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diff --git a/39148.txt b/39148.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cedceab --- /dev/null +++ b/39148.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5760 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha +Woodroof) Hiden + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: How Justice Grew + Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation + + +Author: Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden + + + +Release Date: March 15, 2012 [eBook #39148] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW*** + + +E-text prepared by Mark C. Orton, Eric Skeet, and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 39148-h.htm or 39148-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39148/39148-h/39148-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39148/39148-h.zip) + + +Transcriber's note: + + Research indicates that the copyright on this book was not + renewed. + + Text in italics is surrounded by underlines (_italics_). + + + + + +HOW JUSTICE GREW + +Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation + +by + +MARTHA W. HIDEN + +Member of Executive Board of +Virginia Historical Society + + + + + + + +Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation +Williamsburg, Virginia +1957 + +Copyright(C), 1957 by +Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration +Corporation, Williamsburg, Virginia + +Jamestown 350th Anniversary +Historical Booklet, Number 19 + + + + +HOW JUSTICE GREW + +Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation + + +In addition to their human cargo, the poultry and fruit acquired in the +West Indies, the clothing, household gear, and other possessions of the +passengers, the _Susan Constant_, _Godspeed_ and _Discovery_ had a large +though imponderable cargo of English laws, customs and religion. The +colonists had left England, neither driven out nor seeking escape, but +to found a new England in a new world. + +Though the seat of government was at "King James His Towne," the natural +curiosity to explore and the economic necessity for means of livelihood +caused settlements to spring up farther and farther away. Despite the +fact that the colonists were in a region where rivers and numerous +streams afforded easy transportation interrupted only for short periods +by ice in winter, attendance at court in Jamestown was burdensome. + + +THE FOUR CORPORATIONS + +By 17 June 1617, Governor Samuel Argall had established the four great +divisions of the colony, namely: "the incorporations and parishes of +James City, Charles City, Henrico and Kikotan" (later Elizabeth City). +The Eastern Shore settlements were not included in this division. + +Each of the incorporations mentioned above and the Eastern Shore +contained one or more boroughs or settlements. Eleven of the settlements +in the four incorporations were represented by two Burgesses each, in +the first General Assembly. This, the first legislative assembly of +English speaking people in the Western hemisphere, convened on 30 July +1619 in the church at Jamestown. Itself based on the English Parliament +as a model, it became the model followed by all succeeding British +colonies including Australia. The colonial assembly next in age to +Virginia's is that of Bermuda established in 1620. In the _Journals of +the House of Burgesses_, the names of the Burgesses for the 1619 +Assembly are arranged by the cities and plantations they represented. In +the Journal of the second Assembly that is extant, 1623/24, for the +first and only time, the plantations are grouped under the corporations +of which they were a part, except Eastern Shore, which, as has been +noted, was a separate entity. + +In 1621, a charter from the Company confirmed former grants and provided +"that the Governor should call the General Assembly once a year, and +initiate the policy of the form of government, laws, customs, manner of +trial and other administration of justice used in England." Governor +Wyatt at the same time was ordered to make arrangements for "dividing +the colony into cities, boroughs, etc., ... and to appoint proper times +for administration ... and law suits." William Stith in his _History of +Virginia_ states: "Inferior courts were therefore in the beginning of +the year 1621 appointed in convenient places to relieve the Governor and +Council of the vast burthen of business and to render justice more cheap +and accessible. This was the original and foundation of our County +Courts, although the country was not yet laid off in counties." + +The General Assembly of 1623/24 provided "that there shall be courts +kept once a month in the corporations of Charles City and Elizabeth City +for the deciding of suits and controversies not exceeding the value of +one hundred pounds of tobacco and for punishing of petty offenses." As a +consequence of this act, the question of the metes and bounds of these +corporations, Charles City, Henrico, Elizabeth City and James City, +became important, since suits must perforce be instituted in the court +having jurisdiction over that particular area. Mr. Nathaniel C. Hale, +in his interesting book on William Claiborne called _Virginia Venturer_, +shows that William Claiborne in 1621, was appointed a surveyor for the +colony and comments that heretofore boundaries of land had been located +with ungraduated mariners' compasses and described by careless +references to natural limits. + +Apparently the Jamestown Court with those of Charles City and Elizabeth +City was adequate for several years, but in February 1631/32 the +Assembly passed an act adding five more as follows: "for the upper +parts"; "for Warwick River; for Warrosquyoake; for Elizabeth City; for +Accawmacke." Presumably, since the order had been that the new courts +were to be held "in remote parts of the colony," the phrase "upper +parts" would mean the most western part of Henrico Corporation, and the +Elizabeth City Court would be for the south side of Hampton Roads. This +seems logical since the north side had been settled first, was more +populous and was not remote from Jamestown. + + +THE EIGHT ORIGINAL SHIRES + +But the colony was growing too fast for this arrangement to continue +adequate for long. With a population of about 5,000 persons, the time +for division into shires or counties was at hand. It may be noted that, +though these units were designated as shires in the Act of the General +Assembly creating them, they were, after that, always called counties. +Their functions were the same as those of their English prototypes, but +conditions here required two changes which will be mentioned later. + +The names of the four corporations, Charles City, Henrico, James City +and Elizabeth City were kept for four of the newly created counties, but +their areas were lessened. The four new divisions were: Warwick River, +later called Warwick; Warrosquyoake, later Isle of Wight; Charles River, +later changed to York, and Accomack which embraced all the settlements +on the Eastern Shore of Virginia. + +[Illustration: 1619 +Rapid Growth of Settlement along the James River. Marked by Introduction +of Representative Government.] + +The tender feeling for the homeland is evidenced by the fact that six +out of the "eight original shires," as they are generally called, bore +names reminiscent of England. Henrico perpetuated Henry, Prince of +Wales, son of James I whose early death made even more difficult the +first years of the Colony. Charles City honored his brother Charles, +later Charles I, who combined, to his undoing, the charm and obstinacy +of the Stuarts. Elizabeth City and the river of the same name derive +from Princess Elizabeth, the oldest sister of Henry and Charles. She +married Frederick, for a time King of Bohemia, but later overthrown and +exiled. Though her life was bitter and tragic, her descendants since +1714 have occupied the throne of Britain. James City was, of course, for +King James I, of whom it was said that his instructors had given him an +abundance of knowledge but had been unable to give him sense. Warwick's +name was for Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, leader of one of the factions +of the Virginia Company, who had founded and cared for the colony. He +belonged to the "Court Party" which wished to continue martial law in +the colony and opposed the liberal views of Sir Edwin Sandys and the +Earl of Southampton. For awhile the Sandys faction was in control and +the "Great Charter of Laws, Orders and Privileges" brought over by Sir +George Yeardley was the expression of their views on colonial +government. But the "Court Party" prevailed in the end and the charter +of the Virginia Company was revoked in 1624. Charles River County +presumably took its name from Charles I, who was King when it was +formed. In 1642/43 when it became York, the change was made to honor +James, the second son of Charles I, who in that year was created Duke of +York. Warrosquyoake, an Indian word, was later Isle of Wight County +since some of its most prominent residents were from the small island of +that name lying off the English coast. The Parish lying in and +coterminous with Isle of Wight County was called Newport from the +largest city in the English island. Accomack honored the friendly tribe +of Indians of that name residing on the Eastern Shore. + +The bounds of these eight counties as noted in Tyler's _The Cradle of +the Republic_ were as follows: + +Elizabeth City County extending on both sides of Hampton Roads, on the +south side to Chuckatuck Creek and on the north side to Newport News and +including a small part thereof. + +Warrosquyoake County, later Isle of Wight, extending on the south side +of James River from Chuckatuck Creek to Lawne's Creek. + +Warwick River County extending on the north side of James River from +Elizabeth City County to Skiffe's (Keith's) Creek. This is the only +original shire from which no other county was formed. The name was +changed to Warwick County in 1643. + +James City County extending on both sides of James River, on the south +side from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes Creek and on the north side +from Skiffe's Creek to above Sandy Point. + +Charles City County also extending on both sides of James River, on the +south side from Upper Chippokes Creek to Appomattox River and on the +north side from Sandy Point to Turkey Island Creek. + +Henrico County extending from Charles City County on both sides of James +River indefinitely westward. + +Charles River County, later York, lay to the north of Warwick County and +adjoined Elizabeth City County on the east. Its north and west +boundaries were indefinite. The colonists soon crossed the York River to +establish plantations along its northern bank and settled as far west as +the Pamunkey River. + +Accomack, the eighth shire, like York County, showed the vitality of the +colonists in pushing settlements away from the vicinity of Jamestown +into uncharted wilds. + +The Potomac River was the dividing line between Virginia and Maryland, +and on the Eastern Shore the division was approximately in line with the +mouth of this river. Settling on the Shore in 1616, the colonists moved +slowly northward. The Indians were friendly, transportation easy, +climate mild, and soil fertile. There was no impediment to growth. + +The population of the colony is estimated to have been around 5,000 +persons in 1634 as has been noted. Six years later it had increased +about 50%, being 7,466 persons. One factor in this growth was the unrest +in England at this time which culminated a few years later in bitter +civil war. + + +THE COLONIAL COURTS + +We have mentioned that the creation of counties with their courts had in +view to render justice more accessible to all. There were by 1642, in +the colony six kinds of courts for the administration of justice. + +The first of these was the magistrate's court. In 1642, an Act of the +Assembly empowered a magistrate or justice to try a case involving not +over twenty shillings in currency or 200 pounds of tobacco in value. In +1657/58, the amount could be as much as 1,000 pounds of tobacco if two +magistrates were present but only 350 pounds if but one magistrate tried +the case. The appeal from the magistrate's court was to the monthly +court. + +The next court was the parish court. In the seventeenth century only one +of these courts existed in Virginia and that only for a short time. This +was the court of Bristol Parish which most likely sat in the old +Merchants Hope Church, still standing and still in use. The court was +discontinued before the end of the seventeenth century, and its papers +passed into the custody of the Henrico County Court. A parish court was +in a way a vestigial body, a relic of days when the authority of the +church was preeminent in both civil and ecclesiastical matters. + +The third recourse for justice was to the monthly court, developed +according to Stith, from the inferior court established in 1621. The +Governor named the first justices of a new county, renamed justices in +the old counties and filled every vacancy as it occurred. By Act of +Assembly in 1628/29, the number of justices was to be eight, but later +it was increased to ten. Four constituted a quorum. Three other members +of the bench associated with one member of the quorum, who had a +different status from the other justices, formed a sufficient number to +make a valid court. The person whose name appeared at the head of the +list of those constituting the quorum probably served as presiding +justice; in his absence, the one named second and so on down the list. +No pay was provided for the justices. + +In 1642, the Assembly ordered that at least six monthly courts be held +every year and the justices were empowered to determine when extra +sessions were necessary. At the same time, another Act of Assembly +provided that Henrico should hold court on the first day of every month; +Charles City on the third; James City on the sixth; Isle of Wight on the +ninth; Upper Norfolk (later Nansemond) on the twelfth; Elizabeth City on +the eighteenth; Warwick on the twenty-first; York on the twenty-fourth; +and Northampton, (formerly Accomack) on the twenty-eighth. The careful +spacing between these courts enabled attorneys to appear in cases in +different counties with no conflict of dates. + +The range of cases that could come before a monthly court was naturally +wider than could come before a magistrate. As much as ten pounds +sterling could be involved in a suit and there was no appeal from the +decision; when larger amounts were involved, the defeated litigant could +appeal to the General Court. All questions where injury to life or limb +was at stake went before the General Court. + +The monthly county courts had, in a general way, a jurisdiction +resembling the combined jurisdiction of the English Chancery Court, +King's Bench, Common Pleas, Court Exchequer, Admiralty and +Ecclesiastical. The justices of the monthly courts looked after the poor +and afflicted, held special orphan courts at least once a year, granted +probates of wills, passed on appraisements of estates as presented to +them for inspection, on inventories and estate accounts which also were +presented for their scrutiny, and recorded conveyances of land. + +Recordation of land conveyances is one of the two differences between +the monthly court of a Virginia county and its British prototype. There +conveyances were private property and retained in private ownership. +Manor houses of old English estates often had a room called the +"Muniment room" where deeds, inventories, rent rolls and such family +papers, often including copies of wills, were kept. The name derived +from a Latin word meaning to fortify or strengthen, since the deeds +strengthened the validity of ownership claimed by the holder of the +land. The other function of the monthly court in Virginia different from +the English Shire Court was the power to probate wills. In England +probate of wills was in the prerogative courts of Canterbury and York. +Probably since there was no diocesan see in Virginia, Virginia being in +the diocese of London, the monthly court offered the most feasible place +of probate. + +It has been noted that there was a limit to the powers of this court and +that cases which it could not hear went before the General Court. This +court was composed of the Governor and his Council of State. It met +semi-annually, 15 April and 15 October, each term lasting at least +eighteen days. The Governor presided at these sessions. The presence of +five members was necessary for the transaction of business. The _Minutes +of the Council and General Court_ are extant for the years 1622-1632 and +abstracts for the years 1670-1676. They were published in one volume by +the Virginia State Library in 1924 and are helpful in acquiring a +general picture of life in the colony in the seventeenth century. + +The General Assembly was also a judicial body with power to render +decisions. At its afternoon session the 22nd day of September 1674, a +cause came before the Council and General Court which had originated in +Accomack County. The Court made no decision but ordered it "referred to +the Assembly by reason it very much concern the country." From that one +would infer that causes involving general principles were deemed proper +for discussion and decision by the Burgesses who represented the entire +colony, since all would be affected by the decision. + +The Court of Admiralty, the last dispenser of justice in the colony, +seems to have been established about 1697 under the governorship of Sir +Edmund Andros. Previously such matters as would come within the province +of this court had been handled by other judicial procedures, as they +were later. The instances of piracy were not numerous enough to justify +the maintenance of a Court of Admiralty in Virginia. No records of this +court survive. + +It may seem we have wandered far from the formation of counties, but +since the accessibility of justice for all was a prime consideration in +their creation, it would appear well to examine the means by which the +average citizen could have his grievances heard and decided. The +importance of the county monthly court in his life cannot be +overestimated. While on business at court, he had opportunity to see his +friends, play cards, gamble, race horses, fight, drink, "swap" horses +and other livestock, attend the muster of county militia to which he +belonged, and see the newest articles imported from England. The county +court and his parish church services were his chief contacts with the +world that lay beyond his plantation. + + +"JUSTICE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL." COUNTY DIVISIONS BEGIN + +Scarcely had the eight original counties begun to function before the +expansion of population forced the erection of a new one. In 1636 that +part of Elizabeth City County lying on the south side of Hampton Roads +became a separate entity under the name of New Norfolk, a name probably +derived from the English shire. No court records of this year survive. +The next year 1637, New Norfolk itself was divided into Lower Norfolk +and Upper Norfolk counties. + +Also in 1637, Warrosquyoake County lost its Indian name, becoming Isle +of Wight. By Act of Assembly passed in January 1639/40, the bounds +between these three counties were set as follows: Isle of Wight to begin +at Lawne's Creek, thence down the main river to Richard Hays's, formerly +John Seaward's, including the said plantation and families and from +thence from the main river into the woods southerly to the plantation of +William Nowell and Mr. Robert Pitt, with the said plantation and +families, and thence south as aforesaid. The Upper County of New Norfolk +to begin at the aforesaid plantation of Richard Hays, from thence +southerly into the woods as aforesaid, and by the main river, from +thence to extend down by the main river unto the creek near the +plantation of Francis Bullock being the first creek to the westward of +Crany Point including the plantation of the said Francis Bullock and no +ways intrenching upon the Western Branch of Elizabeth River nor the +creek thereof which do belong to the county of Lower Norfolk. The +parishes in these counties were ordered to be coterminous with the +bounds of the counties. Upper Norfolk County kept its name only a few +years; in March 1645/46, the Assembly directed it should "be from +henceforth nominated and called county of Nansemun." + + +INDIAN DISTRICT CHICKACOAN BECOMES NORTHUMBERLAND + +Whether because of the Puritan element in Nansemond or because of +Quakers resident there, who on account of their aversion to war were of +no aid against the Indians, settlement for the first time turned away +from Tidewater to the area lying between the Rappahannock and the +Potomac Rivers. Because of its fertile soil, easy transportation and +healthful climate, the colonists patented land in this favored region in +increasing numbers. By 1645 the county of Northumberland had been formed +and organized. Although we have no Act of Assembly to establish the +date of its formation, an item from a volume of _Maryland Archives_ +under date of 1645 referring to Lieutenant Colonel John Trussell of the +county of Northumberland shows the county was then functioning. + +The area from which Northumberland was formed had borne the Indian name +of Chickacoan. It was a border settlement with no stable government and +in need of law and order. Northumberland extended from the Potomac to +and across the Rappahannock River and from the tip of "Northern Neck," +as the territory lying between the two rivers was called, indefinitely +westward. The name derives from the English shire, Northumberland. + +Population of the colony is estimated to have been about 15,000 in 1649, +500 of whom were negroes, and in 1654, 21,600 persons. This rapid growth +was due largely to the Civil War in England which made Virginia a haven +of refuge for many. + + +NORTHUMBERLAND DIVIDED + +In 1651, that portion of Northumberland lying on both sides of the +Rappahannock River was divided and a new county, called Lancaster from +the English shire of that name, was formed. + +Colonists were moving westward in Northumberland and the distance to its +courthouse made attendance at court difficult. In 1653, the new county +of Westmoreland was set up from the western end of Northumberland to +take care of these new residents. Its boundaries were "from Machoatoke +River where Mr. Cole lives and so upwards to the falls of the great +river of Potomac above the Necostins Town." It did not extend across the +Rappahannock River. The "Mr. Cole" referred to is probably the Richard +Cole, who in his will, directed that an elaborate tombstone be ordered +for him carrying the following inscription: + + "Here lies Dick Cole a grievous sinner + Who died shortly before dinner + Yet hopes in Heaven to find a place + To satiate his soul with grace." + +Westmoreland, destined to share with Charles City County the distinction +of being the birthplace of two Presidents of the United States, is a +beautifully situated area with famous estates on its fertile lands. +Among these should be mentioned "Stratford," the birthplace of two +Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis +Lightfoot Lee, and of General Robert E. Lee. + + +NEW TIDEWATER COUNTIES + +Leaving the rapidly growing Northern Neck of Virginia, we return to the +Tidewater area to see the developments there. Just as the 1622 Massacre +had retarded settlements on the south bank of the York River, so the +1644 Massacre had delayed expansion on the north side of the York. +Although in 1648 a petition was presented to the Assembly reciting "the +great and clamorous necessities of divers of the inhabitants occasioned +and brought upon them through the mean produce of their labours upon +barren and over-wrought grounds" and praying leave to settle on the +north side of Charles (York) and Rappahannock Rivers, the Assembly +postponed the date of such settlement until 1 September 1649. It seems +to have been about two years later, 1651, before Gloucester County was +established, and Burgesses from the new county are first listed in April +1652. + +It may be mentioned that this is an early example of the cause +underlying a great deal of the migration in Virginia: "barren and +over-wrought grounds," the toll that tobacco yearly exacted from the +soil and the continuing need for new land to cultivate in order