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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha
+Woodroof) Hiden
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: How Justice Grew
+       Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+
+Author: Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 15, 2012  [eBook #39148]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Mark C. Orton, Eric Skeet, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 39148-h.htm or 39148-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39148/39148-h/39148-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39148/39148-h.zip)
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Research indicates that the copyright on this book was not
+      renewed.
+
+      Text in italics is surrounded by underlines (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+HOW JUSTICE GREW
+
+Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+by
+
+MARTHA W. HIDEN
+
+Member of Executive Board of
+Virginia Historical Society
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation
+Williamsburg, Virginia
+1957
+
+Copyright©, 1957 by
+Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration
+Corporation, Williamsburg, Virginia
+
+Jamestown 350th Anniversary
+Historical Booklet, Number 19
+
+
+
+
+HOW JUSTICE GREW
+
+Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+
+In addition to their human cargo, the poultry and fruit acquired in the
+West Indies, the clothing, household gear, and other possessions of the
+passengers, the _Susan Constant_, _Godspeed_ and _Discovery_ had a large
+though imponderable cargo of English laws, customs and religion. The
+colonists had left England, neither driven out nor seeking escape, but
+to found a new England in a new world.
+
+Though the seat of government was at "King James His Towne," the natural
+curiosity to explore and the economic necessity for means of livelihood
+caused settlements to spring up farther and farther away. Despite the
+fact that the colonists were in a region where rivers and numerous
+streams afforded easy transportation interrupted only for short periods
+by ice in winter, attendance at court in Jamestown was burdensome.
+
+
+THE FOUR CORPORATIONS
+
+By 17 June 1617, Governor Samuel Argall had established the four great
+divisions of the colony, namely: "the incorporations and parishes of
+James City, Charles City, Henrico and Kikotan" (later Elizabeth City).
+The Eastern Shore settlements were not included in this division.
+
+Each of the incorporations mentioned above and the Eastern Shore
+contained one or more boroughs or settlements. Eleven of the settlements
+in the four incorporations were represented by two Burgesses each, in
+the first General Assembly. This, the first legislative assembly of
+English speaking people in the Western hemisphere, convened on 30 July
+1619 in the church at Jamestown. Itself based on the English Parliament
+as a model, it became the model followed by all succeeding British
+colonies including Australia. The colonial assembly next in age to
+Virginia's is that of Bermuda established in 1620. In the _Journals of
+the House of Burgesses_, the names of the Burgesses for the 1619
+Assembly are arranged by the cities and plantations they represented. In
+the Journal of the second Assembly that is extant, 1623/24, for the
+first and only time, the plantations are grouped under the corporations
+of which they were a part, except Eastern Shore, which, as has been
+noted, was a separate entity.
+
+In 1621, a charter from the Company confirmed former grants and provided
+"that the Governor should call the General Assembly once a year, and
+initiate the policy of the form of government, laws, customs, manner of
+trial and other administration of justice used in England." Governor
+Wyatt at the same time was ordered to make arrangements for "dividing
+the colony into cities, boroughs, etc., ... and to appoint proper times
+for administration ... and law suits." William Stith in his _History of
+Virginia_ states: "Inferior courts were therefore in the beginning of
+the year 1621 appointed in convenient places to relieve the Governor and
+Council of the vast burthen of business and to render justice more cheap
+and accessible. This was the original and foundation of our County
+Courts, although the country was not yet laid off in counties."
+
+The General Assembly of 1623/24 provided "that there shall be courts
+kept once a month in the corporations of Charles City and Elizabeth City
+for the deciding of suits and controversies not exceeding the value of
+one hundred pounds of tobacco and for punishing of petty offenses." As a
+consequence of this act, the question of the metes and bounds of these
+corporations, Charles City, Henrico, Elizabeth City and James City,
+became important, since suits must perforce be instituted in the court
+having jurisdiction over that particular area. Mr. Nathaniel C. Hale,
+in his interesting book on William Claiborne called _Virginia Venturer_,
+shows that William Claiborne in 1621, was appointed a surveyor for the
+colony and comments that heretofore boundaries of land had been located
+with ungraduated mariners' compasses and described by careless
+references to natural limits.
+
+Apparently the Jamestown Court with those of Charles City and Elizabeth
+City was adequate for several years, but in February 1631/32 the
+Assembly passed an act adding five more as follows: "for the upper
+parts"; "for Warwick River; for Warrosquyoake; for Elizabeth City; for
+Accawmacke." Presumably, since the order had been that the new courts
+were to be held "in remote parts of the colony," the phrase "upper
+parts" would mean the most western part of Henrico Corporation, and the
+Elizabeth City Court would be for the south side of Hampton Roads. This
+seems logical since the north side had been settled first, was more
+populous and was not remote from Jamestown.
+
+
+THE EIGHT ORIGINAL SHIRES
+
+But the colony was growing too fast for this arrangement to continue
+adequate for long. With a population of about 5,000 persons, the time
+for division into shires or counties was at hand. It may be noted that,
+though these units were designated as shires in the Act of the General
+Assembly creating them, they were, after that, always called counties.
+Their functions were the same as those of their English prototypes, but
+conditions here required two changes which will be mentioned later.
+
+The names of the four corporations, Charles City, Henrico, James City
+and Elizabeth City were kept for four of the newly created counties, but
+their areas were lessened. The four new divisions were: Warwick River,
+later called Warwick; Warrosquyoake, later Isle of Wight; Charles River,
+later changed to York, and Accomack which embraced all the settlements
+on the Eastern Shore of Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: 1619
+Rapid Growth of Settlement along the James River. Marked by Introduction
+of Representative Government.]
+
+The tender feeling for the homeland is evidenced by the fact that six
+out of the "eight original shires," as they are generally called, bore
+names reminiscent of England. Henrico perpetuated Henry, Prince of
+Wales, son of James I whose early death made even more difficult the
+first years of the Colony. Charles City honored his brother Charles,
+later Charles I, who combined, to his undoing, the charm and obstinacy
+of the Stuarts. Elizabeth City and the river of the same name derive
+from Princess Elizabeth, the oldest sister of Henry and Charles. She
+married Frederick, for a time King of Bohemia, but later overthrown and
+exiled. Though her life was bitter and tragic, her descendants since
+1714 have occupied the throne of Britain. James City was, of course, for
+King James I, of whom it was said that his instructors had given him an
+abundance of knowledge but had been unable to give him sense. Warwick's
+name was for Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, leader of one of the factions
+of the Virginia Company, who had founded and cared for the colony. He
+belonged to the "Court Party" which wished to continue martial law in
+the colony and opposed the liberal views of Sir Edwin Sandys and the
+Earl of Southampton. For awhile the Sandys faction was in control and
+the "Great Charter of Laws, Orders and Privileges" brought over by Sir
+George Yeardley was the expression of their views on colonial
+government. But the "Court Party" prevailed in the end and the charter
+of the Virginia Company was revoked in 1624. Charles River County
+presumably took its name from Charles I, who was King when it was
+formed. In 1642/43 when it became York, the change was made to honor
+James, the second son of Charles I, who in that year was created Duke of
+York. Warrosquyoake, an Indian word, was later Isle of Wight County
+since some of its most prominent residents were from the small island of
+that name lying off the English coast. The Parish lying in and
+coterminous with Isle of Wight County was called Newport from the
+largest city in the English island. Accomack honored the friendly tribe
+of Indians of that name residing on the Eastern Shore.
+
+The bounds of these eight counties as noted in Tyler's _The Cradle of
+the Republic_ were as follows:
+
+Elizabeth City County extending on both sides of Hampton Roads, on the
+south side to Chuckatuck Creek and on the north side to Newport News and
+including a small part thereof.
+
+Warrosquyoake County, later Isle of Wight, extending on the south side
+of James River from Chuckatuck Creek to Lawne's Creek.
+
+Warwick River County extending on the north side of James River from
+Elizabeth City County to Skiffe's (Keith's) Creek. This is the only
+original shire from which no other county was formed. The name was
+changed to Warwick County in 1643.
+
+James City County extending on both sides of James River, on the south
+side from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes Creek and on the north side
+from Skiffe's Creek to above Sandy Point.
+
+Charles City County also extending on both sides of James River, on the
+south side from Upper Chippokes Creek to Appomattox River and on the
+north side from Sandy Point to Turkey Island Creek.
+
+Henrico County extending from Charles City County on both sides of James
+River indefinitely westward.
+
+Charles River County, later York, lay to the north of Warwick County and
+adjoined Elizabeth City County on the east. Its north and west
+boundaries were indefinite. The colonists soon crossed the York River to
+establish plantations along its northern bank and settled as far west as
+the Pamunkey River.
+
+Accomack, the eighth shire, like York County, showed the vitality of the
+colonists in pushing settlements away from the vicinity of Jamestown
+into uncharted wilds.
+
+The Potomac River was the dividing line between Virginia and Maryland,
+and on the Eastern Shore the division was approximately in line with the
+mouth of this river. Settling on the Shore in 1616, the colonists moved
+slowly northward. The Indians were friendly, transportation easy,
+climate mild, and soil fertile. There was no impediment to growth.
+
+The population of the colony is estimated to have been around 5,000
+persons in 1634 as has been noted. Six years later it had increased
+about 50%, being 7,466 persons. One factor in this growth was the unrest
+in England at this time which culminated a few years later in bitter
+civil war.
+
+
+THE COLONIAL COURTS
+
+We have mentioned that the creation of counties with their courts had in
+view to render justice more accessible to all. There were by 1642, in
+the colony six kinds of courts for the administration of justice.
+
+The first of these was the magistrate's court. In 1642, an Act of the
+Assembly empowered a magistrate or justice to try a case involving not
+over twenty shillings in currency or 200 pounds of tobacco in value. In
+1657/58, the amount could be as much as 1,000 pounds of tobacco if two
+magistrates were present but only 350 pounds if but one magistrate tried
+the case. The appeal from the magistrate's court was to the monthly
+court.
+
+The next court was the parish court. In the seventeenth century only one
+of these courts existed in Virginia and that only for a short time. This
+was the court of Bristol Parish which most likely sat in the old
+Merchants Hope Church, still standing and still in use. The court was
+discontinued before the end of the seventeenth century, and its papers
+passed into the custody of the Henrico County Court. A parish court was
+in a way a vestigial body, a relic of days when the authority of the
+church was preeminent in both civil and ecclesiastical matters.
+
+The third recourse for justice was to the monthly court, developed
+according to Stith, from the inferior court established in 1621. The
+Governor named the first justices of a new county, renamed justices in
+the old counties and filled every vacancy as it occurred. By Act of
+Assembly in 1628/29, the number of justices was to be eight, but later
+it was increased to ten. Four constituted a quorum. Three other members
+of the bench associated with one member of the quorum, who had a
+different status from the other justices, formed a sufficient number to
+make a valid court. The person whose name appeared at the head of the
+list of those constituting the quorum probably served as presiding
+justice; in his absence, the one named second and so on down the list.
+No pay was provided for the justices.
+
+In 1642, the Assembly ordered that at least six monthly courts be held
+every year and the justices were empowered to determine when extra
+sessions were necessary. At the same time, another Act of Assembly
+provided that Henrico should hold court on the first day of every month;
+Charles City on the third; James City on the sixth; Isle of Wight on the
+ninth; Upper Norfolk (later Nansemond) on the twelfth; Elizabeth City on
+the eighteenth; Warwick on the twenty-first; York on the twenty-fourth;
+and Northampton, (formerly Accomack) on the twenty-eighth. The careful
+spacing between these courts enabled attorneys to appear in cases in
+different counties with no conflict of dates.
+
+The range of cases that could come before a monthly court was naturally
+wider than could come before a magistrate. As much as ten pounds
+sterling could be involved in a suit and there was no appeal from the
+decision; when larger amounts were involved, the defeated litigant could
+appeal to the General Court. All questions where injury to life or limb
+was at stake went before the General Court.
+
+The monthly county courts had, in a general way, a jurisdiction
+resembling the combined jurisdiction of the English Chancery Court,
+King's Bench, Common Pleas, Court Exchequer, Admiralty and
+Ecclesiastical. The justices of the monthly courts looked after the poor
+and afflicted, held special orphan courts at least once a year, granted
+probates of wills, passed on appraisements of estates as presented to
+them for inspection, on inventories and estate accounts which also were
+presented for their scrutiny, and recorded conveyances of land.
+
+Recordation of land conveyances is one of the two differences between
+the monthly court of a Virginia county and its British prototype. There
+conveyances were private property and retained in private ownership.
+Manor houses of old English estates often had a room called the
+"Muniment room" where deeds, inventories, rent rolls and such family
+papers, often including copies of wills, were kept. The name derived
+from a Latin word meaning to fortify or strengthen, since the deeds
+strengthened the validity of ownership claimed by the holder of the
+land. The other function of the monthly court in Virginia different from
+the English Shire Court was the power to probate wills. In England
+probate of wills was in the prerogative courts of Canterbury and York.
+Probably since there was no diocesan see in Virginia, Virginia being in
+the diocese of London, the monthly court offered the most feasible place
+of probate.
+
+It has been noted that there was a limit to the powers of this court and
+that cases which it could not hear went before the General Court. This
+court was composed of the Governor and his Council of State. It met
+semi-annually, 15 April and 15 October, each term lasting at least
+eighteen days. The Governor presided at these sessions. The presence of
+five members was necessary for the transaction of business. The _Minutes
+of the Council and General Court_ are extant for the years 1622-1632 and
+abstracts for the years 1670-1676. They were published in one volume by
+the Virginia State Library in 1924 and are helpful in acquiring a
+general picture of life in the colony in the seventeenth century.
+
+The General Assembly was also a judicial body with power to render
+decisions. At its afternoon session the 22nd day of September 1674, a
+cause came before the Council and General Court which had originated in
+Accomack County. The Court made no decision but ordered it "referred to
+the Assembly by reason it very much concern the country." From that one
+would infer that causes involving general principles were deemed proper
+for discussion and decision by the Burgesses who represented the entire
+colony, since all would be affected by the decision.
+
+The Court of Admiralty, the last dispenser of justice in the colony,
+seems to have been established about 1697 under the governorship of Sir
+Edmund Andros. Previously such matters as would come within the province
+of this court had been handled by other judicial procedures, as they
+were later. The instances of piracy were not numerous enough to justify
+the maintenance of a Court of Admiralty in Virginia. No records of this
+court survive.
+
+It may seem we have wandered far from the formation of counties, but
+since the accessibility of justice for all was a prime consideration in
+their creation, it would appear well to examine the means by which the
+average citizen could have his grievances heard and decided. The
+importance of the county monthly court in his life cannot be
+overestimated. While on business at court, he had opportunity to see his
+friends, play cards, gamble, race horses, fight, drink, "swap" horses
+and other livestock, attend the muster of county militia to which he
+belonged, and see the newest articles imported from England. The county
+court and his parish church services were his chief contacts with the
+world that lay beyond his plantation.
+
+
+"JUSTICE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL." COUNTY DIVISIONS BEGIN
+
+Scarcely had the eight original counties begun to function before the
+expansion of population forced the erection of a new one. In 1636 that
+part of Elizabeth City County lying on the south side of Hampton Roads
+became a separate entity under the name of New Norfolk, a name probably
+derived from the English shire. No court records of this year survive.
+The next year 1637, New Norfolk itself was divided into Lower Norfolk
+and Upper Norfolk counties.
+
+Also in 1637, Warrosquyoake County lost its Indian name, becoming Isle
+of Wight. By Act of Assembly passed in January 1639/40, the bounds
+between these three counties were set as follows: Isle of Wight to begin
+at Lawne's Creek, thence down the main river to Richard Hays's, formerly
+John Seaward's, including the said plantation and families and from
+thence from the main river into the woods southerly to the plantation of
+William Nowell and Mr. Robert Pitt, with the said plantation and
+families, and thence south as aforesaid. The Upper County of New Norfolk
+to begin at the aforesaid plantation of Richard Hays, from thence
+southerly into the woods as aforesaid, and by the main river, from
+thence to extend down by the main river unto the creek near the
+plantation of Francis Bullock being the first creek to the westward of
+Crany Point including the plantation of the said Francis Bullock and no
+ways intrenching upon the Western Branch of Elizabeth River nor the
+creek thereof which do belong to the county of Lower Norfolk. The
+parishes in these counties were ordered to be coterminous with the
+bounds of the counties. Upper Norfolk County kept its name only a few
+years; in March 1645/46, the Assembly directed it should "be from
+henceforth nominated and called county of Nansemun."
+
+
+INDIAN DISTRICT CHICKACOAN BECOMES NORTHUMBERLAND
+
+Whether because of the Puritan element in Nansemond or because of
+Quakers resident there, who on account of their aversion to war were of
+no aid against the Indians, settlement for the first time turned away
+from Tidewater to the area lying between the Rappahannock and the
+Potomac Rivers. Because of its fertile soil, easy transportation and
+healthful climate, the colonists patented land in this favored region in
+increasing numbers. By 1645 the county of Northumberland had been formed
+and organized. Although we have no Act of Assembly to establish the
+date of its formation, an item from a volume of _Maryland Archives_
+under date of 1645 referring to Lieutenant Colonel John Trussell of the
+county of Northumberland shows the county was then functioning.
+
+The area from which Northumberland was formed had borne the Indian name
+of Chickacoan. It was a border settlement with no stable government and
+in need of law and order. Northumberland extended from the Potomac to
+and across the Rappahannock River and from the tip of "Northern Neck,"
+as the territory lying between the two rivers was called, indefinitely
+westward. The name derives from the English shire, Northumberland.
+
+Population of the colony is estimated to have been about 15,000 in 1649,
+500 of whom were negroes, and in 1654, 21,600 persons. This rapid growth
+was due largely to the Civil War in England which made Virginia a haven
+of refuge for many.
+
+
+NORTHUMBERLAND DIVIDED
+
+In 1651, that portion of Northumberland lying on both sides of the
+Rappahannock River was divided and a new county, called Lancaster from
+the English shire of that name, was formed.
+
+Colonists were moving westward in Northumberland and the distance to its
+courthouse made attendance at court difficult. In 1653, the new county
+of Westmoreland was set up from the western end of Northumberland to
+take care of these new residents. Its boundaries were "from Machoatoke
+River where Mr. Cole lives and so upwards to the falls of the great
+river of Potomac above the Necostins Town." It did not extend across the
+Rappahannock River. The "Mr. Cole" referred to is probably the Richard
+Cole, who in his will, directed that an elaborate tombstone be ordered
+for him carrying the following inscription:
+
+    "Here lies Dick Cole a grievous sinner
+    Who died shortly before dinner
+    Yet hopes in Heaven to find a place
+    To satiate his soul with grace."
+
+Westmoreland, destined to share with Charles City County the distinction
+of being the birthplace of two Presidents of the United States, is a
+beautifully situated area with famous estates on its fertile lands.
+Among these should be mentioned "Stratford," the birthplace of two
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis
+Lightfoot Lee, and of General Robert E. Lee.
+
+
+NEW TIDEWATER COUNTIES
+
+Leaving the rapidly growing Northern Neck of Virginia, we return to the
+Tidewater area to see the developments there. Just as the 1622 Massacre
+had retarded settlements on the south bank of the York River, so the
+1644 Massacre had delayed expansion on the north side of the York.
+Although in 1648 a petition was presented to the Assembly reciting "the
+great and clamorous necessities of divers of the inhabitants occasioned
+and brought upon them through the mean produce of their labours upon
+barren and over-wrought grounds" and praying leave to settle on the
+north side of Charles (York) and Rappahannock Rivers, the Assembly
+postponed the date of such settlement until 1 September 1649. It seems
+to have been about two years later, 1651, before Gloucester County was
+established, and Burgesses from the new county are first listed in April
+1652.
+
+It may be mentioned that this is an early example of the cause
+underlying a great deal of the migration in Virginia: "barren and
+over-wrought grounds," the toll that tobacco yearly exacted from the
+soil and the continuing need for new land to cultivate in order to
+produce profitable crops of tobacco.
+
+Only a little later than the northward expansion of York, evidenced by
+the new county of Gloucester, came its growth to the west. In 1654,
+Captain Robert Abrell appeared in the Assembly as Burgess from New Kent
+County. Like Gloucester, it derived from an English shire of the same
+name, and was bestowed in honor of Colonel William Claiborne of
+Crayford, Kent, England, at this date a distinguished resident of the
+new county. Its bounds were "from the west side of Skimeno Creek to the
+heads of Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers and down to the head of the west
+side of Poropotank Creek."
+
+Expansion also had taken place on the south side of James River directly
+across from Jamestown. The easterly bound of James City across the river
+was Lawne's Creek established in 1634 when the county of Warrosquyoake
+(Isle of Wight) was formed. The west boundary on the south side of the
+river was Upper Chippokes Creek. This, too, had been set up in 1634. Now
+in 1652, this area lying between these two creeks became Surry. Though
+named for the English shire, the spelling of the Virginia county has
+always omitted the "e" the English Surrey uses. It is said the name was
+selected because Surrey in England has the same geographical position to
+London as the Virginia Surry has to Jamestown, then the seat of
+government.
+
+With the formation of Surry County the needs of the population were
+satisfied for exactly 51 years. Not until 1703 was another south side
+division needed.
+
+
+THE NORTHERN NECK AND THE EASTERN SHORE DIVIDE
+
+Not so along the Rappahannock, for by 1656 only three years after
+Westmoreland was created, a petition was presented to the Assembly by
+"the inhabitants of the lower part of Lancaster County showing their
+vast distance from the county courts" and praying that a division be
+made. The Assembly acceded to their wishes, ordering "the upper part of
+Mr. Bennett's land known by the name of Naemhock on the south side of
+the easternmost branch of Morattico Creek on the north side the river be
+the lowermost bounds of the upper county; the lower county to retain the
+name of Lancaster and the upper county to be named Rappahannock County."
+This division followed the bounds of two parishes previously
+established.
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+King William County Courthouse, King William, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Hanover County Courthouse, Hanover, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Isle of Wight County Clerk's Office, Isle of Wight, Virginia]
+
+The formation of Rappahannock County in 1656 ended the list of counties
+formed in the decade 1650 to 1660.
+
+The next development was on the Eastern Shore. It had become
+sufficiently populous to support two county governments and in an Act of
+the Assembly March 1661/62 reference is made to the two counties. The
+southern part of the peninsula retained the name it had borne for twenty
+years, Northampton, and the county to the north assumed the name once
+borne by the entire peninsula, Accomack. The question of the boundary
+line between the two divisions dragged on for twenty-five years, being
+settled 22 March 1687/88. It has remained fixed. The boundary between
+Virginia and Maryland also was long in dispute, but Watkins Point at the
+mouth of Pocomoke River on its north side is the western end of the
+line. The line across the peninsula was set at a little north of the
+point.
+
+With Eastern Shore divided into two counties, no further growth was
+possible and the peninsula remains two counties.
+
+The next county to be formed in the colony was Stafford, which lies on
+the north side of the Rappahannock River to the west of Westmoreland.
+The name is in honor of an English shire. When formed in 1664, it was a
+border county with constant fear of Indian attacks since an established
+Indian trail regularly used by their hunting parties lay within its
+territory. Its north and west boundaries were not well defined, but
+included the area later Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Loudoun and
+Alexandria (now Arlington) Counties.
+
+Middlesex County, next to be noted, was functioning as a county in 1669
+as Mr. F. W. Sydnor demonstrated in an article in _Virginia Magazine of
+History and Biography_, Volume 42. It was taken from Lancaster County,
+being the portion that lies on the south side of the Rappahannock River
+and extends to Dragon Run, the northern boundary of Gloucester. It had
+been the southern part of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster and retained
+the same parish name. Christ Church was the only parish and coterminous
+with Middlesex County. By good fortune, Christ Church in Lancaster and
+Christ Church in Middlesex are still preserved and in use. Both the
+Register and Vestry Book of the latter have survived the years, the
+former begins in 1653 and the latter ten years later. No Register of
+Christ Church Lancaster survives, and the extant Vestry Book covers only
+the years 1739 to 1786. Middlesex, never large, was, in colonial days,
+the home of numerous distinguished families, among them the Wormeleys,
+whose house "Rosegill" has seen many important historical events. The
+name Middlesex is for the English shire, doubtless the birthplace of
+many early residents of the Virginia County.
+
+
+THE COLONY PROSPERS UNDER A KING AND QUEEN AND TWO NEW COUNTIES HONOR
+THE ROYAL FAMILY
+
+After Middlesex in 1669, there was a hiatus of 22 years before a new
+county was created. In that period, the colony's fortunes had been
+checkered, and unrest and depression had been widespread. Troubles with
+the Indians, Bacon's Rebellion and economic ills, which led to tobacco
+cutting, all combined to make Virginia a gloomy place. The accession of
+James II brought no improvement in England, and the time was ripe for
+revolution. James II was forced to flee. He was succeeded by his
+daughter Mary and her husband, who was his nephew, Prince William of
+Orange. Under their rule, both England and Virginia became more
+prosperous. The next new county, King and Queen, created 1691, was named
+in their honor. This was formed from New Kent, "so that Pamunkey River
+divide the same, and so down York River to the extent of the county, and
+that the part which is now on the south side of York and Pamunkey River
+be called New Kent, and the north side with Pamunkey Neck be called and
+known by the name of King and Queen county." It was enacted further
+"that the inhabitants of Pamunkey Neck, that now belong to St. Peter's
+Parish be restored and added to St. John's Parish from which they
+formerly were taken, and that the Pamunkey River be the bounds betwixt
+the two parishes."
+
+About the same time Lower Norfolk became populous enough to justify the
+formation of a new county. This was to begin "at the new inlet of Little
+Creek and so up the said creek to the dams between Jacob Johnson and
+Richard Drout and so out of the said dams up a branch the head of which
+branch lyeth between the dwelling house of William Moseley, Senr., and
+the new dwelling house of Edmond Webb, and so to run from the head of
+the said branch on a direct line to the dams at the head of the Eastern
+branch of Elizabeth River, the which dams lie between James Kemp and
+Thomas Ivy, and so down the said branch to the mouth of a small branch
+or gutt that divides the land which Mr. John Porter now lives on from
+the land he formerly lived on, and so up the said small branch according
+to the bounds of the said plantation where the said Porter now liveth,
+and from thence to the great swamp that lieth on the east side of John
+Showlands and so along the said great swamp to the North River of
+Currituck and down the said North River to the mouth of Simpson's Creek
+and so up the said creek to the head thereof and from thence by a south
+line to the bounds of Carolina." The name of this new division was
+Princess Anne honoring the second daughter of James II by his first wife
+Anne Hyde, and the sister of Queen Mary. Later Princess Anne became a
+very popular Queen, Fluvanna County, the Rivanna River, the North Anna
+and South Anna and the Rapidan River all being named for her. At the
+same time that Princess Anne was formed, the name of Lower Norfolk was
+changed to Norfolk County.
+
+
+RICHMOND AND ESSEX FROM OLD RAPPAHANNOCK
+
+Settlers had long found the Rappahannock River area attractive. The
+county of this name, established in 1656, and lying on both sides of the
+river, had grown steadily and its population was sufficient to support
+two county governments. It was enacted that the river be the dividing
+line, "that part which is now on the north side thereof be called and
+known by the name Richmond County and that that which is now on the
+south side thereof be called and known by the name of Essex County." It
+was further ordered "that the records belonging to the county court of
+Rappahannock before this division be kept in Essex County, that
+belonging wholly to their majesties and the other to the proprietors of
+the North Neck." This was a seemingly casual reference to the grant
+Charles II had made to some of his supporters while he was in exile and
+had confirmed on his coming to the throne; it comprised over five
+million acres lying between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers from
+their headsprings to the Chesapeake Bay. Not until the colony became
+independent was the Proprietary abolished.
+
+In 1702 another division was created. The land lying between the
+Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, known as Pamunkey Neck was taken from
+King and Queen and became King William County. This honored the reigning
+monarch, King William, now a widower since the death of Queen Mary in
+1694.
+
+King William died the same year his namesake county was formed and his
+sister-in-law, Queen Anne came to the throne. The first county formed
+thereafter honored her husband, the Prince Consort, George of Denmark.
+The new county, Prince George, embraced that portion of Charles City
+lying on the south side of James River. The estate, "Brandon," and the
+third oldest church building in Virginia known as Merchants Hope, are
+within its confines.
+
+After a reign of twelve years Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover
+ascended the throne as King George I of England. Several years before
+this, the Tangier-born Alexander Spotswood was appointed Lieutenant
+Governor of Virginia and took up his residence in Williamsburg.
+Williamsburg had become the capital in 1699. It was on higher land than
+malarial Jamestown and a more healthful place to live.
+
+Governor Spotswood was active and eager to explore the resources of the
+colony. One of his achievements was to lead a group of adventurous
+persons to the summit of the Blue Ridge and blaze the way for westward
+expansion. He also was interested in bringing over from the German
+Palatinate colonists adept in iron mining, and establishing them on the
+edges of older settlements. This brought about the creation of several
+counties as we shall see later.
+
+In 1721 the "Upper Inhabitants" of Richmond County because of their
+great distance from the courthouse petitioned to become a separate
+county. The eastern part lying below "Charles Beaver Dams and from the
+head thereof by a north course to Westmoreland County" was to retain the
+name Richmond and the part above the said dams and course was to be King
+George County. The name, of course, honored George I.
+
+When New Kent was formed in 1654 its western bounds were indefinite. By
+1721, however, the "Upper Inhabitants" of this county were sufficiently
+numerous to petition for division on account of their great distance
+from court. It was ordered that "that part of the county lying below the
+Parish of St. Paul" was to remain New Kent and the part lying in St.
+Paul's Parish was to be known as Hanover County. The name again honors
+the reigning monarch.
+
+Also in 1721, a third new county was formed and called Spotsylvania for
+the energetic and capable Governor. Spotsylvania was taken from Essex,
+and parts of King and Queen and King William. The bounds of Spotsylvania
+specifically laid out in the Act creating it were "upon Snow Creek up to
+the mill, thence by a southwest line to the river, North Anna, thence up
+the river as far as convenient and thence by a line to be run over the
+high mountains to the river on the northwest side thereof, so as to
+include the northern passage through the said mountains, thence down the
+said river until it comes against the head of Rappahannock thence, by a
+line to the head of Rappahannock River; and down that river to the mouth
+of Snow Creek." Within the portion of Spotsylvania that was taken from
+Essex, the Governor, some years before, had located a group of German
+immigrants at a place called Germanna on the Rapidan River.
+
+Besides the Germans, there was a group of Huguenots who had come over a
+few years earlier and settled on the James River some 20 miles above the
+Falls. There were also immigrants, both from England and Scotland, who
+were loyal to the Stuart cause, and its leader, James, son of James II
+by his second wife, Mary of Modena. The rising of the Scotch clans in
+his favor in 1715 was crushed by the battle of Preston. Many of the
+captured Highlanders were deported to America and others, fearing
+capture, emigrated. These three new factors in the life of the colony
+are worthy of notice.
+
+In 1727/28, an Act was passed by the Assembly to take effect the next
+year dividing the county of Henrico. The division was to be "by a line
+on the north side James River beginning at the mouth of Tuckahoe Creek
+thence up the said creek to Chumley's Branch thence along a line of
+marked trees north twenty degrees east to Hanover County and on the
+south side James River beginning at the Lower Manachin Creek from thence
+along a line of marked trees in a direct course to the mouth of
+Skinquarter Creek on Appomattox River." The land to the east of this
+line was to remain Henrico and that to the west to comprise the new
+county of Goochland. Sir William Gooch had become Lieutenant Governor of
+Virginia in 1727 and served 22 years. He was probably the most popular
+of the colonial governors, seemingly able to work harmoniously with the
+Council which was necessary for success.
