si vitam inspicias hominum, si denique mores,
-  Quum culpent alios, nemo sine crimine vivit.
-
-It may be observed here, that Whitaker, in his note on this passage, has
-very much misunderstood Tyrwhitt (in Chaucer, Cant. T. 3227), in making him
-the authority for calling the author of the _Disticha de Moribus_ an
-obscure French writer. Tyrwhitt says that the mode in which Chaucer spells
-his name (Caton) seems to show that the French translation was more read
-than the Latin original. The same observation would apply to the present
-poem: but I am very doubtful how far it is correct. The Distiches of Cato
-were translated into English, French, German, &c., and were extremely
-popular. The author of these Distiches, Dionysius Cato, is supposed to have
-lived under the Antonines, and has certainly no claim to the title of _an
-obscure French writer_.
-
-7441-7642. Instead of these lines, Whitaker has the following:--
-
-  And wissede the ful ofte
-  What Dowel was to mene,
-  And counsailede the, for Cristes sake,
-  No creature to bygyle,
-  Nother to lye nor to lacke,
-  Ne lere that is defendid,
-  Ne to spille speche,
-  As to speke an ydel;
-  And no tyme to tene,
-  Ne trywe thyng to teenen;
-  Lowe the to lyve forth
-  In the lawe of holy churche,
-  Thenne dost thow wel, withoute drede,
-  Ho can do bet no forse.
-  Clerkes that connen al, ich hope,
-  Thei con do bettere;
-  Ac hit suffuseth to be saved,
-  And to be suche as ich tauhte:
-  Ac for to lovye and lene,
-  And lyve wel and byleyve,
-  Ys y-calid _Caritas_,
-  Kynde-love in English,
-  And that is Dobet, yf eny suche be,
-  A blessed man that helpeth,
-  And pees be and pacience,
-  And povre withoute defaute.
-  _Beatius est dare quam petere._
-  As catel and kynde witt
-  Encombre ful menye,
-  Woo is hym that hem weldeth,
-  Bote he hym wel dispeyne.
-  _Scientes et non facientes variis flagellis
-      vapulabunt._
-  Ac comunliche connynge
-  And unkynde rychesse,
-  As lorels to be lordes,
-  And lewede men techeres,
-  And holy churche horen help,
-  Averous and coveytous,
-  Droweth up Dowel,
-  And destruyeth Dobest.
-  Ac grace is a gras therfore
-  To don hem eft growe;
-  Ac grace groweth nat,
-  Til God wil gynne reyne,
-  And wokie thorwe goode werkes
-  Wikkede hertes;
-  Ac er suche a wil wol wexe,
-  God hymself worcheth,
-  And send forth seint espirit
-  To don love sprynge.
-  _Spiritus ubi vult spirat, etc._
-  So grace withoute grace
-  Of God and of good werkes,
-  May nat bee, bee thow siker,
-  Thauh we bid evere.
-  Cleregie cometh bote of siht,
-  And kynd witt of sterres,
-  As to be bore other bygete
-  In suche constellacion
-  That wit wexeth therof,
-  And othere wordes bothe.
-  _Vultus hujus saeculi sunt subjecti vultibus
-      coelestibus._
-  So grace is a gyfte of God,
-  And kynde witt a chaunce,
-  And cleregie and connyng of kynde
-  Wittes techynge;
-  And yut is cleregie to comende
-  Fore Cristes love more,
-  Than eny connynge of kynde witt,
-  Bote cleregie hit rewele.
-  For Moyses wutnesseth that God wrot
-  In stoon with hus fynger,
-  Lawe of love owre Lorde wrot,
-  Long ere Crist were;
-  And Crist cam and confermede,
-  And holy-churche made,
-  And in sond a sygne wrot,
-  And seide to the Jewes,
-  'That seeth hym synneles,
-  Cesse nat, ich hote,
-  To stryke with stoon other with staf
-  This strompett to dethe.'
-  _Qui vestrum sine peccato est, etc._
-  For-thi ich consaily alle Cristene
-  Cleregie to honoure, etc.
-
-7453. Luke xii, 38.
-
-7461. Heb. xii, 6.
-
-7464. Psalm xxii, 4.
-
-7470. _makynges._ 7483. _make._--There is a curious analogy between the
-Greek and the Teutonic languages in the name given to the poet--the Greek
-[Greek: poietes] (from [Greek: poiein]), the Anglo-Saxon _scop_ (from
-_sceopan_, to make or create), and the Middle-English _maker_, preserved in
-the later Scottish _makkar_ (also applied to a poet), have all the same
-signification. In the Neo-Latin tongues a different, though somewhat
-analogous, word was used: the French and Anglo-Norman _trouvere_, and the
-Provencal _trobador_, signify a finder or inventor.
-
-7484. Catonis Distich. iii, 5.
-
-7500. 1 Cor. xiii, 13. Nunc autem manent fides, spes, charitas, tria haec:
-major autem horum est charitas.
-
-7528, &c. _Aristotle_, _Ypocras_, and _Virgile_.--These three names were
-the great representatives of ancient science and literature in the middle
-ages. Aristotle represented philosophy, in its most general sense; Virgil
-represented literature in general, and more particularly the ancient
-writers who formed the _grammar_ course of scholastic learning, whether
-verse or prose; Ypocras, or Hippocrates, represented medicine. They are
-here introduced to illustrate the fact that men of science and learning, as
-well as warriors and rich men, experience the vicissitudes of fortune.
-
-7534. _Felice._ Perhaps this name is only introduced for the sake of
-alliteration.
-
-7536. _Rosamounde._ I suppose the reference is to "fair Rosamond."
-
-7554. Luc. vi, 38.
-
-7567. John iii, 8.
-
-7572. John iii, 11.
-
-7582. John iii, 8.
-
-7600. _thorugh caractes._ It was the popular belief in the middle ages,
-that while the Jews were accusing the woman taken in adultery, Christ wrote
-with his staff on the ground the sins of the accusers, and that when they
-perceived this they dropped their accusation in confusion at finding that
-their own guilt was known. See this point curiously illustrated in Mr.
-Halliwell's Coventry Mysteries, pp. 220, 221. These are the _characters_
-alluded to in Piers Ploughman.
-
-7624. Luke vi, 37.
-
-7701. 1 Cor. iii, 19.
-
-7709. Luke ii, 15.
-
-7714. Matth. ii, 1.
-
-7721. Luke ii, 7.
-
-7779. Psalm xxxi, 1.
-
-7795. Luke vi, 39. The ignorance and inefficiency of the parish priests
-appear to have become proverbial in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
-In the latter century a canon of Lilleshul in Shropshire, named John Myrk,
-or Myrkes, composed an English poem, or rather metrical treatise, on their
-duties, which he commences by applying to them this same aphorism of our
-Saviour:--
-
-  God seyth hymself, as wryten we fynde,
-  That whenne the blynde ledeth the blynde,
-  Into the dyche they fallen boo,
-  For they ne sen whare by to go.
-  So faren prestes now by dawe,
-  They beth blynde in Goddes lawe, etc.
-                                   _MS. Cotton. Claud._ A. II.
-
-It had previously been applied in the same manner to the parish priests by
-the author of a long French poem (apparently written in England in the
-fourteenth century) entitled _Le Miroir de l'Ome_ (Speculum Hominis), as
-follows:--
-
-  Dieus dist, et c'est tout verite,
-  Qe si l'un voegle soit mene
-  D'un autre voegle, tresbucher
-  Falt ambedeux en la fossee.
-  C'est un essample compare
-  As fols curetz, qui sanz curer
-  Ne voient pas le droit sentier,
-  Dont font les autres forsvoier,
-  Qui sont apres leur trace ale.
-  Car fol errant ne puet quider,
-  Ne cil comment nous puet saner,
-  Qui mesmes est au mort naufre.
-      _MS. in the possession of Mr. J. Russell Smith._
-
-The following picture of the corrupt manners of the parish priests at this
-time is extracted from a much longer and more minute censure in the same
-poem:--
-
-  Des fols curetz auci y a,
-  Qui sur sa cure demourra
-  Non pour curer, mais q'il sa vie
-  Endroit le corps plus easera.
-  Car lors ou il bargaignera
-  Du seculiere marchandie,
-  Dont sa richesce multeplie;
-  Ou il se donne a leccherie,
-  Du quoy son corps delitera;
-  Ou il se prent a venerie,
-  Qant duist chanter sa letanie,
-  Au bois le goupil huera.
-
-7802. Psal. xv, 5. We might be led to suppose that this was the "neck
-verse" in the time of Piers Ploughman. In later times the text which was
-given to read to those who claimed the benefit of clergy is said to have
-been the beginning of Psal. lv, _Miserere mei, &c._
-
-7840. Eccl. v, 5.
-
-7846. _Trojanus._ See the note on line 6859.
-
-7854. Matth. xvi, 27. Filius enim hominis venturus est in gloria Patris sui
-cum angelis suis: et tunc reddet unicuique secundum opera ejus.
-
-7915. _his flessh is foul flessh._ Yet in spite of the "foulness" of its
-flesh, the peacock was a very celebrated dish at table. For an account of
-the use made of the peacock in feasts, see Le Grand d'Aussy, Histoire de la
-Vie privee des Francais, tom. i, pp. 299-301, and 361. In the Romance of
-Mahomet, 13th century, it is said of Dives--
-
-  Et dou Riche qui _tant poon
-  Englouti_ et tant bon poisson,
-  Tante pieche de venison,
-  Et but bon vin par grant delit, &c.
-                     _Roman de Mahommet_, l. 301.
-
-7944. _Avynet._ In the 14th and 15th centuries, as any grammar was called a
-_Donet_, because the treatise of Donatus was the main foundation of them
-all, so, from Esop and Avienus from whom the materials were taken, any
-collection of fables was called an _Avionet_ or an _Esopet_. The title of
-one of these collections in a MS. of the Bibl. du Roi at Paris is,
-_Compilacio Ysopi alata cum Avionetto, cum quibusdam addicionibus et
-moralitatibus_. (_Robert, Fabl. Ined. Essay_, p. clxv.) Perhaps the
-reference in the present case is to the fable of the Peacock who complained
-of his voice, the 39th in the collection which M. Robert calls _Ysopet_, in
-the morality to which are the following lines:--
-
-  Les riches conteront
-  Des biens qu'il aront
-  En ce siecle conquis.
-  Cil qui petit ara,
-  De petit contera
-  Au Roy de paradis.
-  Qui vit en povrete,
-  Sans point d'iniquite,
-  Moult ara grant richesse
-  Es cieux, en paradis,
-  O dieux et ses amis
-  Seront joyeux et aise.
-
-7961. Whitaker's text reads here:--
-
-  Thus Porfirie and Plato,
-  And poetes menye,
-  Lykneth in here logyk
-  The leeste fowel oute;
-  And whether hii be saf other nat saf
-  The sothe wot not clergie,
-  Ne of Sortes ne of Salamon
-  No scripture can telle,
-  Wether thei be in helle other in hevene,
-  Other Aristotle the wise.
-
-7961. _Aristotle, the grete clerk._ From the eleventh to the sixteenth
-centuries the influence of Aristotle's writings in the schools was
-all-powerful. It was considered almost an impiety to go against his
-authority. He was indeed "the great clerk."
-
-7967. _Sortes._ I suppose this is an abbreviated form of the name Socrates.
-It occurs again in one of the poems printed among the Latin Poetry
-attributed to Walter Mapes (Camden Society's Publication), which has the
-following lines:--
-
-  Adest ei bajulus cui nomen Gnato,
-  Praecedebat logicum gressu fatigato,
-  Dorso ferens sarcinam ventre tensus lato,
-  Plenam vestro dogmate, o _Sortes et Plato_.
-
-7987. 1 Peter iv, 18.
-
-8015. Psalm xxii, 4.
-
-8073. _a maister._ This word was generally used in the scholastic ages in a
-restricted sense, to signify one who had taken his degrees in the
-schools--a master of arts.
-
-8103. Luke x, 7.
-
-8133-8137. These are the indications of different Psalms. Psalm li begins
-with the words, _Miserere mei, Deus_, secundum magnam misericordiam tuam.
-The thirty-first Psalm commences with the words, _Beati quorum_ remissae
-sunt iniquitates, _et quorum tecta sunt peccata_. _Beatus vir_, is the
-beginning of Psalm i. The fifth verse of Psalm xxxi contains the words
-_Dixi: Confitebor_ adversum me injustitiam meam Domino.
-
-8141. Psalm xxxi, 6.
-
-8145. Psalm l, 19.
-
-8153. Isaiah v, 22.
-
-8155. Whitaker's text has--
-
-  And ete meny sondry metes,
-  Mortrews and poddynges,
-  Braun and blod of the goos,
-  Bacon and colhopes.
-
-The second Trin. Coll. MS. has--
-
-  And sette many sundry metis,
-  Mortreux and puddynges,
-  Braun and blood of gees,
-  Bacoun and colopis.
-
-8167. 2 Corinth. xi, 24, 25, 27.
-
-8173, 8180. 2 Cor. xi, 26.
-
-8202. _Mahoun._ Mahoun was the middle-age name of Mohammed, and in the
-popular writers was often taken in the mere sense of an idol or pagan
-deity.
-
-8204. _justly wombe._ MS. Trin. Coll. 2.
-
-8225. _in a frayel._ Whitaker's text has _in a forel_, which he explains by
-"a wicker basket." The second Trin. Coll. MS. has also _in a forell_.
-_Forel_ is the Low-Latin _forellus_, a bag, sack, or purse: a _frayel_
-(_fraellum_) was a little wicker basket, such as were used for carrying
-figs or grapes.
-
-8273. Matth. v, 19.
-
-8292. Psalm xiv, 1.
-
-8368. 1 John iv, 18.
-
-8416. Luke xix, 8.
-
-8418. Luke xxi, 1-4.
-
-8444. _Surre._ Syria.
-
-8474. _a mynstrall._ The description of the minstrel given here is very
-curious. For a sketch of the character of this profession see Mr. Shaw's
-"Dresses and Decorations of the Middle Ages;" and for more enlarged details
-of the history of the craft the reader may consult the Introduction to
-Percy's Reliques, and Chappell's History of National Airs.
-
-8518. _a pardon with a peis of leed._ The papal bulls, &c., had seals of
-lead, instead of wax.
-
-8526. Marc. xvi, 17, 18.
-
-8541. Acts iii, 6.
-
-8554. Whitaker's text omits all that follows here to l. 8958 of our text,
-entering very abruptly upon the subject there treated. Some of the
-intervening matter had already been inserted in other places in Whitaker's
-text. See our notes on ll. 2846 and 3030.
-
-8567. _cart ... with breed fro Stratforde._ Stratford-at-Bow is said to
-have been famous in old times for its numerous bakers, who supplied a great
-part of the metropolis. Stowe, in his Survey of London, p. 159 (who appears
-to have altered the text of Piers Ploughman to suit his own calculation,
-for all the manuscripts and printed editions I have collated give "twice
-_twenty_ and ten"), observes, "And because I have here before spoken of the
-bread carts comming from Stratford at the Bow, ye shall understand that of
-olde time the bakers of breade at Stratford were allowed to bring dayly
-(except the Sabbaoth and principall feast) diverse long cartes laden with
-bread, the same being two ounces in the pennie wheate loafe heavier than
-the penny wheate loafe baked in the citie, the same to be solde in Cheape,
-three or foure carts standing there, betweene Gutherans lane and Fausters
-lane ende, one cart on Cornehill, by the conduit, and one other in Grasse
-streete. And I have reade that in the fourth yere of Edward the second,
-Richard Reffeham being maior, a baker named John of Stratforde, for making
-bread lesser than the assise, was with a fooles whoode on his head, and
-loaves of bread about his necke, drawne on a hurdle through the streets of
-this citie. Moreover in the 44. of Edward the third, John Chichester being
-maior of London, I read in the visions of Pierce Plowman, a booke so
-called, as followeth. _There was a careful commune when no cart came to
-towne with baked bread from Stratford: tho gan beggers weepe, and workemen
-were agast, a little this will be thought long in the date of our Dirte, in
-a drie Averell a thousand and three hundred, twise thirtie and ten, &c._ I
-reade also in the 20. of Henrie the eight, Sir James Spencer being maior,
-six bakers of Stratford were merced in the Guildhall of London, for baking
-under the size appoynted. These bakers of Stratford left serving of this
-citie, I know not uppon what occasion, about 30 yeares since."
-
-8572. _a drye Aprill._ This is without doubt the dry season placed by
-Fabyan in the year 1351, which, as he describes it, began with the month of
-April. The difference of the date arises probably from a different system
-of computation. Fabian says, "In the sommer of this xxvii yeare, it was so
-drie that it was many yeres after called the drie sommer. For from the
-latter ende of March, till the latter ende of Julye, fell lytle rayne or
-none, by reason whereof manye inconveniences ensued."
-
-8576. _Whan Chichestre was maire._ According to Fabyan, John Chichester was
-mayor only once, in 1368, 1369, which was the period of the "thirde
-mortalytie." The other authorities seem to agree in giving this as the year
-of Chichester's mayoralty. He may perhaps have been mayor more than once.
-See INTRODUCTION.
-
-8645. Galat. i, 10.
-
-8685. Psalm x, 7.
-
-8707, 8708. The two persons mentioned here (the shoemaker of Southwark and
-dame Emma of Shoreditch) were probably eminent sorcerers and
-fortune-tellers of the time.
-
-8769-8778. To understand fully this passage, it must be borne in mind that
-the corn lands were not so universally hedged as at present, and that the
-portions belonging to different persons were separated only by a narrow
-furrow, as is still the case in some of the uninclosed lands in
-Cambridgeshire.
-
-8812. _Brugges._ Bruges was the great mart of continental commerce during
-the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries.
-
-8813. _Pruce-lond_--Prussia, which was then the farthest country in the
-interior of Europe with which a regular trade was carried on by the English
-merchants.
-
-8827. Matth. vi, 21.
-
-8858. Luke vi, 25.
-
-8879. Psalm ci, 7.
-
-8891. _a lady of sorwe._ The old printed edition has a _laye of sorow_.
-
-8900. Whitaker has no division here, but continues the previous _passus_,
-and omits many lines and has many variations in what follows.
-
-8903. _I slepe therinne o nyghtes._ This passage is curious, because at the
-time the poem was written, it was the custom for all classes of society to
-go to bed quite naked, a practice which is said to have been not entirely
-laid aside in the sixteenth century. We see constant proofs of this
-practice in the illuminations of old manuscripts. The following memorial
-lines are written in the margin of a MS. of the thirteenth century:--
-
-  Ne be thi winpil nevere so jelu ne so stroutende,
-  Ne thi faire tail so long ne so trailende,
-  That tu ne schalt at evin al kuttid bilevin,
-  And tou schalt to bedde gon so nakid as tou were [borin].
-                              _MS. Cotton. Cleop. C._ VI, fol. 22, r^o.
-
-In the Roman de la Violette, the old nurse expresses her astonishment that
-her young mistress should retain her chemise when she goes to bed:--
-
-  Et quant elle son lit fait a,
-  Sa dame apiele, si se couche
-  Nue en chemise en la couche;
-  C'onques en trestoute sa vie
-  La biele, blonde, l'escavie,
-  Ne volt demostrer sa char nue.
-  La vielle en est au lit venue,
-  Puis li a dit: 'Dame, j'esgart
-  Une chose, se Dex me gart,
-  Dont je sui molt esmervillie
-  C'onques ne vous vi despoillie,
-  Et si vous ai vij. ans gardee;
-  Molt vous ai souvent esgardee
-  Que vo chemise ne sachies!'
-                    _Rom. de la Viol._ l. 577.
-
-The lady explains her conduct by stating that she has a mark on the breast
-which she had promised that no one should ever see.
-
-8906. Luke xiv, 20.
-
-8950. _noon heraud ne harpour._ Robes and other garments were among the
-most usual gifts bestowed upon minstrels and heralds by the princes and
-great barons. See before, ll. 8480, 8481.
-
-8970. Matth. vi, 25, 26.
-
-8999. John xiv, 13; xv, 16. Matth. iv, 4.
-
-9037. Psalm cxliv, 16.
-
-9039. _fourty wynter._ During the forty years that the children of Israel
-wandered in the wilderness, they did not apply themselves to agriculture.
-
-9049. _Sevene slepe._ The legend of the seven sleepers was remarkably
-popular during the middle ages.
-
-9101. Psalm xxxi. 1.
-
-9176. Psalm lxxv, 6.
-
-9178. Psalm lxxii, 20. Whitaker's _Passus sextus de Dowel_ ends with this
-quotation.
-
-9317. Both in the Vision of Piers Ploughman, and in the Creed, there are
-frequent expressions of indignation at the extravagant expenditure in
-painting the windows of the abbeys and churches. It must not be forgotten
-that a little later the same feeling as that exhibited in these satires led
-to the destruction of many of the noblest monuments of medieval art.
-
-9344. Mat. xix, 23, 24.
-
-9347. Apocal. xiv, 13.
-
-9352. Matth. v, 3.
-
-9452. Compare the defence of poverty in Chaucer (Cant. T. 6774):--
-
-  Juvenal saith of poverte merily:
-  The poore man, whan he goth by the way,
-  Beforn the theves he may sing and play.
-  _Poverte is hateful good_; and, as I gesse,
-  A ful gret _bringer out of besinesse_;
-  A _gret amender_ eke _of sapience_,
-  To him that taketh it in patience.
-  Poverte is this although it seme elenge,
-  _Possession that no wight wol challenge._
-  Poverte ful often, whan a man is low,
-  Maketh his God and eke himself to know:
-  Poverte a spectakel is, as thinketh me,
-  Thurgh which he may his veray frendes see.
-  And therfore, sire, sin that I you not greve,
-  Of my poverte no more me repreve.
-
-The definition given in Piers Ploughman is taken from the Dialogues of
-Secundus, where it is thus expressed:--"Quid est paupertas? Odibile bonum,
-sanitatis mater, curarum remotio, absque sollicitudine semita, sapientiae
-reparatrix, negotium sine damno, intractabilis substantia, possessio absque
-calumnia, incerta fortuna, sine sollicitudine felicitas." (MS. Reg. 9 A
-xiv, fol. 140 v^o.) See also Roger de Hoveden, p. 816, and Vincent de
-Beauvais, Spec. Hist. lib. x, c. 71.
-
-9517. _the paas of Aultone._ Whitaker has _Haultoun_, and says that this
-pass is Halton "in Cheshire, formerly infamous to a proverb as a haunt of
-robbers."
-
-9529. _Cantabit, etc._ The author has modified, or the scribes have
-corrupted, the well-known line of Juvenal,
-
-  Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator.
-
-9665. These definitions will be found in Isidore, Etymol. lib. xl, c. 1,
-and Different, lib. ii, c. 29. They are repeated by Alcuin, De Anim. Rat.
-N. x, p. 149, _Anima_ est, dum vivificat; dum contemplatur, _spiritus_ est;
-dum sentit, _sensus_ est; dum sapit, _animus_ est; dum intelligit, _mens_
-est; dum discernit, _ratio_ est; dum consentit, _voluntas_ est; dum
-recordatur, _memoria_ est.
-
-9708. Prov. xxv, 27.
-
-9740. Epist. ad Rom. xii, 3.
-
-9751. _the seven synnes._ The seven deadly sins were--pride, anger, envy,
-sloth, covetousness, gluttony, and lechery. "Now ben they cleped
-chiefetaines, for as moche as they be chiefe, and of hem springen alle
-other sinnes. The rote of thise sinnes than is pride, the general rote of
-alle harmes. For of this rote springen certain braunches: as, ire, envie,
-accidie or slouthe, avarice or coveitise, (to commun understonding)
-glotonie, and lecherie: and eche of thise chief sinnes hath his braunches
-and his twigges." Chaucer, Persones Tale, p. 40.
-
-9766. Psal. xcvi, 7; iv, 3.
-
-9828. _in Latyn._ The monks had collections of comparisons, similitudes,
-proverbs, &c., to be introduced in their sermons, and even when preaching
-in English they generally quoted them in Latin. This I suppose to be the
-meaning of the expression here.
-
-9918. Matth. xviii, 3.
-
-9934. 1 Corinth. xiii, 4.
-
-9946. 1 Corinth, xiii, 12.
-
-9957. _a tunicle of Tarse._ Tarse was the name given to a kind of silk,
-said to have been brought from a country of that name on the borders of
-Cathai, or China. Chaucer (Cant. T. l. 2162), describing "the king of
-Inde," says--
-
-  His coote armour was of a cloth of Tars,
-  Cowched of perlys whyte, round and grete.
-
-Ducange (v. _Tarsicus_) quotes a visitation of the treasury of St. Paul's,
-London, in 1295, where there is mention of Tunica et dalmatica de _panno
-Indico Tarsico_ Besantato de auro, and of a Casula de _panno Tarsico_.
-
-10004. Psal. vi, 7.
-
-10009. Psal. l, 19.
-
-10062. Matth. vi, 16.
-
-10069. _Edmond and Edward._ St. Edmund the martyr, king of East Anglia, and
-king Edward the Confessor.
-
-10124. Psal. iv, 9.
-
-10159. _Antony and Egidie._ Whitaker has _Antonie and Ersenie_. St. Antony
-is well known as the father and patron of monks, and for the persecutions
-he underwent from the devil. St. Giles, or Egidius, is said to have been a
-Greek, who came to France about the end of the seventh century, and
-established himself in a hermitage near the mouth of the Rhone, and
-afterwards in the neighbourhood of Nismes. Arsenius was a noble Roman who,
-at the end of the fourth century, retired to Egypt to live the life of an
-anchoret in the desert.
-
-10174. _after an hynde cride._ The monkish biographer of St. Giles relates,
-that he was for some time nourished with the milk of a hind in the forest,
-and that a certain prince discovered his retreat while hunting in his
-woods, by pursuing the hind till it took shelter in St. Giles's hermitage.
-
-10183. _Hadde a bird._ This incident is not found in the common lives of
-St. Antony.
-
-10187. _Poul._ Paul was a Grecian hermit, who lived in the tenth century in
-the wilderness of Mount Latrus, and became the founder of one of the
-monastic establishments there. He was famous for the rigorous severity of
-his life.
-
-10203. _Marie Maudeleyne._ By Mary Magdalen here is meant probably St. Mary
-the Egyptian, who lived in the fifth century, and who, according to the
-legend, after having spent her youth in unbridled debauchery, repented in
-her twenty-ninth year, and lived during the remainder of her life
-(forty-seven years) in the wilderness beyond the Jordan, without seeing one
-human being during that time, and sustained only by the precarious food
-which she found in the desert.
-
-10239. Whitaker's text here adds a passage relating to Tobias:--
-
-  Marie Magdalene
-  By mores levede and dewes;
-  Love and leel byleyve
-  Heeld lyf and soule togedere.
-    Maria Egyptiaca
-  Eet in thyrty wynter
-  Bote thre lytel loves,
-  And love was her souel.
-  Ich can nat rekene hem ryght now,
-  Ne reherce here names,
-  That lyveden thus for oure Lordes love
-  Meny longe yeres,
-  Whitoute borwyng other beggyng,
-  Other the boke lyeth;
-  And woneden in wildernesse
-  Among wilde bestes;
-  Ac dorst no beste byten hem
-  By daye ne by nyghte,
-  Bote myldeliche whan thei metten
-  Maden louh chere,
-  And feyre byfore tho men
-  Fauhnede whith the tayles.
-  Ac bestes brouhte hem no mete,
-  Bote onliche the fouweles;
-  In tokenynge that trywe man
-  Alle tymes sholde
-  Fynde honeste men in holy men
-  And other ryghtful peuple.
-  For wolde never feithful goud
-  That freres and monkes token
-  Lyflode of luther wynnynges
-  In al here lyf tyme;
-  As wytnesseth holy writt
-  Whot Thobie deyde
-  To is wif, whan he was blynde,
-  Herde a lambe blete,--
-  'A! wyf, be war,' quath he,
-  'What ye have here ynne.
-  Lord leyve,' quath the lede,
-  'No stole thyng be here!'
-  _Videte ne furtum sit. Et alibi, Melius
-      est mori quam male vivere._
-  This is no more to mene,
-  Bote men of holy churche
-  Sholde receyve ryght nauth
-  Bot that ryght wolde,
-  And refuse reverences
-  And raveneres offrynges;
-  Thenne wolde lordes and ladies
-  Be loth to agulte,
-  And to take of here tenaunts
-  More than treuthe wolde;
-  And marchauns merciable wolde be,
-  And men of lawe bothe.
-  Wold religeouse refuse
-  Raveneres almesse,
-  Then Grace sholde growe yut
-  And grene-leved wexe,
-  And Charite, that child is now,
-  Sholde chaufen of hem self,
-  And comfortye all crystene,
-  Wold holy churche amende.
-  Job the parfit patriarch
-  This proverbe wrot and tauhte,
-  To makye a man lovye mesure,
-  That monkes beeth and freeres.
-  _Nunquam dicit Job, rugiet onager, etc._
-
-Throughout this part of the poem, Whitaker's text differs very much in
-words and phraseology from the one now printed, but it would take up too
-much space to point out all these variations.
-
-10247. Job vi, 5.
-
-10270. 2 Corinth, ix, 9.
-
-10303. These sentences appear to be quotations from the fathers of the
-Latin Church.
