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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha
+Woodroof) Hiden
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: How Justice Grew
+       Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+
+Author: Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 15, 2012  [eBook #39148]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Mark C. Orton, Eric Skeet, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Research indicates that the copyright on this book was not
+      renewed.
+
+      Text in italics is surrounded by underlines (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+HOW JUSTICE GREW
+
+Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+by
+
+MARTHA W. HIDEN
+
+Member of Executive Board of
+Virginia Historical Society
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation
+Williamsburg, Virginia
+1957
+
+Copyright(C), 1957 by
+Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration
+Corporation, Williamsburg, Virginia
+
+Jamestown 350th Anniversary
+Historical Booklet, Number 19
+
+
+
+
+HOW JUSTICE GREW
+
+Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+
+In addition to their human cargo, the poultry and fruit acquired in the
+West Indies, the clothing, household gear, and other possessions of the
+passengers, the _Susan Constant_, _Godspeed_ and _Discovery_ had a large
+though imponderable cargo of English laws, customs and religion. The
+colonists had left England, neither driven out nor seeking escape, but
+to found a new England in a new world.
+
+Though the seat of government was at "King James His Towne," the natural
+curiosity to explore and the economic necessity for means of livelihood
+caused settlements to spring up farther and farther away. Despite the
+fact that the colonists were in a region where rivers and numerous
+streams afforded easy transportation interrupted only for short periods
+by ice in winter, attendance at court in Jamestown was burdensome.
+
+
+THE FOUR CORPORATIONS
+
+By 17 June 1617, Governor Samuel Argall had established the four great
+divisions of the colony, namely: "the incorporations and parishes of
+James City, Charles City, Henrico and Kikotan" (later Elizabeth City).
+The Eastern Shore settlements were not included in this division.
+
+Each of the incorporations mentioned above and the Eastern Shore
+contained one or more boroughs or settlements. Eleven of the settlements
+in the four incorporations were represented by two Burgesses each, in
+the first General Assembly. This, the first legislative assembly of
+English speaking people in the Western hemisphere, convened on 30 July
+1619 in the church at Jamestown. Itself based on the English Parliament
+as a model, it became the model followed by all succeeding British
+colonies including Australia. The colonial assembly next in age to
+Virginia's is that of Bermuda established in 1620. In the _Journals of
+the House of Burgesses_, the names of the Burgesses for the 1619
+Assembly are arranged by the cities and plantations they represented. In
+the Journal of the second Assembly that is extant, 1623/24, for the
+first and only time, the plantations are grouped under the corporations
+of which they were a part, except Eastern Shore, which, as has been
+noted, was a separate entity.
+
+In 1621, a charter from the Company confirmed former grants and provided
+"that the Governor should call the General Assembly once a year, and
+initiate the policy of the form of government, laws, customs, manner of
+trial and other administration of justice used in England." Governor
+Wyatt at the same time was ordered to make arrangements for "dividing
+the colony into cities, boroughs, etc., ... and to appoint proper times
+for administration ... and law suits." William Stith in his _History of
+Virginia_ states: "Inferior courts were therefore in the beginning of
+the year 1621 appointed in convenient places to relieve the Governor and
+Council of the vast burthen of business and to render justice more cheap
+and accessible. This was the original and foundation of our County
+Courts, although the country was not yet laid off in counties."
+
+The General Assembly of 1623/24 provided "that there shall be courts
+kept once a month in the corporations of Charles City and Elizabeth City
+for the deciding of suits and controversies not exceeding the value of
+one hundred pounds of tobacco and for punishing of petty offenses." As a
+consequence of this act, the question of the metes and bounds of these
+corporations, Charles City, Henrico, Elizabeth City and James City,
+became important, since suits must perforce be instituted in the court
+having jurisdiction over that particular area. Mr. Nathaniel C. Hale,
+in his interesting book on William Claiborne called _Virginia Venturer_,
+shows that William Claiborne in 1621, was appointed a surveyor for the
+colony and comments that heretofore boundaries of land had been located
+with ungraduated mariners' compasses and described by careless
+references to natural limits.
+
+Apparently the Jamestown Court with those of Charles City and Elizabeth
+City was adequate for several years, but in February 1631/32 the
+Assembly passed an act adding five more as follows: "for the upper
+parts"; "for Warwick River; for Warrosquyoake; for Elizabeth City; for
+Accawmacke." Presumably, since the order had been that the new courts
+were to be held "in remote parts of the colony," the phrase "upper
+parts" would mean the most western part of Henrico Corporation, and the
+Elizabeth City Court would be for the south side of Hampton Roads. This
+seems logical since the north side had been settled first, was more
+populous and was not remote from Jamestown.
+
+
+THE EIGHT ORIGINAL SHIRES
+
+But the colony was growing too fast for this arrangement to continue
+adequate for long. With a population of about 5,000 persons, the time
+for division into shires or counties was at hand. It may be noted that,
+though these units were designated as shires in the Act of the General
+Assembly creating them, they were, after that, always called counties.
+Their functions were the same as those of their English prototypes, but
+conditions here required two changes which will be mentioned later.
+
+The names of the four corporations, Charles City, Henrico, James City
+and Elizabeth City were kept for four of the newly created counties, but
+their areas were lessened. The four new divisions were: Warwick River,
+later called Warwick; Warrosquyoake, later Isle of Wight; Charles River,
+later changed to York, and Accomack which embraced all the settlements
+on the Eastern Shore of Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: 1619
+Rapid Growth of Settlement along the James River. Marked by Introduction
+of Representative Government.]
+
+The tender feeling for the homeland is evidenced by the fact that six
+out of the "eight original shires," as they are generally called, bore
+names reminiscent of England. Henrico perpetuated Henry, Prince of
+Wales, son of James I whose early death made even more difficult the
+first years of the Colony. Charles City honored his brother Charles,
+later Charles I, who combined, to his undoing, the charm and obstinacy
+of the Stuarts. Elizabeth City and the river of the same name derive
+from Princess Elizabeth, the oldest sister of Henry and Charles. She
+married Frederick, for a time King of Bohemia, but later overthrown and
+exiled. Though her life was bitter and tragic, her descendants since
+1714 have occupied the throne of Britain. James City was, of course, for
+King James I, of whom it was said that his instructors had given him an
+abundance of knowledge but had been unable to give him sense. Warwick's
+name was for Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, leader of one of the factions
+of the Virginia Company, who had founded and cared for the colony. He
+belonged to the "Court Party" which wished to continue martial law in
+the colony and opposed the liberal views of Sir Edwin Sandys and the
+Earl of Southampton. For awhile the Sandys faction was in control and
+the "Great Charter of Laws, Orders and Privileges" brought over by Sir
+George Yeardley was the expression of their views on colonial
+government. But the "Court Party" prevailed in the end and the charter
+of the Virginia Company was revoked in 1624. Charles River County
+presumably took its name from Charles I, who was King when it was
+formed. In 1642/43 when it became York, the change was made to honor
+James, the second son of Charles I, who in that year was created Duke of
+York. Warrosquyoake, an Indian word, was later Isle of Wight County
+since some of its most prominent residents were from the small island of
+that name lying off the English coast. The Parish lying in and
+coterminous with Isle of Wight County was called Newport from the
+largest city in the English island. Accomack honored the friendly tribe
+of Indians of that name residing on the Eastern Shore.
+
+The bounds of these eight counties as noted in Tyler's _The Cradle of
+the Republic_ were as follows:
+
+Elizabeth City County extending on both sides of Hampton Roads, on the
+south side to Chuckatuck Creek and on the north side to Newport News and
+including a small part thereof.
+
+Warrosquyoake County, later Isle of Wight, extending on the south side
+of James River from Chuckatuck Creek to Lawne's Creek.
+
+Warwick River County extending on the north side of James River from
+Elizabeth City County to Skiffe's (Keith's) Creek. This is the only
+original shire from which no other county was formed. The name was
+changed to Warwick County in 1643.
+
+James City County extending on both sides of James River, on the south
+side from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes Creek and on the north side
+from Skiffe's Creek to above Sandy Point.
+
+Charles City County also extending on both sides of James River, on the
+south side from Upper Chippokes Creek to Appomattox River and on the
+north side from Sandy Point to Turkey Island Creek.
+
+Henrico County extending from Charles City County on both sides of James
+River indefinitely westward.
+
+Charles River County, later York, lay to the north of Warwick County and
+adjoined Elizabeth City County on the east. Its north and west
+boundaries were indefinite. The colonists soon crossed the York River to
+establish plantations along its northern bank and settled as far west as
+the Pamunkey River.
+
+Accomack, the eighth shire, like York County, showed the vitality of the
+colonists in pushing settlements away from the vicinity of Jamestown
+into uncharted wilds.
+
+The Potomac River was the dividing line between Virginia and Maryland,
+and on the Eastern Shore the division was approximately in line with the
+mouth of this river. Settling on the Shore in 1616, the colonists moved
+slowly northward. The Indians were friendly, transportation easy,
+climate mild, and soil fertile. There was no impediment to growth.
+
+The population of the colony is estimated to have been around 5,000
+persons in 1634 as has been noted. Six years later it had increased
+about 50%, being 7,466 persons. One factor in this growth was the unrest
+in England at this time which culminated a few years later in bitter
+civil war.
+
+
+THE COLONIAL COURTS
+
+We have mentioned that the creation of counties with their courts had in
+view to render justice more accessible to all. There were by 1642, in
+the colony six kinds of courts for the administration of justice.
+
+The first of these was the magistrate's court. In 1642, an Act of the
+Assembly empowered a magistrate or justice to try a case involving not
+over twenty shillings in currency or 200 pounds of tobacco in value. In
+1657/58, the amount could be as much as 1,000 pounds of tobacco if two
+magistrates were present but only 350 pounds if but one magistrate tried
+the case. The appeal from the magistrate's court was to the monthly
+court.
+
+The next court was the parish court. In the seventeenth century only one
+of these courts existed in Virginia and that only for a short time. This
+was the court of Bristol Parish which most likely sat in the old
+Merchants Hope Church, still standing and still in use. The court was
+discontinued before the end of the seventeenth century, and its papers
+passed into the custody of the Henrico County Court. A parish court was
+in a way a vestigial body, a relic of days when the authority of the
+church was preeminent in both civil and ecclesiastical matters.
+
+The third recourse for justice was to the monthly court, developed
+according to Stith, from the inferior court established in 1621. The
+Governor named the first justices of a new county, renamed justices in
+the old counties and filled every vacancy as it occurred. By Act of
+Assembly in 1628/29, the number of justices was to be eight, but later
+it was increased to ten. Four constituted a quorum. Three other members
+of the bench associated with one member of the quorum, who had a
+different status from the other justices, formed a sufficient number to
+make a valid court. The person whose name appeared at the head of the
+list of those constituting the quorum probably served as presiding
+justice; in his absence, the one named second and so on down the list.
+No pay was provided for the justices.
+
+In 1642, the Assembly ordered that at least six monthly courts be held
+every year and the justices were empowered to determine when extra
+sessions were necessary. At the same time, another Act of Assembly
+provided that Henrico should hold court on the first day of every month;
+Charles City on the third; James City on the sixth; Isle of Wight on the
+ninth; Upper Norfolk (later Nansemond) on the twelfth; Elizabeth City on
+the eighteenth; Warwick on the twenty-first; York on the twenty-fourth;
+and Northampton, (formerly Accomack) on the twenty-eighth. The careful
+spacing between these courts enabled attorneys to appear in cases in
+different counties with no conflict of dates.
+
+The range of cases that could come before a monthly court was naturally
+wider than could come before a magistrate. As much as ten pounds
+sterling could be involved in a suit and there was no appeal from the
+decision; when larger amounts were involved, the defeated litigant could
+appeal to the General Court. All questions where injury to life or limb
+was at stake went before the General Court.
+
+The monthly county courts had, in a general way, a jurisdiction
+resembling the combined jurisdiction of the English Chancery Court,
+King's Bench, Common Pleas, Court Exchequer, Admiralty and
+Ecclesiastical. The justices of the monthly courts looked after the poor
+and afflicted, held special orphan courts at least once a year, granted
+probates of wills, passed on appraisements of estates as presented to
+them for inspection, on inventories and estate accounts which also were
+presented for their scrutiny, and recorded conveyances of land.
+
+Recordation of land conveyances is one of the two differences between
+the monthly court of a Virginia county and its British prototype. There
+conveyances were private property and retained in private ownership.
+Manor houses of old English estates often had a room called the
+"Muniment room" where deeds, inventories, rent rolls and such family
+papers, often including copies of wills, were kept. The name derived
+from a Latin word meaning to fortify or strengthen, since the deeds
+strengthened the validity of ownership claimed by the holder of the
+land. The other function of the monthly court in Virginia different from
+the English Shire Court was the power to probate wills. In England
+probate of wills was in the prerogative courts of Canterbury and York.
+Probably since there was no diocesan see in Virginia, Virginia being in
+the diocese of London, the monthly court offered the most feasible place
+of probate.
+
+It has been noted that there was a limit to the powers of this court and
+that cases which it could not hear went before the General Court. This
+court was composed of the Governor and his Council of State. It met
+semi-annually, 15 April and 15 October, each term lasting at least
+eighteen days. The Governor presided at these sessions. The presence of
+five members was necessary for the transaction of business. The _Minutes
+of the Council and General Court_ are extant for the years 1622-1632 and
+abstracts for the years 1670-1676. They were published in one volume by
+the Virginia State Library in 1924 and are helpful in acquiring a
+general picture of life in the colony in the seventeenth century.
+
+The General Assembly was also a judicial body with power to render
+decisions. At its afternoon session the 22nd day of September 1674, a
+cause came before the Council and General Court which had originated in
+Accomack County. The Court made no decision but ordered it "referred to
+the Assembly by reason it very much concern the country." From that one
+would infer that causes involving general principles were deemed proper
+for discussion and decision by the Burgesses who represented the entire
+colony, since all would be affected by the decision.
+
+The Court of Admiralty, the last dispenser of justice in the colony,
+seems to have been established about 1697 under the governorship of Sir
+Edmund Andros. Previously such matters as would come within the province
+of this court had been handled by other judicial procedures, as they
+were later. The instances of piracy were not numerous enough to justify
+the maintenance of a Court of Admiralty in Virginia. No records of this
+court survive.
+
+It may seem we have wandered far from the formation of counties, but
+since the accessibility of justice for all was a prime consideration in
+their creation, it would appear well to examine the means by which the
+average citizen could have his grievances heard and decided. The
+importance of the county monthly court in his life cannot be
+overestimated. While on business at court, he had opportunity to see his
+friends, play cards, gamble, race horses, fight, drink, "swap" horses
+and other livestock, attend the muster of county militia to which he
+belonged, and see the newest articles imported from England. The county
+court and his parish church services were his chief contacts with the
+world that lay beyond his plantation.
+
+
+"JUSTICE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL." COUNTY DIVISIONS BEGIN
+
+Scarcely had the eight original counties begun to function before the
+expansion of population forced the erection of a new one. In 1636 that
+part of Elizabeth City County lying on the south side of Hampton Roads
+became a separate entity under the name of New Norfolk, a name probably
+derived from the English shire. No court records of this year survive.
+The next year 1637, New Norfolk itself was divided into Lower Norfolk
+and Upper Norfolk counties.
+
+Also in 1637, Warrosquyoake County lost its Indian name, becoming Isle
+of Wight. By Act of Assembly passed in January 1639/40, the bounds
+between these three counties were set as follows: Isle of Wight to begin
+at Lawne's Creek, thence down the main river to Richard Hays's, formerly
+John Seaward's, including the said plantation and families and from
+thence from the main river into the woods southerly to the plantation of
+William Nowell and Mr. Robert Pitt, with the said plantation and
+families, and thence south as aforesaid. The Upper County of New Norfolk
+to begin at the aforesaid plantation of Richard Hays, from thence
+southerly into the woods as aforesaid, and by the main river, from
+thence to extend down by the main river unto the creek near the
+plantation of Francis Bullock being the first creek to the westward of
+Crany Point including the plantation of the said Francis Bullock and no
+ways intrenching upon the Western Branch of Elizabeth River nor the
+creek thereof which do belong to the county of Lower Norfolk. The
+parishes in these counties were ordered to be coterminous with the
+bounds of the counties. Upper Norfolk County kept its name only a few
+years; in March 1645/46, the Assembly directed it should "be from
+henceforth nominated and called county of Nansemun."
+
+
+INDIAN DISTRICT CHICKACOAN BECOMES NORTHUMBERLAND
+
+Whether because of the Puritan element in Nansemond or because of
+Quakers resident there, who on account of their aversion to war were of
+no aid against the Indians, settlement for the first time turned away
+from Tidewater to the area lying between the Rappahannock and the
+Potomac Rivers. Because of its fertile soil, easy transportation and
+healthful climate, the colonists patented land in this favored region in
+increasing numbers. By 1645 the county of Northumberland had been formed
+and organized. Although we have no Act of Assembly to establish the
+date of its formation, an item from a volume of _Maryland Archives_
+under date of 1645 referring to Lieutenant Colonel John Trussell of the
+county of Northumberland shows the county was then functioning.
+
+The area from which Northumberland was formed had borne the Indian name
+of Chickacoan. It was a border settlement with no stable government and
+in need of law and order. Northumberland extended from the Potomac to
+and across the Rappahannock River and from the tip of "Northern Neck,"
+as the territory lying between the two rivers was called, indefinitely
+westward. The name derives from the English shire, Northumberland.
+
+Population of the colony is estimated to have been about 15,000 in 1649,
+500 of whom were negroes, and in 1654, 21,600 persons. This rapid growth
+was due largely to the Civil War in England which made Virginia a haven
+of refuge for many.
+
+
+NORTHUMBERLAND DIVIDED
+
+In 1651, that portion of Northumberland lying on both sides of the
+Rappahannock River was divided and a new county, called Lancaster from
+the English shire of that name, was formed.
+
+Colonists were moving westward in Northumberland and the distance to its
+courthouse made attendance at court difficult. In 1653, the new county
+of Westmoreland was set up from the western end of Northumberland to
+take care of these new residents. Its boundaries were "from Machoatoke
+River where Mr. Cole lives and so upwards to the falls of the great
+river of Potomac above the Necostins Town." It did not extend across the
+Rappahannock River. The "Mr. Cole" referred to is probably the Richard
+Cole, who in his will, directed that an elaborate tombstone be ordered
+for him carrying the following inscription:
+
+    "Here lies Dick Cole a grievous sinner
+    Who died shortly before dinner
+    Yet hopes in Heaven to find a place
+    To satiate his soul with grace."
+
+Westmoreland, destined to share with Charles City County the distinction
+of being the birthplace of two Presidents of the United States, is a
+beautifully situated area with famous estates on its fertile lands.
+Among these should be mentioned "Stratford," the birthplace of two
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis
+Lightfoot Lee, and of General Robert E. Lee.
+
+
+NEW TIDEWATER COUNTIES
+
+Leaving the rapidly growing Northern Neck of Virginia, we return to the
+Tidewater area to see the developments there. Just as the 1622 Massacre
+had retarded settlements on the south bank of the York River, so the
+1644 Massacre had delayed expansion on the north side of the York.
+Although in 1648 a petition was presented to the Assembly reciting "the
+great and clamorous necessities of divers of the inhabitants occasioned
+and brought upon them through the mean produce of their labours upon
+barren and over-wrought grounds" and praying leave to settle on the
+north side of Charles (York) and Rappahannock Rivers, the Assembly
+postponed the date of such settlement until 1 September 1649. It seems
+to have been about two years later, 1651, before Gloucester County was
+established, and Burgesses from the new county are first listed in April
+1652.
+
+It may be mentioned that this is an early example of the cause
+underlying a great deal of the migration in Virginia: "barren and
+over-wrought grounds," the toll that tobacco yearly exacted from the
+soil and the continuing need for new land to cultivate in order to
+produce profitable crops of tobacco.
+
+Only a little later than the northward expansion of York, evidenced by
+the new county of Gloucester, came its growth to the west. In 1654,
+Captain Robert Abrell appeared in the Assembly as Burgess from New Kent
+County. Like Gloucester, it derived from an English shire of the same
+name, and was bestowed in honor of Colonel William Claiborne of
+Crayford, Kent, England, at this date a distinguished resident of the
+new county. Its bounds were "from the west side of Skimeno Creek to the
+heads of Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers and down to the head of the west
+side of Poropotank Creek."
+
+Expansion also had taken place on the south side of James River directly
+across from Jamestown. The easterly bound of James City across the river
+was Lawne's Creek established in 1634 when the county of Warrosquyoake
+(Isle of Wight) was formed. The west boundary on the south side of the
+river was Upper Chippokes Creek. This, too, had been set up in 1634. Now
+in 1652, this area lying between these two creeks became Surry. Though
+named for the English shire, the spelling of the Virginia county has
+always omitted the "e" the English Surrey uses. It is said the name was
+selected because Surrey in England has the same geographical position to
+London as the Virginia Surry has to Jamestown, then the seat of
+government.
+
+With the formation of Surry County the needs of the population were
+satisfied for exactly 51 years. Not until 1703 was another south side
+division needed.
+
+
+THE NORTHERN NECK AND THE EASTERN SHORE DIVIDE
+
+Not so along the Rappahannock, for by 1656 only three years after
+Westmoreland was created, a petition was presented to the Assembly by
+"the inhabitants of the lower part of Lancaster County showing their
+vast distance from the county courts" and praying that a division be
+made. The Assembly acceded to their wishes, ordering "the upper part of
+Mr. Bennett's land known by the name of Naemhock on the south side of
+the easternmost branch of Morattico Creek on the north side the river be
+the lowermost bounds of the upper county; the lower county to retain the
+name of Lancaster and the upper county to be named Rappahannock County."
+This division followed the bounds of two parishes previously
+established.
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+King William County Courthouse, King William, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Hanover County Courthouse, Hanover, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Isle of Wight County Clerk's Office, Isle of Wight, Virginia]
+
+The formation of Rappahannock County in 1656 ended the list of counties
+formed in the decade 1650 to 1660.
+
+The next development was on the Eastern Shore. It had become
+sufficiently populous to support two county governments and in an Act of
+the Assembly March 1661/62 reference is made to the two counties. The
+southern part of the peninsula retained the name it had borne for twenty
+years, Northampton, and the county to the north assumed the name once
+borne by the entire peninsula, Accomack. The question of the boundary
+line between the two divisions dragged on for twenty-five years, being
+settled 22 March 1687/88. It has remained fixed. The boundary between
+Virginia and Maryland also was long in dispute, but Watkins Point at the
+mouth of Pocomoke River on its north side is the western end of the
+line. The line across the peninsula was set at a little north of the
+point.
+
+With Eastern Shore divided into two counties, no further growth was
+possible and the peninsula remains two counties.
+
+The next county to be formed in the colony was Stafford, which lies on
+the north side of the Rappahannock River to the west of Westmoreland.
+The name is in honor of an English shire. When formed in 1664, it was a
+border county with constant fear of Indian attacks since an established
+Indian trail regularly used by their hunting parties lay within its
+territory. Its north and west boundaries were not well defined, but
+included the area later Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Loudoun and
+Alexandria (now Arlington) Counties.
+
+Middlesex County, next to be noted, was functioning as a county in 1669
+as Mr. F. W. Sydnor demonstrated in an article in _Virginia Magazine of
+History and Biography_, Volume 42. It was taken from Lancaster County,
+being the portion that lies on the south side of the Rappahannock River
+and extends to Dragon Run, the northern boundary of Gloucester. It had
+been the southern part of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster and retained
+the same parish name. Christ Church was the only parish and coterminous
+with Middlesex County. By good fortune, Christ Church in Lancaster and
+Christ Church in Middlesex are still preserved and in use. Both the
+Register and Vestry Book of the latter have survived the years, the
+former begins in 1653 and the latter ten years later. No Register of
+Christ Church Lancaster survives, and the extant Vestry Book covers only
+the years 1739 to 1786. Middlesex, never large, was, in colonial days,
+the home of numerous distinguished families, among them the Wormeleys,
+whose house "Rosegill" has seen many important historical events. The
+name Middlesex is for the English shire, doubtless the birthplace of
+many early residents of the Virginia County.