to +produce profitable crops of tobacco. + +Only a little later than the northward expansion of York, evidenced by +the new county of Gloucester, came its growth to the west. In 1654, +Captain Robert Abrell appeared in the Assembly as Burgess from New Kent +County. Like Gloucester, it derived from an English shire of the same +name, and was bestowed in honor of Colonel William Claiborne of +Crayford, Kent, England, at this date a distinguished resident of the +new county. Its bounds were "from the west side of Skimeno Creek to the +heads of Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers and down to the head of the west +side of Poropotank Creek." + +Expansion also had taken place on the south side of James River directly +across from Jamestown. The easterly bound of James City across the river +was Lawne's Creek established in 1634 when the county of Warrosquyoake +(Isle of Wight) was formed. The west boundary on the south side of the +river was Upper Chippokes Creek. This, too, had been set up in 1634. Now +in 1652, this area lying between these two creeks became Surry. Though +named for the English shire, the spelling of the Virginia county has +always omitted the "e" the English Surrey uses. It is said the name was +selected because Surrey in England has the same geographical position to +London as the Virginia Surry has to Jamestown, then the seat of +government. + +With the formation of Surry County the needs of the population were +satisfied for exactly 51 years. Not until 1703 was another south side +division needed. + + +THE NORTHERN NECK AND THE EASTERN SHORE DIVIDE + +Not so along the Rappahannock, for by 1656 only three years after +Westmoreland was created, a petition was presented to the Assembly by +"the inhabitants of the lower part of Lancaster County showing their +vast distance from the county courts" and praying that a division be +made. The Assembly acceded to their wishes, ordering "the upper part of +Mr. Bennett's land known by the name of Naemhock on the south side of +the easternmost branch of Morattico Creek on the north side the river be +the lowermost bounds of the upper county; the lower county to retain the +name of Lancaster and the upper county to be named Rappahannock County." +This division followed the bounds of two parishes previously +established. + +[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce +King William County Courthouse, King William, Virginia] + +[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce +Hanover County Courthouse, Hanover, Virginia] + +[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce +Isle of Wight County Clerk's Office, Isle of Wight, Virginia] + +The formation of Rappahannock County in 1656 ended the list of counties +formed in the decade 1650 to 1660. + +The next development was on the Eastern Shore. It had become +sufficiently populous to support two county governments and in an Act of +the Assembly March 1661/62 reference is made to the two counties. The +southern part of the peninsula retained the name it had borne for twenty +years, Northampton, and the county to the north assumed the name once +borne by the entire peninsula, Accomack. The question of the boundary +line between the two divisions dragged on for twenty-five years, being +settled 22 March 1687/88. It has remained fixed. The boundary between +Virginia and Maryland also was long in dispute, but Watkins Point at the +mouth of Pocomoke River on its north side is the western end of the +line. The line across the peninsula was set at a little north of the +point. + +With Eastern Shore divided into two counties, no further growth was +possible and the peninsula remains two counties. + +The next county to be formed in the colony was Stafford, which lies on +the north side of the Rappahannock River to the west of Westmoreland. +The name is in honor of an English shire. When formed in 1664, it was a +border county with constant fear of Indian attacks since an established +Indian trail regularly used by their hunting parties lay within its +territory. Its north and west boundaries were not well defined, but +included the area later Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Loudoun and +Alexandria (now Arlington) Counties. + +Middlesex County, next to be noted, was functioning as a county in 1669 +as Mr. F. W. Sydnor demonstrated in an article in _Virginia Magazine of +History and Biography_, Volume 42. It was taken from Lancaster County, +being the portion that lies on the south side of the Rappahannock River +and extends to Dragon Run, the northern boundary of Gloucester. It had +been the southern part of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster and retained +the same parish name. Christ Church was the only parish and coterminous +with Middlesex County. By good fortune, Christ Church in Lancaster and +Christ Church in Middlesex are still preserved and in use. Both the +Register and Vestry Book of the latter have survived the years, the +former begins in 1653 and the latter ten years later. No Register of +Christ Church Lancaster survives, and the extant Vestry Book covers only +the years 1739 to 1786. Middlesex, never large, was, in colonial days, +the home of numerous distinguished families, among them the Wormeleys, +whose house "Rosegill" has seen many important historical events. The +name Middlesex is for the English shire, doubtless the birthplace of +many early residents of the Virginia County. + + +THE COLONY PROSPERS UNDER A KING AND QUEEN AND TWO NEW COUNTIES HONOR +THE ROYAL FAMILY + +After Middlesex in 1669, there was a hiatus of 22 years before a new +county was created. In that period, the colony's fortunes had been +checkered, and unrest and depression had been widespread. Troubles with +the Indians, Bacon's Rebellion and economic ills, which led to tobacco +cutting, all combined to make Virginia a gloomy place. The accession of +James II brought no improvement in England, and the time was ripe for +revolution. James II was forced to flee. He was succeeded by his +daughter Mary and her husband, who was his nephew, Prince William of +Orange. Under their rule, both England and Virginia became more +prosperous. The next new county, King and Queen, created 1691, was named +in their honor. This was formed from New Kent, "so that Pamunkey River +divide the same, and so down York River to the extent of the county, and +that the part which is now on the south side of York and Pamunkey River +be called New Kent, and the north side with Pamunkey Neck be called and +known by the name of King and Queen county." It was enacted further +"that the inhabitants of Pamunkey Neck, that now belong to St. Peter's +Parish be restored and added to St. John's Parish from which they +formerly were taken, and that the Pamunkey River be the bounds betwixt +the two parishes." + +About the same time Lower Norfolk became populous enough to justify the +formation of a new county. This was to begin "at the new inlet of Little +Creek and so up the said creek to the dams between Jacob Johnson and +Richard Drout and so out of the said dams up a branch the head of which +branch lyeth between the dwelling house of William Moseley, Senr., and +the new dwelling house of Edmond Webb, and so to run from the head of +the said branch on a direct line to the dams at the head of the Eastern +branch of Elizabeth River, the which dams lie between James Kemp and +Thomas Ivy, and so down the said branch to the mouth of a small branch +or gutt that divides the land which Mr. John Porter now lives on from +the land he formerly lived on, and so up the said small branch according +to the bounds of the said plantation where the said Porter now liveth, +and from thence to the great swamp that lieth on the east side of John +Showlands and so along the said great swamp to the North River of +Currituck and down the said North River to the mouth of Simpson's Creek +and so up the said creek to the head thereof and from thence by a south +line to the bounds of Carolina." The name of this new division was +Princess Anne honoring the second daughter of James II by his first wife +Anne Hyde, and the sister of Queen Mary. Later Princess Anne became a +very popular Queen, Fluvanna County, the Rivanna River, the North Anna +and South Anna and the Rapidan River all being named for her. At the +same time that Princess Anne was formed, the name of Lower Norfolk was +changed to Norfolk County. + + +RICHMOND AND ESSEX FROM OLD RAPPAHANNOCK + +Settlers had long found the Rappahannock River area attractive. The +county of this name, established in 1656, and lying on both sides of the +river, had grown steadily and its population was sufficient to support +two county governments. It was enacted that the river be the dividing +line, "that part which is now on the north side thereof be called and +known by the name Richmond County and that that which is now on the +south side thereof be called and known by the name of Essex County." It +was further ordered "that the records belonging to the county court of +Rappahannock before this division be kept in Essex County, that +belonging wholly to their majesties and the other to the proprietors of +the North Neck." This was a seemingly casual reference to the grant +Charles II had made to some of his supporters while he was in exile and +had confirmed on his coming to the throne; it comprised over five +million acres lying between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers from +their headsprings to the Chesapeake Bay. Not until the colony became +independent was the Proprietary abolished. + +In 1702 another division was created. The land lying between the +Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, known as Pamunkey Neck was taken from +King and Queen and became King William County. This honored the reigning +monarch, King William, now a widower since the death of Queen Mary in +1694. + +King William died the same year his namesake county was formed and his +sister-in-law, Queen Anne came to the throne. The first county formed +thereafter honored her husband, the Prince Consort, George of Denmark. +The new county, Prince George, embraced that portion of Charles City +lying on the south side of James River. The estate, "Brandon," and the +third oldest church building in Virginia known as Merchants Hope, are +within its confines. + +After a reign of twelve years Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover +ascended the throne as King George I of England. Several years before +this, the Tangier-born Alexander Spotswood was appointed Lieutenant +Governor of Virginia and took up his residence in Williamsburg. +Williamsburg had become the capital in 1699. It was on higher land than +malarial Jamestown and a more healthful place to live. + +Governor Spotswood was active and eager to explore the resources of the +colony. One of his achievements was to lead a group of adventurous +persons to the summit of the Blue Ridge and blaze the way for westward +expansion. He also was interested in bringing over from the German +Palatinate colonists adept in iron mining, and establishing them on the +edges of older settlements. This brought about the creation of several +counties as we shall see later. + +In 1721 the "Upper Inhabitants" of Richmond County because of their +great distance from the courthouse petitioned to become a separate +county. The eastern part lying below "Charles Beaver Dams and from the +head thereof by a north course to Westmoreland County" was to retain the +name Richmond and the part above the said dams and course was to be King +George County. The name, of course, honored George I. + +When New Kent was formed in 1654 its western bounds were indefinite. By +1721, however, the "Upper Inhabitants" of this county were sufficiently +numerous to petition for division on account of their great distance +from court. It was ordered that "that part of the county lying below the +Parish of St. Paul" was to remain New Kent and the part lying in St. +Paul's Parish was to be known as Hanover County. The name again honors +the reigning monarch. + +Also in 1721, a third new county was formed and called Spotsylvania for +the energetic and capable Governor. Spotsylvania was taken from Essex, +and parts of King and Queen and King William. The bounds of Spotsylvania +specifically laid out in the Act creating it were "upon Snow Creek up to +the mill, thence by a southwest line to the river, North Anna, thence up +the river as far as convenient and thence by a line to be run over the +high mountains to the river on the northwest side thereof, so as to +include the northern passage through the said mountains, thence down the +said river until it comes against the head of Rappahannock thence, by a +line to the head of Rappahannock River; and down that river to the mouth +of Snow Creek." Within the portion of Spotsylvania that was taken from +Essex, the Governor, some years before, had located a group of German +immigrants at a place called Germanna on the Rapidan River. + +Besides the Germans, there was a group of Huguenots who had come over a +few years earlier and settled on the James River some 20 miles above the +Falls. There were also immigrants, both from England and Scotland, who +were loyal to the Stuart cause, and its leader, James, son of James II +by his second wife, Mary of Modena. The rising of the Scotch clans in +his favor in 1715 was crushed by the battle of Preston. Many of the +captured Highlanders were deported to America and others, fearing +capture, emigrated. These three new factors in the life of the colony +are worthy of notice. + +In 1727/28, an Act was passed by the Assembly to take effect the next +year dividing the county of Henrico. The division was to be "by a line +on the north side James River beginning at the mouth of Tuckahoe Creek +thence up the said creek to Chumley's Branch thence along a line of +marked trees north twenty degrees east to Hanover County and on the +south side James River beginning at the Lower Manachin Creek from thence +along a line of marked trees in a direct course to the mouth of +Skinquarter Creek on Appomattox River." The land to the east of this +line was to remain Henrico and that to the west to comprise the new +county of Goochland. Sir William Gooch had become Lieutenant Governor of +Virginia in 1727 and served 22 years. He was probably the most popular +of the colonial governors, seemingly able to work harmoniously with the +Council which was necessary for success. + +At the same time that Goochland was formed another new county came into +being. This was described in the bill brought before the House of +Burgesses as "An act for erecting a new county on the heads of Essex, +King and Queen and King William Counties and for calling the same +Caroline County." The name derives from Caroline of Anspach, Queen of +George II who had succeeded his father, George I as King the year +before. It will be recalled that Queen Caroline gave money to Thomas Lee +to aid him in building "Stratford" when his former house had been burned +by criminals whom he, as a magistrate, had sentenced for their misdeeds. +Caroline County was not an expansion of settlements as most of the other +counties had been for it was bounded completely by already established +governments. Its creation, however, was in line with the thesis already +laid down "to make justice accessible to all", and made court attendance +more convenient for dwellers in the northwest portions of Essex, King +and Queen and King William. + +Three years later, in 1731, a new county was created from the northwest +portions of Stafford and King George "above Choppawomsick Creek on +Potomac River and Deep Creek on Rappahannock River and a southwest line +to be made from the head of the north branch of the said creek to the +head of the said Deep Run." This area was to be known as Prince William +County honoring by this title, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the +King's brother. He was later known as "The Butcher of Culloden" because +of the ferocity of his treatment of the Scotch Highlanders after the +battle of Culloden in 1745. This battle, so sanguinary and devastating +in its effects, wiped out the Stuart sympathizers and there were no +further attempts to depose the Hanoverian dynasty from the British +throne. The county seat is Manassas, near which were fought two battles +of the Civil War. + + +BRUNSWICK AND MIGRATION SOUTHWARD + +In 1720, the Assembly passed an act to be effective in 1721, creating +Spotsylvania County as has been mentioned. At the same time, there was +an act to form a county from the southern part of Prince George County +and name it Brunswick for the Duchy of Brunswick which was then a +possession of the Electorate of Hanover. The description is as follows: +that Brunswick County should begin "on the south side of the River +Roanoke at the place where the line lately run for ascertaining the +uncontroverted bounds of this colony towards North Carolina intersects +the said river Roanoke and to be bounded by the direction of the +governor with consent of council so as to include the southern pass." No +steps were taken for carrying out this act because of the small number +of settlers in the area, until May 1732, when it was enacted that the +earlier legislation become effective the first of January ensuing. +Setting up the county government had been made possible by adding parts +of Surry and Isle of Wight, thus increasing the number of tithables and +lessening the amount of taxes each would pay. The preamble to the act +expresses this thought in more precise phrase when it says "whereas by +reason of the small number of tithables in the county of Brunswick the +poll taxes must necessarily be very grievous and burthensome to them, +which by an addition of parts of the counties of Surry and Isle of Wight +would be remedied, and divers of the inhabitants of the two last +mentioned counties would thereby also be freed from hardships and +inconveniences which at present they labour under." + +The reference to the line lately run "between Virginia and North +Carolina" is the famous survey made by Col. William Byrd, Major William +Mayo, John Irvine and others which forms the subject of _The History of +the Dividing Line_ written by Colonel Byrd. The Mayo River in Patrick +and Henry Counties perpetuates the name of Major Mayo, the skilled +surveyor in the party. The entire boundary was not surveyed then, in +fact it was a good many years later before it was necessary to have a +clear limit between the two colonies for the entire area. + +[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce +Lancaster County Clerk's Office, Lancaster, Virginia] + +[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce +Essex County Clerk's Office, Tappahannock, Virginia] + +[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce +Richmond County Clerk's Office, Warsaw, Virginia] + +Brunswick County began to function in 1732 and grew rapidly. The +"overwrought ground" mentioned long before had in the interval became a +more and more disturbing factor in agriculture. Tobacco was king, it +demanded new land, hence new land must be provided. In Brunswick there +was not only new land but the sort of land to raise good tobacco +profitably, a condition equally true today. Settlers from Essex, King +and Queen, Gloucester, York, Elizabeth City and other older counties +soon made their way into Brunswick. It may not be amiss to observe that +with the better living made possible by better tobacco crops a +gastronomic delicacy was developed there, a rich and succulent stew +called "Brunswick Stew" in honor of the county. So far as the writer is +aware no other county in the state has achieved similar fame. + + +ORANGE COUNTY REACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI + +In 1734, an expansion to the northwest took place in the creation of +Orange County so named to honor William, Prince of Orange, later William +III of England. The City of Williamsburg, King William and King and +Queen counties had been prior evidences of his popularity. The new +division was to embrace that part of Spotsylvania County lying in Saint +Mark's Parish "Bounden southerly by the line of Hanover County, +northerly by the grant of Lord Fairfax and westerly by the utmost limits +of Virginia." This western boundary was the Mississippi River. The +Assembly further enacted "for the encouragement of the inhabitants +already settled and which shall speedily settle on the westward of +Sherrendo (Shenandoah) River" that "all who had established themselves +by 1st January 1734/35 should be free of country, county and parish +levies for the next three years." + +Part of this expansion was due to the natural increase of population, +the allure of new settlements where there was greater opportunity for +advancement of fortunes, and part to the tide of immigration. Years of +warfare in Germany had left ruined communities along the Rhenish +Palatinate. For these people, Rotterdam was the most convenient port of +embarkation and Philadelphia was often their port of debarkation. +Following in the steps of John Van Metre, Adam Miller, Jacob Stover and +Jost Hite who had come to the Valley of Virginia between 1725 and 1731, +many immigrants, finding land cheaper in Virginia, left Pennsylvania and +took up residence in Virginia. + +In 1735, the act of the Assembly passed the year before for creating the +new county of Amelia became effective. By this act, it was ordered that +"the said county of Prince George and that part of the parish of Bristol +which lies in the same be divided from the mouth of Namozain Creek up +the same to the main, or John Hamlin's, fork of the said creek, thence +up the south or lowest branch thereof to White Oak Hunting Path and +thence by a south course to strike Nottoway River." The land below these +courses retained the name of Prince George. The land lying above these +courses bounded "southerly by the Great Nottoway River including part of +the county of Brunswick and parish of Saint Andrew as far as to take the +ridges between Roanoke and Appomattox Rivers and thence along those +ridges to the great mountains westerly by the said mountains and +northerly by the southern boundaries of Goochland and Henrico Counties" +became Amelia County and Raleigh Parish. The name was in honor of the +youngest daughter of George II. + +By 1738, people living across the Blue Ridge Mountains found them a +barrier to frequent attendance at Orange County Court. For their +convenience, a division was ordered. "All that territory and tract of +land at present deemed to be a part of the county of Orange lying on the +northwest side of the said mountains (Blue Ridge) extending from thence +northerly, westerly and southerly beyond the said mountains to the +utmost limits of Virginia" shall be "separated from the rest of the said +county and erected into two distinct counties and parishes; to be +divided by a line to be run from the head spring of Hedgman River to the +head spring by the River Potomac." "That part of the said territory +lying to the northeast of the said line beyond the top of the said Blue +Ridge shall be one distinct county, to be called and known by the name +of the county of Frederick and parish of Frederick. And that the rest +of the said territory lying on the other side of the said line beyond +the top of the said Blue Ridge shall be one other distinct county and +parish to be called by the name of the county of Augusta and parish of +Augusta." The counties thus created honored Frederick, Prince of Wales, +eldest son of George II, and his wife, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess +of Wales. Frederick predeceased his father and it was Frederick's son +who became George III. + +The Assembly had repeated with reference to Augusta and Frederick +Counties its action in the case of Brunswick; namely: created counties +before they were financially able to function. Not until 1743 did +Frederick have sufficient tithables to begin to hold court, and it was +two years later before Augusta set up her county organization. + +In 1742, it was enacted that Prince William County be divided. The +bounds of this county were set as follows: "all that part thereof lying +on the south side of Occoquan and Bull Run and from the heads of the +main branch of Bull Run by a straight course to the Thoroughfare of the +Blue Ridge of Mountains known by the name of Ashby's Gap or Bent." +Hamilton was the parish for Prince William County. That portion of +Prince William which had, in 1732, been placed