-
-10322. _lussheburwes._ A foreign coin, much adulterated, common in England
-in the middle of the fourteenth century. Chaucer (C. T. 15445) uses the
-word in a very expressive passage:--
-
-  This maketh that oure wyfes wol assaye
-  Religious folk, for thay may bettre paye
-  Of Venus payementes than may we:
-  God woot! no _lusscheburghes_ paye ye.
-
-Among the foreign money, mostly of a base quality, which came into this
-country in the fourteenth century, the coinage of the counts of Luxemburg,
-or, as it was then called, Lusenburg (hence called _lussheburwes_ and
-_lusscheburghes_), seems to have been the most abundant, and to have given
-most trouble. These coins were the subject of legislation in 1346, 1347,
-1348, and 1351; so that the grievance must have been at its greatest height
-at the period to which the poem of Piers Ploughman especially belongs. Many
-of these coins are preserved, and found in the cabinets of collectors; they
-are in general very much like the contemporary English coinage, and might
-easily be taken for it, but the metal is very base.
-
-10368. _Grammer, the ground of al._ In the scholastic learning of the
-middle ages, grammar was considered as the first of the seven sciences, and
-the foundation-stone of all the rest. See my Essay on Anglo-Saxon
-Literature, introductory to vol. i. of the _Biographia Britannica
-Literaria_, p. 72. The importance of grammar is thus stated in the _Image
-du Monde_ of Gautier de Metz (thirteenth century):--
-
-  Li primeraine des vij. ars,
-  Dont or n'est pas seus li quars,
-  A ichest tans, chou est gramaire,
-  Sans laquele nus ne vaut gaire
-  Qui a clergie veut aprendre:
-  Car petit puet sans li entendre.
-  Gramaires si est fondemens
-  De clergie et coumenchemens;
-  Cou est li porte de science,
-  Par cui on vient a sapience.
-  De lettres en gramaire escole
-  Qui ensegne et forme parole,
-  Soit en Latin ou en Roumans,
-  Ou en tous langages palans;
-  Qui bien saroit toute gramaire,
-  Toute parole saroit faire.
-  Par parole fist Dius le monde,
-  Et sentence est parole monde.
-
-10398. _Corpus Christi feeste._ Corpus Christi day was a high festival of
-the Church of Rome, held annually on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
-memory, as was said, of the miraculous confirmation of transubstantiation
-under pope Urban IV.
-
-10418. _This Makometh._ This account of Mohammed was the one most popularly
-current in the middle ages. According to Hildebert, who wrote a life of the
-pseudo-prophet in Latin verse in the twelfth century, Mohammed was a
-Christian, skilled in magical arts, who, on the death of the patriarch of
-Jerusalem, aspired to succeed him:--
-
-  Nam male devotus quidam baptismate lotus,
-      Plenus perfidia vixit in ecclesia.
-    .    .    .    .    .    .
-  Nam cum transisset Pater illius urbis, et isset
-      In coelum subito corpore disposito,
-  Tunc exaltari magus hic et pontificari
-      Affectans avide; se tamen haec pavide
-  Dixit facturum, nisi sciret non nociturum
-      Si praesul fiat, cum Deus hoc cupiat.
-
-His intrigues being discovered, the emperor drives him away, and in revenge
-he goes and founds a new sect. The story of the pigeon (which is not in
-Hildebert) is found in Vincent of Beauvais, Spec. Hist. lib. xxiii, c. 40.
-This story is said to be founded in truth. Neither of them are found in the
-Roman de Mahomet (by Alexander du Pont), written in the thirteenth century,
-and edited by MM. Reinaud and Michel, Paris, 1831, 8vo, a work which
-contains much information concerning the Christian notions relative to
-Mohammed in the middle ages.
-
-10478. John xvi, 24.
-
-10481, 10486. Matth. v, 13.
-
-10499. _Ellevene holy men._ The eleven apostles who remained after the
-apostasy of Judas and the crucifixion of their Lord.
-
-10550. _Ne fesauntz y-bake._ The pheasant was formerly held in the same
-honour as the peacock (see before the note on l. 7915), and was served at
-table in the same manner. It was considered one of the most precious
-dishes. See Le Grand d'Aussy, Hist. de la Vie privee des Francois, ii, 19.
-The Miroir de l'Ome (MS. in the possession of Mr. Russell Smith) says
-(punning) of the luxurious prelates of the fourteenth century,--
-
-  Pour le phesant et le bon vin
-  Le bien-faisant et le divin
-  L'evesque laist a nonchalure;
-  Si quiert la coupe et crusequin,
-  Ainz que la culpe du cristin
-  Pour corriger et mettre en cure.
-
-10553. Matth. xxii, 4.
-
-10581. Mark xvi, 15.
-
-10585. _So manye prelates._ 10699. _that huppe aboute in Engelond._ The
-pope appointed many titular bishops of foreign sees in which, from the
-nature of circumstances, they could not possibly reside, and who therefore
-were a burthen upon the church. Some of these prelates appear to have
-resorted to England, and to have exercised the episcopal functions,
-consecrating churches, &c. The church of Elsfield, in Oxfordshire, was
-consecrated by a foreign bishop. (See Kennett's Parochial Antiquities.)
-
-10593. John x, 11.
-
-10599. Matth. xx, 4, 7.
-
-10606. Matth. vii, 7.
-
-10617. Galat. vi, 14.
-
-10632. _That roode thei honoure._ A cross was the common mark on the
-reverse of our English money at this period, and for a long time previous
-to it. The point of satirical wit in this passage of Piers Ploughman
-appears to be taken from the old Latin rhymes of the beginning of the
-thirteenth century. See the curious poem _De Cruce Denarii_, in Walter
-Mapes, p. 223. Another poem in the same volume (p. 38) speaks thus of the
-court of Rome:--
-
-  Nummis in hac curia non est qui non vacet;
-  _Crux_ placet, rotunditas, et albedo placet.
-
-10637. _Shul torne as templers dide._ The suppression of the order of the
-Templars was at this time fresh in people's memories. It was the general
-belief, and not without some foundation, that the Templars had entirely
-degenerated from their original sanctity and faithfulness, and that before
-the dissolution of the order they were addicted to degrading vices and
-superstitions; and they were accused of sacrificing everything else to
-their grasping covetousness.
-
-10659. _Whan Constantyn._ The Christian church began first to be endowed
-with wealth and power under the emperor Constantine the Great.
-
-10649. Luke i, 52.
-
-10695-10699. Instead of these lines, Whitaker's text has the following:--
-
-  And bereth name of Neptalym,
-  Of Nynyve and Damaske.
-  For when the holy kynge of hevene
-  Sende hus sone to eerthe,
-  Meny myracles he wroughte,
-  Man for to turne,
-  In ensample that men sholde
-  See by sad reyson
-  That men myghte nat be savede
-  Bote thorw mercy and grace,
-  And thorw penaunce and passioun,
-  And parfyght byleyve;
-  And bycam a man of a mayde,
-  And _metropolitanus_
-  And baptisede an busshoppede
-  Whit the blode of hus herte,
-  Alle that wilnede other wolde
-  Whit inwhight byleyve hit.
-  Meny seint sitthe
-  Suffrede deth alsoo,
-  For to enferme the faithe
-  Ful wyde where deyden,
-  In Inde and in Alisaundrie,
-  In Ermanye, in Spayne;
-  An fro mysbyleve
-  Meny man turnede.
-  In savacion of mannys saule
-  Seynt Thomas of Cauntelbury
-  Among unkynde Cristene
-  In holy churche was sleye,
-  And alle holy churche
-  Honourede for that deyinge:
-  He is a forbusur to alle busshopes,
-  And a bryghthe myrour,
-  And sovereynliche to alle suche
-  That of Surrye bereth name,
-  And nat in Engelounde to huppe aboute,
-  And halewen men auters.
-
-In the remainder of this passus, Whitaker's text differs much from the one
-I have printed, but in such a manner that to give here the variations it
-would be necessary to reprint the whole. In the remainder of the poem, the
-variations are not great or important, being only such as we always find in
-different copies of poems which enjoyed considerable popularity.
-
-10716. Isai. iii, 7.
-
-10721. Malach. iii, 10.
-
-10733. Luke x, 27. Diliges Dominum Deum tuum ex toto corde tuo, et ex tota
-anima tua, et ex omni mente tua, et proximum tuum sicut teipsum.
-
-10755. John xi, 43.
-
-10787. _litlum and litlum_, by little and little, gradually. It is the pure
-Anglo-Saxon phrase. In the Anglo-Saxon version of Genesis xl, 10, the Latin
-_paulatim_ is rendered by _lytlum and lytlum_.
-
-10844. Psal. xxxvi, 24.
-
-10891. Matth. xii, 32.
-
-11000. Luke i, 38.
-
-11023. Matth. ix, 12. Mark ii, 17. Luke v, 31.
-
-11033. Matth. xxvi, 37.
-
-11044. Matth. xi, 18.
-
-11075. Matth. xxi, 13.
-
-11121. Matth. xviii, 7.
-
-11238. Matth. xxvii, 46, and Mark xv, 34.
-
-11300. Rom. iv, 13.
-
-11322. John i, 29 and 36.
-
-11396. Matth. xx, 40.
-
-11518, 11520. _lo! here silver ... two pens._ It must be remembered that at
-this period the mass of the coinage, including pence, halfpence, and
-farthings, was of silver; copper came into use for the smaller coinage at a
-later period. Two pence of Edward III would be worth about two shillings of
-our modern money.
-
-11670. John xii, 32.
-
-11708. _tu fabricator omnium._ This was one of the hymns of the catholic
-church.
-
-11866. Luke xiii, 27.
-
-11883. 1 Corinth. xiii, 1.
-
-11894. Matth. vii, 21.
-
-11998. _Thre thynges._ This proverb is frequently quoted by the satirical
-and facetious writers of the middle ages. Thus in Chaucer (C. T. 5860):--
-
-  Thou saist, that droppyng houses, and eek smoke,
-  And chydyng wyves, maken men to fle
-  Out of here oughne hous.
-
-In the poem entitled Golias de Conjuge non ducenda, in Walter Mapes, p. 83,
-the proverb is alluded to in the following words:--
-
-  Fumus, et mulier, et stillicidia,
-  Expellunt hominem a domo propria.
-
-There was an old French proverbial distich to the same effect,--
-
-  Fumee, pluye, et femme sans raison,
-  Chassent l'homme de sa maison.
-
-12040. 2 Corinth. xii, 9.
-
-12097. _to be dubbed._ These and the following lines contain a continued
-allusion to the ceremonies of knighthood and tournaments.
-
-12106. Psal. cxvii, 26.
-
-12211. Matth. xxvii, 54.
-
-12232, 12244. _Longeus ... this blynde bacheler._ This alludes to one of
-the many legends which the monks engrafted upon the scripture history.
-Longeus is said to have been the name of the soldier who pierced the side
-of Christ with his spear; and it is pretended that he was previously blind
-from his birth, but that the blood of the Saviour ran down his spear, and a
-drop of it touching his eye, he was instantly restored to sight, by which
-miracle he was converted. See, in illustration of this subject, Halliwell's
-Coventry Mysteries, p. 334; The Towneley Mysteries, p. 321; Jubinal,
-Mysteres inedits du quinzieme Siecle, tom. ii, pp. 254-257; &c.
-
-12319, 12418, 12420. _Mercy and Truthe, ... Pees ... Rightwisnesse._
-Lydgate seems to have had this passage in his mind, when he described the
-four sisters in the following lines at the commencement of one of his poems
-(MS. Harl. 2255, fol. 21):--
-
-  Mercy and Trouthe mette on an hih mounteyn
-  Briht as the sonne with his beemys cleer,
-  Pees and Justicia walkyng on the pleyn,
-  And with foure sustryn, moost goodly of ther cheer,
-  List nat departe nor severe in no maneer,
-  Of oon accoord by vertuous encrees,
-  Joyned in charite, pryncessis moost enteer,
-  Mercy and Trouthe, Rihtwisnesse and Pees.
-
-12361. _a tale of Waltrot._ This name, like Wade in Chaucer, appears to
-have been that of a hero of romances and tales, or a personage belonging to
-the popular superstitions. Perhaps it may be connected with the old German
-_Waltschrat_ (_satyrus_, _pilosus_). See Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, p.
-270.
-
-12438. Psal. xxix, 6.
-
-12566. Matth. xiv, 28.
-
-12599. _a spirit speketh to helle._ The picture of the "Harrowing of Hell,"
-which here fol, bears a striking resemblance to the analogous scene in the
-old Mysteries, particularly in that edited by Mr. Halliwell under this
-title, 8vo, 1840. Compare the play on the same subject in the Towneley
-Mysteries, p. 244.
-
-12601. Psal. xxiii, 7, 9.
-
-12645, 12669, 12676. _sevene hundred wynter ... thritty wynter ... two and
-thritty wynter._ Our Anglo-Saxon forefathers always counted duration of
-time by _winters_ and _nights_; for so many years, they said so many
-winters, and so many nights for so many days. This form continued long in
-popular usage, and still remains in our words _fortnight_ and _se'nnight_.
-
-12663. _Gobelyn._ Goblin is a name still applied to a devil. It belongs
-properly to a being of the old Teutonic popular mythology, a hob-goblin,
-the "lubber-fiend" of the poet, and seems to be identical with the German
-_kobold_. (See Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, p. 286.) _Gobelin_ occurs as the
-name of one of the shepherds in the Mystery of the Nativity, printed by M.
-Jubinal in his Mysteres inedits, vol. ii, p. 71. It occurs as the name of a
-devil in a song of the commencement of the fourteenth century, Political
-Songs, p. 238:--
-
-  Sathanas huere syre
-    Seyde on is sawe,
-  Gobelyn made is gerner
-    Of gromene mawe.
-
-12679. _to warne Pilates wif._ This is an allusion to a popular legend
-prevalent at this time that the devil wished to hinder Christ's
-crucifixion, and that he appeared to Pilate's wife in a dream, and caused
-her to beseech her husband not to condemn the Saviour. It was founded on
-the passage in Matthew xxvii, 19. Sedente autem illo pro tribunali, misit
-ad eum uxor ejus, dicens: Nihil tibi et justo illi: multa enim passa sum
-hodie per visum propter eum. The most complete illustration of the passage
-of Piers Ploughman will be found in Halliwell's Coventry Mysteries, p. 308,
-"Pilate's Wife's Dream."
-
-12691. _And now I se wher a soule | Cometh hiderward seillynge, | With
-glorie, &c._ With this beautiful passage may be compared a very similar one
-in the Samson Agonistes of Milton:--
-
-  But who is this, what thing of sea or land?
-  Female of sex it seems,
-  That so bedeck'd, ornate and gay,
-  _Comes this way sailing_
-  Like a stately ship
-  Of Tarsus, bound for th' isles
-  Of Javan or Gadire,
-  With all her bravery on, and tackle trim.
-
-12753. _y-lik a lusard._ In the illuminations of manuscripts representing
-the scene of the temptation, the serpent is often figured with legs like a
-lizard or crocodile, and a human face.
-
-12759. Matth. v, 38.
-
-12781. Matth. v, 17.
-
-12801. _thorugh a tree._ Some of the medieval legends go still farther, and
-pretended that the tree from which the wood of the cross was made was
-descended directly from a plant from the tree in Paradise of which Adam and
-Eve were tempted to eat the fruit.
-
-12805. Psal. vii, 16.
-
-12840. Psal. l, 6.
-
-12876. 2 Corinth. xii, 4.
-
-12886. Psal. cxlii, 2.
-
-12896. _Astroth._ This name, as given to one of the devils, occurs in a
-curious list of actors in the Miracle Play of St. Martin, given by M.
-Jubinal, in the preface to his Mysteres inedits, vol. ii, p. ix. It is
-similarly used in the Miracle Play of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and St.
-Paul, Jubinal, ib. vol. i, p. 69. In one of the Towneley Mysteries (p.
-246), this name is likewise given to one of the devils:--
-
-  Calle up _Astarot_ and Anaballe,
-  To gyf us counselle in this case.
-
-12937. Psal. lxxxiv, 11.
-
-12943. Psal. cxxxii, 1.
-
-13222. 1 Sam. xviii, 7.
-
-13274. Luke xxiv, 46.
-
-13317. John xx, 29.
-
-13375. _Veni creator spiritus._ The first line of the hymn at vespers, on
-the feast of Pentecost.
-
-13412. 1 Corinth. xii, 4.
-
-13550. Cato, Distich. 14, lib. ii:--
-
-  Esto forti animo cum sis damnatus inique;
-  Nemo diu gaudet qui judice vincit iniquo.
-
-13789. _I knew nevere cardynal._ The contributions levied upon the clergy
-for the support of the pope's messengers and agents was a frequent subject
-of complaint in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
-
-13807. _At Avynone among the Jewes._ In the middle ages there was a large
-congregation of Jews at Avignon, as in most of the principal cities in the
-south of France. In the civil dissensions which disturbed Italy during this
-century, the pope was frequently obliged to take shelter at Avignon and
-other places within the French territory.
-
-13825. Matth. v, 45.
-
-13855. Rom. xii, 19; Hebr. x, 30.
-
-14142. _Kynde cessede._ The lines which follow contain an allusion to the
-dissipation of manners which followed the pestilence.
-
-14191, 14196. _Westmynstre Halle ... the Arches._ The law courts have been
-held at Westminster from the earliest Anglo-Norman times, it being the
-king's chief palace. The court of the arches was a very ancient consistory
-court of the archbishop of Canterbury, held at Bow church in London, which
-was called St. Mary de Arcubus or St. Mary le Bow, from the circumstance of
-its having been built on arches.
-
-14211. _leet daggen hise clothes._ An account of the mode in which the rich
-fashionable robes of the dandies of the fourteenth century were dagged, or
-cut in slits at the edges and borders, will be found in any work on
-costume: it is frequently represented in the contemporary illuminations in
-manuscripts. Chaucer, in the "Persones Tale," when treating of pride and of
-the "superfluitee of clothing," speaks of "the costlewe furring in hir
-gounes, so moche pounsoning of chesel to maken holes, so moche _dagging of
-sheres_," &c. And again, "if so be that they wolden yeve swiche pounsoned
-and _dagged_ clothing to the povre peple, it is not convenient to were for
-hir estate," &c. In the Alliterative Poem on the Deposition of Richard II
-(printed for the Camden Society), p. 21, the clergy is blamed for not
-preaching against the new fashions in dress:--
-
-  For wolde they blame the burnes
-  That broughte newe gysis,
-  And dryve out _the dagges_
-  And alle the Duche cotis.
-
-Whitaker gives the following singular explanation of this passage:--"_Let
-dagge hus clothes_, probably, let them fall to the ground, or divested
-himself of them; for warriors are 'succinct' for battle as well as 'for
-speed!'"
-
-14269. _A glazene howve._ I suppose this means that, in return for his
-gold, Physic gave him a hood of glass, _i. e._ a very frail protection for
-his person.
-
-14367. _of the Marche of Walys._ Whitaker's text reads, _of the Marche of
-Yrelonde_. The clergy of the Welsh border appear, from allusions in other
-works, to have been proverbial for their ignorance and irregularity of
-life.
-
-14438. Psal. cxlvi, 4.
-
-14444. _wage menne to werre._ This is a curious account of the composition
-of an army in the fourteenth century.
-
-14482. Exod. xx, 17.
-
-14511. _suffre the dede in dette_, _i. e._, The friars persuade people to
-leave to them, under pretence of saving their souls, the property which was
-due to their creditors, and thus, after their death, their debts remain
-unpaid.
-
-14615, 14617. _this lymytour ... he salvede so oure wommen._ The whole of
-this passage, taken with what precedes, is an amusing satire upon the
-limitour. Compare the description of the limitour given by Chaucer in the
-Canterbury Tales, ll. 208-271, who alludes to his kindness for the women.
-The limitour was a friar licensed to visit and beg within certain limits.
-His pertinacity and inquisitiveness in visiting, alluded to in the name
-given him in Piers Ploughman (Sir Penetrans-domos), is admirably satirized
-by Chaucer, in the opening of the "Wif of Bathes Tale:"--
-
-  In olde dayes of the kyng Arthour,
-  Of which that Britouns speken gret honour,
-  Al was this lond fulfilled of fayrie;
-  The elf-queen, with hir joly compaignye,
-  Daunced ful oft in many a grene mede.
-  This was the old oppynyoun, as I rede
-  I speke of many hundrid yer ago;
-  But now can no man see noon elves mo.
-  For now the grete charite and prayeres
-  Of lymytours and other holy freres,
-  That sechen every lond and every streem,
-  As thik as motis in the sonne-beem,
-  Blesynge halles, chambres, kichenes, and boures,
-  Citees and burghes, castels hihe, and toures,
-  Thropes and bernes, shepnes and dayeries,
-  This makith that ther ben no fayeries:
-  For ther as wont was to walken an elf,
-  Ther walkith noon but the lymytour himself,
-  In undermeles and in morwenynges,
-  And saith his matyns and his holy thinges,
-  As he goth in his lymytacioun.
-
-------
-
-NOTES TO THE CREED.
-
-65. _a Minoure._ These were the Gray or Franciscan Friars, founded at the
-beginning of the thirteenth century by St. Francis of Assise. They are
-supposed to have come to England in 1224, when they settled, first at
-Canterbury, and afterwards at London.
-
-75. _a Carm._ 95. _Maries men._ The Carmelites, or White Friars, pretended
-to be of great antiquity, and were originally established at Mount Carmel,
-from whence they were driven by the Saracens about the year 1238. They were
-brought into England in 1244, and settled first at Alnwick in
-Northumberland, and at Ailesford in Kent.
-
-About the date (or a little before) of our poem, the Carmelites appear to
-have been very active in asserting in a boasting manner the superiority of
-their order over the others. An anecdote told by Fuller (History of
-Cambridge, p. 113), under the year 1371, affords a curious illustration.
-"John Stokes, a Dominican, born at Sudbury, in Suffolk, but studying in
-Cambridge, as champion of his order, fell foul on the Carmelites, chiefly
-for calling themselves 'The brothers of the Blessed Virgin,' and then by
-consequence all knew whose uncle they pretend themselves. He put them to
-prove their pedigree by Scripture, how the kindred came in. In brief, Bale
-saith, 'he left red notes in the white coats of the Carmelites,' he so
-belaboured them with his lashing language. But John Hornby a Carmelite
-(born at Boston in Lincolnshire) undertook him, called by Bale Cornutus, by
-others Hornet-bee, so stinging his stile. He proved the brothership of his
-order to the Virgin Mary by visions, allowed true by the infallible popes,
-so that no good Christian durst deny it."
-
-130. _Freres of the Pye._ The Fratres de Pica, or Friars of the Pye, are
-said to have received their name from the circumstance of their wearing
-their outer garment black and white like a magpie. Very little is known of
-their history. They are said to have had but one house in England.
-
-143. _Robartes men._ See before the notes on the Vision, ll. 88 and ll.
-3410.
-
-155. _miracles of mydwyves._ The monks had many relics and superstitious
-practices to preserve and aid women in childbirth. One of the commissioners
-for the suppression of the monasteries mentions among the relics of a house
-he had visited, "Mare Magdalens girdell, and yt is wrappyde and coveride
-with white, sent also with gret reverence to women traveling:" he had
-previously spoken of "oure Lades gyrdell of Bruton, rede silke, wiche is a
-solemne reliquie sent to women travelyng wiche shall not miscarie _in
-partu_." (MS. Cotton. Cleop. E. iv, fol. 249.) See the account of a gem,
-which had a similar virtue, in Matthew Paris's History of the Abbots of St.
-Albans.
-
-305. _the Prechoures._ The Black Friars, or Dominicans, were founded by St.
-Dominic, a Spanish monk of the end of the eleventh century. They were
-called Friars Preachers, because their chief duty was to preach and convert
-heretics. They came into England in 1221, and had their first houses in
-Oxford.
-
-327. _posternes in privite._ These private posterns are frequently alluded
-to in the reports of the Commissioners for the Dissolution of the
-Monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. One of them, speaking of the abbey
-of Langden, says, "Wheras immediatly descendying fro my horse, I sent
-Bartlett your servant, with all my servantes to circumcept the abbay and
-surely to kepe _all bake dorres and startyng hoilles_, and I myself went
-alone to the abbottes logeying joyning upon the feldes and wode, _evyn lyke
-a cony clapper full of startyng hoilles_." (MS. Cotton. Cleop. E. iv, fol.
-127.) Another commissioner (MS. Cotton. Cleop. E. iv, fol. 35), in a letter
-concerning the monks of the Charter-house in London, says, "These
-charterhowse monkes wolde be callyde solytary, but to the cloyster dore
-ther be above xxiiij. keys in the handes of xxiiij. persons, and hit is
-lyke my letters, unprofytable tayles and tydinges and sumtyme perverse
-concell commythe and goythe by reason therof. Allso to the buttrey dore
-ther be xij. sundrye keys in xij. [mens] handes wherin symythe to be small
-husbandrye."
-
-351. _merkes of merchauntes._ Their ciphers or badges painted in the
-windows. For examples, see the note in Warton's History of English Poetry,
-vol. ii, p. 98, last edition.
-
-481. _euelles._ Perhaps for _evel-les_, _i. e._ without evil.
-
-534. _the Austyns._ The Austin Friars, or Friars Eremites of the order of
-St. Augustine, came into England about the year 1250. Before the end of the
-fourteenth century they possessed a great number of houses in this island.
-
-566. _the foure ordres._ The four principal orders of Mendicant Friars. See
-note on the Vision, l. 116.
-
-721. _harkne at Herdforthe._ This appears to be an allusion to some event
-which had recently occurred among the Franciscans at Hertford, or at
-Hereford: if the latter, perhaps they had been active in the persecution of
-Walter Brut. See below, l. 1309.
-
-745. _than ther lefte in Lucifere._ Than there existed in Lucifer, before
-his fall. See before, the note on l. 681 of the Vision.
-
-771. _couuen_. Probably an error of the old printed edition for _connen_.
-
-869. _lath._ Perhaps an error of the printer of the first edition for
-_lay_.
-
-911. Matth. vii, 15.
-
-913. _werwolves._ People who had the power of turning themselves into, or
-were turned into, wolves. This fearful superstition, which is very ancient,
-was extremely prevalent in the middle ages. In French they were called
-_Loup-garous_. The history of a personage of this kind forms the subject of
-the Lai de Bisclaveret, by Marie de France. Sir Frederick Madden has
-published a very remarkable Early-English metrical romance on the subject
-of "William and the Werwolf." See on this superstition Grimm's Deutsche
-Mythologie, pp. 620-622.
-
-954. _Golias._ There is perhaps here an allusion to the famous satire on
-the Monkish orders entitled Apocalypsis Goliae, printed among the poems of
-Walter Mapes.
-
-967. _the kynrede of Caym._ In the popular belief of the middle ages,
-hob-goblins and evil spirits (which haunted the wilds and the waters)
-literally, and bad men figuratively, were represented as being descended
-from the first murderer, Cain. In Old-English poetry, _Caymes kyn_ is a
-common epithet for very wicked people. In the Anglo-Saxon romance of
-Beowulf, the Grendel is said to be of "Cain's kin."
-
-1051. _wytnes on Wyclif._ In the persecutions to which Wycliffe was
-subjected for his opinions in 1382, his most violent opponents were the
-Mendicants. He died in 1384, quietly at his living of Lutterworth.
-
-1189. _a lymytoure._ See before, the note on l. 14615 of the Vision.
-
-1178. _stumlen in tales._ An allusion to the idle and superstitious tales
-with which the monks filled their sermons, in place of simple and sound
-doctrine.
-
-1309. _Water Brut._ Walter Brut (or Bright) was a native of Herefordshire,
-and was prosecuted by the Bishop of Hereford for heresy in 1393. A long
-account of his defence will be found in Foxe's Acts and Monuments.
-
-1401. _Hildegare._ I suppose this refers to St. Hildegardis, a nun who
-flourished in the middle of the twelfth century, and who was celebrated
-among the Roman Catholics as a prophetess. Her prophecies are not uncommon
-in manuscripts, and they have been printed. Those which relate to the
-future corruptions in the monkish orders are given in Foxe's Acts and
-Monuments, book vi, and in other works.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-GLOSSARY.
-
-    [The figures in the following Glossary refer to the _page_ of the text.
-    Words preceded by a +, occur only in the CREED. A.S. and A.N.
-    distinguish the two different languages of which our own is composed,
-    Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman.]
-
-  A.
-
-a, prefixed to verbs of Anglo-Saxon origin, has sometimes a negative,
-sometimes an intensative power: before nouns and adjectives it represents
-_on_ and _at_, as, a-brood, a-fore (aet-foran), a-rowe (i. e. _on a row_),
-a-loft (i. e. _on high_), &c. In words of Anglo-Norman origin, it answers
-to the prepositions, _a_, _ab_, _ad_, of the original Latin words
-
-a (A.N.) 355, _ah!_ (an interjection)
-
-abidynge (A.S.) 413, _patient_
-
-abiggen (A.S.) 35, 127, abien, 58, abugge, 122, abye, 164, abyen, 393, _to
-make amends for_, _to atone for_. _pret. s._ aboughte, 168, 190, 231, 268.