+
+
+THE COLONY PROSPERS UNDER A KING AND QUEEN AND TWO NEW COUNTIES HONOR
+THE ROYAL FAMILY
+
+After Middlesex in 1669, there was a hiatus of 22 years before a new
+county was created. In that period, the colony's fortunes had been
+checkered, and unrest and depression had been widespread. Troubles with
+the Indians, Bacon's Rebellion and economic ills, which led to tobacco
+cutting, all combined to make Virginia a gloomy place. The accession of
+James II brought no improvement in England, and the time was ripe for
+revolution. James II was forced to flee. He was succeeded by his
+daughter Mary and her husband, who was his nephew, Prince William of
+Orange. Under their rule, both England and Virginia became more
+prosperous. The next new county, King and Queen, created 1691, was named
+in their honor. This was formed from New Kent, "so that Pamunkey River
+divide the same, and so down York River to the extent of the county, and
+that the part which is now on the south side of York and Pamunkey River
+be called New Kent, and the north side with Pamunkey Neck be called and
+known by the name of King and Queen county." It was enacted further
+"that the inhabitants of Pamunkey Neck, that now belong to St. Peter's
+Parish be restored and added to St. John's Parish from which they
+formerly were taken, and that the Pamunkey River be the bounds betwixt
+the two parishes."
+
+About the same time Lower Norfolk became populous enough to justify the
+formation of a new county. This was to begin "at the new inlet of Little
+Creek and so up the said creek to the dams between Jacob Johnson and
+Richard Drout and so out of the said dams up a branch the head of which
+branch lyeth between the dwelling house of William Moseley, Senr., and
+the new dwelling house of Edmond Webb, and so to run from the head of
+the said branch on a direct line to the dams at the head of the Eastern
+branch of Elizabeth River, the which dams lie between James Kemp and
+Thomas Ivy, and so down the said branch to the mouth of a small branch
+or gutt that divides the land which Mr. John Porter now lives on from
+the land he formerly lived on, and so up the said small branch according
+to the bounds of the said plantation where the said Porter now liveth,
+and from thence to the great swamp that lieth on the east side of John
+Showlands and so along the said great swamp to the North River of
+Currituck and down the said North River to the mouth of Simpson's Creek
+and so up the said creek to the head thereof and from thence by a south
+line to the bounds of Carolina." The name of this new division was
+Princess Anne honoring the second daughter of James II by his first wife
+Anne Hyde, and the sister of Queen Mary. Later Princess Anne became a
+very popular Queen, Fluvanna County, the Rivanna River, the North Anna
+and South Anna and the Rapidan River all being named for her. At the
+same time that Princess Anne was formed, the name of Lower Norfolk was
+changed to Norfolk County.
+
+
+RICHMOND AND ESSEX FROM OLD RAPPAHANNOCK
+
+Settlers had long found the Rappahannock River area attractive. The
+county of this name, established in 1656, and lying on both sides of the
+river, had grown steadily and its population was sufficient to support
+two county governments. It was enacted that the river be the dividing
+line, "that part which is now on the north side thereof be called and
+known by the name Richmond County and that that which is now on the
+south side thereof be called and known by the name of Essex County." It
+was further ordered "that the records belonging to the county court of
+Rappahannock before this division be kept in Essex County, that
+belonging wholly to their majesties and the other to the proprietors of
+the North Neck." This was a seemingly casual reference to the grant
+Charles II had made to some of his supporters while he was in exile and
+had confirmed on his coming to the throne; it comprised over five
+million acres lying between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers from
+their headsprings to the Chesapeake Bay. Not until the colony became
+independent was the Proprietary abolished.
+
+In 1702 another division was created. The land lying between the
+Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, known as Pamunkey Neck was taken from
+King and Queen and became King William County. This honored the reigning
+monarch, King William, now a widower since the death of Queen Mary in
+1694.
+
+King William died the same year his namesake county was formed and his
+sister-in-law, Queen Anne came to the throne. The first county formed
+thereafter honored her husband, the Prince Consort, George of Denmark.
+The new county, Prince George, embraced that portion of Charles City
+lying on the south side of James River. The estate, "Brandon," and the
+third oldest church building in Virginia known as Merchants Hope, are
+within its confines.
+
+After a reign of twelve years Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover
+ascended the throne as King George I of England. Several years before
+this, the Tangier-born Alexander Spotswood was appointed Lieutenant
+Governor of Virginia and took up his residence in Williamsburg.
+Williamsburg had become the capital in 1699. It was on higher land than
+malarial Jamestown and a more healthful place to live.
+
+Governor Spotswood was active and eager to explore the resources of the
+colony. One of his achievements was to lead a group of adventurous
+persons to the summit of the Blue Ridge and blaze the way for westward
+expansion. He also was interested in bringing over from the German
+Palatinate colonists adept in iron mining, and establishing them on the
+edges of older settlements. This brought about the creation of several
+counties as we shall see later.
+
+In 1721 the "Upper Inhabitants" of Richmond County because of their
+great distance from the courthouse petitioned to become a separate
+county. The eastern part lying below "Charles Beaver Dams and from the
+head thereof by a north course to Westmoreland County" was to retain the
+name Richmond and the part above the said dams and course was to be King
+George County. The name, of course, honored George I.
+
+When New Kent was formed in 1654 its western bounds were indefinite. By
+1721, however, the "Upper Inhabitants" of this county were sufficiently
+numerous to petition for division on account of their great distance
+from court. It was ordered that "that part of the county lying below the
+Parish of St. Paul" was to remain New Kent and the part lying in St.
+Paul's Parish was to be known as Hanover County. The name again honors
+the reigning monarch.
+
+Also in 1721, a third new county was formed and called Spotsylvania for
+the energetic and capable Governor. Spotsylvania was taken from Essex,
+and parts of King and Queen and King William. The bounds of Spotsylvania
+specifically laid out in the Act creating it were "upon Snow Creek up to
+the mill, thence by a southwest line to the river, North Anna, thence up
+the river as far as convenient and thence by a line to be run over the
+high mountains to the river on the northwest side thereof, so as to
+include the northern passage through the said mountains, thence down the
+said river until it comes against the head of Rappahannock thence, by a
+line to the head of Rappahannock River; and down that river to the mouth
+of Snow Creek." Within the portion of Spotsylvania that was taken from
+Essex, the Governor, some years before, had located a group of German
+immigrants at a place called Germanna on the Rapidan River.
+
+Besides the Germans, there was a group of Huguenots who had come over a
+few years earlier and settled on the James River some 20 miles above the
+Falls. There were also immigrants, both from England and Scotland, who
+were loyal to the Stuart cause, and its leader, James, son of James II
+by his second wife, Mary of Modena. The rising of the Scotch clans in
+his favor in 1715 was crushed by the battle of Preston. Many of the
+captured Highlanders were deported to America and others, fearing
+capture, emigrated. These three new factors in the life of the colony
+are worthy of notice.
+
+In 1727/28, an Act was passed by the Assembly to take effect the next
+year dividing the county of Henrico. The division was to be "by a line
+on the north side James River beginning at the mouth of Tuckahoe Creek
+thence up the said creek to Chumley's Branch thence along a line of
+marked trees north twenty degrees east to Hanover County and on the
+south side James River beginning at the Lower Manachin Creek from thence
+along a line of marked trees in a direct course to the mouth of
+Skinquarter Creek on Appomattox River." The land to the east of this
+line was to remain Henrico and that to the west to comprise the new
+county of Goochland. Sir William Gooch had become Lieutenant Governor of
+Virginia in 1727 and served 22 years. He was probably the most popular
+of the colonial governors, seemingly able to work harmoniously with the
+Council which was necessary for success.
+
+At the same time that Goochland was formed another new county came into
+being. This was described in the bill brought before the House of
+Burgesses as "An act for erecting a new county on the heads of Essex,
+King and Queen and King William Counties and for calling the same
+Caroline County." The name derives from Caroline of Anspach, Queen of
+George II who had succeeded his father, George I as King the year
+before. It will be recalled that Queen Caroline gave money to Thomas Lee
+to aid him in building "Stratford" when his former house had been burned
+by criminals whom he, as a magistrate, had sentenced for their misdeeds.
+Caroline County was not an expansion of settlements as most of the other
+counties had been for it was bounded completely by already established
+governments. Its creation, however, was in line with the thesis already
+laid down "to make justice accessible to all", and made court attendance
+more convenient for dwellers in the northwest portions of Essex, King
+and Queen and King William.
+
+Three years later, in 1731, a new county was created from the northwest
+portions of Stafford and King George "above Choppawomsick Creek on
+Potomac River and Deep Creek on Rappahannock River and a southwest line
+to be made from the head of the north branch of the said creek to the
+head of the said Deep Run." This area was to be known as Prince William
+County honoring by this title, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the
+King's brother. He was later known as "The Butcher of Culloden" because
+of the ferocity of his treatment of the Scotch Highlanders after the
+battle of Culloden in 1745. This battle, so sanguinary and devastating
+in its effects, wiped out the Stuart sympathizers and there were no
+further attempts to depose the Hanoverian dynasty from the British
+throne. The county seat is Manassas, near which were fought two battles
+of the Civil War.
+
+
+BRUNSWICK AND MIGRATION SOUTHWARD
+
+In 1720, the Assembly passed an act to be effective in 1721, creating
+Spotsylvania County as has been mentioned. At the same time, there was
+an act to form a county from the southern part of Prince George County
+and name it Brunswick for the Duchy of Brunswick which was then a
+possession of the Electorate of Hanover. The description is as follows:
+that Brunswick County should begin "on the south side of the River
+Roanoke at the place where the line lately run for ascertaining the
+uncontroverted bounds of this colony towards North Carolina intersects
+the said river Roanoke and to be bounded by the direction of the
+governor with consent of council so as to include the southern pass." No
+steps were taken for carrying out this act because of the small number
+of settlers in the area, until May 1732, when it was enacted that the
+earlier legislation become effective the first of January ensuing.
+Setting up the county government had been made possible by adding parts
+of Surry and Isle of Wight, thus increasing the number of tithables and
+lessening the amount of taxes each would pay. The preamble to the act
+expresses this thought in more precise phrase when it says "whereas by
+reason of the small number of tithables in the county of Brunswick the
+poll taxes must necessarily be very grievous and burthensome to them,
+which by an addition of parts of the counties of Surry and Isle of Wight
+would be remedied, and divers of the inhabitants of the two last
+mentioned counties would thereby also be freed from hardships and
+inconveniences which at present they labour under."
+
+The reference to the line lately run "between Virginia and North
+Carolina" is the famous survey made by Col. William Byrd, Major William
+Mayo, John Irvine and others which forms the subject of _The History of
+the Dividing Line_ written by Colonel Byrd. The Mayo River in Patrick
+and Henry Counties perpetuates the name of Major Mayo, the skilled
+surveyor in the party. The entire boundary was not surveyed then, in
+fact it was a good many years later before it was necessary to have a
+clear limit between the two colonies for the entire area.
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Lancaster County Clerk's Office, Lancaster, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Essex County Clerk's Office, Tappahannock, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Richmond County Clerk's Office, Warsaw, Virginia]
+
+Brunswick County began to function in 1732 and grew rapidly. The
+"overwrought ground" mentioned long before had in the interval became a
+more and more disturbing factor in agriculture. Tobacco was king, it
+demanded new land, hence new land must be provided. In Brunswick there
+was not only new land but the sort of land to raise good tobacco
+profitably, a condition equally true today. Settlers from Essex, King
+and Queen, Gloucester, York, Elizabeth City and other older counties
+soon made their way into Brunswick. It may not be amiss to observe that
+with the better living made possible by better tobacco crops a
+gastronomic delicacy was developed there, a rich and succulent stew
+called "Brunswick Stew" in honor of the county. So far as the writer is
+aware no other county in the state has achieved similar fame.
+
+
+ORANGE COUNTY REACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI
+
+In 1734, an expansion to the northwest took place in the creation of
+Orange County so named to honor William, Prince of Orange, later William
+III of England. The City of Williamsburg, King William and King and
+Queen counties had been prior evidences of his popularity. The new
+division was to embrace that part of Spotsylvania County lying in Saint
+Mark's Parish "Bounden southerly by the line of Hanover County,
+northerly by the grant of Lord Fairfax and westerly by the utmost limits
+of Virginia." This western boundary was the Mississippi River. The
+Assembly further enacted "for the encouragement of the inhabitants
+already settled and which shall speedily settle on the westward of
+Sherrendo (Shenandoah) River" that "all who had established themselves
+by 1st January 1734/35 should be free of country, county and parish
+levies for the next three years."
+
+Part of this expansion was due to the natural increase of population,
+the allure of new settlements where there was greater opportunity for
+advancement of fortunes, and part to the tide of immigration. Years of
+warfare in Germany had left ruined communities along the Rhenish
+Palatinate. For these people, Rotterdam was the most convenient port of
+embarkation and Philadelphia was often their port of debarkation.
+Following in the steps of John Van Metre, Adam Miller, Jacob Stover and
+Jost Hite who had come to the Valley of Virginia between 1725 and 1731,
+many immigrants, finding land cheaper in Virginia, left Pennsylvania and
+took up residence in Virginia.
+
+In 1735, the act of the Assembly passed the year before for creating the
+new county of Amelia became effective. By this act, it was ordered that
+"the said county of Prince George and that part of the parish of Bristol
+which lies in the same be divided from the mouth of Namozain Creek up
+the same to the main, or John Hamlin's, fork of the said creek, thence
+up the south or lowest branch thereof to White Oak Hunting Path and
+thence by a south course to strike Nottoway River." The land below these
+courses retained the name of Prince George. The land lying above these
+courses bounded "southerly by the Great Nottoway River including part of
+the county of Brunswick and parish of Saint Andrew as far as to take the
+ridges between Roanoke and Appomattox Rivers and thence along those
+ridges to the great mountains westerly by the said mountains and
+northerly by the southern boundaries of Goochland and Henrico Counties"
+became Amelia County and Raleigh Parish. The name was in honor of the
+youngest daughter of George II.
+
+By 1738, people living across the Blue Ridge Mountains found them a
+barrier to frequent attendance at Orange County Court. For their
+convenience, a division was ordered. "All that territory and tract of
+land at present deemed to be a part of the county of Orange lying on the
+northwest side of the said mountains (Blue Ridge) extending from thence
+northerly, westerly and southerly beyond the said mountains to the
+utmost limits of Virginia" shall be "separated from the rest of the said
+county and erected into two distinct counties and parishes; to be
+divided by a line to be run from the head spring of Hedgman River to the
+head spring by the River Potomac." "That part of the said territory
+lying to the northeast of the said line beyond the top of the said Blue
+Ridge shall be one distinct county, to be called and known by the name
+of the county of Frederick and parish of Frederick. And that the rest
+of the said territory lying on the other side of the said line beyond
+the top of the said Blue Ridge shall be one other distinct county and
+parish to be called by the name of the county of Augusta and parish of
+Augusta." The counties thus created honored Frederick, Prince of Wales,
+eldest son of George II, and his wife, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess
+of Wales. Frederick predeceased his father and it was Frederick's son
+who became George III.
+
+The Assembly had repeated with reference to Augusta and Frederick
+Counties its action in the case of Brunswick; namely: created counties
+before they were financially able to function. Not until 1743 did
+Frederick have sufficient tithables to begin to hold court, and it was
+two years later before Augusta set up her county organization.
+
+In 1742, it was enacted that Prince William County be divided. The
+bounds of this county were set as follows: "all that part thereof lying
+on the south side of Occoquan and Bull Run and from the heads of the
+main branch of Bull Run by a straight course to the Thoroughfare of the
+Blue Ridge of Mountains known by the name of Ashby's Gap or Bent."
+Hamilton was the parish for Prince William County. That portion of
+Prince William which had, in 1732, been placed in Truro Parish became
+the new county of Fairfax. The name was, of course, in honor of Lord
+Fairfax, the Proprietor of the Northern Neck Grant.
+
+Pohick, one of the churches in Truro Parish, is still standing and in
+use. General George Washington, who lived at nearby "Mount Vernon,"
+George Mason of "Gunston Hall" and Lord Fairfax of "Greenway Court" were
+vestrymen; and planned for the erection of this present building in
+1769.
+
+In the same year that Fairfax was formed in the northern part of the
+colony, Hanover County in the middle section was divided. The Act
+ordered "all that tract of land now deemed to be a part of the said
+county of Hanover lying above a straight course to be run from the
+mouth of Little Rockey Creek on the River Northanna south, twenty
+degrees west until it intersects the line of Goochland County" should
+become a distinct county and known by the name of Louisa County. The
+name honored a daughter of George II, as Amelia had done a few years
+earlier.
+
+Two years later the first of the eight counties eventually cut from
+Goochland was created and given the name Albemarle. This was in honor of
+William Anne Keppel, second Earl of Albemarle, Governor-General of the
+Colony, 1737-1754. Like most of the Governors-General, he did not come
+to Virginia, but the Lieutenant Governor as his deputy, performed the
+duties of his office.
+
+The bounds of Albemarle were to be divided from Goochland on the west
+"by a line run from the point of fork of James River north, thirty
+degrees east to the Louisa County line, and from the said point of fork
+a direct course to Brooks mill and from thence the same course continued
+to Appomattox River." "The point of fork" is the junction of the Rivanna
+with the James. It will be noted by the reference to the Appomattox
+River that Albemarle extended across James River just as Goochland did.
+"Monticello" the beloved home of Thomas Jefferson, is in Albemarle
+County, and in architecture and planning is another example of the
+amazing versatility of his genius.
+
+In 1746, the settlements in Brunswick County had grown to such an extent
+that a new division was required. The line was ordered "to be run from
+the county line where it crosses Roanoke River below the place called
+the Horse Ford to strike Nottoway River at the south." The territory
+above this line was to be called Lunenburg County. This title,
+anglicized from the German form, Luneburg, was chosen since the Duchy of
+Luneburg, like that of Brunswick, belonged to the Electorate of Hanover.
+Lunenburg embraced a vast acreage stretching from the rolling country
+where bright tobacco came to perfection as far west as the mountains and
+on the south to the North Carolina boundary.
+
+
+CUMBERLAND, CULPEPER, SOUTHAMPTON AND CHESTERFIELD CREATED, 1749
+
+The western portion of Goochland lying on both sides of the James had,
+in 1744, been taken to form the new county of Albemarle; now, five years
+later, the southeast portion of Goochland was made into the new county
+of Cumberland. The name was further honor for the Duke of Cumberland,
+"The Butcher of Culloden." The growth in this locality had been hastened
+by the arrival of numerous Huguenot families seeking asylum from
+persecution in France. Manakintown was the name of their settlement. The
+name is perpetuated in a newly erected Episcopal church not far from the
+site of the settlement where the Agee, Fourqurean, Legrand, Michaux,
+Guerrant, Flournoy and other families worship now, as they have done for
+some 250 years.
+
+In the same year that Cumberland was formed, a new county was taken from
+Orange and named Culpeper, presumably in honor of Lord Culpeper,
+Governor of Virginia 1680-1683, a compliment to Lord Fairfax "who had
+inherited from him the ownership of the Northern Neck." Culpeper lay on
+the south side of the Rappahannock and north of the Conway River
+commonly called the fork of the Rappahannock River. The fork of the
+Rappahannock was the area between the Rappahannock River and its
+tributary, the Conway, now called the Rapidan. "Horseshoe Farm" is in
+Culpeper County and takes its name from the bend or horseshoe made by
+the Rapidan within which it is situated. While the residence is modern,
+the farm is of colonial times and was once owned by Governor Spotswood.
+It was from this house that, in 1741, he went to Annapolis, Maryland
+expecting to sail with an expedition to join Admiral Vernon and attack
+Cartagena in the Spanish Main. He died unexpectedly in Annapolis but,
+strangely enough, considering his prominence, his burial place is
+unknown.
+
+Besides Culpeper and Cumberland, a third county, Southampton, was
+formed in 1749. This was taken from that portion of Isle of Wight's
+territory that lay west of Blackwater River. The name is said to honor,
+tho belatedly, Henry Wriothesley, second Earl of Southampton, friend of
+Shakespeare and a leading member of the Virginia Company of London. The
+City of Hampton and Hampton River honor the same person. Southampton is
+one of the cotton-raising counties of Virginia, and in the fall the
+fields of cotton are a beautiful sight.
+
+Still a fourth county was formed in 1749 and that was Chesterfield.
+This, as was the case with the other three, represented no great
+expansion, but was in line with the thesis long before laid down--"to
+make justice accessible to all." Chesterfield is that part of Henrico
+that lay on the south side of James River. Again we go to England for
+the reason for this name and learn that it honors Philip Dormer
+Stanhope, fourth Earl of Chesterfield, the celebrated Lord Chesterfield.
+Though we think of him primarily as the epitome of good manners,
+courtesy and tact, his political career was important too. His services
+in Parliament, his lord lieutenancy of Ireland, his achievements on
+different embassies, and as Secretary of State were of value to his
+country. In Chesterfield County are the sites of the earliest iron works
+in the colony and of the projected college just beginning to operate
+when the 1622 Massacre destroyed everything.
+
+In 1752, two new divisions were made. One of these was Halifax, the
+first of the nine counties that were destined to be carved out of the
+vast expanse of Lunenburg County. The bounds of Halifax were "all that
+part thereof lying on the south side of Black-Water Creek and Staunton
+river, from the said Black-Water creek to the confluence of the said
+river with the river Dan and from thence to Aaron's creek to the county
+line." The parish of Antrim coterminous with the county was established
+when the county was created. The name Halifax honors George Montagu
+Dunk, the second Earl of Halifax "who was First Lord of the Board of
+Trade about that time and as such greatly interested himself in the
+trade of the colonies." Halifax, Nova Scotia is a further memorial to
+Lord Halifax.
+
+The other county created in 1752 was Dinwiddie, taken from the southern
+portion of Prince George. Its bounds began at the lower side "of the run
+which falls into Appomattox river between the town of Blanford and
+Bollings point warehouses to the outermost line of the glebe land and by
+a south course and by the said outermost line of the glebe land to Surry
+County." The name honored Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of
+Virginia 1751-58. He held office during the troubled period of the
+French and Indian Wars, in which George Washington, as a Colonel in the
+Virginia Militia, participated.
+
+In 1754 that part of Amelia County divided "by a line to run from Ward's
+ford on Appomattox River to the mouth of Sail's creek on Nottoway river
+and all that part of the said county which lies on the upper side of the
+said line shall be one distinct county and called and known by the name
+of Prince Edward." The name was in honor of a younger brother of King
+George III, Prince Edward, Duke of Gloucester. This Prince was one of
+the two brothers of George III, whose marriages to commoners led to the
+passage of the famous Royal Marriage Act in 1772. Its well-known
+provisions are that no descendant of King George III may marry when
+under 25 years of age without consent of the reigning monarch or, if
+over that age, without a consenting Act of Parliament. Prince Edward
+Street in Fredericksburg is also named for this Prince as the city
+itself is for his father.
+
+Also in 1754, a second county was created from Lunenburg and called
+Bedford. It comprised the area lying on the upper side of Falling-river
+from its mouth "up the said river to the fork, thence up that fork
+running by John Beard's to the head, thence by a line to be run from the
+head thereof north, twenty degrees east to the line dividing the said
+county from the county of Albemarle." It should be remembered that at
+this time both the present Buckingham and Appomattox were a part of
+Albemarle County. The new county honored "John Russell the fourth Duke
+of Bedford who was Secretary of State of Great Britain February 13th
+1748 to June 26th 1757." The parish, coterminous with the county and
+created at the same time, also honored the Duke, being called Russell.
+
+Another expansion at this time also on the south side of James River was
+the formation of Sussex from Surry County. Sussex lies to the south of
+Seacock Swamp on the line dividing Surry "from the county of
+Southampton, thence a straight course to Blackwater at the mouth of
+Coppohawk and up Blackwater to the line dividing" Surry from the county
+of Prince George. Sussex took its name from the English shire. Albemarle
+Parish formed in 1739 had included the area now made into Sussex, and,
+in addition, a small portion of Surry. It was enacted that the portion
+in Surry be added to Southwark Parish, and Albemarle Parish be made
+coterminous with Sussex.