+
+At the same time that Goochland was formed another new county came into
+being. This was described in the bill brought before the House of
+Burgesses as "An act for erecting a new county on the heads of Essex,
+King and Queen and King William Counties and for calling the same
+Caroline County." The name derives from Caroline of Anspach, Queen of
+George II who had succeeded his father, George I as King the year
+before. It will be recalled that Queen Caroline gave money to Thomas Lee
+to aid him in building "Stratford" when his former house had been burned
+by criminals whom he, as a magistrate, had sentenced for their misdeeds.
+Caroline County was not an expansion of settlements as most of the other
+counties had been for it was bounded completely by already established
+governments. Its creation, however, was in line with the thesis already
+laid down "to make justice accessible to all", and made court attendance
+more convenient for dwellers in the northwest portions of Essex, King
+and Queen and King William.
+
+Three years later, in 1731, a new county was created from the northwest
+portions of Stafford and King George "above Choppawomsick Creek on
+Potomac River and Deep Creek on Rappahannock River and a southwest line
+to be made from the head of the north branch of the said creek to the
+head of the said Deep Run." This area was to be known as Prince William
+County honoring by this title, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the
+King's brother. He was later known as "The Butcher of Culloden" because
+of the ferocity of his treatment of the Scotch Highlanders after the
+battle of Culloden in 1745. This battle, so sanguinary and devastating
+in its effects, wiped out the Stuart sympathizers and there were no
+further attempts to depose the Hanoverian dynasty from the British
+throne. The county seat is Manassas, near which were fought two battles
+of the Civil War.
+
+
+BRUNSWICK AND MIGRATION SOUTHWARD
+
+In 1720, the Assembly passed an act to be effective in 1721, creating
+Spotsylvania County as has been mentioned. At the same time, there was
+an act to form a county from the southern part of Prince George County
+and name it Brunswick for the Duchy of Brunswick which was then a
+possession of the Electorate of Hanover. The description is as follows:
+that Brunswick County should begin "on the south side of the River
+Roanoke at the place where the line lately run for ascertaining the
+uncontroverted bounds of this colony towards North Carolina intersects
+the said river Roanoke and to be bounded by the direction of the
+governor with consent of council so as to include the southern pass." No
+steps were taken for carrying out this act because of the small number
+of settlers in the area, until May 1732, when it was enacted that the
+earlier legislation become effective the first of January ensuing.
+Setting up the county government had been made possible by adding parts
+of Surry and Isle of Wight, thus increasing the number of tithables and
+lessening the amount of taxes each would pay. The preamble to the act
+expresses this thought in more precise phrase when it says "whereas by
+reason of the small number of tithables in the county of Brunswick the
+poll taxes must necessarily be very grievous and burthensome to them,
+which by an addition of parts of the counties of Surry and Isle of Wight
+would be remedied, and divers of the inhabitants of the two last
+mentioned counties would thereby also be freed from hardships and
+inconveniences which at present they labour under."
+
+The reference to the line lately run "between Virginia and North
+Carolina" is the famous survey made by Col. William Byrd, Major William
+Mayo, John Irvine and others which forms the subject of _The History of
+the Dividing Line_ written by Colonel Byrd. The Mayo River in Patrick
+and Henry Counties perpetuates the name of Major Mayo, the skilled
+surveyor in the party. The entire boundary was not surveyed then, in
+fact it was a good many years later before it was necessary to have a
+clear limit between the two colonies for the entire area.
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Lancaster County Clerk's Office, Lancaster, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Essex County Clerk's Office, Tappahannock, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Richmond County Clerk's Office, Warsaw, Virginia]
+
+Brunswick County began to function in 1732 and grew rapidly. The
+"overwrought ground" mentioned long before had in the interval became a
+more and more disturbing factor in agriculture. Tobacco was king, it
+demanded new land, hence new land must be provided. In Brunswick there
+was not only new land but the sort of land to raise good tobacco
+profitably, a condition equally true today. Settlers from Essex, King
+and Queen, Gloucester, York, Elizabeth City and other older counties
+soon made their way into Brunswick. It may not be amiss to observe that
+with the better living made possible by better tobacco crops a
+gastronomic delicacy was developed there, a rich and succulent stew
+called "Brunswick Stew" in honor of the county. So far as the writer is
+aware no other county in the state has achieved similar fame.
+
+
+ORANGE COUNTY REACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI
+
+In 1734, an expansion to the northwest took place in the creation of
+Orange County so named to honor William, Prince of Orange, later William
+III of England. The City of Williamsburg, King William and King and
+Queen counties had been prior evidences of his popularity. The new
+division was to embrace that part of Spotsylvania County lying in Saint
+Mark's Parish "Bounden southerly by the line of Hanover County,
+northerly by the grant of Lord Fairfax and westerly by the utmost limits
+of Virginia." This western boundary was the Mississippi River. The
+Assembly further enacted "for the encouragement of the inhabitants
+already settled and which shall speedily settle on the westward of
+Sherrendo (Shenandoah) River" that "all who had established themselves
+by 1st January 1734/35 should be free of country, county and parish
+levies for the next three years."
+
+Part of this expansion was due to the natural increase of population,
+the allure of new settlements where there was greater opportunity for
+advancement of fortunes, and part to the tide of immigration. Years of
+warfare in Germany had left ruined communities along the Rhenish
+Palatinate. For these people, Rotterdam was the most convenient port of
+embarkation and Philadelphia was often their port of debarkation.
+Following in the steps of John Van Metre, Adam Miller, Jacob Stover and
+Jost Hite who had come to the Valley of Virginia between 1725 and 1731,
+many immigrants, finding land cheaper in Virginia, left Pennsylvania and
+took up residence in Virginia.
+
+In 1735, the act of the Assembly passed the year before for creating the
+new county of Amelia became effective. By this act, it was ordered that
+"the said county of Prince George and that part of the parish of Bristol
+which lies in the same be divided from the mouth of Namozain Creek up
+the same to the main, or John Hamlin's, fork of the said creek, thence
+up the south or lowest branch thereof to White Oak Hunting Path and
+thence by a south course to strike Nottoway River." The land below these
+courses retained the name of Prince George. The land lying above these
+courses bounded "southerly by the Great Nottoway River including part of
+the county of Brunswick and parish of Saint Andrew as far as to take the
+ridges between Roanoke and Appomattox Rivers and thence along those
+ridges to the great mountains westerly by the said mountains and
+northerly by the southern boundaries of Goochland and Henrico Counties"
+became Amelia County and Raleigh Parish. The name was in honor of the
+youngest daughter of George II.
+
+By 1738, people living across the Blue Ridge Mountains found them a
+barrier to frequent attendance at Orange County Court. For their
+convenience, a division was ordered. "All that territory and tract of
+land at present deemed to be a part of the county of Orange lying on the
+northwest side of the said mountains (Blue Ridge) extending from thence
+northerly, westerly and southerly beyond the said mountains to the
+utmost limits of Virginia" shall be "separated from the rest of the said
+county and erected into two distinct counties and parishes; to be
+divided by a line to be run from the head spring of Hedgman River to the
+head spring by the River Potomac." "That part of the said territory
+lying to the northeast of the said line beyond the top of the said Blue
+Ridge shall be one distinct county, to be called and known by the name
+of the county of Frederick and parish of Frederick. And that the rest
+of the said territory lying on the other side of the said line beyond
+the top of the said Blue Ridge shall be one other distinct county and
+parish to be called by the name of the county of Augusta and parish of
+Augusta." The counties thus created honored Frederick, Prince of Wales,
+eldest son of George II, and his wife, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess
+of Wales. Frederick predeceased his father and it was Frederick's son
+who became George III.
+
+The Assembly had repeated with reference to Augusta and Frederick
+Counties its action in the case of Brunswick; namely: created counties
+before they were financially able to function. Not until 1743 did
+Frederick have sufficient tithables to begin to hold court, and it was
+two years later before Augusta set up her county organization.
+
+In 1742, it was enacted that Prince William County be divided. The
+bounds of this county were set as follows: "all that part thereof lying
+on the south side of Occoquan and Bull Run and from the heads of the
+main branch of Bull Run by a straight course to the Thoroughfare of the
+Blue Ridge of Mountains known by the name of Ashby's Gap or Bent."
+Hamilton was the parish for Prince William County. That portion of
+Prince William which had, in 1732, been placed in Truro Parish became
+the new county of Fairfax. The name was, of course, in honor of Lord
+Fairfax, the Proprietor of the Northern Neck Grant.
+
+Pohick, one of the churches in Truro Parish, is still standing and in
+use. General George Washington, who lived at nearby "Mount Vernon,"
+George Mason of "Gunston Hall" and Lord Fairfax of "Greenway Court" were
+vestrymen; and planned for the erection of this present building in
+1769.
+
+In the same year that Fairfax was formed in the northern part of the
+colony, Hanover County in the middle section was divided. The Act
+ordered "all that tract of land now deemed to be a part of the said
+county of Hanover lying above a straight course to be run from the
+mouth of Little Rockey Creek on the River Northanna south, twenty
+degrees west until it intersects the line of Goochland County" should
+become a distinct county and known by the name of Louisa County. The
+name honored a daughter of George II, as Amelia had done a few years
+earlier.
+
+Two years later the first of the eight counties eventually cut from
+Goochland was created and given the name Albemarle. This was in honor of
+William Anne Keppel, second Earl of Albemarle, Governor-General of the
+Colony, 1737-1754. Like most of the Governors-General, he did not come
+to Virginia, but the Lieutenant Governor as his deputy, performed the
+duties of his office.
+
+The bounds of Albemarle were to be divided from Goochland on the west
+"by a line run from the point of fork of James River north, thirty
+degrees east to the Louisa County line, and from the said point of fork
+a direct course to Brooks mill and from thence the same course continued
+to Appomattox River." "The point of fork" is the junction of the Rivanna
+with the James. It will be noted by the reference to the Appomattox
+River that Albemarle extended across James River just as Goochland did.
+"Monticello" the beloved home of Thomas Jefferson, is in Albemarle
+County, and in architecture and planning is another example of the
+amazing versatility of his genius.
+
+In 1746, the settlements in Brunswick County had grown to such an extent
+that a new division was required. The line was ordered "to be run from
+the county line where it crosses Roanoke River below the place called
+the Horse Ford to strike Nottoway River at the south." The territory
+above this line was to be called Lunenburg County. This title,
+anglicized from the German form, Luneburg, was chosen since the Duchy of
+Luneburg, like that of Brunswick, belonged to the Electorate of Hanover.
+Lunenburg embraced a vast acreage stretching from the rolling country
+where bright tobacco came to perfection as far west as the mountains and
+on the south to the North Carolina boundary.
+
+
+CUMBERLAND, CULPEPER, SOUTHAMPTON AND CHESTERFIELD CREATED, 1749
+
+The western portion of Goochland lying on both sides of the James had,
+in 1744, been taken to form the new county of Albemarle; now, five years
+later, the southeast portion of Goochland was made into the new county
+of Cumberland. The name was further honor for the Duke of Cumberland,
+"The Butcher of Culloden." The growth in this locality had been hastened
+by the arrival of numerous Huguenot families seeking asylum from
+persecution in France. Manakintown was the name of their settlement. The
+name is perpetuated in a newly erected Episcopal church not far from the
+site of the settlement where the Agee, Fourqurean, Legrand, Michaux,
+Guerrant, Flournoy and other families worship now, as they have done for
+some 250 years.
+
+In the same year that Cumberland was formed, a new county was taken from
+Orange and named Culpeper, presumably in honor of Lord Culpeper,
+Governor of Virginia 1680-1683, a compliment to Lord Fairfax "who had
+inherited from him the ownership of the Northern Neck." Culpeper lay on
+the south side of the Rappahannock and north of the Conway River
+commonly called the fork of the Rappahannock River. The fork of the
+Rappahannock was the area between the Rappahannock River and its
+tributary, the Conway, now called the Rapidan. "Horseshoe Farm" is in
+Culpeper County and takes its name from the bend or horseshoe made by
+the Rapidan within which it is situated. While the residence is modern,
+the farm is of colonial times and was once owned by Governor Spotswood.
+It was from this house that, in 1741, he went to Annapolis, Maryland
+expecting to sail with an expedition to join Admiral Vernon and attack
+Cartagena in the Spanish Main. He died unexpectedly in Annapolis but,
+strangely enough, considering his prominence, his burial place is
+unknown.
+
+Besides Culpeper and Cumberland, a third county, Southampton, was
+formed in 1749. This was taken from that portion of Isle of Wight's
+territory that lay west of Blackwater River. The name is said to honor,
+tho belatedly, Henry Wriothesley, second Earl of Southampton, friend of
+Shakespeare and a leading member of the Virginia Company of London. The
+City of Hampton and Hampton River honor the same person. Southampton is
+one of the cotton-raising counties of Virginia, and in the fall the
+fields of cotton are a beautiful sight.
+
+Still a fourth county was formed in 1749 and that was Chesterfield.
+This, as was the case with the other three, represented no great
+expansion, but was in line with the thesis long before laid down--"to
+make justice accessible to all." Chesterfield is that part of Henrico
+that lay on the south side of James River. Again we go to England for
+the reason for this name and learn that it honors Philip Dormer
+Stanhope, fourth Earl of Chesterfield, the celebrated Lord Chesterfield.
+Though we think of him primarily as the epitome of good manners,
+courtesy and tact, his political career was important too. His services
+in Parliament, his lord lieutenancy of Ireland, his achievements on
+different embassies, and as Secretary of State were of value to his
+country. In Chesterfield County are the sites of the earliest iron works
+in the colony and of the projected college just beginning to operate
+when the 1622 Massacre destroyed everything.
+
+In 1752, two new divisions were made. One of these was Halifax, the
+first of the nine counties that were destined to be carved out of the
+vast expanse of Lunenburg County. The bounds of Halifax were "all that
+part thereof lying on the south side of Black-Water Creek and Staunton
+river, from the said Black-Water creek to the confluence of the said
+river with the river Dan and from thence to Aaron's creek to the county
+line." The parish of Antrim coterminous with the county was established
+when the county was created. The name Halifax honors George Montagu
+Dunk, the second Earl of Halifax "who was First Lord of the Board of
+Trade about that time and as such greatly interested himself in the
+trade of the colonies." Halifax, Nova Scotia is a further memorial to
+Lord Halifax.
+
+The other county created in 1752 was Dinwiddie, taken from the southern
+portion of Prince George. Its bounds began at the lower side "of the run
+which falls into Appomattox river between the town of Blanford and
+Bollings point warehouses to the outermost line of the glebe land and by
+a south course and by the said outermost line of the glebe land to Surry
+County." The name honored Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of
+Virginia 1751-58. He held office during the troubled period of the
+French and Indian Wars, in which George Washington, as a Colonel in the
+Virginia Militia, participated.
+
+In 1754 that part of Amelia County divided "by a line to run from Ward's
+ford on Appomattox River to the mouth of Sail's creek on Nottoway river
+and all that part of the said county which lies on the upper side of the
+said line shall be one distinct county and called and known by the name
+of Prince Edward." The name was in honor of a younger brother of King
+George III, Prince Edward, Duke of Gloucester. This Prince was one of
+the two brothers of George III, whose marriages to commoners led to the
+passage of the famous Royal Marriage Act in 1772. Its well-known
+provisions are that no descendant of King George III may marry when
+under 25 years of age without consent of the reigning monarch or, if
+over that age, without a consenting Act of Parliament. Prince Edward
+Street in Fredericksburg is also named for this Prince as the city
+itself is for his father.
+
+Also in 1754, a second county was created from Lunenburg and called
+Bedford. It comprised the area lying on the upper side of Falling-river
+from its mouth "up the said river to the fork, thence up that fork
+running by John Beard's to the head, thence by a line to be run from the
+head thereof north, twenty degrees east to the line dividing the said
+county from the county of Albemarle." It should be remembered that at
+this time both the present Buckingham and Appomattox were a part of
+Albemarle County. The new county honored "John Russell the fourth Duke
+of Bedford who was Secretary of State of Great Britain February 13th
+1748 to June 26th 1757." The parish, coterminous with the county and
+created at the same time, also honored the Duke, being called Russell.
+
+Another expansion at this time also on the south side of James River was
+the formation of Sussex from Surry County. Sussex lies to the south of
+Seacock Swamp on the line dividing Surry "from the county of
+Southampton, thence a straight course to Blackwater at the mouth of
+Coppohawk and up Blackwater to the line dividing" Surry from the county
+of Prince George. Sussex took its name from the English shire. Albemarle
+Parish formed in 1739 had included the area now made into Sussex, and,
+in addition, a small portion of Surry. It was enacted that the portion
+in Surry be added to Southwark Parish, and Albemarle Parish be made
+coterminous with Sussex.
+
+The fourth county formed in 1754 was Hampshire named for the English
+shire. It is now in West Virginia. Since, however, its creation affected
+the bounds of two already established Virginia Counties, the Act of
+Assembly for its bounds is cited: "Whereas part of the county and parish
+of Augusta lies within the bounds of the territory or tract of land
+called the Northern Neck belong to the right honorable Thomas, Lord
+Fairfax, Baron of Cameron and it will be more convenient if the dividing
+line between the said territory and the other part of this colony be
+established as the line of the said county and that part of the said
+county be added to the county and parish of Frederick," it was enacted
+therefore that the part of Augusta above mentioned be added to Frederick
+which should then be divided into two counties and "all that part
+thereof lying to the westward of the ridge of mountains commonly called
+and known by the name of the Great North or Cape Capon mountains and
+Warin spring mountain extending to Potomac river be one distinct county
+and called and known by the name of Hampshire." When Augusta and
+Frederick were authorized in 1738, the western bounds of the Northern
+Neck Grant had not been surveyed. This was done in 1747, and the above
+Act changed the previous limits of Augusta so that the entire county
+would not be a part of the proprietary.
+
+The name of the next new county reflected current happenings. For about
+six years, 1754-1760, the colony was actively participating in the
+struggle to crush French power in America. The Commander-in-Chief of the
+British Forces in America was, for a time, John Campbell, fourth Earl of
+Loudoun. His conduct of the war was severely criticized, and he was
+recalled in December 1757. He was, for almost two years, titular
+"Governor and Captain-General of Virginia," though his deputy
+Lieutenant-Governor Robert Dinwiddie performed all the duties of the
+office. Loudoun, the new county named for the Earl, was formed from
+Fairfax County in 1757. It included "all that part thereof lying above
+Difficult Run which falls into Potomac river and by a line to be run
+from the head of the said run or straight course to the mouth of Rocky
+run." The part "thereof below the said run and course" retained its
+status as a distinct county and the name of Fairfax.
+
+In 1759, the inhabitants of Prince William County complained of many
+inconveniences "by reason of the great extent thereof and their remote
+situation from the courthouse." Mindful that justice be accessible to
+all, the Assembly enacted that Prince William be divided and "all that
+part of the said county that lies above a line to be run from the head
+of Bull Run and along the top of Bull run mountains to Chapman's mill,
+in Broad run thoroughfare, from thence by a direct line till it
+intersects the nearest part of the line dividing Stafford and Prince
+William Counties" be known as Fauquier. This again honors an English
+official but in this case a very popular one, Francis Fauquier, who, in
+1758, succeeded Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He
+served the colony for nearly ten years, dying in Williamsburg on 3 March
+1768 "after a tedious illness which he bore with the greatest patience
+and fortitude." Among the eulogies in prose to his memory, the following
+verse may be noted:
+
+    "If ever virtue lost a friend sincere
+    If ever sorrow claimed Virginia's tear
+    If ever death a noble conquest made
+    'Twas when Fauquier the debt of nature paid."
+
+With tobacco as the medium of exchange and as the most valuable export,
+the economic base was too small for the large superstructure erected on
+it. The taxes, fees, and commissions on exported tobacco were numerous
+and onerous, the net return to the planter often did not cover the goods
+he had ordered and his debt to his London agent increased. It was
+British policy that her colonies should send her raw materials and buy
+from her manufactured articles, thus giving her merchants a double
+advantage and placing the colonists at double disadvantage. During the
+1750's, the colony had been put to such great expense in prosecuting the
+French and Indian War that for the first time an issue of paper money
+was required. Economic conditions grew worse throughout the colony.
+
+
+"WESTWARD-HO" TWENTY-SIX NEW COUNTIES, 1750-1770
+
+The unceasing westward trek of settlers continued. In 1750-60, eight
+counties were formed, between 1760-1770, eighteen new divisions
+occurred, which evidences the great growth of population.
+
+Albemarle was the next county to be divided. In 1761, it was enacted
+that the portion "of the said county which lies on the south side of the
+Fluvanna river" [old name for the James River above Richmond] "shall be
+one distinct county and called and known by the name of Buckingham." By
+the same legislation, "that other part of the said county which lies on
+the north side of the Fluvanna river shall be divided from the
+confluence of Rockfish river with the Fluvanna by Rockfish river to the
+mouth of Green creek and thence a straight line to the house of Thomas
+Bell to the Blue mountains, and all that part which lies above Rockfish
+river and the lines aforesaid" shall be called Amherst County. Amherst
+Parish at the same time was formed from Saint Anne's Parish and made
+coterminous with the county of Amherst. Several years earlier, Tillotson
+Parish had been formed from Saint Anne's to take care of the residents
+of Amherst who lived on the south side of James River. It was now made
+coterminous with the county of Buckingham.
+
+The name Buckingham is probably for the Duke of Buckingham. Amherst
+derives its name from "the hero of Ticonderoga, Major-General Sir
+Jeffrey Amherst, the most successful as well as the most popular of all
+the English Colonial Governors-General." He was titular Governor-General
+of Virginia 1759-1768 while Francis Fauquier performed the duties of the
+office.
+
+Four years passed, and two more divisions were made in the western
+portion of Lunenburg. The part of Lunenburg comprised in the parish of
+Cornwall became Charlotte County and the portion in the parish of St.
+James became Mecklenburg.
+
+These counties were named, as is the city of Charlottesville, after
+Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who became Queen of England on her
+marriage to King George III.
+
+We next find in 1767 that Halifax has grown to the point of division and
+a new county, Pittsylvania, has been taken from its western portion.
+Pittsylvania lay on the upper or western side "of a line to be run
+across the mouth of Strait Stone creek on Staunton river to the country
+line, near the mouth of the country line creek on Dan river." At the
+same time, Antrim, which was the parish for Halifax, was divided and the
+part lying in Pittsylvania became Camden. Pittsylvania honored "Sir
+William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, the celebrated English statesman" whose
+sympathy with them had endeared him to the colonists. A statue of him in
+Westmoreland county, Virginia and another in Charleston, South Carolina
+are further expressions of the affection felt for him.
+
+
+BOTETOURT, 1770 HONORS A POPULAR COLONIAL GOVERNOR
+
+The next county was, in the main, a rearrangement of already settled
+territory bearing always in mind that easy access to justice was the
+purpose of every division. The new county, Botetourt, was formed from
+Augusta in 1770 and lay on the south side of a dividing "line beginning
+at the Blue Ridge, running north fifty-five degrees west, to the
+confluence of Mary's creek, or the south river, with the north branch of
+James River, thence up the same to the mouth of Carr's creek, thence up
+the said creek to the mountain, thence north, fifty-five degrees west as
+far as the courts of the two counties shall extend it." The phrase to
+note in the above is: "as far as the courts of the two counties shall
+extend it," in other words, there was no limit to the western boundary.
+The name Botetourt was for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt,
+Governor of Virginia 1768-1770. He died in Williamsburg in October 1770,
+lamented and beloved for his interest in the colony and the College of
+William and Mary. The House of Burgesses voted a sum of money to have a
+statue of him made in London to stand in the old Capitol building. The
+statue still exists, one of the most treasured possessions of the
+College of William and Mary, and adorns its campus.
+
+
+FREDERICK SUBDIVIDED
+
+Two years later, the county of Frederick had a division on both its
+eastern and northern ends. It was enacted by the Assembly that the
+territory of Frederick be divided into three distinct counties: "on the
+north by a line beginning in the line that divides the counties of
+Frederick and Loudoun one mile and an half northward of the corner in
+Williams' gap that at present divides the parishes of Frederick and
+Norborne thence westward with a line exactly parallel to the line that
+now divides the said parishes of Frederick and Norborne till it
+intersects the line of Hampshire county; thence with the Hampshire line
+to the corner dividing the parishes of Frederick and Beckford; thence
+with the lines dividing the said parishes of Frederick and Beckford east
+southeast to the south eastwardly bank of Cedar creek, thence binding on
+the same to its confluence with the river Shenandoah; thence across the
+said river east to the easterly bank of the same; thence down the said
+river and binding on the same to the mouth of Passage creek; and thence
+with a right line to the line of Culpeper, at the intersection of the
+road leading through Chester's gap; thence with the Culpeper, Fauquier,
+and Loudoun lines to the beginning." This area, so described, was to
+remain Frederick County. "All that part of the county which lies between
+the first mentioned line running from the said beginning in the line of
+Loudoun county and Potomac river shall be ... known by the name of
+Berkeley county." The remainder of what had been Frederick now became
+Dunmore County. There had been three parishes in Frederick; of these
+Frederick remained in the county, while Norborne appropriately became
+the parish for Berkeley and Beckford for Dunmore.
+
+Berkeley County named for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt, later
+became a part of West Virginia. It was further evidence of this
+governor's popularity, Botetourt County having previously been named for
+him.
+
+
+DUNMORE RENAMED SHENANDOAH
+
+Dunmore honored the new Governor, John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, who
+succeeded Lord Botetourt. His popularity was short lived, and his
+tyrannical acts, when he attempted to keep the colony loyal to the
+crown, so enraged the people that he was forced to take refuge with his
+family on a British warship. In 1777, still smarting over his behavior,
+the Assembly changed the name of the county to Shenandoah for the
+beautiful river that flows through it; the change to take effect
+February 1, 1778.
+
+
+FINCASTLE REACHES TO THE OHIO RIVER
+
+In 1772, the county of Fincastle was formed from the western portion of
+Botetourt. It is an evidence of rapidly growing settlements when for the
+first time mention is made of "inhabitants and settlers on the waters of
+Holston and New rivers." The territory of Fincastle was "within a line
+to run up the east side of New river to the mouth of Culberson's creek,
+thence a direct line to the Catawba road where it crosses the dividing
+ridge between the north fork of Roanoke and the waters of New river,
+thence with the top of the ridge to the bent where it turns eastwardly,
+thence a south course crossing Little river to the top of the Blue Ridge
+of mountains." The reason for the name Fincastle seems uncertain; one
+version has it as being for George, Lord Fincastle, Lord Dunmore's son,
+and the other that it was for the town of Fincastle established in 1772
+and so named for Lord Botetourt's home in England.
+
+
+VIRGINIA COUNTIES EXTENDED TO THE OHIO RIVER AND INCLUDE KENTUCKY
+
+Fincastle County was an expansion of Augusta to the west but an
+expansion to the northwest had been in progress since before 1754. In
+that year, Governor Dinwiddie ordered a fort built on the present site
+of Pittsburgh and issued a proclamation offering land in the area to
+those who would enlist as soldiers for the French and Indian War. The
+French captured the fort and named it Fort Duquesne. This outpost of
+great strategic importance fell to the English in 1758 and was renamed
+Fort Pitt. The area was under Virginia jurisdiction and called the
+district of West Augusta being considered a part of Augusta County.
+"County courts were held at Pittsburgh under Virginia jurisdiction and
+the great section of country from the Alleghany mountains northwest to
+the Ohio came to be called West Augusta. It was represented under this
+name in the Conventions of 1775 and 1776. In October 1776, the district
+of West Augusta was divided into the counties of Ohio, Yohogania and
+Monongalia. A portion of this territory, including Pittsburgh, was
+claimed by Pennsylvania and there was much disorder and some bloodshed
+between the officers and adherents of the two Colonies. In 1779,
+commissioners from Virginia and Pennsylvania finally settled the line
+and Pittsburgh and the adjoining area were surrendered to Pennsylvania."
+The above is the concise account, by the late W. G. Stanard, in an early
+volume of the _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, of an almost
+forgotten episode in western development. It explains why in the Augusta
+County records in Staunton, Virginia are found deeds for land now in
+Pennsylvania.
+
+The bounds of these three new counties, Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia
+are set forth in detail in the Act of Assembly creating them, but are
+not quoted here since they neither adjoin nor are a part of the
+Commonwealth of Virginia now.
+
+
+KENTUCKY A VIRGINIA COUNTY, 1776
+
+The next division of a county occurred in this same year 1776, and was
+further expansion toward the beckoning west; this division was not to
+take effect until January first, 1777. Fincastle became extinct as a
+county, its territory becoming Kentucky, Washington and Montgomery
+Counties. The Act of Assembly recites that the part of Fincastle lying
+"to the south and westward of a line beginning on the Ohio at the mouth
+of Great Sandy creek and running up the same and the main, or
+north-easterly, branch thereof to the Great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland
+Mountain, thence south westerly along the said mountain to the line of
+North Carolina shall be one distinct county and called and known by the
+name of Kentucky; and all that part of the said county of Fincastle
+included in the lines beginning at the Cumberland Mountain where the
+line of Kentucky county intersects the North Carolina line, thence east
+along the said Carolina line to the top of Iron mountain, thence along
+the same easterly to the source of the south fork of Holstein river,
+thence northwardly along the highest part of the high lands, ridges and
+mountains that divide the waters of the Tennessee from those of the
+Great Kanawha, to the most easterly source of Clinch river, thence
+westwardly along the top of the mountains that divide the waters of
+Clinch river from those of the Great Kanawha and Sandy Creek to the line
+of Kentucky county thence along the same to the beginning" shall be
+known "by the name of Washington; and all the residue of the said county
+of Fincastle shall be" known as Montgomery.
+
+It is said that Washington County is the first place or area named for
+General Washington in the United States. It is also the first time the
+words Kentucky and Tennessee occur in a county division and show the
+scope of western settlements. Montgomery County was named for General
+Richard Montgomery, a Revolutionary officer, who fell 31 December 1775,
+while trying unsuccessfully to scale the city walls and capture Quebec
+from the English.
+
+The next formation was a division of Pittsylvania County in 1777, ten
+years after its creation. The new county lay on the west side of "a line
+beginning at the mouth of Blackwater on Staunton river and running
+parallel with the line of Halifax county till it strikes the country
+line." The name Henry honored Patrick Henry, the famous orator of the
+Revolution and first Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He
+purchased a large acreage in Henry County but resided in nearby Campbell
+County.
+
+Also, in 1777, Albemarle was divided "by a line beginning at the most
+western point in the line of Louisa County and running thence directly
+to the lower edge of Stott's ferry on the Fluvanna river and that part
+which lies south eastward of the said line together with the islands in
+the Fluvanna river adjacent thereto shall be called by the name of
+Fluvanna county." The county was named for the river and the river was
+so called in honor of Queen Anne whose name is borne by four other
+Virginia rivers. Fluvanna, used for most of the eighteenth century, was
+the title given the James River above its falls at Richmond. Tobacco and
+other merchandise was taken in bateaux down this river to Richmond.
+
+Both Henry and Fluvanna Counties had been formed mostly because of
+natural increase in population rather than of any tide of immigration.
+The creation of Powhatan County in 1777 was of the same type. This
+county embraced the portion of Cumberland lying on the south side of
+James River and in Southam Parish, which was the eastern end of
+Cumberland and adjoined Chesterfield County. The name Powhatan honored
+the celebrated Indian chieftain.