-_part. past_, abought, 392
-
-abite (A.S.) 331, _to bite, nip_
-
-a-blende (A.S.) 377, a-blynden, _to blinde, dazzle_. _pret. s._ a-blente,
-388
-
-abosten (A.N.) 126, _to assault_
-
-abouten, aboute (A.S.) _about_
-
-a-brood (A.S.) _abroad_
-
-ac (A.S.) _but, and_
-
-a-cale (A.S.) 393, _cold_. It occurs in the Romance of the Seven Sages
-(Weber, p. 59):
-
-  That night he sat wel sore _a-kale_,
-  And his wif lai warme a-bedde.
-
-accidie (A.N.) 99, _sloth, a fit of slothfulness_
-
-acombren (A.N.) _to embarrass, bring into trouble_
-
-acorden (A.N.) _to agree, accord_
-
-acorse, acursen (A.S.) 375, _to curse._ acorsed, 375, _accursed_
-
-acoupen (A.N.) 272, _to blame, accuse._ (for acoulpen)
-
-a-drad (A.S.) 397, _afraid_
-
-a-drenchen (A.S.) 198, _to drown_
-
-afaiten, 291, affaiten 81, 119, (A.N.) _to tame_
-
-a-feren (A.S.) 395, 435, _to frighten_, _drive away_. a-fered, 376,
-_afraid_, _terrified_
-
-affraynen (A.S.) 347, _to ask_, _question_, _interrogate_
-
-afore (A.S.) _before_
-
-aforthe (A.S.) 129, _to afford_
-
-afrounte (A.N.) _to encounter_, _attack_, _accost rudely_. _pret. s._
-afrounted, 425
-
-a-fyngred (A.S.) 133, 176, 283, 403, _a-hungered_, _hungry_
-
-a-furst (A.S.) 176, 283, _a-thirst_, _thirsty_. The two forms, _a-fyngred_
-and _a-furst_, appear to be characteristic of the dialect of the counties
-which lay on the Welsh border. They occur once or twice in MS. Harl. 2253,
-which, in my Specimens of Lyric Poetry, I have shown to have been written
-in Herefordshire. They also occur in several other manuscripts which may
-probably be traced to that part of England. In the Romance of Horn, in the
-MS. just mentioned, we have the lines:--
-
-  Horn set at grounde,
-  Him thohte he wes y-bounde,
-  He seide, Quene, so hende,
-  To me hydeward thou wende.
-  Thou shench us with the vurste,
-  The beggares bueth _a-furste_.
-
-i. e. the beggars are thirsty. Whitaker gives a very remarkable translation
-of _a-furst and a-fyngred_, i. e. _frost-bitten, and with aching fingers_.
-Ritson has no less inaccurately explained _a-furste_ in the Romance of
-Horn, by _at first_: the Cambridge MS. of this Romance, earlier and better
-than the MS. Harl., reads:--
-
-  Thu gef us with the furste,
-  The beggeres beoth _of thurste_.
-
-ayein (A.S.) _again_, _in return for_. ayeins, _against_, _towards_
-
-a-gulte (A.S.) 273, 313, 318, 365, _to fail in duty towards any one_,
-_offend_, _sin against_
-
-aiels (A.N.) 314, _forefathers_
-
-+aisliche (A.S.) 471, _fearfully_. The Anglo-Saxon _egeslice_
-
-aken (A.S.) _to ache_. _pret. pl._ oke, 359
-
-al (A.S.) _all_. _pl._ alle, _gen. pl._ alre, aller. oure aller fader, 342,
-_the father of us all_. your aller heed, 424, _head of you all_
-
-a-leggen (A.N.) 207, _to allege_
-
-a-liry (A.S.) 124, _across_, _cross-legged_
-
-alkenamye (A.N.) 186, _alchemy_
-
-allowen (A.N.) 294, _to allow_, _approve_
-
-a-loft (A.S.) 378, _on high_
-
-almarie (A.N.) 288, _a cupboard_
-
-almesse (A.S.) _alms_
-
-a-lough, a-logh (A.S.) 241, 242, _below_
-
-+aloute (A.S.) 495, _to salute_
-
-als (A.S.) _also_
-
-a-maistren, a-maistryen (A.N.) _to overcome_, _be master of_
-
-amenden (A.N.) _to make amends for_
-
-amercy (A.N.) _to amerce_
-
-amortisen (A.N.) 314, _to amortize_, _to give property in mortmain_
-
-ampulle (A.N.) 109, _a small vessel containing holy water or oil_
-
-an (A.S.) 2, _on_
-
-ancres (A.S.) 3, 308, _anachorites, monks who live in solitude_. It is
-applied to nuns, in the early English Rule of Nuns. See Reliquiae Antiquae,
-vol. ii, p. 1
-
-and (A.S.) the conjunction, is frequently used in the sense of _if_. and
-men crye, 362, _if men cry_
-
-aniente (A.N.) 365, _to destroy, annihilate, reduce to nothing_
-
-anoon (A.S.) _anon_
-
-anoy (A.N.) _annoyance_
-
-+anuel (A.N.) 475, _an annuity_: a yearly salary paid to a priest for
-keeping an anniversary
-
-apayen (A.N.) 123, _to satisfy, to please_
-
-apeiren (A.N.) 80, 111, 125, 127, 141, _to lessen, diminish, impair_
-
-apertli (A.N.) _openly_
-
-appenden, apenden (A.N.) 17, _to belong, appertain to_
-
-apposen (A.N.) 18, 43, 252, 318, _to raise questions, to object_
-
-arate (A.S.) 208, 283, _to rate, scold, correct_ (the A.S. aretan?)
-
-arayen (A.N.) _to array_
-
-arere (A.N.) _backwards, back_
-
-arwe, _pl._ arewes (A.S.) 438, _an arrow_
-
-arst (A.S.) 287, _first, erst_
-
-ascapen (A.N.) _to escape_
-
-askes (A.S.) _ashes_
-
-asondry (A.S.) 358, _separated_
-
-aspare (A.N.) 303, _to spare_
-
-aspien (A.N.) to _espy_. _part. s._ aspied, 350
-
-assaien, assaie (A.N.) 334, 336, _to assay, try_
-
-assetz (A.N.) 362, _assets sufficient to pay the debts or legacies of a
-testator_. A law term
-
-assoille (A.N.) 57, 188, 407, 419, _to assoil, absolve, to explain or
-solve_
-
-astronomien (Lat.) _an astronomer_
-
-a-thynken (A.S.) 374, _to repent_
-
-attachen (A.N.) 40, _to attach, indict_
-
-atte (A.S.) _at the_. atte nale, 124, _at the ale_, a corruption of the
-Saxon, aet than ale
-
-attre (A.S.) 243, _poison, venom_
-
-a-tweyne (A.S.) _in two_
-
-aught (A.S.) _something, anything, everything_
-
-auncer (A.N.) 90, _a small vessel or cup_. In Low-Latin it is called
-_anceria_. See Ducange, s. v., who quotes from a charter of the date of
-1320 the words, Una cum cuppis, _anceriis_, tonis, et aliis utensilibus
-
-auntren (A.N.) _to venture, adventure_, _pret. s._ auntrede, 382, auntred,
-435
-
-auter, _pl._ auteres (A.N.) _altar_
-
-avarouser (A.N.) _more avaricious_
-
-aventrous (A.N.) 370, _adventurers, adventurous persons_
-
-aventure (A.N.) _an adventure, an accident_. an aventure, 47, _by
-adventure, by chance_
-
-avoutrye (A.N.) _adultery_
-
-avowen (A.N.) _to make a vow_
-
-avowes (A.N.) _vows, promises_
-
-awaiten (A.N.) 346, _to watch, wait_. a-wayte, 193, _to see or discover by
-watching_
-
-awaken (A.S.) _to awake_. _pret. s._ awaked, 396, awakned, 424, a-wook,
-147, _part. past_, awaked, 425
-
-awreken (A.S.) _to avenge, revenge_. _part. pas._ a-wroke, 129
-
-+awyrien (A.S.) 490, _to curse, execrate_
-
-axen (A.S.) 71, _to ask_. _pret. s._ asked, 81
-
-ay (A.S.) _ever, always_
-
-  B.
-
-bakstere (A.S.) 14, 47, _a woman who bakes_
-
-bale (A.S.) 70, 209, 381, 371 (?), evil, mischief, punishment
-
-+bale (A.S.) 490, _a bon-fire_ (_rogus_)
-
-baleis (A.N.) 184, 229, _a rod_
-
-baleisen (A.N.) 87, _to beat with a rod_
-
-balled (A.S.) 436, _bald_. _balled reson_, 176, _a bald reason, a bare
-argument_
-
-ballok-knyf (A.S.) 302, _a knife hung from the girdle_
-
-bannen, banne (A.N.) 18, 143, 167, 310, _to ban, curse, banish_. _pret. s._
-banned, 173
-
-banyer (A.N.) 321, _a banner-bearer, standard-bearer_
-
-barn (A.S.) 353, _a child_
-
-baselarde (A.N.) 61, 302, _a kind of large dagger, carried in the girdle_
-
-batauntliche (A.N.) 286, _hastily_. Cotgrave gives the Fr. phrase, il
-arriva tout batant, _he came very hastily_
-
-baude (A.S.) _a bawd_
-
-baudy (A.N.) 88, _dirty_, applied to garments. Thus in Chaucer, Cant. T. l
-16102:--
-
-  His overest sloppe it is not worth a mite
-  As in effect to him, so mote I go.
-  It is al _baudy_ and to-tore also.
-
-baw (A.S.) 210, 419, _an interjection of contempt_. Whitaker says that the
-word is still used in Lancashire, and that "the verb means _alvum levare_"
-
-bayard (A.N.) 72, a term for a horse. It means properly a _bay horse_
-
-beau-peere (A.N.) 383, _a common title for a monk_. "Beau-pere, titre que
-l'on donnoit aux religieux." _Roquef._
-
-beche (A.S.) _a beech-tree_
-
-bede, _pl._ bedes (A.S.) prayer. Our modern word _beads_ is derived from
-this word, because it was by such articles, hung on a cord, that our
-forefathers reckoned the number of their prayers
-
-bedeman (A.S.) 45, _a person who prays for another_
-
-+been (A.S.) 493, _bees_
-
-beigh (A.S.) _pl._ beighes, _rings, bracelets, collars_
-
-bekene (A.S.) 363, _a beacon_
-
-+beldyng (A.S.) 483, _building_. belded, 483, _built_
-
-+bellyche (A.N.) 461, _fairly_
-
-bel-sire (A.N.) 168, _grandfather_, or rather, _an ancestor_
-
-belwe (A.S.) 222, _to bellow_
-
-ben (A.S.) _to be_. _pres. pl._ arn, aren _or_ ben, we beth, 391, ye aren,
-301, they arn, 375. _subj. sing._ weere, 15, 19, 417, _pl._ were. what she
-were, 19
-
-bene (A.S.) _a bean_, +_pl._ benen (A.S.) 495, _beans_
-
-+beneson (A.N.) 489, _blessing_
-
-+beouten (A.S.) 489, _without_
-
-beren, bere (A.S.) _to bear_. _pr. s._ he berth, 341. _pret. s._ bere, 54,
-bar, 28, 109, _pl._ baren, 98. _part. pas._ born, y-bore, 377
-
-bergh (A.S.) 112, _a hill, mount_
-
-bern (A.S.) 416, _a barn_
-
-best, beest, _pl._ beestes (A.N.) _a beast, animal_
-
-bet (A.S.) 389, _better_
-
-bete (A.S.) 375, _to beat_. _pret. s._ bette, 184, 436. _part. pas._ y-bet
-
-bete (A.S.) 131, _to amend, heal, abate_. that myghtt not bete my bale (Sir
-Amadas, l. 46), _that might not amend my misfortune_. bete his nede (Rom.
-of Alexand. l. 5065, in Weber), _to satisfy his need_
-
-bettre (A.S.) _better_
-
-bi- _or_ be- is a very common prefix to words in our language derived from
-the Anglo-Saxon, and has chiefly an intensative power, although it modifies
-the meaning in various degrees. Many verbs are no longer known, except in
-this compound form. Thus we have:--
-
-    bi-dravelen (A.S.) 88, _to slobber or slaver on anything_
-
-    bi-fallen (A.S.) _to befal, happen_. _pr. sing._ bifel
-
-    bi-yete (A.S.) _begetting, offspring_
-
-    bi-ginnen (A.S.) _to begin_. _pret. s._ bi-gonne, 106
-
-    bi-heste (A.S.) 50, _a behest, command_
-
-    bi-hest (A.S.) 432, _a promise_
-
-    bi-holden (A.S.) _to behold_. _pr. sing._ biheeld
-
-    +bi-hirnen (A.S.) 488 (?)
-
-    bi-hoten (A.S.) _to promise_. _pres. s._ bi-hote, 104. _pret. s._
-    bi-highte, 81, 345, 389. bi-hote God, 133, _an exclamation_
-
-    by-japen (A.S.) 386, 453, _to mock_
-
-    bi-kennen (A.S.) 31, 154, _to commit to_
-
-    bi-knowen (A.S.) 13, 45, _to know, recognize, acknowledge_. _pret. s._
-    bi-knewe, 404, _part. past_, bi-knowe, 370
-
-    bi-lien (A.S.) 174, bi-lye, 101, _to calumniate_. _part. past_,
-    bi-lowen, 29
-
-    bi-love (A.S.) 184, _false love_ (?)
-
-    bi-loven (A.S.) 130, _to make friends_ (?)
-
-    by-menen (A.S.) _to signify_. _pret. s._ by-mente, 370
-
-    by-molen (A.S.) 273, 274, _to spot, stain_
-
-    by-nymen (A.S.) _to take from_. _part. past_, by-nomen, 62
-
-    bi-quasshen (A.S.) 384, _to crush to pieces_
-
-    bi-reve (A.S.) 132, _to take from, bereave_
-
-    bi-rewe (A.S.) 242, _to rue_
-
-    bi-seken, bi-sechen, 18 (A.S.) _to beseech_. _pret._ bi-soughte. _part.
-    pas._ bi-sought
-
-    bi-semen (A.S.) _to appear_
-
-    bi-setten (A.S.) 93, 95, _to place, set_
-
-    bi-seggen (A.S.) _to reproach, insult_. _part. past_, bi-seye, 437
-
-    bi-sherewen (A.S.) 75, _to curse_
-
-    bi-shetten (A.S.) 40, _to shut up_. _part. past_, bi-shet, 405
-
-    bi-sitten (A.S.) 36, 195, _to beset_
-
-    +be-slomered, 476, _bedaubed_
-
-    bi-snewed (A.S.) 301, _snowed over, covered with snow_
-
-    bi-speren (A.S.) 303, _to lock up_
-
-    bi-swynken (A.S.) 323, _to labour hard_. _pret. pl._ bi-swonke, 442
-
-    bi-tiden (A.S.) _to happen to, betide_
-
-    bi-wicchen (A.S.) 405, _to bewitch_
-
-bicche (A.N.) 98, _a bitch_
-
-bidden, bidde (A.S.) _to pray, to ask, beg, to require, to order_. _pres.
-s._ he bit, 308, 188. _pret. s._ bidde, bad, _pl._ beden, 372, 404. _part.
-act._ biddynge. (if he) bede, 157
-
-bidder (A.S.) _pl._ bidderes, _an asker, petitioner_
-
-biden (A.S.) 387, 428, _to bide, wait_. _part. past_, boden
-
-bienfait (A.N.) _a benefit_
-
-bi-girdle (A.S.) 156, _a bag to hang at the girdle, a purse_
-
-bi-hynde (A.S.) _behind_
-
-bikere (A.S.) 429, _to skirmish, fight_
-
-+bild (A.S.) 460, _a building_
-
-bile (A.S.) _a bill_
-
-bilyve (A.S.) 410, 425, _food_
-
-bynden (A.S.) _to bind_. _pret. s._ bond, 352. _part. pas._ bounden
-
-bisie (A.S.) _busy_
-
-bismere, bismare (A.S.) 82, 413, _infamy, reproach, disgrace_
-
-biten, bite (A.S.) 446, _to bite, urge_. _pres. s._ bitit, 225. _pret. s._
-boot, 82
-
-byte (A.S.) 381, _a morsel_, _bit_
-
-bi-time (A.S.) _betimes_
-
-bittre (A.S.) 393, _bitterly_
-
-bi-yonde (A.S.) _beyond_: when used indefinitely it signifies _beyond sea_,
-_ultra mare_
-
-blancmanger (A.N.) 252, _a made dish for the table_. Receipts for cooking
-it are given in most of the early tracts on cookery
-
-bleden (A.S.) _to bleed_. _pret. s._ bledde, 402, 415
-
-blenche (A.S.) 112, _to draw back_
-
-blende (A.S.) 181, _to blind_. blent, _blinded_
-
-+blenying (A.S.) 468, _blistering_
-
-bleren (A.S.) _to blear, to make a person's sight dim, impose upon him_.
-bler-eighed, 367, _blear-eyed_
-
-blisse (A.S.) _joy, happiness_
-
-blisful (A.S.) _joyful, full of happiness, blessed_
-
-blody (A.S.) 129, 213, _by blood, of or in blood_
-
-bloo (A.S.) _blue_
-
-blosmen (A.S.) _to blossom_. _pret._ blosmede
-
-blowen (A.S.) _to blow_. _pret. s._ blewe, _blew_. _part. past_, y-blowe,
-360
-
-blustren (A.N. ?) 108, _to wander or stray along without any particular
-aim_
-
-bochier (A.N.) _a butcher_
-
-+bode (    ) 493 (?)
-
-bolden (A.S.) _to encourage, embolden_
-
-bole (A.S.) _a bull_
-
-bolk (A.S.) 100, _a belching_
-
-bolle (A.S.) 83, 99, _a bowl_
-
-bollen, bolne (A.S.) _to swell_. _pres. s._ bolneth, 84
-
-book, _pl._ bokes (A.S.) _a book_
-
-boold (A.S.) 373, _bold_
-
-boon (A.S.) _a bone_
-
-boor (A.S.) _a boar_
-
-boot (A.S.) _a boat_
-
-boote (A.S.) 70, 139, 189, 209, 233, 266, _help, reparation, amendment,
-restoration, remedy_
-
-bootne (A.S.) _to restore, remedy_. _part. pas._ bootned, 128
-
-boot-les (A.S.) 369, _without boots_
-
-borde (A.S.) _table_. Hence the modern use of the word _board_ when we
-speak of "_board and lodging_"
-
-bord-lees (A.S.) 239, _without table_
-
-borgh, 70, 143, 181, 346. borugh, 426, 439, _pl._ borwes, 19 (A.S.) _a
-pledge, surety_. _s. in obj. case_, borwe, 285
-
-borwen (A.S.) 71, _to give security, or a pledge to release a person or
-thing, to bail, to borrow_. _pret. s._ borwed
-
-bosarde (A.N.) 189, _a worthless or useless fellow_. It is properly the
-name of a worthless species of hawk, which is unfit for sporting; and is
-thus used in Chaucer's version of the Romance of the Rose, l. 4033:--
-
-  This have I herde ofte in saying,
-  That man ne maie for no daunting
-  Make a sperhawke of _a bosarde_.
-
-The original is,--
-
-  Ce oi dire en reprovier,
-  Que l'en ne puet fere espervier
-  En nule guise _d'ung busart_.
-
-bosten (A.S.) _to boast_. _part. past_, y-bosted, 351
-
-bote-lees (A.S.) 381, _without remedy_
-
-botenen (A.N.) _to button_. +_part. past_, y-botend, 468, _buttoned_
-
-bothe (A.S.) _both_. The genitive, botheres, _of both_, occurs. hir
-botheres myghtes, 340, _the might of both of them_. hir botheres right,
-371, _the right of each of them_.
-
-botrasen (A.N.) 113, _to make buttresses to a building_
-
-bouchen (A.N.) 5, _to stop people's mouths (?)_
-
-bouken (A.S.) 274, 306, _to buck (clothes)_
-
-bour (A.S.) _a bower, chamber_
-
-bourde (A.S.) _a game, joke_
-
-bourdynge (A.N.) 297, _jesting_
-
-bourn, _g._ bournes (A.S.) _a stream or river_
-
-bowe (A.S.) 112, _a bough, branch_
-
-bown (A.S.) 37, _ready_
-
-boy (A.S.) 6 (?)
-
-boye (A.S.) 214, _a lad servant_
-
-breden (A.S.) _to breed_. _pret. pl._ bredden
-
-brede (A.S.) _breadth_
-
-breed (A.S.) _bread_
-
-breeth (A.S.) 388, _breath_
-
-breken (A.S.) _to break, tear_. _pret. s._ brak, 388. _part. pas._
-y-broken, broke, y-broke, 416
-
-breme (A.S.) 241, _vigorous, fierce, furious_. Chaucer, C. T. l. 1701,
-speaking of Arcite and Palamon, says they--"foughten breme, as it were
-bolles two," _fought as fiercely as two bulls_. In the Romance of Sir
-Amadas (Weber, p. 250) a person is described as coming "lyke a breme bare,"
-_like a fierce boar_. It appears to be most commonly applied to animals. In
-the Towneley Mysteries, p. 197, Anna says to Cayphas, "Be not to breme,"
-_be not too fierce_
-
-brennen, brenne (A.S.) 360, _to burn_. _pret. s._ brende, 367. _part. pas._
-brent
-
-bresten (A.S.) _to burst_, _pret. s._ brast, 127
-
-brevet (A.N.) 5, _a little brief or letter_
-
-brewestere (A.S.) 14, 47, _a woman who brews_
-
-brid, _pl._ briddes (A.S.) _a bird_
-
-bringen (A.S.) _to bring_. _pret. s._ broughte, broghte. _part. past_,
-y-brought, broght, 235
-
-brocage (A.N.) 33, 289, _a treaty by a broker or agent_. It is particularly
-applied to treaties of marriage, brought about in this way. In Chaucer's
-Romance of the Rose, l. 6971, Fals Semblant says,--
-
-  I entremete me of _brocages_.
-  I maken pece, and mariages.
-
-So in the Miller's Tale (C.T. 3375), it is said of Absolon,
-
-  He woweth hire by mene and by _brocage_,
-  And swor he wolde ben hir owne page.
-
-That is, he wooed her by the agency of another person, whom he employed to
-persuade her to agree to his wishes.
-
-broches (A.N.) _brooches, jewels_.
-
-broches, 362, _matches_ (?)
-
-brocour (A.N.) 31, 32, 45, 84, _a seller, broker, maker of bargains_
-
-broke (A.S.) _a brook_
-
-brok, _pl._ brokkes (A.S.) 119, _an animal of the badger kind_
-
-brol (A.S.) 55, 494, 495, _a child, brat_. Reliquiae Antiquae, ii, 177:--
-
-  Whan hi commith to the world, hi doth ham silf sum gode,
-  Al bot the wrech _brol_ that is of Adamis blode.
-
-brood (A.S.) _broad_
-
-brotel (A.S.) 153, _weak, brittle, unsteady_
-
-+brothels (A.S.) 496, _wretches, men of bad life_. In the Coventry
-Mysteries (Ed. Halliwell, p. 308), the term is applied to the damned who
-suffer punishment in hell:--
-
-  In bras and in bronston the _brethellys_ be brent,
-  That wene in this werd my wyl for to werke.
-
-In another play in the same collection, p. 217, it is applied to the woman
-taken in adultery:--
-
-  Com forthe, thou bysmare and _brothel_ bolde.
-
-brouke (A.S.) 209, _to enjoy, use, to brook_
-
-brugg, _pl._ brugges (A.S.) _a bridge_
-
-bruneste (A.S.) _brownest_
-
-buggen, bugge (A.S.) 412, _to buy_. _pres. pl._ biggen. _pret._ boughte.
-_part. act._ buggynge, 410
-
-bummen (A.S. ?) 90, _to taste_ (?)
-
-burde (A.S.) 44, 404, _a maiden, damsel, lady_
-
-burdoun (A.N.) 108, _a staff_
-
-burel (A.N.) _a kind of coarse brown woollen cloth_. burel clerkes, 191.
-Tyrwhit (Glos. to Chaucer) thinks this means _lay clerks_. In the
-Canterbury Tales, l. 7453, the friar says:--
-
-  And more we se of Goddis secre thinges,
-  Than _borel folk_, although that thay ben kinges,
-  We lyve in povert and in abstinence,
-  And _borel folk_ in riches and dispence.
-
-The hoste says (l. 15440)--
-
-  Religioun hath take up al the corn
-  Of tredyng, and we _burel men_ ben schrympes.
-
-_Borel folk_ and _borel men_ evidently mean _laymen_
-
-burgage (A.N.) 48, _lands or tenements in towns, held by a particular
-tenure_
-
-burgeise (A.S.) _burgess, inhabitant of a borough_
-
-burghe (A.S.) 135, _burgh, town_
-
-burghe (A.S.) _castrated_, applied to a hog. burghe swyn, 34, _a barrow
-hog_
-
-burjonen (A.N.) 299, _to bud, or spring_
-
-burn (A.S.) _pl._ burnes, _a man_. buyrn, 341, 346
-
-+burwgh (A.S.) 458, _a castle, palace, or large edifice_
-
-busk, _pl._ buskes (A.S.) 223, _a bush_
-
-busken (A.S.) 44, 167, _to busk, go, to array, prepare_
-
-buxom (A.S.) _obedient_. buxomnesse, _obedience_
-
-  C. K.
-
-caas (A.N.) _case_
-
-cacchen (A.S.) 236, _to catch, take_. _part. past_, caught, 361
-
-cachepol (A.S.) 372, 373, _a catchpole_
-
-kaiser, kayser (A.S.) 404, _an emperor_
-
-cammoke (A.S.) 414, a weed more commonly known by the name of _rest-harrow
-(anonis)_
-
-kan (A.S.) _can_
-
-capul, caple (A.N.) 354, _pl._ caples, 415, 416, _a horse_ (said to be
-derived from the Low-Latin _caballus_)
-
-caractes (A.N.) 233, _characters_
-
-cardiacle (Gr.) 266, 430, _a disease affecting the heart_
-
-careful (A.S.) _pl._ carefulle, 403, _full of care_
-
-carien (A.S.) _to carry_
-
-caroyne, careyne (A.N.) _carrion, flesh, a corpse_
-
-carpen (A.N.) 356, 400, _to talk, chat, tell_. _part. pas._ y-carped, 313
-
-+cary (A.N. ?) 475, _a kind of coarse cloth_
-
-casten (A.S.) _to cast_
-
-catel (A.N.) 70, 78, 175, 437, _goods, property, treasure, possessions_
-
-cauken (A.S. ?) 223, 241, a technical term, applied to birds at their time
-of breeding. It is found in the St. Albans Book of Hawking, 1496, sign. A.
-i.; "And in the tyme of their (the hawks') love, they calle, and not
-_cauke_."
-
-kaurymaury, 81, _care, trouble_?
-
-+cautel (A.N.) 469, _a cunning trick_
-
-kaylewey (   .) 334 (?)
-
-kemben (A.S.) 174, _to comb_
-
-kene (A.S.) _sharp, earnest_
-
-kennen, kenne (A.S.) 355, 396, 410, _to teach_, _pres pl._ konne, 3.
-_imperat._ kenne (_teach_), 20. _pret._ kenned, 67, 241, kennede, 409
-
-kepen, kepe (A.S.) _to keep, to abstain_, 60. _pret. pl._ kepten, 235, 404.
-have kepe this man, 352, _have this man to keep_
-
-kernelen (A.N.) 113, _to embattle a building, build the battlements_
-
-kerse (A.S.) 174, _cress_
-
-kerven (A.S.) _to carve_. +_part. past_, y-corven, 460
-
-kerver, 184, _a sculptor_
-
-cesse (A.N.) 375, _to end, cease_
-
-kevere (A.N.) 445, _to recover_
-
-kex (A.S.) 361, _the dried stalk of hemlock_
-
-chace (A.N.) 351, _to race, to go fast_
-
-chaffare (A.S.) 131, 292, 301, 305, 338, _to deal, traffic, trade_
-
-chaffare (A.S.) 3, 31, 85, 268, 305, _merchandise_
-
-chalangen (A.N.) _to challenge, claim_. chalangynge, 82. chalanged, 87
-
-chapitle (A.N.) _a chapter_
-
-+chaple (A.N.) 485, _a chapel_
-
-chapman (A.S.) _a merchant, buyer_
-
-+chapolories (A.N.) 483, _chapelaries_
-
-+charthous (A.N.) 490, _Carthusians_
-
-chastilet (A.N.) _a little castle_
-
-chatre (A.N.) 287, _to chatter_
-
-chauncelrie (A.N.) _chancery_
-
-cheke (A.S.) 68, _the cheek_, maugree hire chekes, 68. We have in Chaucer,
-_maugre thin eyen_, _maugre hire hed_, &c. See Tyrwhit's Gloss, v.
-_Maugre_. One of these instances is exactly analogous to the passage of
-Piers Ploughman (C. T. l. 6467):--
-
-  And happed, al alone as sche was born,
-  He saugh a mayde walkyng him by-forn,
-  Of which mayden anoon _maugre hir heed_,
-  By verray fors byraft hir maydenhed.