+
+The fourth county formed in 1754 was Hampshire named for the English
+shire. It is now in West Virginia. Since, however, its creation affected
+the bounds of two already established Virginia Counties, the Act of
+Assembly for its bounds is cited: "Whereas part of the county and parish
+of Augusta lies within the bounds of the territory or tract of land
+called the Northern Neck belong to the right honorable Thomas, Lord
+Fairfax, Baron of Cameron and it will be more convenient if the dividing
+line between the said territory and the other part of this colony be
+established as the line of the said county and that part of the said
+county be added to the county and parish of Frederick," it was enacted
+therefore that the part of Augusta above mentioned be added to Frederick
+which should then be divided into two counties and "all that part
+thereof lying to the westward of the ridge of mountains commonly called
+and known by the name of the Great North or Cape Capon mountains and
+Warin spring mountain extending to Potomac river be one distinct county
+and called and known by the name of Hampshire." When Augusta and
+Frederick were authorized in 1738, the western bounds of the Northern
+Neck Grant had not been surveyed. This was done in 1747, and the above
+Act changed the previous limits of Augusta so that the entire county
+would not be a part of the proprietary.
+
+The name of the next new county reflected current happenings. For about
+six years, 1754-1760, the colony was actively participating in the
+struggle to crush French power in America. The Commander-in-Chief of the
+British Forces in America was, for a time, John Campbell, fourth Earl of
+Loudoun. His conduct of the war was severely criticized, and he was
+recalled in December 1757. He was, for almost two years, titular
+"Governor and Captain-General of Virginia," though his deputy
+Lieutenant-Governor Robert Dinwiddie performed all the duties of the
+office. Loudoun, the new county named for the Earl, was formed from
+Fairfax County in 1757. It included "all that part thereof lying above
+Difficult Run which falls into Potomac river and by a line to be run
+from the head of the said run or straight course to the mouth of Rocky
+run." The part "thereof below the said run and course" retained its
+status as a distinct county and the name of Fairfax.
+
+In 1759, the inhabitants of Prince William County complained of many
+inconveniences "by reason of the great extent thereof and their remote
+situation from the courthouse." Mindful that justice be accessible to
+all, the Assembly enacted that Prince William be divided and "all that
+part of the said county that lies above a line to be run from the head
+of Bull Run and along the top of Bull run mountains to Chapman's mill,
+in Broad run thoroughfare, from thence by a direct line till it
+intersects the nearest part of the line dividing Stafford and Prince
+William Counties" be known as Fauquier. This again honors an English
+official but in this case a very popular one, Francis Fauquier, who, in
+1758, succeeded Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He
+served the colony for nearly ten years, dying in Williamsburg on 3 March
+1768 "after a tedious illness which he bore with the greatest patience
+and fortitude." Among the eulogies in prose to his memory, the following
+verse may be noted:
+
+    "If ever virtue lost a friend sincere
+    If ever sorrow claimed Virginia's tear
+    If ever death a noble conquest made
+    'Twas when Fauquier the debt of nature paid."
+
+With tobacco as the medium of exchange and as the most valuable export,
+the economic base was too small for the large superstructure erected on
+it. The taxes, fees, and commissions on exported tobacco were numerous
+and onerous, the net return to the planter often did not cover the goods
+he had ordered and his debt to his London agent increased. It was
+British policy that her colonies should send her raw materials and buy
+from her manufactured articles, thus giving her merchants a double
+advantage and placing the colonists at double disadvantage. During the
+1750's, the colony had been put to such great expense in prosecuting the
+French and Indian War that for the first time an issue of paper money
+was required. Economic conditions grew worse throughout the colony.
+
+
+"WESTWARD-HO" TWENTY-SIX NEW COUNTIES, 1750-1770
+
+The unceasing westward trek of settlers continued. In 1750-60, eight
+counties were formed, between 1760-1770, eighteen new divisions
+occurred, which evidences the great growth of population.
+
+Albemarle was the next county to be divided. In 1761, it was enacted
+that the portion "of the said county which lies on the south side of the
+Fluvanna river" [old name for the James River above Richmond] "shall be
+one distinct county and called and known by the name of Buckingham." By
+the same legislation, "that other part of the said county which lies on
+the north side of the Fluvanna river shall be divided from the
+confluence of Rockfish river with the Fluvanna by Rockfish river to the
+mouth of Green creek and thence a straight line to the house of Thomas
+Bell to the Blue mountains, and all that part which lies above Rockfish
+river and the lines aforesaid" shall be called Amherst County. Amherst
+Parish at the same time was formed from Saint Anne's Parish and made
+coterminous with the county of Amherst. Several years earlier, Tillotson
+Parish had been formed from Saint Anne's to take care of the residents
+of Amherst who lived on the south side of James River. It was now made
+coterminous with the county of Buckingham.
+
+The name Buckingham is probably for the Duke of Buckingham. Amherst
+derives its name from "the hero of Ticonderoga, Major-General Sir
+Jeffrey Amherst, the most successful as well as the most popular of all
+the English Colonial Governors-General." He was titular Governor-General
+of Virginia 1759-1768 while Francis Fauquier performed the duties of the
+office.
+
+Four years passed, and two more divisions were made in the western
+portion of Lunenburg. The part of Lunenburg comprised in the parish of
+Cornwall became Charlotte County and the portion in the parish of St.
+James became Mecklenburg.
+
+These counties were named, as is the city of Charlottesville, after
+Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who became Queen of England on her
+marriage to King George III.
+
+We next find in 1767 that Halifax has grown to the point of division and
+a new county, Pittsylvania, has been taken from its western portion.
+Pittsylvania lay on the upper or western side "of a line to be run
+across the mouth of Strait Stone creek on Staunton river to the country
+line, near the mouth of the country line creek on Dan river." At the
+same time, Antrim, which was the parish for Halifax, was divided and the
+part lying in Pittsylvania became Camden. Pittsylvania honored "Sir
+William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, the celebrated English statesman" whose
+sympathy with them had endeared him to the colonists. A statue of him in
+Westmoreland county, Virginia and another in Charleston, South Carolina
+are further expressions of the affection felt for him.
+
+
+BOTETOURT, 1770 HONORS A POPULAR COLONIAL GOVERNOR
+
+The next county was, in the main, a rearrangement of already settled
+territory bearing always in mind that easy access to justice was the
+purpose of every division. The new county, Botetourt, was formed from
+Augusta in 1770 and lay on the south side of a dividing "line beginning
+at the Blue Ridge, running north fifty-five degrees west, to the
+confluence of Mary's creek, or the south river, with the north branch of
+James River, thence up the same to the mouth of Carr's creek, thence up
+the said creek to the mountain, thence north, fifty-five degrees west as
+far as the courts of the two counties shall extend it." The phrase to
+note in the above is: "as far as the courts of the two counties shall
+extend it," in other words, there was no limit to the western boundary.
+The name Botetourt was for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt,
+Governor of Virginia 1768-1770. He died in Williamsburg in October 1770,
+lamented and beloved for his interest in the colony and the College of
+William and Mary. The House of Burgesses voted a sum of money to have a
+statue of him made in London to stand in the old Capitol building. The
+statue still exists, one of the most treasured possessions of the
+College of William and Mary, and adorns its campus.
+
+
+FREDERICK SUBDIVIDED
+
+Two years later, the county of Frederick had a division on both its
+eastern and northern ends. It was enacted by the Assembly that the
+territory of Frederick be divided into three distinct counties: "on the
+north by a line beginning in the line that divides the counties of
+Frederick and Loudoun one mile and an half northward of the corner in
+Williams' gap that at present divides the parishes of Frederick and
+Norborne thence westward with a line exactly parallel to the line that
+now divides the said parishes of Frederick and Norborne till it
+intersects the line of Hampshire county; thence with the Hampshire line
+to the corner dividing the parishes of Frederick and Beckford; thence
+with the lines dividing the said parishes of Frederick and Beckford east
+southeast to the south eastwardly bank of Cedar creek, thence binding on
+the same to its confluence with the river Shenandoah; thence across the
+said river east to the easterly bank of the same; thence down the said
+river and binding on the same to the mouth of Passage creek; and thence
+with a right line to the line of Culpeper, at the intersection of the
+road leading through Chester's gap; thence with the Culpeper, Fauquier,
+and Loudoun lines to the beginning." This area, so described, was to
+remain Frederick County. "All that part of the county which lies between
+the first mentioned line running from the said beginning in the line of
+Loudoun county and Potomac river shall be ... known by the name of
+Berkeley county." The remainder of what had been Frederick now became
+Dunmore County. There had been three parishes in Frederick; of these
+Frederick remained in the county, while Norborne appropriately became
+the parish for Berkeley and Beckford for Dunmore.
+
+Berkeley County named for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt, later
+became a part of West Virginia. It was further evidence of this
+governor's popularity, Botetourt County having previously been named for
+him.
+
+
+DUNMORE RENAMED SHENANDOAH
+
+Dunmore honored the new Governor, John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, who
+succeeded Lord Botetourt. His popularity was short lived, and his
+tyrannical acts, when he attempted to keep the colony loyal to the
+crown, so enraged the people that he was forced to take refuge with his
+family on a British warship. In 1777, still smarting over his behavior,
+the Assembly changed the name of the county to Shenandoah for the
+beautiful river that flows through it; the change to take effect
+February 1, 1778.
+
+
+FINCASTLE REACHES TO THE OHIO RIVER
+
+In 1772, the county of Fincastle was formed from the western portion of
+Botetourt. It is an evidence of rapidly growing settlements when for the
+first time mention is made of "inhabitants and settlers on the waters of
+Holston and New rivers." The territory of Fincastle was "within a line
+to run up the east side of New river to the mouth of Culberson's creek,
+thence a direct line to the Catawba road where it crosses the dividing
+ridge between the north fork of Roanoke and the waters of New river,
+thence with the top of the ridge to the bent where it turns eastwardly,
+thence a south course crossing Little river to the top of the Blue Ridge
+of mountains." The reason for the name Fincastle seems uncertain; one
+version has it as being for George, Lord Fincastle, Lord Dunmore's son,
+and the other that it was for the town of Fincastle established in 1772
+and so named for Lord Botetourt's home in England.
+
+
+VIRGINIA COUNTIES EXTENDED TO THE OHIO RIVER AND INCLUDE KENTUCKY
+
+Fincastle County was an expansion of Augusta to the west but an
+expansion to the northwest had been in progress since before 1754. In
+that year, Governor Dinwiddie ordered a fort built on the present site
+of Pittsburgh and issued a proclamation offering land in the area to
+those who would enlist as soldiers for the French and Indian War. The
+French captured the fort and named it Fort Duquesne. This outpost of
+great strategic importance fell to the English in 1758 and was renamed
+Fort Pitt. The area was under Virginia jurisdiction and called the
+district of West Augusta being considered a part of Augusta County.
+"County courts were held at Pittsburgh under Virginia jurisdiction and
+the great section of country from the Alleghany mountains northwest to
+the Ohio came to be called West Augusta. It was represented under this
+name in the Conventions of 1775 and 1776. In October 1776, the district
+of West Augusta was divided into the counties of Ohio, Yohogania and
+Monongalia. A portion of this territory, including Pittsburgh, was
+claimed by Pennsylvania and there was much disorder and some bloodshed
+between the officers and adherents of the two Colonies. In 1779,
+commissioners from Virginia and Pennsylvania finally settled the line
+and Pittsburgh and the adjoining area were surrendered to Pennsylvania."
+The above is the concise account, by the late W. G. Stanard, in an early
+volume of the _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, of an almost
+forgotten episode in western development. It explains why in the Augusta
+County records in Staunton, Virginia are found deeds for land now in
+Pennsylvania.
+
+The bounds of these three new counties, Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia
+are set forth in detail in the Act of Assembly creating them, but are
+not quoted here since they neither adjoin nor are a part of the
+Commonwealth of Virginia now.
+
+
+KENTUCKY A VIRGINIA COUNTY, 1776
+
+The next division of a county occurred in this same year 1776, and was
+further expansion toward the beckoning west; this division was not to
+take effect until January first, 1777. Fincastle became extinct as a
+county, its territory becoming Kentucky, Washington and Montgomery
+Counties. The Act of Assembly recites that the part of Fincastle lying
+"to the south and westward of a line beginning on the Ohio at the mouth
+of Great Sandy creek and running up the same and the main, or
+north-easterly, branch thereof to the Great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland
+Mountain, thence south westerly along the said mountain to the line of
+North Carolina shall be one distinct county and called and known by the
+name of Kentucky; and all that part of the said county of Fincastle
+included in the lines beginning at the Cumberland Mountain where the
+line of Kentucky county intersects the North Carolina line, thence east
+along the said Carolina line to the top of Iron mountain, thence along
+the same easterly to the source of the south fork of Holstein river,
+thence northwardly along the highest part of the high lands, ridges and
+mountains that divide the waters of the Tennessee from those of the
+Great Kanawha, to the most easterly source of Clinch river, thence
+westwardly along the top of the mountains that divide the waters of
+Clinch river from those of the Great Kanawha and Sandy Creek to the line
+of Kentucky county thence along the same to the beginning" shall be
+known "by the name of Washington; and all the residue of the said county
+of Fincastle shall be" known as Montgomery.
+
+It is said that Washington County is the first place or area named for
+General Washington in the United States. It is also the first time the
+words Kentucky and Tennessee occur in a county division and show the
+scope of western settlements. Montgomery County was named for General
+Richard Montgomery, a Revolutionary officer, who fell 31 December 1775,
+while trying unsuccessfully to scale the city walls and capture Quebec
+from the English.
+
+The next formation was a division of Pittsylvania County in 1777, ten
+years after its creation. The new county lay on the west side of "a line
+beginning at the mouth of Blackwater on Staunton river and running
+parallel with the line of Halifax county till it strikes the country
+line." The name Henry honored Patrick Henry, the famous orator of the
+Revolution and first Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He
+purchased a large acreage in Henry County but resided in nearby Campbell
+County.
+
+Also, in 1777, Albemarle was divided "by a line beginning at the most
+western point in the line of Louisa County and running thence directly
+to the lower edge of Stott's ferry on the Fluvanna river and that part
+which lies south eastward of the said line together with the islands in
+the Fluvanna river adjacent thereto shall be called by the name of
+Fluvanna county." The county was named for the river and the river was
+so called in honor of Queen Anne whose name is borne by four other
+Virginia rivers. Fluvanna, used for most of the eighteenth century, was
+the title given the James River above its falls at Richmond. Tobacco and
+other merchandise was taken in bateaux down this river to Richmond.
+
+Both Henry and Fluvanna Counties had been formed mostly because of
+natural increase in population rather than of any tide of immigration.
+The creation of Powhatan County in 1777 was of the same type. This
+county embraced the portion of Cumberland lying on the south side of
+James River and in Southam Parish, which was the eastern end of
+Cumberland and adjoined Chesterfield County. The name Powhatan honored
+the celebrated Indian chieftain.
+
+In 1778, the vast sprawling territory of Augusta underwent changes. One
+was an addition to Hampshire County of the territory on the north of "a
+line beginning at the north side of the North Mountain opposite to the
+upper end of Sweedland Hill and running a direct course so as to strike
+the mouth of Seneca creek on the north fork of the south branch of
+Potomac river and the same course to be continued to the Allegheny
+mountain, thence along the said mountain" to the county line. "The
+residue of the county and parish of Augusta" was divided by a line
+beginning "at the South Mountain and running thence by Benjamin
+Yardley's plantation so as to strike the north river below James Byrd's
+house thence up the said river to the mouth of Naked creek, thence
+leaving the river a direct course so as to cross the said river at the
+mouth of Cunningham's branch in the upper end of Silas Hart's land to
+the foot of North Mountain, thence fifty-five degrees west to the
+Allegheny mountain and with the same to the line of Hampshire"; all the
+portion north eastward of this line was to be called Rockingham. It is
+supposed the name of this county honors the Marquis of Rockingham, Prime
+Minister of England in 1765-66 when the unpopular Stamp Act was
+repealed.
+
+In the same Act of Assembly, 1778, by which Rockingham was created
+Greenbrier County, now in West Virginia, was formed from Montgomery and
+Botetourt Counties to the west of "a line beginning on the top of the
+ridge which divides the Eastern from the Western Waters, where the line
+between Augusta and Botetourt crosses the same, and running thence the
+same course continued north fifty-five degrees west to the Ohio, thence
+beginning at the said ridge at the said lines of Botetourt and Augusta,
+running along the top of the said ridge, passing the Sweet Springs to
+the top of Peter's mountain, thence along the said mountain to the line
+of Montgomery county, thence along the same mountain to the Kanawha or
+New river, thence down the said river to the Ohio." Greenbrier County
+takes its name from its principal river. It is the anglicized version of
+the French word "ronce" for brier or bramble and "verte" for green. The
+town Ronceverte, situated on the river, keeps the French word.
+
+At the same time Rockbridge County was formed from parts of Botetourt
+and Augusta. It was bounded "by a line beginning in the top of the Blue
+Ridge near Steele's mill and running thence north fifty-five degrees
+west passing the said mill and crossing the North mountain to the top
+and the mountain dividing the waters of the Calf Pasture from the waters
+of the Cow Pasture and thence along the said mountain crossing Panther's
+gap to the line that divides the counties of Augusta and Botetourt." The
+remainder of Botetourt shall be divided "by a line to begin at Audley
+Paul's and running thence south fifty-five degrees east crossing James
+river, to the top of the Blue Ridge, thence along the same crossing
+James river, to the beginning of the aforesaid line dividing Augusta
+county; then beginning again at the said Audley Paul's, and running
+north fifty-five degrees west till the said course shall intersect a
+line to be run south forty-five degrees west from the place where the
+above line dividing Augusta terminated."
+
+The enabling acts setting forth the bounds for the counties when created
+have been quoted fully, both for the information they contain and for
+the comprehensive geographical knowledge they reveal. They show
+painstaking surveys and study to achieve accuracy under the handicap of
+lack of roads and bridges. In addition to technical knowledge, the
+surveyor needed a sturdy physique to withstand the daily hardships that
+were part of his routine work.
+
+Rockbridge, the name of the new county whose bounds have been described,
+commemorated the unique scenic wonder within its confines known as
+Natural Bridge. This is a span of stone 215 feet high over Cedar Creek.
+Once a trail passed over it and now a modern highway. It has been known
+and visited since 1770.
+
+
+WEST OF THE OHIO AND TO THE MISSISSIPPI. ILLINOIS COUNTY FORMED
+
+Illinois, the last county to be formed in the decade 1770 to 1780 was an
+area on the western side of the Ohio River which had been a part of
+Augusta County. In the preamble to the Act creating this county, the
+Assembly noted with satisfaction that "by a successful expedition
+carried on by the Virginia militia on the western side of the Ohio river
+several of the British posts within the territory of this commonwealth
+in the country adjacent to the river Mississippi have been reduced."
+This, of course, was a reference to George Rogers Clark whose exploits
+secured the Mississippi Valley area for Virginia and the United States.
+Illinois County was a part of the large territory given by Virginia to
+the nation in 1783.
+
+
+KENTUCKY COUNTY DIVIDED
+
+The next event was the division of the unwieldy county of Kentucky into
+three parts; Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln, with the towns of
+Louisville, Lexington and Harrodsburg for their respective county seats.
+Jefferson County was so named to honor Thomas Jefferson, and was the
+first honor of this sort accorded him. Fayette was for the beloved ally,
+the Marquis de la Fayette and Lincoln for General Benjamin Lincoln of
+the Revolution. When compelled to surrender Charleston, South Carolina
+to the British, he had endured the humiliation of giving up his sword to
+Sir Henry Clinton. In return, when Yorktown was captured and Lord
+Cornwallis required to yield his sword, General Lincoln was awarded the
+distinction of receiving it. Cornwallis, however, did not appear in
+person, and it was his aide who handed the sword to General Lincoln.
+From these three counties was formed the present Commonwealth of
+Kentucky.
+
+A division of Brunswick in the south eastern part of the state took
+place now and Greensville County came into being. This lay to the east
+of a line beginning "two miles above Chapman's ford on Meherrin river
+and running a due south course to the boundary line between this state
+and North Carolina and from the station aforesaid by another line due
+north to Nottoway river." The name selected for this county commemorated
+General Nathanael Greene of the Revolution who marched into this area on
+his return from the Battle of Guilford Court House.
+
+In 1782, occurred a division of Bedford County. The eastern end was cut
+from the whole and named for General William Campbell, the hero of
+King's Mountain, one of the decisive battles of the Revolution. Campbell
+lies to the east of a line beginning "at the mouth of Judy's creek on
+James river, thence to Thompson's mill on Buffalo creek, thence to the
+mouth of Back creek on Goose creek thence the same course continued to
+Staunton river." Staunton is the name given the Roanoke River as it
+passes through Bedford, Campbell, Charlotte and Halifax Counties. In
+Mecklenburg, it resumes its original name of Roanoke and so continues
+into Albemarle Sound.
+
+The next development was Harrison, taken from Monongalia County.
+Neither is now a Virginia county, but it is mentioned since it honors
+Benjamin Harrison, one of the seven Virginia Signers of the Declaration
+of Independence who also completed in 1784, the year the county was
+formed, a three year term as Governor of the Commonwealth.
+
+In the next year, a new county, Nelson, now in Kentucky, was created.
+This, too, honored a former Governor and Signer of the Declaration of
+Independence, Thomas Nelson. It was his home in Yorktown that Lord
+Cornwallis used as his headquarters during the siege and battle.
+
+In 1786, Franklin was formed out of "that part of the county of Bedford
+lying south of Staunton river together with so much of the county of
+Henry lying north of a line to be run from the head of Shooting creek to
+the west end of Turkeycock mountain, thence along the top of the
+mountain to intersect the dividing line between the counties of Henry
+and Pittsylvania, thence along that line to the mouth of Blackwater
+river." The reason for this name is obvious: all America honored the
+achievements of Benjamin Franklin.
+
+
+DEED OF CESSION. VIRGINIA GIVES THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY
+
+The tempo of western expansion had increased to such an extent that four
+counties were formed in 1786. One of these, Hardy, lies now in West
+Virginia as does its parent county of Hampshire. It might be well to
+explain now, even though out of chronological sequence, the genesis of
+West Virginia. In May 1861 when Governor Letcher called out the Virginia
+militia, many persons living beyond the Alleghanies throughout that
+section of Virginia bordering on Ohio and Pennsylvania were not in
+sympathy with his action. The residents of some forty counties held a
+convention and were almost unanimous in their desire to break away from
+Virginia and form a new state. A constitution was framed which was
+ratified by the people in May 1862. The following year, 1863, West
+Virginia became a state of the Union and at one blow, Virginia lost a
+third of her territory. The loss of the rich coal fields and other
+natural resources of West Virginia impoverished the Old Dominion more
+severely and made "Reconstruction Days" longer and more difficult than
+they might otherwise have been.
+
+Returning to Hardy County, we learn that it was named for Samuel Hardy
+formerly of Isle of Wight County "one of the number who signed the Deed
+of Cession which transferred the Northwest Territory to the General
+Government."
+
+Virginia's claim to territory was of long standing, her charters of 1609
+and 1612 giving her dominion to the Pacific Ocean, but no exploration
+beyond the Mississippi had been attempted. Her claim of dominion to the
+Mississippi, however, was of more substantial character. In 1778 with a
+picked force of 180 Virginia riflemen, George Rogers Clark captured the
+great Northwest Territory from the English "in one of the most amazing
+exploits in American history." This territory Virginia organized as "the
+county of Illinois." "But for Clark's conquest the treaty of 1783 might
+well have fixed the nation's western boundary at the Alleghanies instead
+of at the Mississippi." Almost all the Ohio Valley and parts of
+Wisconsin and Michigan were included in this voluntary gift that
+Virginia made in 1783 to the weak confederated colonies. In 1785
+Congress passed a Land Ordinance providing for the sale of this land.
+"Thus this cession provided the infant republic with its only sure
+source of revenue" since at that time "Congress had neither the power to
+impose nor the machinery to collect any taxes."