in Truro Parish became +the new county of Fairfax. The name was, of course, in honor of Lord +Fairfax, the Proprietor of the Northern Neck Grant. + +Pohick, one of the churches in Truro Parish, is still standing and in +use. General George Washington, who lived at nearby "Mount Vernon," +George Mason of "Gunston Hall" and Lord Fairfax of "Greenway Court" were +vestrymen; and planned for the erection of this present building in +1769. + +In the same year that Fairfax was formed in the northern part of the +colony, Hanover County in the middle section was divided. The Act +ordered "all that tract of land now deemed to be a part of the said +county of Hanover lying above a straight course to be run from the +mouth of Little Rockey Creek on the River Northanna south, twenty +degrees west until it intersects the line of Goochland County" should +become a distinct county and known by the name of Louisa County. The +name honored a daughter of George II, as Amelia had done a few years +earlier. + +Two years later the first of the eight counties eventually cut from +Goochland was created and given the name Albemarle. This was in honor of +William Anne Keppel, second Earl of Albemarle, Governor-General of the +Colony, 1737-1754. Like most of the Governors-General, he did not come +to Virginia, but the Lieutenant Governor as his deputy, performed the +duties of his office. + +The bounds of Albemarle were to be divided from Goochland on the west +"by a line run from the point of fork of James River north, thirty +degrees east to the Louisa County line, and from the said point of fork +a direct course to Brooks mill and from thence the same course continued +to Appomattox River." "The point of fork" is the junction of the Rivanna +with the James. It will be noted by the reference to the Appomattox +River that Albemarle extended across James River just as Goochland did. +"Monticello" the beloved home of Thomas Jefferson, is in Albemarle +County, and in architecture and planning is another example of the +amazing versatility of his genius. + +In 1746, the settlements in Brunswick County had grown to such an extent +that a new division was required. The line was ordered "to be run from +the county line where it crosses Roanoke River below the place called +the Horse Ford to strike Nottoway River at the south." The territory +above this line was to be called Lunenburg County. This title, +anglicized from the German form, Luneburg, was chosen since the Duchy of +Luneburg, like that of Brunswick, belonged to the Electorate of Hanover. +Lunenburg embraced a vast acreage stretching from the rolling country +where bright tobacco came to perfection as far west as the mountains and +on the south to the North Carolina boundary. + + +CUMBERLAND, CULPEPER, SOUTHAMPTON AND CHESTERFIELD CREATED, 1749 + +The western portion of Goochland lying on both sides of the James had, +in 1744, been taken to form the new county of Albemarle; now, five years +later, the southeast portion of Goochland was made into the new county +of Cumberland. The name was further honor for the Duke of Cumberland, +"The Butcher of Culloden." The growth in this locality had been hastened +by the arrival of numerous Huguenot families seeking asylum from +persecution in France. Manakintown was the name of their settlement. The +name is perpetuated in a newly erected Episcopal church not far from the +site of the settlement where the Agee, Fourqurean, Legrand, Michaux, +Guerrant, Flournoy and other families worship now, as they have done for +some 250 years. + +In the same year that Cumberland was formed, a new county was taken from +Orange and named Culpeper, presumably in honor of Lord Culpeper, +Governor of Virginia 1680-1683, a compliment to Lord Fairfax "who had +inherited from him the ownership of the Northern Neck." Culpeper lay on +the south side of the Rappahannock and north of the Conway River +commonly called the fork of the Rappahannock River. The fork of the +Rappahannock was the area between the Rappahannock River and its +tributary, the Conway, now called the Rapidan. "Horseshoe Farm" is in +Culpeper County and takes its name from the bend or horseshoe made by +the Rapidan within which it is situated. While the residence is modern, +the farm is of colonial times and was once owned by Governor Spotswood. +It was from this house that, in 1741, he went to Annapolis, Maryland +expecting to sail with an expedition to join Admiral Vernon and attack +Cartagena in the Spanish Main. He died unexpectedly in Annapolis but, +strangely enough, considering his prominence, his burial place is +unknown. + +Besides Culpeper and Cumberland, a third county, Southampton, was +formed in 1749. This was taken from that portion of Isle of Wight's +territory that lay west of Blackwater River. The name is said to honor, +tho belatedly, Henry Wriothesley, second Earl of Southampton, friend of +Shakespeare and a leading member of the Virginia Company of London. The +City of Hampton and Hampton River honor the same person. Southampton is +one of the cotton-raising counties of Virginia, and in the fall the +fields of cotton are a beautiful sight. + +Still a fourth county was formed in 1749 and that was Chesterfield. +This, as was the case with the other three, represented no great +expansion, but was in line with the thesis long before laid down--"to +make justice accessible to all." Chesterfield is that part of Henrico +that lay on the south side of James River. Again we go to England for +the reason for this name and learn that it honors Philip Dormer +Stanhope, fourth Earl of Chesterfield, the celebrated Lord Chesterfield. +Though we think of him primarily as the epitome of good manners, +courtesy and tact, his political career was important too. His services +in Parliament, his lord lieutenancy of Ireland, his achievements on +different embassies, and as Secretary of State were of value to his +country. In Chesterfield County are the sites of the earliest iron works +in the colony and of the projected college just beginning to operate +when the 1622 Massacre destroyed everything. + +In 1752, two new divisions were made. One of these was Halifax, the +first of the nine counties that were destined to be carved out of the +vast expanse of Lunenburg County. The bounds of Halifax were "all that +part thereof lying on the south side of Black-Water Creek and Staunton +river, from the said Black-Water creek to the confluence of the said +river with the river Dan and from thence to Aaron's creek to the county +line." The parish of Antrim coterminous with the county was established +when the county was created. The name Halifax honors George Montagu +Dunk, the second Earl of Halifax "who was First Lord of the Board of +Trade about that time and as such greatly interested himself in the +trade of the colonies." Halifax, Nova Scotia is a further memorial to +Lord Halifax. + +The other county created in 1752 was Dinwiddie, taken from the southern +portion of Prince George. Its bounds began at the lower side "of the run +which falls into Appomattox river between the town of Blanford and +Bollings point warehouses to the outermost line of the glebe land and by +a south course and by the said outermost line of the glebe land to Surry +County." The name honored Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of +Virginia 1751-58. He held office during the troubled period of the +French and Indian Wars, in which George Washington, as a Colonel in the +Virginia Militia, participated. + +In 1754 that part of Amelia County divided "by a line to run from Ward's +ford on Appomattox River to the mouth of Sail's creek on Nottoway river +and all that part of the said county which lies on the upper side of the +said line shall be one distinct county and called and known by the name +of Prince Edward." The name was in honor of a younger brother of King +George III, Prince Edward, Duke of Gloucester. This Prince was one of +the two brothers of George III, whose marriages to commoners led to the +passage of the famous Royal Marriage Act in 1772. Its well-known +provisions are that no descendant of King George III may marry when +under 25 years of age without consent of the reigning monarch or, if +over that age, without a consenting Act of Parliament. Prince Edward +Street in Fredericksburg is also named for this Prince as the city +itself is for his father. + +Also in 1754, a second county was created from Lunenburg and called +Bedford. It comprised the area lying on the upper side of Falling-river +from its mouth "up the said river to the fork, thence up that fork +running by John Beard's to the head, thence by a line to be run from the +head thereof north, twenty degrees east to the line dividing the said +county from the county of Albemarle." It should be remembered that at +this time both the present Buckingham and Appomattox were a part of +Albemarle County. The new county honored "John Russell the fourth Duke +of Bedford who was Secretary of State of Great Britain February 13th +1748 to June 26th 1757." The parish, coterminous with the county and +created at the same time, also honored the Duke, being called Russell. + +Another expansion at this time also on the south side of James River was +the formation of Sussex from Surry County. Sussex lies to the south of +Seacock Swamp on the line dividing Surry "from the county of +Southampton, thence a straight course to Blackwater at the mouth of +Coppohawk and up Blackwater to the line dividing" Surry from the county +of Prince George. Sussex took its name from the English shire. Albemarle +Parish formed in 1739 had included the area now made into Sussex, and, +in addition, a small portion of Surry. It was enacted that the portion +in Surry be added to Southwark Parish, and Albemarle Parish be made +coterminous with Sussex. + +The fourth county formed in 1754 was Hampshire named for the English +shire. It is now in West Virginia. Since, however, its creation affected +the bounds of two already established Virginia Counties, the Act of +Assembly for its bounds is cited: "Whereas part of the county and parish +of Augusta lies within the bounds of the territory or tract of land +called the Northern Neck belong to the right honorable Thomas, Lord +Fairfax, Baron of Cameron and it will be more convenient if the dividing +line between the said territory and the other part of this colony be +established as the line of the said county and that part of the said +county be added to the county and parish of Frederick," it was enacted +therefore that the part of Augusta above mentioned be added to Frederick +which should then be divided into two counties and "all that part +thereof lying to the westward of the ridge of mountains commonly called +and known by the name of the Great North or Cape Capon mountains and +Warin spring mountain extending to Potomac river be one distinct county +and called and known by the name of Hampshire." When Augusta and +Frederick were authorized in 1738, the western bounds of the Northern +Neck Grant had not been surveyed. This was done in 1747, and the above +Act changed the previous limits of Augusta so that the entire county +would not be a part of the proprietary. + +The name of the next new county reflected current happenings. For about +six years, 1754-1760, the colony was actively participating in the +struggle to crush French power in America. The Commander-in-Chief of the +British Forces in America was, for a time, John Campbell, fourth Earl of +Loudoun. His conduct of the war was severely criticized, and he was +recalled in December 1757. He was, for almost two years, titular +"Governor and Captain-General of Virginia," though his deputy +Lieutenant-Governor Robert Dinwiddie performed all the duties of the +office. Loudoun, the new county named for the Earl, was formed from +Fairfax County in 1757. It included "all that part thereof lying above +Difficult Run which falls into Potomac river and by a line to be run +from the head of the said run or straight course to the mouth of Rocky +run." The part "thereof below the said run and course" retained its +status as a distinct county and the name of Fairfax. + +In 1759, the inhabitants of Prince William County complained of many +inconveniences "by reason of the great extent thereof and their remote +situation from the courthouse." Mindful that justice be accessible to +all, the Assembly enacted that Prince William be divided and "all that +part of the said county that lies above a line to be run from the head +of Bull Run and along the top of Bull run mountains to Chapman's mill, +in Broad run thoroughfare, from thence by a direct line till it +intersects the nearest part of the line dividing Stafford and Prince +William Counties" be known as Fauquier. This again honors an English +official but in this case a very popular one, Francis Fauquier, who, in +1758, succeeded Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He +served the colony for nearly ten years, dying in Williamsburg on 3 March +1768 "after a tedious illness which he bore with the greatest patience +and fortitude." Among the eulogies in prose to his memory, the following +verse may be noted: + + "If ever virtue lost a friend sincere + If ever sorrow claimed Virginia's tear + If ever death a noble conquest made + 'Twas when Fauquier the debt of nature paid." + +With tobacco as the medium of exchange and as the most valuable export, +the economic base was too small for the large superstructure erected on +it. The taxes, fees, and commissions on exported tobacco were numerous +and onerous, the net return to the planter often did not cover the goods +he had ordered and his debt to his London agent increased. It was +British policy that her colonies should send her raw materials and buy +from her manufactured articles, thus giving her merchants a double +advantage and placing the colonists at double disadvantage. During the +1750's, the colony had been put to such great expense in prosecuting the +French and Indian War that for the first time an issue of paper money +was required. Economic conditions grew worse throughout the colony. + + +"WESTWARD-HO" TWENTY-SIX NEW COUNTIES, 1750-1770 + +The unceasing westward trek of settlers continued. In 1750-60, eight +counties were formed, between 1760-1770, eighteen new divisions +occurred, which evidences the great growth of population. + +Albemarle was the next county to be divided. In 1761, it was enacted +that the portion "of the said county which lies on the south side of the +Fluvanna river" [old name for the James River above Richmond] "shall be +one distinct county and called and known by the name of Buckingham." By +the same legislation, "that other part of the said county which lies on +the north side of the Fluvanna river shall be divided from the +confluence of Rockfish river with the Fluvanna by Rockfish river to the +mouth of Green creek and thence a straight line to the house of Thomas +Bell to the Blue mountains, and all that part which lies above Rockfish +river and the lines aforesaid" shall be called Amherst County. Amherst +Parish at the same time was formed from Saint Anne's Parish and made +coterminous with the county of Amherst. Several years earlier, Tillotson +Parish had been formed from Saint Anne's to take care of the residents +of Amherst who lived on the south side of James River. It was now made +coterminous with the county of Buckingham. + +The name Buckingham is probably for the Duke of Buckingham. Amherst +derives its name from "the hero of Ticonderoga, Major-General Sir +Jeffrey Amherst, the most successful as well as the most popular of all +the English Colonial Governors-General." He was titular Governor-General +of Virginia 1759-1768 while Francis Fauquier performed the duties of the +office. + +Four years passed, and two more divisions were made in the western +portion of Lunenburg. The part of Lunenburg comprised in the parish of +Cornwall became Charlotte County and the portion in the parish of St. +James became Mecklenburg. + +These counties were named, as is the city of Charlottesville, after +Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who became Queen of England on her +marriage to King George III. + +We next find in 1767 that Halifax has grown to the point of division and +a new county, Pittsylvania, has been taken from its western portion. +Pittsylvania lay on the upper or western side "of a line to be run +across the mouth of Strait Stone creek on Staunton river to the country +line, near the mouth of the country line creek on Dan river." At the +same time, Antrim, which was the parish for Halifax, was divided and the +part lying in Pittsylvania became Camden. Pittsylvania honored "Sir +William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, the celebrated English statesman" whose +sympathy with them had endeared him to the colonists. A statue of him in +Westmoreland county, Virginia and another in Charleston, South Carolina +are further expressions of the affection felt for him. + + +BOTETOURT, 1770 HONORS A POPULAR COLONIAL GOVERNOR + +The next county was, in the main, a rearrangement of already settled +territory bearing always in mind that easy access to justice was the +purpose of every division. The new county, Botetourt, was formed from +Augusta in 1770 and lay on the south side of a dividing "line beginning +at the Blue Ridge, running north fifty-five degrees west, to the +confluence of Mary's creek, or the south river, with the north branch of +James River, thence up the same to the mouth of Carr's creek, thence up +the said creek to the mountain, thence north, fifty-five degrees west as +far as the courts of the two counties shall extend it." The phrase to +note in the above is: "as far as the courts of the two counties shall +extend it," in other words, there was no limit to the western boundary. +The name Botetourt was for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt, +Governor of Virginia 1768-1770. He died in Williamsburg in October 1770, +lamented and beloved for his interest in the colony and the College of +William and Mary. The House of Burgesses voted a sum of money to have a +statue of him made in London to stand in the old Capitol building. The +statue still exists, one of the most treasured possessions of the +College of William and Mary, and adorns its campus. + + +FREDERICK SUBDIVIDED + +Two years later, the county of Frederick had a division on both its +eastern and northern ends. It was enacted by the Assembly that the +territory of Frederick be divided into three distinct counties: "on the +north by a line beginning in the line that divides the counties of +Frederick and Loudoun one mile and an half northward of the corner in +Williams' gap that at present divides the parishes of Frederick and +Norborne thence westward with a line exactly parallel to the line that +now divides the said parishes of Frederick and Norborne till it +intersects the line of Hampshire county; thence with the Hampshire line +to the corner dividing the parishes of Frederick and Beckford; thence +with the lines dividing the said parishes of Frederick and Beckford east +southeast to the south eastwardly bank of Cedar creek, thence binding on +the same to its confluence with the river Shenandoah; thence across the +said river east to the easterly bank of the same; thence down the said +river and binding on the same to the mouth of Passage creek; and thence +with a right line to the line of Culpeper, at the intersection of the +road leading through Chester's gap; thence with the Culpeper, Fauquier, +and Loudoun lines to the beginning." This area, so described, was to +remain Frederick County. "All that part of the county which lies between +the first mentioned line running from the said beginning in the line of +Loudoun county and Potomac river shall be ... known by the name of +Berkeley county." The remainder of what had been Frederick now became +Dunmore County. There had been three parishes in Frederick; of these +Frederick remained in the county, while Norborne appropriately became +the parish for Berkeley and Beckford for Dunmore. + +Berkeley County named for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt, later +became a part of West Virginia. It was further evidence of this +governor's popularity, Botetourt County having previously been named for +him. + + +DUNMORE RENAMED SHENANDOAH + +Dunmore honored the new Governor, John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, who +succeeded Lord Botetourt. His popularity was short lived, and his +tyrannical acts, when he attempted to keep the colony loyal to the +crown, so enraged the people that he was forced to take refuge with his +family on a British warship. In 1777, still smarting over his behavior, +the Assembly changed the name of the county to Shenandoah for the +beautiful river that flows through it; the change to take effect +February 1, 1778. + + +FINCASTLE REACHES TO THE OHIO RIVER + +In 1772, the county of Fincastle was formed from the western portion of +Botetourt. It is an evidence of rapidly growing settlements when for the +first time mention is made of "inhabitants and settlers on the waters of +Holston and New rivers." The territory of Fincastle was "within a line +to run up the east side of New river to the mouth of Culberson's creek, +thence a direct line to the Catawba road where it crosses the dividing +ridge between the north fork of Roanoke and the waters of New river, +thence with the top of the ridge to the bent where it turns eastwardly, +thence a south course crossing Little river to the top of the Blue Ridge +of mountains." The reason for the name Fincastle seems uncertain; one +version has it as being for George, Lord Fincastle, Lord Dunmore's son, +and the other that it was for the town of Fincastle established in 1772 +and so named for Lord Botetourt's home in England. + + +VIRGINIA COUNTIES EXTENDED TO THE OHIO RIVER AND INCLUDE KENTUCKY + +Fincastle County was an expansion of Augusta to the west but an +expansion to the northwest had been in progress since before 1754. In +that year, Governor Dinwiddie ordered a fort built on the present site +of Pittsburgh and issued a proclamation offering land in the area to +those who would enlist as soldiers for the French and Indian War. The +French captured the fort and named it Fort Duquesne. This outpost of +great strategic importance fell to the English in 1758 and was renamed +Fort Pitt. The area was under Virginia jurisdiction and called the +district of West Augusta being considered a part of Augusta County. +"County courts were held at Pittsburgh under Virginia jurisdiction and +the great section of country from the Alleghany mountains northwest to +the Ohio came to be called West Augusta. It was represented under this +name in the Conventions of 1775 and 1776. In October 1776, the district +of West Augusta was divided into the counties of Ohio, Yohogania and +Monongalia. A portion of this territory, including Pittsburgh, was +claimed by Pennsylvania and there was much disorder and some bloodshed +between the officers and adherents of the two Colonies. In 1779, +commissioners from Virginia and Pennsylvania finally settled the line +and Pittsburgh and the adjoining area were surrendered to Pennsylvania." +The above is the concise account, by the late W. G. Stanard, in an early +volume of the _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, of an almost +forgotten episode in western development. It explains why in the Augusta +County records in Staunton, Virginia are found deeds for land now in +Pennsylvania. + +The bounds of these three new counties, Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia +are set forth in detail in the Act of Assembly creating them, but are +not quoted here since they neither adjoin nor are a part of the +Commonwealth of Virginia now. + + +KENTUCKY A VIRGINIA COUNTY, 1776 + +The next division of a county occurred in this same year 1776, and was +further expansion toward the beckoning west; this division was not to +take effect until January first, 1777. Fincastle became extinct as a +county, its territory becoming Kentucky, Washington and Montgomery +Counties. The Act of Assembly recites that the part of Fincastle lying +"to the south and westward of a line beginning on the Ohio at the mouth +of Great Sandy creek and running up the same and the main, or +north-easterly, branch thereof to the Great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland +Mountain, thence south westerly along the said mountain to the line of +North Carolina shall be one distinct county and called and known by the +name