-
-cheker (A.N.) _the exchequer_
-
-chele (A.S.) 176, 439, _cold_
-
-chepen (A.S.) 296, _to buy_
-
-chepyng (A.S.) 68, 135, _market, sale_
-
-cherl (A.S.) 210, _pl._ cherles, 337, 375, _a serf, peasant, churl_
-
-+cherlich (A.N.) 485, _richly, sumptuously_
-
-chervelle (A.S.) 134, _chervil, a plant which was eaten as a pot-herb
-(cerefolium)_
-
-chese (A.S.) 296, _to choose_
-
-cheeste, cheste (A.S.) 33, 169, 253, _dissension, strife, debate_
-
-cheve (A.N.) 375, _to compass a thing, to succeed, or bring to an end, to
-obtain, adopt_. _pres. s._ cheveth, 287. _pret. pl._ cheveden, 3, chewe,
-381, 439. lat hem chewe as thei chosen, _let them take as they choose_
-
-chewen (A.N.) 26, 490, _to eschewe_
-
-chibolle (A.N.) 134, _a kind of leek_, called in French _ciboule_
-
-chicke, _pl._ chicknes, 67 (A.S.) _a chicken_
-
-chevysaunce (A.N.) 92, 426, _an agreement for borrowing money_
-
-chiden (A.S.) _to chide_
-
-child (A.S.) _a child_. _gen. pl._ childrene, 72
-
-chymenee (A.N.) 179, _a fire-place_
-
-chirie-tyme, 86, _cherry-time_
-
-chyvelen (A.S. ?) 88, _to become shrivelled_
-
-+chol (A.S.) 464, _the jowl_
-
-kidde, _see_ couthen
-
-kirk (A.S.) _a church_
-
-kirtel (A.S.) _a kirtle, frock_
-
-kissen (A.S.) 395, _to kiss_. _pret. s._ kiste, 394
-
-kith, kyth (A.S.) 55, 324, 400, _relationship, family connection_. to kith
-and to kyn, 268, _to family connection and kindred_
-
-kitone (A.N.) _kitten, young cat_
-
-clawe (A.S.) 274, _to brush, to stroke_
-
-clene (A.S.) _pure, clean_. clenner, 410, purer. clennesse, _purity,
-cleanness_
-
-clepen, clepe (A.S.) _to call_. _pret._ cleped, 436. _part. pas._ cleped,
-174
-
-clergie (A.N.) _science, clergy_
-
-clerk (A.N.) _pl._ clerkes, _gen. pl._ clerkene, 72, _a scholar_
-
-cler-matyn (A.N.) 135, _a kind of fine bread_
-
-cleven (A.S.) _to split, cleave_ (intransitive). _pret. s._ cleef, 373
-
-cleymen (A.N.) 389, _to claim_. _pret. s._ cleymede, 430
-
-cliket (A.N.) 114, _a kind of latch key_. cliketten, 114, _to fasten with a
-cliket_. Tyrwhit explains the word simply as meaning a key--but in Piers
-Ploughman it is put so in immediate apposition with the word key, that it
-must have differed from it. In Chaucer, C. T. 9990, et seq. it appears to
-be the key of a garden gate:--
-
-  This freissche May, that I spake of so yore,
-  In warm wex hath emprynted the _cliket_
-  That January bar of the smale wiket,
-  By which into his gardyn ofte he went;
-  And Damyan, that knew al hir entent,
-  The _cliket_ counterfeted prively.
-
-In a document of the date 1416, quoted by Ducange, v. _Cliquetus_, it is
-ordered that, Refectorarius semper teneat hostium refectorii clausum _cum
-cliqueto_
-
-clyngen (A.S.) 276, _to shrink, wither, pine_. Reliq. Antiquae, vol. ii, p.
-210:--
-
-  When eld me wol aweld, mi wele is awai;
-  Eld wol keld, and _cling_ so the clai.
-
-clippe (A.S.) 359, 394, _to embrace, enfold_
-
-clips (A.N. ?) 377, _an eclipse_
-
-clyven (A.S.) 367, _to cleave, stick to_
-
-clokken (A.N.) 45, _to limp or hobble, to walk lamely_
-
-clomsen (A.N.) 276, _to shrink or contract_. A verb used often in the
-Wycliffite Bible. In Prompt. Parv. aclomsid.
-
-clooth (A.S.) _cloth_
-
-clouch (A.S.) _pl._ clouches, _a clutch_
-
-clouten (A.S.) _to patch, mend_. _part. past_, y-clouted, 120
-
-clucche (A.S.) 359, _to clutch, hold_
-
-knappe (A.S.) 133, _a knop, a button_
-
-knave (A.S.) 14, 66, _a servant lad_
-
-+knoppede (A.S.) 476, _full of knobs_
-
-knowelichen (A.S.) _to acknowledge_. _pret. s._ kneweliched, 239, 407.
-_part. act._ knowelichynge, 400
-
-knowes (A.S.) 98, _knees_
-
-knowen, knowe (A.S.) 408, _to know_, _pres. pl._ knowen. _pret. s._ knew,
-232. _pl._ knewen, 237. _part. pas._ knowen, knowe
-
-coffe (A.S. ?) 120, _a cuff_
-
-+cofrene (A.N.) 455, _to put in a coffer_
-
-coghen (A.S.) 367, _to cough_
-
-coke (A.S.) _a cook_
-
-cokeney (A.N.) 134, _some kind of meager food, probably a young or small
-cock, which had little flesh on its bones_. This meaning of the word (which
-has been misunderstood) may be gathered from a comparison of the passage in
-Piers Ploughman with one in the "Turnament of Tottenham," where the writer
-intended to satirize the poorness of the fare:--
-
-  At that fest were thei servyd in a rich aray,
-  Every fyve and fyve had _a cokeney_.
-
-Heywood, in his Proverbs, part i, chap. xi, gives a proverb in which the
-word is evidently used in the same sense, and appears to be intentionally
-contrasted with a _fat hen_:--
-
-                            --Men say,
-  He that comth every daie shall have _a cocknaie_,
-  He that comth now and then, shall have a fat hen;
-  But I gat not so muche in comyng seelde when,
-  As a goode hens fether or a poore egshell.
-
-I think that _cokenay_ in Chaucer is the same word, used metaphorically to
-signify a person without worth or courage (C. T. 4205):--
-
-  And when this jape is tald another day,
-  I sal be hald a daf, _a cokenay_.
-
-coker (A.S.) 120, _a short stocking, or glove, a sheath_
-
-coket (A.N.) 135, _a kind of fine bread_
-
-cokewold (A.N.) 75, _a cuckold_
-
-cole (A.N.) 134, _cabbage_
-
-coler (A.N.) _a collar_
-
-collen (A.N.) 203, _to embrace, put one's arms round a person's neck_, in
-French, _accoller_
-
-colomy (A. .) 267 (?)
-
-colvere (A.S.) 319, _a dove, pigeon_
-
-come (A.S.) 416, _to come_. _pres. s._ he comth, 18, 332. _pret. s._ cam,
-kam, coom, 168, com, 400. _pl._ comen, 438, come, 235, 237, 430, coome,
-416, coomen, 438. _subj._, til he coome, 328, er thei coome, 353
-
-comsen (A.N.) 23, 24, 49, 77, 81, 119, 136, 152, 244, 372, _to begin,
-commence, to endeavour_. _pret. s._ comsede, 402, 403. comsynge, 382
-
-comunes (A.N.) 80, 420, _commons, allowance of provision_
-
-confus (A.N.) _confused_
-
-congeyen, congeien (A.N.) 258, _to give leave, dismiss_
-
-congie (A.N.) 258, _leave_
-
-konne (A.S.) 401, 408, 437, _to learn, know_. _pres. s._ kan. _pret._
-kouthe, 411, koude. _subj._ in case that thow konne, 424, and thou konne,
-397, _if thou know_. _pret. act._ konnyng, 206, _knowing_
-
-konnynge (A.S.) 409, _knowledge, science, cunning_
-
-contenaunce (A.N.) 2, 203, _appearance, gesture, carriage_
-
-contrarien (A.N.) 367, _to go against, vex, oppose_
-
-contree (A.N.) _a country_
-
-contreve (A.N.) _to contrive_. contreved, _contrived_
-
-conying (A.N. ?) _a rabbit_
-
-copen (A.N.) 51, _to cover with a cope, like a friar_
-
-coppe (A.N.) 44, 191, _a cup, basin_
-
-coroune (A.N.) _a crown_
-
-corounen (A.N.) _to crown_. _part. p._ y-corouned
-
-cors (A.N.) 295, _the body_
-
-corsaint (A.N.) 109, _a relique, the body of a saint_
-
-corsen (A.S.) 305, _to curse_
-
-corsede (A.S.) _cursed_. corseder, 421, _more cursed, worse_
-
-cost (A.N.) 33, 151, 376, _a side, region_
-
-costen (A.N.) _to cost_. _pret. s._ costed, 13. _part. pas._ costned, 13
-
-cote (A.S.) 152, _a cottage, cot_
-
-coten (A.N.) 51, _to dress in a coat_
-
-+cotinge (A.S.) 468, _cutting_
-
-coupable (A.N.) 366, _guilty, culpable_
-
-coupe (A.N.) 44, 95, _a cup_
-
-coupen (A.N.) _to cut out, fashion_ (?) _part. past_, y-couped, 370
-
-courben (A.N.) 19, 28, _to bend, stoop_
-
-courtepy (A.N.) 82, 128, _a short cloak of coarse cloth_
-
-couthen (A.S.) 87, _to make known, discover, publish_. _pret._ kidde, 103,
-269
-
-+couuen (A.S.) 473, perhaps an error in the old printed text for _connen_
-
-coveiten (A.N.) _to covet_
-
-covent (A.N.) 428, _a convent_
-
-coveren (A.N.) 238, _to recover_
-
-cracchen (A.S.) 211, 322, _to scratch_
-
-crafte (A.S.) _craft, art_. crafty-men, 121, _artisans_
-
-creaunt (A.N.) 239, _believing_
-
-crepen (A.S.) _to creep_. _pret. s._ crope, _pl._ cropen
-
-cryen (A.N.) _to cry_. _pret. s._ cried, cryde, 374, _pl._ cryden, cride
-
-croft (A.S.) _a small inclosed field, a croft_
-
-crokke (A.S.) 412, _a pot, pitcher, vessel of earthenware_
-
-+crom-bolle (A.S.) 476, _a crum-bowl_
-
-crop (A.S.) 332, 334, _the head or top of a tree or plant_; hence the
-expression "root and crop," still in use
-
-cropiers (A.N.) _the housings on the horse's back_
-
-croppen (A.S.) 319, _to eat (said of a bird), to put into its crop or craw_
-
-crouche (A.N.) 109, _a cross_. Hence is derived the name of _the Crutched
-Friars_
-
-+crouken (A.S.) 495, _to bend_
-
-+crucchen (A.S.) 495, _to crouch_
-
-cruddes (A.S.) _curds_
-
-cruwel (A.N.) 269, _cruel_
-
-ku, _pl._ kyen (A.S.) 125, _a cow_
-
-kulle (A.S.) 344, kille, 434, _to kill_. _pret. s._ kilde, 431. _part.
-past_, kulled, 339. to kulle, 338
-
-culorum (_Lat._) 60, 198, _the conclusion or moral of a tale_
-
-cultour (A.S.) 123, kultour, 61, _a culter, blade_
-
-cuppe-mele (A.S.) 90, _cup by cup_
-
-kutte, 79 (A.S.) _to cut_. _imperat._ kut, 75. _pret. pl._ kitten, 128
-
-kynde (A.S.) _nature, race, kind_
-
-kynde (A.S.) _natural_. kyndeliche, 382, _naturally_
-
-kyng (A.S.) _pl._ kynges. _gen. pl._ kyngene, 21, 400, _a king_
-
-kyng-ryche (A.S.) _a kingdom_
-
-kyn, _gen. s._ kynnes (A.S.) 40, _kin, kind_. This word is used in the
-genitive case in such phrases as the following: of foure kynnes thynges,
-151, _of four kinds of things_. othere kynnes men, 177, _other kinds of
-men_. none kynnes riche, 213, _no kind of rich men, or rich men of no
-kind_. many kynnes maneres, 359, _many sorts of manners_. any kynnes catel,
-400, _any kind of property_
-
-  D.
-
-daffe (A.S.) _a fool_
-
-daggen (A.S.) 433, _to dag, to cut the edges of the garment in jagged
-ornaments, as was the custom at this period_
-
-daren (A.S.) _to dare_. _pres. pl._ dar, 10, 280. _pret. s._ and _pl._
-dorste, 11, 42, 253, 393
-
-dawe (A.S.) 380, _dawn_. _pret. s._ dawed, 395
-
-dawnten (A.N.) 319, _to tame_,--also, _to daunt, to fear_
-
-decourren (A.N.) 285, _to discover, lay open, narrate_
-
-dedeynous (A.N.) 156, _disdainful_
-
-deed (A.S.) _dead_
-
-deen (A.N.) _a dean_
-
-dees (A.N.) _dice_
-
-deef (A.S.) _pl._ deve, 403, _deaf_
-
-defende (A.N.) 47, 485, _to forbid, prohibit_
-
-defien, defyen, defie (A.N. ?) 84, 100, 141, 298, _to digest_
-
-defyen (A.N.) _to defy_. _pret. s._ defyed, 429
-
-degised (A.N.) 2, _disguised_
-
-deyen (A.S.) _to die_. _pret. s._ deide, 214. to dye, 352
-
-deyntee (A.N.) 205, _dainty, niceness, preciousness_
-
-deys, dees (A.N.) 139, 250, _the dais, or high table in the hall_
-
-deitee (A.N.) _deity, godhead_
-
-del, deel (A.S.) _part, portion_. tithe deel, 323, _tenth part_
-
-delen, dele, deelen (A.S.) 47, 175, 218, _share, distribute, give, deal_.
-_pres._ ye deele, 144
-
-deliten (A.N.) _to delight, take pleasure_
-
-delitable (A.N.) _delightful, pleasant_
-
-delven (A.S.) 417, _to dig, bury_. _pret. pl._ dolven, 128. _part. pas._
-dolven, 128, 293
-
-delvere (A.S.) _a digger, delver_
-
-demen (A.S.) _to judge_. _pret._ demede
-
-dene (A.S.) 373, _din, noise_
-
-dene (A.N.) _a dean_
-
-departable (A.N.) 355, _divisible_
-
-depper (A.S.) 307, _deeper_
-
-dere (A.S.) 140, 349, 370, _to injure, hurt_
-
-derely (A.S.) 396, _expensively, richly_
-
-dereworthe (A.S.) _precious, honourable_
-
-derk (A.S.) _dark_
-
-derne (A.S.) 38, 249, _secret_
-
-destruyen, destruye (A.N.) 361, _to destroy_. _pret. s._ destruyed, 340
-
-dette (A.N.) _pl._ dettes, _a debt_
-
-devoir (A.N.) _duty_
-
-devors (A.N.) 433, _divorce_
-
-dya (A.N.) 435, _dyachylon_
-
-diapenidion, 84, _an electuary_
-
-dido (A. .) 256, _a trifle, a trick_
-
-dighte (A.S.) 134, _to fit out, make, dispose, dress_. _pret. s._ dighte,
-396
-
-+digne (A.N.) 472, _worthy_
-
-digneliche (A.N.) _worthily, deservedly_
-
-dyk, 417 (A.S.) _dych, a ditch_
-
-dikere, dykere (A.S.) 96, _a ditch or foss digger, ditcher_
-
-dymes (A.N.) 326, _tithes_
-
-dymme (A.S.) 388, _dark_. _adv._ dymme, 184, _darkly_
-
-dymmen (A.S.) 98, _to become dim or dark_
-
-dyngen (A.S.) 62, 125, 193, 295, _to strike, ding, knock_
-
-dynt (A.S.) 370, _a blow, knock_
-
-disalowed (A.N.) 281, _disallowed, disapproved. disalowyng_, 282,
-_disapproving_
-
-discryven (A.N.) _to describe_
-
-disour (A.N.) _a player at dice_
-
-disour (A.N.) 120, _a teller of tales_
-
-dyssheres (A.S.) 96, _a female who makes dishes_
-
-+distrie (A.N.) 478, _to destroy_
-
-doel (A.N.) 100, 124, 368, _grief, lamentation_
-
-doughtier (A.S.) 83, _more doughty, more to be feared_. doghtiest, 403,
-_bravest_. doghtiliche, 371, _doughtily, bravely_
-
-doke (A.S.) 81, 352, _a duck_
-
-dole (A.S.) 47, _a share, portion_. Another form of _del_.
-
-donet (A.N.) 89, _grammar, elements, first principles_, from Donatus. See
-note on l. 7944
-
-domesman (A.S.) 414, _a judge_
-
-dongeon (A.N.) _a fort, the chief tower of a castle_
-
-doom, dome (A.S.) _pl._ domes, _judgment_
-
-doon (A.S.) _to do_. _pres. sing._ dooth, _pl._ doon, don. _pret. s._ dide,
-_pl._ diden, 278, 392, dide, 389. _part. pas._ doon, do. _imperat. pl._
-dooth, 152. to doone, 226, 263
-
-dore-tree (A.S.) _a door post_
-
-+dortour (A.N.) 463, _a dormitory_
-
-doted (A.S.) _foolish, simple_
-
-doughtres (A.S.) _daughters_
-
-doute (A.N.) _fear, doubt_
-
-dowen (A.N.) _to endow_. _pret._ dowed, 325, _endowed_
-
-dowve (A.S.) 319, _a dove_
-
-draf (A.S.) 173, 419, _dregs, dirt_. Things thrown away as unfit for man's
-food, particularly the dust and husks of corn after it has been threshed.
-Chaucer's Parson (C. T. l. 17329) says:--
-
-  Why schuld I sowen _draf_ out of my fest,
-  Whan I may sowe whete, if that me lest?
-
-+drane (A.S.) 493, _a drone_
-
-drawen (A.S.) _to draw_. _pret. s._ drough, 89, 98. drogh, 280, 437. drow,
-376, _pl._ drowen, 222. _part. pas._ drawe, 175
-
-+drecchen (A.S.) 478, 480, _to vex, grieve, oppress_
-
-drede (A.S.) 434, _to dread, fear_. _pres. s._ he drat, 165. _pret. s._
-dredde, 280. _pl._ dradden, 429. _imperat._ dred, 17
-
-dredfully (A.S.) 352, _fearfully, terrified_
-
-dregges (A.S.) 419, _dregs_
-
-dremels (A.S.) 148, 247, _a dream_
-
-drenchen, drenche (A.S.) 154, 237, _to drown_. _pret. pl._ a-dreynten, 198
-
-drevelen (A.S.) 175, _to drivel_
-
-drye (A.S.) 276, _thirst_
-
-drien (A.S.) 16, _to be dry, thirsty_
-
-drihte (A.S.) 262, _lord_. drighte, 279
-
-drinken (A.S.) _to drink_. _pret. s._ drank, _pl._ dronken, 277, dronke,
-278. _part. pas._ dronken, y-dronke, 354
-
-dryven (A.S.) _to drive_
-
-droghte (A.S.) 134, _a drought, deficiency of wet_
-
-dronklewe (A.S.) 156, _drunken, given to drink_. The word occurs in
-Chaucer, C. T. l. 7625:--
-
-  Irous Cambises was eek _dronkelewe_,
-  And ay delited him to ben a schrewe.
-
-Again (C. T. l. 12426):--
-
-  Seneca saith a good word douteles:
-  He saith he can no difference find,
-  Betwix a man that is out of his mind,
-  And a man whiche that is _dronkelew_.
-
-The word used by Seneca is _ebrius_
-
-drury (A.N.) 20, _courtship, gallantry_
-
-duc (A.N.) 414, _a duke_. _pl._ dukes, 388
-
-+duen (A.N.) 496, _to endue, or endow_
-
-  E.
-
-ech (A.S.) _each_. echone (i. e. _each one_) _every one, each_
-
-edifie (A.N.) 371, _to build_
-
-edwyte (A.S.) 99, _to reproach, blame, upbraid_
-
-eest (A.S.) _east_
-
-eft (A.S.) 354, 371, _again_
-
-eggen (A.S.) 19, 386, _to egg on, urge, incite_
-
-egreliche (A.N.) 334, 418, _sourly, bitterly_
-
-+ey (A.S.) 464, _an egg_
-
-eighe (A.S.) 180, 190, 306, _pl._ eighen, 5, 80, 127, eighes, 33, _the eye_
-
-eylen (A.S.) _to ail_
-
-eyr (A.N.) _air_
-
-elde (A.S.) _old age_
-
-elenge (A.S.) 12, 179, 425, _mournful, sorrowful_. elengliche, 231,
-_sorrowfully, in trouble_
-
-eller (A.S.) 19, ellere, 168, _an elder tree_
-
-ellis (A.S.) 6, _else, otherwise, at other times_
-
-enbawmen (A.N.) _to embalm_. _pret. s._ enbawmed, 352
-
-enblaunchen (A.N.) 301, _to whiten over_
-
-engyne (A.N.) 384, _to contrive, lay a plan, catch_
-
-engleymen (A.N.) 298, _to beslime_
-
-engreyned (A.N.) 29, _powdered_
-
-enselen (A.N.) _to put a seal to_
-
-+entayled (A.N.) 462, _carved_
-
-entre-metten (A.N.) 226, 263, _to intermeddle_
-
-envenyme (A.N.) _venom, poison_
-
-er (A.S.) _before, formerly_
-
-erchdekenes (A.N.) _archdeacons_
-
-ere (A.S.) _pl. eris, the ear_
-
-erien, erie, erye (A.S.) 117, 138, _to plough_. _pret. pl._ eriede, 411.
-_part. past_, eryed, 117
-
-eerl. _pl._ erles (A.S.) _an earl_
-
-ernynge (A.S.) 418, _running_. _see_ yerne
-
-ers (A.S.) 87, 180, 191, _the fundament, podex_
-
-erst (A.S.) _first, most before_, _superl. of_ er
-
-eschaunge (A.N.) _exchange_
-
-eschetes (A.N.) 75, _escheats_
-
-ese (A.N.) _ease_
-
-eten, ete (A.S.) 386, _to eat_. _pret. s._ eet, 100, 135, 146, 241, &c.
-_pl._ eten, 114, 248, ete, 278. _part. pas._ eten, 354.
-
-+evelles (A.S.) 465, _without evil_
-
-even (A.S.) _equal_. even-cristen, _equal christian, or equal by baptism_;
-_fellow-christian_, evene, 76, _evenly, equally_. evene forth, 356,
-_equally_
-
-+evesed (A.S.) 460, _furnished with eaves_
-
-evesynge (A.S.) 361, _the ice which hangs on the eaves of houses_
-
-ewage (A.N.) 29, _a kind of precious stone_
-
-expounen (A.N.) 290, _to expound, explain_
-
-  F.
-
-fader (A.S.) 361, _a father_
-
-fayn (A.S.) _fain, glad_
-
-faiten (A.N.) 144, 308, _to beg, idle, to flatter_. _pret. pl._ faiteden,
-3. faityng, 175, _deceiving_
-
-faiterie (A.N.) 207, _flattery, deception_
-
-faitour (A.N.) _a deceiver, an idle lazy fellow, a flatterer_
-
-faithly (A.N.) 400, _truly, properly_
-
-fallen (A.S.) _to fall_. _pres. s._ he falleth. _pret. s._ fel, 280, 297,
-fil, 278, 312, 374, fille, 285, 336, _pl._ fellen, felle, 336, 388. _part.
-pas._ fallen, 375
-
-fals (A.N.) _false, falseness_. falshede, _falsehood_. falsliche, 390,
-_falsely_
-
-fangen (A.S.) 111, fonge, 282, 336, _to take, take hold of_. _pret. s._
-_under_-feng, 19, _under_-fonged, 209. _part. past_, _under_-fongen, 115,
-211
-
-faren, fare (A.S.) 197, _to go, fare_. _pret. s._ ferde, 443, _pl._ ferden,
-168 _part. past_, faren 77, 123, 228
-
-fare (A.S.) 376, _proceeding, manner of going on, fare_
-
-fasten (A.S.) _to fast_
-
-fauchon (A.N.) 295, _a sword, falchion_
-
-faunt (A.N.) 134, 144, 336, 403, _a child, infant_
-
-fauntekyn (A.N.) 259, _a young child_
-
-faunteltee, fauntelte (A.N.) 204, 304, _childishness_
-
-faute, _pl._ fautes (A.N.) 179, _a fault_
-
-fauten (A.N.) _to want_. _pret._ fauted, 163
-
-favel (A.N.) 28, 30, _deception by flattery, cajolery_
-
-feble (A.N.) 355, _feeble, weak_
-
-fecchen (A.S.) 39, 385, 410, _to fetch_. _pres. s._ I fecche, thow fettest,
-390. _pret. s._ fet, fette, 36, 104, 202, 385. _pl._ fetten, 134. _part.
-pas._ fet, 444, fette water at hise eighen, _threw water at his eyes_; to
-fetch a thing at another, for, to throw, is an expression still in use
-
-feden (A.S.) _to feed_
-
-fee (A.S.) _property, money, fee_
-
-feere (A.S.) 367, _pl._ feeres, feeris, _companion_
-
-feere (A.S.) 256, 367, 376, _fear_
-
-feet (A.N.) 26, _a deed, fact_
-
-feffement (A.N.) 32, _enfeofment_
-
-feffen (A.N.) 33, 37, _to infeof, to fee, present_
-
-feynen (A.N.) _to feign, dissemble_
-
-feyntise (A.S.) 77, _faintness, weakness_
-
-feire (A.N.) _a fair_
-
-fel (A.S.) _the skin_
-
-fele (A.S.) _many_. fele fold, _manyfold_
-
-fellen (A.S.) _to fell, kill_
-
-felonliche (A.N.) 390, _like a felon, in manner of a felon_
-
-+fen (A.S.) 476, _mud, mire_
-
-fend (A.S.) _pl._ fendes, _a fiend, devil_. fyndekynes, 391, _little
-fiends_
-
-fennel-seed (A.S.) 95, _the seed of sweet-fennel was formerly used as a
-spice_
-
-fenestre (A.N.) 285, 370, _a window_
-
-fer (A.S.) _far_
-
-fere (A.S.) 140, _to frighten_
-
-ferly (A.S.) _pl._ ferlies, _a wonder_, 196, 253, 376
-
-ferie (A.N.) 270, _a week-day_
-
-ferme (A.N.) 403, _adv._ _firmly_
-
-fermed (A.N.) 177, _strengthened_
-
-fernyere (A.S.) 103, 228, _in former times_
-
-fernmerye (A.N.) 253, _the infirmary_
-
-+ferrer (A.S.) 463, _further_
-
-ferthe (A.S.) 413, _fourth_
-
-festnen (A.S.) _to fasten_. _part. pas._ fest, 35
-
-festynge (A.N.) _feasting_
-
-festu (A.N.) 190, _a mote in the eye_. (festuca, _Lat._)
-
-fetisliche, 28, fetisly, 38 (A.N.) _elegantly, neatly, featously_
-
-fibicches (A.N. ?) 186 (?)
-
-+fichewes (A.S.) 468, _a kind of weasel_, called a _fitchet_ in Shropshire
-
-+fyen (A.N.) 487, _to say, fy!_ The exclamation, _fy!_ was originally one
-of disgust, occasioned by anything that stunk, according to the old distich
-(MS. Cotton, Cleop. B. ix, fol. 11, v^o. of the thirteenth cent.):--
-
-  _Phi_, nota _foetoris_, lippus gravis omnibus horis,
-  Sit _phi_, sit lippus semper procul, ergo Philippus!
-
-fiers (A.N.) _proud, fierce_
-
-fighten (A.S.) _to fight_. _pret. s._ faught, 391, 402. _pl._ foughten.
-_part. pas._ y-foughte, 126, 336
-
-fyle (A.N.) 86, _a daughter, girl_, apparently used here in the sense of a
-_common woman_; as they say now in French, _elle n'est qu'une fille_, she
-is no better than a strumpet
-
-fyn (A.N.) 403, _fine, clever_
-
-fynden (A.S.) _to find, to furnish_. _pres. s._ he fynt, 73, 146, 305, 367.
-_pret. s._ fond, foond, 219, 304, 312
-
-fir (A.S.) 360, _fire_. fuyr, _fire_
-
-fithele (A.N.) 272, _to fiddle_. fithele, 165, _a fiddle_
-
-flappen (A.S.) _to strike with a flail or with any flat loose weapon_.
-_pret. pl._ flapten, 128
-
-flatten (A.N.) _to slap_. _pret. s._ flatte, 104
-
-flawmbe, flaumbe (A.N.) 360, 362, _a flame_
-
-flawme (A.S.) 243, _to emit a fetid exhalation_ (?)
-
-flawmen (A.N.) 361, _to flame_. flawmynge, 360, _flaming_
-
-fle, 40, fleen, 168, 366 (A.S.) _to fly_. _pret. s._ fleigh, 40, 351, 353,
-402, 435. _pl._ flowen, 42, 128. fledden, 42
-
-fleckede (A.S.) 222, _spotted_
-
-flesshe (A.S.) _flesh_
-
-fleten (A.S.) 237, _to float, swim involuntarily_
-
-flittynge (A.S.) 206, _disputing, flyting_
-
-flobre (A.S. ?) 274, _to slobber_ (?)