+
+In 1778, the vast sprawling territory of Augusta underwent changes. One
+was an addition to Hampshire County of the territory on the north of "a
+line beginning at the north side of the North Mountain opposite to the
+upper end of Sweedland Hill and running a direct course so as to strike
+the mouth of Seneca creek on the north fork of the south branch of
+Potomac river and the same course to be continued to the Allegheny
+mountain, thence along the said mountain" to the county line. "The
+residue of the county and parish of Augusta" was divided by a line
+beginning "at the South Mountain and running thence by Benjamin
+Yardley's plantation so as to strike the north river below James Byrd's
+house thence up the said river to the mouth of Naked creek, thence
+leaving the river a direct course so as to cross the said river at the
+mouth of Cunningham's branch in the upper end of Silas Hart's land to
+the foot of North Mountain, thence fifty-five degrees west to the
+Allegheny mountain and with the same to the line of Hampshire"; all the
+portion north eastward of this line was to be called Rockingham. It is
+supposed the name of this county honors the Marquis of Rockingham, Prime
+Minister of England in 1765-66 when the unpopular Stamp Act was
+repealed.
+
+In the same Act of Assembly, 1778, by which Rockingham was created
+Greenbrier County, now in West Virginia, was formed from Montgomery and
+Botetourt Counties to the west of "a line beginning on the top of the
+ridge which divides the Eastern from the Western Waters, where the line
+between Augusta and Botetourt crosses the same, and running thence the
+same course continued north fifty-five degrees west to the Ohio, thence
+beginning at the said ridge at the said lines of Botetourt and Augusta,
+running along the top of the said ridge, passing the Sweet Springs to
+the top of Peter's mountain, thence along the said mountain to the line
+of Montgomery county, thence along the same mountain to the Kanawha or
+New river, thence down the said river to the Ohio." Greenbrier County
+takes its name from its principal river. It is the anglicized version of
+the French word "ronce" for brier or bramble and "verte" for green. The
+town Ronceverte, situated on the river, keeps the French word.
+
+At the same time Rockbridge County was formed from parts of Botetourt
+and Augusta. It was bounded "by a line beginning in the top of the Blue
+Ridge near Steele's mill and running thence north fifty-five degrees
+west passing the said mill and crossing the North mountain to the top
+and the mountain dividing the waters of the Calf Pasture from the waters
+of the Cow Pasture and thence along the said mountain crossing Panther's
+gap to the line that divides the counties of Augusta and Botetourt." The
+remainder of Botetourt shall be divided "by a line to begin at Audley
+Paul's and running thence south fifty-five degrees east crossing James
+river, to the top of the Blue Ridge, thence along the same crossing
+James river, to the beginning of the aforesaid line dividing Augusta
+county; then beginning again at the said Audley Paul's, and running
+north fifty-five degrees west till the said course shall intersect a
+line to be run south forty-five degrees west from the place where the
+above line dividing Augusta terminated."
+
+The enabling acts setting forth the bounds for the counties when created
+have been quoted fully, both for the information they contain and for
+the comprehensive geographical knowledge they reveal. They show
+painstaking surveys and study to achieve accuracy under the handicap of
+lack of roads and bridges. In addition to technical knowledge, the
+surveyor needed a sturdy physique to withstand the daily hardships that
+were part of his routine work.
+
+Rockbridge, the name of the new county whose bounds have been described,
+commemorated the unique scenic wonder within its confines known as
+Natural Bridge. This is a span of stone 215 feet high over Cedar Creek.
+Once a trail passed over it and now a modern highway. It has been known
+and visited since 1770.
+
+
+WEST OF THE OHIO AND TO THE MISSISSIPPI. ILLINOIS COUNTY FORMED
+
+Illinois, the last county to be formed in the decade 1770 to 1780 was an
+area on the western side of the Ohio River which had been a part of
+Augusta County. In the preamble to the Act creating this county, the
+Assembly noted with satisfaction that "by a successful expedition
+carried on by the Virginia militia on the western side of the Ohio river
+several of the British posts within the territory of this commonwealth
+in the country adjacent to the river Mississippi have been reduced."
+This, of course, was a reference to George Rogers Clark whose exploits
+secured the Mississippi Valley area for Virginia and the United States.
+Illinois County was a part of the large territory given by Virginia to
+the nation in 1783.
+
+
+KENTUCKY COUNTY DIVIDED
+
+The next event was the division of the unwieldy county of Kentucky into
+three parts; Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln, with the towns of
+Louisville, Lexington and Harrodsburg for their respective county seats.
+Jefferson County was so named to honor Thomas Jefferson, and was the
+first honor of this sort accorded him. Fayette was for the beloved ally,
+the Marquis de la Fayette and Lincoln for General Benjamin Lincoln of
+the Revolution. When compelled to surrender Charleston, South Carolina
+to the British, he had endured the humiliation of giving up his sword to
+Sir Henry Clinton. In return, when Yorktown was captured and Lord
+Cornwallis required to yield his sword, General Lincoln was awarded the
+distinction of receiving it. Cornwallis, however, did not appear in
+person, and it was his aide who handed the sword to General Lincoln.
+From these three counties was formed the present Commonwealth of
+Kentucky.
+
+A division of Brunswick in the south eastern part of the state took
+place now and Greensville County came into being. This lay to the east
+of a line beginning "two miles above Chapman's ford on Meherrin river
+and running a due south course to the boundary line between this state
+and North Carolina and from the station aforesaid by another line due
+north to Nottoway river." The name selected for this county commemorated
+General Nathanael Greene of the Revolution who marched into this area on
+his return from the Battle of Guilford Court House.
+
+In 1782, occurred a division of Bedford County. The eastern end was cut
+from the whole and named for General William Campbell, the hero of
+King's Mountain, one of the decisive battles of the Revolution. Campbell
+lies to the east of a line beginning "at the mouth of Judy's creek on
+James river, thence to Thompson's mill on Buffalo creek, thence to the
+mouth of Back creek on Goose creek thence the same course continued to
+Staunton river." Staunton is the name given the Roanoke River as it
+passes through Bedford, Campbell, Charlotte and Halifax Counties. In
+Mecklenburg, it resumes its original name of Roanoke and so continues
+into Albemarle Sound.
+
+The next development was Harrison, taken from Monongalia County.
+Neither is now a Virginia county, but it is mentioned since it honors
+Benjamin Harrison, one of the seven Virginia Signers of the Declaration
+of Independence who also completed in 1784, the year the county was
+formed, a three year term as Governor of the Commonwealth.
+
+In the next year, a new county, Nelson, now in Kentucky, was created.
+This, too, honored a former Governor and Signer of the Declaration of
+Independence, Thomas Nelson. It was his home in Yorktown that Lord
+Cornwallis used as his headquarters during the siege and battle.
+
+In 1786, Franklin was formed out of "that part of the county of Bedford
+lying south of Staunton river together with so much of the county of
+Henry lying north of a line to be run from the head of Shooting creek to
+the west end of Turkeycock mountain, thence along the top of the
+mountain to intersect the dividing line between the counties of Henry
+and Pittsylvania, thence along that line to the mouth of Blackwater
+river." The reason for this name is obvious: all America honored the
+achievements of Benjamin Franklin.
+
+
+DEED OF CESSION. VIRGINIA GIVES THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY
+
+The tempo of western expansion had increased to such an extent that four
+counties were formed in 1786. One of these, Hardy, lies now in West
+Virginia as does its parent county of Hampshire. It might be well to
+explain now, even though out of chronological sequence, the genesis of
+West Virginia. In May 1861 when Governor Letcher called out the Virginia
+militia, many persons living beyond the Alleghanies throughout that
+section of Virginia bordering on Ohio and Pennsylvania were not in
+sympathy with his action. The residents of some forty counties held a
+convention and were almost unanimous in their desire to break away from
+Virginia and form a new state. A constitution was framed which was
+ratified by the people in May 1862. The following year, 1863, West
+Virginia became a state of the Union and at one blow, Virginia lost a
+third of her territory. The loss of the rich coal fields and other
+natural resources of West Virginia impoverished the Old Dominion more
+severely and made "Reconstruction Days" longer and more difficult than
+they might otherwise have been.
+
+Returning to Hardy County, we learn that it was named for Samuel Hardy
+formerly of Isle of Wight County "one of the number who signed the Deed
+of Cession which transferred the Northwest Territory to the General
+Government."
+
+Virginia's claim to territory was of long standing, her charters of 1609
+and 1612 giving her dominion to the Pacific Ocean, but no exploration
+beyond the Mississippi had been attempted. Her claim of dominion to the
+Mississippi, however, was of more substantial character. In 1778 with a
+picked force of 180 Virginia riflemen, George Rogers Clark captured the
+great Northwest Territory from the English "in one of the most amazing
+exploits in American history." This territory Virginia organized as "the
+county of Illinois." "But for Clark's conquest the treaty of 1783 might
+well have fixed the nation's western boundary at the Alleghanies instead
+of at the Mississippi." Almost all the Ohio Valley and parts of
+Wisconsin and Michigan were included in this voluntary gift that
+Virginia made in 1783 to the weak confederated colonies. In 1785
+Congress passed a Land Ordinance providing for the sale of this land.
+"Thus this cession provided the infant republic with its only sure
+source of revenue" since at that time "Congress had neither the power to
+impose nor the machinery to collect any taxes."
+
+The other three counties formed in 1786 lie now in Kentucky which, in
+1792, was "organized as a state out of Virginia territory with her
+consent." These divisions are Mercer and Madison, created out of
+Lincoln, and Bourbon out of Fayette. Mercer honored General Hugh Mercer
+of the Revolution; Madison, James Madison, later known as the "Father of
+the Constitution," and Bourbon, the French reigning family,
+particularly Louis XVI who had given aid in the Revolution.
+
+The next county, Russell, was taken from Washington. Its bounds are:
+"all that part of the said county lying within a line to be run along
+the Clinch mountain to the Carolina line; thence with that line to the
+Cumberland mountain, and the extent of country between the Cumberland
+mountain, Clinch mountain and the line of Montgomery county shall be one
+distinct county and called and known by the name of Russell." The name
+was selected as a tribute to General William Russell "who distinguished
+himself at the Battle of King's mountain." Russell remains a Virginia
+county.
+
+Five westward expansions now occur in quick succession. In 1787, from
+Harrison was formed Randolph County named for Edmund Randolph, first
+Attorney General of the Commonwealth and a member of the Continental
+Congress. Both Harrison and Randolph are in West Virginia. Pendleton,
+also now in West Virginia, was formed in 1788 from portions of Hardy,
+Augusta, and Rockingham counties. It is named for Edmund Pendleton,
+President of the Virginia Convention of 1775.
+
+The next year two new Kentucky counties were formed; Mason from Bourbon
+and Woodford from Fayette. The former took its name from George Mason of
+"Gunston Hall," author of the Bill of Rights and the latter from General
+William Woodford, a native of Caroline County, Virginia who rendered
+distinguished service in the Revolution and later moved to Kentucky.
+
+At the same time, a new county destined to be in West Virginia was
+formed from Greenbrier and part of Montgomery counties and given the
+name of Kanawha from the river.
+
+The only one of the counties formed in 1789 that is now in Virginia is
+Nottoway. This was comprised of that part of Amelia County "lying south
+of a line to begin at a place called Wells bridge on Namozene creek
+which divides the said county from the county of Dinwiddie, thence
+running through the said county of Amelia so as to strike the line of
+Prince Edward county five miles west of a place called Ward's ford on
+Appomattox river." Nottoway is an Indian word meaning "a snake, that is,
+an enemy." Nottoway River derives its name from the Indian tribe and the
+county honors both.
+
+
+1790-1800 EXPANSION IN THE FIRST DECADE AFTER THE REVOLUTION
+
+The next year a county was cut from Montgomery and named Wythe. It lies
+to the "south-west of a line beginning on the Henry line at the head of
+Big Reedy Island, from thence to the waggon ford on Peck creek, thence
+to the clover bottom on Blue Stone, thence to the Kanawha county line."
+The name is for George Wythe, eminent jurist and a Signer of the
+Declaration of Independence. Elected in 1779 to the Chair of Law and
+Police, recently established at the College of William and Mary, he
+"became the first occupant of a chair of law in America, and the second
+in the English speaking world." The first chair of law established in
+England was at Oxford University, and Sir William Blackstone was the
+first professor.
+
+The year 1791 saw the formation of three counties, all of them
+rearrangement of lines in established communities rather than expansion
+into new territory. The first was the division of Henry into two
+counties: "all that part of the said county lying west of a line
+beginning on the line dividing the counties of Henry and Franklin one
+mile above where it crosses Town creek, a branch of Smith's river,
+thence a parallel line with Pittsylvania line to the country line shall
+be one distinct county and called and known by the name of Patrick." The
+name, of course, was the given name of the great orator, and since Henry
+County bore his surname, the new division took his given name. It is a
+county of beautiful mountains with panoramic views. The Fairy Stone
+State Park is within its borders. On Fairy Stone Mountain and in the
+streams at its base are found tiny stones shaped like crosses. The story
+is that the gentle fairy folk when they heard of our Lord's Crucifixion
+wept profusely and their tears turned to stone crosses as they fell, a
+lasting memorial of their grief.
+
+The next county, formed in 1791, was Bath. Its bounds are thus
+described: "All those parts of the counties of Augusta, Botetourt and
+Greenbrier within the following bounds, to wit: beginning at the west
+corner of Pendleton county, thence to the top of the ridge dividing the
+headwaters of the South branch from those of Jackson's river, thence a
+straight line to the lower end of John Redman's plantation on the
+Cow-pasture river, thence to the top of the ridge that divides the
+waters of the Cow-pasture from those of the Calf-pasture thence along
+the same as far as the ridge that divides Hamilton's creek from Mill
+creek, thence to the Mill mountain, and with the same to the north
+corner of the line of Rockbridge county, thence along the said mountain
+crossing the line of Botetourt county to the ridge that divides the
+waters of Pad's creek from those of Simpson's creek, thence along the
+said ridge to the Cow-pasture river, thence crossing the said river a
+direct course and crossing Jackson's river at the mouth of Dunlap's
+creek, thence up the same as far as the narrows above the plantation of
+David Tate, Senr., so as to leave the inhabitants of the said creek in
+Botetourt county, thence a direct course to the top of the Allegany
+mountain where the road from the Warm Springs to Greenbrier court house
+crosses the said mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain
+opposite the headwaters of Anthony's creek, thence a direct course
+crossing Greenbrier river to the end of the Droop mountain, thence up
+the same to the great Greenbrier mountain thence along the said mountain
+to the line of Randolph county thence with the same along the said
+mountain dividing the waters of Monongalia and Cheat from those of
+Greenbrier river, and thence to its beginning shall form one distinct
+county."
+
+The above is quoted in full since the names used are still in use, and
+it is possible to judge from them the extent of the county. Warm Springs
+is still in Bath, but Narrows is in Giles County, and Alleghany County
+lies between Bath and Giles.
+
+The name Bath derives from the medical springs within its boundaries,
+which for many years during the summer months were visited by persons
+from as far south as Louisiana. Families drove up in their carriages and
+stayed for months to enjoy the curative effects of the waters and
+bracing mountain air.
+
+The third county formed in 1791 was Mathews which was taken from
+Gloucester. It lies "to the eastward of a line to begin at the mouth of
+North river, thence up the meanders thereof to the mill, thence up the
+eastern branch of the millpond to the head of Muddy creek thence down
+the said creek to Piankatank river." The name is said to be in honor of
+a Major Thomas Mathews of the Revolution who afterwards was prominent in
+the legislature representing the Borough of Norfolk in the House of
+Delegates from 1785 to 1791.
+
+In 1793, there were also three counties formed. One of these, Grayson,
+was taken from Wythe as follows: "Beginning in the Washington line where
+it joins the Iron Mountain, thence along the said mountain to a spur of
+the same that forms Ewing mountain, keeping the ridge that divides the
+waters of Cripple and Bush creeks to the top of the said mountain,
+thence a straight course to the Popular Camp mountain by Rose's mill
+thence to the mouth of Greasy creek thence a straight course to the
+Montgomery line." Grayson took its name from Colonel William Grayson, an
+officer in the Revolution, member of the Continental Congress and one of
+the first two senators elected from Virginia after the adoption of the
+Constitution to serve in the Congress of the United States.
+Unfortunately his tenure of office was short; he died 12 March 1790.
+
+Also in 1793, Russell County was divided and all that part "which lies
+westwardly of a line beginning on the top of Clinch mountain, one mile
+eastwardly of big Maukason gap, thence a direct course to the mouth of
+Stock creek thence up the same to Powell's mountain, thence due north to
+the Kentucky boundary shall form one distinct county and be called and
+known by the name of Lee." The name honored General Henry Lee who was
+Governor of Virginia 1791-1794. He is more often called "Light Horse
+Harry Lee" from the fact that he commanded, during the Revolution, light
+horse cavalry. He was the father of General Robert E. Lee. Lee is the
+county farthest to the west and adjoins Tennessee and Kentucky.
+
+Also in 1793, the county of Madison was formed from Culpeper. Its bounds
+were within a line "Beginning at the mouth of Robinson river thence up
+the same to the mouth of Crooked run, thence up the said run to the
+mountain road where Tennant's church formerly stood, thence a straight
+course to the head of Hugh's river in the Blue Ridge, thence the same
+course continued to the top of the ridge and to the line of Shenandoah
+county, thence westwardly on the top of the ridge with the lines of the
+counties of Shenandoah and Rockingham to the line of Orange county to
+the beginning." One may wonder that the name Madison was used again, but
+at this date the earlier Madison County lay in Kentucky. When in 1792
+Kentucky achieved statehood, it was composed of nine counties formerly
+in Virginia; namely: Fayette, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Mercer,
+Nelson, Bourbon, Mason and Woodford.
+
+Four years after Madison County, Virginia was formed, Brooke was cut
+from Ohio County. This name was for Robert Brooke, Governor of Virginia
+1794 to 1796. He was a grandson of the Robert Brooke who, in 1716,
+accompanied Governor Spotswood on the famous expedition across the Blue
+Ridge Mountains. Both Brooke and Ohio are now in West Virginia.
+
+In 1798, Wood was established from Harrison County. It is named for
+James Wood, Governor of Virginia 1796 to 1799, and son of Colonel James
+Wood, an early settler in the Valley of Virginia, and founder of the
+city of Winchester. Wood and Harrison are also West Virginia counties.
+
+The next county created, also destined to lie in West Virginia, was
+Monroe. This was formed from Greenbrier County and named to honor James
+Monroe. Born, like General Washington, in Westmoreland County, he had a
+long political career culminating in the Presidency of the United
+States. The creed he expounded, called the "Monroe Doctrine", is still
+followed by our government.
+
+
+THE NEW CENTURY BRINGS SIX NEW COUNTIES 1800-1810
+
+As the new century, 1800, came in, Tazewell was formed from Wythe and
+Russell counties. Its bounds were all that part of the aforesaid
+counties "beginning on the Kanawha line and running with the line which
+divides Montgomery and Wythe counties to where the said line crosses the
+top of Brushy mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to its
+junction with the Garden mountain, thence along the top of the said
+mountain to the Clinch mountain, thence along the top of the said
+mountain to the head of Cove creek, a branch of the Maiden Spring fork
+of Clinch river; thence a straight line to Mann's gap in Kent's ridge;
+thence north forty-five degrees west, to the line which divides the
+state of Kentucky from that of Virginia; thence along said line to the
+Kanawha line and with said line to the place of beginning." The name
+honored Henry Tazewell, United States senator from Virginia 1794-1799.
+
+In 1801, Virginia made a second attempt to honor Thomas Jefferson by
+naming the new county taken from Berkeley in his honor. The Jefferson
+County formed in 1780 was, in 1801, a part of Kentucky and this new
+county was destined to fall in West Virginia; hence no county within the
+present confines of the state honors this great Virginian.
+
+Harper's Ferry, situated in Jefferson County at the confluence of the
+Shenandoah with the Potomac River, is as well known for the beauty of
+its location as for being the site of John Brown's Raid, the prelude to
+civil warfare. Incidentally it may be noted that the Shenandoah afforded
+an outlet to market for the produce of the Valley of Virginia since
+boats could pass down its waters into the Potomac and thus to Chesapeake
+Bay.
+
+In 1804, the new county of Mason was formed from Kanawha. It was bounded
+as follows: "beginning at the mouth of Little Guyandotte River running
+from thence to the northwest corner of a survey of 1437-1/2 acres made
+for Thomas Lewis in Teaze's valley near the house of Joshua Morris, from
+thence to the mouth of Little Hurricane creek, thence crossing the
+Kanawha river and taking a dividing ridge between Eighteen Mile and
+Pocatallico creeks to the end thereof, thence pursuing a northeast
+direction till it intersects the Wood County line to the Ohio, thence
+down the Ohio to the beginning."
+
+Within this county lies Point Pleasant, scene of the famous battle.
+
+This was the second time that Virginia had attempted to pay honor to
+George Mason of "Gunston Hall", author of the Bill of Rights. The
+earlier Mason County formed in 1789 became a part of Kentucky three
+years later, and the later Mason was destined to lie in West Virginia.
+George Mason, Thomas Jefferson and the Marquis de la Fayette are not
+represented in the list of Virginia counties.
+
+The county of Giles formed in 1806 was created from portions of
+Montgomery, Monroe and Tazewell counties, and is now a border county
+between Virginia and West Virginia. Its boundaries are thus described:
+"Beginning at the end of Gauley mountain on New River, where the
+counties of Greenbrier and Kanawha intersect, thence up the river with
+the Greenbrier and Montgomery lines to the intersection of Monroe line;
+thence with the Monroe and Montgomery line to the upper end of Pine's
+plantation; thence a straight line to the mouth of Rich creek, leaving
+the plantation of Hugh Caperton on the right; thence with the Monroe
+line to the intersection of Botetourt County line and with the Botetourt
+and Montgomery lines to the top of Gap mountain; thence along the top of
+the said mountain to New River crossing the same to the end of Walker's
+creek mountain; thence along the top of the said mountain to the
+intersection of Wythe county line; thence northwestwardly with said line
+to the intersection of Tazewell line, and with the Tazewell and
+Montgomery line to the top of Wolf creek mountain; thence along Wolf
+creek mountain to a path leading from the Round Bottom to Harman's mill
+about three miles below the mouth of Clear Fork of Wolf creek; thence a
+straight line to the mouth of Militin's fork; thence a direct line to
+the head of Crane creek on the top of the Flat-top mountain; thence a
+direct line to the three forks of Guyandotte river; thence down said
+river until it intersects Kanawha county line; thence with said line to
+the beginning."
+
+Mountain Lake is situated in Giles County, and is a well-known summer
+resort. It is also of interest for the wide range of plant life found in
+its vicinity. Members of the University of Virginia's Biological
+Department maintain a field station there and in the summer study the
+wide variety of plants growing nearby.
+
+Giles County was named in honor of William B. Giles who in 1800 was
+prominent in Virginia politics. He later served as Governor 1827-1830.
+
+In 1808 Amherst County was divided according to its parish lines, the
+western or upper part of the county which lay in Lexington Parish
+retained the name of Amherst, and the lower or more eastern part took
+the name of Nelson. This as will be recalled was the second attempt to
+honor Governor Thomas Nelson, whose Yorktown home still holds buried in
+its eastern wall two cannon balls, grim mementoes of the battle of
+Yorktown.
+
+Virginia has believed in honoring the men who have held the
+gubernatorial office, nineteen having been thus commemorated, and Cabell
+County formed in 1809 carried on the tradition. It honored William H.
+Cabell, who served from 1805 until 1808 when he was chosen judge of the
+General Court. It later fell into West Virginia, and lies along the Ohio
+River.
+
+
+1810-1820, DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES, FIVE NEW COUNTIES
+
+In 1814, a Virginia county was formed from parts of Lee, Russell and
+Washington and named Scott. This name was selected because of General
+Winfield Scott, a native of Virginia who achieved fame because of his
+successes in the War of 1812. Later in the Mexican War he decisively
+defeated the Mexicans at Chapultepec, entering Mexico City as conqueror.
+As a result of this war some 850,000 square miles became United States
+territory.
+
+The bounds of Scott County are as follows: "Beginning at the head of
+Reedy creek where the wagon road crosses the same in the county of
+Washington thence down the Tennessee line to the south fork of Clinch
+river thence northward passing the Flag Pond to the top of Powell's
+mountain in Lee County and along it to the county of Russell and with it
+to the Kentucky line, thence along Cumberland mountain to the head of
+Guese's river thence down the Clinch mountain thence to the western end
+of Samuel Hensley's plantation and thence to the beginning."
+
+"The wagon road" mentioned in the above description is most likely the
+so-called "Wilderness Road" over which many west bound settlers
+laboriously toiled. The other route west that was often used was north
+to the present Pittsburgh and down the Ohio river. Powell's Mountain and
+the river of that name commemorate Ambrose Powell of Culpeper County,
+one of the earliest explorers of Kentucky who accompanied Doctor Thomas
+Walker there in 1749. In Scott County is the Natural Tunnel, a rare
+formation through which the trains of the Southern Railway Company pass
+regularly en route to Tennessee.
+
+Tyler, the next county established, lies now in the northwestern part of
+West Virginia along the Ohio River but commemorates a Tidewater
+Virginian, John Tyler, Sr. He was born at "Greenway" Charles City
+County and served as Governor 1808-1811. His fame has been somewhat
+obscured by that of his son, John Tyler, junior, President of the United
+States.
+
+The next county formed, Lewis, which was cut from Harrison, also lay
+later in West Virginia in the north central area. It derived its name
+from a heroic soldier, Colonel Charles Lewis who was killed at the
+Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Point Pleasant, situated near the
+confluence of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio River was the scene of a
+day-long bloody battle between the Virginia troops and Indian warriors
+led by Cornstalk and Logan. General Andrew Lewis, brother of Colonel
+Charles, was the commanding officer. The battle was hardly decisive and
+General Lewis wished to follow and annihilate the fleeing enemy. Lord
+Dunmore, in command of another detachment which arrived later, forbade
+this and allowed the Indians to escape. This may have been one of the
+reasons that influenced the Indians throughout the Revolution to espouse
+the British cause.
+
+The establishment of Lewis County in 1816 was followed two years later
+by that of another county, Preston, formed from Monongalia, lying in the
+northeast corner of West Virginia, and adjoining Pennsylvania and
+Maryland. Preston County honored James Patton Preston, Governor of
+Virginia 1816-1819.
+
+Parts of Greenbrier, Kanawha and Randolph were made into the new county
+of Nicholas in the same year that Preston was organized. Nicholas lies
+to the east of Charleston, the capital of West Virginia. Its name
+derives from Wilson Cary Nicholas, Governor of Virginia 1814-1816, and
+predecessor of Governor Preston.
+
+
+1820-1830 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS IMPROVE, FOUR NEW COUNTIES
+
+The next county to be created was taken from Hampshire and Berkeley and
+represented a northern rather than a western expansion. It received the
+name Morgan from General Daniel Morgan, one of the outstanding generals
+of the Revolution who defeated Colonel Tarleton in the Battle of the
+Cowpens.
+
+The bounds of Morgan County are thus set forth: "Beginning at the mouth
+of Cherry's Run at the river Potomac in the county of Berkeley, thence
+up the middle of said Run to its source, thence due west to the top of
+Sleepy Creek Mountain, thence along the top of said mountain to the line
+that separates the counties of Frederick and Berkeley, thence with the
+said line to the county of Hampshire, thence a direct line until it
+strikes the river Potomac opposite Mitchell's Rock and thence by the
+river Potomac to the beginning."
+
+Pocahontas County created in 1821, a year after Morgan had been formed,
+and likewise a West Virginia county, lies in the southeastern section of
+the state opposite the Virginia county of Alleghany. Its name was a long
+delayed tribute to the fine character and achievements of the Indian
+maid Pocahontas. She both aided the settlers at Jamestown with gifts of
+sorely needed food, and by her marriage to John Rolfe secured eight
+years of peace for them. This period was vital to their survival.
+
+Pocahontas lies in a mountainous region rich in bituminous coal
+deposits, so much so that Pocahontas coal is known everywhere. The
+description of the county's bounds notes the lines of Greenbrier, Bath,
+Randolph and Pendleton counties and "Randolph court House." This is the
+first mention of a courthouse anywhere in this area.
+
+After discussing eight counties now in West Virginia, we come to a
+Virginia county, Alleghany, formed in 1822 from Botetourt, Bath and
+Monroe counties. It is the name the Delaware Indians gave both the Ohio
+and the Alleghany rivers, but its origin is uncertain. Presumably, the
+mountains took their name from the river. Within the bounds of Alleghany
+County the Jackson and the Cow-pasture rivers unite to form the James
+River, the longest river in the state and the most important in its
+early history.
+
+Its bounds were thus described: "beginning at the top of the middle of
+Potts' mountain, where the road leading from Fincastle to the Sweet
+Springs crosses the same; thence with said road to the top of Peter's
+mountain; thence a straight line to the Greenbrier county line on the
+top of the Alleghany mountain so as to pass between the Sweet and Red
+springs; thence with the top of the Alleghany or Greenbrier line to a
+certain point so that a straight line drawn thence to include in the new
+county Captain Henry Massie's plantation in the Falling Spring Valley
+may also include Archibald Morriss's plantation on Jackson's river in
+said new county; thence a straight line from the said Massie's across
+the Cow-pasture river immediately below William Griffin's on said river
+to the Rockbridge county line; thence with said line to a point in the
+Rockbridge and Botetourt line so that a line drawn from thence will pass
+at or near the junction of Jackson's and Cow-pasture rivers to the
+nearest part of the Rich Patch mountain; and this line to be so run as
+to leave the house and yard of Captain John Jordan in the county of
+Botetourt; thence with the highest points of the said Rich Patch
+mountain next to Craig's creek so as to include the inhabitants of the
+Rich Patch in said new county, to a point at which it unites with Potts'
+mountain, thence with the top of the said mountain to the beginning."
+
+In 1824 the county of Logan was formed from portions of Giles, Cabell,
+Tazewell and Kanawha counties. It lay in the southwestern part of the
+present West Virginia not far from the Kentucky line. The name derives
+from the Mingo Indian chieftain whose famous speech preserved by Thomas
+Jefferson was long a popular selection for young would-be orators.
+
+
+1830-1840 LARGE INCREASE IN POPULATION NECESSITATES FOURTEEN NEW
+COUNTIES
+
+For seven years, there was no further expansion until in 1831 when the
+Virginia county of Floyd was formed. This was taken from that part of
+Montgomery County adjacent to the counties of Franklin, Patrick and
+Grayson. The name is in honor of John Floyd, Governor of Virginia
+1830-1834. It is a beautiful county of high mountains, fertile valleys
+and good blue-grass pasture land.
+
+Its bounds were thus prescribed: "Beginning at the widow Litterell's,
+thence a straight line to John Thrasher's; thence a straight line to
+John Cooper's old place; thence a straight line to where the Waggon road
+crosses the Laurel ridge; from thence along the highest part of said
+ridge to Little river; and down the same to Mack's mountain; and with
+the same to the Grayson line and with the same to the Patrick line and
+with the same to the Franklin line and with the same to the line of
+Montgomery and Franklin, opposite the widow Litterell's; from thence a
+straight line to the beginning."
+
+In addition to Floyd, Fayette County was also formed in 1831. This
+county, the second attempt Virginia had made to honor the Marquis de la
+Fayette, fell later into West Virginia. Taken from parts of Logan,
+Greenbrier, Nicholas and Kanawha, Fayette lies in the southeastern part
+of the state, and is traversed by the New River.
+
+The lengthy description of its bounds notes several streams besides the
+New River; namely: Lick creek, Meadow river, Mill creek, Gauley river,
+Twenty Mile creek, Kanawha river, Guyandotte and Cole (Coal) river. For
+the first time we find mention of a turnpike, "the Kanawha turnpike." In
+the decade 1820-1830, a great interest in highways developed, and
+turnpikes and toll roads became numerous. In Virginia a well-known toll
+road ran through the Valley of Virginia called "the Valley Pike."