of Kentucky; and all that part of the said county of Fincastle +included in the lines beginning at the Cumberland Mountain where the +line of Kentucky county intersects the North Carolina line, thence east +along the said Carolina line to the top of Iron mountain, thence along +the same easterly to the source of the south fork of Holstein river, +thence northwardly along the highest part of the high lands, ridges and +mountains that divide the waters of the Tennessee from those of the +Great Kanawha, to the most easterly source of Clinch river, thence +westwardly along the top of the mountains that divide the waters of +Clinch river from those of the Great Kanawha and Sandy Creek to the line +of Kentucky county thence along the same to the beginning" shall be +known "by the name of Washington; and all the residue of the said county +of Fincastle shall be" known as Montgomery. + +It is said that Washington County is the first place or area named for +General Washington in the United States. It is also the first time the +words Kentucky and Tennessee occur in a county division and show the +scope of western settlements. Montgomery County was named for General +Richard Montgomery, a Revolutionary officer, who fell 31 December 1775, +while trying unsuccessfully to scale the city walls and capture Quebec +from the English. + +The next formation was a division of Pittsylvania County in 1777, ten +years after its creation. The new county lay on the west side of "a line +beginning at the mouth of Blackwater on Staunton river and running +parallel with the line of Halifax county till it strikes the country +line." The name Henry honored Patrick Henry, the famous orator of the +Revolution and first Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He +purchased a large acreage in Henry County but resided in nearby Campbell +County. + +Also, in 1777, Albemarle was divided "by a line beginning at the most +western point in the line of Louisa County and running thence directly +to the lower edge of Stott's ferry on the Fluvanna river and that part +which lies south eastward of the said line together with the islands in +the Fluvanna river adjacent thereto shall be called by the name of +Fluvanna county." The county was named for the river and the river was +so called in honor of Queen Anne whose name is borne by four other +Virginia rivers. Fluvanna, used for most of the eighteenth century, was +the title given the James River above its falls at Richmond. Tobacco and +other merchandise was taken in bateaux down this river to Richmond. + +Both Henry and Fluvanna Counties had been formed mostly because of +natural increase in population rather than of any tide of immigration. +The creation of Powhatan County in 1777 was of the same type. This +county embraced the portion of Cumberland lying on the south side of +James River and in Southam Parish, which was the eastern end of +Cumberland and adjoined Chesterfield County. The name Powhatan honored +the celebrated Indian chieftain. + +In 1778, the vast sprawling territory of Augusta underwent changes. One +was an addition to Hampshire County of the territory on the north of "a +line beginning at the north side of the North Mountain opposite to the +upper end of Sweedland Hill and running a direct course so as to strike +the mouth of Seneca creek on the north fork of the south branch of +Potomac river and the same course to be continued to the Allegheny +mountain, thence along the said mountain" to the county line. "The +residue of the county and parish of Augusta" was divided by a line +beginning "at the South Mountain and running thence by Benjamin +Yardley's plantation so as to strike the north river below James Byrd's +house thence up the said river to the mouth of Naked creek, thence +leaving the river a direct course so as to cross the said river at the +mouth of Cunningham's branch in the upper end of Silas Hart's land to +the foot of North Mountain, thence fifty-five degrees west to the +Allegheny mountain and with the same to the line of Hampshire"; all the +portion north eastward of this line was to be called Rockingham. It is +supposed the name of this county honors the Marquis of Rockingham, Prime +Minister of England in 1765-66 when the unpopular Stamp Act was +repealed. + +In the same Act of Assembly, 1778, by which Rockingham was created +Greenbrier County, now in West Virginia, was formed from Montgomery and +Botetourt Counties to the west of "a line beginning on the top of the +ridge which divides the Eastern from the Western Waters, where the line +between Augusta and Botetourt crosses the same, and running thence the +same course continued north fifty-five degrees west to the Ohio, thence +beginning at the said ridge at the said lines of Botetourt and Augusta, +running along the top of the said ridge, passing the Sweet Springs to +the top of Peter's mountain, thence along the said mountain to the line +of Montgomery county, thence along the same mountain to the Kanawha or +New river, thence down the said river to the Ohio." Greenbrier County +takes its name from its principal river. It is the anglicized version of +the French word "ronce" for brier or bramble and "verte" for green. The +town Ronceverte, situated on the river, keeps the French word. + +At the same time Rockbridge County was formed from parts of Botetourt +and Augusta. It was bounded "by a line beginning in the top of the Blue +Ridge near Steele's mill and running thence north fifty-five degrees +west passing the said mill and crossing the North mountain to the top +and the mountain dividing the waters of the Calf Pasture from the waters +of the Cow Pasture and thence along the said mountain crossing Panther's +gap to the line that divides the counties of Augusta and Botetourt." The +remainder of Botetourt shall be divided "by a line to begin at Audley +Paul's and running thence south fifty-five degrees east crossing James +river, to the top of the Blue Ridge, thence along the same crossing +James river, to the beginning of the aforesaid line dividing Augusta +county; then beginning again at the said Audley Paul's, and running +north fifty-five degrees west till the said course shall intersect a +line to be run south forty-five degrees west from the place where the +above line dividing Augusta terminated." + +The enabling acts setting forth the bounds for the counties when created +have been quoted fully, both for the information they contain and for +the comprehensive geographical knowledge they reveal. They show +painstaking surveys and study to achieve accuracy under the handicap of +lack of roads and bridges. In addition to technical knowledge, the +surveyor needed a sturdy physique to withstand the daily hardships that +were part of his routine work. + +Rockbridge, the name of the new county whose bounds have been described, +commemorated the unique scenic wonder within its confines known as +Natural Bridge. This is a span of stone 215 feet high over Cedar Creek. +Once a trail passed over it and now a modern highway. It has been known +and visited since 1770. + + +WEST OF THE OHIO AND TO THE MISSISSIPPI. ILLINOIS COUNTY FORMED + +Illinois, the last county to be formed in the decade 1770 to 1780 was an +area on the western side of the Ohio River which had been a part of +Augusta County. In the preamble to the Act creating this county, the +Assembly noted with satisfaction that "by a successful expedition +carried on by the Virginia militia on the western side of the Ohio river +several of the British posts within the territory of this commonwealth +in the country adjacent to the river Mississippi have been reduced." +This, of course, was a reference to George Rogers Clark whose exploits +secured the Mississippi Valley area for Virginia and the United States. +Illinois County was a part of the large territory given by Virginia to +the nation in 1783. + + +KENTUCKY COUNTY DIVIDED + +The next event was the division of the unwieldy county of Kentucky into +three parts; Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln, with the towns of +Louisville, Lexington and Harrodsburg for their respective county seats. +Jefferson County was so named to honor Thomas Jefferson, and was the +first honor of this sort accorded him. Fayette was for the beloved ally, +the Marquis de la Fayette and Lincoln for General Benjamin Lincoln of +the Revolution. When compelled to surrender Charleston, South Carolina +to the British, he had endured the humiliation of giving up his sword to +Sir Henry Clinton. In return, when Yorktown was captured and Lord +Cornwallis required to yield his sword, General Lincoln was awarded the +distinction of receiving it. Cornwallis, however, did not appear in +person, and it was his aide who handed the sword to General Lincoln. +From these three counties was formed the present Commonwealth of +Kentucky. + +A division of Brunswick in the south eastern part of the state took +place now and Greensville County came into being. This lay to the east +of a line beginning "two miles above Chapman's ford on Meherrin river +and running a due south course to the boundary line between this state +and North Carolina and from the station aforesaid by another line due +north to Nottoway river." The name selected for this county commemorated +General Nathanael Greene of the Revolution who marched into this area on +his return from the Battle of Guilford Court House. + +In 1782, occurred a division of Bedford County. The eastern end was cut +from the whole and named for General William Campbell, the hero of +King's Mountain, one of the decisive battles of the Revolution. Campbell +lies to the east of a line beginning "at the mouth of Judy's creek on +James river, thence to Thompson's mill on Buffalo creek, thence to the +mouth of Back creek on Goose creek thence the same course continued to +Staunton river." Staunton is the name given the Roanoke River as it +passes through Bedford, Campbell, Charlotte and Halifax Counties. In +Mecklenburg, it resumes its original name of Roanoke and so continues +into Albemarle Sound. + +The next development was Harrison, taken from Monongalia County. +Neither is now a Virginia county, but it is mentioned since it honors +Benjamin Harrison, one of the seven Virginia Signers of the Declaration +of Independence who also completed in 1784, the year the county was +formed, a three year term as Governor of the Commonwealth. + +In the next year, a new county, Nelson, now in Kentucky, was created. +This, too, honored a former Governor and Signer of the Declaration of +Independence, Thomas Nelson. It was his home in Yorktown that Lord +Cornwallis used as his headquarters during the siege and battle. + +In 1786, Franklin was formed out of "that part of the county of Bedford +lying south of Staunton river together with so much of the county of +Henry lying north of a line to be run from the head of Shooting creek to +the west end of Turkeycock mountain, thence along the top of the +mountain to intersect the dividing line between the counties of Henry +and Pittsylvania, thence along that line to the mouth of Blackwater +river." The reason for this name is obvious: all America honored the +achievements of Benjamin Franklin. + + +DEED OF CESSION. VIRGINIA GIVES THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY + +The tempo of western expansion had increased to such an extent that four +counties were formed in 1786. One of these, Hardy, lies now in West +Virginia as does its parent county of Hampshire. It might be well to +explain now, even though out of chronological sequence, the genesis of +West Virginia. In May 1861 when Governor Letcher called out the Virginia +militia, many persons living beyond the Alleghanies throughout that +section of Virginia bordering on Ohio and Pennsylvania were not in +sympathy with his action. The residents of some forty counties held a +convention and were almost unanimous in their desire to break away from +Virginia and form a new state. A constitution was framed which was +ratified by the people in May 1862. The following year, 1863, West +Virginia became a state of the Union and at one blow, Virginia lost a +third of her territory. The loss of the rich coal fields and other +natural resources of West Virginia impoverished the Old Dominion more +severely and made "Reconstruction Days" longer and more difficult than +they might otherwise have been. + +Returning to Hardy County, we learn that it was named for Samuel Hardy +formerly of Isle of Wight County "one of the number who signed the Deed +of Cession which transferred the Northwest Territory to the General +Government." + +Virginia's claim to territory was of long standing, her charters of 1609 +and 1612 giving her dominion to the Pacific Ocean, but no exploration +beyond the Mississippi had been attempted. Her claim of dominion to the +Mississippi, however, was of more substantial character. In 1778 with a +picked force of 180 Virginia riflemen, George Rogers Clark captured the +great Northwest Territory from the English "in one of the most amazing +exploits in American history." This territory Virginia organized as "the +county of Illinois." "But for Clark's conquest the treaty of 1783 might +well have fixed the nation's western boundary at the Alleghanies instead +of at the Mississippi." Almost all the Ohio Valley and parts of +Wisconsin and Michigan were included in this voluntary gift that +Virginia made in 1783 to the weak confederated colonies. In 1785 +Congress passed a Land Ordinance providing for the sale of this land. +"Thus this cession provided the infant republic with its only sure +source of revenue" since at that time "Congress had neither the power to +impose nor the machinery to collect any taxes." + +The other three counties formed in 1786 lie now in Kentucky which, in +1792, was "organized as a state out of Virginia territory with her +consent." These divisions are Mercer and Madison, created out of +Lincoln, and Bourbon out of Fayette. Mercer honored General Hugh Mercer +of the Revolution; Madison, James Madison, later known as the "Father of +the Constitution," and Bourbon, the French reigning family, +particularly Louis XVI who had given aid in the Revolution. + +The next county, Russell, was taken from Washington. Its bounds are: +"all that part of the said county lying within a line to be run along +the Clinch mountain to the Carolina line; thence with that line to the +Cumberland mountain, and the extent of country between the Cumberland +mountain, Clinch mountain and the line of Montgomery county shall be one +distinct county and called and known by the name of Russell." The name +was selected as a tribute to General William Russell "who distinguished +himself at the Battle of King's mountain." Russell remains a Virginia +county. + +Five westward expansions now occur in quick succession. In 1787, from +Harrison was formed Randolph County named for Edmund Randolph, first +Attorney General of the Commonwealth and a member of the Continental +Congress. Both Harrison and Randolph are in West Virginia. Pendleton, +also now in West Virginia, was formed in 1788 from portions of Hardy, +Augusta, and Rockingham counties. It is named for Edmund Pendleton, +President of the Virginia Convention of 1775. + +The next year two new Kentucky counties were formed; Mason from Bourbon +and Woodford from Fayette. The former took its name from George Mason of +"Gunston Hall," author of the Bill of Rights and the latter from General +William Woodford, a native of Caroline County, Virginia who rendered +distinguished service in the Revolution and later moved to Kentucky. + +At the same time, a new county destined to be in West Virginia was +formed from Greenbrier and part of Montgomery counties and given the +name of Kanawha from the river. + +The only one of the counties formed in 1789 that is now in Virginia is +Nottoway. This was comprised of that part of Amelia County "lying south +of a line to begin at a place called Wells bridge on Namozene creek +which divides the said county from the county of Dinwiddie, thence +running through the said county of Amelia so as to strike the line of +Prince Edward county five miles west of a place called Ward's ford on +Appomattox river." Nottoway is an Indian word meaning "a snake, that is, +an enemy." Nottoway River derives its name from the Indian tribe and the +county honors both. + + +1790-1800 EXPANSION IN THE FIRST DECADE AFTER THE REVOLUTION + +The next year a county was cut from Montgomery and named Wythe. It lies +to the "south-west of a line beginning on the Henry line at the head of +Big Reedy Island, from thence to the waggon ford on Peck creek, thence +to the clover bottom on Blue Stone, thence to the Kanawha county line." +The name is for George Wythe, eminent jurist and a Signer of the +Declaration of Independence. Elected in 1779 to the Chair of Law and +Police, recently established at the College of William and Mary, he +"became the first occupant of a chair of law in America, and the second +in the English speaking world." The first chair of law established in +England was at Oxford University, and Sir William Blackstone was the +first professor. + +The year 1791 saw the formation of three counties, all of them +rearrangement of lines in established communities rather than expansion +into new territory. The first was the division of Henry into two +counties: "all that part of the said county lying west of a line +beginning on the line dividing the counties of Henry and Franklin one +mile above where it crosses Town creek, a branch of Smith's river, +thence a parallel line with Pittsylvania line to the country line shall +be one distinct county and called and known by the name of Patrick." The +name, of course, was the given name of the great orator, and since Henry +County bore his surname, the new division took his given name. It is a +county of beautiful mountains with panoramic views. The Fairy Stone +State Park is within its borders. On Fairy Stone Mountain and in the +streams at its base are found tiny stones shaped like crosses. The story +is that the gentle fairy folk when they heard of our Lord's Crucifixion +wept profusely and their tears turned to stone crosses as they fell, a +lasting memorial of their grief. + +The next county, formed in 1791, was Bath. Its bounds are thus +described: "All those parts of the counties of Augusta, Botetourt and +Greenbrier within the following bounds, to wit: beginning at the west +corner of Pendleton county, thence to the top of the ridge dividing the +headwaters of the South branch from those of Jackson's river, thence a +straight line to the lower end of John Redman's plantation on the +Cow-pasture river, thence to the top of the ridge that divides the +waters of the Cow-pasture from those of the Calf-pasture thence along +the same as far as the ridge that divides Hamilton's creek from Mill +creek, thence to the Mill mountain, and with the same to the north +corner of the line of Rockbridge county, thence along the said mountain +crossing the line of Botetourt county to the ridge that divides the +waters of Pad's creek from those of Simpson's creek, thence along the +said ridge to the Cow-pasture river, thence crossing the said river a +direct course and crossing Jackson's river at the mouth of Dunlap's +creek, thence up the same as far as the narrows above the plantation of +David Tate, Senr., so as to leave the inhabitants of the said creek in +Botetourt county, thence a direct course to the top of the Allegany +mountain where the road from the Warm Springs to Greenbrier court house +crosses the said mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain +opposite the headwaters of Anthony's creek, thence a direct course +crossing Greenbrier river to the end of the Droop mountain, thence up +the same to the great Greenbrier mountain thence along the said mountain +to the line of Randolph county thence with the same along the said +mountain dividing the waters of Monongalia and Cheat from those of +Greenbrier river, and thence to its beginning shall form one distinct +county." + +The above is quoted in full since the names used are still in use, and +it is possible to judge from them the extent of the county. Warm Springs +is still in Bath, but Narrows is in Giles County, and Alleghany County +lies between Bath and Giles. + +The name Bath derives from the medical springs within its boundaries, +which for many years during the summer months were visited by persons +from as far south as Louisiana. Families drove up in their carriages and +stayed for months to enjoy the curative effects of the waters and +bracing mountain air. + +The third county formed in 1791 was Mathews which was taken from +Gloucester. It lies "to the eastward of a line to begin at the mouth of +North river, thence up the meanders thereof to the mill, thence up the +eastern branch of the millpond to the head of Muddy creek thence down +the said creek to Piankatank river." The name is said to be in honor of +a Major Thomas Mathews of the Revolution who afterwards was prominent in +the legislature representing the Borough of Norfolk in the House of +Delegates from 1785 to 1791. + +In 1793, there were also three counties formed. One of these, Grayson, +was taken from Wythe as follows: "Beginning in the Washington line where +it joins the Iron Mountain, thence along the said mountain to a spur of +the same that forms Ewing mountain, keeping the ridge that divides the +waters of Cripple and Bush creeks to the top of the said mountain, +thence a straight course to the Popular Camp mountain by Rose's mill +thence to the mouth of Greasy creek thence a straight course to the +Montgomery line." Grayson took its name from Colonel William Grayson, an +officer in the Revolution, member of the Continental Congress and one of +the first two senators elected from Virginia after the adoption of the +Constitution to serve in the Congress of the United States. +Unfortunately his tenure of office was short; he died 12 March 1790. + +Also in 1793, Russell County was divided and all that part "which lies +westwardly of a line beginning on the top of Clinch mountain, one mile +eastwardly of big Maukason gap, thence a direct course to the mouth of +Stock creek thence up the same to Powell's mountain, thence due north to +the Kentucky boundary shall form one distinct county and be called and +known by the name of Lee." The name honored General Henry Lee who was +Governor of Virginia 1791-1794. He is more often called "Light Horse +Harry Lee" from the fact that he commanded, during the Revolution, light +horse cavalry. He was the father of General Robert E. Lee. Lee is the +county farthest to the west and adjoins Tennessee and Kentucky. + +Also in 1793, the county of Madison was formed from Culpeper. Its bounds +were within a line "Beginning at the mouth of Robinson river thence up +the same to the mouth of Crooked run, thence up the said run to the +mountain road where Tennant's church formerly stood, thence a straight +course to the head of Hugh's river in the Blue Ridge, thence the same +course continued to the top of the ridge and to the line of Shenandoah +county, thence westwardly on the top of the ridge with the lines of the +counties of Shenandoah and Rockingham to the line of Orange county to +the beginning." One may wonder that the name Madison was used again, but +at this date the earlier Madison County lay in Kentucky. When in 1792 +Kentucky achieved statehood, it was composed of nine counties formerly +in Virginia; namely: Fayette, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Mercer, +Nelson, Bourbon, Mason and Woodford. + +Four years after Madison County, Virginia was formed, Brooke was cut +from Ohio County. This name was for Robert Brooke, Governor of Virginia +1794 to 1796. He was a grandson of the Robert Brooke who, in 1716, +accompanied Governor Spotswood on the famous expedition across the Blue +Ridge Mountains. Both Brooke and Ohio are now in West Virginia. + +In 1798, Wood was established from Harrison County. It is named for +James Wood, Governor of Virginia 1796 to 1799, and son of Colonel James +Wood, an early settler in the Valley of Virginia, and founder of the +city of Winchester. Wood and Harrison are also West Virginia counties. + +The next county created, also destined to lie in West Virginia, was +Monroe. This was formed from Greenbrier County and named to honor James +Monroe. Born, like General Washington, in Westmoreland County, he had a +long political career culminating in the Presidency of the United +States. The creed he expounded, called the "Monroe Doctrine", is