-
-florisshe (A.N.) 291, _to adorn_
-
-floryn (A.N.) 74, _a florin_ (a gold coin)
-
-+flurichen (A.N.) 479, _to flourish_
-
-fode (A.S.) _food_
-
-+foynes (A.N.) 468, _a kind of marten, of which the fur was used for
-dresses_
-
-fold, foold (A.S.) 24, 141, 243, _the world, the earth_
-
-fole (A.S.) _a foal_
-
-follede, 321, _baptized_. see _fullen_
-
-+folloke (A.S.) 489 (?)
-
-folvyle (A.N.) 410 (?)
-
-folwe, folwen (A.S.) 355, _to follow_. _pres. pl._ folwen. _pret. s._
-folwed, folwede, 353. _pl._ folwede, 301. _part. past_, folwed
-
-folwere (A.S.) _a follower_
-
-fonden (A.S.) 238, _to try, tempt, inquire_. _pret. s._ fonded, fondede,
-315, 344, 353
-
-fondynge (A.S.) 291, _a temptation, undertaking_
-
-fongen, _see_ fangen
-
-foot (A.S.) _a foot_. foote, 354, _on foot_
-
-for (A.S.) _for, for that, because_; for-thi, _because, therefore_
-
-for-, in composition in verbs derived from the Anglo-Saxon, conveys the
-idea of privation or deterioration, and answers to the modern German ver-.
-It is preserved in a few words in our language, such as _forbid_,
-_forbear_, _forlorn_, &c. The following instances occur in Piers
-Ploughman:--
-
-for-bete (A.S.) _to beat down, beat to pieces, or to death, beat entirely_.
-_part. past_, for-beten, 436
-
-for-bode (A.S.) _denial, forbidding_
-
-for-biten (A.S.) 332, _to bite to pieces_
-
-for-doon, for-do (A.S.) 78, 163, 371, _to undo, ruin_. _pret. s._ for-dide,
-340, 390. _part. past_, for-do, 262, for-doon, 371
-
-for-faren (A.S.) 303, _to go to ruin, perish, to fare ill_
-
-for-freten (A.S.) 332, _to eat to pieces_
-
-+for-gabben (A.N.) 488, _to mock_
-
-for-yeten (A.S.) 362, _to forget_. _pret. s._ for-yat, 205
-
-for-gyven (A.S.) _to forgive_. _pret. s._ 374. _part. pas._ for-gyve, 365
-
-for-glutten (A.S.) 178, _to devour, swallow up_
-
-for-pynede (A.S.) 126, _pined or starved to death, wasted away, niggardly_.
-Chaucer, C. T. l. 1453:--
-
-  In derknes and orrible and strong prisoun
-  This seven yeer hath seten Palamon,
-  _For-pyned_, what for woo and for destresse.
-
-And C. T. l. 205:--
-
-  He was not pale as a _for-pyned_ goost.
-
-In this latter place Tyrwhit seems to interpret it as meaning _tormented_
-
-for-shapen (A.S.) _to unmake_. _pret. s._ for-shapte, 365
-
-for-sleuthen (A.S.) 103, _to be spoilt from lying idle_
-
-for-stallen (A.S.) 68, _to hinder, forestall, stop_
-
-for-sweren (A.S.) 170, _to perjure, swear falsely_. _part. pas._
-for-sworen, 418, forsworn
-
-for-thynken (A.S.) 167, _to repent, beg pardon_
-
-for-wandred (A.S.) 1, _worn out with wandering about_
-
-for-wanye (A.S.) 79, _to spoil_
-
-+for-werd (A.S.) 476, 494, _worn out_
-
-for-yelden (A.S.) 133, 257, _to make a return for a thing, repay_
-
-forbisne (A.S.) 152, _an example, similitude, parable_
-
-forceres (A.N.) 186, _coffers_
-
-fore-ward, for-ward, for-warde (A.S.) 65, 119, 206, _a bargain, promise_
-
-for-goer (A.S.) 39, _a goer before_
-
-for-goers (A.S.) 31, _people whose business it was to go before the great
-lords in their progresses, and buy up provisions for them_
-
-formest (A.S.) 186, 403, _first, foremost_
-
-+formfaderes (A.S.) 498, _first fathers_
-
-formour (A.N.) 160, 358, _a creator, maker_
-
-forreyour (A.N.) 430, _a scout, forager_
-
-forster (A.N.) 354, _a forester_
-
-+forytoures, 465, perhaps an error of the press in the old edition for
-_fautoures_
-
-forwit (A.S.) 87, _prescience, forethought, anticipation_
-
-fostren (A.S.) 360, _to foster_
-
-foulen (A.S.) 414, _to defoul_
-
-fowel (A.S.) _a fowl, bird_
-
-fraynen (A.S.) _to ask, inquire, question_. _pret. s._ frayned, 18, 109,
-151, 341, 370
-
-+fraynyng (A.S.) 452, _questioning_
-
-frankeleyn (A.N.) 398, _a large freeholder_, in rank in society classed
-with, but after, the _miles_ and _armiger_. See Tyrwhit's note on the
-Canterbury Tales, l. 333
-
-frayel (A.N.) 252, _a wicker basket_. See note. In the romance of Richard
-Coeur de Lion, l. 1547, King Richard says:--
-
-  Richard aunsweryth, with herte free,
-  Off froyt there is gret plente;
-  Fyggys, raysyns, in _frayel_,
-  And notes may serve us fol wel.
-
-fraytour (A.N.) 192, 463, _a refectory_
-
-freke (A.S.) 74, 87, 130, 132, 188, 203, 246, 250, 341, _man, fellow_
-
-frele (A.N.) _frail_
-
-freletee (A.N.) 46, frelete, 367, _frailty_
-
-fremmed (A.S.) 303, _strange_
-
-frere (A.N.) _a friar, brother_
-
-frete (A.S.) 265, _to fret_
-
-frete, freten (A.S.) 33, _to eat, devour_. _pret. s._ freet, 381
-
-fretien (A.S.) _to adorn_. _part. p._ fretted
-
-fryth (A.S.) 224, 241, 355, _an inclosed wood_
-
-frythed (A.S.) 112, _wooded_
-
-frounces (A.N.) 265, _wrinkles_
-
-fullen (A.S.) 322, _to full cloth_
-
-fullen (A.S.) 176, _to become full_
-
-fullen (A.S.) _to baptize_. _pret. s._ follede, 321. _part. past_,
-y-fulled, 398
-
-fullynge (A.S.) 244, 322, 398, _baptizing, baptism_
-
-furwe (A.S.) _a furrow_
-
-fust (A.S.) 356, _the fist_
-
-  G. Y.
-
-gabben (A.N.) 53, _to joke, trifle, tell tales_. gabbyng (A.N.) 423,
-_joking, idle talk_
-
-gadelyng (A.S.) 434, gedelyng, 165. _pl._ gedelynges, 171, gadelynges, 68,
-_a vagabond_. In Anglo-Saxon the word _gaedeling_ means a companion or
-associate, apparently without any bad sense. Thus the romance of Beowulf
-speaks of the armour of one of the heroes:--
-
-  thaet Onela for-geaf,
-  his gaedelinges
-  gudh-ge-waedu.
-  _which Onela had given him,
-  the war-weeds of his comrade,
-  the ready implements of war._
-
-This, and most of the other similar Anglo-Saxon words, applied to their
-heroes and warriors, became degraded under the Anglo-Normans. We may
-mention as other examples the words, _fellow_, _renk_, _grom_, _wye_, &c.
-
-+gaynage (A.N.) 462, _profit_
-
-gaynesse (A.N.) 178, _gaiety_
-
-galoche (A.N.) 370, _a shoe_. The word occurs in Chaucer
-
-galpen (A.S.) 252, _to belch_
-
-gamen (A.S.) _play_
-
-gangen, gange (A.S.) _to go_
-
-+garites (A.S.) 463, _garrets_
-
-garnementz (A.N.) 379, _garments, ornaments_
-
-gare (A.S.) _to make or cause to do a thing_. _pret. s._ garte, 22, 80,
-135, 321, gart, 84, gerte, 428
-
-gate (A.S.) 67, 171, 383, _way, going_. go thi gate, 351, 445, _go thy
-way_. this ilke gate, 354, _this same way_
-
-yate (A.S.) 385, 406, _a gate_
-
-geaunt (A.N.) 384, _a giant_
-
-gentile (A.N.) 26, 174, 175, _gentle, genteel_
-
-gentilliche (A.N.) 44, _beautifully, finely, genteelly_
-
-gentrie (A.N.) 370, _gentility_
-
-gerl (A.S.) _pl._ gerles, girles, gerlis, 17, 184, 369, _youth of either
-sex_. In the Coventry Mystery of the Slaughter of the Innocents (p. 181)
-one of the knights engaged in the massacre says:--
-
-  I xall sle scharlys,
-  And qwenys with therlys,
-  Here _knave gerlys_
-      I xal steke.
-  Forthe wyl I spede,
-  To don hem blede,
-  Thow _gerlys_ grede,
-      We xul be wreke.
-
-gerner (A.N.) _a garner_
-
-gesene (A.S. ?) 262, _rare, scarce_
-
-gesse (A.S.) _a guess_. up gesse, 102, _upon guess, by guess_
-
-gest, _pl_. gestes (A.N.) _a deed, history, tale_
-
-gest (A.S.) 312, _a guest_
-
-geten, gete (A.S.) _to get_. _pres. pl._ geten. _pret. s._ gat, thow gete,
-386, 389, 390, getest, 390, _part. past_, geten, 375, gete, 403
-
-yiftes (A.S.) 49, _gifts_
-
-gyle (A.S.) _guile, deceit_
-
-gilour (A.S.) _a deceiver_
-
-gyn (A.N.) 384, _a trap, machine, contrivance_
-
-gynful (A.N.) 186, _full of tricks or contrivances_
-
-gynnen (A.S.) _to begin_. _pret. sing._ gan, 2. _pl._ gonne, 158, gonnen,
-262. gynnyng, _beginning_. The preterite is frequently used as an auxiliary
-verb to form with others a kind of imperfect or preterite, as, gan drawe,
-352, _drew_; gan despise, 374, _despised_
-
-gyen (A.N.) 39, _to rule_
-
-gyour (A.N.) 421, 429, _a ruler, leader_
-
-girden (A.S.) 40, _to cast, strike_. _pret. s._ girte, 99. In the second
-Towneley Mystery of the Shepherds, p. 115, Mak says, "If I trespas eft,
-_gyrd_ of my heede."
-
-gyterne (A.N.) 260, a _gittern_, a musical instrument, resembling, or
-identical with, the modern guitar
-
-gyven (A.S.) _to give_. _pres. pl._ gyven. _pret. sing._ gaf, yaf, 387.
-_part. past_, yeven, y-gyve, 37
-
-gyven (A.S.) 436, _to fetter, bind in gyves_
-
-+gladdyng (A.S.) 481, _merry_ (?)
-
-gladen, 404, gladie, 384 (A.S.) _to gladden, cause joy to_. _pret. s._
-gladede, 435
-
-+glaverynge (A.N.) 454, 492, _smooth, slippery, flattering_
-
-glazene (A.S.) 435, _made of glass_ (?) See note
-
-glee (A.S.) _the performance of the minstrel or jongleur_
-
-gle-man (A.S.) 98, 165, _a minstrel_
-
-glede, glade (A.S.) 94, 361, _a spark, glowing ember_
-
-+gleym (    ) 479 (?)
-
-+gloppynge (A.S.) 456, _sucking in_
-
-glosen (A.N.) _to gloss, paraphrase, comment_
-
-gloton (A.N.) _a glutton_
-
-glotonye (A.N.) _gluttony_
-
-glubben (A.S.) _to suck in, gobble up_. _part. pas._ y-glubbed, 97, _sucked
-in_. glubbere, 162, _a glutton_
-
-gnawen (A.S.) _to gnaw_
-
-+gode (A.S.) 476, _a goad_
-
-goky (A.S.) 220, _a gawky, clown_
-
-goliardeis (A.N.) 9, _one who gains his living by following rich men's
-tables, and telling tales and making sport for the guests_. See on this
-word the Introduction to the Poems of Walter Mapes. It occurs in Chaucer,
-C. T. l. 562
-
-  He was a jangler and _a golyardeys_,
-  And that was most of synne and harlotries.
-
-gome (A.S.) 257, 263, 267, 288, 308, 312, 350, 354, 382, 403, _a man_
-
-gomme (A.N.) _gum_
-
-goon (A.S.) 37, _to go_. _pres. s._ he gooth, 354. _pl._ gon, goon, 303.
-_pret. sing._ wente. _pl._ wenten, 233, 351
-
-goost (A.S.) _spirit, ghost_
-
-goostliche (A.S.) 427, _spiritually_
-
-gorge (A.N.) 176, 177, _the throat, mouth_
-
-gos (A.S.) _pl._ gees, _a goose_
-
-gothelen (A.S.) 97, 252, _to grumble_ (as is said of the belly)
-
-gowe (A.S.) 14, _a phrase of invitation, i. e. go we, let us go_
-
-graffen (A.N.) 85, _to graft_
-
-+graith (A.S.) 453, 464, _the truth_ (?)
-
-graithe (A.S.) 27, _ready, prepared_
-
-graithen (A.S.) _to prepare, make ready_. +_part. pas._ y-greithed, 462,
-487. graythed, 494
-
-graithly (A.S.) 386. graythliche, 482, _readily, speedily_
-
-graunt (A.N.) 353, _great_
-
-graven (A.N.) _to engrave_. _part. pas._ grave, 73, _engraved_
-
-gravynge (A.N.) _engraving, sculpturing_
-
-graven (A.N.) 206, _to put in grave_
-
-greden (A.S.) 32, 47, _to cry out, shout, make a noise_. _pret. s._ thow
-graddest, 421, he gradde, 335, 448
-
-gree (A.N.) 375, _pleasure, will_
-
-greete (A.S.) 100, _to lament_
-
-greyne (A.N.) 412, 415, _a grain, seed_
-
-greten (A.S.) 97, 379, _to greet_. _pret. s._ grette, 186, 344, 446
-
-gretter (A.S.) _greater_
-
-greven (A.N.) 354, _to grieve_
-
-grys (A.S.) 14, 68, 134, _pigs_. See the story of Will _Gris_ in the
-Lanercost Chronicle
-
-grys (A.N.) 308, _a kind of fur_
-
-+grysliche (A.S.) 485, _fearfully_
-
-grom (A.S.) 99, _a man_: hence the modern groom
-
-grote (A.N.) 51, _a groat, a coin of the value of four pennies_
-
-grucchen, grucche (A.S.) _to grudge_
-
-  H.
-
-hailsen (A.S.) _to salute_. _pres. s._ hailse, 83. _pret._ hailsed, 148,
-151
-
-hayward (A.N.) 415, _a man employed to watch and guard the inclosed fields,
-or hays_. An illustration of this word will be found in the passage from
-Whitaker's text given in the note on l. 2473
-
-hakke (A.S.) 420, _to follow, run after, cut along after_
-
-half (A.S.) _half, side_
-
-halie (A.S.) 156, _to hawl_
-
-hals (A.S.) _the neck_
-
-halwe (A.S.) 327, _to hallow, consecrate, make holy_
-
-hamlen (A.S.) +_part. pas._ y-hamled, 468, _to tie or attach_ (?)
-
-handy dandy (A.S.) 69, the expression still used in Shropshire and
-Herefordshire
-
-hange, honge (A.S.) 348, 384, _to hang_ (intransitive). _pret. s._ hanged,
-19
-
-hange, hangen (A.S.) 39, 392, _to hang_ (transitive). _pret. pl._ hengen,
-25
-
-hanylons (A.N.) 181, _the wiles of a fox_. See Sir Frederick Madden's
-Glossary to Gawawyn (v. _hamlounez_), who quotes the following lines from
-the Boke of St. Albans:--
-
-  And yf your houndes at a chace renne there ye hunte,
-  And the beest begyn to renne, as hartes ben wonte,
-  Or for to _hanylon_, as dooth the foxe wyth his gyle,
-  Or for to crosse, as the roo doth otherwhyle.
-
-hanselle (A.S.) 96, _gift, reward, bribe_. It is used in the alliterative
-poem on the Deposition of Richard II, p. 30:--
-
-  Some parled as perte
-  As provyd well after,
-  And clappid more for the coyne
-  That the kyng owed hem,
-  Thanne ffor comfforte of the comyne
-  That her cost paied,
-  And were behote _hansell_,
-  If they helpe wolde.
-
-hardy (A.N.) 413, _bold, hardy, courageous_. hardier, 354, _more bold_
-
-hardie (A.N.) 321, _to encourage, embolden_
-
-harewe (A.S.) 412, _a harrow_
-
-harewen, harewe (A.S.) 412, 414, _to harrow_. _pret._ harewede, _ib._
-
-harlot (A.N.) 175, 270, 271, 303, 354, _a blackguard, person of infamous
-life_. The word was used in both genders. It appears to have answered
-exactly to the French _ribaud_, as Chaucer in the Romance of the Rose
-translates _roy des ribaulx_, by _king of harlots_. Chaucer says of the
-Sompnour (C. T. l. 649):--
-
-  He was a _gentil harlot_ and a kynde
-  A bettre felaw schulde men nowher fynde.
-  He wolde suffre for a quart of wyn,
-  A good felawe to ban his concubyn,
-  A twelve moneth, and excuse him atte fulle.
-
-This passage gives us a remarkable trait of the character of the ribald, or
-harlot, who formed a peculiar class of middle-age society. Among some old
-glosses in the Reliquiae Antiquae (vol. i, p. 7), we find "_scurra_, a
-harlotte." In the Coventry Mystery of the Woman taken in Adultery (p. 217),
-it is the young man who is caught with the woman, and not the woman
-herself, who is stigmatised as a _harlot_.
-
-harpen (A.S.) _to harp_. _pret. pl._ harpeden, 394
-
-harrow (A.N.) 430, an exclamation, or rather a cry, said to have been
-peculiar to the Normans, the origin and derivation of which have been the
-subject of much discussion among antiquaries. It was the cry which every
-one was bound to raise and repeat, when any murder, theft, robbery, or
-other violent crime, was attempted or perpetrated, in order that the
-offenders might be hindered or secured. It was afterwards used in any great
-tumult or disorder, and became a general exclamation of persons wanting
-help. (See Ducange, in v. _Haro_.) In the Towneley Mysteries (p. 14), when
-Cain finds that his offering will not burn, he cries:--
-
-  We! out! haro! help to blaw!
-  It wille not bren for me, I traw.
-
-haspen (A.S.) _to clasp_. y-hasped, 26
-
-hastilokest (A.N.) 424, _most quickly, speedily, hastily_
-
-haten (A.S.) _to call, order_. _pres. s._ I hote. _pret. s._ highte, heet,
-445. _part. pas._ y-hote, hoten, hote, _called, ordered_
-
-haten (A.S.) _to be called or named_. _pres. s._ hatte, _is called_, I
-hatie, 260, _am called_. _pret. s._ highte, _was called_
-
-hater (A.S.) 273, _dress_
-
-haterynge (A.S.) 299, _dressing, attire_
-
-hatien (A.S.) 179, _to hate_
-
-haven, have, han (A.S.) _to have_. _pres. pl._ han. _pret. s._ hadde, _pl._
-hadden, hadde
-
-haver (A.S.) _oats_, 134, an haver cake, _an oat-cake_
-
-heed (A.S.) _the head_. _See_ heved
-
-heele (A.S.) _health_
-
-heep (A.S.) _a heap_
-
-heeth (A.S.) 322, _heath_
-
-hegge (A.S.) _pl._ hegges, _a hedge_
-
-heigh (A.S.) _high_
-
-+heyne (A.N.) 466, _hatred_ (?)
-
-heyre (A.S.) _hair_. _gen._ heris, 193, _hair's_
-
-hele, heele (A.S.) _health_
-
-hele (A.S.) 150, _a heel_
-
-helen, (A.S.) 87, 445. helien, 241, _to conceal, hide_
-
-helen, heele, 355 (A.S.) _to heal_. _pret. s._ heeled, 337. an helyng, 355,
-_in healing, in the course of recovering his health_
-
-helpen, helpe (A.S.) _to help_. _pret. s._ halp, 403, 418, _pl._ holpen,
-123. _part. pas._ holpen, 75, 303, 338, holpe, 115
-
-hem (A.S.) _them_
-
-hemselve (A.S.) _themselves_
-
-hende (A.S.) 308, _gentle, polite_. hendenesse, 398, _gentleness,
-worthiness_. hendely, hendiliche, 44, _politely, gently_
-
-hennes (A.S.) _hence, from this time_
-
-henten, hente (A.S.) _to take, seize_. _pret. s._ hente, hent, 435
-
-heraud (A.N.) _a herald_
-
-herberwe (A.S.) _a harbour_
-
-herberwen (A.S.) _to harbour, shelter_. _pret. s._ herberwed, 352
-
-heremite (A.N.) _a hermit_
-
-heren, here (A.S.) _to hear_. _pret. s._ herde. _imperat._ y-heer, 356
-
-herne (A.S.) 42, 393, _a corner_
-
-herte (A.S.) _the heart_
-
-heste (A.S.) _a commandment_
-
-+hethen (A.S.) 475, _hence_
-
-+hetheved (A.S.) 469, _head_
-
-hethynesse (A.S.) 321, _heathenness, paganism, idolatry_
-
-heved (A.S.) _a head_. heed, 352
-
-hewe (A.S.) 110, _pl._ hewen, 71, 273, 281, _a husbandman, a workman_
-
-hewe, _pl._ hewes (A.S.) 224, _hue, colour_
-
-hiden (A.S.) _to hide_. _pret. s._ hidde, 354. _part. pas._ y-hudde, 199
-
-+hyen (A.S.) 475, _to hie, go_. _pret. s._ hiede, 444
-
-hyere (A.S.) _higher_
-
-hii (A.S.) _they_
-
-hil (A.S.) _pl._ hulles, _a hill_
-
-hilen (A.S.) 113, _to cover over_. _pret. s._ hiled, 241, _pl._ hileden,
-223
-
-hynde (A.S.) 311, _a doe, female deer_
-
-hyne (A.S.) _a servant, serf, rustic, labourer_
-
-hyne, 72, 268, _a hen_ (?)
-
-hippynge (A.S.) 351, _hopping_
-
-hire (A.S.) _their_
-
-hir (A.S.) _of them_. _gen. pl._ of he. hir neither, 67, _neither of them_.
-hir eyther, 212, 446, _either of them_. hir noon, 237, _none of them_. hir
-oon fordooth hir oother, 373, _one of them destroys the other of them_
-
-his (A.S.) _pl._ hise, _his_
-
-hitten (A.S.) _to hit_. _pret. s._ hite, 86, hitte, 96
-
-+hod (A.S.) 476, _a hood_
-
-+hok-shynes (A.S.) 476, _crooked shins_. hok seems almost superfluous: the
-shin towards the _hock_ or ancle?
-
-holden (A.S.) _to hold_. _pres. s._ he halt, 354, 357, _pl._ holde, 15,
-holden, 18. _pret. s._ heeld, 156, 206, _pl._ helden, 294, 418, 438. _part.
-pas._ y-holden, 358, holden, y-holde, 440, 441
-
-hool (A.S.) _pl._ hole, 392, _whole, entire_. hooly, _wholly_. holly, 396,
-_wholly_. +hollich, 452, _wholly_
-
-homliche (A.S.) 179, _from house to house_
-
-hoom (A.S.) _home_. the viker hadde fer hoom, 424, _the vicar had far to go
-home_
-
-hoor (A.S.) _pl._ hore, 144, _hoary_. as hoor as an hawethorn, 341
-
-hoord (A.S.) _a hoard_
-
-hoors (A.S.) 367, _hoarse_
-
-hoot (A.S.) 360, _hot_
-
-hopen (A.S.) 329, _to expect, hope_
-
-hoper (A.S.) 120, _the hopper of a mill_
-
-hore (A.S.) 75, _pl._ hoores, 299, hores, 303, _a whore_
-
-+hornes (A.S.) 461, _corners_
-
-hostele (A.N.) 355, _to give lodging, to receive into an inn_
-
-hostiler (A.N.) 352, 355, _the keeper of a hostelry or inn_
-
-hostrie (A.N.) 352, _a hostelry, inn_
-
-houpen (A.S.) 127, _to hoop, shout_
-
-houres (A.N. heures, _Lat._ horae) _the Romish service_
-
-housel (A.S.) 419, _the sacrament of the Eucharist_
-
-houselen (A.S.) _to receive the Eucharist_. _part. past_, housled, 396,
-424, houseled, 419
-
-hoven (A.S.) 13, _to tarry, hover, dwell_. _pret. s._ hoved, 374
-
-howve (A.S.) _pl._ howves, 13, 60, 435, _a cap or hood_
-
-hucche (A.S.) 72, _a hutch, chest_
-
-huge (A.S.) 216, _great_
-
-hukkerye (A.S.) 90, _huckstry_
-
-hunten (A.S.) _to hunt_. _part. pas._ y-honted, 41
-
-huppe (A.S.) 327, _to hop_
-
-huyre (A.S.) 111, _hire, wages_
-
-  I. Y.
-
-ic, ich, ik (A.S.) _I_
-
-+ich (A.S.) _each_. +ichon, 479, _each one_. _See_ ech
-
-ydel (A.S.) _idleness, vanity_. on ydel, _in vain_
-
-+iis (A.S.) 476, _ice_
-
-ilke (A.S.) _same_
-
-impe (A.N.) 85, _a sprig, twig growing from the root of a tree_
-
-impen, ympen (A.N.) 85, _to graft_. +_part. past_, ymped, 469, _grafted_
-
-in-going (A.S.) 115, _entrance_
-
-inne (A.S.) the adverbial form of _in_
-
-inne (A.S.) _a lodging_, hence our _inn_
-
-inwit (A.S.) 160, 162, 364, _conscience, interior understanding_. with
-inwit and outwit, 263
-
-yren (A.S.) 288, _iron_
-
-ysekeles (A.S.) 361, _icicles_
-
-  J.
-
-jangeleres, jangleris (A.N.) 3, 175, _praters_
-
-jangle (A.N.) 9, 33, 74, 136, 164, 251, 337, 339, _to jangle, to talk
-emptily, to prate_
-
-janglynge (A.N.) 169, 419, _jangling, empty talking, nonsense_
-
-jape (A.S.) 433, _a jest_
-
-japen (A.S.) 19, 33, 260, _to jest, mock, cajole_. _part. past_, japed, 371
-
-japer (A.S.) _pl._ japeres, japeris, 3, 164, 175, _a jester, mocker_
-
-Jewe, _gen. pl._ Jewen, 19, Jewene, 384, 402, _a Jew_
-
-jogele (A.N.) 260, _to play the minstrel, or jongleur_
-
-jogelour (A.N.) 121, 175, _a minstrel, jongleur, one who played mountebank
-tricks_
-
-jouke (A.S.) 336, _to rest, dwell_
-
-joute (A.N.) 86, _a battle, combat_
-
-jugge (A.N.) _a judge_
-
-juggen (A.N.) 290, 427, _to judge_
-
-jurdan (A.N.) 251, _a pot_. At a later period the word was only applied to
-a chamber-pot, as in Shakespeare
-
-juste (A.N.) 251, justes, 351, 352, 370, _a joust, battle, tournament_
-
-justen, juste (A.N.) 336, 370, 374, _to joust, tilt (in a tournament)_.
-_pret. s._ justed, 340, justede, 380
-
-justere (A.N.) 396, _one who goes to jousts, engages in tournaments_
-
-justice (A.N.) 404, _to judge_
-
-juttes (A.N. ?) 201, _low persons_
-
-juventee (A.N.) 402, _youth_
-
-juwise (A.N.) 392, _judgment_, from _judicium_
-
-  K. _See under_ C.
-
-  L.
-
-lachesse (A.N.) 153, _negligence_
-
-ladde (A.S.) _pl._ laddes, 398, _a low common person_
-
-+laiche (A.S.) 486, _to catch, obtain_. _see_ lakke
-
-layk (A.S.) 287, _play_
-
-laiken (A.S.) 11, _to play_. The writer of the romance of Kyng Alisaunder,
-in describing a battle (Weber, p. 159), says,--
-
-  There was _sweord lakkyng_,
-
-_i.e. there was playing with the sword_. Weber, in his Glossary, has very
-wrongly explained it by _licking_. It is the Anglo-Saxon poetic phrase,
-sweorda ge-lac, _the play of swords_
-
-lakke (A.S.) 189, _a fault, a lack, or something deficient or wanting_
-
-lakken, lacche (A.S.) 31, 40, 130, 220, 262, 309, 333, _to obtain, catch,
-take_. _pret. s._ laughte, 357, 388, 434. _part. act._ lacchynge, 21
-
-lakken (A.S.) 85, 130, 185, 189, 208, 214, 234, 263, 307, 309, 329, 411,
-_to mock, to blame, or reproach_. _pret. pl._ lakkede, 294. _part. pas._
-y-lakked, 29
-
-lakken (A.S.) 46, 218, 219, 262, 310, 365, 423, _to lack, to be wanting_.
-_pret. s._ lakkede, 402, _was wanting_
-
-lambren (A.S.) 307, _lambs_. So Lydgate (Minor Poems, ed. Halliwell), p.