+
+The other three counties formed in 1786 lie now in Kentucky which, in
+1792, was "organized as a state out of Virginia territory with her
+consent." These divisions are Mercer and Madison, created out of
+Lincoln, and Bourbon out of Fayette. Mercer honored General Hugh Mercer
+of the Revolution; Madison, James Madison, later known as the "Father of
+the Constitution," and Bourbon, the French reigning family,
+particularly Louis XVI who had given aid in the Revolution.
+
+The next county, Russell, was taken from Washington. Its bounds are:
+"all that part of the said county lying within a line to be run along
+the Clinch mountain to the Carolina line; thence with that line to the
+Cumberland mountain, and the extent of country between the Cumberland
+mountain, Clinch mountain and the line of Montgomery county shall be one
+distinct county and called and known by the name of Russell." The name
+was selected as a tribute to General William Russell "who distinguished
+himself at the Battle of King's mountain." Russell remains a Virginia
+county.
+
+Five westward expansions now occur in quick succession. In 1787, from
+Harrison was formed Randolph County named for Edmund Randolph, first
+Attorney General of the Commonwealth and a member of the Continental
+Congress. Both Harrison and Randolph are in West Virginia. Pendleton,
+also now in West Virginia, was formed in 1788 from portions of Hardy,
+Augusta, and Rockingham counties. It is named for Edmund Pendleton,
+President of the Virginia Convention of 1775.
+
+The next year two new Kentucky counties were formed; Mason from Bourbon
+and Woodford from Fayette. The former took its name from George Mason of
+"Gunston Hall," author of the Bill of Rights and the latter from General
+William Woodford, a native of Caroline County, Virginia who rendered
+distinguished service in the Revolution and later moved to Kentucky.
+
+At the same time, a new county destined to be in West Virginia was
+formed from Greenbrier and part of Montgomery counties and given the
+name of Kanawha from the river.
+
+The only one of the counties formed in 1789 that is now in Virginia is
+Nottoway. This was comprised of that part of Amelia County "lying south
+of a line to begin at a place called Wells bridge on Namozene creek
+which divides the said county from the county of Dinwiddie, thence
+running through the said county of Amelia so as to strike the line of
+Prince Edward county five miles west of a place called Ward's ford on
+Appomattox river." Nottoway is an Indian word meaning "a snake, that is,
+an enemy." Nottoway River derives its name from the Indian tribe and the
+county honors both.
+
+
+1790-1800 EXPANSION IN THE FIRST DECADE AFTER THE REVOLUTION
+
+The next year a county was cut from Montgomery and named Wythe. It lies
+to the "south-west of a line beginning on the Henry line at the head of
+Big Reedy Island, from thence to the waggon ford on Peck creek, thence
+to the clover bottom on Blue Stone, thence to the Kanawha county line."
+The name is for George Wythe, eminent jurist and a Signer of the
+Declaration of Independence. Elected in 1779 to the Chair of Law and
+Police, recently established at the College of William and Mary, he
+"became the first occupant of a chair of law in America, and the second
+in the English speaking world." The first chair of law established in
+England was at Oxford University, and Sir William Blackstone was the
+first professor.
+
+The year 1791 saw the formation of three counties, all of them
+rearrangement of lines in established communities rather than expansion
+into new territory. The first was the division of Henry into two
+counties: "all that part of the said county lying west of a line
+beginning on the line dividing the counties of Henry and Franklin one
+mile above where it crosses Town creek, a branch of Smith's river,
+thence a parallel line with Pittsylvania line to the country line shall
+be one distinct county and called and known by the name of Patrick." The
+name, of course, was the given name of the great orator, and since Henry
+County bore his surname, the new division took his given name. It is a
+county of beautiful mountains with panoramic views. The Fairy Stone
+State Park is within its borders. On Fairy Stone Mountain and in the
+streams at its base are found tiny stones shaped like crosses. The story
+is that the gentle fairy folk when they heard of our Lord's Crucifixion
+wept profusely and their tears turned to stone crosses as they fell, a
+lasting memorial of their grief.
+
+The next county, formed in 1791, was Bath. Its bounds are thus
+described: "All those parts of the counties of Augusta, Botetourt and
+Greenbrier within the following bounds, to wit: beginning at the west
+corner of Pendleton county, thence to the top of the ridge dividing the
+headwaters of the South branch from those of Jackson's river, thence a
+straight line to the lower end of John Redman's plantation on the
+Cow-pasture river, thence to the top of the ridge that divides the
+waters of the Cow-pasture from those of the Calf-pasture thence along
+the same as far as the ridge that divides Hamilton's creek from Mill
+creek, thence to the Mill mountain, and with the same to the north
+corner of the line of Rockbridge county, thence along the said mountain
+crossing the line of Botetourt county to the ridge that divides the
+waters of Pad's creek from those of Simpson's creek, thence along the
+said ridge to the Cow-pasture river, thence crossing the said river a
+direct course and crossing Jackson's river at the mouth of Dunlap's
+creek, thence up the same as far as the narrows above the plantation of
+David Tate, Senr., so as to leave the inhabitants of the said creek in
+Botetourt county, thence a direct course to the top of the Allegany
+mountain where the road from the Warm Springs to Greenbrier court house
+crosses the said mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain
+opposite the headwaters of Anthony's creek, thence a direct course
+crossing Greenbrier river to the end of the Droop mountain, thence up
+the same to the great Greenbrier mountain thence along the said mountain
+to the line of Randolph county thence with the same along the said
+mountain dividing the waters of Monongalia and Cheat from those of
+Greenbrier river, and thence to its beginning shall form one distinct
+county."
+
+The above is quoted in full since the names used are still in use, and
+it is possible to judge from them the extent of the county. Warm Springs
+is still in Bath, but Narrows is in Giles County, and Alleghany County
+lies between Bath and Giles.
+
+The name Bath derives from the medical springs within its boundaries,
+which for many years during the summer months were visited by persons
+from as far south as Louisiana. Families drove up in their carriages and
+stayed for months to enjoy the curative effects of the waters and
+bracing mountain air.
+
+The third county formed in 1791 was Mathews which was taken from
+Gloucester. It lies "to the eastward of a line to begin at the mouth of
+North river, thence up the meanders thereof to the mill, thence up the
+eastern branch of the millpond to the head of Muddy creek thence down
+the said creek to Piankatank river." The name is said to be in honor of
+a Major Thomas Mathews of the Revolution who afterwards was prominent in
+the legislature representing the Borough of Norfolk in the House of
+Delegates from 1785 to 1791.
+
+In 1793, there were also three counties formed. One of these, Grayson,
+was taken from Wythe as follows: "Beginning in the Washington line where
+it joins the Iron Mountain, thence along the said mountain to a spur of
+the same that forms Ewing mountain, keeping the ridge that divides the
+waters of Cripple and Bush creeks to the top of the said mountain,
+thence a straight course to the Popular Camp mountain by Rose's mill
+thence to the mouth of Greasy creek thence a straight course to the
+Montgomery line." Grayson took its name from Colonel William Grayson, an
+officer in the Revolution, member of the Continental Congress and one of
+the first two senators elected from Virginia after the adoption of the
+Constitution to serve in the Congress of the United States.
+Unfortunately his tenure of office was short; he died 12 March 1790.
+
+Also in 1793, Russell County was divided and all that part "which lies
+westwardly of a line beginning on the top of Clinch mountain, one mile
+eastwardly of big Maukason gap, thence a direct course to the mouth of
+Stock creek thence up the same to Powell's mountain, thence due north to
+the Kentucky boundary shall form one distinct county and be called and
+known by the name of Lee." The name honored General Henry Lee who was
+Governor of Virginia 1791-1794. He is more often called "Light Horse
+Harry Lee" from the fact that he commanded, during the Revolution, light
+horse cavalry. He was the father of General Robert E. Lee. Lee is the
+county farthest to the west and adjoins Tennessee and Kentucky.
+
+Also in 1793, the county of Madison was formed from Culpeper. Its bounds
+were within a line "Beginning at the mouth of Robinson river thence up
+the same to the mouth of Crooked run, thence up the said run to the
+mountain road where Tennant's church formerly stood, thence a straight
+course to the head of Hugh's river in the Blue Ridge, thence the same
+course continued to the top of the ridge and to the line of Shenandoah
+county, thence westwardly on the top of the ridge with the lines of the
+counties of Shenandoah and Rockingham to the line of Orange county to
+the beginning." One may wonder that the name Madison was used again, but
+at this date the earlier Madison County lay in Kentucky. When in 1792
+Kentucky achieved statehood, it was composed of nine counties formerly
+in Virginia; namely: Fayette, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Mercer,
+Nelson, Bourbon, Mason and Woodford.
+
+Four years after Madison County, Virginia was formed, Brooke was cut
+from Ohio County. This name was for Robert Brooke, Governor of Virginia
+1794 to 1796. He was a grandson of the Robert Brooke who, in 1716,
+accompanied Governor Spotswood on the famous expedition across the Blue
+Ridge Mountains. Both Brooke and Ohio are now in West Virginia.
+
+In 1798, Wood was established from Harrison County. It is named for
+James Wood, Governor of Virginia 1796 to 1799, and son of Colonel James
+Wood, an early settler in the Valley of Virginia, and founder of the
+city of Winchester. Wood and Harrison are also West Virginia counties.
+
+The next county created, also destined to lie in West Virginia, was
+Monroe. This was formed from Greenbrier County and named to honor James
+Monroe. Born, like General Washington, in Westmoreland County, he had a
+long political career culminating in the Presidency of the United
+States. The creed he expounded, called the "Monroe Doctrine", is still
+followed by our government.
+
+
+THE NEW CENTURY BRINGS SIX NEW COUNTIES 1800-1810
+
+As the new century, 1800, came in, Tazewell was formed from Wythe and
+Russell counties. Its bounds were all that part of the aforesaid
+counties "beginning on the Kanawha line and running with the line which
+divides Montgomery and Wythe counties to where the said line crosses the
+top of Brushy mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to its
+junction with the Garden mountain, thence along the top of the said
+mountain to the Clinch mountain, thence along the top of the said
+mountain to the head of Cove creek, a branch of the Maiden Spring fork
+of Clinch river; thence a straight line to Mann's gap in Kent's ridge;
+thence north forty-five degrees west, to the line which divides the
+state of Kentucky from that of Virginia; thence along said line to the
+Kanawha line and with said line to the place of beginning." The name
+honored Henry Tazewell, United States senator from Virginia 1794-1799.
+
+In 1801, Virginia made a second attempt to honor Thomas Jefferson by
+naming the new county taken from Berkeley in his honor. The Jefferson
+County formed in 1780 was, in 1801, a part of Kentucky and this new
+county was destined to fall in West Virginia; hence no county within the
+present confines of the state honors this great Virginian.
+
+Harper's Ferry, situated in Jefferson County at the confluence of the
+Shenandoah with the Potomac River, is as well known for the beauty of
+its location as for being the site of John Brown's Raid, the prelude to
+civil warfare. Incidentally it may be noted that the Shenandoah afforded
+an outlet to market for the produce of the Valley of Virginia since
+boats could pass down its waters into the Potomac and thus to Chesapeake
+Bay.
+
+In 1804, the new county of Mason was formed from Kanawha. It was bounded
+as follows: "beginning at the mouth of Little Guyandotte River running
+from thence to the northwest corner of a survey of 1437-1/2 acres made
+for Thomas Lewis in Teaze's valley near the house of Joshua Morris, from
+thence to the mouth of Little Hurricane creek, thence crossing the
+Kanawha river and taking a dividing ridge between Eighteen Mile and
+Pocatallico creeks to the end thereof, thence pursuing a northeast
+direction till it intersects the Wood County line to the Ohio, thence
+down the Ohio to the beginning."
+
+Within this county lies Point Pleasant, scene of the famous battle.
+
+This was the second time that Virginia had attempted to pay honor to
+George Mason of "Gunston Hall", author of the Bill of Rights. The
+earlier Mason County formed in 1789 became a part of Kentucky three
+years later, and the later Mason was destined to lie in West Virginia.
+George Mason, Thomas Jefferson and the Marquis de la Fayette are not
+represented in the list of Virginia counties.
+
+The county of Giles formed in 1806 was created from portions of
+Montgomery, Monroe and Tazewell counties, and is now a border county
+between Virginia and West Virginia. Its boundaries are thus described:
+"Beginning at the end of Gauley mountain on New River, where the
+counties of Greenbrier and Kanawha intersect, thence up the river with
+the Greenbrier and Montgomery lines to the intersection of Monroe line;
+thence with the Monroe and Montgomery line to the upper end of Pine's
+plantation; thence a straight line to the mouth of Rich creek, leaving
+the plantation of Hugh Caperton on the right; thence with the Monroe
+line to the intersection of Botetourt County line and with the Botetourt
+and Montgomery lines to the top of Gap mountain; thence along the top of
+the said mountain to New River crossing the same to the end of Walker's
+creek mountain; thence along the top of the said mountain to the
+intersection of Wythe county line; thence northwestwardly with said line
+to the intersection of Tazewell line, and with the Tazewell and
+Montgomery line to the top of Wolf creek mountain; thence along Wolf
+creek mountain to a path leading from the Round Bottom to Harman's mill
+about three miles below the mouth of Clear Fork of Wolf creek; thence a
+straight line to the mouth of Militin's fork; thence a direct line to
+the head of Crane creek on the top of the Flat-top mountain; thence a
+direct line to the three forks of Guyandotte river; thence down said
+river until it intersects Kanawha county line; thence with said line to
+the beginning."
+
+Mountain Lake is situated in Giles County, and is a well-known summer
+resort. It is also of interest for the wide range of plant life found in
+its vicinity. Members of the University of Virginia's Biological
+Department maintain a field station there and in the summer study the
+wide variety of plants growing nearby.
+
+Giles County was named in honor of William B. Giles who in 1800 was
+prominent in Virginia politics. He later served as Governor 1827-1830.
+
+In 1808 Amherst County was divided according to its parish lines, the
+western or upper part of the county which lay in Lexington Parish
+retained the name of Amherst, and the lower or more eastern part took
+the name of Nelson. This as will be recalled was the second attempt to
+honor Governor Thomas Nelson, whose Yorktown home still holds buried in
+its eastern wall two cannon balls, grim mementoes of the battle of
+Yorktown.
+
+Virginia has believed in honoring the men who have held the
+gubernatorial office, nineteen having been thus commemorated, and Cabell
+County formed in 1809 carried on the tradition. It honored William H.
+Cabell, who served from 1805 until 1808 when he was chosen judge of the
+General Court. It later fell into West Virginia, and lies along the Ohio
+River.
+
+
+1810-1820, DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES, FIVE NEW COUNTIES
+
+In 1814, a Virginia county was formed from parts of Lee, Russell and
+Washington and named Scott. This name was selected because of General
+Winfield Scott, a native of Virginia who achieved fame because of his
+successes in the War of 1812. Later in the Mexican War he decisively
+defeated the Mexicans at Chapultepec, entering Mexico City as conqueror.
+As a result of this war some 850,000 square miles became United States
+territory.
+
+The bounds of Scott County are as follows: "Beginning at the head of
+Reedy creek where the wagon road crosses the same in the county of
+Washington thence down the Tennessee line to the south fork of Clinch
+river thence northward passing the Flag Pond to the top of Powell's
+mountain in Lee County and along it to the county of Russell and with it
+to the Kentucky line, thence along Cumberland mountain to the head of
+Guese's river thence down the Clinch mountain thence to the western end
+of Samuel Hensley's plantation and thence to the beginning."
+
+"The wagon road" mentioned in the above description is most likely the
+so-called "Wilderness Road" over which many west bound settlers
+laboriously toiled. The other route west that was often used was north
+to the present Pittsburgh and down the Ohio river. Powell's Mountain and
+the river of that name commemorate Ambrose Powell of Culpeper County,
+one of the earliest explorers of Kentucky who accompanied Doctor Thomas
+Walker there in 1749. In Scott County is the Natural Tunnel, a rare
+formation through which the trains of the Southern Railway Company pass
+regularly en route to Tennessee.
+
+Tyler, the next county established, lies now in the northwestern part of
+West Virginia along the Ohio River but commemorates a Tidewater
+Virginian, John Tyler, Sr. He was born at "Greenway" Charles City
+County and served as Governor 1808-1811. His fame has been somewhat
+obscured by that of his son, John Tyler, junior, President of the United
+States.
+
+The next county formed, Lewis, which was cut from Harrison, also lay
+later in West Virginia in the north central area. It derived its name
+from a heroic soldier, Colonel Charles Lewis who was killed at the
+Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Point Pleasant, situated near the
+confluence of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio River was the scene of a
+day-long bloody battle between the Virginia troops and Indian warriors
+led by Cornstalk and Logan. General Andrew Lewis, brother of Colonel
+Charles, was the commanding officer. The battle was hardly decisive and
+General Lewis wished to follow and annihilate the fleeing enemy. Lord
+Dunmore, in command of another detachment which arrived later, forbade
+this and allowed the Indians to escape. This may have been one of the
+reasons that influenced the Indians throughout the Revolution to espouse
+the British cause.
+
+The establishment of Lewis County in 1816 was followed two years later
+by that of another county, Preston, formed from Monongalia, lying in the
+northeast corner of West Virginia, and adjoining Pennsylvania and
+Maryland. Preston County honored James Patton Preston, Governor of
+Virginia 1816-1819.
+
+Parts of Greenbrier, Kanawha and Randolph were made into the new county
+of Nicholas in the same year that Preston was organized. Nicholas lies
+to the east of Charleston, the capital of West Virginia. Its name
+derives from Wilson Cary Nicholas, Governor of Virginia 1814-1816, and
+predecessor of Governor Preston.
+
+
+1820-1830 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS IMPROVE, FOUR NEW COUNTIES
+
+The next county to be created was taken from Hampshire and Berkeley and
+represented a northern rather than a western expansion. It received the
+name Morgan from General Daniel Morgan, one of the outstanding generals
+of the Revolution who defeated Colonel Tarleton in the Battle of the
+Cowpens.
+
+The bounds of Morgan County are thus set forth: "Beginning at the mouth
+of Cherry's Run at the river Potomac in the county of Berkeley, thence
+up the middle of said Run to its source, thence due west to the top of
+Sleepy Creek Mountain, thence along the top of said mountain to the line
+that separates the counties of Frederick and Berkeley, thence with the
+said line to the county of Hampshire, thence a direct line until it
+strikes the river Potomac opposite Mitchell's Rock and thence by the
+river Potomac to the beginning."
+
+Pocahontas County created in 1821, a year after Morgan had been formed,
+and likewise a West Virginia county, lies in the southeastern section of
+the state opposite the Virginia county of Alleghany. Its name was a long
+delayed tribute to the fine character and achievements of the Indian
+maid Pocahontas. She both aided the settlers at Jamestown with gifts of
+sorely needed food, and by her marriage to John Rolfe secured eight
+years of peace for them. This period was vital to their survival.
+
+Pocahontas lies in a mountainous region rich in bituminous coal
+deposits, so much so that Pocahontas coal is known everywhere. The
+description of the county's bounds notes the lines of Greenbrier, Bath,
+Randolph and Pendleton counties and "Randolph court House." This is the
+first mention of a courthouse anywhere in this area.
+
+After discussing eight counties now in West Virginia, we come to a
+Virginia county, Alleghany, formed in 1822 from Botetourt, Bath and
+Monroe counties. It is the name the Delaware Indians gave both the Ohio
+and the Alleghany rivers, but its origin is uncertain. Presumably, the
+mountains took their name from the river. Within the bounds of Alleghany
+County the Jackson and the Cow-pasture rivers unite to form the James
+River, the longest river in the state and the most important in its
+early history.
+
+Its bounds were thus described: "beginning at the top of the middle of
+Potts' mountain, where the road leading from Fincastle to the Sweet
+Springs crosses the same; thence with said road to the top of Peter's
+mountain; thence a straight line to the Greenbrier county line on the
+top of the Alleghany mountain so as to pass between the Sweet and Red
+springs; thence with the top of the Alleghany or Greenbrier line to a
+certain point so that a straight line drawn thence to include in the new
+county Captain Henry Massie's plantation in the Falling Spring Valley
+may also include Archibald Morriss's plantation on Jackson's river in
+said new county; thence a straight line from the said Massie's across
+the Cow-pasture river immediately below William Griffin's on said river
+to the Rockbridge county line; thence with said line to a point in the
+Rockbridge and Botetourt line so that a line drawn from thence will pass
+at or near the junction of Jackson's and Cow-pasture rivers to the
+nearest part of the Rich Patch mountain; and this line to be so run as
+to leave the house and yard of Captain John Jordan in the county of
+Botetourt; thence with the highest points of the said Rich Patch
+mountain next to Craig's creek so as to include the inhabitants of the
+Rich Patch in said new county, to a point at which it unites with Potts'
+mountain, thence with the top of the said mountain to the beginning."
+
+In 1824 the county of Logan was formed from portions of Giles, Cabell,
+Tazewell and Kanawha counties. It lay in the southwestern part of the
+present West Virginia not far from the Kentucky line. The name derives
+from the Mingo Indian chieftain whose famous speech preserved by Thomas
+Jefferson was long a popular selection for young would-be orators.
+
+
+1830-1840 LARGE INCREASE IN POPULATION NECESSITATES FOURTEEN NEW
+COUNTIES
+
+For seven years, there was no further expansion until in 1831 when the
+Virginia county of Floyd was formed. This was taken from that part of
+Montgomery County adjacent to the counties of Franklin, Patrick and
+Grayson. The name is in honor of John Floyd, Governor of Virginia
+1830-1834. It is a beautiful county of high mountains, fertile valleys
+and good blue-grass pasture land.
+
+Its bounds were thus prescribed: "Beginning at the widow Litterell's,
+thence a straight line to John Thrasher's; thence a straight line to
+John Cooper's old place; thence a straight line to where the Waggon road
+crosses the Laurel ridge; from thence along the highest part of said
+ridge to Little river; and down the same to Mack's mountain; and with
+the same to the Grayson line and with the same to the Patrick line and
+with the same to the Franklin line and with the same to the line of
+Montgomery and Franklin, opposite the widow Litterell's; from thence a
+straight line to the beginning."
+
+In addition to Floyd, Fayette County was also formed in 1831. This
+county, the second attempt Virginia had made to honor the Marquis de la
+Fayette, fell later into West Virginia. Taken from parts of Logan,
+Greenbrier, Nicholas and Kanawha, Fayette lies in the southeastern part
+of the state, and is traversed by the New River.
+
+The lengthy description of its bounds notes several streams besides the
+New River; namely: Lick creek, Meadow river, Mill creek, Gauley river,
+Twenty Mile creek, Kanawha river, Guyandotte and Cole (Coal) river. For
+the first time we find mention of a turnpike, "the Kanawha turnpike." In
+the decade 1820-1830, a great interest in highways developed, and
+turnpikes and toll roads became numerous. In Virginia a well-known toll
+road ran through the Valley of Virginia called "the Valley Pike."
+National highway Route Number 11 largely follows its path.
+
+The third county created in 1831 also is now a West Virginia county,
+Jackson. Formed from Mason, Kanawha and Wood, Jackson lies in the
+western part of the state along the Ohio River south of Parkersburg. It
+was named for General Andrew Jackson, then in his first term as
+President of the United States. A song popular at that time carried
+these two lines complimenting his exploits:
+
+    "Glory be to Jackson for the Battle of New Orleans
+    For there he gave the enemy the hot butter-beans"
+
+referring to his victory over the British in the battle of that name.
+
+We come back to Virginia now and discuss the fourth county created in
+1831. Formed from Shenandoah and Rockingham counties, it lies in the
+Valley of Virginia with the famed Luray Cavern within its borders. It
+was named in honor of John Page, Governor of Virginia 1802-1805.
+
+Its bounds are as follows: "Beginning at a point in the line of the
+counties of Rockingham and Orange on the top of the Blue Ridge opposite
+to the headwaters of Naked creek in the county of Rockingham; thence a
+straight line to the headwaters of said creek; thence with the
+meanderings of said creek to its junction with the South river; thence
+down the bed of said river to the upper end of Michael Shuler's island;
+thence a straight line to the mouth of Shuler's run; thence with the
+main branch of said run to its source; thence a straight line to the top
+of the Massanutten mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to its
+termination near Daniel Clem's; thence to the top of the eastern Fort
+mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to a point opposite to
+the mouth of Cunningham's run in the county of Shenandoah; thence a
+straight line to the mouth of said run; thence with the said run to its
+source; thence to a point in a direct line to the top of the Blue Ridge
+in the line of the two counties of Shenandoah and Culpeper; and thence
+with the top of the Blue Ridge to the beginning."