still +followed by our government. + + +THE NEW CENTURY BRINGS SIX NEW COUNTIES 1800-1810 + +As the new century, 1800, came in, Tazewell was formed from Wythe and +Russell counties. Its bounds were all that part of the aforesaid +counties "beginning on the Kanawha line and running with the line which +divides Montgomery and Wythe counties to where the said line crosses the +top of Brushy mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to its +junction with the Garden mountain, thence along the top of the said +mountain to the Clinch mountain, thence along the top of the said +mountain to the head of Cove creek, a branch of the Maiden Spring fork +of Clinch river; thence a straight line to Mann's gap in Kent's ridge; +thence north forty-five degrees west, to the line which divides the +state of Kentucky from that of Virginia; thence along said line to the +Kanawha line and with said line to the place of beginning." The name +honored Henry Tazewell, United States senator from Virginia 1794-1799. + +In 1801, Virginia made a second attempt to honor Thomas Jefferson by +naming the new county taken from Berkeley in his honor. The Jefferson +County formed in 1780 was, in 1801, a part of Kentucky and this new +county was destined to fall in West Virginia; hence no county within the +present confines of the state honors this great Virginian. + +Harper's Ferry, situated in Jefferson County at the confluence of the +Shenandoah with the Potomac River, is as well known for the beauty of +its location as for being the site of John Brown's Raid, the prelude to +civil warfare. Incidentally it may be noted that the Shenandoah afforded +an outlet to market for the produce of the Valley of Virginia since +boats could pass down its waters into the Potomac and thus to Chesapeake +Bay. + +In 1804, the new county of Mason was formed from Kanawha. It was bounded +as follows: "beginning at the mouth of Little Guyandotte River running +from thence to the northwest corner of a survey of 1437-1/2 acres made +for Thomas Lewis in Teaze's valley near the house of Joshua Morris, from +thence to the mouth of Little Hurricane creek, thence crossing the +Kanawha river and taking a dividing ridge between Eighteen Mile and +Pocatallico creeks to the end thereof, thence pursuing a northeast +direction till it intersects the Wood County line to the Ohio, thence +down the Ohio to the beginning." + +Within this county lies Point Pleasant, scene of the famous battle. + +This was the second time that Virginia had attempted to pay honor to +George Mason of "Gunston Hall", author of the Bill of Rights. The +earlier Mason County formed in 1789 became a part of Kentucky three +years later, and the later Mason was destined to lie in West Virginia. +George Mason, Thomas Jefferson and the Marquis de la Fayette are not +represented in the list of Virginia counties. + +The county of Giles formed in 1806 was created from portions of +Montgomery, Monroe and Tazewell counties, and is now a border county +between Virginia and West Virginia. Its boundaries are thus described: +"Beginning at the end of Gauley mountain on New River, where the +counties of Greenbrier and Kanawha intersect, thence up the river with +the Greenbrier and Montgomery lines to the intersection of Monroe line; +thence with the Monroe and Montgomery line to the upper end of Pine's +plantation; thence a straight line to the mouth of Rich creek, leaving +the plantation of Hugh Caperton on the right; thence with the Monroe +line to the intersection of Botetourt County line and with the Botetourt +and Montgomery lines to the top of Gap mountain; thence along the top of +the said mountain to New River crossing the same to the end of Walker's +creek mountain; thence along the top of the said mountain to the +intersection of Wythe county line; thence northwestwardly with said line +to the intersection of Tazewell line, and with the Tazewell and +Montgomery line to the top of Wolf creek mountain; thence along Wolf +creek mountain to a path leading from the Round Bottom to Harman's mill +about three miles below the mouth of Clear Fork of Wolf creek; thence a +straight line to the mouth of Militin's fork; thence a direct line to +the head of Crane creek on the top of the Flat-top mountain; thence a +direct line to the three forks of Guyandotte river; thence down said +river until it intersects Kanawha county line; thence with said line to +the beginning." + +Mountain Lake is situated in Giles County, and is a well-known summer +resort. It is also of interest for the wide range of plant life found in +its vicinity. Members of the University of Virginia's Biological +Department maintain a field station there and in the summer study the +wide variety of plants growing nearby. + +Giles County was named in honor of William B. Giles who in 1800 was +prominent in Virginia politics. He later served as Governor 1827-1830. + +In 1808 Amherst County was divided according to its parish lines, the +western or upper part of the county which lay in Lexington Parish +retained the name of Amherst, and the lower or more eastern part took +the name of Nelson. This as will be recalled was the second attempt to +honor Governor Thomas Nelson, whose Yorktown home still holds buried in +its eastern wall two cannon balls, grim mementoes of the battle of +Yorktown. + +Virginia has believed in honoring the men who have held the +gubernatorial office, nineteen having been thus commemorated, and Cabell +County formed in 1809 carried on the tradition. It honored William H. +Cabell, who served from 1805 until 1808 when he was chosen judge of the +General Court. It later fell into West Virginia, and lies along the Ohio +River. + + +1810-1820, DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES, FIVE NEW COUNTIES + +In 1814, a Virginia county was formed from parts of Lee, Russell and +Washington and named Scott. This name was selected because of General +Winfield Scott, a native of Virginia who achieved fame because of his +successes in the War of 1812. Later in the Mexican War he decisively +defeated the Mexicans at Chapultepec, entering Mexico City as conqueror. +As a result of this war some 850,000 square miles became United States +territory. + +The bounds of Scott County are as follows: "Beginning at the head of +Reedy creek where the wagon road crosses the same in the county of +Washington thence down the Tennessee line to the south fork of Clinch +river thence northward passing the Flag Pond to the top of Powell's +mountain in Lee County and along it to the county of Russell and with it +to the Kentucky line, thence along Cumberland mountain to the head of +Guese's river thence down the Clinch mountain thence to the western end +of Samuel Hensley's plantation and thence to the beginning." + +"The wagon road" mentioned in the above description is most likely the +so-called "Wilderness Road" over which many west bound settlers +laboriously toiled. The other route west that was often used was north +to the present Pittsburgh and down the Ohio river. Powell's Mountain and +the river of that name commemorate Ambrose Powell of Culpeper County, +one of the earliest explorers of Kentucky who accompanied Doctor Thomas +Walker there in 1749. In Scott County is the Natural Tunnel, a rare +formation through which the trains of the Southern Railway Company pass +regularly en route to Tennessee. + +Tyler, the next county established, lies now in the northwestern part of +West Virginia along the Ohio River but commemorates a Tidewater +Virginian, John Tyler, Sr. He was born at "Greenway" Charles City +County and served as Governor 1808-1811. His fame has been somewhat +obscured by that of his son, John Tyler, junior, President of the United +States. + +The next county formed, Lewis, which was cut from Harrison, also lay +later in West Virginia in the north central area. It derived its name +from a heroic soldier, Colonel Charles Lewis who was killed at the +Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Point Pleasant, situated near the +confluence of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio River was the scene of a +day-long bloody battle between the Virginia troops and Indian warriors +led by Cornstalk and Logan. General Andrew Lewis, brother of Colonel +Charles, was the commanding officer. The battle was hardly decisive and +General Lewis wished to follow and annihilate the fleeing enemy. Lord +Dunmore, in command of another detachment which arrived later, forbade +this and allowed the Indians to escape. This may have been one of the +reasons that influenced the Indians throughout the Revolution to espouse +the British cause. + +The establishment of Lewis County in 1816 was followed two years later +by that of another county, Preston, formed from Monongalia, lying in the +northeast corner of West Virginia, and adjoining Pennsylvania and +Maryland. Preston County honored James Patton Preston, Governor of +Virginia 1816-1819. + +Parts of Greenbrier, Kanawha and Randolph were made into the new county +of Nicholas in the same year that Preston was organized. Nicholas lies +to the east of Charleston, the capital of West Virginia. Its name +derives from Wilson Cary Nicholas, Governor of Virginia 1814-1816, and +predecessor of Governor Preston. + + +1820-1830 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS IMPROVE, FOUR NEW COUNTIES + +The next county to be created was taken from Hampshire and Berkeley and +represented a northern rather than a western expansion. It received the +name Morgan from General Daniel Morgan, one of the outstanding generals +of the Revolution who defeated Colonel Tarleton in the Battle of the +Cowpens. + +The bounds of Morgan County are thus set forth: "Beginning at the mouth +of Cherry's Run at the river Potomac in the county of Berkeley, thence +up the middle of said Run to its source, thence due west to the top of +Sleepy Creek Mountain, thence along the top of said mountain to the line +that separates the counties of Frederick and Berkeley, thence with the +said line to the county of Hampshire, thence a direct line until it +strikes the river Potomac opposite Mitchell's Rock and thence by the +river Potomac to the beginning." + +Pocahontas County created in 1821, a year after Morgan had been formed, +and likewise a West Virginia county, lies in the southeastern section of +the state opposite the Virginia county of Alleghany. Its name was a long +delayed tribute to the fine character and achievements of the Indian +maid Pocahontas. She both aided the settlers at Jamestown with gifts of +sorely needed food, and by her marriage to John Rolfe secured eight +years of peace for them. This period was vital to their survival. + +Pocahontas lies in a mountainous region rich in bituminous coal +deposits, so much so that Pocahontas coal is known everywhere. The +description of the county's bounds notes the lines of Greenbrier, Bath, +Randolph and Pendleton counties and "Randolph court House." This is the +first mention of a courthouse anywhere in this area. + +After discussing eight counties now in West Virginia, we come to a +Virginia county, Alleghany, formed in 1822 from Botetourt, Bath and +Monroe counties. It is the name the Delaware Indians gave both the Ohio +and the Alleghany rivers, but its origin is uncertain. Presumably, the +mountains took their name from the river. Within the bounds of Alleghany +County the Jackson and the Cow-pasture rivers unite to form the James +River, the longest river in the state and the most important in its +early history. + +Its bounds were thus described: "beginning at the top of the middle of +Potts' mountain, where the road leading from Fincastle to the Sweet +Springs crosses the same; thence with said road to the top of Peter's +mountain; thence a straight line to the Greenbrier county line on the +top of the Alleghany mountain so as to pass between the Sweet and Red +springs; thence with the top of the Alleghany or Greenbrier line to a +certain point so that a straight line drawn thence to include in the new +county Captain Henry Massie's plantation in the Falling Spring Valley +may also include Archibald Morriss's plantation on Jackson's river in +said new county; thence a straight line from the said Massie's across +the Cow-pasture river immediately below William Griffin's on said river +to the Rockbridge county line; thence with said line to a point in the +Rockbridge and Botetourt line so that a line drawn from thence will pass +at or near the junction of Jackson's and Cow-pasture rivers to the +nearest part of the Rich Patch mountain; and this line to be so run as +to leave the house and yard of Captain John Jordan in the county of +Botetourt; thence with the highest points of the said Rich Patch +mountain next to Craig's creek so as to include the inhabitants of the +Rich Patch in said new county, to a point at which it unites with Potts' +mountain, thence with the top of the said mountain to the beginning." + +In 1824 the county of Logan was formed from portions of Giles, Cabell, +Tazewell and Kanawha counties. It lay in the southwestern part of the +present West Virginia not far from the Kentucky line. The name derives +from the Mingo Indian chieftain whose famous speech preserved by Thomas +Jefferson was long a popular selection for young would-be orators. + + +1830-1840 LARGE INCREASE IN POPULATION NECESSITATES FOURTEEN NEW +COUNTIES + +For seven years, there was no further expansion until in 1831 when the +Virginia county of Floyd was formed. This was taken from that part of +Montgomery County adjacent to the counties of Franklin, Patrick and +Grayson. The name is in honor of John Floyd, Governor of Virginia +1830-1834. It is a beautiful county of high mountains, fertile valleys +and good blue-grass pasture land. + +Its bounds were thus prescribed: "Beginning at the widow Litterell's, +thence a straight line to John Thrasher's; thence a straight line to +John Cooper's old place; thence a straight line to where the Waggon road +crosses the Laurel ridge; from thence along the highest part of said +ridge to Little river; and down the same to Mack's mountain; and with +the same to the Grayson line and with the same to the Patrick line and +with the same to the Franklin line and with the same to the line of +Montgomery and Franklin, opposite the widow Litterell's; from thence a +straight line to the beginning." + +In addition to Floyd, Fayette County was also formed in 1831. This +county, the second attempt Virginia had made to honor the Marquis de la +Fayette, fell later into West Virginia. Taken from parts of Logan, +Greenbrier, Nicholas and Kanawha, Fayette lies in the southeastern part +of the state, and is traversed by the New River. + +The lengthy description of its bounds notes several streams besides the +New River; namely: Lick creek, Meadow river, Mill creek, Gauley river, +Twenty Mile creek, Kanawha river, Guyandotte and Cole (Coal) river. For +the first time we find mention of a turnpike, "the Kanawha turnpike." In +the decade 1820-1830, a great interest in highways developed, and +turnpikes and toll roads became numerous. In Virginia a well-known toll +road ran through the Valley of Virginia called "the Valley Pike." +National highway Route Number 11 largely follows its path. + +The third county created in 1831 also is now a West Virginia county, +Jackson. Formed from Mason, Kanawha and Wood, Jackson lies in the +western part of the state along the Ohio River south of Parkersburg. It +was named for General Andrew Jackson, then in his first term as +President of the United States. A song popular at that time carried +these two lines complimenting his exploits: + + "Glory be to Jackson for the Battle of New Orleans + For there he gave the enemy the hot butter-beans" + +referring to his victory over the British in the battle of that name. + +We come back to Virginia now and discuss the fourth county created in +1831. Formed from Shenandoah and Rockingham counties, it lies in the +Valley of Virginia with the famed Luray Cavern within its borders. It +was named in honor of John Page, Governor of Virginia 1802-1805. + +Its bounds are as follows: "Beginning at a point in the line of the +counties of Rockingham and Orange on the top of the Blue Ridge opposite +to the headwaters of Naked creek in the county of Rockingham; thence a +straight line to the headwaters of said creek; thence with the +meanderings of said creek to its junction with the South river; thence +down the bed of said river to the upper end of Michael Shuler's island; +thence a straight line to the mouth of Shuler's run; thence with the +main branch of said run to its source; thence a straight line to the top +of the Massanutten mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to its +termination near Daniel Clem's; thence to the top of the eastern Fort +mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to a point opposite to +the mouth of Cunningham's run in the county of Shenandoah; thence a +straight line to the mouth of said run; thence with the said run to its +source; thence to a point in a direct line to the top of the Blue Ridge +in the line of the two counties of Shenandoah and Culpeper; and thence +with the top of the Blue Ridge to the beginning." + +From Washington and Wythe in 1832 was established the new county of +Smyth situated in the southwestern section of Virginia and extending to +the North Carolina line. The name derives from General Alexander Smyth +of Wythe County, Inspector General of the Army in 1812 and Member of +Congress 1817-1825, 1827-1830. A portrait of him by Saint Memin is in +the Corcoran Art Gallery. + +The bounds of the county are set forth as follows: "Beginning on the +main stage road at a bridge in a hollow at a point where the spring +branch of Phillip Griever deceased crosses the same; thence a direct +line, passing equidistant between Preston's and King's salt wells to the +line of Russell county; and from the said point on the main stage road +aforesaid where the said spring branch crosses the same running south +twenty-five degrees east to the southern boundary of Washington county; +and beginning on the main stage coach road leading by Abingdon and Wythe +courthouse, ten miles by the said road dividing Washington and Wythe +counties; running thence northwest to the northern boundary of Wythe +county and southeast to the southern boundary of Wythe county. The said +line through Wythe county running precisely parallel with the line +aforesaid through Washington County." + +In the above we note the great development that had taken place in this +section, a "stagecoach road" and two towns, Abingdon and Wythe +Courthouse, being mentioned for the first time. A road over which a +heavy stagecoach could travel was a big advance over the bridle paths +and "rolling roads" of the preceding century. + +In 1833, Rappahannock also a Virginia county, was established. This was +taken from Culpeper County and named for the river which traverses it, +and which, likely took its name from the Indian tribe living along its +banks. The settlers first called this river Pembroke in honor of William +Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke and brother-in-law of the famous Sir +Philip Sydney. The Earl was a member of the Virginia Company of London +and invested four hundred pounds sterling in the enterprise. + +The bounds of Rappahannock County were as follows: "Beginning at the +corner of Madison and Culpeper counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge +of mountains and running thence with the line of said counties to the +point where it is intersected by Hugh's river above the junction of +Hugh's and Hazel's rivers; thence with Hugh's river to the junction of +the aforesaid rivers; thence to a bend in the river near a point called +the Giant's castle; thence to Horner's mill upon the Fauquier and +Culpeper line; thence with said line to the corner of the aforesaid +counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge, thence with said mountain to +the beginning." + +The next county established in this continuous effort to make due +processes of law and order accessible to all lies now in the northern +tip of West Virginia. It is called Marshall, honoring John Marshall who +died in 1835, the year of the county's creation. John Marshall's career +and achievements are too well known to be recounted here; suffice it to +say that in his lengthy tenure as its Chief Justice he gave plan, +directive and purpose to the Supreme Court of the United States. + +The bounds of Marshall County were set forth as being "all that part of +the lower end of the county of Ohio lying south of a line beginning on +the Ohio river at a stone to be fixed on the bank of said river, one +half mile above the mouth of Buggs' run; thence a direct line to the +northern boundary of the town of West Union and thence continuing the +same course to the Pennsylvania line." + +In 1836 Braxton, also at present a West Virginia county, was created +from portions of Lewis and Nicholas counties. Its name honors Carter +Braxton, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, the last one of +the Virginia signers to receive this distinction. + +The description of its bounds though long is of interest because of the +number of place names used and is therefore quoted: "beginning at Salt +Works road at the head of Barbecue run and running thence with the +dividing ridge of the Kanawha and Monongalia waters to the head of the +Fall run; thence along the leading ridge to the forks of the Little +Kanawha; thence up the right hand fork to its head; thence with the +dividing ridge between Kanawha, Buchanan and Elk waters, to the corner +of Randolph and Nicholas county line; thence with the said line to the +top of the Point mountain above the Fork lick; thence along the top of +the Point mountain to the end thereof; thence a straight line to Joseph +Priam's (so as to include Joseph Priam's lands within the boundary of +the new county); thence a straight line to the top of the ridge between +Big and Little Birch rivers, and down said ridge to the mouth of Little +Birch river; thence a straight line to the mouth of the Rock-camp fork +of Big Buffalo (above Young's Bottoms); thence down the same to its +mouth, crossing Elk river; thence to the Lewis and Kanawha county line +at a point where a straight line to the mouth of the Long Shoal run will +include Jacob Shock on Steer creek within the boundary of the new +county; thence up the said Long Shoal run to the top of the ridge +between the Sand fork and Little Kanawha; thence with the dividing ridge +to the head of the left hand fork of the Three lick fork of Oil creek; +thence to its mouth; thence to the main fork of Oil creek; thence up the +Clover lick fork to the beginning." + +From almost the center of the present state of West Virginia, we now +return to Virginia and note the creation from Frederick of the new +county of Clarke. Braxton, Clarke and Warren were all established in the +year 1836. Clarke, though incorrectly spelled pays honor to that native +of Albemarle County who won the Northwest Territory for the Continental +Congress, George Rogers Clark. The county, cut from the eastern part of +Frederick, adjoins Jefferson, Loudoun and Fauquier. + +Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning at the point in the Blue Ridge +where the line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Loudoun meets the +line dividing the counties of Frederick and Loudoun, thence with the +line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Frederick to the middle of +the Opequon creek; thence up the middle of the Opequon to the mouth of +Wright's branch; thence up that stream to the mouth of Nations Spring +run; thence a direct line until it reaches Colin Leach's corner, next +to major Seth Mason's land on the road to Nineveh; thence eastwardly by +a direct line, passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor +James Hay and James M. Hite, to a point on the Shenandoah river, at the +mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run, on the north side of the Shenandoah +river; thence from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest +top of the Blue Ridge of mountains; and thence on the eastern boundary +of Frederick county to the beginning." + +Curtilage, used for the first time in any description, is a law term +denoting the fenced-in area adjoining a dwelling house or a courtyard. +The term often used now is dependencies. + +Warren, the third county created in 1836, lies over the Blue Ridge from +and a little to the south of