-169,--
-
-  Takith to his larder at what price he wold,
-  Of gretter _lambren_, j., ij., or thre,
-  In wynter nyghtis frostis bien so colde,
-  The sheppard slepithe, God lete hym never the!
-
-lang (A.S.) _long_
-
-lape (A.S.) 426, _to lap, as a dog_
-
-large (A.N.) 398, _largess_ (?)
-
-lasse (A.S.) _less_
-
-late, lete (A.S.) 76, 386, _to let_. _pres. s._ leet, 305, 384. _pret. s._
-leet, 25, 74, 127, 209, 346, _pl._ leten, lete, 294, 393. _subj. s._ late
-
-+lath (   .) 476. Perhaps an error of the old edition for _lay_?
-
-+latun (A.N.) 462, _a mixed metal of the colour of brass_
-
-laughen (A.S.) 439, _to laugh_. _pret. s._ lough, 423. _part. pas._ lowen,
-82.
-
-launde (A.N.) 155, 183, 312, _a plain, a level space clear of trees in the
-midst of a forest, a lawn_
-
-lave (A.N.) 273, _to wash_
-
-lavendrye (A.N.) 306, _washing_
-
-+lavoures (A.N.) 462, _lavers, ewers, basins to receive water_
-
-leaute (A.N.) _loyalty_
-
-leche (A.S.) 443, _a physician_
-
-lechecraft (A.S.) 336, 435, _the art of healing, medicine_
-
-lechen (A.S.) 261, _to cure_. _pret. s._ leched, 337
-
-leden, lede (A.S.) 355, 393, _to lead_. pret. s. ladde, 352. _part. act._
-ledynge. _part. pas._ lad, 160, 246
-
-ledene (A.S.) 242, 243, _speech, language_. This is applied, as here, to
-birds, by Chaucer, C. T. 10749:--
-
-  This faire kynges doughter, Canace,
-  That on hir fynger bar the queynte ryng,
-  Thurgh which sche understood wel every thing
-  That eny foul may _in his lydne_ sayn,
-  And couthe answer him in _his lydne_ agayn.
-
-ledes (A.S.) 326, _people attached to the land, peasants_
-
-leef (A.S.) _dear, love_. his leef, _his dear_
-
-leef (A.S.) 301, _pl._ leves, _a leaf_
-
-leelly (A.N.) 19, lelly, 45, 146, _loyally, faithfully_. leele, lele,
-_loyal_. lelest, 349, _most loyal_
-
-leere, lere (A.S.) 15, 173, _countenance, mien, complexion_
-
-leggen (A.S.) 30, 133, 235, 306, 426, leyen, 374, _to lay, to bet (to lay
-down a wager)_. _pret. s._ leide, 352, 372, 432, leyde, 98, 436
-
-legistre (A.N.) 139, _a legist, one skilled in the law._
-
-ley, _pl._ leyes (A.S.) 138, _a lea_ (Lat. _saltus_)
-
-leye (A.S.) 360, 364, _flame_
-
-leme (A.S.) 376, 377, _brightness_
-
-lemman (A.S.) _pl._ lemmannes, 303, _a sweetheart, a mistress_
-
-lene (A.S.) _lean_
-
-lenen, lene (A.S.) _to give_; hence our _lend_. _pret._ lened, 269. _part.
-past_, lent, 275
-
-lenen (A.S.) _to lean_. _pret. s._ lened, 369
-
-lenge (A.S.) 27, 421, _to rest, remain, reside long in a place_. _pret. s._
-lenged, 151, +_pret. pl._ lengeden, 469, _dwelt, remained_
-
-Lenten (A.S.) _Lent_
-
-lenten (A.S.) 369, _a linden tree_
-
-leode (A.S.) 352, _people, a person_, whence our _lad_
-
-lepen (A.S.) 41, 236, _to leap_. _pret. s._ leep, 10, 41, lope, 71, lepe,
-107, lepte, 434. _pl._ lopen, 14, 22, 86, lope, 74. _part. pas._ lopen, 88
-
-leperis (A.S.) _leapers_. lond leperis heremytes, _hermits who leap or
-wander over different lands_
-
-lered (A.S.) 45, _learned, educated, clergy_
-
-leren (A.S.) 146, _to teach_. _pres._ he lereth. _pret._ lerned, 146, 412,
-lered, 292, 336, 410
-
-lerne (A.S.) 350, 351, 437, 441, _to learn_. _part. pas._ y-lerned, 141
-
-lesen (A.S.) _to lose_. _pres. s._ lese, lees, 107, 148. _part. act._
-lesynge. _part. pas._ lost, lore, 374, y-lorn, 388
-
-lese (A.S.) 121, _to glean_. The word is still used in Shropshire and
-Herefordshire.
-
-lesynge (A.S.) 66, 387, 388, _a lie, fable, falsehood_
-
-lethi (A.S.) 184, _hateful_
-
-letten, leten, lette (A.S.) 352, 435, _to hinder, to tarry_, _pret. s._
-lette, 368, letted, 335. _part. past_, letted, 418. lettere, 19, _a
-hinderer_. lettyng, _a hindrance_
-
-lettrede (A.N.) 49, _lettered, learned_. y-lettrede, _learned, instructed_
-
-lettrure (A.N.) _learning, scripture, literature_
-
-leve (A.S.) 385, _leave, permission_
-
-leve (A.S.) _pl._ leeve, _dear, precious_. levere, _dearer, rather_.
-leveste, levest, 364, _dearest_
-
-leved (A.S.) 300, _leaved, covered with leaves_
-
-leven (A.S.) 299, 301, _to leave_. _part. s._ lafte, 447
-
-leven (A.S.) _to dwell, remain_. _pret._ lafte, 440. +_pret. s._ lefte,
-473, _dwelt, remained_.
-
-leven, leeve (A.S.) _to believe_, 304, 319. _pret. s._ leeved, 435. leved,
-393. _pl._ leveden
-
-lewed (A.S.) 26, 420, _lay, ignorant, untaught, useless_. lewed of that
-labour, 237, _ignorant of_, or _unskilful in, that labour_. lewednesse, 45,
-_ignorance, rusticity_
-
-lewte (A.N.) _loyalty_
-
-lyard (A.N.) 352, 368, a common name for _a horse_, but signifying
-originally _a horse of a grey colour_
-
-libben, libbe (A.S.) 275, _to live_. _part. act._ libbynge
-
-lyen (A.S.) _to lie_. _pres. s. 2 pers._ thow lixt, 86. _pret._ thow
-leighe, 393, _thou didst lie_
-
-liere (A.S.) _a liar_
-
-lif (A.S.) _pl._ lives, _life_
-
-liflode (A.S.) _living, state of life_
-
-lift (A.S.) 316, _air, sky_
-
-lige (A.N.) 76, 390, _liege_
-
-liggen, ligge (A.S.) 361, _to lie down_. _pres. s._ I ligge, he lith, lyth,
-355, thei ligge, 421. _pret. sing._ lay. _part. act._ liggynge. _part.
-pas._ leyen, 45, y-leye, 82, y-leyen, 198, 399
-
-lighten (A.S.) _to alight, descend, or dismount from_. _pret. s._ lighte,
-352
-
-lightloker (A.S.) 112, 237, 321, _more lightly, more easily_
-
-lik, lich, y-lik (A.S.) 389, _like, resembling_. liknesse, _likeness_,
-y-liche, 401
-
-liche (A.S.) 173, _the body_. Chaucer, C.T. l. 2960, speaks of the
-_liche-wake_, or ceremonies of waking and watching the corpse, still
-preserved in Ireland:--
-
-  Ne how the _liche-wake_ was y-holde
-  Al thilke night, ne how the Grekes pleye.
-
-In the romance of Alexander (Weber, p. 145), the word is applied to a
-living body (as in Piers Ploughman):--
-
-  The armure he dude on his liche--
-    _he put the armour on his body_
-
-likame, lycame (A.S.) _the body_
-
-liken (A.S.) 455, _to please, to like_ (i. e. _be pleased with_). liketh,
-17, 262. _pret. s._ liked
-
-likynge (A.S.) 203, _pleasure, love, liking_
-
-likerous (A.N.) 133, _nice, voluptuous, lecherous_
-
-likne (A.S.) 175, 190, _to imitate, to mimic, to make a simile_
-
-lyme (A.S.) 436, _limb_
-
-lyme-yerd (A.S.) 170, _limed twig_
-
-lymitour (A.N.) 85, 445, _a limitour, a begging friar_
-
-lynde (A.S.) 24, 155, _the linden tree_
-
-lippe (A.S.) 324, _a slip, portion_
-
-liser (A.N.) 89, _list of cloth_ (?)
-
-lisse (A.S.) 160, 383, _joy, happiness, bliss_
-
-liste (A.S.) _to please, list_. _pret._ list, 356, _it pleased_
-
-listre (A.S.) 85, _a deceiver_
-
-lite (A.S.) 262, _little_
-
-litel (A.S.) _little_. litlum and litlum, 329, _by little and little_, the
-uncorrupted Anglo-Saxon phrase. _See_ note
-
-lyth (A.S.) 341, _a body_
-
-lythe, lithen (A.S.) 155, 270, _to listen to_
-
-lyven, lyve (A.S.) _to live_. _pr. pl._ lyveden, 2. _part. act._ lybbynge.
-_See_ libben
-
-lyves (A.S.) _alive_. lyves and lokynge, 405, _alive and looking_. _See_
-note on l. 5014
-
-lyveris (A.S.) 235, _livers, people who live_
-
-lobies (A.S.) 4, _loobies, clowns_
-
-loft (A.S.) _high, height_. bi lofte and by grounde, 372, _in height and in
-ground-plan_. o-lofte, _aloft, on high_
-
-lok (A.S.) 27, _a lock_
-
-loken (A.S.) 388, _to look, to over-see_, 148. _pret. s._ lokede, 276
-
-lollen (A.S.) 240, _to loll_. _part. pas._ lolled, 239. _part. act._
-lollynge, 346
-
-lolleris (A.S.) 308, _lollards_. The origin of this word is doubtful, but
-it seems to mean generally people who go about from place to place with a
-hypocritical show of praying and devotion. It was certainly in use long
-before the time of the Wycliffites, in Germany as well as in England.
-Johannes Hocsemius (quoted by Ducange, v. _Lollardi_) says, in his
-chronicle on the year 1309, "Eodem anno quidam hypocritae gyrovagi, qui
-_Lollardisive Deum laudantes_ vocabantur, per Hannoniam et Brabantiam
-quasdam mulieres nobiles deceperunt," &c. The term, used in the time of
-Piers Ploughman as one of reproach, was afterwards contemptuously given to
-the church reformers. The writer of the Ploughman's Tale, printed in
-Chaucer, Speght, fol. 86, appears to apply it to wandering friars:--
-
-  i-cleped _lollers_ and londlese.
-
-lomere (A.S.) 439, _more frequently_
-
-lond-buggere (A.S.) 191, _a buyer of land_
-
-+lone (A.S.) 493, _a loan_ (?)
-
-longen (A.S.) _to belong_
-
-loof (A.S.) _a loaf_
-
-loone (A.S.) 442, _a loan_. lenger yeres loone, _a loan of a year longer, a
-year's extension or renewal of the loan_
-
-loore (A.S.) 79, 244, _teaching, lore, doctrine, science_
-
-loores-man, lores-man (A.S.) 164, 318, _a teacher_
-
-loos (A.S.) 219, _honour, praise_
-
-lorel (A.N.) 147, 294, 351, 369, _a bad man, a good-for-nothing fellow_.
-Chaucer, in his translation of Boethius, uses it to represent the Latin
-_perditissimus_. Compare the description of the _lorel_ in the Ploughman's
-Tale (Speght's Chaucer) fol. 91:--
-
-  For thou canst no cattell gete,
-  But livest in lond as a _lorell_,
-  With glosing gettest thou thy mete.
-
-losel (A.N.) 5, 124, 176, 303, _a wretch, good-for-nothing fellow_. It
-appears to be a different form of the preceding word. loselly, 240, _in a
-disgraceful, good-for-nothing manner_
-
-losengerie (A.N.) 125, 176, _flattery, lying_
-
-lothen (A.S.) _to loath_
-
-looth (A.S.) _loath, hateful_. lother, 318, _more loath_. lothliche,
-_hateful_
-
-lotebies (A.S. ?) 52, _private companions, bed-fellows_. In the romance of
-the Seven Sages (Weber, p. 57) it is said of a woman unfaithful to her
-husband:--
-
-  Sche stal a-wai, mididone,
-  And wente to here _lotebi_.
-
-Chaucer uses the word (in the romance of the Rose, l. 6339), in a passage
-rather similar to this of Piers Ploughman:--
-
-  Now am I yong and stout and bolde,
-  Now am I Robert, now Robin,
-  Now frere Minor now Jacobin,
-  And _with me followeth my loteby_,
-  To don me solace and company.
-
-In the original the word is _compaigne_
-
-lotien (A.S.) 354, _to lurk, lie in ambush_
-
-louke (A.S.) 384, _to lock_
-
-louren (A.S.) _to lower_
-
-lous, lys (A.S.) _pl._ _a louse_
-
-louten (A.S.) 50, 181, 182, 300, _to make a salutation, reverence_. _pret.
-s._ louted, 294, 470
-
-lovyen, lovye, lovien (A.S.) _to love_. hym lovede, 356, _it pleased him_
-
-lowen (A.S.) _to condescend_ (?) _pret._ lowed, 8
-
-luft (A.S.) 69, _fellow, person_
-
-+lullyng (A.S.) 455, _lolling_ (?)
-
-lurdayne (A.S.) 375, 436, _a clown, rustic, ill-bred person_
-
-lusard (A.N.) 389, _a lizard, crocodile_
-
-lussheburwes (A.N.) 316, _base or adulterated coins_; which took their name
-and were imported from Luxemberg. See note on l. 10322
-
-luten (A.N.) _to play on the lute_. _pret. s._ lutede, 395
-
-luther (A.S.) 316, 390, _bad, wicked_
-
-  M.
-
-macche (A.S.) 248, 249, _companion, match-fellow_
-
-macche (A.S.) 360, _a match_
-
-macer (A.N.) 47, _one who carries a mace_
-
-mayen (A.S.) _to be able_ (it is seldom or never used in the infinitive
-mood). _pres. s._ may, _pl._ mowen, mowe. _pret. s._ myghte, _pl._ mighte
-
-y-maymed (A.S.) 359, _maimed_
-
-mayn-pernour, (A.N.) 71, 380. _See_ the next word
-
-mayn-prise (A.N.) 70, 346, _a kind of bail_, a law term. "It signifieth in
-our Common Law the taking or receiving a man in friendly custodie, that
-otherwise is or might be committed to prison, and so upon securitie given
-for his forth coming at a day assigned: and they that doe thus undertake
-for any, are called _mainpernours_, because they do receive him into their
-hands." MINSHEU. The persons thus received were allowed to go at large
-
-mayn-prise (A.N.) 75, 426, meynprise, 39, _to bail in the manner described
-under the foregoing word_
-
-mair (A.N.) 290, _pl._ meires, 150, _a mayor_
-
-maistrie (A.N.) 66, _a mastery, a feat of science_
-
-make (A.S.) 50, 222, 230, _a companion, consort_
-
-maken, make (A.S.) _to make_. _pret. s._ made. _part. pas._ y-maked, 2.
-maad, 71, 248
-
-make (A.S.) 229, _to compose poetry_. _See_ note
-
-makynge (A.S.) 229, _writing poetry_
-
-male (A.N.) 91, _a box, pack_
-
-+malisones (A.N.) 493, _curses_
-
-mamelen (A.S.) 78, 226, _to chatter, mumble_
-
-menacen (A.N.) _to menace, threaten_
-
-manere (A.N.) _manner_
-
-mange (A.N.) 132, _to eat_
-
-mangerie (A.N.) 209, 328, _an eating, a feast_
-
-manlich (A.S.) 92. _humane_. manliche, _manfully, humanely_
-
-mansed (A.N.) 30, 74, 190, 233, 438, _cursed, excommunicated_
-
-marc (A.N.) 161, _a mark (a coin)_
-
-marche (A.S.) 159, 321, _a border_. The word is preserved in the term
-"Marches of Wales," "Marches of Scotland"
-
-marchen (A.N.) _to march, go_
-
-mareys (A.N.) _a marsh_
-
-+masedere (A.N.) 499, _more amazed_
-
-maugree (A.N.) 131, _ill thanks, in spite of_
-
-maundee (A.S.) 339, _maunday_
-
-maundement (A.N.) 348, _a commandment_
-
-mawe (A.S.) 298, _mouth, maw_
-
-maze (A.N.) 12, _doubt, amazement, a labyrinth_
-
-meden (A.S.) 56, _to reward, bribe_
-
-mede (A.S.) _meed, reward_
-
-medlen (A.N.) _to mix with_
-
-meel (A.S.) _meal_
-
-meene (A.N.) _poor, moderate, middle_
-
-mees (A.S.) 249, 313, _a mess_ or _portion of meat_
-
-megre (A.N.) _meagre, thin_
-
-meynee (A.N.) 178, _household, household retinue_
-
-meken (A.S.) _to make meek, humiliate_
-
-mele (A.S.) 262, _meal, flour_
-
-mendinaunt, _pl._ mendinauntz (A.N.) _a beggar; friars of the begging
-orders_
-
-mene, meene (A.N.) _mean, middle_
-
-mene (A.N.) 326, _a mean_
-
-menen (A.S.) _to mean_. to meene, 15, 18. that is Crist to mene, 399, _that
-means Christ_
-
-menen (A.S.) _to moan, lament_. _pret._ mened
-
-+menemong (A.S.) 497, _of an ordinary quality_
-
-menever (A.N.) 433, _a kind of fur; the fur of the ermine and small weasel
-mixed_
-
-mengen (A.S.) _to mix, meddle_
-
-menyson (A.N.) 337, _a flux, dysentery_
-
-menour (A.N.) _a Minorite_
-
-menske (A.S.) 54, 455, _decency, honour, manliness_
-
-mercien (A.N.) _to thank_
-
-mercy (A.N.) 17, 353, _thanks_
-
-mercy (A.N.) 360, 361, _mercy_
-
-mercyment (A.N.) _amercement_
-
-merk (A.S.) 316, _a mark_
-
-merke (A.S.) 15, _dark_. merknesse (A.S.) 377, 379, _darkness_
-
-merveillous (A.N.) _marvellous, wonderful_
-
-meschief (A.N.) 197, _mishap, evil, mischief_
-
-mesel (A.S.) _pl._ meseles, 51, 144, 337, _a leper_
-
-meson-Dieux (A.N.) 139, _hospitals_
-
-messe (A.S.) _mass, the Romish ceremony_
-
-mestier (A.N.) 138, _occupation_
-
-mesurable (A.N.) _moderate_
-
-met (A.S.) 267, _measure_
-
-mete (A.S.) _meat_. mete-less, (A.S.) _without meat_
-
-metels (A.S.) 13, 31, 147, 149, 155, 202, 207, _a dream_
-
-meten, meete (A.S.) 310, _to meet_. _pret. s._ mette, 351. _part. pas._
-met, 216
-
-meten (A.S.) _to dream_. _pret. s._ mette, 148, 155, 396. _part. s._
-metynge, 221
-
-metyng (A.S.) 246, _a dream_
-
-+meter (A.S.) 476, _fitter_ (?)
-
-meve (A.N.) 153, 228, _to move_. _pres. pl._ ye moeven, 298
-
-myd (A.S.) _with_
-
-myddel-erthe (A.S.) 221, _the world_
-
-middes (A.S.) _middle, midst_
-
-mynistren (A.N.) 231, _to administer_
-
-mynnen (A.S.) 322, _to mind, to recollect_
-
-mynours (A.N.) _miners, diggers of mines_
-
-mys-beden (A.S.) 119, _to injure_
-
-mysese (A.N.) 16, _ill ease_
-
-mys-eise (A.N.) 139, _ill at ease_
-
-mysfeet (A.N.) 224, _ill deed, wrong_
-
-+myster (A.N.) 484, _kind species_
-
-mystier (A.S.) _more misty, more dark_
-
-+myteynes (A.N.) 476, _mittens, gloves_
-
-mnam, 131, _a Hebrew coin_
-
-mo (A.S.) _more_
-
-mody (A.S.) _moody_. modiliche, _moodily_
-
-moeble, meble (A.N.) 364, _goods_
-
-molde, moolde (A.S.) _earth, mould_
-
-moled (A.N.) 262, 264, _spotted, stained_
-
-mom (A.S.) 13, _a mum, sound_
-
-mone (A.S.) 295, _lamentation_
-
-+monelich (A.N.) 457, _meanly_
-
-monials (A.N.) 192, _nuns_ (_Lat._ moniales)
-
-moore (A.S.) 403, _greater_
-
-moost (A.S.) _greatest_
-
-moot (A.N.) 113, 417, _a moat_
-
-moot-halle (A.S.) 73, 74, _hall of meeting, of justice_
-
-more (A.S.) 300, 330, 331, 334, _pl._ mores, 416, _a root_
-
-mornen (A.S.) _to mourn_. _pret. s._ mornede
-
-mortrews (A.N.) 248, 250, 252, _a kind of soup_
-
-morwe (A.S.) _morning, morrow_
-
-morwenynge (A.S.) _morning_
-
-mote (A.S.) 25, _to hold courts of justice_
-
-motyng (A.S.) 141, _judging, meeting for justice_
-
-moton (A.N.) 44, _the name of a coin_. _See_ note on l. 1404
-
-mous (A.S.) _pl._ mees, _a mouse_
-
-mouster (A.N.) 267, _muster, arrangement_
-
-muche (A.S.) 155, 417, _great_
-
-muchel (A.S.) 401, _great, much_
-
-muliere, mulliere (A.N.) 343, 344, _a wife, woman_
-
-murie (A.S.) _pleasant, merry, joyful_. murye, 1, _pleasantly_, murier,
-_more pleasant_
-
-murthe (A.S.) 382, _pleasure, joy, mirth_
-
-murthen (A.S.) 362, _to make merry or joyful_
-
-muson (A.N.) 183, _measures_ (?)
-
-must (A.S.) 391, _a liquor made of honey_
-
-  N.
-
-nale (A.S.) 124, _the ale_. _see_ atte
-
-namoore (A.S.) _no more_
-
-naught (A.S.) _not, nought_
-
-ne (A.S.) _not_. The negative _ne_ is combined with the verb _to will, to
-be_, &c.; as _nelle_, for _ne wille_, _nel, nyl_, for _ne wil_, _nere_, for
-_ne were_, _nolde_, for _ne wolde_, _nyste_, for _ne wiste_. It is
-sometimes combined with other verbs, as _naroos_, 399, for _ne aroos_. So
-we have such expressions as, wol he nele he, 427, i. e. _whether he will or
-he will not_
-
-nede (A.S.) _need_
-
-neddre (A.S.) 82, _an adder, venomous serpent_
-
-nedlere (A.S.) 96, _maker of, or dealer in, needles_
-
-neet (A.S.) 411, _cattle_. Farmers still talk of _neat cattle_
-
-neghen (A.S.) _to approach, to near_. _pret. s._ neghed, 425, neghede, 438
-
-neigh (A.S.) _near, nigh_
-
-nempne (A.S.) 397, _to name, call_. _pret. s._ nempned, 397, 404. _part.
-pas._ y-nempned, nempned
-
-nevelynge (A.S.) 85, _sniveling_
-
-nygard (A.S.) _niggard_
-
-nymen, nyme (A.S.) 268, 304 426, _to take_. _part. pas._ y-nome, 427
-
-nyppe (A.S.) 379, _a point_ (?)
-
-noble (A.N.) 191, _a gold coin of the value of six shillings and
-eightpence_
-
-noght (A.S.) _nought, nothing_
-
-noyen (A.N.) _to injure, annoy, plague_
-
-nones (A.N.) 125, _the hour of two or three in the afternoon_
-
-nonne (A.S.) 86, _a nun_
-
-noon (A.S.) _none_
-
-nounpere (A.N.) 97, _an umpire, an arbitrator_
-
-noughty (A.S.) 130, _possessed of nothing_
-
-noun (A.N.) 366, _no_
-
-nouthe (A.S.) _now_
-
-  O.
-
-o (A.S.) 349, _one_
-
-of-gon (A.S.) 166, _to derive_ (?)
-
-of-walked (A.S.) 258, _fatigued with walking_
-
-o-lofte (A.S.) _aloft, on high_
-
-one, oone (A.S.) _singly, alone, only_. myn one, 154, _myself singly_
-
-+onethe (A.S.) _scarcely_. _See_ unnethe
-
-oon (A.S.) _one_
-
-oost (A.N.) 416, _a host, army_
-
-openen, opene (A.S.) _to open_. _pret. pl._ opned, 388
-
-ordeigne, ordeyne (A.N.) 415, _to ordain_
-
-organye (A.N.) 369, _a musical instrument_. by organye, _as an
-accompaniment to music_
-
-ote (A.S.) _an oat_
-
-oughen (A.S.) _to own, possess, owe_. _pret. s._ oughte, 47
-
-outher (A.S.) _other, either, or_
-
-over-come (A.S.) _to overcome_. _pret. s._ over-coom, 405
-
-over-hoven (A.S.) 55, 379, _to hover or dwell over, hang over_
-
-over-hippen (A.S.) _to hop over, skip over_. _pret. pl._ thei over-huppen,
-250, 318
-
-over-leden (A.S.) 62, _to overlead, tyrannize over_
-
-over-spreden (A.S.) _to spread over_. _pret. s._ over-spradde, 408
-
-over-tilten (A.S.) _to tilt or throw over_. _pret. s._ over-tilte, 428,
-433, _threw over, dug up_
-
-owene (A.S.) 366, _own_
-
-  P.
-
-paast (A.N.) 275, _paste, dough_
-
-payn (A.N.) _bread_
-
-paynym (A.N.) 108, 326, _a pagan_
-
-pays (A.N.) 340, _country_
-
-pallen (A.S.) 333, _to knock_. _pret. s._ I palle, 332
-
-palmere (A.N.) 83, _a palmer, pilgrim to distant lands_
-
-paltok (A.N.) 370, 438, _a cloak_
-
-panne (A.S.) 69, _the scull, head_
-
-pardoner (A.N.) _a dealer in pardons_
-
-parentrelynarie (A.N.) 220, _between the lines, interlineal_
-
-parfiter (A.N.) 229, _more perfectly_
-
-parfitly (A.N.) _perfectly_
-
-parfourne (A.N.) _to perform_
-
-parisshen (A.N.) 206, 441, _a parishioner_
-
-parle (A.N.) _to talk_. _part. past_, parled, 385
-
-parroken (A.N.) 312, _to park or inclose_
-
-parten (A.N.) _to share, to part_. +_part. pas._ parten, 475
-
-Pasqe (A.N.) 338, _Easter_
-
-passhen (A.S.) 431, _to crush_
-
-pawme (A.N.) 356, _the palm of the hand_
-
-pece (A.N.) 276, _a piece_
-
-peeren (A.N.) 320, _make themselves equal_
-
-peeren (A.N.) 11, _to appear_
-
-pees (A.N.) _peace_. preide hem be pees, 405, _prayed them to be quiet_
-
-peire (A.N.) _a pair_
-
-peiren (A.N.) 50, _to diminish, injure_. _see_ apeiren
-
-peis (A.N.) 91, _weight_
-
-peisen (A.N.) 90, _to weigh_
-
-pelure (A.N.) 420, _fur_
-
-pens (A.S.) _pence_
-
-peraunter (A.N.) 202, _peradventure, by chance_
-
-percell, _pl._ parcelles (A.N.) 177, 220, 349, _a parcel, part_
-
-percel-mele (A.N.) 48, _piecemeal_
-
-percile (A.N.) 134, _parsley_
-
-pere (A.N.) 139, _a peer, an equal_
-
-perfourne (A.N.) 251, _to finish, complete, to furnish_
-
-perillousli (A.N.) _dangerously, rudely_
-
-y-perissed (A.N.) 359, _perished, destroyed_
-
-perree (A.N.) 173, _precious stones, jewellery_
-
-persaunt (A.N.) 24, _piercing_
-
-person (A.N.) 441, _a parson_. personage, _a parsonage_
-
-pertliche (A.N.) 78, _openly_
-
-pese (A.N.) _pease_
-
-petit (A.N.) _little_
-
-picche (A.S.) 123, _to pick_
-
-pie (A.N.) 150, _a magpie_
-
-pik (A.S.) _a pike_
-
-pikstaf (A.S.) 123, _a pike-staff_
-
-piken (A.S.) _to pick_
-
-pyke-harneys (A.N.) 440, _plunderers_
-
-pykoise (A.N.) 61, _a hoe_
-
-pil, pyl, _pl._ piles (A.S.) 331, 332, 417, _a pile_
-
-+pilche (A.S.) 465, _a coat of hair or some rude material_. We find the
-word used by Lydgate, ed. Halliwell, p. 154:--
-
-  Houndys for favour wyl nat spare,
-  To pynche his _pylche_ with greet noyse and soun.
-
-And in Caxton's Reynard the Foxe, cap. v, Reynard having turned hermit,
-bare "his slayvne and _pylche_, and an heren sherte therunder."