+National highway Route Number 11 largely follows its path.
+
+The third county created in 1831 also is now a West Virginia county,
+Jackson. Formed from Mason, Kanawha and Wood, Jackson lies in the
+western part of the state along the Ohio River south of Parkersburg. It
+was named for General Andrew Jackson, then in his first term as
+President of the United States. A song popular at that time carried
+these two lines complimenting his exploits:
+
+    "Glory be to Jackson for the Battle of New Orleans
+    For there he gave the enemy the hot butter-beans"
+
+referring to his victory over the British in the battle of that name.
+
+We come back to Virginia now and discuss the fourth county created in
+1831. Formed from Shenandoah and Rockingham counties, it lies in the
+Valley of Virginia with the famed Luray Cavern within its borders. It
+was named in honor of John Page, Governor of Virginia 1802-1805.
+
+Its bounds are as follows: "Beginning at a point in the line of the
+counties of Rockingham and Orange on the top of the Blue Ridge opposite
+to the headwaters of Naked creek in the county of Rockingham; thence a
+straight line to the headwaters of said creek; thence with the
+meanderings of said creek to its junction with the South river; thence
+down the bed of said river to the upper end of Michael Shuler's island;
+thence a straight line to the mouth of Shuler's run; thence with the
+main branch of said run to its source; thence a straight line to the top
+of the Massanutten mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to its
+termination near Daniel Clem's; thence to the top of the eastern Fort
+mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to a point opposite to
+the mouth of Cunningham's run in the county of Shenandoah; thence a
+straight line to the mouth of said run; thence with the said run to its
+source; thence to a point in a direct line to the top of the Blue Ridge
+in the line of the two counties of Shenandoah and Culpeper; and thence
+with the top of the Blue Ridge to the beginning."
+
+From Washington and Wythe in 1832 was established the new county of
+Smyth situated in the southwestern section of Virginia and extending to
+the North Carolina line. The name derives from General Alexander Smyth
+of Wythe County, Inspector General of the Army in 1812 and Member of
+Congress 1817-1825, 1827-1830. A portrait of him by Saint Memin is in
+the Corcoran Art Gallery.
+
+The bounds of the county are set forth as follows: "Beginning on the
+main stage road at a bridge in a hollow at a point where the spring
+branch of Phillip Griever deceased crosses the same; thence a direct
+line, passing equidistant between Preston's and King's salt wells to the
+line of Russell county; and from the said point on the main stage road
+aforesaid where the said spring branch crosses the same running south
+twenty-five degrees east to the southern boundary of Washington county;
+and beginning on the main stage coach road leading by Abingdon and Wythe
+courthouse, ten miles by the said road dividing Washington and Wythe
+counties; running thence northwest to the northern boundary of Wythe
+county and southeast to the southern boundary of Wythe county. The said
+line through Wythe county running precisely parallel with the line
+aforesaid through Washington County."
+
+In the above we note the great development that had taken place in this
+section, a "stagecoach road" and two towns, Abingdon and Wythe
+Courthouse, being mentioned for the first time. A road over which a
+heavy stagecoach could travel was a big advance over the bridle paths
+and "rolling roads" of the preceding century.
+
+In 1833, Rappahannock also a Virginia county, was established. This was
+taken from Culpeper County and named for the river which traverses it,
+and which, likely took its name from the Indian tribe living along its
+banks. The settlers first called this river Pembroke in honor of William
+Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke and brother-in-law of the famous Sir
+Philip Sydney. The Earl was a member of the Virginia Company of London
+and invested four hundred pounds sterling in the enterprise.
+
+The bounds of Rappahannock County were as follows: "Beginning at the
+corner of Madison and Culpeper counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge
+of mountains and running thence with the line of said counties to the
+point where it is intersected by Hugh's river above the junction of
+Hugh's and Hazel's rivers; thence with Hugh's river to the junction of
+the aforesaid rivers; thence to a bend in the river near a point called
+the Giant's castle; thence to Horner's mill upon the Fauquier and
+Culpeper line; thence with said line to the corner of the aforesaid
+counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge, thence with said mountain to
+the beginning."
+
+The next county established in this continuous effort to make due
+processes of law and order accessible to all lies now in the northern
+tip of West Virginia. It is called Marshall, honoring John Marshall who
+died in 1835, the year of the county's creation. John Marshall's career
+and achievements are too well known to be recounted here; suffice it to
+say that in his lengthy tenure as its Chief Justice he gave plan,
+directive and purpose to the Supreme Court of the United States.
+
+The bounds of Marshall County were set forth as being "all that part of
+the lower end of the county of Ohio lying south of a line beginning on
+the Ohio river at a stone to be fixed on the bank of said river, one
+half mile above the mouth of Buggs' run; thence a direct line to the
+northern boundary of the town of West Union and thence continuing the
+same course to the Pennsylvania line."
+
+In 1836 Braxton, also at present a West Virginia county, was created
+from portions of Lewis and Nicholas counties. Its name honors Carter
+Braxton, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, the last one of
+the Virginia signers to receive this distinction.
+
+The description of its bounds though long is of interest because of the
+number of place names used and is therefore quoted: "beginning at Salt
+Works road at the head of Barbecue run and running thence with the
+dividing ridge of the Kanawha and Monongalia waters to the head of the
+Fall run; thence along the leading ridge to the forks of the Little
+Kanawha; thence up the right hand fork to its head; thence with the
+dividing ridge between Kanawha, Buchanan and Elk waters, to the corner
+of Randolph and Nicholas county line; thence with the said line to the
+top of the Point mountain above the Fork lick; thence along the top of
+the Point mountain to the end thereof; thence a straight line to Joseph
+Priam's (so as to include Joseph Priam's lands within the boundary of
+the new county); thence a straight line to the top of the ridge between
+Big and Little Birch rivers, and down said ridge to the mouth of Little
+Birch river; thence a straight line to the mouth of the Rock-camp fork
+of Big Buffalo (above Young's Bottoms); thence down the same to its
+mouth, crossing Elk river; thence to the Lewis and Kanawha county line
+at a point where a straight line to the mouth of the Long Shoal run will
+include Jacob Shock on Steer creek within the boundary of the new
+county; thence up the said Long Shoal run to the top of the ridge
+between the Sand fork and Little Kanawha; thence with the dividing ridge
+to the head of the left hand fork of the Three lick fork of Oil creek;
+thence to its mouth; thence to the main fork of Oil creek; thence up the
+Clover lick fork to the beginning."
+
+From almost the center of the present state of West Virginia, we now
+return to Virginia and note the creation from Frederick of the new
+county of Clarke. Braxton, Clarke and Warren were all established in the
+year 1836. Clarke, though incorrectly spelled pays honor to that native
+of Albemarle County who won the Northwest Territory for the Continental
+Congress, George Rogers Clark. The county, cut from the eastern part of
+Frederick, adjoins Jefferson, Loudoun and Fauquier.
+
+Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning at the point in the Blue Ridge
+where the line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Loudoun meets the
+line dividing the counties of Frederick and Loudoun, thence with the
+line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Frederick to the middle of
+the Opequon creek; thence up the middle of the Opequon to the mouth of
+Wright's branch; thence up that stream to the mouth of Nations Spring
+run; thence a direct line until it reaches Colin Leach's corner, next
+to major Seth Mason's land on the road to Nineveh; thence eastwardly by
+a direct line, passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor
+James Hay and James M. Hite, to a point on the Shenandoah river, at the
+mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run, on the north side of the Shenandoah
+river; thence from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest
+top of the Blue Ridge of mountains; and thence on the eastern boundary
+of Frederick county to the beginning."
+
+Curtilage, used for the first time in any description, is a law term
+denoting the fenced-in area adjoining a dwelling house or a courtyard.
+The term often used now is dependencies.
+
+Warren, the third county created in 1836, lies over the Blue Ridge from
+and a little to the south of Clarke. Its territory was taken from those
+portions of Shenandoah and Frederick counties that adjoined "the
+counties of Rappahannock and Fauquier in the southern part thereof." The
+name honors the brave soldier Major General Joseph Warren who fell in
+the Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+The bounds of Warren County which mention some places noted in Clarke
+County's bounds are as follows: "Beginning at the top of the Blue Ridge
+where the counties of Shenandoah and Page corner on the Rappahannock
+county line; thence west with the Page line to the top of the southeast
+Fort mountain; thence north with the top of said mountain to its
+termination at the mouth of Powel's fort; thence a straight line from
+the top of said mountain to the nearest top of the Three top mountain;
+thence with the top of said mountain to the high peak opposite
+Strasburg; thence a straight line to Hoffman's ford across the north
+branch of Shenandoah river; thence down the bed of said river to the
+mouth of Cedar creek on the north side of said river; thence up said
+creek to where the Winchester and Staunton stage road crosses said
+creek; thence a straight line to Zion meeting-house in Frederick county;
+thence with the main road leading towards the White post until it
+reaches Colin Leache's corner, a point on said road; then eastwardly by
+a direct line passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor
+James Hay and James M. Hite; to a point on Burden's March run; thence by
+a direct line to a point on the Shenandoah river at the mouth of
+Fauntleroy's mill run on the north side of the Shenandoah river; thence
+from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest top of the
+Blue Ridge; thence a southwest course with the top of said Blue Ridge to
+the beginning."
+
+The next year, 1837, Mercer, now in West Virginia but adjoining Giles
+County, Virginia, was formed. The Act authorizing its creation is as
+follows: "All that part of the counties of Giles and Tazewell contained
+within the following boundary lines ... shall form one distinct and new
+county and be called and known by the name of Mercer county in memory of
+general Hugh Mercer who fell at Princeton." Appropriately the county
+seat of Mercer County is Princeton.
+
+In 1838 the Virginia counties of Greene and Roanoke were set up.
+
+The Act for the former county is as follows: "So much of the county of
+Orange as it lies next to and adjoining the counties of Madison,
+Rockingham and Albemarle and west of a line beginning at Cave's old mill
+(now James Jackson's) on the Madison county line and running thence a
+straight line to where Whitelow's mill run intersects the Albemarle
+county line shall form one distinct and new county and be called and
+known by the name of Greene county in memory of general Nathaniel Greene
+who served his country in the revolutionary war."
+
+It may be mentioned that this is the second county in Virginia honoring
+General Greene. The correct spelling for his first name is Nathanael.
+
+In Greene County lies Swift Run Gap. This is the gap in the Blue Ridge
+mountains over which in September 1715, Governor Spotswood led his
+adventurous band into the beautiful Valley of Virginia. Westward
+expansion began at this date.
+
+The second county created in 1838 was Roanoke composed of that portion
+of Botetourt lying next to the southwestern parts of Montgomery,
+Franklin and Bedford. Roanoke was the name applied by the early
+colonists to the shell-beads of different colors used by the Indians as
+a medium of exchange. The river had long been known as Roanoke, hence it
+seems likely that the county took its name from the river.
+
+Roanoke County is thus bounded: "beginning at a point on the Blue ridge
+which divides the counties of Bedford and Botetourt, thence northwest to
+the house now the residence of John Bonsack on Glade creek so as to
+include the said Bonsack in the new county, thence a line to the house
+of Thomas Barnes including said Barnes in the county, and so as to leave
+John W. Thompson in the county of Botetourt, thence a straight line
+crossing the Catawba Valley at a point one mile due north of Mrs.
+Garwood's; thence crossing Craig's creek (passing the house of John
+Spessard on Craig's creek so as to leave the said Spessard in the old
+county) to the top of the mountain which divides the waters of Craig's
+creek and Sinking creek, thence westwardly along the top of the mountain
+to the point where the lines of Botetourt, Montgomery and Giles counties
+meet, thence with the line which divided the county of Botetourt from
+the county of Montgomery to the point at which the said line joins the
+Bedford line, thence with the Bedford line to the beginning."
+
+In this same area in the following year the county of Pulaski was
+created from the western end of Montgomery and the eastern end of Wythe.
+Its name honored the Polish patriot Count Casimir Pulaski who, exiled
+from his homeland, came to America and joined General Washington's army.
+He participated in important engagements and finally fell on 11 October
+1779 unsuccessfully defending Savannah, Georgia.
+
+The bounds of Pulaski County are thus set forth: "beginning at a line
+dividing the county of Giles from Montgomery on New river, thence with
+same line to the head of a hollow above Hiram Davis's on Little Walker's
+creek; thence to a point on the main road between the lands of John T.
+Sayers and Harvey Shepherd including the plantation of David G.
+Shepherd, thence to the mouth of Pine run on New river, thence to the
+Grayson county line; including Sally King's plantation on Reed island;
+thence with the Grayson line to the Floyd line, and with the same to the
+mouth of Indian creek on Little river, and with the same including the
+farm of Creed Taylor to New river, and with the same to the beginning."
+
+
+1840-1850 FLOOD TIDE, SIXTEEN NEW COUNTIES
+
+Three years elapsed before another county was needed and it was not
+until 1842 that the county of Marion was formed from the southern part
+of Monongalia and the northern part of Harrison. The name given it was
+"in honor to and in memory of general Francis Marion who served his
+country in the war of the revolution." This county now lies in West
+Virginia.
+
+Also in 1842, a new county in the southwestern area of Virginia was
+formed from Grayson. It was thus bounded: "beginning on the North
+Carolina line at or near Fisher's peak and running thence a straight
+line across the said county of Grayson (so as to cross Chestnut creek
+near the ford at major James Anderson's) to the line of Wythe county
+thence along said Wythe line to the line of Pulaski county thence along
+said Pulaski line to line of Floyd county, thence along said Floyd line
+to the line of Patrick; thence along the said Patrick line to the North
+Carolina line thence along said North Carolina line to the point of
+beginning ... and be called and known by the name of Carroll in memory
+of Charles Carroll of Carrollton." Charles Carroll, one of the Maryland
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence, had been the last survivor
+of this noble group, dying in 1832 at the age of 95 years.
+
+The third county created in 1842, Wayne, taken from the western part of
+Cabell lay along the Ohio river and is now in West Virginia. This new
+division was to "be called and known by the name of Wayne county in
+memory and in honor of general Anthony Wayne."
+
+Two counties destined to be in West Virginia were set up in 1843. The
+first of these was Ritchie in the western part of the state created from
+portions of Lewis, Harrison and Wood. The name honors Thomas Ritchie,
+"founder and long the able editor of the _Richmond Enquirer_ and 'father
+of democracy' in Virginia."
+
+The other county, Barbour, lying in the northeastern part of the state
+was established from areas of Harrison, Lewis and Randolph. The
+description of its bounds besides mentioning the usual rivers and ridges
+names also several persons which always draws the reader's interest.
+Some of these are: "Rueben Davisson's farm," "the old farm now occupied
+by Samuel Bartlett," "William Bean's," "Samuel Black's residence" and
+"the widow Corley's corner tree."
+
+The name of the county was "in honour to and in memory of Philip Barbour
+of Virginia." Appropriately the county seat is Philippi. Judge Barbour,
+a native of Orange County, Virginia, where his home "Frascati" still
+stands, achieved distinction as a Judge of the Supreme Court. He had
+died the year before the county was formed.
+
+Taylor County, also in the northeastern part of West Virginia was formed
+in 1844 from sections of Harrison, Barbour and Marion. Its bounds
+mention "the residence of Anderson Corbin," "the residence of James
+M'Daniell," "the residence of Joseph Bailey," "the farm of John H.
+Woodford" and others.
+
+The name of the county honors General Zachary Taylor, twelfth President
+of the United States, a native of Orange County, Virginia. He had a
+distinguished military career, serving in the Black Hawk, Seminole and
+Mexican Wars.
+
+The determination on the part of Virginia's General Assembly to render
+justice more easy and accessible to all its citizens was as strong in
+1845 when parts of Lewis and Kanawha counties became Gilmer County as it
+had been two centuries earlier. It was the unifying purpose in all
+development.
+
+The name Gilmer takes us to Albemarle County, Virginia, where Thomas
+Walker Gilmer, elected Governor of Virginia in 1840, was born. He was
+grandson of Doctor Thomas Walker of "Castle Hill," Albemarle County who
+was the first to explore Southwest Virginia and Kentucky.
+
+At the same time that Gilmer was formed, the county which lies to the
+north of it was established. Both are now in West Virginia. The bounds
+of Doddridge County, as noted in the Act of Assembly creating it, list
+several waterways including Hughes's and Monongahela rivers but the most
+interesting land mark named is "the Northwestern turnpike road at
+tollgate number eleven." This shows steadily advancing development in
+transportation, for earlier there had been references to wagon roads,
+then to stagecoach roads and now to a turnpike with the regular
+tollgates to provide funds for maintenance.
+
+The name honors the memory of Philip Doddridge of Brooke County, who was
+a prominent member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-30.
+He was an advocate of the wishes of the western portion of the state to
+have representation based upon white population exclusively. This motion
+failed and a compromise constitution was agreed upon. Philip Doddridge
+died in Washington, D. C. in 1832 while serving as a member of Congress.
+
+After discussing six counties now in West Virginia, we come now to the
+county of Appomattox formed in 1845 from portions of Buckingham, Prince
+Edward, Charlotte and Campbell. The name derives from the river which
+traverses the county.
+
+Its bounds are thus defined: "Beginning at the mouth of David's creek on
+James river; thence a straight line to the head of Holleway creek;
+thence down the same as it meanders to Appomattox river; thence down
+the same to the Cutbanks; thence a straight line to the mouth of Cabin
+branch on Vaughan's creek; thence up the said creek to its head; thence
+a straight line to Merryman's or Land's; thence along the public road
+leading by M'Kinney's old store to the fork of the Lynchburg road about
+a mile north of the Red house; thence a straight line to the old mill
+formerly owned by William Harvey; thence along the Lynchburg road to the
+mill formerly owned by Samuel Branch, esquire, on Falling river; thence
+up the said river to the mouth of Reedy creek; thence a straight line to
+Hunter's old tavern (now Glovers); thence a straight line to Sterling C.
+Anderson's; thence a straight line to the mouth of Scott's branch about
+a mile before the mouth of Joshua's creek on James river; and thence
+down the said river to the beginning."
+
+In 1846, in the northwestern portion of the present state of West
+Virginia, the new county of Wetzel was set up from Tyler. The following
+landowners are named as living within its bounds: "James Peden (or
+Paden), Richard Anchrom and Rueben Martin, esquire." The county was so
+called "in honor of Louis Wetzel, the distinguished frontiersman and
+Indian scout, the Boone of Northwestern Virginia."
+
+As if feeling this action a little unfair, the Assembly next year, when
+a new county was to be created, named it Boone "in honor to and in
+memory of Daniel Boone the well known pioneer of the western frontier
+settlements." Boone was taken from parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Logan
+counties and lies south of Charleston, the state capital.
+
+In this same year, the county of Alexandria was added to Virginia's
+jurisdiction. The Assembly enacted "That the territory comprising the
+county of Alexandria in the District of Columbia heretofore ceded by
+this commonwealth to the United States and by an act of congress
+approved on the ninth day of July eighteen hundred and forty-six
+retroceded to this commonwealth, and by it accepted, is hereby declared
+to be an integral portion of this commonwealth and the citizens thereof
+are hereby declared to be subject to all the provisions, and entitled to
+all the benefits, rights and privileges of the bill of rights and
+constitution of this commonwealth."
+
+In 1791, to aid in establishing the Federal City, as Washington was
+sometimes called, Virginia gave to the United States certain land taken
+from Fairfax County to form a part of the District of Columbia. In the
+Act quoted above it has been seen that the United States retroceded to
+Virginia that part of the District of Columbia which comprised the
+county of Alexandria. The name in 1920 was changed to Arlington.
+
+Across the state from Alexandria the new county of Highland came into
+being in 1847, being taken from parts of Pendleton and Bath. Its bounds
+are thus given: "Beginning where the North river gap road crosses the
+Augusta county line, and running thence to the top of Jackson's mountain
+so as to leave Jacob Hiver's mansion house in Pendleton county; thence
+to Andrew Fleisher's so as to include his mansion house in the new
+county; thence to the highlands between the Dry run and Crab bottom; and
+thence along the top of the High Knob; thence north sixty-five degrees
+west to Pocahontas county line; thence along said county line to the
+plum orchard on the top of the Alleghany mountains; thence to Adam
+Stephenson's mansion house on Jackson's river in Bath county so as to
+include Thomas Campbell's mansion house on Back creek and also said Adam
+Stephenson's in the new county; thence to Andrew H. Byrd's mansion house
+on the Cow-pasture river so as to include the same in the new county,
+and so as to leave the dwelling house of William M'Clintick, jr. in Bath
+county; thence south sixty-five degrees east to the Augusta county line
+and thence with said line to the beginning."
+
+The name of the county is derived from its exceptionally high altitude,
+and the name of its county seat, Monterey, reflects the popular interest
+felt in the victory General Taylor had just won over the Mexicans at the
+Battle of Monterey.
+
+After the formation of Highland County five counties destined to lie in
+West Virginia were established. The first of these, Hancock, created in
+1848 out of Brooke, lies in the extreme northern tip of the present
+state between the Ohio river and the Pennsylvania state line. Its name
+honors the first Signer of the Declaration of Independence, whose
+distinguished signature is familiar through countless reproductions.
+
+In this same year from portions of Jackson and Wood counties was formed
+Wirt. This is in the northwestern area of the state not far from
+Parkersburg. In the description of bounds, only three land owners are
+named, John Stephens, junior, John P. Thomasson and William Goff.
+
+The name of the county honored the distinguished lawyer, William Wirt,
+who had died a few years before. He had served as Attorney General of
+the United States from 1817 to 1829 and had been a candidate for the
+Presidency on the Anti-Masonic ticket in 1832. He is best remembered for
+his life of Patrick Henry.
+
+The third county created in 1848 was Putnam, composed of parts of
+Kanawha, Cabell and Mason counties, and lying to the west of the city of
+Charleston. Its name recalls a hero of the Revolutionary War, General
+Israel Putnam who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bunker Hill and
+became a popular hero.
+
+
+1850-1860 EBBING TIDE, TWELVE COUNTIES
+
+The year 1850 saw the formation of two more counties now in West
+Virginia. The first one, Raleigh, was taken from the southern part of
+Fayette. In its bounds, the lands of Isaac Sonners and Jackson Jarrell,
+and the New, Coal, and Guyandotte rivers are noted. The name was "in
+memory of Sir Walter Raleigh who made the earliest effort to colonize
+Virginia." It is pleasant to see that Virginia finally recognized her
+debt to this valiant soul, even though it was tardily done, for he died
+in 1618.
+
+A few days after Raleigh became a county, the Virginia Assembly enacted
+that the county of Wyoming be erected out of the county of Logan.
+Wyoming lies in the southern central portion of West Virginia. The
+reason for the name is obscure, whether it was for the beautiful Wyoming
+Valley in north central Pennsylvania watered by the Susquehanna River,
+or for the brutal massacre of its inhabitants on 4 July 1778 by a
+British and Indian force is unknown.
+
+Half of the nineteenth century has passed and our narrative has only a
+few more years to chronicle. In 1851, three counties were formed. One of
+these, Craig, remained in Virginia. It was taken from parts of
+Botetourt, Roanoke, Giles and Monroe.
+
+Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning on the top of the Middle mountain
+at the corner of Monroe and Alleghany counties, near Achilles Dews, and
+running with the Alleghany line to the top of Peters' mountain; thence
+westward along the top of said mountain to a point nearby opposite to
+the house of Boston Rowan; thence crossing Potts' creek to a point one
+fourth of a mile below said Rowan's so as to leave said Rowan's in the
+county of Monroe; thence a southwestern direction to the top of Potts'
+mountain, so as to leave Armentrout, Fridley and Rose in Monroe; thence
+westward along the top of said mountain to a point opposite Colonel R.
+M. Hutchinson's on John's creek, and thence a straight line including
+said Hutchinson in the new county, and crossing Sinking creek valley to
+William Niday's, including said Niday in the new county, to the
+Montgomery line; thence eastward with the Montgomery line to the corner
+of Roanoke and Montgomery; thence with the Roanoke line to the top of
+Brush mountain; thence eastward along said mountain, crossing the Cove
+branch where John Carper formerly lived; thence along the same range of
+mountains passing near Lilburn Doss's, crossing Stone Coal gap; thence
+along the same range of mountains, crossing Price's turnpike road to a
+point opposite Daniel Sizer's; thence a northwestern direction crossing
+Craig's creek above said Sizer's to a point one mile from Craig's creek
+on the ridge; thence to Andrew Persinger's on Barber's creek; thence to
+the Alleghany line and with the same to the beginning."
+
+The name of the county honored Robert Craig, member of Congress from
+Virginia 1829-1834, 1835-1841.
+
+In the same month in which Craig was set up, the new county of Upshur
+was created from parts of Randolph, Barbour and Lewis, all now in West
+Virginia. The starting point in the description of its bounds reads as
+follows: "Beginning at a rock or milestone on the Staunton and
+Parkersburg turnpike road ten miles east of Weston in Lewis County."
+This shows that transportation had developed sufficiently to connect
+places on the Ohio River with other sections of Virginia.
+
+Upshur County took its name from Abel P. Upshur whom President Tyler
+appointed Secretary of State to succeed Daniel Webster. Upshur was
+killed 28 February 1844 by the explosion of a new type of cannon which
+was being tested on the U.S.S. _Princeton_.
+
+Also in March 1851, from the counties of Tyler, Wood and Ritchie the new
+county of Pleasants was established. This lies in the area around
+Parkersburg in the northwestern part of West Virginia, along the Ohio
+River. The name honored the memory of James Pleasants, Governor of
+Virginia, 1822 to 1825, member of a family long resident and prominent
+in the state.
+
+Five years passed and in the interval population had increased to such
+an extent in the western part of Virginia that four county governments
+had to be set up to take care of legal needs. One of these, Wise, formed
+from portions of Lee, Scott and Russell counties, remains in Virginia.
+The name honored Henry A. Wise, Governor of Virginia 1856-1860.
+
+The bounds of the county were as follows: "Beginning at the break of
+Cumberland mountain on the Kentucky and Virginia line where the Pound
+fork of Sandy breaks through the Cumberland mountain; thence up the
+Pound fork to the mouth of Crane's nest, a water of said Pound fork;
+thence with the dividing ridge between the waters of Crane's nest and
+McLure's, to William Taylor's farm, including said Taylor's farm in the
+new county; thence a straight line to the mouth of Lick creek; thence
+down Clinch river to the mouth of Guest's river; thence up Guest's river
+one mile; thence a straight line to the Camp rock south of the High
+Knob; thence a straight line to the Pole fence on Little Powell's
+mountain, on the line dividing Scott and Lee counties; thence with said
+county line to the head of Stock creek including the farm of Zachariah
+N. Wells in the said county; thence a straight line to the Cedar gap
+near Powell's river; thence a straight line to the dividing ridge
+between the waters of Crab orchard and Pigeon fork; thence with said
+dividing ridge to the Kentucky line and thence with the Kentucky line to
+the beginning."
+
+In the Act creating the county it was ordered that the "said seat of
+justice shall be known as Gladesville," but the present county seat is
+called Wise.
+
+As has been said, Wise was the only one of the four counties erected in
+1856 that remains in Virginia. The next county formed was Calhoun taken
+from the lower portion of Gilmer County beginning at the West Fork of
+the Little Kanawha River. The name derives from the great South Carolina
+statesman who succeeded Abel P. Upshur as Secretary of State and was
+long outstanding in politics.
+
+At the same time that Calhoun became an entity, parts of the counties of
+Kanawha, Jackson, and Gilmer lying a little to the west of Calhoun
+became Roane County. The description of its bounds is startling when it
+mentions "the Ravenswood and California turnpike in Jackson county," but
+later we learn that California is a town in Jackson County.
+
+With regard to Roane County, "its name and that of its seat of justice,
+Spencer, commemorate that of him [Spencer Roane] whose life and public
+services added lustre to the annals of Virginia jurisprudence." Spencer
+Roane was "judge of the Supreme Bench 1794 to 1822."
+
+The next county was Tucker formed out of the northeastern portion of
+Randolph County and adjoining also the counties of Hardy, Preston and
+Pendleton. The county seat appropriately bore the name of Saint George.
+The county was "named in honor of Saint George Tucker the eminent
+Virginia jurist while the seat of justice derives its name from Saint
+George Tucker who was Clerk of the House of Delegates at the time the
+county was formed."
+
+Two years later in 1858, three more counties were established, one of
+which, Buchanan, was destined to remain in Virginia, and the other two
+in West Virginia.
+
+McDowell, one of the two, was taken from the northwest portion of
+Tazewell County and remains a border county between the two states, "The
+ridge between Abb's Valley and Sandy" is one of the bounding lines noted
+in the description; it recalls the Indian Massacre that occurred in that
+Valley and the many stories related about it.
+
+The name of the county honors James McDowell, elected Governor of
+Virginia in 1843 and serving until 1846.
+
+Clay County formed also in 1858 was created out of the southern part of
+Braxton County and the northern part of Nicholas. Among the property
+owners whose lands were mentioned as within its bounds, were Thomas
+Jarvis, jr., James Rogers, Charles Ruffner, who with others owned a
+twelve thousand acre tract "(near the farm of William Nichol, Sr.),"
+Strother B. Grose and Abraham Dilly.
+
+The county was so named in honor of Henry Clay, the great Kentucky
+statesman who had died only a few years before its formation.
+
+The Virginia county established in 1858 from parts of Tazewell and
+Russell was Buchanan, named for James Buchanan, President of the United
+States 1857-1861.
+
+Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning at the state line between
+Kentucky and Virginia and with said line to its intersection with the
+line of Wise county, to the top of the dividing ridge between the waters
+of Sandy and Clinch and with said ridge eastwardly to the head of
+Dismal, a branch of the Lavica fork of Sandy river; then with the
+dividing ridge between the waters of Dismal and the waters of the Dry
+fork of Sandy and with the ridge between the waters of the Lavica fork
+and the Dry fork to the ridge between Knox creek and Bull creek to Tug
+river and down Tug river to the beginning."
+
+
+1860-1870 RECESSION, TWO COUNTIES
+
+In 1860, an Act was passed to create the new county of Webster from
+portions of the counties of Nicholas, Braxton and Randolph, all to be
+later in West Virginia. The name honored Daniel Webster, the prominent
+statesman who had died only a few years previously.
+
+In March 1861, the new county of Bland, taken from portions of Giles,
+Wythe and Tazewell and named for Richard Bland of Revolutionary War fame
+came into being. Its bounds are thus set forth: "beginning at the top of
+Walker's Little mountain at the line between Wythe and Pulaski and
+running northwards with said line of Pulaski, to the top of Walker's Big
+mountain; thence eastward along the top of said last mentioned mountain
+to a point opposite the mouth of Kimberling creek; thence by a line
+northward passing through the mouth of said Kimberling creek to a point
+on the top of the mountain which lies south of Wolf creek, three miles
+east of the present county line between Giles and Tazewell counties;
+thence to a point on the top of East river mountain two miles east of
+the present county line between Giles and Tazewell so as to include the
+homestead of Madison Allen and his lands adjoining thereto; thence with
+the top of the said East River mountain westward to a point two miles
+west of George Steel's house on Clear fork; thence across and by a line
+as near as may be at right angles to the course of the valley between to
+the top of Rich mountain and westward along the top of said Rich
+mountain so far as to include the settlement of Wolf creek, thence
+across the top of Garden mountain; thence along the top of Garden
+mountain to a point through which the line between Wythe and Smyth would
+pass if prolonged; thence by said prolonged line to the said line
+between Wythe and Smyth and by the last mentioned line to the top of
+Walker's Big mountain; thence eastward with the top of said Walker's Big
+mountain to a point opposite the headwaters of Walker's Little creek;
+thence across to the top of Walker's Little mountain, thence to the top
+of said mountain eastward to the beginning."