Clarke. Its territory was taken from those +portions of Shenandoah and Frederick counties that adjoined "the +counties of Rappahannock and Fauquier in the southern part thereof." The +name honors the brave soldier Major General Joseph Warren who fell in +the Battle of Bunker Hill. + +The bounds of Warren County which mention some places noted in Clarke +County's bounds are as follows: "Beginning at the top of the Blue Ridge +where the counties of Shenandoah and Page corner on the Rappahannock +county line; thence west with the Page line to the top of the southeast +Fort mountain; thence north with the top of said mountain to its +termination at the mouth of Powel's fort; thence a straight line from +the top of said mountain to the nearest top of the Three top mountain; +thence with the top of said mountain to the high peak opposite +Strasburg; thence a straight line to Hoffman's ford across the north +branch of Shenandoah river; thence down the bed of said river to the +mouth of Cedar creek on the north side of said river; thence up said +creek to where the Winchester and Staunton stage road crosses said +creek; thence a straight line to Zion meeting-house in Frederick county; +thence with the main road leading towards the White post until it +reaches Colin Leache's corner, a point on said road; then eastwardly by +a direct line passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor +James Hay and James M. Hite; to a point on Burden's March run; thence by +a direct line to a point on the Shenandoah river at the mouth of +Fauntleroy's mill run on the north side of the Shenandoah river; thence +from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest top of the +Blue Ridge; thence a southwest course with the top of said Blue Ridge to +the beginning." + +The next year, 1837, Mercer, now in West Virginia but adjoining Giles +County, Virginia, was formed. The Act authorizing its creation is as +follows: "All that part of the counties of Giles and Tazewell contained +within the following boundary lines ... shall form one distinct and new +county and be called and known by the name of Mercer county in memory of +general Hugh Mercer who fell at Princeton." Appropriately the county +seat of Mercer County is Princeton. + +In 1838 the Virginia counties of Greene and Roanoke were set up. + +The Act for the former county is as follows: "So much of the county of +Orange as it lies next to and adjoining the counties of Madison, +Rockingham and Albemarle and west of a line beginning at Cave's old mill +(now James Jackson's) on the Madison county line and running thence a +straight line to where Whitelow's mill run intersects the Albemarle +county line shall form one distinct and new county and be called and +known by the name of Greene county in memory of general Nathaniel Greene +who served his country in the revolutionary war." + +It may be mentioned that this is the second county in Virginia honoring +General Greene. The correct spelling for his first name is Nathanael. + +In Greene County lies Swift Run Gap. This is the gap in the Blue Ridge +mountains over which in September 1715, Governor Spotswood led his +adventurous band into the beautiful Valley of Virginia. Westward +expansion began at this date. + +The second county created in 1838 was Roanoke composed of that portion +of Botetourt lying next to the southwestern parts of Montgomery, +Franklin and Bedford. Roanoke was the name applied by the early +colonists to the shell-beads of different colors used by the Indians as +a medium of exchange. The river had long been known as Roanoke, hence it +seems likely that the county took its name from the river. + +Roanoke County is thus bounded: "beginning at a point on the Blue ridge +which divides the counties of Bedford and Botetourt, thence northwest to +the house now the residence of John Bonsack on Glade creek so as to +include the said Bonsack in the new county, thence a line to the house +of Thomas Barnes including said Barnes in the county, and so as to leave +John W. Thompson in the county of Botetourt, thence a straight line +crossing the Catawba Valley at a point one mile due north of Mrs. +Garwood's; thence crossing Craig's creek (passing the house of John +Spessard on Craig's creek so as to leave the said Spessard in the old +county) to the top of the mountain which divides the waters of Craig's +creek and Sinking creek, thence westwardly along the top of the mountain +to the point where the lines of Botetourt, Montgomery and Giles counties +meet, thence with the line which divided the county of Botetourt from +the county of Montgomery to the point at which the said line joins the +Bedford line, thence with the Bedford line to the beginning." + +In this same area in the following year the county of Pulaski was +created from the western end of Montgomery and the eastern end of Wythe. +Its name honored the Polish patriot Count Casimir Pulaski who, exiled +from his homeland, came to America and joined General Washington's army. +He participated in important engagements and finally fell on 11 October +1779 unsuccessfully defending Savannah, Georgia. + +The bounds of Pulaski County are thus set forth: "beginning at a line +dividing the county of Giles from Montgomery on New river, thence with +same line to the head of a hollow above Hiram Davis's on Little Walker's +creek; thence to a point on the main road between the lands of John T. +Sayers and Harvey Shepherd including the plantation of David G. +Shepherd, thence to the mouth of Pine run on New river, thence to the +Grayson county line; including Sally King's plantation on Reed island; +thence with the Grayson line to the Floyd line, and with the same to the +mouth of Indian creek on Little river, and with the same including the +farm of Creed Taylor to New river, and with the same to the beginning." + + +1840-1850 FLOOD TIDE, SIXTEEN NEW COUNTIES + +Three years elapsed before another county was needed and it was not +until 1842 that the county of Marion was formed from the southern part +of Monongalia and the northern part of Harrison. The name given it was +"in honor to and in memory of general Francis Marion who served his +country in the war of the revolution." This county now lies in West +Virginia. + +Also in 1842, a new county in the southwestern area of Virginia was +formed from Grayson. It was thus bounded: "beginning on the North +Carolina line at or near Fisher's peak and running thence a straight +line across the said county of Grayson (so as to cross Chestnut creek +near the ford at major James Anderson's) to the line of Wythe county +thence along said Wythe line to the line of Pulaski county thence along +said Pulaski line to line of Floyd county, thence along said Floyd line +to the line of Patrick; thence along the said Patrick line to the North +Carolina line thence along said North Carolina line to the point of +beginning ... and be called and known by the name of Carroll in memory +of Charles Carroll of Carrollton." Charles Carroll, one of the Maryland +Signers of the Declaration of Independence, had been the last survivor +of this noble group, dying in 1832 at the age of 95 years. + +The third county created in 1842, Wayne, taken from the western part of +Cabell lay along the Ohio river and is now in West Virginia. This new +division was to "be called and known by the name of Wayne county in +memory and in honor of general Anthony Wayne." + +Two counties destined to be in West Virginia were set up in 1843. The +first of these was Ritchie in the western part of the state created from +portions of Lewis, Harrison and Wood. The name honors Thomas Ritchie, +"founder and long the able editor of the _Richmond Enquirer_ and 'father +of democracy' in Virginia." + +The other county, Barbour, lying in the northeastern part of the state +was established from areas of Harrison, Lewis and Randolph. The +description of its bounds besides mentioning the usual rivers and ridges +names also several persons which always draws the reader's interest. +Some of these are: "Rueben Davisson's farm," "the old farm now occupied +by Samuel Bartlett," "William Bean's," "Samuel Black's residence" and +"the widow Corley's corner tree." + +The name of the county was "in honour to and in memory of Philip Barbour +of Virginia." Appropriately the county seat is Philippi. Judge Barbour, +a native of Orange County, Virginia, where his home "Frascati" still +stands, achieved distinction as a Judge of the Supreme Court. He had +died the year before the county was formed. + +Taylor County, also in the northeastern part of West Virginia was formed +in 1844 from sections of Harrison, Barbour and Marion. Its bounds +mention "the residence of Anderson Corbin," "the residence of James +M'Daniell," "the residence of Joseph Bailey," "the farm of John H. +Woodford" and others. + +The name of the county honors General Zachary Taylor, twelfth President +of the United States, a native of Orange County, Virginia. He had a +distinguished military career, serving in the Black Hawk, Seminole and +Mexican Wars. + +The determination on the part of Virginia's General Assembly to render +justice more easy and accessible to all its citizens was as strong in +1845 when parts of Lewis and Kanawha counties became Gilmer County as it +had been two centuries earlier. It was the unifying purpose in all +development. + +The name Gilmer takes us to Albemarle County, Virginia, where Thomas +Walker Gilmer, elected Governor of Virginia in 1840, was born. He was +grandson of Doctor Thomas Walker of "Castle Hill," Albemarle County who +was the first to explore Southwest Virginia and Kentucky. + +At the same time that Gilmer was formed, the county which lies to the +north of it was established. Both are now in West Virginia. The bounds +of Doddridge County, as noted in the Act of Assembly creating it, list +several waterways including Hughes's and Monongahela rivers but the most +interesting land mark named is "the Northwestern turnpike road at +tollgate number eleven." This shows steadily advancing development in +transportation, for earlier there had been references to wagon roads, +then to stagecoach roads and now to a turnpike with the regular +tollgates to provide funds for maintenance. + +The name honors the memory of Philip Doddridge of Brooke County, who was +a prominent member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-30. +He was an advocate of the wishes of the western portion of the state to +have representation based upon white population exclusively. This motion +failed and a compromise constitution was agreed upon. Philip Doddridge +died in Washington, D. C. in 1832 while serving as a member of Congress. + +After discussing six counties now in West Virginia, we come now to the +county of Appomattox formed in 1845 from portions of Buckingham, Prince +Edward, Charlotte and Campbell. The name derives from the river which +traverses the county. + +Its bounds are thus defined: "Beginning at the mouth of David's creek on +James river; thence a straight line to the head of Holleway creek; +thence down the same as it meanders to Appomattox river; thence down +the same to the Cutbanks; thence a straight line to the mouth of Cabin +branch on Vaughan's creek; thence up the said creek to its head; thence +a straight line to Merryman's or Land's; thence along the public road +leading by M'Kinney's old store to the fork of the Lynchburg road about +a mile north of the Red house; thence a straight line to the old mill +formerly owned by William Harvey; thence along the Lynchburg road to the +mill formerly owned by Samuel Branch, esquire, on Falling river; thence +up the said river to the mouth of Reedy creek; thence a straight line to +Hunter's old tavern (now Glovers); thence a straight line to Sterling C. +Anderson's; thence a straight line to the mouth of Scott's branch about +a mile before the mouth of Joshua's creek on James river; and thence +down the said river to the beginning." + +In 1846, in the northwestern portion of the present state of West +Virginia, the new county of Wetzel was set up from Tyler. The following +landowners are named as living within its bounds: "James Peden (or +Paden), Richard Anchrom and Rueben Martin, esquire." The county was so +called "in honor of Louis Wetzel, the distinguished frontiersman and +Indian scout, the Boone of Northwestern Virginia." + +As if feeling this action a little unfair, the Assembly next year, when +a new county was to be created, named it Boone "in honor to and in +memory of Daniel Boone the well known pioneer of the western frontier +settlements." Boone was taken from parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Logan +counties and lies south of Charleston, the state capital. + +In this same year, the county of Alexandria was added to Virginia's +jurisdiction. The Assembly enacted "That the territory comprising the +county of Alexandria in the District of Columbia heretofore ceded by +this commonwealth to the United States and by an act of congress +approved on the ninth day of July eighteen hundred and forty-six +retroceded to this commonwealth, and by it accepted, is hereby declared +to be an integral portion of this commonwealth and the citizens thereof +are hereby declared to be subject to all the provisions, and entitled to +all the benefits, rights and privileges of the bill of rights and +constitution of this commonwealth." + +In 1791, to aid in establishing the Federal City, as Washington was +sometimes called, Virginia gave to the United States certain land taken +from Fairfax County to form a part of the District of Columbia. In the +Act quoted above it has been seen that the United States retroceded to +Virginia that part of the District of Columbia which comprised the +county of Alexandria. The name in 1920 was changed to Arlington. + +Across the state from Alexandria the new county of Highland came into +being in 1847, being taken from parts of Pendleton and Bath. Its bounds +are thus given: "Beginning where the North river gap road crosses the +Augusta county line, and running thence to the top of Jackson's mountain +so as to leave Jacob Hiver's mansion house in Pendleton county; thence +to Andrew Fleisher's so as to include his mansion house in the new +county; thence to the highlands between the Dry run and Crab bottom; and +thence along the top of the High Knob; thence north sixty-five degrees +west to Pocahontas county line; thence along said county line to the +plum orchard on the top of the Alleghany mountains; thence to Adam +Stephenson's mansion house on Jackson's river in Bath county so as to +include Thomas Campbell's mansion house on Back creek and also said Adam +Stephenson's in the new county; thence to Andrew H. Byrd's mansion house +on the Cow-pasture river so as to include the same in the new county, +and so as to leave the dwelling house of William M'Clintick, jr. in Bath +county; thence south sixty-five degrees east to the Augusta county line +and thence with said line to the beginning." + +The name of the county is derived from its exceptionally high altitude, +and the name of its county seat, Monterey, reflects the popular interest +felt in the victory General Taylor had just won over the Mexicans at the +Battle of Monterey. + +After the formation of Highland County five counties destined to lie in +West Virginia were established. The first of these, Hancock, created in +1848 out of Brooke, lies in the extreme northern tip of the present +state between the Ohio river and the Pennsylvania state line. Its name +honors the first Signer of the Declaration of Independence, whose +distinguished signature is familiar through countless reproductions. + +In this same year from portions of Jackson and Wood counties was formed +Wirt. This is in the northwestern area of the state not far from +Parkersburg. In the description of bounds, only three land owners are +named, John Stephens, junior, John P. Thomasson and William Goff. + +The name of the county honored the distinguished lawyer, William Wirt, +who had died a few years before. He had served as Attorney General of +the United States from 1817 to 1829 and had been a candidate for the +Presidency on the Anti-Masonic ticket in 1832. He is best remembered for +his life of Patrick Henry. + +The third county created in 1848 was Putnam, composed of parts of +Kanawha, Cabell and Mason counties, and lying to the west of the city of +Charleston. Its name recalls a hero of the Revolutionary War, General +Israel Putnam who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bunker Hill and +became a popular hero. + + +1850-1860 EBBING TIDE, TWELVE COUNTIES + +The year 1850 saw the formation of two more counties now in West +Virginia. The first one, Raleigh, was taken from the southern part of +Fayette. In its bounds, the lands of Isaac Sonners and Jackson Jarrell, +and the New, Coal, and Guyandotte rivers are noted. The name was "in +memory of Sir Walter Raleigh who made the earliest effort to colonize +Virginia." It is pleasant to see that Virginia finally recognized her +debt to this valiant soul, even though it was tardily done, for he died +in 1618. + +A few days after Raleigh became a county, the Virginia Assembly enacted +that the county of Wyoming be erected out of the county of Logan. +Wyoming lies in the southern central portion of West Virginia. The +reason for the name is obscure, whether it was for the beautiful Wyoming +Valley in north central Pennsylvania watered by the Susquehanna River, +or for the brutal massacre of its inhabitants on 4 July 1778 by a +British and Indian force is unknown. + +Half of the nineteenth century has passed and our narrative has only a +few more years to chronicle. In 1851, three counties were formed. One of +these, Craig, remained in Virginia. It was taken from parts of +Botetourt, Roanoke, Giles and Monroe. + +Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning on the top of the Middle mountain +at the corner of Monroe and Alleghany counties, near Achilles Dews, and +running with the Alleghany line to the top of Peters' mountain; thence +westward along the top of said mountain to a point nearby opposite to +the house of Boston Rowan; thence crossing Potts' creek to a point one +fourth of a mile below said Rowan's so as to leave said Rowan's in the +county of Monroe; thence a southwestern direction to the top of Potts' +mountain, so as to leave Armentrout, Fridley and Rose in Monroe; thence +westward along the top of said mountain to a point opposite Colonel R. +M. Hutchinson's on John's creek, and thence a straight line including +said Hutchinson in the new county, and crossing Sinking creek valley to +William Niday's, including said Niday in the new county, to the +Montgomery line; thence eastward with the Montgomery line to the corner +of Roanoke and Montgomery; thence with the Roanoke line to the top of +Brush mountain; thence eastward along said mountain, crossing the Cove +branch where John Carper formerly lived; thence along the same range of +mountains passing near Lilburn Doss's, crossing Stone Coal gap; thence +along the same range of mountains, crossing Price's turnpike road to a +point opposite Daniel Sizer's; thence a northwestern direction crossing +Craig's creek above said Sizer's to a point one mile from Craig's creek +on the ridge; thence to Andrew Persinger's on Barber's creek; thence to +the Alleghany line and with the same to the beginning." + +The name of the county honored Robert Craig, member of Congress from +Virginia 1829-1834, 1835-1841. + +In the same month in which Craig was set up, the new county of Upshur +was created from parts of Randolph, Barbour and Lewis, all now in West +Virginia. The starting point in the description of its bounds reads as +follows: "Beginning at a rock or milestone on the Staunton and +Parkersburg turnpike road ten miles east of Weston in Lewis County." +This shows that transportation had developed sufficiently to connect +places on the Ohio River with other sections of Virginia. + +Upshur County took its name from Abel P. Upshur whom President Tyler +appointed Secretary of State to succeed Daniel Webster. Upshur was +killed 28 February 1844 by the explosion of a new type of cannon which +was being tested on the U.S.S. _Princeton_. + +Also in March 1851, from the counties of Tyler, Wood and Ritchie the new +county of Pleasants was established. This lies in the area around +Parkersburg in the northwestern part of West Virginia, along the Ohio +River. The name honored the memory of James Pleasants, Governor of +Virginia, 1822 to 1825, member of a family long resident and prominent +in the state. + +Five years passed and in the interval population had increased to such +an extent in the western part of Virginia that four county governments +had to be set up to take care of legal needs. One of these, Wise, formed +from portions of Lee, Scott and Russell counties, remains in Virginia. +The name honored Henry A. Wise, Governor of Virginia 1856-1860. + +The bounds of the county were as follows: "Beginning at the break of +Cumberland mountain on the Kentucky and Virginia line where the Pound +fork of Sandy breaks through the Cumberland mountain; thence up the +Pound fork to the mouth of Crane's nest, a water of said Pound fork; +thence with the dividing ridge between the waters of Crane's nest and +McLure's, to William Taylor's farm, including said Taylor's farm in the +new county; thence a straight line to the mouth of Lick creek; thence +down Clinch river to the mouth of Guest's river; thence up Guest's river +one mile; thence a straight line to the Camp rock south of the High +Knob; thence a straight line to the Pole fence on Little Powell's +mountain, on the line dividing Scott and Lee counties; thence with said +county line to the head of Stock creek including the farm of Zachariah +N. Wells in the said county; thence a straight line to the Cedar gap +near Powell's river; thence a straight line to the dividing ridge +between the waters of Crab orchard and Pigeon fork; thence with said +dividing ridge to the Kentucky line and thence with the Kentucky line to +the beginning." + +In the Act creating the county it was ordered that the "said seat of +justice shall be known as Gladesville," but the present county seat is +called Wise. + +As has been said, Wise was the only one of the four counties erected in +1856 that remains in Virginia. The next county formed was Calhoun taken +from the lower portion of Gilmer County beginning at the West Fork of +the Little Kanawha River. The name derives from the great South Carolina +statesman who succeeded Abel P. Upshur as Secretary of State and was +long outstanding in politics. + +At the same time that Calhoun became an entity, parts of the counties of +Kanawha, Jackson, and Gilmer lying a little to the west of Calhoun +became Roane County. The description of its bounds is startling when it +mentions "the Ravenswood and California turnpike in Jackson county," but +later we learn that California is a town in Jackson County. + +With regard to Roane County, "its name and that of its seat of justice, +Spencer, commemorate that of him [Spencer Roane] whose life and public +services added lustre to the annals of Virginia jurisprudence." Spencer +Roane was "judge of the Supreme Bench 1794 to 1822." + +The next county was Tucker formed out of the northeastern portion of +Randolph County and adjoining also the counties of Hardy, Preston and +Pendleton. The county seat appropriately bore the name of Saint George. +The county was "named in honor of Saint George Tucker the eminent +Virginia jurist while the seat of justice derives its name from Saint +George Tucker who was Clerk of the House of Delegates at the time the +county was formed." + +Two years later in 1858, three more counties were established, one of +which, Buchanan, was destined to remain in Virginia, and the other two +in West Virginia. + +McDowell, one of the two, was taken from the northwest portion of +Tazewell County and remains a border county between the two states, "The +ridge between Abb's Valley and Sandy" is one of the bounding lines noted +in the description; it recalls the Indian Massacre that occurred in that +Valley and the many stories related about it. + +The name of the county honors James McDowell, elected Governor of +Virginia in 1843 and serving until 1846. + +Clay County formed also in 1858 was created out of the southern part of +Braxton County and the northern part of Nicholas. Among the property +owners whose lands were mentioned as within its bounds, were Thomas +Jarvis, jr., James Rogers, Charles Ruffner, who with others owned a +twelve thousand acre tract "(near the farm of William Nichol, Sr.)," +Strother B. Grose and Abraham Dilly. + +The county was so named in honor of Henry Clay, the great Kentucky +statesman who had died only a few years before its formation. + +The Virginia county established in 1858 from parts of Tazewell and +Russell was Buchanan, named for James Buchanan, President of the United +States 1857-1861. + +Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning at the state line between +Kentucky and Virginia and with said line to its intersection with the +line of Wise county, to the top of the dividing ridge between the waters +of Sandy and Clinch and with said ridge eastwardly to the head of +Dismal, a branch of the Lavica fork of Sandy river; then with the +dividing ridge between the waters of Dismal and the waters of the Dry +fork of Sandy and with the ridge between the waters of the Lavica fork +and the Dry fork to the ridge between Knox creek and Bull creek to Tug +river and down Tug river to the beginning." + + +1860-1870 RECESSION, TWO COUNTIES + +In 1860, an Act was passed to create the new county of Webster from +portions of the counties of Nicholas, Braxton and Randolph, all to be +later in West Virginia. The name honored Daniel Webster, the prominent +statesman who had died only a few years previously. + +In March 1861, the new county of Bland, taken from portions of Giles, +Wythe and Tazewell and named for Richard Bland of Revolutionary War fame +came into being. Its bounds are thus set forth: "beginning at the top of +Walker's Little mountain at the line between Wythe and Pulaski and +running northwards with said line of Pulaski, to the top of Walker's Big +mountain; thence eastward along the top of said last mentioned mountain +to a point opposite the mouth of Kimberling creek; thence by a line +northward passing through the mouth of said Kimberling creek to a point +on the top of the mountain which lies south of Wolf creek, three miles +east of the present county line between Giles and Tazewell counties; +thence to a point on the top of East river mountain two miles east of +the present county line between Giles and Tazewell so as to include the +homestead of Madison Allen and his lands adjoining thereto; thence with +the top of the said East River mountain westward to a point two miles +west of George Steel's house on Clear fork; thence across and by a line +as near as may be at right angles to the course of the valley between to +the top of Rich mountain and westward along the top of said Rich +mountain so far as to include the settlement of Wolf creek, thence +across the top of Garden mountain; thence along the top of Garden +mountain to a point through which the line between Wythe and Smyth would +pass if prolonged; thence by said prolonged line to the said line +between Wythe and Smyth and by the last mentioned line to the top of +Walker's Big mountain; thence eastward with the top of said Walker's Big +mountain to a point opposite the headwaters of Walker's Little creek; +thence across to the top of Walker's Little mountain, thence to the top +of said mountain eastward to the beginning." + +Hardly was the ink dry on the Act quoted above when war precluded +further settlements and expansion. Not for nearly twenty years would +another and the last county be established. + + +FINIS--ONE COUNTY + +In March 1880, out of the counties of Russell, Wise, and Buchanan was +formed the new county of Dickenson, named for a prominent member of the +Readjuster Party, then dominant in Virginia. + +Its bounds noted in great detail are as follows: "beginning at Osborn's +gap in Cumberland mountain on the state line; thence a straight line to +the top of George's Fork mountain at a point where the road crosses said +mountain; thence with the top of the mountain to the head of Lick +branch, a tributary of Crane's nest creek; thence a straight line to the +mouth of Birchfield creek; thence up Crane's Nest creek to the mouth of +Lion's fork; thence up said creek to the forks of said branch; thence +up the Fork spur to the top of Crane's Nest bridge; thence a straight +line to Sandy Ridge meeting-house in the county of Wise on the top of +Sandy Ridge; thence with the top of Sandy ridge to the James Porter farm +at the head of Nancy's ridge; thence a straight line to Trammel gap on +Sandy ridge, thence with the top of Sandy ridge with a line of Russell +county to the James P. Kiser farm, thence a straight line to Henry +Kiser's farm on the top of Sandy ridge at the Russell county line; +thence with the Russell county line to James Rasnaker's farm, including +said farm in the new county; thence down the Cany ridge to the mouth of +Cany creek; thence down Indian creek to its mouth; including J. H. +Duly's farm; thence down Russell's fork of Sandy river to the mouth of +Panpan creek, including Andrew Owen's dwelling house; thence a straight +line to the mouth of Greenbrier creek, a tributary of Prater creek; +thence a straight line to the Big meadow gap; thence down a branch to +Gressy creek; thence down said creek to the mouth of Russell's fork of +Sandy river; thence down said river to the state line of Virginia and +Kentucky; thence with the state line to the beginning." + +The formation of Dickenson County in 1880 completed all the local +organizations authorized by the Virginia Assembly from 1634 up to the +present, though in many counties minor changes in bounds have been +enacted from time to time. + +We have seen the little feeble settlements along the James River extend +like a rising tide now east, now south, now north and finally with great +impetus to the west. Each settlement as it was established proceeded to +put into effect the concepts of law and order as practiced at Jamestown, +and handed down from father to son. The principle of representative +constitutional government as evidenced in the first General Assembly of +1619 may be called the sacred fire each settlement took with it and +carefully tended. It was the one thing all shared whether they lived by +the James River or high on the Blue Ridge. A settlement, a county, a +state, each one must have law, order, ready justice, representative +government. That is the theme underlying the development of Virginia +which we have traced step by step. It is the theme underlying the +development of our nation. Every American is a debtor to Jamestown for +his heritage of representative constitutional government. + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + + _Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia_, 1808-1880. + + Daniel, J. R. V., _A Hornbook of Virginia History_, Richmond, 1950. + + Hening, William Waller, _The Statutes at Large_, Being _a + Collection of All the Laws of Virginia_, 1619-1792, Richmond, + 1809-1823, 13 Vols. + + Robinson, Morgan P., _Virginia Counties, Bulletin of the Virginia + State Library_, Vol. 9, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1916. + + Shepherd, Samuel, _Statutes at Large_, 1793-1806. Continuation of + Hening. + + Richmond 1835-1836. 3 Vols. + + Stith, William. _History of First Discovery and Settlement of + Virginia._ Williamsburg, 1747. + + Tyler, Lyon G., _Cradle of the Republic._ 2 ed. Richmond, 1900. + + + + +KEY TO CHARTS + + + No. + + Accawmack, 1634 (Ex.) 1 + Accomack, 1663 1 + Albemarle 5 + Alexandria (Ex.) 9 + Alleghany 10 + Amelia 2 + Amherst 5 + Appomattox 5 + Arlington 9 + Augusta 9, 10 + + Barbour (W. Va.) 10 + Bath 10 + Bedford 2 + Berkeley (W. Va.) 9 + Bland 11 + Boone (W. Va.) 11 + Botetourt, 10 11 + Bourbon (Ky.) 11 + Braxton (W. Va.) 10 + Brooke (W. Va.) 10 + Brunswick 2 + Buchanan 11 + Buckingham 5 + + Cabell (W. Va.) 11 + Calhoun (W. Va.) 10 + Campbell 2 + Caroline 9 + Carroll 11 + Charles City 2 + Charles River (Ex.) 3 + Charlotte 2 + Chesterfield 5 + Clarke 9 + Clay (W. Va.) 10 + Craig 11 + Culpeper 9 + Cumberland 5 + + Dickenson 11 + Dinwiddie 2 + Doddridge (W. Va.) 10 + Dunmore (Ex.) 9 + + Elizabeth City (Ex.) 4 + Essex 9 + + Fairfax 9 + Fauquier 9 + Fayette, 1780 (Ky.) 11 + Fayette, 1831 (W. Va.) 11 + Fincastle (Ex.) 11 + Floyd 11 + Fluvanna 5 + Franklin 2 + Frederick 9 + + Giles 11 + Gilmer (W. Va.) 10 + Gloucester 3 + Goochland 5 + Grayson 11 + Greenbrier (W. Va.) 11 + Greene 9 + Greensville 2 + + Halifax 2 + Hampshire (W. Va.) 10 + Hancock (W. Va.) 10 + Hanover 3 + Hardy (W. Va.) 10 + Harrison (W. Va.) 10 + Henrico 5 + Henry 2 + Highland 10 + + Illinois (Ex.) 10 + Isle of Wight 7 + + Jackson (W. Va.) 11 + James City 6 + Jefferson, 1780 (Ky.) 11 + Jefferson, 1801 (W. Va.) 9 + + Kanawha (W. Va.) 11 + Kentucky (Ex.) 11 + King and Queen 3 + King George 9 + King William 3 + + Lancaster 9 + Lee 11 + Lewis (W. Va.) 10 + Lincoln (Ky.) 11 + Logan (W. Va.) 11 + Loudoun 9 + Louisa 3 + Lower Norfolk (Ex.) 4 + Lunenburg 2 + + McDowell (W. Va.) 11 + Madison, 1786 (Ky.) 11 + Madison, 1793 9 + Marion (W. Va.) 10 + Marshall (W. Va.) 10 + Mason, 1789 (Ky.) 11 + Mason, 1804 (W. Va.) 11 + Mathews 3 + Mecklenburg 2 + Mercer, 1786 (Ky.) 11 + Mercer, 1837 (W. Va.) 11 + Middlesex 9 + Monongalia (W. Va.) 10 + Monroe (W. Va.) 11 + Montgomery 11 + Morgan (W. Va.) 9 + + Nansemond 4 + Nelson, 1785 (Ky.) 11 + Nelson, 1808 5 + New Kent 3 + New Norfolk (Ex.) 4 + Nicholas (W. Va.) 11 + Norfolk 4 + Northampton 1 + Northumberland 9 + Nottoway 2 + + Ohio (W. Va.) 10 + Orange 9 + + Page 10 + Patrick 2 + Pendleton (W. Va.) 10 + Pittsylvania 2 + Pleasants (W. Va.) 10 + Pocahontas (W. Va.) 10 + Powhatan 5 + Preston (W. Va.) 10 + Prince Edward 2 + Prince George 2 + Prince William 9 + Princess Anne 4 + Pulaski 11 + Putnam (W. Va.) 11 + + Raleigh (W. Va.) 11 + Randolph (W. Va.) 10 + Rappahannock, 1656 (Ex.) 9 + Rappahannock, 1833 9 + Richmond 9 + Ritchie (W. Va.) 10 + Roane (W. Va.) 11 + Roanoke 11 + Rockbridge 10 + Rockingham 10 + Russell 11 + + Scott 11 + Shenandoah 9 + Smyth 11 + Southampton 7 + Spotsylvania 9 + Stafford 9 + Surry 6 + Sussex 6 + + Taylor (W. Va.) 10 + Tazewell 11 + Tucker (W. Va.) 10 + Tyler (W. Va.) 10 + + Upper Norfolk (Ex.) 4 + Upshur (W. Va.) 10 + + Warren 9 + Warrosquyoake (Ex.) 7 + Warwick (Ex.) 8 + Warwick River (Ex.) 8 + Washington 11 + Wayne (W. Va.) 11 + Webster (W. Va.) 11 + Westmoreland 9 + Wetzel (W. Va.) 10 + Wirt (W. Va.) 10 + Wise 11 + Wood (W. Va.) 10 + Woodford (Ky.) 11 + Wyoming (W. Va.) 11 + Wythe 11 + + Yohogania (Ex.) 10 + York 3 + +CHART 1 + +Accawmack ---------- Northampton ---------- Accomack + 1634-1642/3 (Ex.) 1642/3 1662 + +CHART 2 + + |- Hali- -- Pittsyl- -- Henry -- Patrick + | fax vania 1777 1791 + | 1752 1767 + | + | |-- Campbell + | | 1782 + |- Bedford ---| + | 1754 | + |- Lunen- -| |-- Franklin + | burg | 1786 + | 1746 |- Charlotte + | | 1765 + |- Bruns- -| | + | wick | | + | 1732 | |- Mecklenburg + | | 1765 + | |- Greenville + | 1781 +Charles Prince | + City -- George -| |-- Prince Edward + 1634 1703 | | 1754 + |-- Amelia ----------------------| + | 1735 |-- Nottoway + | 1789 + | + |-- Dinwiddie + 1752 + + Abbreviations: + + Ex.--Extinct + Ky.--Kentucky + W. Va.--West Virginia + +CHART 3 + + |-- Gloucester ---- Mathews + | 1651 1791 + Charles -- York --| + River 1642/3 | + 1634-1642/3 | |-- King and Queen ---- King William + (Ex.) | | 1691 1702 + |-- New Kent ----| + 1654 | + |-- Hanover ---- Louisa + 1721 1742 + +CHART 4 + + |-- Norfolk + | 1691 + |-- Lower Norfolk ---| + | 1637-1691(Ex.) | + | |-- Princess Anne + | 1691 +Elizabeth City -------- New Norfolk ---| +1634-1952(Ex.) 1636-1637(Ex.) | + |-- Upper Norfolk ---- Nansemond + 1637-1646(Ex.) 1646 + +CHART 5 + + |-- Amherst ------- Nelson + | 1761 1808 + | + |-- Albemarle -------|-- Buckingham ---- Appomattox + | 1744 | 1761 1845 + | | + |-- Goochland ---| |-- Fluvanna + | 1728 | 1777 + | | +Henrico ---| |-- Cumberland --------- Powhatan + 1634 | 1749 1777 + |-- Chesterfield + 1749 + +CHART 6 + +James City -------- Surry -------- Sussex + 1634 1652 1754 + +CHART 7 + +Warrosquyoake -------- Isle of Wight -------- Southampton +1634-1637(Ex.) 1637 1749 + +CHART 8 + +Warwick River -------- Warwick +1634-1642/3(Ex.) 1642/3-1952(Ex.) + +CHART 9 + + + |-- Caroline |- Augusta (See Chart 10) + | 1745 | 1745 + | | Jeffer- + | | |-- son + | | | 1801 + | | Ber- | (W. Va.) + |- Essex -| | |- keley -| + | 1692 | | | 1772 | + | | | Frede- | (W. Va.)| + | | |- rick -| |- Morgan + | | | 1743 | 1820 + | | Spotsyl- | | (W. Va.) + | |- vania - Orange -| | + | 1721 1734 | | + Rappa- | | | + |- hannock -| | | + | 1656-1692 | | | + | (Ex.) | | | Dun- Shenan- War- + | | | |- more -- doah -- ren + | | | |1772-1778 1778 1836 + | | | | (Ex.) + | |- Richmond -- King George | | + | 1692 1721 | | + Lan- | | | + |- caster | | | + | 1651 | | |-- Clarke + | | | 1836 + | | | + | |-- Middlesex | + | 1669 | + | | + | | |-- Madison + | | | 1793 + | | Cul- | + | |- peper -| + | | 1749 | Rappa- + | | |-- hannock + | | 1883 + | | +Northum- | | +berland--| | + 1645 | | + | | + | |-- Greene + | 1838 + | + | |-- Loudoun + | | 1757 + | | + | |- Fairfax -| + | | 1742 | + | | | Alexan- + | | |- dria --- Arlington + | | 1847-1920 1920 + | West- Staf- Prince | (Ex.) + |- moreland -- ford -- William ---| + 1653 1664 1731 | + |-- Fauquier + 1759 + + +Chart 10 + +(Continuation of Chart 9) + + |- Upshur + | 1851 (W. Va.) + |- Hampshire -------- Hardy |- Ran- -| + | 1754 (W. Va.) 1786 (W. Va.) | dolph | + | | 1787 |- Tucker + | | (W. Va.) 1856 (W. Va.) + |- Botetourt (See Chart 11) | + | 1770 | + | | |- Wirt + | | | 1848 (W. Va.) + |- Monon- -----------------------| |- Wood -| + | galia | | 1798 | + | 1776 | |(W. Va.)|- Pleasants + | (W. Va.) | | 1851 (W. Va.) + | |- Brooke -- Hancock | | + | | 1797 1848 | | + | | (W. Va.) (W. Va.) | | |-Gilmer -Calhoun + | | | | | 1845 1856 + |- Ohio ---+- Tyler -- Wetzel | |-Lewis -|(W. Va.)(W. Va.) + | 1776 | 1814 1846 | | 1816 | + | (W. Va.)| (W. Va.) (W. Va.) | |(W. Va.)|- Brax- - Clay +Au- --| | | |- Harri- -| 1836 1858 +gusta | | | | son | (W. Va.) (W. Va.) +1745 | |- Marshall | | 1784 |- Barbour + |- Yohogania 1835 (W. Va.) | | (W. Va.) | 1843 (W. Va.) + | 1776-1786 (Ex). | | | + | | | |- Ritchie + |- Rockbridge | | | 1843 (W. Va.) + | 1778 |-| | + | | |- Taylor + |- Rockingham ---- Page | | 1844 (W. Va.) + | 1778 1831 | | + | | |- Doddridge + |- Illinois | 1845 (W. Va.) + | 1778-1784 (Ex.) | + | |- Preston + | | 1818 (W. Va.) + |- Pendleton ------- Highland | + | 1788 (W. Va.) 1847 | + | |- Marion + | |---- Pocahontas 1842 (W. Va.) + | | 1821 (W. Va.) + |- Bath -------| + 1791 |---- Alleghany + 1822 + +CHART 11 + +(Continuation of Chart 10) + + |--- Bourbon -- Mason + | 1786 (Ky.) 1789 (Ky.) + | + |-- Fayette -----| + | 1780 (Ky.) | + | | + | |--- Woodford + | 1789 (Ky.) + | + |---- Kentucky -----+-- Jefferson ------- Nelson + | 1777-1780 (Ex.) | 1780 (Ky.) 1785 (Ky.) + | | + | | |----- Madison + | | | 1786 (Ky.) + | | | + | |-- Lincoln -----------| + | 1780 (Ky.) | + | | + | |---- Mercer + | 1786 (Ky.) + | + | |- Gray- - Carroll |-- Buchanan + | | son 1842 | 1858 + | | 1793 | + | |- Wythe -| |-------| + | | 1790 | | | + | | | | | + |- Fin- -| | |- Taze- ---| |-- McDowell + | castle | | well 1858 + | 1772- | | 1800 (W. Va.) + | 1777 | | + | (Ex.) | | |- Fayette - Raleigh + | | | | 1831 1850 + | | | | (W. Va.) (W. Va.) + | | | | + | | | |- Logan --| + | | | | 1824 | + | | | | (W. Va.) | + | | | | |- Wyoming + | | | | 1850 + | | | | (W. Va.) + | |---- Montgomery ---|- Giles -| + | | 1777 | 1806 | + | | | | + | | | |- Mercer + | | | | 1837 (W. Va.) + | | | | +Bote- -| | |- Floyd | +tourt | | | 1831 | +1770 | | | | + | | | |- Bland |-- Scott ---- Smyth + | | | 1861 | 1814 1832 + | | | | + | | |- Pul- |-- Lee --| + | | aski | 1793 | + | | 1839 | | + | | | |-- Wise + | | | 1856 + | | | + | |---- Washington -- Russell --| + | 1777 1786 | + | | + | |-- Dickenson + | 1880 + | + | |---- Mason --------- Jackson + | | 1804 (W. Va.) 1831 (W. Va.) + | | + | |---- Cabell -------- Wayne + | | 1809 (W. Va.) 1842 (W. Va.) + | | + | |---- Kanawha ---| + | | 1789 (W. Va.) | + | | | + | | |---- Boone + | | | 1847 (W. Va.) + | | | + |- Green- -| | + | brier | | + | 1776 | | + | (W. Va.)|---- Monroe | + | | 1799 (W. Va.) | + | | | + | | |---- Putnam + | | | 1848 (W. Va.) + | | | + |- Roanoke | | + | 1838 | | + | | | + | | |---- Roane + | | 1856 (W. Va.) + | | + |- Craig | + 1851 | + | + |---- Nicholas -------- Webster + 1818 (W. Va.) 1860 (W. Va.) + + + + +INDEX + + + Aaron's creek, 28 + + Abb's valley, 74 + + Abingdon, 59 + + Abrell, Robert, 13 + + Accomack (Accawmack) county, 3, 6, 8, 10, 15 + + Accomack Indians, 6 + + Admiralty, Courts of, _see_ Courts, admiralty + + Agee family, 27 + + Albemarle, William Anne Keppel, 2d Earl of, 26 + + Albemarle county, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 38, 61, 63, 67 + + Albemarle parish, 30 + + Albemarle sound, 42 + + Alexandria county, 15, 68, 69 + + Alleghany county, 48, 55, 56, 71, 72 + + Allegheny mountains, 36, 39, 43, 44, 47, 56, 69 + + Allegheny river, 55 + + Allen, Madison, 75 + + Amelia, Princess, 24 + + Amelia county, 24, 26, 29, 45, 46 + + Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 33 + + Amherst county, 33, 52 + + Amherst parish, 33, 52 + + Anchrom, Richard, 68 + + Anderson, James, 65 + Sterling C., 68 + + Andros, Sir Edmund, 10 + + Annapolis, Md., 27 + + Anne, Queen, 17, 18, 39 + + Anthony's creek, 47 + + Antrim parish, 28, 33 + + Appomattox county, 29, 67, 68 + + Appomattox river, 6, 20, 24, 26, 29, 46, 67, 68 + + Argall, Sir Samuel, 1 + + Arlington county, 15, 69 + + Armentrout, 71 + + Ashby's gap (or bent), 25 + + Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, 25 + + Augusta county, 25, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 69 + + Augusta parish, 25, 30, 39 + + + Back creek, 42, 69 + + Bacon's Rebellion, 16 + + Bailey, Joseph, 66 + + Barbecue run, 60 + + Barber's creek, 72 + + Barbour, Philip, 66 + + Barbour county, 66, 72 + + Barnes, Thomas, 64 + + Bartlett, Samuel, 66 + + Bath county, 47, 48, 55, 69 + + Bean, William, 66 + + Beard, John, 29 + + Beckford parish, 35 + + Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, 30 + + Bedford county, 29, 42, 43, 64 + + Bell, Thomas, 33 + + Bennett (Mr.), 14 + + Berkeley county, 35, 50, 54, 55 + + Bever, Charles, dams of, 19 + + Big Birch river, 61 + + Big Buffalo river, 61 + + Big Meadow gap, 77 + + Big Reedy island, 46 + + Birchfield creek, 76 + + Black, Samuel, 66 + + Blackstone, Sir William, 46 + + Blackwater river, 28, 30, 38, 43 + + Bland, Richard, 75 + + Bland county, 75, 76 + + Blanford, 29 + + Blue mountains, 33 + + Blue Ridge mountains, 19, 24, 25, 34, 36, 40, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, + 62, 63, 64, 77 + + Blue Stone river, 46 + + Bollings point, 29 + + Bonsack, John, 64 + + Boone, Daniel, 68 + + Boone county, 68 + + Boroughs _see_ Settlements + + Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, 34, 35, 36 + + Botetourt county, 34, 35, 36, 40, 47, 52, 55, 56, 64, 71 + + Bourbon, family of, 45 + + Bourbon county, 44, 45, 49 + + Branch, Samuel, 68 + + Brandon, 18 + + Braxton, Carter, 60 + + Braxton county, 60, 61, 74, 75 + + Bristol parish, 7, 24 + + Broad run, 31 + + Brooke, Robert (Governor of Virginia), 49 + Robert (Surveyor, Knight of Golden Horse Shoe), 49 + + Brooke county, 49, 67, 70 + + Brook's mill, 26 + + Brown, John, raid of, 51 + + Brunswick, Duchy of, 21, 26 + + Brunswick county, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 42 + + Brunswick stew, 23 + + Brush mountain, 71 + + Brushy mountain, 50 + + Buchanan, James, 74 + + Buchanan county, 74, 76 + + Buchanan river, 61 + + Buckingham, Duke of, 33 + + Buckingham county, 29, 32, 33, 67 + + Buffalo creek, 42 + + Bugg's run, 60 + + Bull creek, 75 + + Bull run, 25, 31 + + Bull Run mountains, 31 + + Bullock, Francis, 11 + + Bunker Hill, Battle of, 62, 70 + + Burden's March run, 63 + + Bush creek, 48 + + Byrd, Andrew H., 69 + James, 39 + Colonel William, 2nd, 22 + + + Cabell, William H., 52, 53 + + Cabell county, 52, 56, 66, 68, 70 + + Cabin branch, 68 + + Calf-pasture river, 40, 47 + + Calhoun, John Caldwell, 73 + + Calhoun county, 73 + + California, West Va., 73 + + Camden parish, 33 + + Camp rock, 73 + + Campbell, Thomas, 69 + William, 42 + + Campbell county, 38, 42, 67 + + Canterbury, England, 9 + + Cany creek, 77 + + Cany ridge, 77 + + Cape Capon mountains, 30 + + Caperton, Hugh, 51 + + Caroline of Anspach (Queen of George II), 20, 21 + + Caroline county, 20, 21, 45 + + Carper, John, 71 + + Carroll, Charles, 65 + + Carroll county, 65 + + Carrollton, 65 + + Carr's creek, 34 + + Cartagena, Colombia, 27 + + Castle Hill, 67 + + Catawba road, 36 + + Catawba valley, 64 + + Cave's old mill, 63 + + Cedar creek, 35, 41, 62 + + Cedar gap, 73 + + Chancery courts _see_ Courts, chancery + + Chapman's ford, 42 + + Chapman's mill, 31 + + Chapultepec, Mexico, 53 + + Charles I, 5 + + Charles II, 18 + + Charles City corporation, 1, 2, 3 + + Charles City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 18, 54 + + Charles river, 13, 19 + + Charles River county, 3, 5, 6 + _see also_ York county + + Charleston, S. C., 33, 42 + + Charleston, West Va., 42, 54, 68, 70 + + Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen of George III), 33 + + Charlotte county, 33, 42, 67 + + Charlottesville, 33 + + Charters of Virginia, 2, 5, 44 + + Cheat river, 47 + + Cherry's run, 55 + + Chesapeake bay, 18, 51 + + Chesterfield, Philip D. Stanhope, 4th Earl of, 28 + + Chesterfield county, 27, 28, 39 + + Chester's gap, 35 + + Chestnut creek, 65 + + Chickacoan, 12 + + Choppawomsick creek, 21 + + Christ Church parish, Lancaster county, 15, 16 + + Christ Church parish, Middlesex county, 16 + + Chuckatuck creek, 6 + + Chumley's branch, 20 + + Cities (political division), 2 + + Claiborne, William, 3, 13, 14 + + Clark, George Rogers, 41, 44, 61 + + Clarke county, 61, 62 + + Clay, Henry, 74 + + Clay county, 74 + + Clear fork, 52, 75 + + Clem, Daniel, 58 + + Clinch, 75 + + Clinch mountain, 45, 48, 50, 53 + + Clinch river, 38, 50, 53, 73, 75 + + Clinton, Henry, Sir, 42 + + Clover Lick fork, 61 + + Coal (Cole) river, 57, 70 + + Cole, Richard, 12 + + Cole (Coal) river, 57, 70 + + College, at Henrico, 28 + + Common Pleas courts _see_ Courts, common pleas + + Compasses, mariners', 3 + + Convention, 1775 and 1776, 36, 37 + + Conway river, 27 + + Cooper, John, 57 + + Coppohawk river, 30 + + Corbin, Anderson, 66 + + Corley (Mrs.), 66 + + Cornstalk (Indian), 54 + + Cornwall parish, 33 + + Cornwallis, Charles, 2nd Earl, 1st Marquis, 42, 43 + + Corporations, 1, 2 + + Cotton, in Southampton county, 28 + + Council, 2, 9, 20 + _Minutes_, 9 + + Counties (political division), 2 + division of Colony into, 3 + + County courts _see_ Courts, county + + "Court Party", 5 + + Courts, admiralty, in England, 8; + in Virginia, 10 + chancery, in England, 8 + common pleas, in England 8 + county, in Virginia, 2, 7, 8, 10 + ecclesiastical, in England, 8 + general court, in Virginia, 8, 9 + inferior, in Virginia, 2, 7 + king's bench, in England, 8 + magistrate's or justice, in Virginia, 7, 8 + monthly, in England, 8, 9; + in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10 + of exchequer, in England, 8 + parish, in Virginia, 7 + prerogative, in England, 9 + + Cove branch, 71 + + Cove creek, 50 + + Cow-pasture river, 40, 47, 55, 56, 69 + + Cowpens, Battle of, 55 + + Crab bottom, 69 + + Crab orchard, 73 + + Craig, Robert, 72 + + Craig county, 71, 72 + + Craig's creek, 56, 64, 71 + + Crane creek, 52 + + Crane's nest bridge, 76 + + Crane's nest creek, 73, 76 + + Crane's nest river, 72, 73 + + Crany point, 11 + + Crayford, England, 13 + + Cripple creek, 48 + + Crooked run, 49 + + Crosses in Fairy Stone Park, 47 + + Culberson's creek, 36 + + Culloden, Battle of, 21 + + Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, 27 + + Culpeper county, 27, 35, 49, 53, 58, 59, 60 + + Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 21, 27 + + Cumberland county, 27, 39 + + Cumberland mountains, 37, 45, 53, 72, 76 + + Cunningham's branch, 39 + + Cunningham's run, 58 + + Currituck, 17 + + Cutbanks, 68 + + + Dan river, 28, 33 + + David's creek, 67 + + Davis, Hiram, 65 + + Davisson, Rueben, 66 + + Deep creek, 21 + + Deep run, 21 + + Delaware Indians, 55 + + Dews, Achilles, 71 + + Dickenson, William J., 76 + + Dickenson county, 76, 77 + + Difficult run, 31 + + Dilly, Abraham, 74 + + Dinwiddie, Robert, 29, 31, 36 + + Dinwiddie county, 29, 46 + + Discovery, (_Ship_), 1 + + Dismal branch, 75 + + District of Columbia, 68, 69 + + Doddridge, Philip, 67 + + Doddridge county, 67 + + Doss, Lilburn, 71 + + Dragon run, 15 + + Droop mountain, 47 + + Drout, Richard, 17 + + Dry fork, 75 + + Dry run, 69 + + Duly, J. H., 77 + + Dunlap's creek, 47 + + Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 35, 36, 54 + + Dunmore county, 35 + + + East river mountain, 75 + + Eastern branch, Elizabeth river, 17 + + Eastern Shore, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 15 + + Eastern waters, 40 + + Ecclesiastical courts, _see_ Courts, ecclesiastical + + Edward, Duke of Gloucester, 29 + + Eighteen Mile creek, 51 + + Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 5 + + Elizabeth City corporation, 1, 2, 3 + + Elizabeth City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23 + + Elizabeth river, 5, 11, 17 + + Elk river, 61 + + England, civil war in, 7, 12, 16; + immigrants from, 20; + names for Virginia counties from, 5; + unrest in, fosters immigration, 7 + + Essex county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23 + + Ewing mountain, 48 + + + Fairfax, Thomas, 6th Lord of, 23, 25, 27, 30 + + Fairfax county, 15, 25, 31, 69 + + Fairy Stone mountain, 46, 47 + + Fairy Stone State Park, 46 + + Fall run, 60 + + Falling river, 29, 68 + + Falling Spring valley, 56 + + Falls of James river, 20, 39 + + Fauntleroy's mill run, 62, 63 + + Fauquier, Francis, 31, 32, 33 + + Fauquier county, 15, 31, 35, 60, 61,62 + + Fayette county, Ky., 41, 42, 44, 45, 49 + + Fayette county, West Va., 57, 70 + + Federal City, _see_ Washington, D. C. + + Fincastle, Lord, 36 + + Fincastle, England, 36 + + Fincastle county, 36, 37, 38, 56 + + Fisher's peak, 65 + + Flag pond, 53 + + Flat-top mountain, 52 + + Fleisher, Andrew, 69 + + Flourmoy family, 27 + + Floyd, John, 57 + + Floyd county, 56, 57, 65 + + Fluvanna county, 17, 39 + + Fluvanna river, 32, 33, 38, 39 + + Fork lick, 61 + + Fork spur, 76 + + Fort Duquesne, 36 + + Fort mountain, 58, 62 + + Fort Pitt, 36 + + Fourqurean family, 27 + + France, Huguenot settlers from, 27 + + Franklin, Benjamin, 43 + + Franklin county, 43, 46, 57, 64 + + Frascati, 66 + + Frederick, King of Bohemia, 5 + + Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, 25, 29 + + Frederick county, 24, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 55, 61, 62 + + Frederick parish, 24, 30, 34, 35 + + Fredericksburg, 29 + + French and Indian war, 29, 32, 36 + + Fridley, 71 + + + Gap mountain, 52 + + Garden mountain, 50, 76 + + Garwood (Mrs.), 64 + + Gauley mountain, 51 + + Gauley river, 57 + + General courts _see_ Courts, general + + George I, 18, 19, 21 + + George II, 20, 24, 25, 26 + + George III, 25, 29, 33 + + George, Consort of Queen Anne, 18 + + George's Fork mountain, 76 + + Germanna, 20 + + Germany, immigrants from, 19, 20, 23 + + Giant's castle, 60 + + Giles, William B., 52 + + Giles county, 48, 51, 52, 56, 63, 64, 65, 71, 75 + + Gilmer, Thomas Walker, 67 + + Gilmer county, 67, 73 + + Glade creek, 64 + + Gladesville, 73 + + Gloucester county, 13, 15, 23, 48 + + Gloucester county, England, 13 + + Glovers' tavern, 68 + + Godspeed (_Ship_), 1 + + Goff, William, 70 + + Gooch, Sir William, 20 + + Goochland county, 20, 24, 26, 27 + + Goose creek, 42 + + Grayson, William, 48 + + Grayson county, 48, 57, 65 + + Greasy creek, 48 + + Great Kanawha river, 38, 54 + + Great Laurel ridge, 37 + + Great North mountains, 30 + + Great Nottoway river, 24 + + Great Sandy creek, 37 + + Green creek, 33 + + Greenbrier county, 40, 45, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57 + + Greenbrier Court House, 47 + + Greenbrier creek, 77 + + Greenbrier mountain, 47 + + Greenbrier river, 40, 47 + + Greene, Nathanael, 42, 63 + + Greene county, 63 + + Greensville county, 42 + + Greenway, Charles City, 54 + + Greenway Court, 25 + + Gressy creek, 77 + + Griever, Philip, spring branch of, 59 + + Griffin, William, 56 + + Grose, Strother B., 74 + + Guerrant family, 27 + + Guese's river, 53 + + Guest's river, 73 + + Guilford Court House, N. C., Battle of, 42 + + Gunston Hall, 25, 45, 51 + + Guyandotte river, 52, 57, 70 + + + Haies, Richard, 11 + + Hale, Nathaniel C. _Virginia Venturer_, 3 + + Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of, 28, 29 + + Halifax, Nova Scotia, 29 + + Halifax county, 28, 33, 38, 42 + + Hamilton parish, 25 + + Hamilton's creek, 47 + + Hamlin's fork, 24 + + Hampshire county, 30, 35, 39, 43, 54, 55 + + Hampshire county, England, 30 + + Hampton, 28 + + Hampton river, 28 + + Hampton Roads, 3, 6, 10 + + Hancock, John, 70 + + Hancock county, 70 + + Hanover county, 19, 20, 23, 25 + + Hardy, Samuel, 44 + + Hardy county, 43, 44, 45, 74 + + Harman's mill, 52 + + Harper's Ferry, 50 + + Harrison, Benjamin, 43 + + Harrison, county, 42, 45, 49, 50, 54, 65, 66 + + Harrodsburg, Ky., 42 + + Hart, Silas, 39 + + Harvey, William, 68 + + Hay, James, 62, 63 + + Hays, Richard, 11 + + Hazel's river, 60 + + Hedgman river, 24 + + Henrico corporation, 1, 2, 3 + + Henrico county, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 20, 24, 28 + + Henry, Prince of Wales, 5 + + Henry, Patrick, 38, 46, 70 + + Henry county, 22, 38, 39, 43, 46 + + Hensley, Samuel, 53 + + High Knob, 69, 73 + + Highland county, 69, 70 + + Hite, James M., 62, 63 Jost, 23 + + Hiver, Jacob, 69 + + Hoffman's ford, 62 + + Holleway creek, 67 + + Holstein river, 38 + + Holston river, 36 + + Horner's mill, 60 + + Horse ford, 26 + + Horseshoe farm, 27 + + Hughes's river, 67 + + Hugh's river, 49, 60 + + Huguenots in Virginia, 20, 27 + + Hunter's old tavern, 68 + + Hutchinson, R. M., 71 + + Hyde, Anne, wife of James II, 17 + + + Illinois county, 41, 44 + + Immigration, to Virginia, 20 + + Indian creek, 65, 77 + + Indians, 7, 11, 15, 16, 54 + + Iron mining and works, 19, 28 + + Iron mountain, 38, 48 + + Irvine, John, 22 + + Isle of Wight county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 22, 28, 44 + + Isle of Wight Island, England, 5 + + Ivy, Thomas, 17 + + + Jackson, Andrew, 57, 58 + James, 63 + + Jackson county, 57, 70, 73 + + Jackson's mountain, 69 + + Jackson's river, 47, 55, 56, 69 + + James I, 5 + + James II, 5, 16, 17, 20 + + James, son of James II, 20 + + James City corporation, 1, 2, 3 + + James City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 14 + + James river, 6, 14, 18, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42, + 55, 67, 68, 77 + + James river falls, 20, 39 + + Jamestown, 1, 2, 3, 6, 14, 18, 55, 77 + + Jarrell, Jackson, 70 + + Jarvis, Thomas, Jr., 74 + + Jefferson, Thomas, 26, 42, 50, 51, 56 + + Jefferson county, Ky., 41, 42, 49, 50 + + Jefferson county, West Va., 50, 61 + + John's creek, 71 + + Johnson, Jacob, 17 + + Jordan, John, 56 + + Joshua's creek, 68 + + Judicial system, in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10 + + Judy's creek, 42 + + + Kanawha county, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 61, 67, 68, 70, 73 + + Kanawha river, 40, 45, 51, 57, 60, 61 + + Kanawha turnpike, 57 + + Kemp, James, 17 + + Kent, England, 13 + + Kent's ridge, 50 + + Kentucky, 38, 42, 44, 49, 53, 56, 72, 73, 75, 77 + + Kentucky county, 37, 38, 41 + + Kikotan (Kiccowtan, Kigwohtan, Kikotank, Kecoughtan), 1 + _see also_ Elizabeth City corporation + + Kimberling creek, 75 + + King, Sally, 65 + + King and Queen county, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23 + + King George county, 19, 21 + + King William county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23 + + King's bench courts _see_ Courts, king's bench + + King's Mountain, Battle of, 42, 45 + + King's salt wells, 59 + + Kiser, Henry, 77 + James P., 77 + + Knox creek, 75 + + + Lafayette, Marquis de, 42, 51, 57 + + Lancaster county, 12, 14, 15 + + Lancaster county, England, 12 + + Land grants, 3, 9 + + Land Ordinance, 1785, 44 + + Land's, 68 + + Laurel ridge, 57 + + Lavica fork, 75 + + Lawne's creek, 6, 11, 14 + + Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 13 + Henry, "Light Horse Harry", 49 + Richard Henry, 13 + Robert E., 13, 49 + Thomas, 21 + + Lee county, 49, 53, 72, 73 + + Legislative assembly, first, 1, 2 + + Legrand family, 27 + + Letcher, John, 43 + + Lewis, Andrew, 54 + Charles, 54 + Thomas, 51 + + Lewis county, 54, 60, 61, 66, 67, 72 + + Lexington, Ky., 42 + + Lexington parish, 52 + + Lick branch, 76 + + Lick creek, 57, 73 + + Lincoln, Benjamin, 42 + + Lincoln county, 42, 44, 49 + + Lion's fork, 76 + + Litterell, Mrs., 57 + + Little Birch river, 61 + + Little creek, 17 + + Little Guyandotte river, 51 + + Little Hurricane creek, 51 + + Little Kanawha river, 60, 61, 73 + + Little Powell's mountain, 73 + + Little river, 36, 57, 65 + + Little Rockey creek, 26 + + Little Walker's creek, 65 + + Logan (Indian chief), 54, 56 + + Logan county, 56, 57, 68, 71 + + London, England, 14 + + London, Diocese of, 9 + + Long Shoal run, 61 + + Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of, 31 + + Loudoun county, 15, 31, 34, 35, 61 + + Louis XVI, 45 + + Louisa, daughter of George II, 26 + + Louisa county, 26, 38 + + Louisville, Ky., 42 + + Lower Manachin creek, 20 + + Lower Norfolk county, 11, 17 + + Luneburg, Duchy of, Germany, 26 + + Lunenburg county, 26, 28, 29, 33 + + Luray cavern, 58 + + Lynchburg road, 68 + + + M'Clintick, William, Jr., 69 + + M'Daniell, James, 66 + + McDowell, James, 74 + + McDowell county, 74 + + Machoatoke river, 12 + + M'Kinney's store, 68 + + Mack's mountain, 57 + + McLure (McClure) river, 73 + + Madison, James, 44, 49 + + Madison county, Ky., 44, 49 + + Madison county, Va., 49, 59, 63 + + Magistrate courts _see_ Courts, magistrate's + + Maiden Spring fork, 50 + + Manakintown, 27 + + Manassas, 21 + + Mann's gap, 50 + + Marion, Francis, 65 + + Marion county, 65, 66 + + Marshall, John, 60 + + Marshall county, 60 + + Martin, Rueben, 68 + + Mary II, Queen, 16, 17, 18 + + Mary of Modena, 20 + + Maryland, 15 + + _Maryland Archives_, 12 + + Mary's creek, 34 + + Mason, George, 25, 45, 51 + Seth, 62 + + Mason county, Ky., 45, 49, 51 + + Mason county, West Va., 51, 57, 70 + + Massacres, 1622, 13, 28 + 1644, 13 + 1778, 71 + in Abb's valley, 74 + + Massanutten mountain, 58 + + Massie, Henry, 56 + + Mathews, Thomas, 48 + + Mathews county, 48 + + Mattaponi (Mattopony) river, 14, 18 + + Maukason gap, 49 + + Mayo, William, 22 + + Mayo river, 22 + + Meadow river, 57 + + Mecklenburg county, 33, 42 + + Meherrin river, 42 + + Mercer, Hugh, 44, 63 + + Mercer county, Ky., 44, 49 + + Mercer county, West Va., 63 + + Merchants Hope Church, 7, 18 + + Merryman's, 68 + + Mexico City, Mexico, 53 + + Michaux family, 27 + + Middle Mountain, 71 + + Middlesex county, 15, 16 + + Middlesex county, England, 16 + + Militin's fork, 52 + + Mill creek, 47, 57 + + Mill mountain, 47 + + Miller, Adam, 23 + + Mississippi river, 23, 41, 44 + + Mississippi valley, 41 + + Mitchell's rock, 55 + + Monongahela (Monongalia) river, 47, 60, 67 + + Monongalia county, 37, 42, 54, 65 + + Monroe, James, 50 + + Monroe county, 50, 51, 55, 71 + + Monroe doctrine, 50 + + Monterey, 69 + + Monterey, Battle of, 69 + + Montgomery, Richard, 38 + + Montgomery county, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 64, + 65, 71 + + Monthly courts _see_ Courts, monthly + + Monticello, 26 + + Morattico creek, 14 + + Morgan, Daniel, 54, 55 + + Morgan county, 54, 55 + + Morris, Joshua, 51 + + Morriss, Archibald, 56 + + Moseley, William, Sr., 17 + + Mount Vernon, 25 + + Mountain Lake, 52 + + Muddy creek, 48 + + + Naemhock, 14 + + Naked creek, 39, 58 + + Namozene (Namozain) creek, 24, 45 + + Nancy's ridge, 76 + + Nansemond (Nansimum) county, 8, 11 + + Narrows, 48 + + Nations Spring run, 61 + + Natural bridge, 41 + + Natural tunnel, 53 + + Necostins town, 12 + + Nelson, Thomas, 43, 52 + + Nelson county, Ky., 43, 49 + + Nelson county, Va., 52 + + New Kent county, 13, 16, 19 + + New Kent county, England, 13 + + New Norfolk county, 10, 11 + + New Orleans, Battle of, 58 + + New river, 36, 40, 51, 52, 57, 65, 70 + + Newport, England, 5 + + Newport News, 6 + + Newport parish, 5 + + Nichol, William, Sr., 74 + + Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 54 + + Nicholas county, 54, 57, 60, 61, 74, 75 + + Niday, William, 71 + + Nineveh, 62 + + Norborne parish, 34, 35 + + Norfolk borough, 48 + + Norfolk county, 17 + + Norfolk county, England, 10 + + North Anna river, 17, 19, 26 + + North Carolina, 17, 22, 26, 37, 38, 42, 58, 65 + + North mountain, 39, 40 + + North river, 17, 39, 48 + + North River Gap road, 69 + + Northampton county, 8, 15 + + Northern Neck, 12, 13, 14, 18, 25, 27, 30, 31 + + Northumberland county, 11, 12 + + Northumberland county, England, 12 + + Northwest territory, 43, 44, 61 + + Northwestern turnpike, 67 + + Nottoway county, 45, 46 + + Nottoway Indians, 46 + + Nottoway river, 24, 26, 29, 42, 46 + + Nowell, William, 11 + + + Occoquan river, 25 + + Ohio, 43 + + Ohio county, 37, 49, 51, 60 + + Ohio river, 36, 37, 40, 41, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 66, 70, 72 + + Ohio valley, 44 + + Oil creek, 61 + + Opequon creek, 61 + + Orange county, 23, 24, 27, 49, 58, 63, 66 + + Osborn's gap, 76 + + Owen, Andrew, 77 + + + Pacific ocean, 44 + + Pad's creek, 47 + + Page, John, 58 + + Page county, 58, 62 + + Pamunkey neck, 16, 18 + + Pamunkey river, 6, 14, 16, 17, 18 + + Panpan creek, 77 + + Panther's gap, 40 + + Parkersburg, West Va., 57, 70, 72 + + Passage creek, 35 + + Patrick county, 22, 46, 57, 65 + + Paul, Audley, 40 + + Peck creek, 46 + + Peden (Paden), James, 68 + + Pembroke, William Herbert, 3rd, Earl of, 59 + + Pembroke river, 59 + + Pendleton, Edmund, 45 + + Pendleton county, 45, 47, 55, 69, 74 + + Pennsylvania, 37 + + Persinger, Andrew, 72 + + Peter's mountain, 40, 56, 71 + + Philadelphia, Pa., 23 + + Philippi, 66 + + Piankatank river, 48 + + Pigeon fork, 73 + + Pine run, 65 + + Pine's plantation, 51 + + Piracy, in Virginia, 10 + + Pitt, Robert, 11 + William, Earl of Chatham, 33, 34 + + Pittsburgh, Pa., 36, 37, 53 + + Pittsylvania county, 33, 38, 43, 46 + + Pleasants, James, Jr., 72 + + Pleasants county, 72 + + Pocahontas, 55 + + Pocahontas county, 55, 69 + + Pocatallico creek, 51 + + Pocomoke river, 15 + + Pohick church, 25 + + Point mountain, 61 + + Point Pleasant, 51, 54 + + Point Pleasant, Battle of, 54 + + Popular Camp mountain, 48 + + Population, 1634, 3, 7 + 1640, 7 + 1649, 12 + 1654, 12 + + Poropotank creek, 14 + + Porter, James, 76 + John, 17 + + Potomac river, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 21, 24, 30, 31, 32, 35, 39, 50, + 51, 55 + + Potowoc river, 24 + + Potts' creek, 71 + + Potts' mountain, 56 + + Pound fork, 71, 72 + + Powell, Ambrose, 53 + + Powell's mountain, 49, 53 + + Powell's river, 53, 73 + + Powell's fort, 62 + + Powhatan, 39 + + Powhatan county, 39 + + Prater creek, 77 + + Preston, James Patton, 54 + + Preston, Battle of, 20 + + Preston county, 54, 74 + + Preston's and King's salt wells, 59 + + Priam, Joseph, 61 + + Price's turnpike, 71 + + Prince Edward county, 29, 46, 67 + + Prince Edward street, Fredericksburg, 29 + + Prince George county, 18, 21, 24, 29, 30 + + Prince William county, 15, 21, 25, 31 + + Princess Anne county, 17 + + Princeton, 63 + + Princeton (_Ship_), 72 + + Pulaski, Count Casimir, 64 + + Pulaski county, 64, 65, 75 + + Puritans, in Nansemond county, 11 + + Putnam, Israel, 70 + + Putnam county, 70 + + + Quakers, in Nansemond county, 11 + + + Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 70 + + Raleigh county, 70 + + Raleigh parish, 24 + + Randolph, Edmund, 45 + + Randolph county, 45, 47, 54, 55, 61, 66, 72, 74, 75 + + Randolph Court House, 55 + + Rapidan river, 17, 20, 27 + + Rappahannock county (1656-1692), 14, 15, 17, 18 + + Rappahannock county (1833), 59, 60, 62 + + Rappahannock Indians, 59 + + Rappahannock river, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 27, 59 + + Rasnaker, James, 77 + + Ravenswood and California turnpike, 73 + + Reconstruction, in Virginia 44 + + Red house, Appomattox county, 68 + + Red springs, 56 + + Redman, John, 47 + + Reed island, 65 + + Reedy creek, 53, 68 + + Representative government, origin of, in U. S., 77 + + Rich, Robert, Sir, 5 + + Rich creek, 51 + + Rich mountain, 76 + + Rich Patch mountain, 56 + + Richmond, 32, 39 + + Richmond county, 18, 19 + + _Richmond Enquirer_, 66 + + Ritchie, Thomas, 66 + + Ritchie county, 66, 72 + + Rivanna river, 17, 26 + + Roane, Spencer, 73, 74 + + Roane county, 73 + + Roanoke (Indian money), 64 + + Roanoke county, 63, 64, 71 + + Roanoke river, 22, 24, 26, 36, 42, 64 + + Robinson river, 49 + + Rock-camp fork, 61 + + Rockbridge county, 40, 41, 47, 56 + + Rockfish river, 33 + + Rockingham, Marquis of, 40 + + Rockingham county, 39, 40, 45, 49, 58, 63 + + Rocky run, 31 + + Rogers, James, 74 + + Rolfe, John, 55 + + Ronceverte, 40 + + Rose, 71 + + Rosegill, 16 + + Rose's mill, 48 + + Rotterdam, Holland, 23 + + Round bottom, 52 + + Rowan, Boston, 71 + + Royal Marriage Act, 1772, 29 + + Ruffner, Charles, 74 + + Russell, William, 45 + + Russell county, 45, 48, 50, 53, 59, 72, 74, 76, 77 + + Russell parish, 30 + + Russell's fork, 77 + + + Sail's creek, 29 + + St. Andrew's parish (Brunswick county), 24 + + St. Anne's parish, 33 + + Saint George, 74 + + St. James parish, 33 + + St. John's parish (New Kent county), 16 + + St. Mark's parish, 23 + + St. Memin, Julien F. de, 59 + + St. Paul's parish (New Kent county), 19 + + St. Peter's parish (New Kent county), 16 + + Salt works road, 60 + + Sand fork, 61 + + Sandy creek, 38 + + Sandy Point, 6 + + Sandy ridge, 76, 77 + + Sandy river, 72, 74, 75, 77 + + Sandys, Edwin, Sir, 5 + + Savannah, Ga., 64 + + Sayers, John T., 65 + + Scotland, immigrants from, 20 + + Scott, Winfield, 53 + + Scott county, 53, 72, 73 + + Scott's branch, 68 + + Seacock swamp, 30 + + Seaward, John, 11 + + Seneca creek, 39 + + Shenandoah county, 35, 49, 58, 62 + + Shenandoah (Sherrendo) river, 23, 35, 50, 62, 63 + + Shenandoah valley, 23, 51, 64 + + Shepherd, David G., 65 + Harvey, 65 + + Shires, (political division), 3, 5 + + Shock, Jacob, 61 + + Shooting creek, 43 + + Showlands, John, 17 + + Shuler's island, 58 + + Shuler's run, 58 + + Simpson's creek, 17, 47 + + Sinking creek, 64 + + Sinking creek valley, 71 + + Sizer, Daniel, 71 + + Skiffe's (Keith's) creek, 6 + + Skimeno (Skimino) creek, 14 + + Skinquarter creek, 20 + + Sleepy creek mountain, 55 + + Smith's river, 46 + + Smyth, Alexander, 58, 59 + + Smyth county, 58, 59, 76 + + Snow creek, 19 + + Sonners, Isaac, 70 + + South Anna river, 17 + + South branch, 47 + + South mountain, 39 + + South river, 34, 58 + + Southam parish, 39 + + Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2d Earl of, 5, 28 + + Southampton county, 27, 28, 30 + + Southwark parish, 30 + + Spencer, West Va., 73 + + Spessard, John, 64 + + Spotswood, Alexander, 18, 19, 20, 27, 49, 64 + + Spotsylvania county, 19, 20, 21, 23 + + Stafford county, 15, 21, 31 + + Stafford county, England, 15 + + Stanard, William Glover, 37 + + Staunton, 37 + + Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike, 72 + + Staunton river, 28, 33, 38, 42, 43 + + Steel, George, 75 + + Steele's mill, 40 + + Steer creek, 61 + + Stephens, John, Jr., 70 + + Stephenson, Adam, 69 + + Stith, William. _History of Virginia_, 2, 7 + + Stock creek, 49, 73 + + Stone Coal gap, 71 + + Stott's ferry, 38 + + Stover, Jacob, 23 + + Strait Stone creek, 33 + + Strasburg, 62 + + Stratford Hall, 13, 21 + + Surrey county, England, 14 + + Surry county, 14, 22, 29, 30 + + Surveyors of land, 3 + + Susan Constant (_Ship_), 1 + + Susquehanna river, 71 + + Sussex county, 30 + + Sussex county, England, 30 + + Sweedland hill, 39 + + Sweet Springs, 40, 56 + + Swift Run gap, 63 + + Sydney (or Sidney), Philip, Sir, 59 + + Sydnor, F. W., 15 + + + Tarleton, Banastre, 55 + + Tate, David, Sr., 47 + + Taylor, Creed, 65 + William, 73 + Zachary, 66, 69 + + Taylor county, 66 + + Tazewell, Henry, 50 + + Tazewell county, 50, 51, 52, 56, 63, 74, 75 + + Teaze's valley, 51 + + Tennant's church, 49 + + Tennessee, 38, 49, 53 + + Tennessee river, 38 + + Thomasson, John P., 70 + + Thompson, John W., 64 + + Thompson's mill, 42 + + Thrasher, John, 57 + + Three Lick fork, 61 + + Three Top mountain, 62 + + Ticonderoga, N. Y., 33 + + Tidewater, 11, 13 + + Tillotson parish, 33 + + Tobacco, 22, 23 + as a medium in court cases, 2, 7 + as a medium of exchange, 32 + effect of, upon Virginia migration, 13 + in Brunswick county, 22, 23 + in Lunenburg county, 26 + taxes, fees, etc. on, 32 + + Town creek, 46 + + Trammel gap, 77 + + Treaty of 1783, 44 + + Truro parish, 25 + + Trussell, John, 12 + + Tuckahoe creek, 20 + + Tucker, St. George (Clerk of House of Delegates), 74 + St. George (Jurist), 74 + + Tucker county, 74 + + Tug river, 75 + + Turkey Island creek, 6 + + Turkeycock mountain, 43 + + Twenty Mile creek, 57 + + Tyler, John, (President of U. S.), 54, 72 + John, (Governor of Virginia), 53, 54 + Lyon G. _Cradle of the Republic_, 6 + + Tyler county, 53, 68, 72 + + + Upper Chippokes creek, 6, 14 + + Upper Norfolk county, 8,11 + + Upshur, Abel P., 72, 73 + + Upshur county, 72 + + + Valley of Virginia, 23, 50, 51, 57, 58, 64 + + Valley pike, 57 + + Van Metre, John, 23 + + Vaughan's creek, 68 + + Vernon, Edward, 27 + + Virginia, boundary dispute with Maryland, 15 + ceding of territory in 1781, 44 + Charter of 1609, 44 + Charter of 1612, 44 + division into counties, 3 + divided into political divisions, 2 + economic conditions, 32 + emigration to, 20 + fight against French power, 31 + formation of West Virginia, 43 + land cheap in, 24 + loss of coal fields, 44 + loss of territory, 43, 44 + population of 1634, 3, 7 + population of 1640, 7 + population of 1649, 12 + population of 1654, 12 + territorial claim, 44 + unrest in, 16 + wills probated in, 9 + + Virginia, unrest in, 16 + + Virginia, University of, 52 + + Virginia company, 2, 5, 28, 59 + + _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, 15, 37 + + Virginia militia, 29, 41, 43, 44, 54 + + Virginia State Library. _Minutes of Council and General Court_, 9 + + + Walker, Thomas, 53, 67 + + Walker's Big mountain, 75, 76 + + Walker's Creek mountain, 52 + + Walker's Little creek, 76 + + Walker's Little mountain, 75, 76 + + Ward's ford, 29, 46 + + Warm Spring mountain, 30 + + Warm Springs, 47, 48 + + Warren, Joseph, 62 + + Warren county, 61, 62, 63 + + Warrosquyoake county, 3, 5, 6, 11, 14 + _see also_ Isle of Wight county. + + Warwick (Warrick), Robert Rich, Earl of, 5 + + Warwick county, 3, 5, 6, 8 + + Warwick River county, 3, 6 + + Washington, George, 25, 29, 38, 50, 64 + + Washington, D. C., 69 + + Washington county, 37, 38, 45, 48, 53, 58, 59 + + Watkins' point, 15 + + Wayne, Anthony, 66 + + Wayne county, 66 + + Webb, Edmond, 17 + + Webster, Daniel, 72, 75 + + Webster county, 75 + + Wells, Zachariah N., 73 + + Wells bridge, 45 + + West Augusta district, 36, 37 + + West fork, 73 + + West Union, West Va., 60 + + West Virginia, 43, 44 + + Western branch, Elizabeth river, 11 + + Western waters, 40 + + Westmoreland county, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 33, 50 + + Weston, West Va., 72 + + Wetzel, Louis, 68 + + Wetzel county, 68 + + White Oak hunting path, 24 + + White Post, Clarke county, 63 + + Whitelow's mill run, 63 + + Wilderness road, 53 + + William III, 16, 18, 23 + + William and Mary College, 34, 46 + + Williams' gap, 34 + + Williamsburg, 18, 23, 31, 34 + + Wills, Probating of, in England, 9; + in Virginia, 9 + + Winchester, 50 + + Winchester and Staunton stage road, 62 + + Wirt, William, 70 + + Wirt county, 70 + + Wise, Henry A., 72 + + Wise, 73 + + Wise county, 72, 73, 75, 76 + + Wolf creek, 52, 75, 76 + + Wolf Creek mountain, 52 + + Wood, James, (Governor of Virginia), 49 + James, (Colonel), 49 + + Wood county, 49, 50, 51, 57, 66, 70, 72 + + Woodford, John H., 66 + William, 45 + + Woodford county, 45, 49 + + Wormeley family, 16 + + Wright's branch, 61 + + Wyatt, Francis, Sir, 2 + + Wyoming county, 71 + + Wyoming Valley, 71 + + Wythe, George, 46 + + Wythe county, 46, 48, 50, 52, 58, 59, 64, 65, 75, 76 + + Wythe Court House, 59 + + + Yardley, Benjamin, 39 + + Yeardley, George, Sir, 5 + + Yohogania county, 37 + + York, Duke of, 5 + + York, England, 9 + + York county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23 + _see also_ Charles River county + + York river, 6, 13, 16 + + Yorktown, 42, 43, 52 + + Young's bottoms, 61 + + + Zion meeting-house, 62 + + + + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's note: + +(1) All apparent typographical errors, misspellings and + punctuation errors have been corrected without comment. + +(2) In some instances, "cowpasture" was so spelled; these + have now been hyphenated to conform with "calf-pasture". + +(3) "Boroughs" and "Settlements" have been deleted from the + index, as neither is in the text. + +(4) "Federal City" has been linked directly in the index, + as it is not mentioned under "Washington D.C.". + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW*** + + +******* This file should be named 39148.txt or 39148.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/9/1/4/39148 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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