-
-+pild (A.N.) 500, _bald_
-
-pilen (A.N.) 422, _to rob_
-
-pilour (A.N.) 371, 420, _a thief_
-
-+pylion (A.S. ?) 500, _a kind of cap_
-
-pyne (A.N.) peyne, _pl._ peynes, _pain, punishment_
-
-pyne, 78. _See_ wynen
-
-pynynge-stoole (A.S.) 47, literally, _a stool of punishment, a
-cucking-stool_
-
-pynne (A.S.) 442, _to bolt_
-
-piones (A.N.) 95, _the seed of the piony_, which was used as a spice. In
-the Coventry Mysteries (ed. Halliwell, p. 22) we find the word joined, as
-here, with pepper:--
-
-  Here is pepyr, _pyan_, and swete lycorys,
-  Take hem alle at thi lykying
-
-pyries (A.N.) 78, _pear-trees_
-
-pisseris (A.N.) 438 (?)
-
-pistle (A.N.) _an epistle_
-
-pitously (A.N.) _piteously, for the sake of pity_
-
-pleyen (A.S.) _to play_. _pret. s._ pleide, _pl._ pleiden
-
-pleyn (A.N.) _full_
-
-pleyne (A.N.) 53, _to commiserate, to complain, make a complaint_
-
-plener (A.N.) 209, 336, _full, fully_
-
-pleten (A.N.) _to plead_. _pret. pl._ pleteden, 140
-
-platten (A.N.) _to fall or throw down flat_. _pret. s._ platte, 81
-
-plot (A.N.) 263, _pl._ plottes, 265, _a patch_
-
-plow-foot (A.S.) 123, _a part of a plough_
-
-po (A.S.) 243, _a peacock_
-
-+poynttyl (A.N.) 462, the signification of this word appears to be the
-_square tiles_ used for paving floors. See Warton's Hist. of Engl. Poetry,
-ii, 99
-
-poke (A.S.) 150, 259, 275, 288, _a sack_
-
-poken (A.N.) _to urge, push forwards, poke, thrust_
-
-pol, 205, polle (A.S.) 261, 430, _a head, poll_
-
-polshen (A.N.) 105, _to polish_
-
-pondfold (A.S.) 346, _the pinfold or pound_
-
-poraille (A.N.) _the poor people_
-
-poret (A.N.) _pl._ porettes, 134, 135, _a kind of leek_
-
-porthors (A.N.) 302, _a breviary_, (_portiforium_, Lat.)
-
-pose (A.N.) 365, _to place, put as a supposition_
-
-possen (A.N.) _to push_
-
-potente (A.N.) 156, _a club, staff_
-
-pouke (A.S.) 256, 285, 333, 346, _the devil_
-
-Poul (A.N.) _St. Paul_
-
-pounde-mele (A.S.) 41, _by the pound_
-
-pous (A.N.) 352, _the pulse_
-
-poustee (A.N.) 79, 228, _power, strength_
-
-povere (A.N.) _poor_
-
-+povert (A.N.) 496, _poverty_
-
-+powghe, terre powghe, 487, _a torn sack or poke_ (?) The imperfect
-glossary appended to the old printed edition of the "Creed" explains it by
-_tar box_
-
-prayen (A.N.) 430, _to make prey of, plunder_
-
-preessen (A.N.) 286, _to hasten, crowd_
-
-preyen, preye (A.N.) _to pray_. _pret. s._ preide, preyde
-
-preiere (A.N.) _prayer_
-
-preynte (A.N. ?) 253 (?)
-
-preise (A.N.) 97, _to appraise, value_
-
-+prese (A.N.) 495, _to hasten_. _pret. s._ presed, 460
-
-prest (A.N.) 287, _ready_. prester, 191, _more ready_. presteste, 110,
-_readiest, quickest_. prestly, _readily_
-
-preven, preve (A.N.) _to prove_
-
-prikye (A.S.) 369, _to ride over, ride, spur_. _pret. s._ prikede, 368,
-_part. past_, y-priked, 430
-
-prikere (A.S.) 159, 191, prikiere, 370, _a rider_
-
-pris (A.N.) 411, _prize, value_
-
-prison (A.N.) 140, 315, 372, _a prisoner_
-
-pryvee (A.N.) _private, intimate, confidential_
-
-provisour (A.N.) 38, 73, _a purveyor, provider_
-
-prowor (A.N.) 411, _a priest_
-
-puffed (A.S.) 78, _blown_
-
-+pulchen (A.N.) _to polish_. _part. past_, pulched, 458, pulchud, 460,
-_polished_
-
-pulette (A.N.) _a chicken_
-
-punysshen (A.N.) 407, _to punish_
-
-pure (A.N.) _pure, simple, unmixed_. pure (_adv._) 213, _purely, simply_.
-purely for-do, 262, _altogether destroyed or undone_. +puriche (A.N.) 467,
-_purely_: perhaps it should be _purliche_
-
-purfill, purfil (A.N.) 72, 78, _embroidery, tinsel_
-
-purfilen (A.N.) 28, _to embroider_
-
-put (A.S.) 195, 284, _pl._ puttes, _a pit, cave_
-
-putten, puten (A.S.) 400, _to put, place_. _pres. s._ putte, _pl._ putten.
-_pres. s._ and _pl._ putte, 68, 110, 372. _part. past_, y-put, 290
-
-  Q.
-
-quatron (A.N.) 90, _a quartern_
-
-quave (A.N.) _to shake, tremble_. _pret. s._ quaved, 373
-
-queed (A.S.) 285, _the evil one, the devil_
-
-queste-mongere (A.N. and A.S.) _one who made a business of conducting
-inquests_
-
-queynt (A.S.) 390, _quenched, destroyed_
-
-queyntely (A.N.) 416, _quaintly, cunningly_
-
-queyntise (A.N.) 385, 417, _cunning_
-
-quellen (A.S.) _to kill_. _part. past_, quelt, 337, _killed_
-
-+quenes (A.S.) 456, _women_. The word is used in the modern sense of the
-word _wench_
-
-quyk (A.S.) 384, 399, _live, alive_
-
-quykne (A.S.) 390, _to give life to, bring to life_. _pret. s._ I quikne
-
-quite, quyte (A.N.) 389, 390, _to quit, pay off_. _part. past_, quit, 390
-
-quod (A.S.) _quoth, says_
-
-  R.
-
-radegunde (A.S. ?) 430, _a disease, apparently a sort of boil_
-
-rageman (A.N.) 5, 335, _a catalogue, list_
-
-ray (A.N.) 89, _a ray, streak_
-
-+raken (A.S.) 455, _to go raking about_
-
-rakiere (A.S.) 96, _one who goes raking about_
-
-rape (A.S.) 97, _haste_
-
-rapen (A.S.) 65, 101, 124, _to prepare_. _pret. s._ raped, 352
-
-rapeliche (A.S.) 347, rapely, 351, _readily, quickly_. rapelier, 352, _more
-quickly_
-
-rappen (A.S.) 20, _to strike, rap_
-
-rather, 155, _earlier_
-
-rathe (A.S.) _early_. rathest, _earliest, first, soonest, most readily_
-
-raton (A.N.) _a rat_
-
-ratoner (A.N.) 96, _a rat-catcher_
-
-raunsone (A.N.) 390, _ransom_
-
-rave (A.S.) 380, _to rave_. ravestow, 380, _dost thou rave_
-
-ravysshen (A.N.) 399, _to ravage, rob, plunder, ravish_
-
-raxen (A.S.) 100, _to hawk, spit_
-
-reaume, reme (A.N.) _pl._ remes, reames, _a realm_
-
-recche (A.S.) 67, 204, _to reck, care for_. _pret. s._ roughte, 369
-
-recchelees (A.S.) 369, _reckless_
-
-rechen (A.S.) 359, _to reach_. _pret. s._ raughte, 5, 76, 153, 335, 369
-
-recoverer (A.N.) 352, _a remedy_ (?)
-
-recrayed (A.N.) 58, _recreant_ (?)
-
-rede (A.S.) _red_
-
-rede (A.S.) _to read_
-
-reden (A.S.) _to advise, counsel_. _pret. s._ redde, 106, _pl._ radde, 71,
-84. _imperat._ reed, 72
-
-redel (A.S.) 257, _a riddle_
-
-+redelich (A.S.) 498, _readily, promptly_
-
-redyng-kyng, 96, _a class of feudal retainers_. _See_ Spelman's Gloss. in
-v. _rodknightes_
-
-reed (A.S.) _counsel, advice_
-
-regne (A.N.) _to reign_. _pret. s._ regnede, 399, _reigned_
-
-regratier, regrater (A.N.) 48, 90, _a retailer of wares and victuals_
-
-regratrie (A.N.) 48, _retailing, selling by retail_
-
-reyn (A.S.) _rain_
-
-reckenen (A.S.) _to reckon, count_
-
-relessen (A.N.) 46, _to forgive_
-
-releve (A.N.) 377, _to raise again, restore, rally_
-
-religious (A.N.) _pl._ religiouses 192, _a monk_
-
-renable (A.N.) 10, _reasonable_
-
-renden (A.S.) 13, _to rend, tear_. _imperat._ rende, 76
-
-reneye (A.N.) 210, _to deny, be a renegade to_. _part. pas._ reneyed, 210,
-_renegade_
-
-renk (A.S.) 12, 101, 149, 231, 238, 280, 369, 385, _a man_
-
-rennen, renne (A.S.) 353, _to run_. _imperative_, ren thow, 230. _pret. s._
-ran, roon, 277, yarn, 205 (? y-arn). _part. past_, ronne, 156
-
-renner (A.S.) 72, _a runner_
-
-renten (A.N.) 140, _to give rents to_
-
-+rentful (A.S.) 476, _meagre, miserable_ (?)
-
-repen (A.S.) _to reap_. _pret. pl._ ropen, 268
-
-repreven (A.N.) 236, _to reprove, blame_
-
-rerages (A.N.) 91, _arrears_
-
-retenaunce (A.N.) 31, _a retinue_
-
-reve (A.S.) 34, 102, 411, 423, _an overseer, a reeve, steward, or bailiff_
-
-reve (A.S.) 335, 385, _to take from_
-
-revere, _pl._ reveris (A.S.) _reavers, people who deprive by force_
-
-reward (A.N.) 364, _attention, warning_
-
-+rewel (A.S.) 473, _rule_
-
-rewen (A.S.) _to rue, to have mercy_
-
-rewme (A.N.) 430, _a rheumatism, cold_
-
-ribaud (A.N.) 108, 286, 339, 372, _a profligate low man_. The word belonged
-properly to a particular class in society. See a detailed account of its
-derivation and signification in a note in my Political Songs, p. 369
-
-ribaudie (A.N.) _low profligate talk_
-
-ribaudour (A.N.) 121, _a teller of low tales_
-
-ribibour (A.N.) 96, _a player on_ _the ribibe_ (a musical instrument)
-
-riche, ryche (A.S.) _a kingdom_. hevene riche blisse, _the joy of the
-kingdom of heaven_
-
-richen (A.N.) _to become rich_
-
-riden, ryde (A.S.) _to ride_. _pres. s._ ryt, _pl._ riden. _pret. s._ rood,
-354
-
-rightwisnesse (A.S.) 393, _righteousness_
-
-ringen (A.S.) _to ring_. _pret. pl._ rongen, 395, 428
-
-ripe (A.S.) 415, _to ripen_
-
-ripe (A.S.) 100, _ready_
-
-rise, ryse (A.S.) 352, _to rise_. _pret. s._ roos, 91, 344
-
-risshe (A.S.) 75, _a rush_ (_juncus_)
-
-rody (A.S.) _ruddy, red_
-
-roggen (A.S.) _to shake_ (explained in the Prompt. Parv. by _agito_.)
-_pret. s._ rogged, 335
-
-roynous (A.N.) 430, _scabby, rough_
-
-rolle (A.N.) 93, _to enrol_
-
-rome (A.S.) 209, 210, 328, _to roam_
-
-romere (A.S.) _pl._ romeris, _a person who wanders or roams about_
-
-ronges (A.S.) 333, _the steps of a ladder_
-
-roost (A.N.) 14, _roast_
-
-+rote (A.N.) _practice_. by rote, _by heart_. be pure rote, 473, _merely by
-rote_
-
-roten (A.S.) _to rot_
-
-rotey tyme (A.N.) 222, _the time of rut_
-
-+rotheren (A.S.) 476, _oxen_
-
-rounen, rownen (A.S.) 66, 97, _to whisper, talk privately_
-
-routhe (A.S.) _ruth, compassion_
-
-rowen (A.S.) _to become red, as the dawn of day_ (?). _pret. s._ rowed, 376
-
-rufulliche (A.S.) _ruefully_
-
-rugge (A.S.) 286, 413, _the back_. rugge-bone (A.S.) 98, _the back-bone_
-
-rulen (A.N.) 393, _to rule, govern_
-
-rusty (A.S.) 121, _filthy_ (?). In the Coventry Mysteries, p. 47, Ham's
-wife says, "rustynes of synne is cawse of these wawys;" i. e. _filthiness
-of sin is the cause of these waves_
-
-ruthe (A.S.) _compassion_
-
-rutten (A.S. ?) 100, _to snore_. _pret. s._ rutte, 369
-
-ruwet (A.S. ?) 98, _a small trumpet_
-
-  S.
-
-saaf (A.N.) _safe_
-
-sadde (A.S.) 188, _to make serious, steady_
-
-sadde (A.S.) 152, _serious, grave, steady_
-
-sadder (A.S.) 77, _sounder_
-
-safly (A.N.) _safely_
-
-saille (A.N.) 260, _to leap_
-
-salve (A.N.) 337, _to apply salves_
-
-samplarie (A.N.) 234, _type, first copy_
-
-saufte (A.N.) _safety_
-
-saughtne (A.S.) 65, _to be pacified, reconciled_
-
-saulee (A.N.) 331 (?)
-
-saunz (A.N.) _without_
-
-saute (A.N.) 260, _to jump_
-
-sauter (A.N.) _the Psalter_
-
-savoren (A.N.) 157, _to savour_
-
-savour (A.N.) 147, _knowledge_
-
-sawe (A.S.) 147, 165, 378, _pl._ sawes, 174, _a saying, legend, proverb_
-
-scathe (A.S.) 46, 70, 71, 298, _injury, hurt_
-
-scryveynes (A.N.) 193, _writers_
-
-+se (A.N.) 483, _seat_
-
-secte (A.N.) 106, 107, 216, _a suit_
-
-see (A.S.) _the sea_
-
-seel (A.S.) 348, _pl._ seles, _a seal_
-
-seem (A.S.) 45, 67, _a seam_ (of wheat), a measure of eight bushels,
-originally as much as a horse could carry
-
-sege (A.N.) 443, _siege_
-
-+seget (A.N.) 489, _subject_
-
-segge (A.S.) 46, 78, 84, 100, 216, 341, 443, 445, _a man_
-
-seyen, 290, seye, seyn, seggen, 53, 264, sigge, 208, 302, siggen, 264, 312,
-318, 350 (A.S.) _to say_. _pres. s._ I seye, he seith, thei siggen, 320.
-_pret. s._ seide, _pl._ seiden
-
-seillynge (A.S.) 387, _sailing_
-
-seynen (A.N.) _to sign_. _pret. s._ seyned, 104
-
-seint (A.N.) _a saint_
-
-seken, seche (A.S.) _to seek_; 273, _to penetrate_. _pret. s. & pl._
-soughte. _part. pas._ y-sought
-
-selde (A.S.) _seldom_. selden, 365
-
-selen (A.S.) _to seal_
-
-self (A.S.) _objec. s._ selve, _pl._ selves _self-same_. on the selve
-roode, 427, _on the cross itself_
-
-+sely (A.S.) 477, _simple, poor_
-
-selkouth (A.S.) _pl._ selkouthe _wonderful, strange_
-
-selles (A.N.) _cells_
-
-semen (A.S.) 328, _to seem, appear, resemble_. +I semed, 460, _I looked_
-
-semynge (A.S.) 318, _resembling_
-
-semy-vif (A.N.) 351, _half alive_, i. e. _half dead_
-
-sen, 25, see, 32 (A.S.) _to see_. _pres. sing._ thow sest, 15. he seeth,
-_pl._ we seen. _pret. sing._ seigh, 77, 147, 200, 247, seyghe, 82, saugh,
-29, 77, 347, 376, 437, _pl._ seighe. _part. pas._ y-seyen, seyen, 216, 308,
-349, seene, y-seighen, 77, seighen, 177, y-seighe, 365
-
-senden (A.S.) _to send_. _pret. s._ sent, 421, _pl._ senten
-
-serelopes (A.S.) 358, _severally, by themselves_
-
-serk (A.S.) 81, _a shift, shirt_
-
-serven (A.N.) _to serve_
-
-setten (A.S.) _to set_. _pret. s. & pl._ sette. _part. past_, seten, 248
-
-sewen (A.S.) _to follow_. _see_ suwen
-
-shaar (A.S.) 61, _the blade or share of a plough_
-
-+shaf (A.S.) 490, _chaff_
-
-shaft (A.S.) 161, 225, _make, creation_
-
-shaken (A.S.) _to shake_. _pret. s._ shook, 268
-
-shallen (A.S.) _the auxiliary verb. sing._ I shal, 15. thow shalt, _pl._ ye
-shul, 14, shulle, 25, thei shulle, 22--sholde, sholdest, _pl._ sholden,
-sholde
-
-shapen, shape (A.S.) _to make, create, shape_. _pret. s._ shoop, 1, 163,
-197, 225, 443, shapte, 361, 433, for-shapte, 365. _pl._ shopen. _part.
-past_, mys-shapen, 144, shapen, 280
-
-shappere (A.S.) 358, _a maker, creator_
-
-sharpe (A.S.) 443, _pungent_
-
-sheep (A.S.) 1, _a sheep, or a shepherd_
-
-sheltrom (A.S.) 278, _a host, troop of soldiers_
-
-shenden (A.S.) _to ruin, destroy_. _pret. s._ shente, 365. _part. pas._
-shent
-
-shene (A.S.) 394, _bright_
-
-shenfulliche (A.S.) 59, _shamefully, disastrously_
-
-shepstere (A.S.) 265, _a sheep-shearer_ (?)
-
-shere (A.S.) _a shear_
-
-sherreve (A.S.) 31, 51, _a shire-reeve_, or _sheriff_
-
-sherewe, shrewe (A.S.) _a shrew; a cursed one_
-
-shrewednesse (A.S.) _cursedness_
-
-sheten (A.S.) _to shoot_. _pret. pl._ shotten, 438
-
-shetten, shette (A.S.) _to shut_. _pret. s._ shette
-
-shide (A.S.) 167, 197, _a thin board, a billet of wood_
-
-shiften (A.S.) _to move away_. _pret. s._ shifte 435
-
-shyngled (A.S.) 168, _made of planks or boards_
-
-shonyen (A.S.) 87, _to shun_
-
-+shosen (    ) 491 qu. for chosen, i. e. _dispose, incline to_
-
-shrape (A.S.) 84, _to scrape_
-
-shryve (A.S.) 441, _to shrive, make confession_. _pret. s._ shrof, 45, 198.
-_part. pas._ y-shryve, 82, shryven, 273
-
-shrift (A.S.) _confession_
-
-shroudes (A.S.) _clothes_
-
-sib, sibbe (A.S.) _relation, companion_. Gossip is God-sib, _companion or
-fellow in God_, and was originally applied to the attendants at a
-christening
-
-sidder (A.S.) 88, _wider_
-
-sike (A.S.) 355, _sick_
-
-siken (A.S.) _to sigh_. _pret. s._ siked, 293, sikede, 385
-
-siker, syker (A.S.) _sure, secure_. sikerer, 237, _more secure, more sure_
-
-syn (A.S.) 444, _since_
-
-syngen, synge (A.S.) 408, _to sing_. _pret. s._ songe, I song, 408. _pl._
-songen, 369, 388, 405
-
-sinken (A.S.) _to sink_. _pret. s._ sank, 373. _pl._ sonken, 278
-
-sisour (A.N.) 31, 32, 38, 51, 75, 434, _a person deputed to hold assizes_.
-_See_ Ducange in v. _assisarii_
-
-sith (A.S.) _since_. sithen, _since, afterwards_. sithenes, 121,
-_afterwards_. siththe (_adv._) _since afterwards_
-
-sithe (A.S.) 102, _time_
-
-sitten, sitte (A.S.) _to sit_. _pret. s._ thow sete, 386. I seet, 437. sat,
-_pl._ seten, 109
-
-skile (A.S.) 202, 240, 290, 359, 367, 412, _reason, argument_
-
-+slaughte (    ) 456 (?)
-
-sleighte (A.S.) 379, 401, _a trick, slight_
-
-sleen (A.S.) _to slay_. _pres._ sleeth. 364, 421. _pret. s._ slow, 434
-
-slepen (A.S.) _to sleep_. _pret. s._ sleep, 99, 100, I slepte, 247. _pl._
-slepe, 277
-
-slepying (A.S.) _asleep_
-
-sleple (A.S.) 155, _to sleep gently_
-
-sleuthe (A.S.) _sloth, idleness_
-
-sliken (A.S.) 34, _to make sleek, smooth_
-
-slombren (A.S.) _to slumber_. _pret. s._ slombred, 1
-
-smal (A.S.) _pl._ smale, _small_
-
-smecen (A.S.) _to taste, smack_. _pret. pl._ smaughte, 98
-
-smythyen (A.S.) 61, 62, _to do the work of a smith, to forge_
-
-so (A.S.) _so, as_. so soone so, 352, _as soon as_
-
-soden (A.S.) 312, _to boil_. _part. pas._ y-soden, 321
-
-sodenes (A.N.) 303, _sub-deans_
-
-softe (A.S.) 1, _warm_ (like the Fr. _doux_)
-
-sokene (A.S.) 34, _a district held by tenure of socage_
-
-solas (A.N.) _comfort, solace_
-
-soleyn (A.N.) 240, _one left alone_
-
-solne (A.N.) 102, _to sing by note_
-
-som (A.S.) _pl._ somme, _some_
-
-somone (A.N.) 37, sompne, 62, 209, 408, _to summon_
-
-somonour (A.N.) 31, 51, 75, _a somner_, an officer employed to summon
-delinquents to appear in ecclesiastical courts, now called _an apparitor_
-
-sonde (A.S.) _mission, sending_
-
-sone (A.S.) _a son_
-
-songewarie (A.N.) 147, 148, _the interpreting of dreams_
-
-sonne (A.S.) _the sun_
-
-sooth (A.S.) _truth_
-
-soothnesse, sothnesse (A.S.) _truth_
-
-sope (A.S.) 254, _a sop_
-
-sope (A.S.) 273, _soap_
-
-soper (A.N.) _supper_
-
-sorwe (A.S.) _sorrow_
-
-sorweful (A.S.) 353, _sorrowful_
-
-soth (A.S.) _true_
-
-sothe (A.S.) _truth_
-
-sotile (A.N.) 184, 186, _to apply one's cunning or penetration_
-
-sotil (A.N.) _pl._ sotile, 294, 297, 319, 372, _clever, cunning, subtile,
-difficult to conceive or understand_
-
-sotte (A.N.) _a fool_
-
-souke (A.N.) 209, _to suck_
-
-souter (A.S.) 101, 201, _a shoemaker_. +soutere, 494
-
-souteresse (A.S.) 96, _a female shoemaker_
-
-southdene (A.N.) _a subdean_
-
-sowen (A.S.) 274, _to sow_. _pret. s._ sew, 268, 412, _pl._ sewe, 317.
-_part. pas._ y-sowen, 416
-
-spakliche (A.S.) 353, _hastily_ (?)
-
-spede (A.S.) 353, _to haste, to speed_. _pret. s._ spedde, 353
-
-speken, speke (A.S.) _to speak_. _pret. s._ spak
-
-spelonke (LAT.) 311, _a cavern_
-
-spences (A.N.) 285, _expense_
-
-spillen (A.S.) (trans.) _to mix, spill, spoil, waste_, 414 (_intransitive_)
-_to perish_, 303. _part. pas._ y-spilt
-
-spire (A.S.) 348, _to look closely into, to inquire_
-
-spores (A.S.) 370, _spurs_
-
-spring (A.S.) 79, _a sprig, rod_
-
-springen (A.S.) _to spring_. _pret. s._ sprong, 277, spronge, 404
-
-stablisse (A.N.) 22, _to establish_
-
-+stappyng (A.S.) 489, _stepping_
-
-stede (A.S.) _pl._ stedes, _a place_
-
-steere (A.S.) 153, _the helm of a ship_
-
-steyen (A.S.) _to arise, mount_. +_pret. s._ steigh, 498, _arose_
-
-stekie (A.S.) 22, _to stick fast_
-
-stele (A.S.), 412, _a handle_
-
-stelen (A.S.) _to steal_. _pret. s._ stale, 268. _pl._ stolen, 405
-
-sterre, _pl._ sterne, 310 (A.S.) _a star_
-
-+styghtle (A.S.) 469, _to establish, confirm_. Explained in the glossary
-appended to the old edition by _to stay_
-
-+stylle (A.S.) 473, _quietly, with a low voice_
-
-+y-stongen (A.S.) 483, _stabbed, pierced_
-
-stinken (A.S.) _to stink_. _pret. s._ stank, 328. +styncand, 489,
-_stinking_
-
-stynten (A.S.) 22, 186, _to stop_
-
-stonden, stonde, stande, 354 (A.S.) _to stand_. he stondeth, it stant, 325,
-he stant, 372, thei stonden. _pret. s._ stood, 204, 247
-
-stoon (A.S.) 328, _a stone_
-
-stotte (A.S.) 411, _an ox of three years old_
-
-stounde (A.S.) 155, _a short space of time_
-
-stoupe (A.S.) 204, _to bend, stoop_. Chaucer, in the first line of the
-Nonne Preestes Tale, speaks of,--"A pore wydow somdel _stoupe_ in age."
-
-+straken (A.S.) 456, _to proceed directly_
-
-+stre (A.S.) 496, _straw_
-
-streyte (A.S.) _straitly, narrowly_
-
-streyves (A.N.) 6, _estreys, beasts which have strayed_, a law-term
-
-striken (A.S.) _to strike_. _pret. s._ strook
-
-struyen (A.N.) 328, _to destroy_. _pret._ struyede
-
-stuwe (A.N.) 121, _a house of ill fame, a stew_. +stues, 488, _stews,
-brothels_
-
-+sueres (A.S.) 459, _followers_
-
-suffren (A.N.) _to suffer_
-
-sulen (A.N.) _to soil_. +_part. pas._ y-suled, 495, _soiled_
-
-suren (A.N.) _to assure_
-
-surgenrie (A.N.) 336, _surgery_
-
-surquidous (A.N.) 416, _overbearing, arrogant, conceited_
-
-suster (A.S.) _pl._ sustren, _a sister_
-
-suwen, sewe (A.S.) 203, 454 _to follow_. _pret. s. and pl._ suwed, 353,
-suwede, 380. _part. p._ suwed, 110, sued, 155
-
-swelte (A.S.) 86, _to die, to perish_. _pret. s._ swelted, 431
-
-swerd (A.S.) _a sword_
-
-sweren, swerye, 275 (A.S.) _to swear_. _pret. s._ swoor, 434, swor, 269.
-_part. pas._ sworen, 328, swore
-
-swetter (A.S.) _sweeter_
-
-swevene (A.S.) _a dream_
-
-sweyen (A.S.) _to sound_. _pret. s._ sweyed, 1
-
-swich (A.S.) 385, _pl._ swiche, _such_
-
-swynken (A.S.) _to labour_. _pret. pl._ swonken, 2.
-
-swynk (A.S.) _labour, work_
-
-swithe (A.S.) _very, immediately, quickly_
-
-swowe (A.S.) 86, _to faint, to swoon_
-
-  T.
-
-tabard (A.N.) 88, _a short coat or mantle_. "Tabbard, _collobium_." Promp.
-Parv. One of the stage directions in the Coventry Mysteries (p. 244) is:--
-
-    Here xal Annas shewyn hymself in his stage, be seyn after a busshop of
-    the hoold lawe, in a skarlet gowne, and over that _a blew tabbard_
-    furryd with whyte.
-
-tacches (A.N.) 168, _stains, blemishes_
-
-taille (A.N.) 68, _a tally, notched stick; an account scored on a piece of
-wood_. _See_ note
-
-tailen (A.N.) _to keep an account by notches on a stick, to give a tally
-for a thing_. _part. a._ tailende, 156. _part. pas._ y-tailed, 102
-
-taken (A.S.) _to take_. _pres. s._ took, _pl._ token, toke, 398. _part.