+
+Hardly was the ink dry on the Act quoted above when war precluded
+further settlements and expansion. Not for nearly twenty years would
+another and the last county be established.
+
+
+FINIS--ONE COUNTY
+
+In March 1880, out of the counties of Russell, Wise, and Buchanan was
+formed the new county of Dickenson, named for a prominent member of the
+Readjuster Party, then dominant in Virginia.
+
+Its bounds noted in great detail are as follows: "beginning at Osborn's
+gap in Cumberland mountain on the state line; thence a straight line to
+the top of George's Fork mountain at a point where the road crosses said
+mountain; thence with the top of the mountain to the head of Lick
+branch, a tributary of Crane's nest creek; thence a straight line to the
+mouth of Birchfield creek; thence up Crane's Nest creek to the mouth of
+Lion's fork; thence up said creek to the forks of said branch; thence
+up the Fork spur to the top of Crane's Nest bridge; thence a straight
+line to Sandy Ridge meeting-house in the county of Wise on the top of
+Sandy Ridge; thence with the top of Sandy ridge to the James Porter farm
+at the head of Nancy's ridge; thence a straight line to Trammel gap on
+Sandy ridge, thence with the top of Sandy ridge with a line of Russell
+county to the James P. Kiser farm, thence a straight line to Henry
+Kiser's farm on the top of Sandy ridge at the Russell county line;
+thence with the Russell county line to James Rasnaker's farm, including
+said farm in the new county; thence down the Cany ridge to the mouth of
+Cany creek; thence down Indian creek to its mouth; including J. H.
+Duly's farm; thence down Russell's fork of Sandy river to the mouth of
+Panpan creek, including Andrew Owen's dwelling house; thence a straight
+line to the mouth of Greenbrier creek, a tributary of Prater creek;
+thence a straight line to the Big meadow gap; thence down a branch to
+Gressy creek; thence down said creek to the mouth of Russell's fork of
+Sandy river; thence down said river to the state line of Virginia and
+Kentucky; thence with the state line to the beginning."
+
+The formation of Dickenson County in 1880 completed all the local
+organizations authorized by the Virginia Assembly from 1634 up to the
+present, though in many counties minor changes in bounds have been
+enacted from time to time.
+
+We have seen the little feeble settlements along the James River extend
+like a rising tide now east, now south, now north and finally with great
+impetus to the west. Each settlement as it was established proceeded to
+put into effect the concepts of law and order as practiced at Jamestown,
+and handed down from father to son. The principle of representative
+constitutional government as evidenced in the first General Assembly of
+1619 may be called the sacred fire each settlement took with it and
+carefully tended. It was the one thing all shared whether they lived by
+the James River or high on the Blue Ridge. A settlement, a county, a
+state, each one must have law, order, ready justice, representative
+government. That is the theme underlying the development of Virginia
+which we have traced step by step. It is the theme underlying the
+development of our nation. Every American is a debtor to Jamestown for
+his heritage of representative constitutional government.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+     _Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia_, 1808-1880.
+
+     Daniel, J. R. V., _A Hornbook of Virginia History_, Richmond, 1950.
+
+     Hening, William Waller, _The Statutes at Large_, Being _a
+     Collection of All the Laws of Virginia_, 1619-1792, Richmond,
+     1809-1823, 13 Vols.
+
+     Robinson, Morgan P., _Virginia Counties, Bulletin of the Virginia
+     State Library_, Vol. 9, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1916.
+
+     Shepherd, Samuel, _Statutes at Large_, 1793-1806. Continuation of
+     Hening.
+
+     Richmond 1835-1836. 3 Vols.
+
+     Stith, William. _History of First Discovery and Settlement of
+     Virginia._ Williamsburg, 1747.
+
+     Tyler, Lyon G., _Cradle of the Republic._ 2 ed. Richmond, 1900.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO CHARTS
+
+
+                            No.
+
+  Accawmack, 1634 (Ex.)      1
+  Accomack, 1663             1
+  Albemarle                  5
+  Alexandria (Ex.)           9
+  Alleghany                 10
+  Amelia                     2
+  Amherst                    5
+  Appomattox                 5
+  Arlington                  9
+  Augusta                9, 10
+
+  Barbour (W. Va.)          10
+  Bath                      10
+  Bedford                    2
+  Berkeley (W. Va.)          9
+  Bland                     11
+  Boone (W. Va.)            11
+  Botetourt, 10             11
+  Bourbon (Ky.)             11
+  Braxton (W. Va.)          10
+  Brooke (W. Va.)           10
+  Brunswick                  2
+  Buchanan                  11
+  Buckingham                 5
+
+  Cabell (W. Va.)           11
+  Calhoun (W. Va.)          10
+  Campbell                   2
+  Caroline                   9
+  Carroll                   11
+  Charles City               2
+  Charles River (Ex.)        3
+  Charlotte                  2
+  Chesterfield               5
+  Clarke                     9
+  Clay (W. Va.)             10
+  Craig                     11
+  Culpeper                   9
+  Cumberland                 5
+
+  Dickenson                 11
+  Dinwiddie                  2
+  Doddridge (W. Va.)        10
+  Dunmore (Ex.)              9
+
+  Elizabeth City (Ex.)       4
+  Essex                      9
+
+  Fairfax                    9
+  Fauquier                   9
+  Fayette, 1780 (Ky.)       11
+  Fayette, 1831 (W. Va.)    11
+  Fincastle (Ex.)           11
+  Floyd                     11
+  Fluvanna                   5
+  Franklin                   2
+  Frederick                  9
+
+  Giles                     11
+  Gilmer (W. Va.)           10
+  Gloucester                 3
+  Goochland                  5
+  Grayson                   11
+  Greenbrier (W. Va.)       11
+  Greene                     9
+  Greensville                2
+
+  Halifax                    2
+  Hampshire (W. Va.)        10
+  Hancock (W. Va.)          10
+  Hanover                    3
+  Hardy (W. Va.)            10
+  Harrison (W. Va.)         10
+  Henrico                    5
+  Henry                      2
+  Highland                  10
+
+  Illinois (Ex.)            10
+  Isle of Wight              7
+
+  Jackson (W. Va.)          11
+  James City                 6
+  Jefferson, 1780 (Ky.)      11
+  Jefferson, 1801 (W. Va.)   9
+
+  Kanawha (W. Va.)          11
+  Kentucky (Ex.)            11
+  King and Queen             3
+  King George                9
+  King William               3
+
+  Lancaster                  9
+  Lee                       11
+  Lewis (W. Va.)            10
+  Lincoln (Ky.)             11
+  Logan (W. Va.)            11
+  Loudoun                    9
+  Louisa                     3
+  Lower Norfolk (Ex.)        4
+  Lunenburg                  2
+
+  McDowell (W. Va.)         11
+  Madison, 1786 (Ky.)       11
+  Madison, 1793              9
+  Marion (W. Va.)           10
+  Marshall (W. Va.)         10
+  Mason, 1789 (Ky.)         11
+  Mason, 1804 (W. Va.)      11
+  Mathews                    3
+  Mecklenburg                2
+  Mercer, 1786 (Ky.)        11
+  Mercer, 1837 (W. Va.)     11
+  Middlesex                  9
+  Monongalia (W. Va.)       10
+  Monroe (W. Va.)           11
+  Montgomery                11
+  Morgan (W. Va.)            9
+
+  Nansemond                  4
+  Nelson, 1785 (Ky.)        11
+  Nelson, 1808               5
+  New Kent                   3
+  New Norfolk (Ex.)          4
+  Nicholas (W. Va.)         11
+  Norfolk                    4
+  Northampton                1
+  Northumberland             9
+  Nottoway                   2
+
+  Ohio (W. Va.)             10
+  Orange                     9
+
+  Page                      10
+  Patrick                    2
+  Pendleton (W. Va.)        10
+  Pittsylvania               2
+  Pleasants (W. Va.)        10
+  Pocahontas (W. Va.)       10
+  Powhatan                   5
+  Preston (W. Va.)          10
+  Prince Edward              2
+  Prince George              2
+  Prince William             9
+  Princess Anne              4
+  Pulaski                   11
+  Putnam (W. Va.)           11
+
+  Raleigh (W. Va.)          11
+  Randolph (W. Va.)         10
+  Rappahannock, 1656 (Ex.)   9
+  Rappahannock, 1833         9
+  Richmond                   9
+  Ritchie (W. Va.)          10
+  Roane (W. Va.)            11
+  Roanoke                   11
+  Rockbridge                10
+  Rockingham                10
+  Russell                   11
+
+  Scott                     11
+  Shenandoah                 9
+  Smyth                     11
+  Southampton                7
+  Spotsylvania               9
+  Stafford                   9
+  Surry                      6
+  Sussex                     6
+
+  Taylor (W. Va.)           10
+  Tazewell                  11
+  Tucker (W. Va.)           10
+  Tyler (W. Va.)            10
+
+  Upper Norfolk (Ex.)        4
+  Upshur (W. Va.)           10
+
+  Warren                     9
+  Warrosquyoake (Ex.)        7
+  Warwick (Ex.)              8
+  Warwick River (Ex.)        8
+  Washington                11
+  Wayne (W. Va.)            11
+  Webster (W. Va.)          11
+  Westmoreland               9
+  Wetzel (W. Va.)           10
+  Wirt (W. Va.)             10
+  Wise                      11
+  Wood (W. Va.)             10
+  Woodford (Ky.)            11
+  Wyoming (W. Va.)          11
+  Wythe                     11
+
+  Yohogania (Ex.)           10
+  York                       3
+
+CHART 1
+
+Accawmack ---------- Northampton ---------- Accomack
+  1634-1642/3 (Ex.)    1642/3                 1662
+
+CHART 2
+
+                                       |- Hali- -- Pittsyl- -- Henry -- Patrick
+                                       |   fax      vania       1777     1791
+                                       |   1752     1767
+                                       |
+                                       |             |-- Campbell
+                                       |             |     1782
+                                       |- Bedford ---|
+                                       |    1754     |
+                            |- Lunen- -|             |-- Franklin
+                            |   burg   |                    1786
+                            |   1746   |- Charlotte
+                            |          |     1765
+                 |- Bruns- -|          |
+                 |   wick   |          |
+                 |   1732   |          |- Mecklenburg
+                 |          |                1765
+                 |          |- Greenville
+                 |               1781
+Charles  Prince  |
+ City -- George -|                                |-- Prince Edward
+ 1634     1703   |                                |    1754
+                 |-- Amelia ----------------------|
+                 |    1735                        |-- Nottoway
+                 |                                      1789
+                 |
+                 |-- Dinwiddie
+                      1752
+
+  Abbreviations:
+
+     Ex.--Extinct
+     Ky.--Kentucky
+     W. Va.--West Virginia
+
+CHART 3
+
+                    |-- Gloucester ---- Mathews
+                    |      1651          1791
+  Charles -- York --|
+  River      1642/3 |
+  1634-1642/3       |                |-- King and Queen ---- King William
+  (Ex.)             |                |       1691               1702
+                    |-- New Kent ----|
+                         1654        |
+                                     |-- Hanover ---- Louisa
+                                          1721         1742
+
+CHART 4
+
+                                                            |-- Norfolk
+                                                            |    1691
+                                       |-- Lower Norfolk ---|
+                                       |   1637-1691(Ex.)   |
+                                       |                    |-- Princess Anne
+                                       |                           1691
+Elizabeth City -------- New Norfolk ---|
+1634-1952(Ex.)         1636-1637(Ex.)  |
+                                       |-- Upper Norfolk ---- Nansemond
+                                           1637-1646(Ex.)       1646
+
+CHART 5
+
+                                                 |-- Amherst ------- Nelson
+                                                 |     1761            1808
+                                                 |
+                            |-- Albemarle -------|-- Buckingham ---- Appomattox
+                            |      1744          |     1761            1845
+                            |                    |
+           |-- Goochland ---|                    |-- Fluvanna
+           |      1728      |                          1777
+           |                |
+Henrico ---|                |-- Cumberland --------- Powhatan
+ 1634      |                       1749                1777
+           |-- Chesterfield
+                  1749
+
+CHART 6
+
+James City -------- Surry -------- Sussex
+   1634             1652            1754
+
+CHART 7
+
+Warrosquyoake -------- Isle of Wight -------- Southampton
+1634-1637(Ex.)            1637                   1749
+
+CHART 8
+
+Warwick River --------     Warwick
+1634-1642/3(Ex.)       1642/3-1952(Ex.)
+
+CHART 9
+
+
+                                         |-- Caroline       |- Augusta (See Chart 10)
+                                         |     1745         |     1745
+                                         |                  |                    Jeffer-
+                                         |                  |                  |-- son
+                                         |                  |                  |   1801
+                                         |                  |           Ber-   | (W. Va.)
+                               |- Essex -|                  |        |- keley -|
+                               |  1692   |                  |        |  1772   |
+                               |         |                  | Frede- | (W. Va.)|
+                               |         |                  |- rick -|         |- Morgan
+                               |         |                  |  1743  |             1820
+                               |         | Spotsyl-         |        |           (W. Va.)
+                               |         |- vania - Orange -|        |
+                               |             1721     1734  |        |
+                       Rappa-  |                            |        |
+                   |- hannock -|                            |        |
+                   | 1656-1692 |                            |        |
+                   |    (Ex.)  |                            |        |  Dun-   Shenan-  War-
+                   |           |                            |        |- more -- doah -- ren
+                   |           |                            |        |1772-1778 1778    1836
+                   |           |                            |        |  (Ex.)
+                   |           |- Richmond -- King George   |        |
+                   |                1692         1721       |        |
+             Lan-  |                                        |        |
+         |- caster |                                        |        |
+         |   1651  |                                        |        |-- Clarke
+         |         |                                        |             1836
+         |         |                                        |
+         |         |-- Middlesex                            |
+         |                1669                              |
+         |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |         |-- Madison
+         |                                                  |         |    1793
+         |                                                  |   Cul-  |
+         |                                                  |- peper -|
+         |                                                  |  1749   |   Rappa-
+         |                                                  |         |-- hannock
+         |                                                  |              1883
+         |                                                  |
+Northum- |                                                  |
+berland--|                                                  |
+  1645   |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |-- Greene
+         |                                                       1838
+         |
+         |                                             |-- Loudoun
+         |                                             |    1757
+         |                                             |
+         |                                 |- Fairfax -|
+         |                                 |    1742   |
+         |                                 |           | Alexan-
+         |                                 |           |- dria --- Arlington
+         |                                 |            1847-1920    1920
+         |   West-      Staf-    Prince    |               (Ex.)
+         |- moreland -- ford -- William ---|
+             1653       1664      1731     |
+                                           |-- Fauquier
+                                                 1759
+
+
+Chart 10
+
+(Continuation of Chart 9)
+
+                                                              |- Upshur
+                                                              | 1851 (W. Va.)
+       |- Hampshire -------- Hardy                   |- Ran- -|
+       |  1754 (W. Va.)      1786 (W. Va.)           |  dolph |
+       |                                             |  1787  |- Tucker
+       |                                             | (W. Va.) 1856 (W. Va.)
+       |- Botetourt (See Chart 11)                   |
+       |  1770                                       |
+       |                                             |        |- Wirt
+       |                                             |        | 1848 (W. Va.)
+       |- Monon- -----------------------|            |- Wood -|
+       |  galia                         |            |  1798  |
+       |  1776                          |            |(W. Va.)|- Pleasants
+       |  (W. Va.)                      |            |          1851 (W. Va.)
+       |          |- Brooke -- Hancock  |            |
+       |          |  1797      1848     |            |
+       |          |  (W. Va.)  (W. Va.) |            |        |-Gilmer -Calhoun
+       |          |                     |            |        | 1845    1856
+       |- Ohio ---+- Tyler -- Wetzel    |            |-Lewis -|(W. Va.)(W. Va.)
+       |  1776    |   1814     1846     |            | 1816   |
+       |  (W. Va.)|  (W. Va.) (W. Va.)  |            |(W. Va.)|- Brax- - Clay
+Au-  --|          |                     | |- Harri- -|           1836    1858
+gusta  |          |                     | |  son     |        (W. Va.) (W. Va.)
+1745   |          |- Marshall           | |  1784    |- Barbour
+       |- Yohogania   1835 (W. Va.)     | | (W. Va.) |  1843 (W. Va.)
+       |  1776-1786 (Ex).               | |          |
+       |                                | |          |- Ritchie
+       |- Rockbridge                    | |          |  1843 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778                          |-|          |
+       |                                  |          |- Taylor
+       |- Rockingham ---- Page            |          |  1844 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778            1831            |          |
+       |                                  |          |- Doddridge
+       |- Illinois                        |             1845 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778-1784 (Ex.)                 |
+       |                                  |- Preston
+       |                                  | 1818 (W. Va.)
+       |- Pendleton ------- Highland      |
+       |  1788 (W. Va.)      1847         |
+       |                                  |- Marion
+       |              |---- Pocahontas      1842 (W. Va.)
+       |              |    1821 (W. Va.)
+       |- Bath -------|
+          1791        |---- Alleghany
+                              1822
+
+CHART 11
+
+(Continuation of Chart 10)
+
+                                                     |--- Bourbon -- Mason
+                                                     |  1786 (Ky.)  1789 (Ky.)
+                                                     |
+                                    |-- Fayette -----|
+                                    |  1780 (Ky.)    |
+                                    |                |
+                                    |                |--- Woodford
+                                    |                    1789 (Ky.)
+                                    |
+                |---- Kentucky -----+-- Jefferson ------- Nelson
+                |  1777-1780 (Ex.)  |   1780 (Ky.)       1785 (Ky.)
+                |                   |
+                |                   |                      |----- Madison
+                |                   |                      |     1786 (Ky.)
+                |                   |                      |
+                |                   |-- Lincoln -----------|
+                |                      1780 (Ky.)          |
+                |                                          |
+                |                                          |---- Mercer
+                |                                              1786 (Ky.)
+                |
+                |                             |- Gray- - Carroll  |-- Buchanan
+                |                             |  son       1842   |    1858
+                |                             |  1793             |
+                |                   |- Wythe -|           |-------|
+                |                   |  1790   |           |       |
+                |                   |         |           |       |
+       |- Fin- -|                   |         |- Taze- ---|       |-- McDowell
+       | castle |                   |            well                  1858
+       | 1772-  |                   |            1800                 (W. Va.)
+       | 1777   |                   |
+       | (Ex.)  |                   |                    |- Fayette - Raleigh
+       |        |                   |                    |  1831       1850
+       |        |                   |                    | (W. Va.)  (W. Va.)
+       |        |                   |                    |
+       |        |                   |         |- Logan --|
+       |        |                   |         |  1824    |
+       |        |                   |         | (W. Va.) |
+       |        |                   |         |          |- Wyoming
+       |        |                   |         |             1850
+       |        |                   |         |            (W. Va.)
+       |        |---- Montgomery ---|- Giles -|
+       |        |       1777        |    1806 |
+       |        |                   |         |
+       |        |                   |         |- Mercer
+       |        |                   |         | 1837 (W. Va.)
+       |        |                   |         |
+Bote- -|        |                   |- Floyd  |
+tourt  |        |                   |   1831  |
+1770   |        |                   |         |
+       |        |                   |         |- Bland   |-- Scott ---- Smyth
+       |        |                   |            1861    |    1814       1832
+       |        |                   |                    |
+       |        |                   |- Pul-    |-- Lee --|
+       |        |                      aski    |  1793   |
+       |        |                      1839    |         |
+       |        |                              |         |-- Wise
+       |        |                              |             1856
+       |        |                              |
+       |        |---- Washington --  Russell --|
+       |                 1777         1786     |
+       |                                       |
+       |                                       |-- Dickenson
+       |                                            1880
+       |
+       |                           |---- Mason --------- Jackson
+       |                           |  1804 (W. Va.)    1831 (W. Va.)
+       |                           |
+       |                           |---- Cabell -------- Wayne
+       |                           |  1809 (W. Va.)    1842 (W. Va.)
+       |                           |
+       |          |---- Kanawha ---|
+       |          |  1789 (W. Va.) |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Boone
+       |          |                |  1847 (W. Va.)
+       |          |                |
+       |- Green- -|                |
+       |  brier   |                |
+       |  1776    |                |
+       |  (W. Va.)|---- Monroe     |
+       |          |  1799 (W. Va.) |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Putnam
+       |          |                |   1848 (W. Va.)
+       |          |                |
+       |- Roanoke |                |
+       |   1838   |                |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Roane
+       |          |                   1856 (W. Va.)
+       |          |
+       |- Craig   |
+           1851   |
+                  |
+                  |---- Nicholas -------- Webster
+                    1818 (W. Va.)       1860 (W. Va.)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Aaron's creek, 28
+
+  Abb's valley, 74
+
+  Abingdon, 59
+
+  Abrell, Robert, 13
+
+  Accomack (Accawmack) county, 3, 6, 8, 10, 15
+
+  Accomack Indians, 6
+
+  Admiralty, Courts of, _see_ Courts, admiralty
+
+  Agee family, 27
+
+  Albemarle, William Anne Keppel, 2d Earl of, 26
+
+  Albemarle county, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 38, 61, 63, 67
+
+  Albemarle parish, 30
+
+  Albemarle sound, 42
+
+  Alexandria county, 15, 68, 69
+
+  Alleghany county, 48, 55, 56, 71, 72
+
+  Allegheny mountains, 36, 39, 43, 44, 47, 56, 69
+
+  Allegheny river, 55
+
+  Allen, Madison, 75
+
+  Amelia, Princess, 24
+
+  Amelia county, 24, 26, 29, 45, 46
+
+  Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 33
+
+  Amherst county, 33, 52
+
+  Amherst parish, 33, 52
+
+  Anchrom, Richard, 68
+
+  Anderson, James, 65
+    Sterling C., 68
+
+  Andros, Sir Edmund, 10
+
+  Annapolis, Md., 27
+
+  Anne, Queen, 17, 18, 39
+
+  Anthony's creek, 47
+
+  Antrim parish, 28, 33
+
+  Appomattox county, 29, 67, 68
+
+  Appomattox river, 6, 20, 24, 26, 29, 46, 67, 68
+
+  Argall, Sir Samuel, 1
+
+  Arlington county, 15, 69
+
+  Armentrout, 71
+
+  Ashby's gap (or bent), 25
+
+  Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, 25
+
+  Augusta county, 25, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 69
+
+  Augusta parish, 25, 30, 39
+
+
+  Back creek, 42, 69
+
+  Bacon's Rebellion, 16
+
+  Bailey, Joseph, 66
+
+  Barbecue run, 60
+
+  Barber's creek, 72
+
+  Barbour, Philip, 66
+
+  Barbour county, 66, 72
+
+  Barnes, Thomas, 64
+
+  Bartlett, Samuel, 66
+
+  Bath county, 47, 48, 55, 69
+
+  Bean, William, 66
+
+  Beard, John, 29
+
+  Beckford parish, 35
+
+  Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, 30
+
+  Bedford county, 29, 42, 43, 64
+
+  Bell, Thomas, 33
+
+  Bennett (Mr.), 14
+
+  Berkeley county, 35, 50, 54, 55
+
+  Bever, Charles, dams of, 19
+
+  Big Birch river, 61
+
+  Big Buffalo river, 61
+
+  Big Meadow gap, 77
+
+  Big Reedy island, 46
+
+  Birchfield creek, 76
+
+  Black, Samuel, 66
+
+  Blackstone, Sir William, 46
+
+  Blackwater river, 28, 30, 38, 43
+
+  Bland, Richard, 75
+
+  Bland county, 75, 76
+
+  Blanford, 29
+
+  Blue mountains, 33
+
+  Blue Ridge mountains, 19, 24, 25, 34, 36, 40, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61,
+   62, 63, 64, 77
+
+  Blue Stone river, 46
+
+  Bollings point, 29
+
+  Bonsack, John, 64
+
+  Boone, Daniel, 68
+
+  Boone county, 68
+
+  Boroughs _see_ Settlements
+
+  Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, 34, 35, 36
+
+  Botetourt county, 34, 35, 36, 40, 47, 52, 55, 56, 64, 71
+
+  Bourbon, family of, 45
+
+  Bourbon county, 44, 45, 49
+
+  Branch, Samuel, 68
+
+  Brandon, 18
+
+  Braxton, Carter, 60
+
+  Braxton county, 60, 61, 74, 75
+
+  Bristol parish, 7, 24
+
+  Broad run, 31
+
+  Brooke, Robert (Governor of Virginia), 49
+    Robert (Surveyor, Knight of Golden Horse Shoe), 49
+
+  Brooke county, 49, 67, 70
+
+  Brook's mill, 26
+
+  Brown, John, raid of, 51
+
+  Brunswick, Duchy of, 21, 26
+
+  Brunswick county, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 42
+
+  Brunswick stew, 23
+
+  Brush mountain, 71
+
+  Brushy mountain, 50
+
+  Buchanan, James, 74
+
+  Buchanan county, 74, 76
+
+  Buchanan river, 61
+
+  Buckingham, Duke of, 33
+
+  Buckingham county, 29, 32, 33, 67
+
+  Buffalo creek, 42
+
+  Bugg's run, 60
+
+  Bull creek, 75
+
+  Bull run, 25, 31
+
+  Bull Run mountains, 31
+
+  Bullock, Francis, 11
+
+  Bunker Hill, Battle of, 62, 70
+
+  Burden's March run, 63
+
+  Bush creek, 48
+
+  Byrd, Andrew H., 69
+    James, 39
+    Colonel William, 2nd, 22
+
+
+  Cabell, William H., 52, 53
+
+  Cabell county, 52, 56, 66, 68, 70
+
+  Cabin branch, 68
+
+  Calf-pasture river, 40, 47
+
+  Calhoun, John Caldwell, 73
+
+  Calhoun county, 73
+
+  California, West Va., 73
+
+  Camden parish, 33
+
+  Camp rock, 73
+
+  Campbell, Thomas, 69
+    William, 42
+
+  Campbell county, 38, 42, 67
+
+  Canterbury, England, 9
+
+  Cany creek, 77
+
+  Cany ridge, 77
+
+  Cape Capon mountains, 30
+
+  Caperton, Hugh, 51
+
+  Caroline of Anspach (Queen of George II), 20, 21
+
+  Caroline county, 20, 21, 45
+
+  Carper, John, 71
+
+  Carroll, Charles, 65
+
+  Carroll county, 65
+
+  Carrollton, 65
+
+  Carr's creek, 34
+
+  Cartagena, Colombia, 27
+
+  Castle Hill, 67
+
+  Catawba road, 36
+
+  Catawba valley, 64
+
+  Cave's old mill, 63
+
+  Cedar creek, 35, 41, 62
+
+  Cedar gap, 73
+
+  Chancery courts _see_ Courts, chancery
+
+  Chapman's ford, 42
+
+  Chapman's mill, 31
+
+  Chapultepec, Mexico, 53
+
+  Charles I, 5
+
+  Charles II, 18
+
+  Charles City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Charles City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 18, 54
+
+  Charles river, 13, 19
+
+  Charles River county, 3, 5, 6
+    _see also_ York county
+
+  Charleston, S. C., 33, 42
+
+  Charleston, West Va., 42, 54, 68, 70
+
+  Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen of George III), 33
+
+  Charlotte county, 33, 42, 67
+
+  Charlottesville, 33
+
+  Charters of Virginia, 2, 5, 44
+
+  Cheat river, 47
+
+  Cherry's run, 55
+
+  Chesapeake bay, 18, 51
+
+  Chesterfield, Philip D. Stanhope, 4th Earl of, 28
+
+  Chesterfield county, 27, 28, 39
+
+  Chester's gap, 35
+
+  Chestnut creek, 65
+
+  Chickacoan, 12
+
+  Choppawomsick creek, 21
+
+  Christ Church parish, Lancaster county, 15, 16
+
+  Christ Church parish, Middlesex county, 16
+
+  Chuckatuck creek, 6
+
+  Chumley's branch, 20
+
+  Cities (political division), 2
+
+  Claiborne, William, 3, 13, 14
+
+  Clark, George Rogers, 41, 44, 61
+
+  Clarke county, 61, 62
+
+  Clay, Henry, 74
+
+  Clay county, 74
+
+  Clear fork, 52, 75
+
+  Clem, Daniel, 58
+
+  Clinch, 75
+
+  Clinch mountain, 45, 48, 50, 53
+
+  Clinch river, 38, 50, 53, 73, 75
+
+  Clinton, Henry, Sir, 42
+
+  Clover Lick fork, 61
+
+  Coal (Cole) river, 57, 70
+
+  Cole, Richard, 12
+
+  Cole (Coal) river, 57, 70
+
+  College, at Henrico, 28
+
+  Common Pleas courts _see_ Courts, common pleas
+
+  Compasses, mariners', 3
+
+  Convention, 1775 and 1776, 36, 37
+
+  Conway river, 27
+
+  Cooper, John, 57
+
+  Coppohawk river, 30
+
+  Corbin, Anderson, 66
+
+  Corley (Mrs.), 66
+
+  Cornstalk (Indian), 54
+
+  Cornwall parish, 33
+
+  Cornwallis, Charles, 2nd Earl, 1st Marquis, 42, 43
+
+  Corporations, 1, 2
+
+  Cotton, in Southampton county, 28
+
+  Council, 2, 9, 20
+    _Minutes_, 9
+
+  Counties (political division), 2
+    division of Colony into, 3
+
+  County courts _see_ Courts, county
+
+  "Court Party", 5
+
+  Courts, admiralty, in England, 8;
+      in Virginia, 10
+    chancery, in England, 8
+    common pleas, in England 8
+    county, in Virginia, 2, 7, 8, 10
+    ecclesiastical, in England, 8
+    general court, in Virginia, 8, 9
+    inferior, in Virginia, 2, 7
+    king's bench, in England, 8
+    magistrate's or justice, in Virginia, 7, 8
+    monthly, in England, 8, 9;
+      in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10
+    of exchequer, in England, 8
+    parish, in Virginia, 7
+    prerogative, in England, 9
+
+  Cove branch, 71
+
+  Cove creek, 50
+
+  Cow-pasture river, 40, 47, 55, 56, 69
+
+  Cowpens, Battle of, 55
+
+  Crab bottom, 69
+
+  Crab orchard, 73
+
+  Craig, Robert, 72
+
+  Craig county, 71, 72
+
+  Craig's creek, 56, 64, 71
+
+  Crane creek, 52
+
+  Crane's nest bridge, 76
+
+  Crane's nest creek, 73, 76
+
+  Crane's nest river, 72, 73
+
+  Crany point, 11
+
+  Crayford, England, 13
+
+  Cripple creek, 48
+
+  Crooked run, 49
+
+  Crosses in Fairy Stone Park, 47
+
+  Culberson's creek, 36
+
+  Culloden, Battle of, 21
+
+  Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, 27
+
+  Culpeper county, 27, 35, 49, 53, 58, 59, 60
+
+  Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 21, 27
+
+  Cumberland county, 27, 39
+
+  Cumberland mountains, 37, 45, 53, 72, 76
+
+  Cunningham's branch, 39
+
+  Cunningham's run, 58
+
+  Currituck, 17
+
+  Cutbanks, 68
+
+
+  Dan river, 28, 33
+
+  David's creek, 67
+
+  Davis, Hiram, 65
+
+  Davisson, Rueben, 66
+
+  Deep creek, 21
+
+  Deep run, 21
+
+  Delaware Indians, 55
+
+  Dews, Achilles, 71
+
+  Dickenson, William J., 76
+
+  Dickenson county, 76, 77
+
+  Difficult run, 31
+
+  Dilly, Abraham, 74
+
+  Dinwiddie, Robert, 29, 31, 36
+
+  Dinwiddie county, 29, 46
+
+  Discovery, (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Dismal branch, 75
+
+  District of Columbia, 68, 69
+
+  Doddridge, Philip, 67
+
+  Doddridge county, 67
+
+  Doss, Lilburn, 71
+
+  Dragon run, 15
+
+  Droop mountain, 47
+
+  Drout, Richard, 17
+
+  Dry fork, 75
+
+  Dry run, 69
+
+  Duly, J. H., 77
+
+  Dunlap's creek, 47
+
+  Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 35, 36, 54
+
+  Dunmore county, 35
+
+
+  East river mountain, 75
+
+  Eastern branch, Elizabeth river, 17
+
+  Eastern Shore, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 15
+
+  Eastern waters, 40
+
+  Ecclesiastical courts, _see_ Courts, ecclesiastical
+
+  Edward, Duke of Gloucester, 29
+
+  Eighteen Mile creek, 51
+
+  Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 5
+
+  Elizabeth City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Elizabeth City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23
+
+  Elizabeth river, 5, 11, 17
+
+  Elk river, 61
+
+  England, civil war in, 7, 12, 16;
+    immigrants from, 20;
+    names for Virginia counties from, 5;
+    unrest in, fosters immigration, 7
+
+  Essex county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  Ewing mountain, 48
+
+
+  Fairfax, Thomas, 6th Lord of, 23, 25, 27, 30
+
+  Fairfax county, 15, 25, 31, 69
+
+  Fairy Stone mountain, 46, 47
+
+  Fairy Stone State Park, 46
+
+  Fall run, 60
+
+  Falling river, 29, 68
+
+  Falling Spring valley, 56
+
+  Falls of James river, 20, 39
+
+  Fauntleroy's mill run, 62, 63
+
+  Fauquier, Francis, 31, 32, 33
+
+  Fauquier county, 15, 31, 35, 60, 61,62
+
+  Fayette county, Ky., 41, 42, 44, 45, 49
+
+  Fayette county, West Va., 57, 70
+
+  Federal City, _see_ Washington, D. C.