+
+From Washington and Wythe in 1832 was established the new county of
+Smyth situated in the southwestern section of Virginia and extending to
+the North Carolina line. The name derives from General Alexander Smyth
+of Wythe County, Inspector General of the Army in 1812 and Member of
+Congress 1817-1825, 1827-1830. A portrait of him by Saint Memin is in
+the Corcoran Art Gallery.
+
+The bounds of the county are set forth as follows: "Beginning on the
+main stage road at a bridge in a hollow at a point where the spring
+branch of Phillip Griever deceased crosses the same; thence a direct
+line, passing equidistant between Preston's and King's salt wells to the
+line of Russell county; and from the said point on the main stage road
+aforesaid where the said spring branch crosses the same running south
+twenty-five degrees east to the southern boundary of Washington county;
+and beginning on the main stage coach road leading by Abingdon and Wythe
+courthouse, ten miles by the said road dividing Washington and Wythe
+counties; running thence northwest to the northern boundary of Wythe
+county and southeast to the southern boundary of Wythe county. The said
+line through Wythe county running precisely parallel with the line
+aforesaid through Washington County."
+
+In the above we note the great development that had taken place in this
+section, a "stagecoach road" and two towns, Abingdon and Wythe
+Courthouse, being mentioned for the first time. A road over which a
+heavy stagecoach could travel was a big advance over the bridle paths
+and "rolling roads" of the preceding century.
+
+In 1833, Rappahannock also a Virginia county, was established. This was
+taken from Culpeper County and named for the river which traverses it,
+and which, likely took its name from the Indian tribe living along its
+banks. The settlers first called this river Pembroke in honor of William
+Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke and brother-in-law of the famous Sir
+Philip Sydney. The Earl was a member of the Virginia Company of London
+and invested four hundred pounds sterling in the enterprise.
+
+The bounds of Rappahannock County were as follows: "Beginning at the
+corner of Madison and Culpeper counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge
+of mountains and running thence with the line of said counties to the
+point where it is intersected by Hugh's river above the junction of
+Hugh's and Hazel's rivers; thence with Hugh's river to the junction of
+the aforesaid rivers; thence to a bend in the river near a point called
+the Giant's castle; thence to Horner's mill upon the Fauquier and
+Culpeper line; thence with said line to the corner of the aforesaid
+counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge, thence with said mountain to
+the beginning."
+
+The next county established in this continuous effort to make due
+processes of law and order accessible to all lies now in the northern
+tip of West Virginia. It is called Marshall, honoring John Marshall who
+died in 1835, the year of the county's creation. John Marshall's career
+and achievements are too well known to be recounted here; suffice it to
+say that in his lengthy tenure as its Chief Justice he gave plan,
+directive and purpose to the Supreme Court of the United States.
+
+The bounds of Marshall County were set forth as being "all that part of
+the lower end of the county of Ohio lying south of a line beginning on
+the Ohio river at a stone to be fixed on the bank of said river, one
+half mile above the mouth of Buggs' run; thence a direct line to the
+northern boundary of the town of West Union and thence continuing the
+same course to the Pennsylvania line."
+
+In 1836 Braxton, also at present a West Virginia county, was created
+from portions of Lewis and Nicholas counties. Its name honors Carter
+Braxton, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, the last one of
+the Virginia signers to receive this distinction.
+
+The description of its bounds though long is of interest because of the
+number of place names used and is therefore quoted: "beginning at Salt
+Works road at the head of Barbecue run and running thence with the
+dividing ridge of the Kanawha and Monongalia waters to the head of the
+Fall run; thence along the leading ridge to the forks of the Little
+Kanawha; thence up the right hand fork to its head; thence with the
+dividing ridge between Kanawha, Buchanan and Elk waters, to the corner
+of Randolph and Nicholas county line; thence with the said line to the
+top of the Point mountain above the Fork lick; thence along the top of
+the Point mountain to the end thereof; thence a straight line to Joseph
+Priam's (so as to include Joseph Priam's lands within the boundary of
+the new county); thence a straight line to the top of the ridge between
+Big and Little Birch rivers, and down said ridge to the mouth of Little
+Birch river; thence a straight line to the mouth of the Rock-camp fork
+of Big Buffalo (above Young's Bottoms); thence down the same to its
+mouth, crossing Elk river; thence to the Lewis and Kanawha county line
+at a point where a straight line to the mouth of the Long Shoal run will
+include Jacob Shock on Steer creek within the boundary of the new
+county; thence up the said Long Shoal run to the top of the ridge
+between the Sand fork and Little Kanawha; thence with the dividing ridge
+to the head of the left hand fork of the Three lick fork of Oil creek;
+thence to its mouth; thence to the main fork of Oil creek; thence up the
+Clover lick fork to the beginning."
+
+From almost the center of the present state of West Virginia, we now
+return to Virginia and note the creation from Frederick of the new
+county of Clarke. Braxton, Clarke and Warren were all established in the
+year 1836. Clarke, though incorrectly spelled pays honor to that native
+of Albemarle County who won the Northwest Territory for the Continental
+Congress, George Rogers Clark. The county, cut from the eastern part of
+Frederick, adjoins Jefferson, Loudoun and Fauquier.
+
+Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning at the point in the Blue Ridge
+where the line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Loudoun meets the
+line dividing the counties of Frederick and Loudoun, thence with the
+line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Frederick to the middle of
+the Opequon creek; thence up the middle of the Opequon to the mouth of
+Wright's branch; thence up that stream to the mouth of Nations Spring
+run; thence a direct line until it reaches Colin Leach's corner, next
+to major Seth Mason's land on the road to Nineveh; thence eastwardly by
+a direct line, passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor
+James Hay and James M. Hite, to a point on the Shenandoah river, at the
+mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run, on the north side of the Shenandoah
+river; thence from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest
+top of the Blue Ridge of mountains; and thence on the eastern boundary
+of Frederick county to the beginning."
+
+Curtilage, used for the first time in any description, is a law term
+denoting the fenced-in area adjoining a dwelling house or a courtyard.
+The term often used now is dependencies.
+
+Warren, the third county created in 1836, lies over the Blue Ridge from
+and a little to the south of Clarke. Its territory was taken from those
+portions of Shenandoah and Frederick counties that adjoined "the
+counties of Rappahannock and Fauquier in the southern part thereof." The
+name honors the brave soldier Major General Joseph Warren who fell in
+the Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+The bounds of Warren County which mention some places noted in Clarke
+County's bounds are as follows: "Beginning at the top of the Blue Ridge
+where the counties of Shenandoah and Page corner on the Rappahannock
+county line; thence west with the Page line to the top of the southeast
+Fort mountain; thence north with the top of said mountain to its
+termination at the mouth of Powel's fort; thence a straight line from
+the top of said mountain to the nearest top of the Three top mountain;
+thence with the top of said mountain to the high peak opposite
+Strasburg; thence a straight line to Hoffman's ford across the north
+branch of Shenandoah river; thence down the bed of said river to the
+mouth of Cedar creek on the north side of said river; thence up said
+creek to where the Winchester and Staunton stage road crosses said
+creek; thence a straight line to Zion meeting-house in Frederick county;
+thence with the main road leading towards the White post until it
+reaches Colin Leache's corner, a point on said road; then eastwardly by
+a direct line passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor
+James Hay and James M. Hite; to a point on Burden's March run; thence by
+a direct line to a point on the Shenandoah river at the mouth of
+Fauntleroy's mill run on the north side of the Shenandoah river; thence
+from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest top of the
+Blue Ridge; thence a southwest course with the top of said Blue Ridge to
+the beginning."
+
+The next year, 1837, Mercer, now in West Virginia but adjoining Giles
+County, Virginia, was formed. The Act authorizing its creation is as
+follows: "All that part of the counties of Giles and Tazewell contained
+within the following boundary lines ... shall form one distinct and new
+county and be called and known by the name of Mercer county in memory of
+general Hugh Mercer who fell at Princeton." Appropriately the county
+seat of Mercer County is Princeton.
+
+In 1838 the Virginia counties of Greene and Roanoke were set up.
+
+The Act for the former county is as follows: "So much of the county of
+Orange as it lies next to and adjoining the counties of Madison,
+Rockingham and Albemarle and west of a line beginning at Cave's old mill
+(now James Jackson's) on the Madison county line and running thence a
+straight line to where Whitelow's mill run intersects the Albemarle
+county line shall form one distinct and new county and be called and
+known by the name of Greene county in memory of general Nathaniel Greene
+who served his country in the revolutionary war."
+
+It may be mentioned that this is the second county in Virginia honoring
+General Greene. The correct spelling for his first name is Nathanael.
+
+In Greene County lies Swift Run Gap. This is the gap in the Blue Ridge
+mountains over which in September 1715, Governor Spotswood led his
+adventurous band into the beautiful Valley of Virginia. Westward
+expansion began at this date.
+
+The second county created in 1838 was Roanoke composed of that portion
+of Botetourt lying next to the southwestern parts of Montgomery,
+Franklin and Bedford. Roanoke was the name applied by the early
+colonists to the shell-beads of different colors used by the Indians as
+a medium of exchange. The river had long been known as Roanoke, hence it
+seems likely that the county took its name from the river.
+
+Roanoke County is thus bounded: "beginning at a point on the Blue ridge
+which divides the counties of Bedford and Botetourt, thence northwest to
+the house now the residence of John Bonsack on Glade creek so as to
+include the said Bonsack in the new county, thence a line to the house
+of Thomas Barnes including said Barnes in the county, and so as to leave
+John W. Thompson in the county of Botetourt, thence a straight line
+crossing the Catawba Valley at a point one mile due north of Mrs.
+Garwood's; thence crossing Craig's creek (passing the house of John
+Spessard on Craig's creek so as to leave the said Spessard in the old
+county) to the top of the mountain which divides the waters of Craig's
+creek and Sinking creek, thence westwardly along the top of the mountain
+to the point where the lines of Botetourt, Montgomery and Giles counties
+meet, thence with the line which divided the county of Botetourt from
+the county of Montgomery to the point at which the said line joins the
+Bedford line, thence with the Bedford line to the beginning."
+
+In this same area in the following year the county of Pulaski was
+created from the western end of Montgomery and the eastern end of Wythe.
+Its name honored the Polish patriot Count Casimir Pulaski who, exiled
+from his homeland, came to America and joined General Washington's army.
+He participated in important engagements and finally fell on 11 October
+1779 unsuccessfully defending Savannah, Georgia.
+
+The bounds of Pulaski County are thus set forth: "beginning at a line
+dividing the county of Giles from Montgomery on New river, thence with
+same line to the head of a hollow above Hiram Davis's on Little Walker's
+creek; thence to a point on the main road between the lands of John T.
+Sayers and Harvey Shepherd including the plantation of David G.
+Shepherd, thence to the mouth of Pine run on New river, thence to the
+Grayson county line; including Sally King's plantation on Reed island;
+thence with the Grayson line to the Floyd line, and with the same to the
+mouth of Indian creek on Little river, and with the same including the
+farm of Creed Taylor to New river, and with the same to the beginning."
+
+
+1840-1850 FLOOD TIDE, SIXTEEN NEW COUNTIES
+
+Three years elapsed before another county was needed and it was not
+until 1842 that the county of Marion was formed from the southern part
+of Monongalia and the northern part of Harrison. The name given it was
+"in honor to and in memory of general Francis Marion who served his
+country in the war of the revolution." This county now lies in West
+Virginia.
+
+Also in 1842, a new county in the southwestern area of Virginia was
+formed from Grayson. It was thus bounded: "beginning on the North
+Carolina line at or near Fisher's peak and running thence a straight
+line across the said county of Grayson (so as to cross Chestnut creek
+near the ford at major James Anderson's) to the line of Wythe county
+thence along said Wythe line to the line of Pulaski county thence along
+said Pulaski line to line of Floyd county, thence along said Floyd line
+to the line of Patrick; thence along the said Patrick line to the North
+Carolina line thence along said North Carolina line to the point of
+beginning ... and be called and known by the name of Carroll in memory
+of Charles Carroll of Carrollton." Charles Carroll, one of the Maryland
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence, had been the last survivor
+of this noble group, dying in 1832 at the age of 95 years.
+
+The third county created in 1842, Wayne, taken from the western part of
+Cabell lay along the Ohio river and is now in West Virginia. This new
+division was to "be called and known by the name of Wayne county in
+memory and in honor of general Anthony Wayne."
+
+Two counties destined to be in West Virginia were set up in 1843. The
+first of these was Ritchie in the western part of the state created from
+portions of Lewis, Harrison and Wood. The name honors Thomas Ritchie,
+"founder and long the able editor of the _Richmond Enquirer_ and 'father
+of democracy' in Virginia."
+
+The other county, Barbour, lying in the northeastern part of the state
+was established from areas of Harrison, Lewis and Randolph. The
+description of its bounds besides mentioning the usual rivers and ridges
+names also several persons which always draws the reader's interest.
+Some of these are: "Rueben Davisson's farm," "the old farm now occupied
+by Samuel Bartlett," "William Bean's," "Samuel Black's residence" and
+"the widow Corley's corner tree."
+
+The name of the county was "in honour to and in memory of Philip Barbour
+of Virginia." Appropriately the county seat is Philippi. Judge Barbour,
+a native of Orange County, Virginia, where his home "Frascati" still
+stands, achieved distinction as a Judge of the Supreme Court. He had
+died the year before the county was formed.
+
+Taylor County, also in the northeastern part of West Virginia was formed
+in 1844 from sections of Harrison, Barbour and Marion. Its bounds
+mention "the residence of Anderson Corbin," "the residence of James
+M'Daniell," "the residence of Joseph Bailey," "the farm of John H.
+Woodford" and others.
+
+The name of the county honors General Zachary Taylor, twelfth President
+of the United States, a native of Orange County, Virginia. He had a
+distinguished military career, serving in the Black Hawk, Seminole and
+Mexican Wars.
+
+The determination on the part of Virginia's General Assembly to render
+justice more easy and accessible to all its citizens was as strong in
+1845 when parts of Lewis and Kanawha counties became Gilmer County as it
+had been two centuries earlier. It was the unifying purpose in all
+development.
+
+The name Gilmer takes us to Albemarle County, Virginia, where Thomas
+Walker Gilmer, elected Governor of Virginia in 1840, was born. He was
+grandson of Doctor Thomas Walker of "Castle Hill," Albemarle County who
+was the first to explore Southwest Virginia and Kentucky.
+
+At the same time that Gilmer was formed, the county which lies to the
+north of it was established. Both are now in West Virginia. The bounds
+of Doddridge County, as noted in the Act of Assembly creating it, list
+several waterways including Hughes's and Monongahela rivers but the most
+interesting land mark named is "the Northwestern turnpike road at
+tollgate number eleven." This shows steadily advancing development in
+transportation, for earlier there had been references to wagon roads,
+then to stagecoach roads and now to a turnpike with the regular
+tollgates to provide funds for maintenance.
+
+The name honors the memory of Philip Doddridge of Brooke County, who was
+a prominent member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-30.
+He was an advocate of the wishes of the western portion of the state to
+have representation based upon white population exclusively. This motion
+failed and a compromise constitution was agreed upon. Philip Doddridge
+died in Washington, D. C. in 1832 while serving as a member of Congress.
+
+After discussing six counties now in West Virginia, we come now to the
+county of Appomattox formed in 1845 from portions of Buckingham, Prince
+Edward, Charlotte and Campbell. The name derives from the river which
+traverses the county.
+
+Its bounds are thus defined: "Beginning at the mouth of David's creek on
+James river; thence a straight line to the head of Holleway creek;
+thence down the same as it meanders to Appomattox river; thence down
+the same to the Cutbanks; thence a straight line to the mouth of Cabin
+branch on Vaughan's creek; thence up the said creek to its head; thence
+a straight line to Merryman's or Land's; thence along the public road
+leading by M'Kinney's old store to the fork of the Lynchburg road about
+a mile north of the Red house; thence a straight line to the old mill
+formerly owned by William Harvey; thence along the Lynchburg road to the
+mill formerly owned by Samuel Branch, esquire, on Falling river; thence
+up the said river to the mouth of Reedy creek; thence a straight line to
+Hunter's old tavern (now Glovers); thence a straight line to Sterling C.
+Anderson's; thence a straight line to the mouth of Scott's branch about
+a mile before the mouth of Joshua's creek on James river; and thence
+down the said river to the beginning."
+
+In 1846, in the northwestern portion of the present state of West
+Virginia, the new county of Wetzel was set up from Tyler. The following
+landowners are named as living within its bounds: "James Peden (or
+Paden), Richard Anchrom and Rueben Martin, esquire." The county was so
+called "in honor of Louis Wetzel, the distinguished frontiersman and
+Indian scout, the Boone of Northwestern Virginia."
+
+As if feeling this action a little unfair, the Assembly next year, when
+a new county was to be created, named it Boone "in honor to and in
+memory of Daniel Boone the well known pioneer of the western frontier
+settlements." Boone was taken from parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Logan
+counties and lies south of Charleston, the state capital.
+
+In this same year, the county of Alexandria was added to Virginia's
+jurisdiction. The Assembly enacted "That the territory comprising the
+county of Alexandria in the District of Columbia heretofore ceded by
+this commonwealth to the United States and by an act of congress
+approved on the ninth day of July eighteen hundred and forty-six
+retroceded to this commonwealth, and by it accepted, is hereby declared
+to be an integral portion of this commonwealth and the citizens thereof
+are hereby declared to be subject to all the provisions, and entitled to
+all the benefits, rights and privileges of the bill of rights and
+constitution of this commonwealth."
+
+In 1791, to aid in establishing the Federal City, as Washington was
+sometimes called, Virginia gave to the United States certain land taken
+from Fairfax County to form a part of the District of Columbia. In the
+Act quoted above it has been seen that the United States retroceded to
+Virginia that part of the District of Columbia which comprised the
+county of Alexandria. The name in 1920 was changed to Arlington.
+
+Across the state from Alexandria the new county of Highland came into
+being in 1847, being taken from parts of Pendleton and Bath. Its bounds
+are thus given: "Beginning where the North river gap road crosses the
+Augusta county line, and running thence to the top of Jackson's mountain
+so as to leave Jacob Hiver's mansion house in Pendleton county; thence
+to Andrew Fleisher's so as to include his mansion house in the new
+county; thence to the highlands between the Dry run and Crab bottom; and
+thence along the top of the High Knob; thence north sixty-five degrees
+west to Pocahontas county line; thence along said county line to the
+plum orchard on the top of the Alleghany mountains; thence to Adam
+Stephenson's mansion house on Jackson's river in Bath county so as to
+include Thomas Campbell's mansion house on Back creek and also said Adam
+Stephenson's in the new county; thence to Andrew H. Byrd's mansion house
+on the Cow-pasture river so as to include the same in the new county,
+and so as to leave the dwelling house of William M'Clintick, jr. in Bath
+county; thence south sixty-five degrees east to the Augusta county line
+and thence with said line to the beginning."
+
+The name of the county is derived from its exceptionally high altitude,
+and the name of its county seat, Monterey, reflects the popular interest
+felt in the victory General Taylor had just won over the Mexicans at the
+Battle of Monterey.
+
+After the formation of Highland County five counties destined to lie in
+West Virginia were established. The first of these, Hancock, created in
+1848 out of Brooke, lies in the extreme northern tip of the present
+state between the Ohio river and the Pennsylvania state line. Its name
+honors the first Signer of the Declaration of Independence, whose
+distinguished signature is familiar through countless reproductions.
+
+In this same year from portions of Jackson and Wood counties was formed
+Wirt. This is in the northwestern area of the state not far from
+Parkersburg. In the description of bounds, only three land owners are
+named, John Stephens, junior, John P. Thomasson and William Goff.
+
+The name of the county honored the distinguished lawyer, William Wirt,
+who had died a few years before. He had served as Attorney General of
+the United States from 1817 to 1829 and had been a candidate for the
+Presidency on the Anti-Masonic ticket in 1832. He is best remembered for
+his life of Patrick Henry.
+
+The third county created in 1848 was Putnam, composed of parts of
+Kanawha, Cabell and Mason counties, and lying to the west of the city of
+Charleston. Its name recalls a hero of the Revolutionary War, General
+Israel Putnam who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bunker Hill and
+became a popular hero.
+
+
+1850-1860 EBBING TIDE, TWELVE COUNTIES
+
+The year 1850 saw the formation of two more counties now in West
+Virginia. The first one, Raleigh, was taken from the southern part of
+Fayette. In its bounds, the lands of Isaac Sonners and Jackson Jarrell,
+and the New, Coal, and Guyandotte rivers are noted. The name was "in
+memory of Sir Walter Raleigh who made the earliest effort to colonize
+Virginia." It is pleasant to see that Virginia finally recognized her
+debt to this valiant soul, even though it was tardily done, for he died
+in 1618.
+
+A few days after Raleigh became a county, the Virginia Assembly enacted
+that the county of Wyoming be erected out of the county of Logan.
+Wyoming lies in the southern central portion of West Virginia. The
+reason for the name is obscure, whether it was for the beautiful Wyoming
+Valley in north central Pennsylvania watered by the Susquehanna River,
+or for the brutal massacre of its inhabitants on 4 July 1778 by a
+British and Indian force is unknown.
+
+Half of the nineteenth century has passed and our narrative has only a
+few more years to chronicle. In 1851, three counties were formed. One of
+these, Craig, remained in Virginia. It was taken from parts of
+Botetourt, Roanoke, Giles and Monroe.
+
+Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning on the top of the Middle mountain
+at the corner of Monroe and Alleghany counties, near Achilles Dews, and
+running with the Alleghany line to the top of Peters' mountain; thence
+westward along the top of said mountain to a point nearby opposite to
+the house of Boston Rowan; thence crossing Potts' creek to a point one
+fourth of a mile below said Rowan's so as to leave said Rowan's in the
+county of Monroe; thence a southwestern direction to the top of Potts'
+mountain, so as to leave Armentrout, Fridley and Rose in Monroe; thence
+westward along the top of said mountain to a point opposite Colonel R.
+M. Hutchinson's on John's creek, and thence a straight line including
+said Hutchinson in the new county, and crossing Sinking creek valley to
+William Niday's, including said Niday in the new county, to the
+Montgomery line; thence eastward with the Montgomery line to the corner
+of Roanoke and Montgomery; thence with the Roanoke line to the top of
+Brush mountain; thence eastward along said mountain, crossing the Cove
+branch where John Carper formerly lived; thence along the same range of
+mountains passing near Lilburn Doss's, crossing Stone Coal gap; thence
+along the same range of mountains, crossing Price's turnpike road to a
+point opposite Daniel Sizer's; thence a northwestern direction crossing
+Craig's creek above said Sizer's to a point one mile from Craig's creek
+on the ridge; thence to Andrew Persinger's on Barber's creek; thence to
+the Alleghany line and with the same to the beginning."
+
+The name of the county honored Robert Craig, member of Congress from
+Virginia 1829-1834, 1835-1841.
+
+In the same month in which Craig was set up, the new county of Upshur
+was created from parts of Randolph, Barbour and Lewis, all now in West
+Virginia. The starting point in the description of its bounds reads as
+follows: "Beginning at a rock or milestone on the Staunton and
+Parkersburg turnpike road ten miles east of Weston in Lewis County."
+This shows that transportation had developed sufficiently to connect
+places on the Ohio River with other sections of Virginia.
+
+Upshur County took its name from Abel P. Upshur whom President Tyler
+appointed Secretary of State to succeed Daniel Webster. Upshur was
+killed 28 February 1844 by the explosion of a new type of cannon which
+was being tested on the U.S.S. _Princeton_.