-pas._ taken
-
-taken, take (A.S.) _to give_. _pret. s._ took, 328, _pl._ toke, token, 383
-
-tale (A.S.) _an account, reckoning_
-
-tale-wis (A.S.) 51, _wise in tales_
-
-tasele (A.S.) 322, _a teasel_. The burs of this plant are used in the
-manufacture of cloth
-
-tasten (A.N.) 266, 374, _to feel_. _pret. s._ tastede, 357
-
-techen (A.S.) _to teach_. _pret. s._ taughte, 19, taghte, 135. _part. pas._
-taught, 186, y-taught, 436
-
-tellen, telle (A.S.) _to count, tell_, 405. _pret. s._ tolde. _pl._ tolden
-
-teme, teeme (A.S.) 118, 125, 138, 411, 412, _a team of horses_
-
-teme (A.N.) 48, 80, 147, 209, _a theme_
-
-tenten (A.N.) _to offer, present, to hold out, stretch forth_. _pret. pl._
-tendeden, 383
-
-tenen, tene (A.S.) 256, 320, _to injure_. _pret. s._ tened, 432
-
-tene (A.S.) 124, 125, 145, 209, 335, _anger, hurt_
-
-teneful (A.S.) _injurious_
-
-termes (A.N.) 242, _terms, times for their work_
-
-teynten (A.N.) _to die, tint_. _part. past_, y-teynted, 322
-
-y-termyned (A.N.) 20, _judged, determined_
-
-thanne (A.S.) _then_
-
-thecche (A.S.) 410, _to thatch_
-
-theen (A.S.) _to thrive, be prosperous_. so thee ik! 90, _as I may
-prosper!_
-
-thef, theef (A.S.) _pl._ theves, 239, 353, 373, _a thief_. thefliche, 389,
-_thievishly_
-
-theigh (A.S.) _though_
-
-thenke, thynke (A.S.) 211, 228, _to think_. _pres. s._ he thenketh, 407
-
-ther (A.S.) _there, where_. therafter, 90, _in proportion to it_. thermyd,
-_herewith_
-
-thesternesse (A.S.) 340, _darkness_
-
-thynke (A.S.) 384, _to seem_. _pres. sing._ I thynke, me thynketh (_it
-seems to me_). _pret. s._ thoghte, 1, 205, thoughte, 404
-
-thirlen (A.S.) _to pierce, bore through_
-
-thise (A.S.) _these_
-
-tho (A.S.) _those, the_
-
-tho (A.S.) _then, when_
-
-tholien (A.S.) 70, thole, 392, _to bear, support, suffer_. _pret. s._
-tholede, 251, 384, tholed, 377. _pl._ tholed, 373
-
-thonkyng (A.S.) _thanking, thanks_
-
-thorugh (A.S.) _through_
-
-thow (A.S.) The second personal pronoun is in interrogative clauses
-generally combined with its verb, as sestow, _seest thou_; slepestow,
-_sleepest thou_, &c.
-
-thral (A.S.) _pl._ thralles, 398, _a bond-man_
-
-threve (A.S.) 333, _a bundle_
-
-thridde (A.S.) 413, _third_
-
-thringen (A.S.) _to crowd, to throng, to press forward_. _pret. pl._
-thrungen, 108
-
-tyd, tid (A.S.) 265, 334, _quickly, promptly, readily_
-
-tidy (A.S.) 422, _clever, ready, neat_
-
-tyen (A.S.) _to tie_
-
-+y-tight, 461, _furnished, provided_
-
-tikes (A.S.) 398, _low people_; literally, _dogs_. The word is still used
-in Yorkshire
-
-til (A.S.) 305, _to_
-
-tilien, tilie, tilye (A.S.) 131, 138, 375, 410, _to till the earth_.
-+_part. pas._ tylde, 461
-
-tilthe (A.S.) 421, _tilth, the result or produce of tilling or ploughing_
-
-tymbre (A.S.) 223, _to build_. _pret._ tymbred, 48
-
-+tymen (A.S.) 494, _to compel_ (?) It appears to be the same word which
-occurs in the alliterative poem on the Deposition of Richard II, p. 17:--
-
-  Thus lafte they the leder
-  That hem wrong ladde,
-  And _tymed_ no twynte,
-  But tolled her cornes,
-  And gaderid the grotus
-  With gyle, as I trowe.
-
-tynen, tyne (A.S.) 416, _to lose_. _part. pas._ tynt, 377
-
-titeleris (A.S. ?) 442, _tattlers_
-
-tithe (A.S.) _tenth, tithe_
-
-tixte (A.N.) 348, _text_
-
-to (A.S.) _too_
-
-to-, prefixed in composition to verbs of Anglo-Saxon origin, has the same
-force as the German _zu-_, giving to the word the idea of destruction or
-deterioration:--
-
-to-bollen (A.S.) 82, _to overswell_
-
-to-breken (A.S.) 156, _to break to pieces, break down_. _part. pas._
-to-broke, 139
-
-to-cleve (A.S.) 236, _to cleave in pieces, cut open_
-
-to-drawen (A.S.) _to draw to pieces_, or _to destruction_. _pret._
-to-drowe, 175
-
-to-luggen (A.S.) 41, _to lug about, tear_
-
-to-rende (A.S.) 180, _to be torn or burst to pieces_
-
-to-shullen (A.S.) _to cut off, destroy_. _part. pas._ to-shullen, 359
-
-toft (A.S.) _an open exposed place, a hill_
-
-to-fore (A.S.) _before_. to-forn 235, _before_
-
-to-gidere, to-gidres, to-gideres (A.S.) _together_
-
-+toylyng (A.S.) 495, _tugging_
-
-tollen (A.S.) 89, _to measure out, count_
-
-tollers (A.S.) _toll-gatherers_
-
-tome (A.S.) 39, _leisure, time_. This form of the word seems to have been
-in use in the fourteenth century. It occurs at the commencement of the
-Seven Sages:--
-
-  I sal yow tel, if I have _tome_,
-  Of the seven ages of Rome.
-
-Its occurrence in Piers Ploughman shows that Weber was not right in
-supposing it a mere alteration of the word _time_ for the sake of rhyme.
-See also Sir F. Madden's Glossary to Gawayne
-
-tonder (A.S.) 362, _tinder_
-
-+too (A.S.) _pl._ ton, 476, 489, _a toe_
-
-torne (A.N.) 428, _to turn_. _pret. s._ tornede, 321, torned, 265, _turned_
-
-torne, 325, turne, 324 (A.S.) _to turn_ (intransitive)
-
-toten (A.S.) 331, 459, 461, _to look, observe, to peep_. _pret. s._ toted,
-471. _pl._ toteden, 476. _part. past_, y-toted, 464
-
-touken (A.S.) _to dye_. _part. pas._ y-touked, 322
-
-toune, 315, _a tun_. Perhaps it should be printed _tonne_.
-
-tour (A.N.) _a tower_
-
-travaille (A.N.) _to labour_
-
-traversen (A.N.) 245, _to transgress_
-
-treden (A.S.) _to tread_. _pret. pl._ troden, 223. +_pret. s._ tredede,
-476, _trod_
-
-tree, 330 (A.S.) _pl._ trowes, 300, _a tree_
-
-tresor (A.N.) _a treasure_
-
-triacle, tryacle (A.N.) _a remedy, a cure_
-
-tricherie (A.N.) _treachery, cunning, trickery_
-
-trie (A.N.) 305, 330, _choice, select_. trieste, 23, _most choice_,
-trieliche, _choicely_
-
-+tryfler (A.S.) 479, _a trifler, a deceiver, a good-for-nothing_
-
-+troiflardes (A.S.) 494, _triflers, idlers_
-
-trollen (A.S.) 387, _to draw, to drag_
-
-tronen (A.N.) _to throne_
-
-trowe (A.S.) 358, _to believe, think, suppose_. trowestow, 237, _thinkest
-thou_
-
-trufle (A.S.) 236, 378, trefle, 471, _a silly tale, trifle,
-good-for-nothing thing_ or _person_
-
-trumpen (A.N.) _to sound a trumpet_. _pret. s._ trumpede, 395
-
-tulien (A.S.) _to labour, to till_. _pret. pl._ tulieden, 277. _part. act._
-tulying, 277
-
-tweye (A.S.) _two_
-
-twies (A.S.) _twice_
-
-+twynnen (A.S.) 480, _to couple together_
-
-  U.
-
-umwhile (A.S.) 97, _once, on a time_
-
-unbuxome (A.S.) _disobedient, inobedient_
-
-underfongen (A.S.) 301, _to undertake, accept, receive_. _pret. s._
-underfonged, 209
-
-undernymen (A.S.) 214, _to undertake, take possession of_. _pres. s._
-undernymeth, 84. _part. past_, under-nome, 263, 428
-
-under-pight (A.S.) 331, _propped up_
-
-unhardy (A.N.) 254, 354, _not bold_
-
-un-hiled (A.S.) 367, _uncovered, unroofed_
-
-unjoynen (A.N.) 384, _to disjoin, separate_
-
-unkynde (A.S.) _unnatural_
-
-unkouthe (A.S.) 148, _unknown, strange, foreign_
-
-unlosen (A.S.) 356, _to unloose_
-
-unlouken (A.S.) 380, 384, 385, 388, _to unlock_
-
-unnethe (A.S.) _scarcely_
-
-unpynne (A.S.) 385, _to unbolt_
-
-unsperen (A.S.) 374, 385, _to open, undo, unbolt_
-
-+un-teyned (A.S.) 481, _unfastened (?)_
-
-unthende (A.S.) 87, _unserved, without sauce_
-
-untidy (A.S.) 432, _slovenly, not clever_
-
-until (A.S.) _to_
-
-unwittily (A.S.) 49, _unwisely, unreasonably_
-
-up (A.S.) _upon_. up so doun, 428, _upside down_
-
-usen (A.S.) _to use_
-
-  V.
-
-vaunt-warde (A.N.) 430, _the avant-guard, the van_
-
-veille (A.N.) 104, _an old woman_
-
-vendage (A.N.) 391, _vintage, harvest_
-
-venymouste (A.N.) 378, _the property of being poisonous or venomous_
-
-venym (A.N.) 326, _poison_
-
-vernycle (A.N.) 109, "diminutive of _Veronike_. A copy in miniature of the
-picture of Christ, which is supposed to have been miraculously imprinted
-upon a handkerchief, preserved in the church of St. Peter at Rome. Du
-Cange, in v. _Veronica_. Madox, Form. Angl. p. 428. Testam. Joh. de Nevill,
-an. 1386. Item Domino archiepiscopo Ebor. fratri meo. i. vestimentum rubeum
-de velvet cum _le Veronike_ in granis rosarum desuper broudata. It was
-usual for persons returning from pilgrimages to bring with them certain
-tokens of the several places which they had visited; and therefore the
-Pardoner [in Chaucer], who is just arrived from Rome, is represented with
-_a vernicle sewed upon his cappe_."--TYRWHITT.
-
-verrey (A.N.) 365, verrey, 405, _true_
-
-verset (A.N.) 239, _a little verse_
-
-viker (A.N.) 424, _a vicar_
-
-vicory (A.N.) 420, _a vicar_
-
-  W.
-
-waast (A.N.) 10, _a waste, wilderness_
-
-wafrestere (A.S.) 115, _a maker of wafers for the priests, to be
-consecrated and administered at the sacrament_
-
-wage, wagen (A.N.) 440, _to hire, to wage, pay wages, remunerate_
-
-wage (A.N.) 71, _to be pledge for, to warrant_
-
-waggen (A.S.) 332, _to shake_. _pret. s._ waggede, 335, 373, 408
-
-wayte, waiten (A.S.) 89, 147, 157, 260, 269, _to watch, look about, wait_.
-_pret. s._ waitede, 266. _pl._ waiteden, 345
-
-waitynges (A.S.) 33, _watchings, lookings_
-
-walkne (A.S.) 316, _air, sky, welkin_. wolkne, 357, 383
-
-walnote (A.S.) _a wallnut_
-
-wayven (A.N.) 113, 435, 482, 491, _to waive_
-
-waken (A.S.) _to awake_. _pret. pl._ woken, 277, woke, 405, _awoke_
-
-wanhope (A.S.) 34, 94, 140, 238, 366, _despair, hopelessness_
-
-wanye (A.S.) 141, 153, _to fade, wane_. _pret. s._ wanyed, 294
-
-war (A.S.) _ware, aware_. y-war, 17
-
-warde (A.N.) 388, _a keeper_
-
-wardemotes (A.N.) 6, _meetings of the ward_
-
-wareyne (A.N.) 10, _a warren_
-
-warisshen (A.N.) 336, _to cure_
-
-warlawes (A.S.) 497, _wizards, sorcerers, warlocks_. See Jamieson, on this
-latter word
-
-warner (A.N.) 96, _a warrener, keeper of a warren_
-
-warpen (A.S.) _to utter, cast_. _pret. s._ warpe, 82, 99
-
-warroken (A.S.) 66, _to girt_
-
-waselen (A.S.) _to become dirty, dirty one's self_. +_pret. s._ waselede,
-476
-
-wasshe (A.S.) 248, _to wash_. _pret. s._ I wessh, 344, wasshed, 352, _pl._
-wesshen, 247. _part. pas._ y-wasshen, 167, whasshen, 272, wasshen, 392
-
-wastel (A.N.) 94, _a cake, fine bread_
-
-watlen (A.S.) _to cover with hurdles, to wattle_. _pret. s._ watlede, 415
-
-wawe (A.S.) 153, _a wave_
-
-webbe (A.S.) 89, _a weaver_
-
-webbestere (A.S.) _a weaver_. wollen webbesters, 14, _woollen weavers_
-
-wed (A.S.) 91, 346, _a pledge_
-
-wedden (A.S.) 73, _to lay a wager_
-
-weder (A.S.) _weather_. weder-wise, _weather-wise_
-
-wedes (A.S.) _dress, clothes, apparel_
-
-weer (A.S.) 209, 330, _a doubt, perplexity_
-
-weet (A.S.) _wet_. weet-shoed, 369, _wet-shoed_
-
-weg (A.S.) 426, _a pledge_
-
-wey (A.S.) _a way_
-
-weye (A.S.) 82, _a wey of cheese_
-
-weyen (A.S.) _to weigh_. _part. past_, weyen, 25
-
-weylaway (A.S.) 383, _an exclamation of lamenting under suffering_
-
-weyves (A.S.) 6 (a law term), _animals lost or strayed_
-
-weke (A.S.) 360, 362, _the wick of a candle_
-
-welden (A.S.) 174, 175, 206, _to possess_. _pres. s._ he welt, 178, when he
-weldeth, 426
-
-wele (A.S.) 381, _weal, happiness, good fortune_
-
-wellen (A.S.) _to boil, to gush out as water from a spring_. _pret. s._
-wellede, 418
-
-welle (A.S.) 296, _a spring_
-
-welthe (A.S.) 88, _a welt_
-
-wem (A.S.) 377, _a flaw, stain_
-
-wenden (A.S.) 306, _to go, to wend_. _pres. pl._ wenden. _imperat._ weend,
-59
-
-wenen (A.S.) 264, 380, _to suppose, imagine, think, believe_. _pret. pl._
-wende, 263, _supposed_
-
-wepen (A.S.) _to weep_. _pret. s._ wepte, 374, _pl._ wepten
-
-wepene (A.S.) 170, _membrum virile_
-
-wepne (A.S.) _a weapon_
-
-+werdliche (A.S.) 454, 473, _worldly_
-
-were (A.S.) 322, _to wear_
-
-werken, werche (A.S.) _to work_. _pres. pl._ werchen. _pret. s._ wroghte.
-_pl._ wroughte, wroghten. _part. act._ werchynge. _part. pas._ wroughte,
-wroght, y-wroght
-
-+werly (A.S.) 491, _worldly_
-
-wernard, wernarde (A.N.) 35, 53, _persons who lay information against
-others_ (?)
-
-wernen (A.S.) _to refuse, deny_. _pres. s._ werneth, 425, _refuses_
-
-werre (A.N.) _war_
-
-wers (A.S.) _worse_
-
-+werwolves (A.S.) 478, _people turned into wolves by sorcery_. An ancient
-superstition. _See_ note
-
-wesshen (A.S.) _to wash_
-
-weven (A.S.) _to weave_
-
-wex (A.S.) 360, 361, wax
-
-wexen, wexe (A.S.) 141, 209, 293, 401, _to wax, grow_. _pret. s._ weex, 63,
-94, 202, 278, 294, 336, 369. _pl._ woxen, 161, 277, 333. _part. pas._
-woxen, 177, 403
-
-wexed (A.S.) 98, _washed_ (?)
-
-what! (A.S.) 146, an interjection, _lo!_
-
-whiche (A.S.) which a light, 376, _what light_
-
-+whit (A.S.) 476, _a wight, creature_
-
-whiten (A.S.) _to make white_
-
-+whough (A.S.) 453, _how_. whou, 481
-
-wicche (A.S.) 372, 373, _a witch_
-
-wye (A.S.) 109, 223, 245, 248, 283, 352, 354, 388, 405, _a man_. It is the
-Saxon _wig_, and was originally applied to a warrior or hero. I am inclined
-to think this may be the origin of our present slang term, _a guy_
-
-wif (A.S.) _in the objective_, wyve, _pl._ wyves, _a woman, wife_
-
-wight (A.S.) 160, _active, brave_. wightly, _actively, bravely, well_.
-wyghtliche, 40, _actively_. wightnesse, 410, _activity, cleverness_
-
-wight (A.S.) _a creature, being_
-
-wike (A.S.) _a week_. _pl._ woukes, 336
-
-wikkedlokest (A.S.) 199, _most wickedly_
-
-willen (A.S.) 400, _to will_. _pres. s._ wol, wole, _pl._ wol. _pret. s._
-wolde, _pl._ wolde. thow willest, 241
-
-wilne (A.S.) 49, _to will_. _pr. s._ wilneth, 20. _pl._ wilne, 15. _pret.
-s._ wilned, 211, 369
-
-wyn (A.S.) 402, _wine_
-
-wynen pyne (A.S.) 78, _the wine pin, or place where wine was sold_ (?)
-
-wynkyng (A.S.) 77, 99, _dozing, slumbering_
-
-wynnen, wynne (A.S.) _to win, gain_. _pret. s._ wan, 123, 231, _pl._
-wonnen, 2. _part. pas._ y-wonne, 82, 213, wonne, 410
-
-+wynwe (A.S.) 476, _winnowing_
-
-wis, _pl._ wise (A.S.) _wise_
-
-wisloker (A.S.) 266, _more certainly_
-
-wissen, wisse (A.S.) 399, _to teach_. _pres. sing._ I wisse. _pret. sing._
-wissed, 19. _part. act._ wissynge, 205, _teaching_
-
-wissen (A.S.) _to know_. _pret. sing._ wiste, 151, 211, _knew_ _part.
-past_, wist, 381
-
-wit (A.S.) _mind, wit, intelligence_
-
-witen, wite (A.S.) 373, 377, _to know_. _pres. s._ he woot, 105, 199.
-_pret. s._ woot, 3, 32, 35, 67. to witene, 152, _to know_. witynge, 418,
-_knowingly_
-
-witen (A.S.) 140, 331, _to hinder, keep_
-
-witen (A.S.) _to blame_. _pret. s._ witte, 17
-
-withdrawen (A.S.) _to withdraw_. _pret. s._ withdrough, 373
-
-withholden (A.S.) _to withold, retain_. _pres. s._ he withhalt, 110
-
-withwynde (A.S.) 108, _crosswise_ (?) as if bound with a withy
-
-witterly (A.S.) _truly_
-
-witty (A.S.) 196, _knowing, wise_
-
-+wlon (A.S.) 494, _the nap of cloth_ (?)
-
-wo (A.S.) _woe_
-
-wodewe (A.S.) 169, _pl._ widwes, _a widow_
-
-woke (A.S.) 315, _to moisten_ (?)
-
-wolleward (A.S.) 369, wolward, 497, _miserable, plagued_
-
-wolves-kynnes (A.S.) 126, _of the nature of wolves_
-
-wombe (A.S.) _the belly_
-
-wombe-cloutes (A.S.) 250, _tripes_
-
-womman, _pl._ wommen (A.S.) _a woman_
-
-wone (A.S.) _a dwelling-place, residence_
-
-woned (A.S.) 306, _accustomed, wont_
-
-wonyen (A.S.) _to dwell_. _pres. s._ wonyeth, 18. _pret. pl._ woneden, 311
-
-woon (A.S.) 435, _plenty, abundance_
-
-+woon (A.S.) _a dwelling_
-
-worden (A.S.) _to discourse, have words together_. _pret. pl._ wordeden,
-68. wordynge, 351, _talking, using words, conversing_
-
-worm (A.S.) 222, _a serpent_
-
-worstow, 420, _shalt thou be_. _See_ worthe
-
-wort (A.S.) 135, _a plant, vegetable_
-
-worthe, y-worthe (A.S.) _to be, become_. to late the cat worthe, 12, _to
-let the cat be_. worth, 26, 244, 359, _shall be_
-
-wowen (A.S.) 69, _to woo, court_
-
-wower, _pl._ woweris (A.S.) 206, _a wooer_
-
-wowes (A.S.) 46, _walls_
-
-wrathen (A.S.) _to be or become angry, wroth_
-
-wreken (A.S.) _to avenge_. _part. past_, wroken, 39, 437, wroke, 392
-
-wrighte (A.S.) 197, _a workman, artist, maker_
-
-wringen (A.S.) _to wring_. _pret. s._ wrong, 42, 127
-
-writen (A.S.) _to write_. _pret. s._ wroot, 183, 225, 233, 293, 328, 396.
-_part. past_, writen, 349
-
-writhen (A.S.) 358, _twisted, clenched_
-
-wrooth (A.S.) _wroth_
-
-wrotherhele (A.S.) 280, _ill fate, ill condition_
-
-  Y.
-
-As a consonant; for other words beginning with _y_, see under _g_ and _i_
-
-yarken (A.S.) 143, _to make ready, prepare_
-
-ye (A.S.) _yea, yes_
-
-yeden (A.S.) _to go_. _pret. s._ yede. _pl._ yeden, 324, 351, 354
-
-yeepe (A.S.) 203, _active, alert, prompt_
-
-yelde (A.S.) 419, _to yield, pay, give_. _pres. s._ he yelt, 375. _pret.
-s._ yald, 239, 240. yeldynge
-
-yeme (A.S.) 349, _heed, attention_
-
-yemen (A.S.) 154, 171, 185, _to rule, guide, govern--to heed, take care of_
-
-yepeliche (A.S.) 306, _promptly_
-
-yerde (A.S.) _a rod, a yard_
-
-yere (A.S.) _pl._ yeer, _a year_. yeres-gyve, 154. yeres-yeves, 49, _a
-year's gift_
-
-yerne (A.S.) _to yearn, desire eagerly_
-
-yerne (A.S.) (_adverb_) _eagerly, earnestly, readily_
-
-yerne (A.S.) 306, _to run_. _pret. s._ yarn, 205. _part. act._ ernynge,
-418. _See_ rennen
-
-yis (A.S.) _yes_
-
-yit (A.S.) _yet_
-
-ynowe (A.S.) _enough_. ynogh, 382
-
-yvel (A.S.) _evil, wicked_. yvele, 87, _evilly, wickedly_.
-
-_FINIS._
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. EDINBURGH AND LONDON.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-
-Corrections made to printed text
-
-Lines 9010, 9011. "for cold", "for drye" corrected from "for-cold",
-"for-drye"
-
-Line 9056 et seq.: Original line numbering preserved, appears to be 1 too
-low.
-
-Line 9254 et seq.: Original line numbering preserved, appears to be a
-further 2 too low.
-
-Line 10204: printed "10240"
-
-Line 10260 et seq.: Original line numbering preserved, appears to be a
-further 1 too low.
-
-Line 13205 "a-fyngred" corrected from "a fyngred".
-
-Line 14038: printed "14083"
-
-Line 14311 "hadde" corrected from "hande".
-
-Creed, line 1238: "In penaunce" corrected from "Ia penaunce".
-
-Notes generally: the abbreviations for Eccliastes and Eccliasticus are
-confusing - they are retained as printed. References to Psalms sometimes
-use the numbering of the Vulgate, sometimes the Hebrew/Protestant numbering
-- these are also retained as printed.
-
-Corrections to the line numbers for the notes: 1735 (corrected from 1734);
-2497 (2499); 2881 (2882); 3408 (3407); 4618 (4620); 5433 (5423); 8167
-(8164), 8173 (8170), 8180 (8177); 9176 (9177: the next line had incorrect
-printed line number 9178), 9178 (9179); 9517 (9510); 10183 (10182); 10322
-(10332); 10553 (10523); 11075 (11074); 11300 (11299); 10322 (10332); 10553
-(10523); 11075 (11074); 11300 (11299); 12669 (12668); 12943 (12942); 14269
-(14265); Creed 913 (911).
-
-Note 1177. "ynowe" corrected from "ynome".
-
-Note 3944 & 3948. "Psalm lxviii, 29" corrected from "Psalm xlviii, 29".
-
-Note 4618. "popularly" corrected from "pupularly".
-
-Note 6022. "Epist. ad Rom. xii, 19.", the only good match and confirmed by
-Skeat. The original has "Galat. vi, 2.", which belongs to the note to line
-6981.
-
-Note 8418. "Luke xxi, 1-4." corrected from "Luke xx, 1-4.".
-
-Note "8572", corrected from "8573".
-
-Note 9766. "Psal. xcvi" corrected from "Psal. cxvi".
-
-Note 10183. "Hadde" from "Hudde".
-
-Note 10404. "looresmen" from "loorsemen" (cf. glossary).
-
-Note 11396. "Matth. xx, 40" corrected from "Matth. v, 40".
-
-Note 11670. "John xii, 32" corrected from "Cant. xii, 32".
-
-Note 12040. "2 Corinth. xii, 9" corrected from "2 Corinth. xii, 19".
-
-Corrected page references in the Glossary: affaiten (deleted 9); apeiren 80
-(corrected from 8); arwe 438 (432); brok 119 (199); brotel 153 (133);
-cacchen 236 (238); chaffare (merchandise) 85 (84); come: com 400 (401);
-comsen: comsynge 382 (384); coveren 238 (228); daggen 433 (483); devors 433
-(438); drawen: drogh 437 (487), drow 376 (375); dredfully 352 (252); duc
-388 (188); eten 386 (385); fighten: y-foughte 336 (386); foote 354 (314);
-for-yelden 133 (184); formest 403 (409); frete (deleted 4); goon: wenten
-351 (321); graithen: graythed 494 (491); hastilokest 424 (434); hewen 273
-(173); kennen: kenne 20 (621, which is the line number instead of the
-page); kyn 359 (659); lakken 262 (260); leet 25 (27); leven (to believe):
-leved 393 (392); manlich 92 (62); mees 249 (242); metels 207 (206); meve
-228 (288); pil 331 (330); pulchen 460 (46); quellen 537 (337); quyk 384
-(334); segge 216 (210); sleen: slow 434 (433); sleep 99 (96); spede: spedde
-353 (352); torne: torned 265 (266); treden: tredede 476 (475); undernymen
-214 (9); vaunt-warde 430 (409); wage (deleted 171); webbe (deleted 267);
-witty 196 (96); writen 349 (249); yvele 87 (7).
-
-Gloss "aspien", corrected from "aspein".
-
-Gloss "avowen". "to make a vow" corrected from "... row".
-
-Gloss "biten". "bitit" corrected from "betit".
-
-Gloss "deitee". "daity" corrected from "deity".
-
-Gloss "fondynge", corrected from "fongynge".
-
-Gloss "liggen". "leyen" corrected from "leven".
-
-Gloss "lomere". "frequently" corrected from "ferquently".
-
-Gloss "sitten". "I seet" corrected from "I sete".
-
-Gloss "speken", corrected from "peken".
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Vision and Creed of Piers
-Ploughman, Volume II of II, by William Langland
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISION, CREED, PIERS PLOUGHMAN, VOL II ***
-
-***** This file should be named 43661.txt or 43661.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/3/6/6/43661/
-
-Produced by Mark C. Orton, Keith Edkins and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
-will be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
-one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
-(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
-permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
-set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
-copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
-protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
-Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
-charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
-do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
-rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
-such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
-research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
-practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
-subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
-redistribution.
-
-
-
-*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-  www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-
-Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works
-
-1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
-all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
-If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
-terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
-entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
-
-1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
-paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
-and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
-or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
-collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
-individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
-located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
-copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
-works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
-are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
-Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
-freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
-this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
-the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
-keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
-Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
-a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
-the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
-before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
-creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
-Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
-the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
-States.
-
-1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
-access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
-whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
-copied or distributed:
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
-from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
-posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
-and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
-or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
-with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
-work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
-through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
-Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
-1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
-terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
-to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
-permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
-word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
-distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
-"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
-posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
-you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
-copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
-request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
-form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
-that
-
-- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
-     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
-     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
-     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
-     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
-     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
-     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
-     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
-     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
-     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-     License.  You must require such a user to return or
-     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
-     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
-     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
-     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
-     of receipt of the work.
-
-- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
-forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
-both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
-Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
-Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
-collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
-"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
-corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
-property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
-computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
-your equipment.
-
-1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
-your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
-the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
-refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
-providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
-receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
-is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
-opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
-WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
-WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
-If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
-law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
-interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
-the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
-provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
-with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
-promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
-harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
-that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
-or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
-work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
-Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
-
-
-Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
-including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
-because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
-people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
-To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
-and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
-Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
-permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
-Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
-throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
-North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
-contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
-Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-     Chief Executive and Director
-     gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
-SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
-particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
-To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-
-Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
-works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
-with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
-Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
-unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
-keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
-
-     www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/43661.zip b/43661.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 78cf2e7..0000000
--- a/43661.zip
+++ /dev/null