+
+  Fincastle, Lord, 36
+
+  Fincastle, England, 36
+
+  Fincastle county, 36, 37, 38, 56
+
+  Fisher's peak, 65
+
+  Flag pond, 53
+
+  Flat-top mountain, 52
+
+  Fleisher, Andrew, 69
+
+  Flourmoy family, 27
+
+  Floyd, John, 57
+
+  Floyd county, 56, 57, 65
+
+  Fluvanna county, 17, 39
+
+  Fluvanna river, 32, 33, 38, 39
+
+  Fork lick, 61
+
+  Fork spur, 76
+
+  Fort Duquesne, 36
+
+  Fort mountain, 58, 62
+
+  Fort Pitt, 36
+
+  Fourqurean family, 27
+
+  France, Huguenot settlers from, 27
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 43
+
+  Franklin county, 43, 46, 57, 64
+
+  Frascati, 66
+
+  Frederick, King of Bohemia, 5
+
+  Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, 25, 29
+
+  Frederick county, 24, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 55, 61, 62
+
+  Frederick parish, 24, 30, 34, 35
+
+  Fredericksburg, 29
+
+  French and Indian war, 29, 32, 36
+
+  Fridley, 71
+
+
+  Gap mountain, 52
+
+  Garden mountain, 50, 76
+
+  Garwood (Mrs.), 64
+
+  Gauley mountain, 51
+
+  Gauley river, 57
+
+  General courts _see_ Courts, general
+
+  George I, 18, 19, 21
+
+  George II, 20, 24, 25, 26
+
+  George III, 25, 29, 33
+
+  George, Consort of Queen Anne, 18
+
+  George's Fork mountain, 76
+
+  Germanna, 20
+
+  Germany, immigrants from, 19, 20, 23
+
+  Giant's castle, 60
+
+  Giles, William B., 52
+
+  Giles county, 48, 51, 52, 56, 63, 64, 65, 71, 75
+
+  Gilmer, Thomas Walker, 67
+
+  Gilmer county, 67, 73
+
+  Glade creek, 64
+
+  Gladesville, 73
+
+  Gloucester county, 13, 15, 23, 48
+
+  Gloucester county, England, 13
+
+  Glovers' tavern, 68
+
+  Godspeed (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Goff, William, 70
+
+  Gooch, Sir William, 20
+
+  Goochland county, 20, 24, 26, 27
+
+  Goose creek, 42
+
+  Grayson, William, 48
+
+  Grayson county, 48, 57, 65
+
+  Greasy creek, 48
+
+  Great Kanawha river, 38, 54
+
+  Great Laurel ridge, 37
+
+  Great North mountains, 30
+
+  Great Nottoway river, 24
+
+  Great Sandy creek, 37
+
+  Green creek, 33
+
+  Greenbrier county, 40, 45, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57
+
+  Greenbrier Court House, 47
+
+  Greenbrier creek, 77
+
+  Greenbrier mountain, 47
+
+  Greenbrier river, 40, 47
+
+  Greene, Nathanael, 42, 63
+
+  Greene county, 63
+
+  Greensville county, 42
+
+  Greenway, Charles City, 54
+
+  Greenway Court, 25
+
+  Gressy creek, 77
+
+  Griever, Philip, spring branch of, 59
+
+  Griffin, William, 56
+
+  Grose, Strother B., 74
+
+  Guerrant family, 27
+
+  Guese's river, 53
+
+  Guest's river, 73
+
+  Guilford Court House, N. C., Battle of, 42
+
+  Gunston Hall, 25, 45, 51
+
+  Guyandotte river, 52, 57, 70
+
+
+  Haies, Richard, 11
+
+  Hale, Nathaniel C. _Virginia Venturer_, 3
+
+  Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of, 28, 29
+
+  Halifax, Nova Scotia, 29
+
+  Halifax county, 28, 33, 38, 42
+
+  Hamilton parish, 25
+
+  Hamilton's creek, 47
+
+  Hamlin's fork, 24
+
+  Hampshire county, 30, 35, 39, 43, 54, 55
+
+  Hampshire county, England, 30
+
+  Hampton, 28
+
+  Hampton river, 28
+
+  Hampton Roads, 3, 6, 10
+
+  Hancock, John, 70
+
+  Hancock county, 70
+
+  Hanover county, 19, 20, 23, 25
+
+  Hardy, Samuel, 44
+
+  Hardy county, 43, 44, 45, 74
+
+  Harman's mill, 52
+
+  Harper's Ferry, 50
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, 43
+
+  Harrison, county, 42, 45, 49, 50, 54, 65, 66
+
+  Harrodsburg, Ky., 42
+
+  Hart, Silas, 39
+
+  Harvey, William, 68
+
+  Hay, James, 62, 63
+
+  Hays, Richard, 11
+
+  Hazel's river, 60
+
+  Hedgman river, 24
+
+  Henrico corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Henrico county, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 20, 24, 28
+
+  Henry, Prince of Wales, 5
+
+  Henry, Patrick, 38, 46, 70
+
+  Henry county, 22, 38, 39, 43, 46
+
+  Hensley, Samuel, 53
+
+  High Knob, 69, 73
+
+  Highland county, 69, 70
+
+  Hite, James M., 62, 63 Jost, 23
+
+  Hiver, Jacob, 69
+
+  Hoffman's ford, 62
+
+  Holleway creek, 67
+
+  Holstein river, 38
+
+  Holston river, 36
+
+  Horner's mill, 60
+
+  Horse ford, 26
+
+  Horseshoe farm, 27
+
+  Hughes's river, 67
+
+  Hugh's river, 49, 60
+
+  Huguenots in Virginia, 20, 27
+
+  Hunter's old tavern, 68
+
+  Hutchinson, R. M., 71
+
+  Hyde, Anne, wife of James II, 17
+
+
+  Illinois county, 41, 44
+
+  Immigration, to Virginia, 20
+
+  Indian creek, 65, 77
+
+  Indians, 7, 11, 15, 16, 54
+
+  Iron mining and works, 19, 28
+
+  Iron mountain, 38, 48
+
+  Irvine, John, 22
+
+  Isle of Wight county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 22, 28, 44
+
+  Isle of Wight Island, England, 5
+
+  Ivy, Thomas, 17
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 57, 58
+    James, 63
+
+  Jackson county, 57, 70, 73
+
+  Jackson's mountain, 69
+
+  Jackson's river, 47, 55, 56, 69
+
+  James I, 5
+
+  James II, 5, 16, 17, 20
+
+  James, son of James II, 20
+
+  James City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  James City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 14
+
+  James river, 6, 14, 18, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42,
+       55, 67, 68, 77
+
+  James river falls, 20, 39
+
+  Jamestown, 1, 2, 3, 6, 14, 18, 55, 77
+
+  Jarrell, Jackson, 70
+
+  Jarvis, Thomas, Jr., 74
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 26, 42, 50, 51, 56
+
+  Jefferson county, Ky., 41, 42, 49, 50
+
+  Jefferson county, West Va., 50, 61
+
+  John's creek, 71
+
+  Johnson, Jacob, 17
+
+  Jordan, John, 56
+
+  Joshua's creek, 68
+
+  Judicial system, in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10
+
+  Judy's creek, 42
+
+
+  Kanawha county, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 61, 67, 68, 70, 73
+
+  Kanawha river, 40, 45, 51, 57, 60, 61
+
+  Kanawha turnpike, 57
+
+  Kemp, James, 17
+
+  Kent, England, 13
+
+  Kent's ridge, 50
+
+  Kentucky, 38, 42, 44, 49, 53, 56, 72, 73, 75, 77
+
+  Kentucky county, 37, 38, 41
+
+  Kikotan (Kiccowtan, Kigwohtan, Kikotank, Kecoughtan), 1
+    _see also_ Elizabeth City corporation
+
+  Kimberling creek, 75
+
+  King, Sally, 65
+
+  King and Queen county, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  King George county, 19, 21
+
+  King William county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  King's bench courts _see_ Courts, king's bench
+
+  King's Mountain, Battle of, 42, 45
+
+  King's salt wells, 59
+
+  Kiser, Henry, 77
+    James P., 77
+
+  Knox creek, 75
+
+
+  Lafayette, Marquis de, 42, 51, 57
+
+  Lancaster county, 12, 14, 15
+
+  Lancaster county, England, 12
+
+  Land grants, 3, 9
+
+  Land Ordinance, 1785, 44
+
+  Land's, 68
+
+  Laurel ridge, 57
+
+  Lavica fork, 75
+
+  Lawne's creek, 6, 11, 14
+
+  Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 13
+    Henry, "Light Horse Harry", 49
+    Richard Henry, 13
+    Robert E., 13, 49
+    Thomas, 21
+
+  Lee county, 49, 53, 72, 73
+
+  Legislative assembly, first, 1, 2
+
+  Legrand family, 27
+
+  Letcher, John, 43
+
+  Lewis, Andrew, 54
+    Charles, 54
+    Thomas, 51
+
+  Lewis county, 54, 60, 61, 66, 67, 72
+
+  Lexington, Ky., 42
+
+  Lexington parish, 52
+
+  Lick branch, 76
+
+  Lick creek, 57, 73
+
+  Lincoln, Benjamin, 42
+
+  Lincoln county, 42, 44, 49
+
+  Lion's fork, 76
+
+  Litterell, Mrs., 57
+
+  Little Birch river, 61
+
+  Little creek, 17
+
+  Little Guyandotte river, 51
+
+  Little Hurricane creek, 51
+
+  Little Kanawha river, 60, 61, 73
+
+  Little Powell's mountain, 73
+
+  Little river, 36, 57, 65
+
+  Little Rockey creek, 26
+
+  Little Walker's creek, 65
+
+  Logan (Indian chief), 54, 56
+
+  Logan county, 56, 57, 68, 71
+
+  London, England, 14
+
+  London, Diocese of, 9
+
+  Long Shoal run, 61
+
+  Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of, 31
+
+  Loudoun county, 15, 31, 34, 35, 61
+
+  Louis XVI, 45
+
+  Louisa, daughter of George II, 26
+
+  Louisa county, 26, 38
+
+  Louisville, Ky., 42
+
+  Lower Manachin creek, 20
+
+  Lower Norfolk county, 11, 17
+
+  Luneburg, Duchy of, Germany, 26
+
+  Lunenburg county, 26, 28, 29, 33
+
+  Luray cavern, 58
+
+  Lynchburg road, 68
+
+
+  M'Clintick, William, Jr., 69
+
+  M'Daniell, James, 66
+
+  McDowell, James, 74
+
+  McDowell county, 74
+
+  Machoatoke river, 12
+
+  M'Kinney's store, 68
+
+  Mack's mountain, 57
+
+  McLure (McClure) river, 73
+
+  Madison, James, 44, 49
+
+  Madison county, Ky., 44, 49
+
+  Madison county, Va., 49, 59, 63
+
+  Magistrate courts _see_ Courts, magistrate's
+
+  Maiden Spring fork, 50
+
+  Manakintown, 27
+
+  Manassas, 21
+
+  Mann's gap, 50
+
+  Marion, Francis, 65
+
+  Marion county, 65, 66
+
+  Marshall, John, 60
+
+  Marshall county, 60
+
+  Martin, Rueben, 68
+
+  Mary II, Queen, 16, 17, 18
+
+  Mary of Modena, 20
+
+  Maryland, 15
+
+  _Maryland Archives_, 12
+
+  Mary's creek, 34
+
+  Mason, George, 25, 45, 51
+    Seth, 62
+
+  Mason county, Ky., 45, 49, 51
+
+  Mason county, West Va., 51, 57, 70
+
+  Massacres, 1622, 13, 28
+    1644, 13
+    1778, 71
+    in Abb's valley, 74
+
+  Massanutten mountain, 58
+
+  Massie, Henry, 56
+
+  Mathews, Thomas, 48
+
+  Mathews county, 48
+
+  Mattaponi (Mattopony) river, 14, 18
+
+  Maukason gap, 49
+
+  Mayo, William, 22
+
+  Mayo river, 22
+
+  Meadow river, 57
+
+  Mecklenburg county, 33, 42
+
+  Meherrin river, 42
+
+  Mercer, Hugh, 44, 63
+
+  Mercer county, Ky., 44, 49
+
+  Mercer county, West Va., 63
+
+  Merchants Hope Church, 7, 18
+
+  Merryman's, 68
+
+  Mexico City, Mexico, 53
+
+  Michaux family, 27
+
+  Middle Mountain, 71
+
+  Middlesex county, 15, 16
+
+  Middlesex county, England, 16
+
+  Militin's fork, 52
+
+  Mill creek, 47, 57
+
+  Mill mountain, 47
+
+  Miller, Adam, 23
+
+  Mississippi river, 23, 41, 44
+
+  Mississippi valley, 41
+
+  Mitchell's rock, 55
+
+  Monongahela (Monongalia) river, 47, 60, 67
+
+  Monongalia county, 37, 42, 54, 65
+
+  Monroe, James, 50
+
+  Monroe county, 50, 51, 55, 71
+
+  Monroe doctrine, 50
+
+  Monterey, 69
+
+  Monterey, Battle of, 69
+
+  Montgomery, Richard, 38
+
+  Montgomery county, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 64,
+       65, 71
+
+  Monthly courts _see_ Courts, monthly
+
+  Monticello, 26
+
+  Morattico creek, 14
+
+  Morgan, Daniel, 54, 55
+
+  Morgan county, 54, 55
+
+  Morris, Joshua, 51
+
+  Morriss, Archibald, 56
+
+  Moseley, William, Sr., 17
+
+  Mount Vernon, 25
+
+  Mountain Lake, 52
+
+  Muddy creek, 48
+
+
+  Naemhock, 14
+
+  Naked creek, 39, 58
+
+  Namozene (Namozain) creek, 24, 45
+
+  Nancy's ridge, 76
+
+  Nansemond (Nansimum) county, 8, 11
+
+  Narrows, 48
+
+  Nations Spring run, 61
+
+  Natural bridge, 41
+
+  Natural tunnel, 53
+
+  Necostins town, 12
+
+  Nelson, Thomas, 43, 52
+
+  Nelson county, Ky., 43, 49
+
+  Nelson county, Va., 52
+
+  New Kent county, 13, 16, 19
+
+  New Kent county, England, 13
+
+  New Norfolk county, 10, 11
+
+  New Orleans, Battle of, 58
+
+  New river, 36, 40, 51, 52, 57, 65, 70
+
+  Newport, England, 5
+
+  Newport News, 6
+
+  Newport parish, 5
+
+  Nichol, William, Sr., 74
+
+  Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 54
+
+  Nicholas county, 54, 57, 60, 61, 74, 75
+
+  Niday, William, 71
+
+  Nineveh, 62
+
+  Norborne parish, 34, 35
+
+  Norfolk borough, 48
+
+  Norfolk county, 17
+
+  Norfolk county, England, 10
+
+  North Anna river, 17, 19, 26
+
+  North Carolina, 17, 22, 26, 37, 38, 42, 58, 65
+
+  North mountain, 39, 40
+
+  North river, 17, 39, 48
+
+  North River Gap road, 69
+
+  Northampton county, 8, 15
+
+  Northern Neck, 12, 13, 14, 18, 25, 27, 30, 31
+
+  Northumberland county, 11, 12
+
+  Northumberland county, England, 12
+
+  Northwest territory, 43, 44, 61
+
+  Northwestern turnpike, 67
+
+  Nottoway county, 45, 46
+
+  Nottoway Indians, 46
+
+  Nottoway river, 24, 26, 29, 42, 46
+
+  Nowell, William, 11
+
+
+  Occoquan river, 25
+
+  Ohio, 43
+
+  Ohio county, 37, 49, 51, 60
+
+  Ohio river, 36, 37, 40, 41, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 66, 70, 72
+
+  Ohio valley, 44
+
+  Oil creek, 61
+
+  Opequon creek, 61
+
+  Orange county, 23, 24, 27, 49, 58, 63, 66
+
+  Osborn's gap, 76
+
+  Owen, Andrew, 77
+
+
+  Pacific ocean, 44
+
+  Pad's creek, 47
+
+  Page, John, 58
+
+  Page county, 58, 62
+
+  Pamunkey neck, 16, 18
+
+  Pamunkey river, 6, 14, 16, 17, 18
+
+  Panpan creek, 77
+
+  Panther's gap, 40
+
+  Parkersburg, West Va., 57, 70, 72
+
+  Passage creek, 35
+
+  Patrick county, 22, 46, 57, 65
+
+  Paul, Audley, 40
+
+  Peck creek, 46
+
+  Peden (Paden), James, 68
+
+  Pembroke, William Herbert, 3rd, Earl of, 59
+
+  Pembroke river, 59
+
+  Pendleton, Edmund, 45
+
+  Pendleton county, 45, 47, 55, 69, 74
+
+  Pennsylvania, 37
+
+  Persinger, Andrew, 72
+
+  Peter's mountain, 40, 56, 71
+
+  Philadelphia, Pa., 23
+
+  Philippi, 66
+
+  Piankatank river, 48
+
+  Pigeon fork, 73
+
+  Pine run, 65
+
+  Pine's plantation, 51
+
+  Piracy, in Virginia, 10
+
+  Pitt, Robert, 11
+    William, Earl of Chatham, 33, 34
+
+  Pittsburgh, Pa., 36, 37, 53
+
+  Pittsylvania county, 33, 38, 43, 46
+
+  Pleasants, James, Jr., 72
+
+  Pleasants county, 72
+
+  Pocahontas, 55
+
+  Pocahontas county, 55, 69
+
+  Pocatallico creek, 51
+
+  Pocomoke river, 15
+
+  Pohick church, 25
+
+  Point mountain, 61
+
+  Point Pleasant, 51, 54
+
+  Point Pleasant, Battle of, 54
+
+  Popular Camp mountain, 48
+
+  Population, 1634, 3, 7
+    1640, 7
+    1649, 12
+    1654, 12
+
+  Poropotank creek, 14
+
+  Porter, James, 76
+    John, 17
+
+  Potomac river, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 21, 24, 30, 31, 32, 35, 39, 50,
+       51, 55
+
+  Potowoc river, 24
+
+  Potts' creek, 71
+
+  Potts' mountain, 56
+
+  Pound fork, 71, 72
+
+  Powell, Ambrose, 53
+
+  Powell's mountain, 49, 53
+
+  Powell's river, 53, 73
+
+  Powell's fort, 62
+
+  Powhatan, 39
+
+  Powhatan county, 39
+
+  Prater creek, 77
+
+  Preston, James Patton, 54
+
+  Preston, Battle of, 20
+
+  Preston county, 54, 74
+
+  Preston's and King's salt wells, 59
+
+  Priam, Joseph, 61
+
+  Price's turnpike, 71
+
+  Prince Edward county, 29, 46, 67
+
+  Prince Edward street, Fredericksburg, 29
+
+  Prince George county, 18, 21, 24, 29, 30
+
+  Prince William county, 15, 21, 25, 31
+
+  Princess Anne county, 17
+
+  Princeton, 63
+
+  Princeton (_Ship_), 72
+
+  Pulaski, Count Casimir, 64
+
+  Pulaski county, 64, 65, 75
+
+  Puritans, in Nansemond county, 11
+
+  Putnam, Israel, 70
+
+  Putnam county, 70
+
+
+  Quakers, in Nansemond county, 11
+
+
+  Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 70
+
+  Raleigh county, 70
+
+  Raleigh parish, 24
+
+  Randolph, Edmund, 45
+
+  Randolph county, 45, 47, 54, 55, 61, 66, 72, 74, 75
+
+  Randolph Court House, 55
+
+  Rapidan river, 17, 20, 27
+
+  Rappahannock county (1656-1692), 14, 15, 17, 18
+
+  Rappahannock county (1833), 59, 60, 62
+
+  Rappahannock Indians, 59
+
+  Rappahannock river, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 27, 59
+
+  Rasnaker, James, 77
+
+  Ravenswood and California turnpike, 73
+
+  Reconstruction, in Virginia 44
+
+  Red house, Appomattox county, 68
+
+  Red springs, 56
+
+  Redman, John, 47
+
+  Reed island, 65
+
+  Reedy creek, 53, 68
+
+  Representative government, origin of, in U. S., 77
+
+  Rich, Robert, Sir, 5
+
+  Rich creek, 51
+
+  Rich mountain, 76
+
+  Rich Patch mountain, 56
+
+  Richmond, 32, 39
+
+  Richmond county, 18, 19
+
+  _Richmond Enquirer_, 66
+
+  Ritchie, Thomas, 66
+
+  Ritchie county, 66, 72
+
+  Rivanna river, 17, 26
+
+  Roane, Spencer, 73, 74
+
+  Roane county, 73
+
+  Roanoke (Indian money), 64
+
+  Roanoke county, 63, 64, 71
+
+  Roanoke river, 22, 24, 26, 36, 42, 64
+
+  Robinson river, 49
+
+  Rock-camp fork, 61
+
+  Rockbridge county, 40, 41, 47, 56
+
+  Rockfish river, 33
+
+  Rockingham, Marquis of, 40
+
+  Rockingham county, 39, 40, 45, 49, 58, 63
+
+  Rocky run, 31
+
+  Rogers, James, 74
+
+  Rolfe, John, 55
+
+  Ronceverte, 40
+
+  Rose, 71
+
+  Rosegill, 16
+
+  Rose's mill, 48
+
+  Rotterdam, Holland, 23
+
+  Round bottom, 52
+
+  Rowan, Boston, 71
+
+  Royal Marriage Act, 1772, 29
+
+  Ruffner, Charles, 74
+
+  Russell, William, 45
+
+  Russell county, 45, 48, 50, 53, 59, 72, 74, 76, 77
+
+  Russell parish, 30
+
+  Russell's fork, 77
+
+
+  Sail's creek, 29
+
+  St. Andrew's parish (Brunswick county), 24
+
+  St. Anne's parish, 33
+
+  Saint George, 74
+
+  St. James parish, 33
+
+  St. John's parish (New Kent county), 16
+
+  St. Mark's parish, 23
+
+  St. Memin, Julien F. de, 59
+
+  St. Paul's parish (New Kent county), 19
+
+  St. Peter's parish (New Kent county), 16
+
+  Salt works road, 60
+
+  Sand fork, 61
+
+  Sandy creek, 38
+
+  Sandy Point, 6
+
+  Sandy ridge, 76, 77
+
+  Sandy river, 72, 74, 75, 77
+
+  Sandys, Edwin, Sir, 5
+
+  Savannah, Ga., 64
+
+  Sayers, John T., 65
+
+  Scotland, immigrants from, 20
+
+  Scott, Winfield, 53
+
+  Scott county, 53, 72, 73
+
+  Scott's branch, 68
+
+  Seacock swamp, 30
+
+  Seaward, John, 11
+
+  Seneca creek, 39
+
+  Shenandoah county, 35, 49, 58, 62
+
+  Shenandoah (Sherrendo) river, 23, 35, 50, 62, 63
+
+  Shenandoah valley, 23, 51, 64
+
+  Shepherd, David G., 65
+    Harvey, 65
+
+  Shires, (political division), 3, 5
+
+  Shock, Jacob, 61
+
+  Shooting creek, 43
+
+  Showlands, John, 17
+
+  Shuler's island, 58
+
+  Shuler's run, 58
+
+  Simpson's creek, 17, 47
+
+  Sinking creek, 64
+
+  Sinking creek valley, 71
+
+  Sizer, Daniel, 71
+
+  Skiffe's (Keith's) creek, 6
+
+  Skimeno (Skimino) creek, 14
+
+  Skinquarter creek, 20
+
+  Sleepy creek mountain, 55
+
+  Smith's river, 46
+
+  Smyth, Alexander, 58, 59
+
+  Smyth county, 58, 59, 76
+
+  Snow creek, 19
+
+  Sonners, Isaac, 70
+
+  South Anna river, 17
+
+  South branch, 47
+
+  South mountain, 39
+
+  South river, 34, 58
+
+  Southam parish, 39
+
+  Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2d Earl of, 5, 28
+
+  Southampton county, 27, 28, 30
+
+  Southwark parish, 30
+
+  Spencer, West Va., 73
+
+  Spessard, John, 64
+
+  Spotswood, Alexander, 18, 19, 20, 27, 49, 64
+
+  Spotsylvania county, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  Stafford county, 15, 21, 31
+
+  Stafford county, England, 15
+
+  Stanard, William Glover, 37
+
+  Staunton, 37
+
+  Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike, 72
+
+  Staunton river, 28, 33, 38, 42, 43
+
+  Steel, George, 75
+
+  Steele's mill, 40
+
+  Steer creek, 61
+
+  Stephens, John, Jr., 70
+
+  Stephenson, Adam, 69
+
+  Stith, William. _History of Virginia_, 2, 7
+
+  Stock creek, 49, 73
+
+  Stone Coal gap, 71
+
+  Stott's ferry, 38
+
+  Stover, Jacob, 23
+
+  Strait Stone creek, 33
+
+  Strasburg, 62
+
+  Stratford Hall, 13, 21
+
+  Surrey county, England, 14
+
+  Surry county, 14, 22, 29, 30
+
+  Surveyors of land, 3
+
+  Susan Constant (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Susquehanna river, 71
+
+  Sussex county, 30
+
+  Sussex county, England, 30
+
+  Sweedland hill, 39
+
+  Sweet Springs, 40, 56
+
+  Swift Run gap, 63
+
+  Sydney (or Sidney), Philip, Sir, 59
+
+  Sydnor, F. W., 15
+
+
+  Tarleton, Banastre, 55
+
+  Tate, David, Sr., 47
+
+  Taylor, Creed, 65
+    William, 73
+    Zachary, 66, 69
+
+  Taylor county, 66
+
+  Tazewell, Henry, 50
+
+  Tazewell county, 50, 51, 52, 56, 63, 74, 75
+
+  Teaze's valley, 51
+
+  Tennant's church, 49
+
+  Tennessee, 38, 49, 53
+
+  Tennessee river, 38
+
+  Thomasson, John P., 70
+
+  Thompson, John W., 64
+
+  Thompson's mill, 42
+
+  Thrasher, John, 57
+
+  Three Lick fork, 61
+
+  Three Top mountain, 62
+
+  Ticonderoga, N. Y., 33
+
+  Tidewater, 11, 13
+
+  Tillotson parish, 33
+
+  Tobacco, 22, 23
+    as a medium in court cases, 2, 7
+    as a medium of exchange, 32
+    effect of, upon Virginia migration, 13
+    in Brunswick county, 22, 23
+    in Lunenburg county, 26
+    taxes, fees, etc. on, 32
+
+  Town creek, 46
+
+  Trammel gap, 77
+
+  Treaty of 1783, 44
+
+  Truro parish, 25
+
+  Trussell, John, 12
+
+  Tuckahoe creek, 20
+
+  Tucker, St. George (Clerk of House of Delegates), 74
+    St. George (Jurist), 74
+
+  Tucker county, 74
+
+  Tug river, 75
+
+  Turkey Island creek, 6
+
+  Turkeycock mountain, 43
+
+  Twenty Mile creek, 57
+
+  Tyler, John, (President of U. S.), 54, 72
+    John, (Governor of Virginia), 53, 54
+    Lyon G. _Cradle of the Republic_, 6
+
+  Tyler county, 53, 68, 72
+
+
+  Upper Chippokes creek, 6, 14
+
+  Upper Norfolk county, 8,11
+
+  Upshur, Abel P., 72, 73
+
+  Upshur county, 72
+
+
+  Valley of Virginia, 23, 50, 51, 57, 58, 64
+
+  Valley pike, 57
+
+  Van Metre, John, 23
+
+  Vaughan's creek, 68
+
+  Vernon, Edward, 27
+
+  Virginia, boundary dispute with Maryland, 15
+    ceding of territory in 1781, 44
+    Charter of 1609, 44
+    Charter of 1612, 44
+    division into counties, 3
+    divided into political divisions, 2
+    economic conditions, 32
+    emigration to, 20
+    fight against French power, 31
+    formation of West Virginia, 43
+    land cheap in, 24
+    loss of coal fields, 44
+    loss of territory, 43, 44
+    population of 1634, 3, 7
+    population of 1640, 7
+    population of 1649, 12
+    population of 1654, 12
+    territorial claim, 44
+    unrest in, 16
+    wills probated in, 9
+
+  Virginia, unrest in, 16
+
+  Virginia, University of, 52
+
+  Virginia company, 2, 5, 28, 59
+
+  _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, 15, 37
+
+  Virginia militia, 29, 41, 43, 44, 54
+
+  Virginia State Library. _Minutes of Council and General Court_, 9
+
+
+  Walker, Thomas, 53, 67
+
+  Walker's Big mountain, 75, 76
+
+  Walker's Creek mountain, 52
+
+  Walker's Little creek, 76
+
+  Walker's Little mountain, 75, 76
+
+  Ward's ford, 29, 46
+
+  Warm Spring mountain, 30
+
+  Warm Springs, 47, 48
+
+  Warren, Joseph, 62
+
+  Warren county, 61, 62, 63
+
+  Warrosquyoake county, 3, 5, 6, 11, 14
+    _see also_ Isle of Wight county.