+
+Also in March 1851, from the counties of Tyler, Wood and Ritchie the new
+county of Pleasants was established. This lies in the area around
+Parkersburg in the northwestern part of West Virginia, along the Ohio
+River. The name honored the memory of James Pleasants, Governor of
+Virginia, 1822 to 1825, member of a family long resident and prominent
+in the state.
+
+Five years passed and in the interval population had increased to such
+an extent in the western part of Virginia that four county governments
+had to be set up to take care of legal needs. One of these, Wise, formed
+from portions of Lee, Scott and Russell counties, remains in Virginia.
+The name honored Henry A. Wise, Governor of Virginia 1856-1860.
+
+The bounds of the county were as follows: "Beginning at the break of
+Cumberland mountain on the Kentucky and Virginia line where the Pound
+fork of Sandy breaks through the Cumberland mountain; thence up the
+Pound fork to the mouth of Crane's nest, a water of said Pound fork;
+thence with the dividing ridge between the waters of Crane's nest and
+McLure's, to William Taylor's farm, including said Taylor's farm in the
+new county; thence a straight line to the mouth of Lick creek; thence
+down Clinch river to the mouth of Guest's river; thence up Guest's river
+one mile; thence a straight line to the Camp rock south of the High
+Knob; thence a straight line to the Pole fence on Little Powell's
+mountain, on the line dividing Scott and Lee counties; thence with said
+county line to the head of Stock creek including the farm of Zachariah
+N. Wells in the said county; thence a straight line to the Cedar gap
+near Powell's river; thence a straight line to the dividing ridge
+between the waters of Crab orchard and Pigeon fork; thence with said
+dividing ridge to the Kentucky line and thence with the Kentucky line to
+the beginning."
+
+In the Act creating the county it was ordered that the "said seat of
+justice shall be known as Gladesville," but the present county seat is
+called Wise.
+
+As has been said, Wise was the only one of the four counties erected in
+1856 that remains in Virginia. The next county formed was Calhoun taken
+from the lower portion of Gilmer County beginning at the West Fork of
+the Little Kanawha River. The name derives from the great South Carolina
+statesman who succeeded Abel P. Upshur as Secretary of State and was
+long outstanding in politics.
+
+At the same time that Calhoun became an entity, parts of the counties of
+Kanawha, Jackson, and Gilmer lying a little to the west of Calhoun
+became Roane County. The description of its bounds is startling when it
+mentions "the Ravenswood and California turnpike in Jackson county," but
+later we learn that California is a town in Jackson County.
+
+With regard to Roane County, "its name and that of its seat of justice,
+Spencer, commemorate that of him [Spencer Roane] whose life and public
+services added lustre to the annals of Virginia jurisprudence." Spencer
+Roane was "judge of the Supreme Bench 1794 to 1822."
+
+The next county was Tucker formed out of the northeastern portion of
+Randolph County and adjoining also the counties of Hardy, Preston and
+Pendleton. The county seat appropriately bore the name of Saint George.
+The county was "named in honor of Saint George Tucker the eminent
+Virginia jurist while the seat of justice derives its name from Saint
+George Tucker who was Clerk of the House of Delegates at the time the
+county was formed."
+
+Two years later in 1858, three more counties were established, one of
+which, Buchanan, was destined to remain in Virginia, and the other two
+in West Virginia.
+
+McDowell, one of the two, was taken from the northwest portion of
+Tazewell County and remains a border county between the two states, "The
+ridge between Abb's Valley and Sandy" is one of the bounding lines noted
+in the description; it recalls the Indian Massacre that occurred in that
+Valley and the many stories related about it.
+
+The name of the county honors James McDowell, elected Governor of
+Virginia in 1843 and serving until 1846.
+
+Clay County formed also in 1858 was created out of the southern part of
+Braxton County and the northern part of Nicholas. Among the property
+owners whose lands were mentioned as within its bounds, were Thomas
+Jarvis, jr., James Rogers, Charles Ruffner, who with others owned a
+twelve thousand acre tract "(near the farm of William Nichol, Sr.),"
+Strother B. Grose and Abraham Dilly.
+
+The county was so named in honor of Henry Clay, the great Kentucky
+statesman who had died only a few years before its formation.
+
+The Virginia county established in 1858 from parts of Tazewell and
+Russell was Buchanan, named for James Buchanan, President of the United
+States 1857-1861.
+
+Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning at the state line between
+Kentucky and Virginia and with said line to its intersection with the
+line of Wise county, to the top of the dividing ridge between the waters
+of Sandy and Clinch and with said ridge eastwardly to the head of
+Dismal, a branch of the Lavica fork of Sandy river; then with the
+dividing ridge between the waters of Dismal and the waters of the Dry
+fork of Sandy and with the ridge between the waters of the Lavica fork
+and the Dry fork to the ridge between Knox creek and Bull creek to Tug
+river and down Tug river to the beginning."
+
+
+1860-1870 RECESSION, TWO COUNTIES
+
+In 1860, an Act was passed to create the new county of Webster from
+portions of the counties of Nicholas, Braxton and Randolph, all to be
+later in West Virginia. The name honored Daniel Webster, the prominent
+statesman who had died only a few years previously.
+
+In March 1861, the new county of Bland, taken from portions of Giles,
+Wythe and Tazewell and named for Richard Bland of Revolutionary War fame
+came into being. Its bounds are thus set forth: "beginning at the top of
+Walker's Little mountain at the line between Wythe and Pulaski and
+running northwards with said line of Pulaski, to the top of Walker's Big
+mountain; thence eastward along the top of said last mentioned mountain
+to a point opposite the mouth of Kimberling creek; thence by a line
+northward passing through the mouth of said Kimberling creek to a point
+on the top of the mountain which lies south of Wolf creek, three miles
+east of the present county line between Giles and Tazewell counties;
+thence to a point on the top of East river mountain two miles east of
+the present county line between Giles and Tazewell so as to include the
+homestead of Madison Allen and his lands adjoining thereto; thence with
+the top of the said East River mountain westward to a point two miles
+west of George Steel's house on Clear fork; thence across and by a line
+as near as may be at right angles to the course of the valley between to
+the top of Rich mountain and westward along the top of said Rich
+mountain so far as to include the settlement of Wolf creek, thence
+across the top of Garden mountain; thence along the top of Garden
+mountain to a point through which the line between Wythe and Smyth would
+pass if prolonged; thence by said prolonged line to the said line
+between Wythe and Smyth and by the last mentioned line to the top of
+Walker's Big mountain; thence eastward with the top of said Walker's Big
+mountain to a point opposite the headwaters of Walker's Little creek;
+thence across to the top of Walker's Little mountain, thence to the top
+of said mountain eastward to the beginning."
+
+Hardly was the ink dry on the Act quoted above when war precluded
+further settlements and expansion. Not for nearly twenty years would
+another and the last county be established.
+
+
+FINIS--ONE COUNTY
+
+In March 1880, out of the counties of Russell, Wise, and Buchanan was
+formed the new county of Dickenson, named for a prominent member of the
+Readjuster Party, then dominant in Virginia.
+
+Its bounds noted in great detail are as follows: "beginning at Osborn's
+gap in Cumberland mountain on the state line; thence a straight line to
+the top of George's Fork mountain at a point where the road crosses said
+mountain; thence with the top of the mountain to the head of Lick
+branch, a tributary of Crane's nest creek; thence a straight line to the
+mouth of Birchfield creek; thence up Crane's Nest creek to the mouth of
+Lion's fork; thence up said creek to the forks of said branch; thence
+up the Fork spur to the top of Crane's Nest bridge; thence a straight
+line to Sandy Ridge meeting-house in the county of Wise on the top of
+Sandy Ridge; thence with the top of Sandy ridge to the James Porter farm
+at the head of Nancy's ridge; thence a straight line to Trammel gap on
+Sandy ridge, thence with the top of Sandy ridge with a line of Russell
+county to the James P. Kiser farm, thence a straight line to Henry
+Kiser's farm on the top of Sandy ridge at the Russell county line;
+thence with the Russell county line to James Rasnaker's farm, including
+said farm in the new county; thence down the Cany ridge to the mouth of
+Cany creek; thence down Indian creek to its mouth; including J. H.
+Duly's farm; thence down Russell's fork of Sandy river to the mouth of
+Panpan creek, including Andrew Owen's dwelling house; thence a straight
+line to the mouth of Greenbrier creek, a tributary of Prater creek;
+thence a straight line to the Big meadow gap; thence down a branch to
+Gressy creek; thence down said creek to the mouth of Russell's fork of
+Sandy river; thence down said river to the state line of Virginia and
+Kentucky; thence with the state line to the beginning."
+
+The formation of Dickenson County in 1880 completed all the local
+organizations authorized by the Virginia Assembly from 1634 up to the
+present, though in many counties minor changes in bounds have been
+enacted from time to time.
+
+We have seen the little feeble settlements along the James River extend
+like a rising tide now east, now south, now north and finally with great
+impetus to the west. Each settlement as it was established proceeded to
+put into effect the concepts of law and order as practiced at Jamestown,
+and handed down from father to son. The principle of representative
+constitutional government as evidenced in the first General Assembly of
+1619 may be called the sacred fire each settlement took with it and
+carefully tended. It was the one thing all shared whether they lived by
+the James River or high on the Blue Ridge. A settlement, a county, a
+state, each one must have law, order, ready justice, representative
+government. That is the theme underlying the development of Virginia
+which we have traced step by step. It is the theme underlying the
+development of our nation. Every American is a debtor to Jamestown for
+his heritage of representative constitutional government.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+     _Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia_, 1808-1880.
+
+     Daniel, J. R. V., _A Hornbook of Virginia History_, Richmond, 1950.
+
+     Hening, William Waller, _The Statutes at Large_, Being _a
+     Collection of All the Laws of Virginia_, 1619-1792, Richmond,
+     1809-1823, 13 Vols.
+
+     Robinson, Morgan P., _Virginia Counties, Bulletin of the Virginia
+     State Library_, Vol. 9, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1916.
+
+     Shepherd, Samuel, _Statutes at Large_, 1793-1806. Continuation of
+     Hening.
+
+     Richmond 1835-1836. 3 Vols.
+
+     Stith, William. _History of First Discovery and Settlement of
+     Virginia._ Williamsburg, 1747.
+
+     Tyler, Lyon G., _Cradle of the Republic._ 2 ed. Richmond, 1900.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO CHARTS
+
+
+                            No.
+
+  Accawmack, 1634 (Ex.)      1
+  Accomack, 1663             1
+  Albemarle                  5
+  Alexandria (Ex.)           9
+  Alleghany                 10
+  Amelia                     2
+  Amherst                    5
+  Appomattox                 5
+  Arlington                  9
+  Augusta                9, 10
+
+  Barbour (W. Va.)          10
+  Bath                      10
+  Bedford                    2
+  Berkeley (W. Va.)          9
+  Bland                     11
+  Boone (W. Va.)            11
+  Botetourt, 10             11
+  Bourbon (Ky.)             11
+  Braxton (W. Va.)          10
+  Brooke (W. Va.)           10
+  Brunswick                  2
+  Buchanan                  11
+  Buckingham                 5
+
+  Cabell (W. Va.)           11
+  Calhoun (W. Va.)          10
+  Campbell                   2
+  Caroline                   9
+  Carroll                   11
+  Charles City               2
+  Charles River (Ex.)        3
+  Charlotte                  2
+  Chesterfield               5
+  Clarke                     9
+  Clay (W. Va.)             10
+  Craig                     11
+  Culpeper                   9
+  Cumberland                 5
+
+  Dickenson                 11
+  Dinwiddie                  2
+  Doddridge (W. Va.)        10
+  Dunmore (Ex.)              9
+
+  Elizabeth City (Ex.)       4
+  Essex                      9
+
+  Fairfax                    9
+  Fauquier                   9
+  Fayette, 1780 (Ky.)       11
+  Fayette, 1831 (W. Va.)    11
+  Fincastle (Ex.)           11
+  Floyd                     11
+  Fluvanna                   5
+  Franklin                   2
+  Frederick                  9
+
+  Giles                     11
+  Gilmer (W. Va.)           10
+  Gloucester                 3
+  Goochland                  5
+  Grayson                   11
+  Greenbrier (W. Va.)       11
+  Greene                     9
+  Greensville                2
+
+  Halifax                    2
+  Hampshire (W. Va.)        10
+  Hancock (W. Va.)          10
+  Hanover                    3
+  Hardy (W. Va.)            10
+  Harrison (W. Va.)         10
+  Henrico                    5
+  Henry                      2
+  Highland                  10
+
+  Illinois (Ex.)            10
+  Isle of Wight              7
+
+  Jackson (W. Va.)          11
+  James City                 6
+  Jefferson, 1780 (Ky.)      11
+  Jefferson, 1801 (W. Va.)   9
+
+  Kanawha (W. Va.)          11
+  Kentucky (Ex.)            11
+  King and Queen             3
+  King George                9
+  King William               3
+
+  Lancaster                  9
+  Lee                       11
+  Lewis (W. Va.)            10
+  Lincoln (Ky.)             11
+  Logan (W. Va.)            11
+  Loudoun                    9
+  Louisa                     3
+  Lower Norfolk (Ex.)        4
+  Lunenburg                  2
+
+  McDowell (W. Va.)         11
+  Madison, 1786 (Ky.)       11
+  Madison, 1793              9
+  Marion (W. Va.)           10
+  Marshall (W. Va.)         10
+  Mason, 1789 (Ky.)         11
+  Mason, 1804 (W. Va.)      11
+  Mathews                    3
+  Mecklenburg                2
+  Mercer, 1786 (Ky.)        11
+  Mercer, 1837 (W. Va.)     11
+  Middlesex                  9
+  Monongalia (W. Va.)       10
+  Monroe (W. Va.)           11
+  Montgomery                11
+  Morgan (W. Va.)            9
+
+  Nansemond                  4
+  Nelson, 1785 (Ky.)        11
+  Nelson, 1808               5
+  New Kent                   3
+  New Norfolk (Ex.)          4
+  Nicholas (W. Va.)         11
+  Norfolk                    4
+  Northampton                1
+  Northumberland             9
+  Nottoway                   2
+
+  Ohio (W. Va.)             10
+  Orange                     9
+
+  Page                      10
+  Patrick                    2
+  Pendleton (W. Va.)        10
+  Pittsylvania               2
+  Pleasants (W. Va.)        10
+  Pocahontas (W. Va.)       10
+  Powhatan                   5
+  Preston (W. Va.)          10
+  Prince Edward              2
+  Prince George              2
+  Prince William             9
+  Princess Anne              4
+  Pulaski                   11
+  Putnam (W. Va.)           11
+
+  Raleigh (W. Va.)          11
+  Randolph (W. Va.)         10
+  Rappahannock, 1656 (Ex.)   9
+  Rappahannock, 1833         9
+  Richmond                   9
+  Ritchie (W. Va.)          10
+  Roane (W. Va.)            11
+  Roanoke                   11
+  Rockbridge                10
+  Rockingham                10
+  Russell                   11
+
+  Scott                     11
+  Shenandoah                 9
+  Smyth                     11
+  Southampton                7
+  Spotsylvania               9
+  Stafford                   9
+  Surry                      6
+  Sussex                     6
+
+  Taylor (W. Va.)           10
+  Tazewell                  11
+  Tucker (W. Va.)           10
+  Tyler (W. Va.)            10
+
+  Upper Norfolk (Ex.)        4
+  Upshur (W. Va.)           10
+
+  Warren                     9
+  Warrosquyoake (Ex.)        7
+  Warwick (Ex.)              8
+  Warwick River (Ex.)        8
+  Washington                11
+  Wayne (W. Va.)            11
+  Webster (W. Va.)          11
+  Westmoreland               9
+  Wetzel (W. Va.)           10
+  Wirt (W. Va.)             10
+  Wise                      11
+  Wood (W. Va.)             10
+  Woodford (Ky.)            11
+  Wyoming (W. Va.)          11
+  Wythe                     11
+
+  Yohogania (Ex.)           10
+  York                       3
+
+CHART 1
+
+Accawmack ---------- Northampton ---------- Accomack
+  1634-1642/3 (Ex.)    1642/3                 1662
+
+CHART 2
+
+                                       |- Hali- -- Pittsyl- -- Henry -- Patrick
+                                       |   fax      vania       1777     1791
+                                       |   1752     1767
+                                       |
+                                       |             |-- Campbell
+                                       |             |     1782
+                                       |- Bedford ---|
+                                       |    1754     |
+                            |- Lunen- -|             |-- Franklin
+                            |   burg   |                    1786
+                            |   1746   |- Charlotte
+                            |          |     1765
+                 |- Bruns- -|          |
+                 |   wick   |          |
+                 |   1732   |          |- Mecklenburg
+                 |          |                1765
+                 |          |- Greenville
+                 |               1781
+Charles  Prince  |
+ City -- George -|                                |-- Prince Edward
+ 1634     1703   |                                |    1754
+                 |-- Amelia ----------------------|
+                 |    1735                        |-- Nottoway
+                 |                                      1789
+                 |
+                 |-- Dinwiddie
+                      1752
+
+  Abbreviations:
+
+     Ex.--Extinct
+     Ky.--Kentucky
+     W. Va.--West Virginia
+
+CHART 3
+
+                    |-- Gloucester ---- Mathews
+                    |      1651          1791
+  Charles -- York --|
+  River      1642/3 |
+  1634-1642/3       |                |-- King and Queen ---- King William
+  (Ex.)             |                |       1691               1702
+                    |-- New Kent ----|
+                         1654        |
+                                     |-- Hanover ---- Louisa
+                                          1721         1742
+
+CHART 4
+
+                                                            |-- Norfolk
+                                                            |    1691
+                                       |-- Lower Norfolk ---|
+                                       |   1637-1691(Ex.)   |
+                                       |                    |-- Princess Anne
+                                       |                           1691
+Elizabeth City -------- New Norfolk ---|
+1634-1952(Ex.)         1636-1637(Ex.)  |
+                                       |-- Upper Norfolk ---- Nansemond
+                                           1637-1646(Ex.)       1646
+
+CHART 5
+
+                                                 |-- Amherst ------- Nelson
+                                                 |     1761            1808
+                                                 |
+                            |-- Albemarle -------|-- Buckingham ---- Appomattox
+                            |      1744          |     1761            1845
+                            |                    |
+           |-- Goochland ---|                    |-- Fluvanna
+           |      1728      |                          1777
+           |                |
+Henrico ---|                |-- Cumberland --------- Powhatan
+ 1634      |                       1749                1777
+           |-- Chesterfield
+                  1749
+
+CHART 6
+
+James City -------- Surry -------- Sussex
+   1634             1652            1754
+
+CHART 7
+
+Warrosquyoake -------- Isle of Wight -------- Southampton
+1634-1637(Ex.)            1637                   1749
+
+CHART 8
+
+Warwick River --------     Warwick
+1634-1642/3(Ex.)       1642/3-1952(Ex.)
+
+CHART 9
+
+
+                                         |-- Caroline       |- Augusta (See Chart 10)
+                                         |     1745         |     1745
+                                         |                  |                    Jeffer-
+                                         |                  |                  |-- son
+                                         |                  |                  |   1801
+                                         |                  |           Ber-   | (W. Va.)
+                               |- Essex -|                  |        |- keley -|
+                               |  1692   |                  |        |  1772   |
+                               |         |                  | Frede- | (W. Va.)|
+                               |         |                  |- rick -|         |- Morgan
+                               |         |                  |  1743  |             1820
+                               |         | Spotsyl-         |        |           (W. Va.)
+                               |         |- vania - Orange -|        |
+                               |             1721     1734  |        |
+                       Rappa-  |                            |        |
+                   |- hannock -|                            |        |
+                   | 1656-1692 |                            |        |
+                   |    (Ex.)  |                            |        |  Dun-   Shenan-  War-
+                   |           |                            |        |- more -- doah -- ren
+                   |           |                            |        |1772-1778 1778    1836
+                   |           |                            |        |  (Ex.)
+                   |           |- Richmond -- King George   |        |
+                   |                1692         1721       |        |
+             Lan-  |                                        |        |
+         |- caster |                                        |        |
+         |   1651  |                                        |        |-- Clarke
+         |         |                                        |             1836
+         |         |                                        |
+         |         |-- Middlesex                            |
+         |                1669                              |
+         |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |         |-- Madison
+         |                                                  |         |    1793
+         |                                                  |   Cul-  |
+         |                                                  |- peper -|
+         |                                                  |  1749   |   Rappa-
+         |                                                  |         |-- hannock
+         |                                                  |              1883
+         |                                                  |
+Northum- |                                                  |
+berland--|                                                  |
+  1645   |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |-- Greene
+         |                                                       1838
+         |
+         |                                             |-- Loudoun
+         |                                             |    1757
+         |                                             |
+         |                                 |- Fairfax -|
+         |                                 |    1742   |
+         |                                 |           | Alexan-
+         |                                 |           |- dria --- Arlington
+         |                                 |            1847-1920    1920
+         |   West-      Staf-    Prince    |               (Ex.)
+         |- moreland -- ford -- William ---|
+             1653       1664      1731     |
+                                           |-- Fauquier
+                                                 1759
+
+
+Chart 10
+
+(Continuation of Chart 9)
+
+                                                              |- Upshur
+                                                              | 1851 (W. Va.)
+       |- Hampshire -------- Hardy                   |- Ran- -|
+       |  1754 (W. Va.)      1786 (W. Va.)           |  dolph |
+       |                                             |  1787  |- Tucker
+       |                                             | (W. Va.) 1856 (W. Va.)
+       |- Botetourt (See Chart 11)                   |
+       |  1770                                       |
+       |                                             |        |- Wirt
+       |                                             |        | 1848 (W. Va.)
+       |- Monon- -----------------------|            |- Wood -|
+       |  galia                         |            |  1798  |
+       |  1776                          |            |(W. Va.)|- Pleasants
+       |  (W. Va.)                      |            |          1851 (W. Va.)
+       |          |- Brooke -- Hancock  |            |
+       |          |  1797      1848     |            |
+       |          |  (W. Va.)  (W. Va.) |            |        |-Gilmer -Calhoun
+       |          |                     |            |        | 1845    1856
+       |- Ohio ---+- Tyler -- Wetzel    |            |-Lewis -|(W. Va.)(W. Va.)
+       |  1776    |   1814     1846     |            | 1816   |
+       |  (W. Va.)|  (W. Va.) (W. Va.)  |            |(W. Va.)|- Brax- - Clay
+Au-  --|          |                     | |- Harri- -|           1836    1858
+gusta  |          |                     | |  son     |        (W. Va.) (W. Va.)
+1745   |          |- Marshall           | |  1784    |- Barbour
+       |- Yohogania   1835 (W. Va.)     | | (W. Va.) |  1843 (W. Va.)
+       |  1776-1786 (Ex).               | |          |
+       |                                | |          |- Ritchie
+       |- Rockbridge                    | |          |  1843 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778                          |-|          |
+       |                                  |          |- Taylor
+       |- Rockingham ---- Page            |          |  1844 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778            1831            |          |
+       |                                  |          |- Doddridge
+       |- Illinois                        |             1845 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778-1784 (Ex.)                 |
+       |                                  |- Preston
+       |                                  | 1818 (W. Va.)
+       |- Pendleton ------- Highland      |
+       |  1788 (W. Va.)      1847         |
+       |                                  |- Marion
+       |              |---- Pocahontas      1842 (W. Va.)
+       |              |    1821 (W. Va.)
+       |- Bath -------|
+          1791        |---- Alleghany
+                              1822
+
+CHART 11
+
+(Continuation of Chart 10)
+
+                                                     |--- Bourbon -- Mason
+                                                     |  1786 (Ky.)  1789 (Ky.)
+                                                     |
+                                    |-- Fayette -----|
+                                    |  1780 (Ky.)    |
+                                    |                |
+                                    |                |--- Woodford
+                                    |                    1789 (Ky.)
+                                    |
+                |---- Kentucky -----+-- Jefferson ------- Nelson
+                |  1777-1780 (Ex.)  |   1780 (Ky.)       1785 (Ky.)
+                |                   |
+                |                   |                      |----- Madison
+                |                   |                      |     1786 (Ky.)