+
+  Warwick (Warrick), Robert Rich, Earl of, 5
+
+  Warwick county, 3, 5, 6, 8
+
+  Warwick River county, 3, 6
+
+  Washington, George, 25, 29, 38, 50, 64
+
+  Washington, D. C., 69
+
+  Washington county, 37, 38, 45, 48, 53, 58, 59
+
+  Watkins' point, 15
+
+  Wayne, Anthony, 66
+
+  Wayne county, 66
+
+  Webb, Edmond, 17
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 72, 75
+
+  Webster county, 75
+
+  Wells, Zachariah N., 73
+
+  Wells bridge, 45
+
+  West Augusta district, 36, 37
+
+  West fork, 73
+
+  West Union, West Va., 60
+
+  West Virginia, 43, 44
+
+  Western branch, Elizabeth river, 11
+
+  Western waters, 40
+
+  Westmoreland county, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 33, 50
+
+  Weston, West Va., 72
+
+  Wetzel, Louis, 68
+
+  Wetzel county, 68
+
+  White Oak hunting path, 24
+
+  White Post, Clarke county, 63
+
+  Whitelow's mill run, 63
+
+  Wilderness road, 53
+
+  William III, 16, 18, 23
+
+  William and Mary College, 34, 46
+
+  Williams' gap, 34
+
+  Williamsburg, 18, 23, 31, 34
+
+  Wills, Probating of, in England, 9;
+      in Virginia, 9
+
+  Winchester, 50
+
+  Winchester and Staunton stage road, 62
+
+  Wirt, William, 70
+
+  Wirt county, 70
+
+  Wise, Henry A., 72
+
+  Wise, 73
+
+  Wise county, 72, 73, 75, 76
+
+  Wolf creek, 52, 75, 76
+
+  Wolf Creek mountain, 52
+
+  Wood, James, (Governor of Virginia), 49
+    James, (Colonel), 49
+
+  Wood county, 49, 50, 51, 57, 66, 70, 72
+
+  Woodford, John H., 66
+    William, 45
+
+  Woodford county, 45, 49
+
+  Wormeley family, 16
+
+  Wright's branch, 61
+
+  Wyatt, Francis, Sir, 2
+
+  Wyoming county, 71
+
+  Wyoming Valley, 71
+
+  Wythe, George, 46
+
+  Wythe county, 46, 48, 50, 52, 58, 59, 64, 65, 75, 76
+
+  Wythe Court House, 59
+
+
+  Yardley, Benjamin, 39
+
+  Yeardley, George, Sir, 5
+
+  Yohogania county, 37
+
+  York, Duke of, 5
+
+  York, England, 9
+
+  York county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23
+    _see also_ Charles River county
+
+  York river, 6, 13, 16
+
+  Yorktown, 42, 43, 52
+
+  Young's bottoms, 61
+
+
+  Zion meeting-house, 62
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+(1) All apparent typographical errors, misspellings and
+    punctuation errors have been corrected without comment.
+
+(2) In some instances, "cowpasture" was so spelled; these
+    have now been hyphenated to conform with "calf-pasture".
+
+(3) "Boroughs" and "Settlements" have been deleted from the
+    index, as neither is in the text.
+
+(4) "Federal City" has been linked directly in the index,
+    as it is not mentioned under "Washington D.C.".
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 39148-8.txt or 39148-8.zip *******
+
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden</title>
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha
+Woodroof) Hiden</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: How Justice Grew</p>
+<p>       Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation</p>
+<p>Author: Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 15, 2012  [eBook #39148]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Mark C. Orton, Eric Skeet,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1>HOW JUSTICE GREW</h1>
+
+<h2>Virginia Counties: An Abstract<br />
+of Their Formation</h2>
+
+<h3>By<br />
+<span class="smcap">Martha W. Hiden</span><br />
+Member of Executive Board of<br />
+Virginia Historical Society</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h4>
+<span class="smcap">Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation</span><br />
+<span class="smcap">Williamsburg, Virginia</span><br />
+1957</h4>
+
+<h5>
+COPYRIGHT©, 1957 BY<br />
+VIRGINIA 350TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION<br />
+CORPORATION, WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA</h5>
+
+<h6>Jamestown 350th Anniversary<br />
+Historical Booklet, Number 19</h6>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>HOW JUSTICE GREW</h2>
+
+<h3>Virginia Counties: An Abstract<br />
+of Their Formation</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to their human cargo, the poultry and fruit acquired in the
+West Indies, the clothing, household gear, and other possessions of the
+passengers, the <i>Susan Constant</i>, <i>Godspeed</i> and <i>Discovery</i> had a large
+though imponderable cargo of English laws, customs and religion. The
+colonists had left England, neither driven out nor seeking escape, but
+to found a new England in a new world.</p>
+
+<p>Though the seat of government was at "King James His
+Towne," the natural curiosity to explore and the economic necessity
+for means of livelihood caused settlements to spring up farther
+and farther away. Despite the fact that the colonists were
+in a region where rivers and numerous streams afforded easy
+transportation interrupted only for short periods by ice in winter,
+attendance at court in Jamestown was burdensome.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Four Corporations</span></p>
+
+<p>By 17 June 1617, Governor Samuel Argall had established
+the four great divisions of the colony, namely: "the incorporations
+and parishes of James City, Charles City, Henrico and
+Kikotan" (later Elizabeth City). The Eastern Shore settlements
+were not included in this division.</p>
+
+<p>Each of the incorporations mentioned above and the Eastern
+Shore contained one or more boroughs or settlements. Eleven
+of the settlements in the four incorporations were represented
+by two Burgesses each, in the first General Assembly. This, the
+first legislative assembly of English speaking people in the Western
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span>
+hemisphere, convened on 30 July 1619 in the church at
+Jamestown. Itself based on the English Parliament as a model,
+it became the model followed by all succeeding British colonies
+including Australia. The colonial assembly next in age to Virginia's
+is that of Bermuda established in 1620. In the <i>Journals
+of the House of Burgesses</i>, the names of the Burgesses for the
+1619 Assembly are arranged by the cities and plantations they
+represented. In the Journal of the second Assembly that is extant,
+1623/24, for the first and only time, the plantations are
+grouped under the corporations of which they were a part, except
+Eastern Shore, which, as has been noted, was a separate
+entity.</p>
+
+<p>In 1621, a charter from the Company confirmed former grants
+and provided "that the Governor should call the General Assembly
+once a year, and initiate the policy of the form of government,
+laws, customs, manner of trial and other administration
+of justice used in England." Governor Wyatt at the same time
+was ordered to make arrangements for "dividing the colony into
+cities, boroughs, etc., ... and to appoint proper times for administration
+... and law suits." William Stith in his <i>History of
+Virginia</i> states: "Inferior courts were therefore in the beginning
+of the year 1621 appointed in convenient places to relieve the
+Governor and Council of the vast burthen of business and to
+render justice more cheap and accessible. This was the original
+and foundation of our County Courts, although the country
+was not yet laid off in counties."</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly of 1623/24 provided "that there shall
+be courts kept once a month in the corporations of Charles City
+and Elizabeth City for the deciding of suits and controversies not
+exceeding the value of one hundred pounds of tobacco and for
+punishing of petty offenses." As a consequence of this act, the
+question of the metes and bounds of these corporations, Charles
+City, Henrico, Elizabeth City and James City, became important,
+since suits must perforce be instituted in the court having jurisdiction
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
+over that particular area. Mr. Nathaniel C. Hale, in his
+interesting book on William Claiborne called <i>Virginia Venturer</i>,
+shows that William Claiborne in 1621, was appointed a surveyor
+for the colony and comments that heretofore boundaries of land
+had been located with ungraduated mariners' compasses and
+described by careless references to natural limits.</p>
+
+<p>Apparently the Jamestown Court with those of Charles City
+and Elizabeth City was adequate for several years, but in February
+1631/32 the Assembly passed an act adding five more as
+follows: "for the upper parts"; "for Warwick River; for Warrosquyoake;
+for Elizabeth City; for Accawmacke." Presumably,
+since the order had been that the new courts were to be held
+"in remote parts of the colony," the phrase "upper parts" would
+mean the most western part of Henrico Corporation, and the
+Elizabeth City Court would be for the south side of Hampton
+Roads. This seems logical since the north side had been settled
+first, was more populous and was not remote from Jamestown.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Eight Original Shires</span></p>
+
+<p>But the colony was growing too fast for this arrangement to
+continue adequate for long. With a population of about 5,000 persons,
+the time for division into shires or counties was at hand.
+It may be noted that, though these units were designated as
+shires in the Act of the General Assembly creating them, they
+were, after that, always called counties. Their functions were
+the same as those of their English prototypes, but conditions here
+required two changes which will be mentioned later.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the four corporations, Charles City, Henrico,
+James City and Elizabeth City were kept for four of the newly
+created counties, but their areas were lessened. The four new
+divisions were: Warwick River, later called Warwick; Warrosquyoake,
+later Isle of Wight; Charles River, later changed to
+York, and Accomack which embraced all the settlements on the
+Eastern Shore of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[4]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><img src="images/ill01.jpg" alt="Rapid Growth of Settlement" /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The tender feeling for the homeland is evidenced by the fact
+that six out of the "eight original shires," as they are generally
+called, bore names reminiscent of England. Henrico perpetuated
+Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I whose early death made
+even more difficult the first years of the Colony. Charles City
+honored his brother Charles, later Charles I, who combined, to
+his undoing, the charm and obstinacy of the Stuarts. Elizabeth
+City and the river of the same name derive from Princess Elizabeth,
+the oldest sister of Henry and Charles. She married Frederick,
+for a time King of Bohemia, but later overthrown and
+exiled. Though her life was bitter and tragic, her descendants
+since 1714 have occupied the throne of Britain. James City was,
+of course, for King James I, of whom it was said that his instructors
+had given him an abundance of knowledge but had been
+unable to give him sense. Warwick's name was for Robert Rich,
+Earl of Warwick, leader of one of the factions of the Virginia
+Company, who had founded and cared for the colony. He belonged
+to the "Court Party" which wished to continue martial
+law in the colony and opposed the liberal views of Sir Edwin
+Sandys and the Earl of Southampton. For awhile the Sandys
+faction was in control and the "Great Charter of Laws, Orders
+and Privileges" brought over by Sir George Yeardley was the
+expression of their views on colonial government. But the "Court
+Party" prevailed in the end and the charter of the Virginia Company
+was revoked in 1624. Charles River County presumably
+took its name from Charles I, who was King when it was formed.
+In 1642/43 when it became York, the change was made to honor
+James, the second son of Charles I, who in that year was created
+Duke of York. Warrosquyoake, an Indian word, was later Isle
+of Wight County since some of its most prominent residents were
+from the small island of that name lying off the English coast.
+The Parish lying in and coterminous with Isle of Wight County
+was called Newport from the largest city in the English island.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
+Accomack honored the friendly tribe of Indians of that name
+residing on the Eastern Shore.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of these eight counties as noted in Tyler's <i>The
+Cradle of the Republic</i> were as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Elizabeth City County extending on both sides of Hampton
+Roads, on the south side to Chuckatuck Creek and on the north
+side to Newport News and including a small part thereof.</p>
+
+<p>Warrosquyoake County, later Isle of Wight, extending on the
+south side of James River from Chuckatuck Creek to Lawne's
+Creek.</p>
+
+<p>Warwick River County extending on the north side of James
+River from Elizabeth City County to Skiffe's (Keith's) Creek.
+This is the only original shire from which no other county was
+formed. The name was changed to Warwick County in 1643.</p>
+
+<p>James City County extending on both sides of James River,
+on the south side from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes
+Creek and on the north side from Skiffe's Creek to above Sandy
+Point.</p>
+
+<p>Charles City County also extending on both sides of James
+River, on the south side from Upper Chippokes Creek to Appomattox
+River and on the north side from Sandy Point to Turkey
+Island Creek.</p>
+
+<p>Henrico County extending from Charles City County on both
+sides of James River indefinitely westward.</p>
+
+<p>Charles River County, later York, lay to the north of Warwick
+County and adjoined Elizabeth City County on the east.
+Its north and west boundaries were indefinite. The colonists
+soon crossed the York River to establish plantations along its
+northern bank and settled as far west as the Pamunkey River.</p>
+
+<p>Accomack, the eighth shire, like York County, showed the
+vitality of the colonists in pushing settlements away from the
+vicinity of Jamestown into uncharted wilds.</p>
+
+<p>The Potomac River was the dividing line between Virginia
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
+and Maryland, and on the Eastern Shore the division was approximately
+in line with the mouth of this river. Settling on the
+Shore in 1616, the colonists moved slowly northward. The Indians
+were friendly, transportation easy, climate mild, and soil
+fertile. There was no impediment to growth.</p>
+
+<p>The population of the colony is estimated to have been around
+5,000 persons in 1634 as has been noted. Six years later it had
+increased about 50%, being 7,466 persons. One factor in this
+growth was the unrest in England at this time which culminated
+a few years later in bitter civil war.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Colonial Courts</span></p>
+
+<p>We have mentioned that the creation of counties with their
+courts had in view to render justice more accessible to all. There
+were by 1642, in the colony six kinds of courts for the administration
+of justice.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these was the magistrate's court. In 1642, an Act
+of the Assembly empowered a magistrate or justice to try a case
+involving not over twenty shillings in currency or 200 pounds
+of tobacco in value. In 1657/58, the amount could be as much
+as 1,000 pounds of tobacco if two magistrates were present but
+only 350 pounds if but one magistrate tried the case. The appeal
+from the magistrate's court was to the monthly court.</p>
+
+<p>The next court was the parish court. In the seventeenth century
+only one of these courts existed in Virginia and that only
+for a short time. This was the court of Bristol Parish which most
+likely sat in the old Merchants Hope Church, still standing and
+still in use. The court was discontinued before the end of the
+seventeenth century, and its papers passed into the custody of
+the Henrico County Court. A parish court was in a way a vestigial
+body, a relic of days when the authority of the church
+was preeminent in both civil and ecclesiastical matters.</p>
+
+<p>The third recourse for justice was to the monthly court,
+developed according to Stith, from the inferior court established
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
+in 1621. The Governor named the first justices of a new county,
+renamed justices in the old counties and filled every vacancy
+as it occurred. By Act of Assembly in 1628/29, the number of
+justices was to be eight, but later it was increased to ten. Four
+constituted a quorum. Three other members of the bench associated
+with one member of the quorum, who had a different
+status from the other justices, formed a sufficient number to make
+a valid court. The person whose name appeared at the head of
+the list of those constituting the quorum probably served as presiding
+justice; in his absence, the one named second and so on
+down the list. No pay was provided for the justices.</p>
+
+<p>In 1642, the Assembly ordered that at least six monthly courts
+be held every year and the justices were empowered to determine
+when extra sessions were necessary. At the same time, another
+Act of Assembly provided that Henrico should hold court on the
+first day of every month; Charles City on the third; James City
+on the sixth; Isle of Wight on the ninth; Upper Norfolk (later
+Nansemond) on the twelfth; Elizabeth City on the eighteenth;
+Warwick on the twenty-first; York on the twenty-fourth; and
+Northampton, (formerly Accomack) on the twenty-eighth. The
+careful spacing between these courts enabled attorneys to appear
+in cases in different counties with no conflict of dates.</p>
+
+<p>The range of cases that could come before a monthly court
+was naturally wider than could come before a magistrate. As
+much as ten pounds sterling could be involved in a suit and
+there was no appeal from the decision; when larger amounts
+were involved, the defeated litigant could appeal to the General
+Court. All questions where injury to life or limb was at stake
+went before the General Court.</p>
+
+<p>The monthly county courts had, in a general way, a jurisdiction
+resembling the combined jurisdiction of the English Chancery
+Court, King's Bench, Common Pleas, Court Exchequer,
+Admiralty and Ecclesiastical. The justices of the monthly courts
+looked after the poor and afflicted, held special orphan courts at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
+least once a year, granted probates of wills, passed on appraisements
+of estates as presented to them for inspection, on inventories
+and estate accounts which also were presented for their
+scrutiny, and recorded conveyances of land.</p>
+
+<p>Recordation of land conveyances is one of the two differences
+between the monthly court of a Virginia county and its British
+prototype. There conveyances were private property and retained
+in private ownership. Manor houses of old English estates often
+had a room called the "Muniment room" where deeds, inventories,
+rent rolls and such family papers, often including copies
+of wills, were kept. The name derived from a Latin word meaning
+to fortify or strengthen, since the deeds strengthened the
+validity of ownership claimed by the holder of the land. The
+other function of the monthly court in Virginia different from
+the English Shire Court was the power to probate wills. In England
+probate of wills was in the prerogative courts of Canterbury
+and York. Probably since there was no diocesan see in Virginia,
+Virginia being in the diocese of London, the monthly court offered
+the most feasible place of probate.</p>
+
+<p>It has been noted that there was a limit to the powers of this
+court and that cases which it could not hear went before the
+General Court. This court was composed of the Governor and
+his Council of State. It met semi-annually, 15 April and 15
+October, each term lasting at least eighteen days. The Governor
+presided at these sessions. The presence of five members was
+necessary for the transaction of business. The <i>Minutes of the
+Council and General Court</i> are extant for the years 1622-1632
+and abstracts for the years 1670-1676. They were published in
+one volume by the Virginia State Library in 1924 and are helpful
+in acquiring a general picture of life in the colony in the seventeenth
+century.</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly was also a judicial body with power
+to render decisions. At its afternoon session the 22nd day of
+September 1674, a cause came before the Council and General
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>
+Court which had originated in Accomack County. The Court
+made no decision but ordered it "referred to the Assembly by
+reason it very much concern the country." From that one would
+infer that causes involving general principles were deemed proper
+for discussion and decision by the Burgesses who represented
+the entire colony, since all would be affected by the decision.</p>
+
+<p>The Court of Admiralty, the last dispenser of justice in the
+colony, seems to have been established about 1697 under the
+governorship of Sir Edmund Andros. Previously such matters
+as would come within the province of this court had been handled
+by other judicial procedures, as they were later. The instances
+of piracy were not numerous enough to justify the maintenance
+of a Court of Admiralty in Virginia. No records of this
+court survive.</p>
+
+<p>It may seem we have wandered far from the formation of
+counties, but since the accessibility of justice for all was a prime
+consideration in their creation, it would appear well to examine
+the means by which the average citizen could have his grievances
+heard and decided. The importance of the county monthly court
+in his life cannot be overestimated. While on business at court,
+he had opportunity to see his friends, play cards, gamble, race
+horses, fight, drink, "swap" horses and other livestock, attend
+the muster of county militia to which he belonged, and see the
+newest articles imported from England. The county court and
+his parish church services were his chief contacts with the world
+that lay beyond his plantation.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">"Justice Accessible to All." County Divisions Begin</span></p>
+
+<p>Scarcely had the eight original counties begun to function
+before the expansion of population forced the erection of a new
+one. In 1636 that part of Elizabeth City County lying on the
+south side of Hampton Roads became a separate entity under
+the name of New Norfolk, a name probably derived from the
+English shire. No court records of this year survive. The next
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
+year 1637, New Norfolk itself was divided into Lower Norfolk
+and Upper Norfolk counties.</p>
+
+<p>Also in 1637, Warrosquyoake County lost its Indian name,
+becoming Isle of Wight. By Act of Assembly passed in January
+1639/40, the bounds between these three counties were set as
+follows: Isle of Wight to begin at Lawne's Creek, thence down
+the main river to Richard Hays's, formerly John Seaward's, including
+the said plantation and families and from thence from
+the main river into the woods southerly to the plantation of William
+Nowell and Mr. Robert Pitt, with the said plantation and
+families, and thence south as aforesaid. The Upper County of
+New Norfolk to begin at the aforesaid plantation of Richard
+Hays, from thence southerly into the woods as aforesaid, and
+by the main river, from thence to extend down by the main
+river unto the creek near the plantation of Francis Bullock being
+the first creek to the westward of Crany Point including the
+plantation of the said Francis Bullock and no ways intrenching
+upon the Western Branch of Elizabeth River nor the creek thereof
+which do belong to the county of Lower Norfolk. The parishes
+in these counties were ordered to be coterminous with the bounds
+of the counties. Upper Norfolk County kept its name only a few
+years; in March 1645/46, the Assembly directed it should "be
+from henceforth nominated and called county of Nansemun."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Indian District Chickacoan Becomes Northumberland</span></p>
+
+<p>Whether because of the Puritan element in Nansemond or
+because of Quakers resident there, who on account of their
+aversion to war were of no aid against the Indians, settlement
+for the first time turned away from Tidewater to the area lying
+between the Rappahannock and the Potomac Rivers. Because
+of its fertile soil, easy transportation and healthful climate, the
+colonists patented land in this favored region in increasing numbers.
+By 1645 the county of Northumberland had been formed
+and organized. Although we have no Act of Assembly to establish
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+the date of its formation, an item from a volume of <i>Maryland
+Archives</i> under date of 1645 referring to Lieutenant Colonel
+John Trussell of the county of Northumberland shows the
+county was then functioning.</p>
+
+<p>The area from which Northumberland was formed had borne
+the Indian name of Chickacoan. It was a border settlement with
+no stable government and in need of law and order. Northumberland
+extended from the Potomac to and across the Rappahannock
+River and from the tip of "Northern Neck," as the territory
+lying between the two rivers was called, indefinitely westward.
+The name derives from the English shire, Northumberland.</p>
+
+<p>Population of the colony is estimated to have been about
+15,000 in 1649, 500 of whom were negroes, and in 1654, 21,600
+persons. This rapid growth was due largely to the Civil War
+in England which made Virginia a haven of refuge for many.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Northumberland Divided</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1651, that portion of Northumberland lying on both sides
+of the Rappahannock River was divided and a new county, called
+Lancaster from the English shire of that name, was formed.</p>
+
+<p>Colonists were moving westward in Northumberland and the
+distance to its courthouse made attendance at court difficult. In
+1653, the new county of Westmoreland was set up from the
+western end of Northumberland to take care of these new residents.
+Its boundaries were "from Machoatoke River where Mr.
+Cole lives and so upwards to the falls of the great river of Potomac
+above the Necostins Town." It did not extend across the
+Rappahannock River. The "Mr. Cole" referred to is probably the
+Richard Cole, who in his will, directed that an elaborate tombstone
+be ordered for him carrying the following inscription:</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left:20%">
+"Here lies Dick Cole a grievous sinner</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left:20%">Who died shortly before dinner</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left:20%">Yet hopes in Heaven to find a place</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left:20%">To satiate his soul with grace."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Westmoreland, destined to share with Charles City County the
+distinction of being the birthplace of two Presidents of the United
+States, is a beautifully situated area with famous estates on
+its fertile lands. Among these should be mentioned "Stratford,"
+the birthplace of two Signers of the Declaration of Independence,
+Richard Lee and Francis Lightfoot Lee, and of General Robert
+E. Lee.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">New Tidewater Counties</span></p>
+
+<p>Leaving the rapidly growing Northern Neck of Virginia, we
+return to the Tidewater area to see the developments there. Just
+as the 1622 Massacre had retarded settlements on the south
+bank of the York River, so the 1644 Massacre had delayed expansion
+on the north side of the York. Although in 1648 a petition
+was presented to the Assembly reciting "the great and
+clamorous necessities of divers of the inhabitants occasioned
+and brought upon them through the mean produce of their
+labours upon barren and over-wrought grounds" and praying
+leave to settle on the north side of Charles (York) and Rappahannock
+Rivers, the Assembly postponed the date of such settlement
+until 1 September 1649. It seems to have been about two
+years later, 1651, before Gloucester County was established, and
+Burgesses from the new county are first listed in April 1652.</p>
+
+<p>It may be mentioned that this is an early example of the cause
+underlying a great deal of the migration in Virginia: "barren
+and over-wrought grounds," the toll that tobacco yearly exacted
+from the soil and the continuing need for new land to cultivate
+in order to produce profitable crops of tobacco.</p>
+
+<p>Only a little later than the northward expansion of York, evidenced
+by the new county of Gloucester, came its growth to the
+west. In 1654, Captain Robert Abrell appeared in the Assembly
+as Burgess from New Kent County. Like Gloucester, it derived
+from an English shire of the same name, and was bestowed in
+honor of Colonel William Claiborne of Crayford, Kent, England,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
+at this date a distinguished resident of the new county.
+Its bounds were "from the west side of Skimeno Creek to the
+heads of Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers and down to the head
+of the west side of Poropotank Creek."</p>
+
+<p>Expansion also had taken place on the south side of James
+River directly across from Jamestown. The easterly bound of
+James City across the river was Lawne's Creek established in
+1634 when the county of Warrosquyoake (Isle of Wight) was
+formed. The west boundary on the south side of the river was
+Upper Chippokes Creek. This, too, had been set up in 1634.
+Now in 1652, this area lying between these two creeks became
+Surry. Though named for the English shire, the spelling of the
+Virginia county has always omitted the "e" the English Surrey
+uses. It is said the name was selected because Surrey in England
+has the same geographical position to London as the Virginia
+Surry has to Jamestown, then the seat of government.</p>
+
+<p>With the formation of Surry County the needs of the population
+were satisfied for exactly 51 years. Not until 1703 was
+another south side division needed.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Northern Neck and The Eastern Shore Divide</span></p>
+
+<p>Not so along the Rappahannock, for by 1656 only three years
+after Westmoreland was created, a petition was presented to
+the Assembly by "the inhabitants of the lower part of Lancaster
+County showing their vast distance from the county courts"
+and praying that a division be made. The Assembly acceded to
+their wishes, ordering "the upper part of Mr. Bennett's land
+known by the name of Naemhock on the south side of the
+easternmost branch of Morattico Creek on the north side the
+river be the lowermost bounds of the upper county; the lower
+county to retain the name of Lancaster and the upper county to
+be named Rappahannock County." This division followed the
+bounds of two parishes previously established.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><img src="images/ill02.jpg" alt="King William County Courthouse" /></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill03.jpg" alt="Hanover County Courthouse" /></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill04.jpg" alt="Isle of Wight County Clerk's Office" /></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The formation of Rappahannock County in 1656 ended the
+list of counties formed in the decade 1650 to 1660.</p>
+
+<p>The next development was on the Eastern Shore. It had become
+sufficiently populous to support two county governments
+and in an Act of the Assembly March 1661/62 reference is
+made to the two counties. The southern part of the peninsula
+retained the name it had borne for twenty years, Northampton,
+and the county to the north assumed the name once borne by
+the entire peninsula, Accomack. The question of the boundary
+line between the two divisions dragged on for twenty-five years,
+being settled 22 March 1687/88. It has remained fixed. The
+boundary between Virginia and Maryland also was long in dispute,
+but Watkins Point at the mouth of Pocomoke River on
+its north side is the western end of the line. The line across
+the peninsula was set at a little north of the point.</p>
+
+<p>With Eastern Shore divided into two counties, no further
+growth was possible and the peninsula remains two counties.</p>
+
+<p>The next county to be formed in the colony was Stafford,
+which lies on the north side of the Rappahannock River to
+the west of Westmoreland. The name is in honor of an English
+shire. When formed in 1664, it was a border county with constant
+fear of Indian attacks since an established Indian trail regularly
+used by their hunting parties lay within its territory. Its
+north and west boundaries were not well defined, but included
+the area later Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Loudoun and
+Alexandria (now Arlington) Counties.</p>
+
+<p>Middlesex County, next to be noted, was functioning as a
+county in 1669 as Mr. F. W. Sydnor demonstrated in an article
+in <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>, Volume 42. It
+was taken from Lancaster County, being the portion that lies on
+the south side of the Rappahannock River and extends to Dragon
+Run, the northern boundary of Gloucester. It had been the southern
+part of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster and retained the
+same parish name. Christ Church was the only parish and coterminous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
+with Middlesex County. By good fortune, Christ
+Church in Lancaster and Christ Church in Middlesex are still
+preserved and in use. Both the Register and Vestry Book of the
+latter have survived the years, the former begins in 1653 and the
+latter ten years later. No Register of Christ Church Lancaster
+survives, and the extant Vestry Book covers only the years 1739
+to 1786. Middlesex, never large, was, in colonial days, the home
+of numerous distinguished families, among them the Wormeleys,
+whose house "Rosegill" has seen many important historical
+events. The name Middlesex is for the English shire, doubtless
+the birthplace of many early residents of the Virginia County.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The Colony Prospers Under A King and Queen and Two<br />
+New Counties Honor the Royal Family</span></p>
+
+<p>After Middlesex in 1669, there was a hiatus of 22 years before
+a new county was created. In that period, the colony's fortunes
+had been checkered, and unrest and depression had been widespread.
+Troubles with the Indians, Bacon's Rebellion and economic
+ills, which led to tobacco cutting, all combined to make
+Virginia a gloomy place. The accession of James II brought no
+improvement in England, and the time was ripe for revolution.
+James II was forced to flee. He was succeeded by his daughter
+Mary and her husband, who was his nephew, Prince William of
+Orange. Under their rule, both England and Virginia became
+more prosperous. The next new county, King and Queen, created
+1691, was named in their honor. This was formed from
+New Kent, "so that Pamunkey River divide the same, and so
+down York River to the extent of the county, and that the part
+which is now on the south side of York and Pamunkey River
+be called New Kent, and the north side with Pamunkey Neck
+be called and known by the name of King and Queen county."
+It was enacted further "that the inhabitants of Pamunkey
+Neck, that now belong to St. Peter's Parish be restored and added
+to St. John's Parish from which they formerly were taken, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
+that the Pamunkey River be the bounds betwixt the two parishes."</p>
+
+<p>About the same time Lower Norfolk became populous enough
+to justify the formation of a new county. This was to begin "at
+the new inlet of Little Creek and so up the said creek to the dams
+between Jacob Johnson and Richard Drout and so out of the said
+dams up a branch the head of which branch lyeth between the
+dwelling house of William Moseley, Senr., and the new dwelling
+house of Edmond Webb, and so to run from the head of the
+said branch on a direct line to the dams at the head of the
+Eastern branch of Elizabeth River, the which dams lie between
+James Kemp and Thomas Ivy, and so down the said branch to the
+mouth of a small branch or gutt that divides the land which Mr.
+John Porter now lives on from the land he formerly lived on,
+and so up the said small branch according to the bounds of the
+said plantation where the said Porter now liveth, and from thence
+to the great swamp that lieth on the east side of John Showlands
+and so along the said great swamp to the North River of Currituck
+and down the said North River to the mouth of Simpson's
+Creek and so up the said creek to the head thereof and from
+thence by a south line to the bounds of Carolina." The name of
+this new division was Princess Anne honoring the second daughter
+of James II by his first wife Anne Hyde, and the sister of
+Queen Mary. Later Princess Anne became a very popular Queen,
+Fluvanna County, the Rivanna River, the North Anna and
+South Anna and the Rapidan River all being named for her. At
+the same time that Princess Anne was formed, the name of Lower
+Norfolk was changed to Norfolk County.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Richmond and Essex From Old Rappahannock</span></p>
+
+<p>Settlers had long found the Rappahannock River area attractive.
+The county of this name, established in 1656, and lying on
+both sides of the river, had grown steadily and its population was
+sufficient to support two county governments. It was enacted that
+the river be the dividing line, "that part which is now on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
+north side thereof be called and known by the name Richmond
+County and that that which is now on the south side thereof be
+called and known by the name of Essex County." It was further
+ordered "that the records belonging to the county court of Rappahannock
+before this division be kept in Essex County, that belonging
+wholly to their majesties and the other to the proprietors
+of the North Neck." This was a seemingly casual reference to
+the grant Charles II had made to some of his supporters while
+he was in exile and had confirmed on his coming to the throne;
+it comprised over five million acres lying between the Potomac
+and Rappahannock Rivers from their headsprings to the Chesapeake
+Bay. Not until the colony became independent was the
+Proprietary abolished.</p>
+
+<p>In 1702 another division was created. The land lying between
+the Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, known as Pamunkey Neck
+was taken from King and Queen and became King William
+County. This honored the reigning monarch, King William,
+now a widower since the death of Queen Mary in 1694.</p>
+
+<p>King William died the same year his namesake county was
+formed and his sister-in-law, Queen Anne came to the throne.
+The first county formed thereafter honored her husband, the
+Prince Consort, George of Denmark. The new county, Prince
+George, embraced that portion of Charles City lying on the south
+side of James River. The estate, "Brandon," and the third oldest
+church building in Virginia known as Merchants Hope, are
+within its confines.</p>
+
+<p>After a reign of twelve years Queen Anne died and the Elector
+of Hanover ascended the throne as King George I of England.