+                |                   |                      |
+                |                   |-- Lincoln -----------|
+                |                      1780 (Ky.)          |
+                |                                          |
+                |                                          |---- Mercer
+                |                                              1786 (Ky.)
+                |
+                |                             |- Gray- - Carroll  |-- Buchanan
+                |                             |  son       1842   |    1858
+                |                             |  1793             |
+                |                   |- Wythe -|           |-------|
+                |                   |  1790   |           |       |
+                |                   |         |           |       |
+       |- Fin- -|                   |         |- Taze- ---|       |-- McDowell
+       | castle |                   |            well                  1858
+       | 1772-  |                   |            1800                 (W. Va.)
+       | 1777   |                   |
+       | (Ex.)  |                   |                    |- Fayette - Raleigh
+       |        |                   |                    |  1831       1850
+       |        |                   |                    | (W. Va.)  (W. Va.)
+       |        |                   |                    |
+       |        |                   |         |- Logan --|
+       |        |                   |         |  1824    |
+       |        |                   |         | (W. Va.) |
+       |        |                   |         |          |- Wyoming
+       |        |                   |         |             1850
+       |        |                   |         |            (W. Va.)
+       |        |---- Montgomery ---|- Giles -|
+       |        |       1777        |    1806 |
+       |        |                   |         |
+       |        |                   |         |- Mercer
+       |        |                   |         | 1837 (W. Va.)
+       |        |                   |         |
+Bote- -|        |                   |- Floyd  |
+tourt  |        |                   |   1831  |
+1770   |        |                   |         |
+       |        |                   |         |- Bland   |-- Scott ---- Smyth
+       |        |                   |            1861    |    1814       1832
+       |        |                   |                    |
+       |        |                   |- Pul-    |-- Lee --|
+       |        |                      aski    |  1793   |
+       |        |                      1839    |         |
+       |        |                              |         |-- Wise
+       |        |                              |             1856
+       |        |                              |
+       |        |---- Washington --  Russell --|
+       |                 1777         1786     |
+       |                                       |
+       |                                       |-- Dickenson
+       |                                            1880
+       |
+       |                           |---- Mason --------- Jackson
+       |                           |  1804 (W. Va.)    1831 (W. Va.)
+       |                           |
+       |                           |---- Cabell -------- Wayne
+       |                           |  1809 (W. Va.)    1842 (W. Va.)
+       |                           |
+       |          |---- Kanawha ---|
+       |          |  1789 (W. Va.) |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Boone
+       |          |                |  1847 (W. Va.)
+       |          |                |
+       |- Green- -|                |
+       |  brier   |                |
+       |  1776    |                |
+       |  (W. Va.)|---- Monroe     |
+       |          |  1799 (W. Va.) |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Putnam
+       |          |                |   1848 (W. Va.)
+       |          |                |
+       |- Roanoke |                |
+       |   1838   |                |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Roane
+       |          |                   1856 (W. Va.)
+       |          |
+       |- Craig   |
+           1851   |
+                  |
+                  |---- Nicholas -------- Webster
+                    1818 (W. Va.)       1860 (W. Va.)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Aaron's creek, 28
+
+  Abb's valley, 74
+
+  Abingdon, 59
+
+  Abrell, Robert, 13
+
+  Accomack (Accawmack) county, 3, 6, 8, 10, 15
+
+  Accomack Indians, 6
+
+  Admiralty, Courts of, _see_ Courts, admiralty
+
+  Agee family, 27
+
+  Albemarle, William Anne Keppel, 2d Earl of, 26
+
+  Albemarle county, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 38, 61, 63, 67
+
+  Albemarle parish, 30
+
+  Albemarle sound, 42
+
+  Alexandria county, 15, 68, 69
+
+  Alleghany county, 48, 55, 56, 71, 72
+
+  Allegheny mountains, 36, 39, 43, 44, 47, 56, 69
+
+  Allegheny river, 55
+
+  Allen, Madison, 75
+
+  Amelia, Princess, 24
+
+  Amelia county, 24, 26, 29, 45, 46
+
+  Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 33
+
+  Amherst county, 33, 52
+
+  Amherst parish, 33, 52
+
+  Anchrom, Richard, 68
+
+  Anderson, James, 65
+    Sterling C., 68
+
+  Andros, Sir Edmund, 10
+
+  Annapolis, Md., 27
+
+  Anne, Queen, 17, 18, 39
+
+  Anthony's creek, 47
+
+  Antrim parish, 28, 33
+
+  Appomattox county, 29, 67, 68
+
+  Appomattox river, 6, 20, 24, 26, 29, 46, 67, 68
+
+  Argall, Sir Samuel, 1
+
+  Arlington county, 15, 69
+
+  Armentrout, 71
+
+  Ashby's gap (or bent), 25
+
+  Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, 25
+
+  Augusta county, 25, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 69
+
+  Augusta parish, 25, 30, 39
+
+
+  Back creek, 42, 69
+
+  Bacon's Rebellion, 16
+
+  Bailey, Joseph, 66
+
+  Barbecue run, 60
+
+  Barber's creek, 72
+
+  Barbour, Philip, 66
+
+  Barbour county, 66, 72
+
+  Barnes, Thomas, 64
+
+  Bartlett, Samuel, 66
+
+  Bath county, 47, 48, 55, 69
+
+  Bean, William, 66
+
+  Beard, John, 29
+
+  Beckford parish, 35
+
+  Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, 30
+
+  Bedford county, 29, 42, 43, 64
+
+  Bell, Thomas, 33
+
+  Bennett (Mr.), 14
+
+  Berkeley county, 35, 50, 54, 55
+
+  Bever, Charles, dams of, 19
+
+  Big Birch river, 61
+
+  Big Buffalo river, 61
+
+  Big Meadow gap, 77
+
+  Big Reedy island, 46
+
+  Birchfield creek, 76
+
+  Black, Samuel, 66
+
+  Blackstone, Sir William, 46
+
+  Blackwater river, 28, 30, 38, 43
+
+  Bland, Richard, 75
+
+  Bland county, 75, 76
+
+  Blanford, 29
+
+  Blue mountains, 33
+
+  Blue Ridge mountains, 19, 24, 25, 34, 36, 40, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61,
+   62, 63, 64, 77
+
+  Blue Stone river, 46
+
+  Bollings point, 29
+
+  Bonsack, John, 64
+
+  Boone, Daniel, 68
+
+  Boone county, 68
+
+  Boroughs _see_ Settlements
+
+  Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, 34, 35, 36
+
+  Botetourt county, 34, 35, 36, 40, 47, 52, 55, 56, 64, 71
+
+  Bourbon, family of, 45
+
+  Bourbon county, 44, 45, 49
+
+  Branch, Samuel, 68
+
+  Brandon, 18
+
+  Braxton, Carter, 60
+
+  Braxton county, 60, 61, 74, 75
+
+  Bristol parish, 7, 24
+
+  Broad run, 31
+
+  Brooke, Robert (Governor of Virginia), 49
+    Robert (Surveyor, Knight of Golden Horse Shoe), 49
+
+  Brooke county, 49, 67, 70
+
+  Brook's mill, 26
+
+  Brown, John, raid of, 51
+
+  Brunswick, Duchy of, 21, 26
+
+  Brunswick county, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 42
+
+  Brunswick stew, 23
+
+  Brush mountain, 71
+
+  Brushy mountain, 50
+
+  Buchanan, James, 74
+
+  Buchanan county, 74, 76
+
+  Buchanan river, 61
+
+  Buckingham, Duke of, 33
+
+  Buckingham county, 29, 32, 33, 67
+
+  Buffalo creek, 42
+
+  Bugg's run, 60
+
+  Bull creek, 75
+
+  Bull run, 25, 31
+
+  Bull Run mountains, 31
+
+  Bullock, Francis, 11
+
+  Bunker Hill, Battle of, 62, 70
+
+  Burden's March run, 63
+
+  Bush creek, 48
+
+  Byrd, Andrew H., 69
+    James, 39
+    Colonel William, 2nd, 22
+
+
+  Cabell, William H., 52, 53
+
+  Cabell county, 52, 56, 66, 68, 70
+
+  Cabin branch, 68
+
+  Calf-pasture river, 40, 47
+
+  Calhoun, John Caldwell, 73
+
+  Calhoun county, 73
+
+  California, West Va., 73
+
+  Camden parish, 33
+
+  Camp rock, 73
+
+  Campbell, Thomas, 69
+    William, 42
+
+  Campbell county, 38, 42, 67
+
+  Canterbury, England, 9
+
+  Cany creek, 77
+
+  Cany ridge, 77
+
+  Cape Capon mountains, 30
+
+  Caperton, Hugh, 51
+
+  Caroline of Anspach (Queen of George II), 20, 21
+
+  Caroline county, 20, 21, 45
+
+  Carper, John, 71
+
+  Carroll, Charles, 65
+
+  Carroll county, 65
+
+  Carrollton, 65
+
+  Carr's creek, 34
+
+  Cartagena, Colombia, 27
+
+  Castle Hill, 67
+
+  Catawba road, 36
+
+  Catawba valley, 64
+
+  Cave's old mill, 63
+
+  Cedar creek, 35, 41, 62
+
+  Cedar gap, 73
+
+  Chancery courts _see_ Courts, chancery
+
+  Chapman's ford, 42
+
+  Chapman's mill, 31
+
+  Chapultepec, Mexico, 53
+
+  Charles I, 5
+
+  Charles II, 18
+
+  Charles City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Charles City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 18, 54
+
+  Charles river, 13, 19
+
+  Charles River county, 3, 5, 6
+    _see also_ York county
+
+  Charleston, S. C., 33, 42
+
+  Charleston, West Va., 42, 54, 68, 70
+
+  Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen of George III), 33
+
+  Charlotte county, 33, 42, 67
+
+  Charlottesville, 33
+
+  Charters of Virginia, 2, 5, 44
+
+  Cheat river, 47
+
+  Cherry's run, 55
+
+  Chesapeake bay, 18, 51
+
+  Chesterfield, Philip D. Stanhope, 4th Earl of, 28
+
+  Chesterfield county, 27, 28, 39
+
+  Chester's gap, 35
+
+  Chestnut creek, 65
+
+  Chickacoan, 12
+
+  Choppawomsick creek, 21
+
+  Christ Church parish, Lancaster county, 15, 16
+
+  Christ Church parish, Middlesex county, 16
+
+  Chuckatuck creek, 6
+
+  Chumley's branch, 20
+
+  Cities (political division), 2
+
+  Claiborne, William, 3, 13, 14
+
+  Clark, George Rogers, 41, 44, 61
+
+  Clarke county, 61, 62
+
+  Clay, Henry, 74
+
+  Clay county, 74
+
+  Clear fork, 52, 75
+
+  Clem, Daniel, 58
+
+  Clinch, 75
+
+  Clinch mountain, 45, 48, 50, 53
+
+  Clinch river, 38, 50, 53, 73, 75
+
+  Clinton, Henry, Sir, 42
+
+  Clover Lick fork, 61
+
+  Coal (Cole) river, 57, 70
+
+  Cole, Richard, 12
+
+  Cole (Coal) river, 57, 70
+
+  College, at Henrico, 28
+
+  Common Pleas courts _see_ Courts, common pleas
+
+  Compasses, mariners', 3
+
+  Convention, 1775 and 1776, 36, 37
+
+  Conway river, 27
+
+  Cooper, John, 57
+
+  Coppohawk river, 30
+
+  Corbin, Anderson, 66
+
+  Corley (Mrs.), 66
+
+  Cornstalk (Indian), 54
+
+  Cornwall parish, 33
+
+  Cornwallis, Charles, 2nd Earl, 1st Marquis, 42, 43
+
+  Corporations, 1, 2
+
+  Cotton, in Southampton county, 28
+
+  Council, 2, 9, 20
+    _Minutes_, 9
+
+  Counties (political division), 2
+    division of Colony into, 3
+
+  County courts _see_ Courts, county
+
+  "Court Party", 5
+
+  Courts, admiralty, in England, 8;
+      in Virginia, 10
+    chancery, in England, 8
+    common pleas, in England 8
+    county, in Virginia, 2, 7, 8, 10
+    ecclesiastical, in England, 8
+    general court, in Virginia, 8, 9
+    inferior, in Virginia, 2, 7
+    king's bench, in England, 8
+    magistrate's or justice, in Virginia, 7, 8
+    monthly, in England, 8, 9;
+      in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10
+    of exchequer, in England, 8
+    parish, in Virginia, 7
+    prerogative, in England, 9
+
+  Cove branch, 71
+
+  Cove creek, 50
+
+  Cow-pasture river, 40, 47, 55, 56, 69
+
+  Cowpens, Battle of, 55
+
+  Crab bottom, 69
+
+  Crab orchard, 73
+
+  Craig, Robert, 72
+
+  Craig county, 71, 72
+
+  Craig's creek, 56, 64, 71
+
+  Crane creek, 52
+
+  Crane's nest bridge, 76
+
+  Crane's nest creek, 73, 76
+
+  Crane's nest river, 72, 73
+
+  Crany point, 11
+
+  Crayford, England, 13
+
+  Cripple creek, 48
+
+  Crooked run, 49
+
+  Crosses in Fairy Stone Park, 47
+
+  Culberson's creek, 36
+
+  Culloden, Battle of, 21
+
+  Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, 27
+
+  Culpeper county, 27, 35, 49, 53, 58, 59, 60
+
+  Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 21, 27
+
+  Cumberland county, 27, 39
+
+  Cumberland mountains, 37, 45, 53, 72, 76
+
+  Cunningham's branch, 39
+
+  Cunningham's run, 58
+
+  Currituck, 17
+
+  Cutbanks, 68
+
+
+  Dan river, 28, 33
+
+  David's creek, 67
+
+  Davis, Hiram, 65
+
+  Davisson, Rueben, 66
+
+  Deep creek, 21
+
+  Deep run, 21
+
+  Delaware Indians, 55
+
+  Dews, Achilles, 71
+
+  Dickenson, William J., 76
+
+  Dickenson county, 76, 77
+
+  Difficult run, 31
+
+  Dilly, Abraham, 74
+
+  Dinwiddie, Robert, 29, 31, 36
+
+  Dinwiddie county, 29, 46
+
+  Discovery, (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Dismal branch, 75
+
+  District of Columbia, 68, 69
+
+  Doddridge, Philip, 67
+
+  Doddridge county, 67
+
+  Doss, Lilburn, 71
+
+  Dragon run, 15
+
+  Droop mountain, 47
+
+  Drout, Richard, 17
+
+  Dry fork, 75
+
+  Dry run, 69
+
+  Duly, J. H., 77
+
+  Dunlap's creek, 47
+
+  Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 35, 36, 54
+
+  Dunmore county, 35
+
+
+  East river mountain, 75
+
+  Eastern branch, Elizabeth river, 17
+
+  Eastern Shore, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 15
+
+  Eastern waters, 40
+
+  Ecclesiastical courts, _see_ Courts, ecclesiastical
+
+  Edward, Duke of Gloucester, 29
+
+  Eighteen Mile creek, 51
+
+  Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 5
+
+  Elizabeth City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Elizabeth City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23
+
+  Elizabeth river, 5, 11, 17
+
+  Elk river, 61
+
+  England, civil war in, 7, 12, 16;
+    immigrants from, 20;
+    names for Virginia counties from, 5;
+    unrest in, fosters immigration, 7
+
+  Essex county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  Ewing mountain, 48
+
+
+  Fairfax, Thomas, 6th Lord of, 23, 25, 27, 30
+
+  Fairfax county, 15, 25, 31, 69
+
+  Fairy Stone mountain, 46, 47
+
+  Fairy Stone State Park, 46
+
+  Fall run, 60
+
+  Falling river, 29, 68
+
+  Falling Spring valley, 56
+
+  Falls of James river, 20, 39
+
+  Fauntleroy's mill run, 62, 63
+
+  Fauquier, Francis, 31, 32, 33
+
+  Fauquier county, 15, 31, 35, 60, 61,62
+
+  Fayette county, Ky., 41, 42, 44, 45, 49
+
+  Fayette county, West Va., 57, 70
+
+  Federal City, _see_ Washington, D. C.
+
+  Fincastle, Lord, 36
+
+  Fincastle, England, 36
+
+  Fincastle county, 36, 37, 38, 56
+
+  Fisher's peak, 65
+
+  Flag pond, 53
+
+  Flat-top mountain, 52
+
+  Fleisher, Andrew, 69
+
+  Flourmoy family, 27
+
+  Floyd, John, 57
+
+  Floyd county, 56, 57, 65
+
+  Fluvanna county, 17, 39
+
+  Fluvanna river, 32, 33, 38, 39
+
+  Fork lick, 61
+
+  Fork spur, 76
+
+  Fort Duquesne, 36
+
+  Fort mountain, 58, 62
+
+  Fort Pitt, 36
+
+  Fourqurean family, 27
+
+  France, Huguenot settlers from, 27
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 43
+
+  Franklin county, 43, 46, 57, 64
+
+  Frascati, 66
+
+  Frederick, King of Bohemia, 5
+
+  Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, 25, 29
+
+  Frederick county, 24, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 55, 61, 62
+
+  Frederick parish, 24, 30, 34, 35
+
+  Fredericksburg, 29
+
+  French and Indian war, 29, 32, 36
+
+  Fridley, 71
+
+
+  Gap mountain, 52
+
+  Garden mountain, 50, 76
+
+  Garwood (Mrs.), 64
+
+  Gauley mountain, 51
+
+  Gauley river, 57
+
+  General courts _see_ Courts, general
+
+  George I, 18, 19, 21
+
+  George II, 20, 24, 25, 26
+
+  George III, 25, 29, 33
+
+  George, Consort of Queen Anne, 18
+
+  George's Fork mountain, 76
+
+  Germanna, 20
+
+  Germany, immigrants from, 19, 20, 23
+
+  Giant's castle, 60
+
+  Giles, William B., 52
+
+  Giles county, 48, 51, 52, 56, 63, 64, 65, 71, 75
+
+  Gilmer, Thomas Walker, 67
+
+  Gilmer county, 67, 73
+
+  Glade creek, 64
+
+  Gladesville, 73
+
+  Gloucester county, 13, 15, 23, 48
+
+  Gloucester county, England, 13
+
+  Glovers' tavern, 68
+
+  Godspeed (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Goff, William, 70
+
+  Gooch, Sir William, 20
+
+  Goochland county, 20, 24, 26, 27
+
+  Goose creek, 42
+
+  Grayson, William, 48
+
+  Grayson county, 48, 57, 65
+
+  Greasy creek, 48
+
+  Great Kanawha river, 38, 54
+
+  Great Laurel ridge, 37
+
+  Great North mountains, 30
+
+  Great Nottoway river, 24
+
+  Great Sandy creek, 37
+
+  Green creek, 33
+
+  Greenbrier county, 40, 45, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57
+
+  Greenbrier Court House, 47
+
+  Greenbrier creek, 77
+
+  Greenbrier mountain, 47
+
+  Greenbrier river, 40, 47
+
+  Greene, Nathanael, 42, 63
+
+  Greene county, 63
+
+  Greensville county, 42
+
+  Greenway, Charles City, 54
+
+  Greenway Court, 25
+
+  Gressy creek, 77
+
+  Griever, Philip, spring branch of, 59
+
+  Griffin, William, 56
+
+  Grose, Strother B., 74
+
+  Guerrant family, 27
+
+  Guese's river, 53
+
+  Guest's river, 73
+
+  Guilford Court House, N. C., Battle of, 42
+
+  Gunston Hall, 25, 45, 51
+
+  Guyandotte river, 52, 57, 70
+
+
+  Haies, Richard, 11
+
+  Hale, Nathaniel C. _Virginia Venturer_, 3
+
+  Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of, 28, 29
+
+  Halifax, Nova Scotia, 29
+
+  Halifax county, 28, 33, 38, 42
+
+  Hamilton parish, 25
+
+  Hamilton's creek, 47
+
+  Hamlin's fork, 24
+
+  Hampshire county, 30, 35, 39, 43, 54, 55
+
+  Hampshire county, England, 30
+
+  Hampton, 28
+
+  Hampton river, 28
+
+  Hampton Roads, 3, 6, 10
+
+  Hancock, John, 70
+
+  Hancock county, 70
+
+  Hanover county, 19, 20, 23, 25
+
+  Hardy, Samuel, 44
+
+  Hardy county, 43, 44, 45, 74
+
+  Harman's mill, 52
+
+  Harper's Ferry, 50
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, 43
+
+  Harrison, county, 42, 45, 49, 50, 54, 65, 66
+
+  Harrodsburg, Ky., 42
+
+  Hart, Silas, 39
+
+  Harvey, William, 68
+
+  Hay, James, 62, 63
+
+  Hays, Richard, 11
+
+  Hazel's river, 60
+
+  Hedgman river, 24
+
+  Henrico corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Henrico county, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 20, 24, 28
+
+  Henry, Prince of Wales, 5
+
+  Henry, Patrick, 38, 46, 70
+
+  Henry county, 22, 38, 39, 43, 46
+
+  Hensley, Samuel, 53
+
+  High Knob, 69, 73
+
+  Highland county, 69, 70
+
+  Hite, James M., 62, 63 Jost, 23
+
+  Hiver, Jacob, 69
+
+  Hoffman's ford, 62
+
+  Holleway creek, 67
+
+  Holstein river, 38
+
+  Holston river, 36
+
+  Horner's mill, 60
+
+  Horse ford, 26
+
+  Horseshoe farm, 27
+
+  Hughes's river, 67
+
+  Hugh's river, 49, 60
+
+  Huguenots in Virginia, 20, 27
+
+  Hunter's old tavern, 68
+
+  Hutchinson, R. M., 71
+
+  Hyde, Anne, wife of James II, 17
+
+
+  Illinois county, 41, 44
+
+  Immigration, to Virginia, 20
+
+  Indian creek, 65, 77
+
+  Indians, 7, 11, 15, 16, 54
+
+  Iron mining and works, 19, 28
+
+  Iron mountain, 38, 48
+
+  Irvine, John, 22
+
+  Isle of Wight county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 22, 28, 44
+
+  Isle of Wight Island, England, 5
+
+  Ivy, Thomas, 17
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 57, 58
+    James, 63
+
+  Jackson county, 57, 70, 73
+
+  Jackson's mountain, 69
+
+  Jackson's river, 47, 55, 56, 69
+
+  James I, 5
+
+  James II, 5, 16, 17, 20
+
+  James, son of James II, 20
+
+  James City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  James City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 14
+
+  James river, 6, 14, 18, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42,
+       55, 67, 68, 77
+
+  James river falls, 20, 39
+
+  Jamestown, 1, 2, 3, 6, 14, 18, 55, 77
+
+  Jarrell, Jackson, 70
+
+  Jarvis, Thomas, Jr., 74
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 26, 42, 50, 51, 56
+
+  Jefferson county, Ky., 41, 42, 49, 50
+
+  Jefferson county, West Va., 50, 61
+
+  John's creek, 71
+
+  Johnson, Jacob, 17
+
+  Jordan, John, 56
+
+  Joshua's creek, 68
+
+  Judicial system, in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10
+
+  Judy's creek, 42
+
+
+  Kanawha county, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 61, 67, 68, 70, 73
+
+  Kanawha river, 40, 45, 51, 57, 60, 61
+
+  Kanawha turnpike, 57
+
+  Kemp, James, 17
+
+  Kent, England, 13
+
+  Kent's ridge, 50
+
+  Kentucky, 38, 42, 44, 49, 53, 56, 72, 73, 75, 77
+
+  Kentucky county, 37, 38, 41
+
+  Kikotan (Kiccowtan, Kigwohtan, Kikotank, Kecoughtan), 1
+    _see also_ Elizabeth City corporation
+
+  Kimberling creek, 75
+
+  King, Sally, 65
+
+  King and Queen county, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  King George county, 19, 21
+
+  King William county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  King's bench courts _see_ Courts, king's bench
+
+  King's Mountain, Battle of, 42, 45
+
+  King's salt wells, 59
+
+  Kiser, Henry, 77
+    James P., 77
+
+  Knox creek, 75
+
+
+  Lafayette, Marquis de, 42, 51, 57
+
+  Lancaster county, 12, 14, 15
+
+  Lancaster county, England, 12
+
+  Land grants, 3, 9
+
+  Land Ordinance, 1785, 44
+
+  Land's, 68
+
+  Laurel ridge, 57
+
+  Lavica fork, 75
+
+  Lawne's creek, 6, 11, 14
+
+  Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 13
+    Henry, "Light Horse Harry", 49
+    Richard Henry, 13
+    Robert E., 13, 49
+    Thomas, 21
+
+  Lee county, 49, 53, 72, 73
+
+  Legislative assembly, first, 1, 2
+
+  Legrand family, 27
+
+  Letcher, John, 43
+
+  Lewis, Andrew, 54
+    Charles, 54
+    Thomas, 51
+
+  Lewis county, 54, 60, 61, 66, 67, 72
+
+  Lexington, Ky., 42
+
+  Lexington parish, 52
+
+  Lick branch, 76
+
+  Lick creek, 57, 73
+
+  Lincoln, Benjamin, 42
+
+  Lincoln county, 42, 44, 49
+
+  Lion's fork, 76
+
+  Litterell, Mrs., 57
+
+  Little Birch river, 61
+
+  Little creek, 17
+
+  Little Guyandotte river, 51
+
+  Little Hurricane creek, 51
+
+  Little Kanawha river, 60, 61, 73
+
+  Little Powell's mountain, 73
+
+  Little river, 36, 57, 65
+
+  Little Rockey creek, 26
+
+  Little Walker's creek, 65
+
+  Logan (Indian chief), 54, 56
+
+  Logan county, 56, 57, 68, 71
+
+  London, England, 14
+
+  London, Diocese of, 9
+
+  Long Shoal run, 61
+
+  Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of, 31
+
+  Loudoun county, 15, 31, 34, 35, 61
+
+  Louis XVI, 45
+
+  Louisa, daughter of George II, 26
+
+  Louisa county, 26, 38
+
+  Louisville, Ky., 42
+
+  Lower Manachin creek, 20
+
+  Lower Norfolk county, 11, 17
+
+  Luneburg, Duchy of, Germany, 26
+
+  Lunenburg county, 26, 28, 29, 33
+
+  Luray cavern, 58
+
+  Lynchburg road, 68
+
+
+  M'Clintick, William, Jr., 69
+
+  M'Daniell, James, 66
+
+  McDowell, James, 74
+
+  McDowell county, 74
+
+  Machoatoke river, 12
+
+  M'Kinney's store, 68
+
+  Mack's mountain, 57
+
+  McLure (McClure) river, 73
+
+  Madison, James, 44, 49
+
+  Madison county, Ky., 44, 49
+
+  Madison county, Va., 49, 59, 63
+
+  Magistrate courts _see_ Courts, magistrate's
+
+  Maiden Spring fork, 50
+
+  Manakintown, 27
+
+  Manassas, 21
+
+  Mann's gap, 50
+
+  Marion, Francis, 65
+
+  Marion county, 65, 66
+
+  Marshall, John, 60
+
+  Marshall county, 60
+
+  Martin, Rueben, 68
+
+  Mary II, Queen, 16, 17, 18
+
+  Mary of Modena, 20
+
+  Maryland, 15
+
+  _Maryland Archives_, 12
+
+  Mary's creek, 34
+
+  Mason, George, 25, 45, 51
+    Seth, 62
+
+  Mason county, Ky., 45, 49, 51
+
+  Mason county, West Va., 51, 57, 70
+
+  Massacres, 1622, 13, 28
+    1644, 13
+    1778, 71
+    in Abb's valley, 74
+
+  Massanutten mountain, 58
+
+  Massie, Henry, 56
+
+  Mathews, Thomas, 48
+
+  Mathews county, 48
+
+  Mattaponi (Mattopony) river, 14, 18
+
+  Maukason gap, 49
+
+  Mayo, William, 22
+
+  Mayo river, 22
+
+  Meadow river, 57
+
+  Mecklenburg county, 33, 42
+
+  Meherrin river, 42
+
+  Mercer, Hugh, 44, 63
+
+  Mercer county, Ky., 44, 49
+
+  Mercer county, West Va., 63
+
+  Merchants Hope Church, 7, 18
+
+  Merryman's, 68
+
+  Mexico City, Mexico, 53
+
+  Michaux family, 27
+
+  Middle Mountain, 71
+
+  Middlesex county, 15, 16
+
+  Middlesex county, England, 16
+
+  Militin's fork, 52
+
+  Mill creek, 47, 57
+
+  Mill mountain, 47
+
+  Miller, Adam, 23
+
+  Mississippi river, 23, 41, 44
+
+  Mississippi valley, 41
+
+  Mitchell's rock, 55
+
+  Monongahela (Monongalia) river, 47, 60, 67
+
+  Monongalia county, 37, 42, 54, 65
+
+  Monroe, James, 50
+
+  Monroe county, 50, 51, 55, 71
+
+  Monroe doctrine, 50
+
+  Monterey, 69
+
+  Monterey, Battle of, 69
+
+  Montgomery, Richard, 38
+
+  Montgomery county, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 64,
+       65, 71
+
+  Monthly courts _see_ Courts, monthly
+
+  Monticello, 26
+
+  Morattico creek, 14
+
+  Morgan, Daniel, 54, 55
+
+  Morgan county, 54, 55
+
+  Morris, Joshua, 51
+
+  Morriss, Archibald, 56
+
+  Moseley, William, Sr., 17
+
+  Mount Vernon, 25
+
+  Mountain Lake, 52
+
+  Muddy creek, 48
+
+
+  Naemhock, 14
+
+  Naked creek, 39, 58
+
+  Namozene (Namozain) creek, 24, 45
+
+  Nancy's ridge, 76
+
+  Nansemond (Nansimum) county, 8, 11
+
+  Narrows, 48
+
+  Nations Spring run, 61
+
+  Natural bridge, 41
+
+  Natural tunnel, 53
+
+  Necostins town, 12
+
+  Nelson, Thomas, 43, 52
+
+  Nelson county, Ky., 43, 49
+
+  Nelson county, Va., 52
+
+  New Kent county, 13, 16, 19
+
+  New Kent county, England, 13
+
+  New Norfolk county, 10, 11
+
+  New Orleans, Battle of, 58
+
+  New river, 36, 40, 51, 52, 57, 65, 70
+
+  Newport, England, 5
+
+  Newport News, 6
+
+  Newport parish, 5
+
+  Nichol, William, Sr., 74
+
+  Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 54
+
+  Nicholas county, 54, 57, 60, 61, 74, 75
+
+  Niday, William, 71
+
+  Nineveh, 62
+
+  Norborne parish, 34, 35
+
+  Norfolk borough, 48
+
+  Norfolk county, 17
+
+  Norfolk county, England, 10
+
+  North Anna river, 17, 19, 26
+
+  North Carolina, 17, 22, 26, 37, 38, 42, 58, 65
+
+  North mountain, 39, 40
+
+  North river, 17, 39, 48
+
+  North River Gap road, 69
+
+  Northampton county, 8, 15
+
+  Northern Neck, 12, 13, 14, 18, 25, 27, 30, 31
+
+  Northumberland county, 11, 12
+
+  Northumberland county, England, 12
+
+  Northwest territory, 43, 44, 61
+
+  Northwestern turnpike, 67
+
+  Nottoway county, 45, 46
+
+  Nottoway Indians, 46
+
+  Nottoway river, 24, 26, 29, 42, 46
+
+  Nowell, William, 11
+
+
+  Occoquan river, 25
+
+  Ohio, 43
+
+  Ohio county, 37, 49, 51, 60
+
+  Ohio river, 36, 37, 40, 41, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 66, 70, 72
+
+  Ohio valley, 44
+
+  Oil creek, 61
+
+  Opequon creek, 61
+
+  Orange county, 23, 24, 27, 49, 58, 63, 66
+
+  Osborn's gap, 76
+
+  Owen, Andrew, 77
+
+
+  Pacific ocean, 44
+
+  Pad's creek, 47
+
+  Page, John, 58
+
+  Page county, 58, 62
+
+  Pamunkey neck, 16, 18
+
+  Pamunkey river, 6, 14, 16, 17, 18
+
+  Panpan creek, 77
+
+  Panther's gap, 40
+
+  Parkersburg, West Va., 57, 70, 72
+
+  Passage creek, 35
+
+  Patrick county, 22, 46, 57, 65
+
+  Paul, Audley, 40
+
+  Peck creek, 46
+
+  Peden (Paden), James, 68
+
+  Pembroke, William Herbert, 3rd, Earl of, 59
+
+  Pembroke river, 59
+
+  Pendleton, Edmund, 45
+
+  Pendleton county, 45, 47, 55, 69, 74
+
+  Pennsylvania, 37
+
+  Persinger, Andrew, 72
+
+  Peter's mountain, 40, 56, 71
+
+  Philadelphia, Pa., 23
+
+  Philippi, 66
+
+  Piankatank river, 48
+
+  Pigeon fork, 73
+
+  Pine run, 65
+
+  Pine's plantation, 51
+
+  Piracy, in Virginia, 10
+
+  Pitt, Robert, 11
+    William, Earl of Chatham, 33, 34
+
+  Pittsburgh, Pa., 36, 37, 53
+
+  Pittsylvania county, 33, 38, 43, 46
+
+  Pleasants, James, Jr., 72
+
+  Pleasants county, 72
+
+  Pocahontas, 55
+
+  Pocahontas county, 55, 69
+
+  Pocatallico creek, 51
+
+  Pocomoke river, 15
+
+  Pohick church, 25
+
+  Point mountain, 61
+
+  Point Pleasant, 51, 54
+
+  Point Pleasant, Battle of, 54
+
+  Popular Camp mountain, 48
+
+  Population, 1634, 3, 7
+    1640, 7
+    1649, 12
+    1654, 12
+
+  Poropotank creek, 14
+
+  Porter, James, 76
+    John, 17
+
+  Potomac river, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 21, 24, 30, 31, 32, 35, 39, 50,
+       51, 55
+
+  Potowoc river, 24
+
+  Potts' creek, 71
+
+  Potts' mountain, 56
+
+  Pound fork, 71, 72
+
+  Powell, Ambrose, 53
+
+  Powell's mountain, 49, 53
+
+  Powell's river, 53, 73
+
+  Powell's fort, 62
+
+  Powhatan, 39
+
+  Powhatan county, 39
+
+  Prater creek, 77
+
+  Preston, James Patton, 54
+
+  Preston, Battle of, 20
+
+  Preston county, 54, 74
+
+  Preston's and King's salt wells, 59
+
+  Priam, Joseph, 61
+
+  Price's turnpike, 71
+
+  Prince Edward county, 29, 46, 67
+
+  Prince Edward street, Fredericksburg, 29
+
+  Prince George county, 18, 21, 24, 29, 30
+
+  Prince William county, 15, 21, 25, 31
+
+  Princess Anne county, 17
+
+  Princeton, 63
+
+  Princeton (_Ship_), 72
+
+  Pulaski, Count Casimir, 64
+
+  Pulaski county, 64, 65, 75
+
+  Puritans, in Nansemond county, 11
+
+  Putnam, Israel, 70
+
+  Putnam county, 70
+
+
+  Quakers, in Nansemond county, 11
+
+
+  Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 70
+
+  Raleigh county, 70
+
+  Raleigh parish, 24
+
+  Randolph, Edmund, 45
+
+  Randolph county, 45, 47, 54, 55, 61, 66, 72, 74, 75
+
+  Randolph Court House, 55
+
+  Rapidan river, 17, 20, 27
+
+  Rappahannock county (1656-1692), 14, 15, 17, 18
+
+  Rappahannock county (1833), 59, 60, 62
+
+  Rappahannock Indians, 59
+
+  Rappahannock river, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 27, 59
+
+  Rasnaker, James, 77
+
+  Ravenswood and California turnpike, 73
+
+  Reconstruction, in Virginia 44
+
+  Red house, Appomattox county, 68
+
+  Red springs, 56
+
+  Redman, John, 47
+
+  Reed island, 65
+
+  Reedy creek, 53, 68
+
+  Representative government, origin of, in U. S., 77
+
+  Rich, Robert, Sir, 5
+
+  Rich creek, 51
+
+  Rich mountain, 76
+
+  Rich Patch mountain, 56
+
+  Richmond, 32, 39
+
+  Richmond county, 18, 19
+
+  _Richmond Enquirer_, 66
+
+  Ritchie, Thomas, 66
+
+  Ritchie county, 66, 72
+
+  Rivanna river, 17, 26
+
+  Roane, Spencer, 73, 74
+
+  Roane county, 73
+
+  Roanoke (Indian money), 64
+
+  Roanoke county, 63, 64, 71
+
+  Roanoke river, 22, 24, 26, 36, 42, 64
+
+  Robinson river, 49
+
+  Rock-camp fork, 61
+
+  Rockbridge county, 40, 41, 47, 56
+
+  Rockfish river, 33
+
+  Rockingham, Marquis of, 40
+
+  Rockingham county, 39, 40, 45, 49, 58, 63
+
+  Rocky run, 31
+
+  Rogers, James, 74
+
+  Rolfe, John, 55
+
+  Ronceverte, 40
+
+  Rose, 71
+
+  Rosegill, 16
+
+  Rose's mill, 48
+
+  Rotterdam, Holland, 23
+
+  Round bottom, 52
+
+  Rowan, Boston, 71
+
+  Royal Marriage Act, 1772, 29
+
+  Ruffner, Charles, 74
+
+  Russell, William, 45
+
+  Russell county, 45, 48, 50, 53, 59, 72, 74, 76, 77
+
+  Russell parish, 30
+
+  Russell's fork, 77
+
+
+  Sail's creek, 29
+
+  St. Andrew's parish (Brunswick county), 24
+
+  St. Anne's parish, 33
+
+  Saint George, 74
+
+  St. James parish, 33
+
+  St. John's parish (New Kent county), 16
+
+  St. Mark's parish, 23
+
+  St. Memin, Julien F. de, 59
+
+  St. Paul's parish (New Kent county), 19
+
+  St. Peter's parish (New Kent county), 16
+
+  Salt works road, 60
+
+  Sand fork, 61
+
+  Sandy creek, 38
+
+  Sandy Point, 6
+
+  Sandy ridge, 76, 77
+
+  Sandy river, 72, 74, 75, 77
+
+  Sandys, Edwin, Sir, 5
+
+  Savannah, Ga., 64
+
+  Sayers, John T., 65
+
+  Scotland, immigrants from, 20
+
+  Scott, Winfield, 53
+
+  Scott county, 53, 72, 73
+
+  Scott's branch, 68
+
+  Seacock swamp, 30
+
+  Seaward, John, 11
+
+  Seneca creek, 39
+
+  Shenandoah county, 35, 49, 58, 62
+
+  Shenandoah (Sherrendo) river, 23, 35, 50, 62, 63
+
+  Shenandoah valley, 23, 51, 64
+
+  Shepherd, David G., 65
+    Harvey, 65
+
+  Shires, (political division), 3, 5
+
+  Shock, Jacob, 61
+
+  Shooting creek, 43
+
+  Showlands, John, 17
+
+  Shuler's island, 58
+
+  Shuler's run, 58
+
+  Simpson's creek, 17, 47
+
+  Sinking creek, 64
+
+  Sinking creek valley, 71
+
+  Sizer, Daniel, 71
+
+  Skiffe's (Keith's) creek, 6
+
+  Skimeno (Skimino) creek, 14
+
+  Skinquarter creek, 20
+
+  Sleepy creek mountain, 55
+
+  Smith's river, 46
+
+  Smyth, Alexander, 58, 59
+
+  Smyth county, 58, 59, 76
+
+  Snow creek, 19
+
+  Sonners, Isaac, 70
+
+  South Anna river, 17
+
+  South branch, 47
+
+  South mountain, 39
+
+  South river, 34, 58
+
+  Southam parish, 39
+
+  Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2d Earl of, 5, 28
+
+  Southampton county, 27, 28, 30
+
+  Southwark parish, 30
+
+  Spencer, West Va., 73
+
+  Spessard, John, 64
+
+  Spotswood, Alexander, 18, 19, 20, 27, 49, 64
+
+  Spotsylvania county, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  Stafford county, 15, 21, 31
+
+  Stafford county, England, 15
+
+  Stanard, William Glover, 37
+
+  Staunton, 37
+
+  Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike, 72
+
+  Staunton river, 28, 33, 38, 42, 43
+
+  Steel, George, 75
+
+  Steele's mill, 40
+
+  Steer creek, 61
+
+  Stephens, John, Jr., 70
+
+  Stephenson, Adam, 69
+
+  Stith, William. _History of Virginia_, 2, 7
+
+  Stock creek, 49, 73
+
+  Stone Coal gap, 71
+
+  Stott's ferry, 38
+
+  Stover, Jacob, 23
+
+  Strait Stone creek, 33
+
+  Strasburg, 62
+
+  Stratford Hall, 13, 21
+
+  Surrey county, England, 14
+
+  Surry county, 14, 22, 29, 30
+
+  Surveyors of land, 3
+
+  Susan Constant (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Susquehanna river, 71
+
+  Sussex county, 30
+
+  Sussex county, England, 30
+
+  Sweedland hill, 39
+
+  Sweet Springs, 40, 56
+
+  Swift Run gap, 63
+
+  Sydney (or Sidney), Philip, Sir, 59
+
+  Sydnor, F. W., 15
+
+
+  Tarleton, Banastre, 55
+
+  Tate, David, Sr., 47
+
+  Taylor, Creed, 65
+    William, 73
+    Zachary, 66, 69
+
+  Taylor county, 66
+
+  Tazewell, Henry, 50
+
+  Tazewell county, 50, 51, 52, 56, 63, 74, 75
+
+  Teaze's valley, 51
+
+  Tennant's church, 49
+
+  Tennessee, 38, 49, 53
+
+  Tennessee river, 38
+
+  Thomasson, John P., 70
+
+  Thompson, John W., 64
+
+  Thompson's mill, 42
+
+  Thrasher, John, 57
+
+  Three Lick fork, 61
+
+  Three Top mountain, 62
+
+  Ticonderoga, N. Y., 33
+
+  Tidewater, 11, 13
+
+  Tillotson parish, 33
+
+  Tobacco, 22, 23
+    as a medium in court cases, 2, 7
+    as a medium of exchange, 32
+    effect of, upon Virginia migration, 13
+    in Brunswick county, 22, 23
+    in Lunenburg county, 26
+    taxes, fees, etc. on, 32
+
+  Town creek, 46
+
+  Trammel gap, 77
+
+  Treaty of 1783, 44
+
+  Truro parish, 25
+
+  Trussell, John, 12
+
+  Tuckahoe creek, 20
+
+  Tucker, St. George (Clerk of House of Delegates), 74
+    St. George (Jurist), 74
+
+  Tucker county, 74
+
+  Tug river, 75
+
+  Turkey Island creek, 6
+
+  Turkeycock mountain, 43
+
+  Twenty Mile creek, 57
+
+  Tyler, John, (President of U. S.), 54, 72
+    John, (Governor of Virginia), 53, 54
+    Lyon G. _Cradle of the Republic_, 6
+
+  Tyler county, 53, 68, 72
+
+
+  Upper Chippokes creek, 6, 14
+
+  Upper Norfolk county, 8,11
+
+  Upshur, Abel P., 72, 73
+
+  Upshur county, 72
+
+
+  Valley of Virginia, 23, 50, 51, 57, 58, 64
+
+  Valley pike, 57
+
+  Van Metre, John, 23
+
+  Vaughan's creek, 68
+
+  Vernon, Edward, 27
+
+  Virginia, boundary dispute with Maryland, 15
+    ceding of territory in 1781, 44
+    Charter of 1609, 44
+    Charter of 1612, 44
+    division into counties, 3
+    divided into political divisions, 2
+    economic conditions, 32
+    emigration to, 20
+    fight against French power, 31
+    formation of West Virginia, 43
+    land cheap in, 24
+    loss of coal fields, 44
+    loss of territory, 43, 44
+    population of 1634, 3, 7
+    population of 1640, 7
+    population of 1649, 12
+    population of 1654, 12
+    territorial claim, 44
+    unrest in, 16
+    wills probated in, 9
+
+  Virginia, unrest in, 16
+
+  Virginia, University of, 52
+
+  Virginia company, 2, 5, 28, 59
+
+  _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, 15, 37
+
+  Virginia militia, 29, 41, 43, 44, 54
+
+  Virginia State Library. _Minutes of Council and General Court_, 9
+
+
+  Walker, Thomas, 53, 67
+
+  Walker's Big mountain, 75, 76
+
+  Walker's Creek mountain, 52
+
+  Walker's Little creek, 76
+
+  Walker's Little mountain, 75, 76
+
+  Ward's ford, 29, 46
+
+  Warm Spring mountain, 30
+
+  Warm Springs, 47, 48
+
+  Warren, Joseph, 62
+
+  Warren county, 61, 62, 63
+
+  Warrosquyoake county, 3, 5, 6, 11, 14
+    _see also_ Isle of Wight county.
+
+  Warwick (Warrick), Robert Rich, Earl of, 5
+
+  Warwick county, 3, 5, 6, 8
+
+  Warwick River county, 3, 6
+
+  Washington, George, 25, 29, 38, 50, 64
+
+  Washington, D. C., 69
+
+  Washington county, 37, 38, 45, 48, 53, 58, 59
+
+  Watkins' point, 15
+
+  Wayne, Anthony, 66
+
+  Wayne county, 66
+
+  Webb, Edmond, 17
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 72, 75
+
+  Webster county, 75
+
+  Wells, Zachariah N., 73
+
+  Wells bridge, 45
+
+  West Augusta district, 36, 37
+
+  West fork, 73
+
+  West Union, West Va., 60
+
+  West Virginia, 43, 44
+
+  Western branch, Elizabeth river, 11
+
+  Western waters, 40
+
+  Westmoreland county, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 33, 50
+
+  Weston, West Va., 72
+
+  Wetzel, Louis, 68
+
+  Wetzel county, 68
+
+  White Oak hunting path, 24
+
+  White Post, Clarke county, 63
+
+  Whitelow's mill run, 63
+
+  Wilderness road, 53
+
+  William III, 16, 18, 23
+
+  William and Mary College, 34, 46
+
+  Williams' gap, 34
+
+  Williamsburg, 18, 23, 31, 34
+
+  Wills, Probating of, in England, 9;
+      in Virginia, 9
+
+  Winchester, 50
+
+  Winchester and Staunton stage road, 62
+
+  Wirt, William, 70
+
+  Wirt county, 70
+
+  Wise, Henry A., 72
+
+  Wise, 73
+
+  Wise county, 72, 73, 75, 76
+
+  Wolf creek, 52, 75, 76
+
+  Wolf Creek mountain, 52
+
+  Wood, James, (Governor of Virginia), 49
+    James, (Colonel), 49
+
+  Wood county, 49, 50, 51, 57, 66, 70, 72
+
+  Woodford, John H., 66
+    William, 45
+
+  Woodford county, 45, 49
+
+  Wormeley family, 16
+
+  Wright's branch, 61
+
+  Wyatt, Francis, Sir, 2
+
+  Wyoming county, 71
+
+  Wyoming Valley, 71
+
+  Wythe, George, 46
+
+  Wythe county, 46, 48, 50, 52, 58, 59, 64, 65, 75, 76
+
+  Wythe Court House, 59
+
+
+  Yardley, Benjamin, 39
+
+  Yeardley, George, Sir, 5
+
+  Yohogania county, 37
+
+  York, Duke of, 5
+
+  York, England, 9
+
+  York county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23
+    _see also_ Charles River county
+
+  York river, 6, 13, 16
+
+  Yorktown, 42, 43, 52
+
+  Young's bottoms, 61
+
+
+  Zion meeting-house, 62
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+(1) All apparent typographical errors, misspellings and
+    punctuation errors have been corrected without comment.
+
+(2) In some instances, "cowpasture" was so spelled; these
+    have now been hyphenated to conform with "calf-pasture".
+
+(3) "Boroughs" and "Settlements" have been deleted from the
+    index, as neither is in the text.
+
+(4) "Federal City" has been linked directly in the index,
+    as it is not mentioned under "Washington D.C.".
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 39148.txt or 39148.zip *******
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