+Several years before this, the Tangier-born Alexander Spotswood
+was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Virginia and took up his
+residence in Williamsburg. Williamsburg had become the capital
+in 1699. It was on higher land than malarial Jamestown and
+a more healthful place to live.</p>
+
+<p>Governor Spotswood was active and eager to explore the resources
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+of the colony. One of his achievements was to lead a
+group of adventurous persons to the summit of the Blue Ridge
+and blaze the way for westward expansion. He also was interested
+in bringing over from the German Palatinate colonists adept in
+iron mining, and establishing them on the edges of older settlements.
+This brought about the creation of several counties as we
+shall see later.</p>
+
+<p>In 1721 the "Upper Inhabitants" of Richmond County because
+of their great distance from the courthouse petitioned to become
+a separate county. The eastern part lying below "Charles Beaver
+Dams and from the head thereof by a north course to Westmoreland
+County" was to retain the name Richmond and the part
+above the said dams and course was to be King George County.
+The name, of course, honored George I.</p>
+
+<p>When New Kent was formed in 1654 its western bounds were
+indefinite. By 1721, however, the "Upper Inhabitants" of this
+county were sufficiently numerous to petition for division on
+account of their great distance from court. It was ordered that
+"that part of the county lying below the Parish of St. Paul" was
+to remain New Kent and the part lying in St. Paul's Parish was
+to be known as Hanover County. The name again honors the
+reigning monarch.</p>
+
+<p>Also in 1721, a third new county was formed and called Spotsylvania
+for the energetic and capable Governor. Spotsylvania
+was taken from Essex, and parts of King and Queen and King
+William. The bounds of Spotsylvania specifically laid out in the
+Act creating it were "upon Snow Creek up to the mill, thence by
+a southwest line to the river, North Anna, thence up the river
+as far as convenient and thence by a line to be run over the high
+mountains to the river on the northwest side thereof, so as to
+include the northern passage through the said mountains, thence
+down the said river until it comes against the head of Rappahannock
+thence, by a line to the head of Rappahannock River; and
+down that river to the mouth of Snow Creek." Within the portion
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span>
+of Spotsylvania that was taken from Essex, the Governor, some
+years before, had located a group of German immigrants at a place
+called Germanna on the Rapidan River.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Germans, there was a group of Huguenots who
+had come over a few years earlier and settled on the James River
+some 20 miles above the Falls. There were also immigrants, both
+from England and Scotland, who were loyal to the Stuart cause,
+and its leader, James, son of James II by his second wife, Mary
+of Modena. The rising of the Scotch clans in his favor in 1715
+was crushed by the battle of Preston. Many of the captured Highlanders
+were deported to America and others, fearing capture,
+emigrated. These three new factors in the life of the colony are
+worthy of notice.</p>
+
+<p>In 1727/28, an Act was passed by the Assembly to take effect
+the next year dividing the county of Henrico. The division was
+to be "by a line on the north side James River beginning at the
+mouth of Tuckahoe Creek thence up the said creek to Chumley's
+Branch thence along a line of marked trees north twenty degrees
+east to Hanover County and on the south side James River beginning
+at the Lower Manachin Creek from thence along a line
+of marked trees in a direct course to the mouth of Skinquarter
+Creek on Appomattox River." The land to the east of this line
+was to remain Henrico and that to the west to comprise the new
+county of Goochland. Sir William Gooch had become Lieutenant
+Governor of Virginia in 1727 and served 22 years. He was
+probably the most popular of the colonial governors, seemingly
+able to work harmoniously with the Council which was necessary
+for success.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time that Goochland was formed another new
+county came into being. This was described in the bill brought
+before the House of Burgesses as "An act for erecting a new county
+on the heads of Essex, King and Queen and King William
+Counties and for calling the same Caroline County." The name
+derives from Caroline of Anspach, Queen of George II who had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
+succeeded his father, George I as King the year before. It will be
+recalled that Queen Caroline gave money to Thomas Lee to aid
+him in building "Stratford" when his former house had been
+burned by criminals whom he, as a magistrate, had sentenced for
+their misdeeds. Caroline County was not an expansion of settlements
+as most of the other counties had been for it was bounded
+completely by already established governments. Its creation, however,
+was in line with the thesis already laid down "to make justice
+accessible to all", and made court attendance more convenient
+for dwellers in the northwest portions of Essex, King and Queen
+and King William.</p>
+
+<p>Three years later, in 1731, a new county was created from
+the northwest portions of Stafford and King George "above Choppawomsick
+Creek on Potomac River and Deep Creek on Rappahannock
+River and a southwest line to be made from the head
+of the north branch of the said creek to the head of the said
+Deep Run." This area was to be known as Prince William County
+honoring by this title, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland,
+the King's brother. He was later known as "The Butcher
+of Culloden" because of the ferocity of his treatment of the
+Scotch Highlanders after the battle of Culloden in 1745. This
+battle, so sanguinary and devastating in its effects, wiped out
+the Stuart sympathizers and there were no further attempts to
+depose the Hanoverian dynasty from the British throne. The
+county seat is Manassas, near which were fought two battles of
+the Civil War.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Brunswick and Migration Southward</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1720, the Assembly passed an act to be effective in 1721,
+creating Spotsylvania County as has been mentioned. At the same
+time, there was an act to form a county from the southern part of
+Prince George County and name it Brunswick for the Duchy of
+Brunswick which was then a possession of the Electorate of Hanover.
+The description is as follows: that Brunswick County should
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
+begin "on the south side of the River Roanoke at the place where
+the line lately run for ascertaining the uncontroverted bounds of
+this colony towards North Carolina intersects the said river Roanoke
+and to be bounded by the direction of the governor with
+consent of council so as to include the southern pass." No steps
+were taken for carrying out this act because of the small number
+of settlers in the area, until May 1732, when it was enacted that
+the earlier legislation become effective the first of January ensuing.
+Setting up the county government had been made possible
+by adding parts of Surry and Isle of Wight, thus increasing the
+the number of tithables and lessening the amount of taxes each
+would pay. The preamble to the act expresses this thought in
+more precise phrase when it says "whereas by reason of the small
+number of tithables in the county of Brunswick the poll taxes
+must necessarily be very grievous and burthensome to them,
+which by an addition of parts of the counties of Surry and Isle
+of Wight would be remedied, and divers of the inhabitants of
+the two last mentioned counties would thereby also be freed
+from hardships and inconveniences which at present they labour
+under."</p>
+
+<p>The reference to the line lately run "between Virginia and
+North Carolina" is the famous survey made by Col. William
+Byrd, Major William Mayo, John Irvine and others which forms
+the subject of <i>The History of the Dividing Line</i> written by Colonel
+Byrd. The Mayo River in Patrick and Henry Counties perpetuates
+the name of Major Mayo, the skilled surveyor in the
+party. The entire boundary was not surveyed then, in fact it
+was a good many years later before it was necessary to have a
+clear limit between the two colonies for the entire area.</p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill05.jpg" alt="Lancaster County Clerk's Office" /></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill06.jpg" alt="Essex County Clerk's Office" /></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill07.jpg" alt="Richmond County Clerk's Office" /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Brunswick County began to function in 1732 and grew rapidly. The
+"overwrought ground" mentioned long before had in the interval became a
+more and more disturbing factor in agriculture. Tobacco was king, it
+demanded new land, hence new land must be provided. In Brunswick there
+was not only new land but the sort of land to raise good tobacco
+profitably, a condition equally true today. Settlers from Essex, King
+and Queen, Gloucester, York, Elizabeth City and other older counties
+soon made their way into Brunswick. It may not be amiss to observe that
+with the better living made possible by better tobacco crops a
+gastronomic delicacy was developed there, a rich and succulent stew
+called "Brunswick Stew" in honor of the county. So far as the writer is
+aware no other county in the state has achieved similar fame.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Orange County Reaches to the Mississippi</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1734, an expansion to the northwest took place in the creation
+of Orange County so named to honor William, Prince of
+Orange, later William III of England. The City of Williamsburg,
+King William and King and Queen counties had been prior
+evidences of his popularity. The new division was to embrace
+that part of Spotsylvania County lying in Saint Mark's Parish
+"Bounden southerly by the line of Hanover County, northerly by
+the grant of Lord Fairfax and westerly by the utmost limits of
+Virginia." This western boundary was the Mississippi River. The
+Assembly further enacted "for the encouragement of the inhabitants
+already settled and which shall speedily settle on the westward
+of Sherrendo (Shenandoah) River" that "all who had
+established themselves by 1st January 1734/35 should be free of
+country, county and parish levies for the next three years."</p>
+
+<p>Part of this expansion was due to the natural increase of population,
+the allure of new settlements where there was greater
+opportunity for advancement of fortunes, and part to the tide of
+immigration. Years of warfare in Germany had left ruined communities
+along the Rhenish Palatinate. For these people, Rotterdam
+was the most convenient port of embarkation and Philadelphia
+was often their port of debarkation. Following in the
+steps of John Van Metre, Adam Miller, Jacob Stover and Jost
+Hite who had come to the Valley of Virginia between 1725 and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span>
+1731, many immigrants, finding land cheaper in Virginia, left
+Pennsylvania and took up residence in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>In 1735, the act of the Assembly passed the year before for
+creating the new county of Amelia became effective. By this act,
+it was ordered that "the said county of Prince George and that
+part of the parish of Bristol which lies in the same be divided
+from the mouth of Namozain Creek up the same to the main, or
+John Hamlin's, fork of the said creek, thence up the south or
+lowest branch thereof to White Oak Hunting Path and thence
+by a south course to strike Nottoway River." The land below these
+courses retained the name of Prince George. The land lying
+above these courses bounded "southerly by the Great Nottoway
+River including part of the county of Brunswick and parish of
+Saint Andrew as far as to take the ridges between Roanoke and
+Appomattox Rivers and thence along those ridges to the great
+mountains westerly by the said mountains and northerly by the
+southern boundaries of Goochland and Henrico Counties" became
+Amelia County and Raleigh Parish. The name was in honor
+of the youngest daughter of George II.</p>
+
+<p>By 1738, people living across the Blue Ridge Mountains found
+them a barrier to frequent attendance at Orange County Court.
+For their convenience, a division was ordered. "All that territory
+and tract of land at present deemed to be a part of the county of
+Orange lying on the northwest side of the said mountains (Blue
+Ridge) extending from thence northerly, westerly and southerly
+beyond the said mountains to the utmost limits of Virginia" shall
+be "separated from the rest of the said county and erected into
+two distinct counties and parishes; to be divided by a line to be
+run from the head spring of Hedgman River to the head spring
+by the River Potomac." "That part of the said territory lying to
+the northeast of the said line beyond the top of the said Blue
+Ridge shall be one distinct county, to be called and known by
+the name of the county of Frederick and parish of Frederick.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
+And that the rest of the said territory lying on the other side of
+the said line beyond the top of the said Blue Ridge shall be one
+other distinct county and parish to be called by the name of the
+county of Augusta and parish of Augusta." The counties thus
+created honored Frederick, Prince of Wales, eldest son of George
+II, and his wife, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales.
+Frederick predeceased his father and it was Frederick's son who
+became George III.</p>
+
+<p>The Assembly had repeated with reference to Augusta and
+Frederick Counties its action in the case of Brunswick; namely:
+created counties before they were financially able to function.
+Not until 1743 did Frederick have sufficient tithables to begin
+to hold court, and it was two years later before Augusta set up
+her county organization.</p>
+
+<p>In 1742, it was enacted that Prince William County be divided.
+The bounds of this county were set as follows: "all that
+part thereof lying on the south side of Occoquan and Bull Run
+and from the heads of the main branch of Bull Run by a straight
+course to the Thoroughfare of the Blue Ridge of Mountains
+known by the name of Ashby's Gap or Bent." Hamilton was the
+parish for Prince William County. That portion of Prince William
+which had, in 1732, been placed in Truro Parish became
+the new county of Fairfax. The name was, of course, in honor
+of Lord Fairfax, the Proprietor of the Northern Neck Grant.</p>
+
+<p>Pohick, one of the churches in Truro Parish, is still standing
+and in use. General George Washington, who lived at nearby
+"Mount Vernon," George Mason of "Gunston Hall" and Lord
+Fairfax of "Greenway Court" were vestrymen; and planned for
+the erection of this present building in 1769.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year that Fairfax was formed in the northern part
+of the colony, Hanover County in the middle section was divided.
+The Act ordered "all that tract of land now deemed to be a part
+of the said county of Hanover lying above a straight course to be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
+run from the mouth of Little Rockey Creek on the River Northanna
+south, twenty degrees west until it intersects the line of
+Goochland County" should become a distinct county and known
+by the name of Louisa County. The name honored a daughter
+of George II, as Amelia had done a few years earlier.</p>
+
+<p>Two years later the first of the eight counties eventually cut
+from Goochland was created and given the name Albemarle. This
+was in honor of William Anne Keppel, second Earl of Albemarle,
+Governor-General of the Colony, 1737-1754. Like most
+of the Governors-General, he did not come to Virginia, but the
+Lieutenant Governor as his deputy, performed the duties of his
+office.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of Albemarle were to be divided from Goochland
+on the west "by a line run from the point of fork of James River
+north, thirty degrees east to the Louisa County line, and from
+the said point of fork a direct course to Brooks mill and from
+thence the same course continued to Appomattox River." "The
+point of fork" is the junction of the Rivanna with the James. It
+will be noted by the reference to the Appomattox River that Albemarle
+extended across James River just as Goochland did. "Monticello"
+the beloved home of Thomas Jefferson, is in Albemarle
+County, and in architecture and planning is another example
+of the amazing versatility of his genius.</p>
+
+<p>In 1746, the settlements in Brunswick County had grown to
+such an extent that a new division was required. The line was
+ordered "to be run from the county line where it crosses Roanoke
+River below the place called the Horse Ford to strike Nottoway
+River at the south." The territory above this line was to be called
+Lunenburg County. This title, anglicized from the German form,
+Luneburg, was chosen since the Duchy of Luneburg, like that
+of Brunswick, belonged to the Electorate of Hanover. Lunenburg
+embraced a vast acreage stretching from the rolling country where
+bright tobacco came to perfection as far west as the mountains
+and on the south to the North Carolina boundary.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cumberland, Culpeper, Southampton and Chesterfield
+Created, 1749</span></p>
+
+<p>The western portion of Goochland lying on both sides of the
+James had, in 1744, been taken to form the new county of Albemarle;
+now, five years later, the southeast portion of Goochland
+was made into the new county of Cumberland. The name was
+further honor for the Duke of Cumberland, "The Butcher of
+Culloden." The growth in this locality had been hastened by the
+arrival of numerous Huguenot families seeking asylum from persecution
+in France. Manakintown was the name of their settlement.
+The name is perpetuated in a newly erected Episcopal
+church not far from the site of the settlement where the Agee,
+Fourqurean, Legrand, Michaux, Guerrant, Flournoy and other
+families worship now, as they have done for some 250 years.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year that Cumberland was formed, a new county
+was taken from Orange and named Culpeper, presumably in
+honor of Lord Culpeper, Governor of Virginia 1680-1683, a
+compliment to Lord Fairfax "who had inherited from him the
+ownership of the Northern Neck." Culpeper lay on the south side
+of the Rappahannock and north of the Conway River commonly
+called the fork of the Rappahannock River. The fork of the Rappahannock
+was the area between the Rappahannock River and
+its tributary, the Conway, now called the Rapidan. "Horseshoe
+Farm" is in Culpeper County and takes its name from the bend
+or horseshoe made by the Rapidan within which it is situated.
+While the residence is modern, the farm is of colonial times and
+was once owned by Governor Spotswood. It was from this house
+that, in 1741, he went to Annapolis, Maryland expecting to sail
+with an expedition to join Admiral Vernon and attack Cartagena
+in the Spanish Main. He died unexpectedly in Annapolis but,
+strangely enough, considering his prominence, his burial place
+is unknown.</p>
+
+<p>Besides Culpeper and Cumberland, a third county, Southampton,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span>
+was formed in 1749. This was taken from that portion
+of Isle of Wight's territory that lay west of Blackwater River.
+The name is said to honor, tho belatedly, Henry Wriothesley,
+second Earl of Southampton, friend of Shakespeare and a leading
+member of the Virginia Company of London. The City of
+Hampton and Hampton River honor the same person. Southampton
+is one of the cotton-raising counties of Virginia, and in
+the fall the fields of cotton are a beautiful sight.</p>
+
+<p>Still a fourth county was formed in 1749 and that was Chesterfield.
+This, as was the case with the other three, represented no
+great expansion, but was in line with the thesis long before laid
+down&mdash;"to make justice accessible to all." Chesterfield is that
+part of Henrico that lay on the south side of James River. Again
+we go to England for the reason for this name and learn that it
+honors Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth Earl of Chesterfield, the
+celebrated Lord Chesterfield. Though we think of him primarily
+as the epitome of good manners, courtesy and tact, his political
+career was important too. His services in Parliament, his lord
+lieutenancy of Ireland, his achievements on different embassies,
+and as Secretary of State were of value to his country. In Chesterfield
+County are the sites of the earliest iron works in the colony
+and of the projected college just beginning to operate when the
+1622 Massacre destroyed everything.</p>
+
+<p>In 1752, two new divisions were made. One of these was Halifax,
+the first of the nine counties that were destined to be carved
+out of the vast expanse of Lunenburg County. The bounds of
+Halifax were "all that part thereof lying on the south side of
+Black-Water Creek and Staunton river, from the said Black-Water
+creek to the confluence of the said river with the river
+Dan and from thence to Aaron's creek to the county line." The
+parish of Antrim coterminous with the county was established
+when the county was created. The name Halifax honors George
+Montagu Dunk, the second Earl of Halifax "who was First Lord
+of the Board of Trade about that time and as such greatly interested
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span>
+himself in the trade of the colonies." Halifax, Nova Scotia
+is a further memorial to Lord Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>The other county created in 1752 was Dinwiddie, taken from
+the southern portion of Prince George. Its bounds began at the
+lower side "of the run which falls into Appomattox river between
+the town of Blanford and Bollings point warehouses to the outermost
+line of the glebe land and by a south course and by the
+said outermost line of the glebe land to Surry County." The name
+honored Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
+1751-58. He held office during the troubled period of the French
+and Indian Wars, in which George Washington, as a Colonel in
+the Virginia Militia, participated.</p>
+
+<p>In 1754 that part of Amelia County divided "by a line to run
+from Ward's ford on Appomattox River to the mouth of Sail's
+creek on Nottoway river and all that part of the said county
+which lies on the upper side of the said line shall be one distinct
+county and called and known by the name of Prince Edward."
+The name was in honor of a younger brother of King George III,
+Prince Edward, Duke of Gloucester. This Prince was one of the
+two brothers of George III, whose marriages to commoners led
+to the passage of the famous Royal Marriage Act in 1772. Its
+well-known provisions are that no descendant of King George
+III may marry when under 25 years of age without consent of
+the reigning monarch or, if over that age, without a consenting
+Act of Parliament. Prince Edward Street in Fredericksburg is
+also named for this Prince as the city itself is for his father.</p>
+
+<p>Also in 1754, a second county was created from Lunenburg
+and called Bedford. It comprised the area lying on the upper
+side of Falling-river from its mouth "up the said river to the
+fork, thence up that fork running by John Beard's to the head,
+thence by a line to be run from the head thereof north, twenty
+degrees east to the line dividing the said county from the county
+of Albemarle." It should be remembered that at this time both
+the present Buckingham and Appomattox were a part of Albemarle
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
+County. The new county honored "John Russell the fourth
+Duke of Bedford who was Secretary of State of Great Britain
+February 13th 1748 to June 26th 1757." The parish, coterminous
+with the county and created at the same time, also honored the
+Duke, being called Russell.</p>
+
+<p>Another expansion at this time also on the south side of James
+River was the formation of Sussex from Surry County. Sussex
+lies to the south of Seacock Swamp on the line dividing Surry
+"from the county of Southampton, thence a straight course to
+Blackwater at the mouth of Coppohawk and up Blackwater to
+the line dividing" Surry from the county of Prince George. Sussex
+took its name from the English shire. Albemarle Parish formed
+in 1739 had included the area now made into Sussex, and, in
+addition, a small portion of Surry. It was enacted that the portion
+in Surry be added to Southwark Parish, and Albemarle
+Parish be made coterminous with Sussex.</p>
+
+<p>The fourth county formed in 1754 was Hampshire named for
+the English shire. It is now in West Virginia. Since, however,
+its creation affected the bounds of two already established Virginia
+Counties, the Act of Assembly for its bounds is cited:
+"Whereas part of the county and parish of Augusta lies within
+the bounds of the territory or tract of land called the Northern
+Neck belong to the right honorable Thomas, Lord Fairfax, Baron
+of Cameron and it will be more convenient if the dividing line
+between the said territory and the other part of this colony be
+established as the line of the said county and that part of the
+said county be added to the county and parish of Frederick," it
+was enacted therefore that the part of Augusta above mentioned
+be added to Frederick which should then be divided into two
+counties and "all that part thereof lying to the westward of the
+ridge of mountains commonly called and known by the name of
+the Great North or Cape Capon mountains and Warin spring
+mountain extending to Potomac river be one distinct county and
+called and known by the name of Hampshire." When Augusta
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
+and Frederick were authorized in 1738, the western bounds of
+the Northern Neck Grant had not been surveyed. This was done
+in 1747, and the above Act changed the previous limits of Augusta
+so that the entire county would not be a part of the proprietary.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the next new county reflected current happenings.
+For about six years, 1754-1760, the colony was actively
+participating in the struggle to crush French power in America.
+The Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in America was,
+for a time, John Campbell, fourth Earl of Loudoun. His conduct
+of the war was severely criticized, and he was recalled in
+December 1757. He was, for almost two years, titular "Governor
+and Captain-General of Virginia," though his deputy Lieutenant-Governor
+Robert Dinwiddie performed all the duties of the office.
+Loudoun, the new county named for the Earl, was formed
+from Fairfax County in 1757. It included "all that part thereof
+lying above Difficult Run which falls into Potomac river and
+by a line to be run from the head of the said run or straight
+course to the mouth of Rocky run." The part "thereof below the
+said run and course" retained its status as a distinct county and
+the name of Fairfax.</p>
+
+<p>In 1759, the inhabitants of Prince William County complained
+of many inconveniences "by reason of the great extent
+thereof and their remote situation from the courthouse." Mindful
+that justice be accessible to all, the Assembly enacted that
+Prince William be divided and "all that part of the said county
+that lies above a line to be run from the head of Bull Run and
+along the top of Bull run mountains to Chapman's mill, in Broad
+run thoroughfare, from thence by a direct line till it intersects
+the nearest part of the line dividing Stafford and Prince William
+Counties" be known as Fauquier. This again honors an English
+official but in this case a very popular one, Francis Fauquier,
+who, in 1758, succeeded Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant Governor
+of Virginia. He served the colony for nearly ten years,
+dying in Williamsburg on 3 March 1768 "after a tedious illness
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
+which he bore with the greatest patience and fortitude." Among
+the eulogies in prose to his memory, the following verse may be
+noted:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20%">If ever virtue lost a friend sincere</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20%">If ever sorrow claimed Virginia's tear</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20%">If ever death a noble conquest made</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 20%">'Twas when Fauquier the debt of nature paid."</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>With tobacco as the medium of exchange and as the most
+valuable export, the economic base was too small for the large
+superstructure erected on it. The taxes, fees, and commissions
+on exported tobacco were numerous and onerous, the net return
+to the planter often did not cover the goods he had ordered and
+his debt to his London agent increased. It was British policy
+that her colonies should send her raw materials and buy from
+her manufactured articles, thus giving her merchants a double
+advantage and placing the colonists at double disadvantage. During
+the 1750's, the colony had been put to such great expense
+in prosecuting the French and Indian War that for the first time
+an issue of paper money was required. Economic conditions grew
+worse throughout the colony.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">"Westward-Ho" Twenty-Six New Counties, 1750-1770</span></p>
+
+<p>The unceasing westward trek of settlers continued. In 1750-60,
+eight counties were formed, between 1760-1770, eighteen new
+divisions occurred, which evidences the great growth of population.</p>
+
+<p>Albemarle was the next county to be divided. In 1761, it was
+enacted that the portion "of the said county which lies on the
+south side of the Fluvanna river" [old name for the James River
+above Richmond] "shall be one distinct county and called and
+known by the name of Buckingham." By the same legislation,
+"that other part of the said county which lies on the north side
+of the Fluvanna river shall be divided from the confluence of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
+Rockfish river with the Fluvanna by Rockfish river to the mouth
+of Green creek and thence a straight line to the house of Thomas
+Bell to the Blue mountains, and all that part which lies above
+Rockfish river and the lines aforesaid" shall be called Amherst
+County. Amherst Parish at the same time was formed from Saint
+Anne's Parish and made coterminous with the county of Amherst.
+Several years earlier, Tillotson Parish had been formed
+from Saint Anne's to take care of the residents of Amherst who
+lived on the south side of James River. It was now made coterminous
+with the county of Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p>The name Buckingham is probably for the Duke of Buckingham.
+Amherst derives its name from "the hero of Ticonderoga,
+Major-General Sir Jeffrey Amherst, the most successful as well
+as the most popular of all the English Colonial Governors-General."
+He was titular Governor-General of Virginia 1759-1768
+while Francis Fauquier performed the duties of the office.</p>
+
+<p>Four years passed, and two more divisions were made in the
+western portion of Lunenburg. The part of Lunenburg comprised
+in the parish of Cornwall became Charlotte County and
+the portion in the parish of St. James became Mecklenburg.</p>
+
+<p>These counties were named, as is the city of Charlottesville,
+after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who became Queen of
+England on her marriage to King George III.</p>
+
+<p>We next find in 1767 that Halifax has grown to the point
+of division and a new county, Pittsylvania, has been taken from
+its western portion. Pittsylvania lay on the upper or western
+side "of a line to be run across the mouth of Strait Stone creek on
+Staunton river to the country line, near the mouth of the country
+line creek on Dan river." At the same time, Antrim, which was
+the parish for Halifax, was divided and the part lying in Pittsylvania
+became Camden. Pittsylvania honored "Sir William Pitt,
+Earl of Chatham, the celebrated English statesman" whose sympathy
+with them had endeared him to the colonists. A statue
+of him in Westmoreland county, Virginia and another in Charleston,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
+South Carolina are further expressions of the affection felt
+for him.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Botetourt, 1770 Honors a Popular Colonial Governor</span></p>
+
+<p>The next county was, in the main, a rearrangement of already
+settled territory bearing always in mind that easy access to justice
+was the purpose of every division. The new county, Botetourt,
+was formed from Augusta in 1770 and lay on the south side of a
+dividing "line beginning at the Blue Ridge, running north fifty-five
+degrees west, to the confluence of Mary's creek, or the south
+river, with the north branch of James River, thence up the same
+to the mouth of Carr's creek, thence up the said creek to the
+mountain, thence north, fifty-five degrees west as far as the courts
+of the two counties shall extend it." The phrase to note in the
+above is: "as far as the courts of the two counties shall extend
+it," in other words, there was no limit to the western boundary.
+The name Botetourt was for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt,
+Governor of Virginia 1768-1770. He died in Williamsburg
+in October 1770, lamented and beloved for his interest in
+the colony and the College of William and Mary. The House
+of Burgesses voted a sum of money to have a statue of him made
+in London to stand in the old Capitol building. The statue still
+exists, one of the most treasured possessions of the College of
+William and Mary, and adorns its campus.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Frederick Subdivided</span></p>
+
+<p>Two years later, the county of Frederick had a division on
+both its eastern and northern ends. It was enacted by the Assembly
+that the territory of Frederick be divided into three distinct
+counties: "on the north by a line beginning in the line that
+divides the counties of Frederick and Loudoun one mile and
+an half northward of the corner in Williams' gap that at present
+divides the parishes of Frederick and Norborne thence westward
+with a line exactly parallel to the line that now divides the said
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
+parishes of Frederick and Norborne till it intersects the line of
+Hampshire county; thence with the Hampshire line to the corner
+dividing the parishes of Frederick and Beckford; thence with
+the lines dividing the said parishes of Frederick and Beckford
+east southeast to the south eastwardly bank of Cedar creek, thence
+binding on the same to its confluence with the river Shenandoah;
+thence across the said river east to the easterly bank of
+the same; thence down the said river and binding on the same to
+the mouth of Passage creek; and thence with a right line to the
+line of Culpeper, at the intersection of the road leading through
+Chester's gap; thence with the Culpeper, Fauquier, and Loudoun
+lines to the beginning." This area, so described, was to remain
+Frederick County. "All that part of the county which lies between
+the first mentioned line running from the said beginning
+in the line of Loudoun county and Potomac river shall be ...
+known by the name of Berkeley county." The remainder of what
+had been Frederick now became Dunmore County. There had
+been three parishes in Frederick; of these Frederick remained
+in the county, while Norborne appropriately became the parish
+for Berkeley and Beckford for Dunmore.</p>
+
+<p>Berkeley County named for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt,
+later became a part of West Virginia. It was further evidence
+of this governor's popularity, Botetourt County having
+previously been named for him.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Dunmore Renamed Shenandoah</span></p>
+
+<p>Dunmore honored the new Governor, John Murray, Earl of
+Dunmore, who succeeded Lord Botetourt. His popularity was
+short lived, and his tyrannical acts, when he attempted to keep
+the colony loyal to the crown, so enraged the people that he was
+forced to take refuge with his family on a British warship. In
+1777, still smarting over his behavior, the Assembly changed
+the name of the county to Shenandoah for the beautiful river
+that flows through it; the change to take effect February 1, 1778.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Fincastle Reaches to the Ohio River</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1772, the county of Fincastle was formed from the western
+portion of Botetourt. It is an evidence of rapidly growing settlements
+when for the first time mention is made of "inhabitants
+and settlers on the waters of Holston and New rivers." The
+territory of Fincastle was "within a line to run up the east side
+of New river to the mouth of Culberson's creek, thence a direct
+line to the Catawba road where it crosses the dividing ridge between
+the north fork of Roanoke and the waters of New river,
+thence with the top of the ridge to the bent where it turns eastwardly,
+thence a south course crossing Little river to the top of
+the Blue Ridge of mountains." The reason for the name Fincastle
+seems uncertain; one version has it as being for George, Lord
+Fincastle, Lord Dunmore's son, and the other that it was for the
+town of Fincastle established in 1772 and so named for Lord
+Botetourt's home in England.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Virginia Counties Extended to the Ohio River
+and Include Kentucky</span></p>
+
+<p>Fincastle County was an expansion of Augusta to the west
+but an expansion to the northwest had been in progress since
+before 1754. In that year, Governor Dinwiddie ordered a fort
+built on the present site of Pittsburgh and issued a proclamation
+offering land in the area to those who would enlist as soldiers
+for the French and Indian War. The French captured the fort
+and named it Fort Duquesne. This outpost of great strategic
+importance fell to the English in 1758 and was renamed Fort
+Pitt. The area was under Virginia jurisdiction and called the
+district of West Augusta being considered a part of Augusta
+County. "County courts were held at Pittsburgh under Virginia
+jurisdiction and the great section of country from the Alleghany
+mountains northwest to the Ohio came to be called West Augusta.
+It was represented under this name in the Conventions of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span>
+1775 and 1776. In October 1776, the district of West Augusta
+was divided into the counties of Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia.
+A portion of this territory, including Pittsburgh, was
+claimed by Pennsylvania and there was much disorder and some
+bloodshed between the officers and adherents of the two Colonies.
+In 1779, commissioners from Virginia and Pennsylvania
+finally settled the line and Pittsburgh and the adjoining area
+were surrendered to Pennsylvania." The above is the concise
+account, by the late W. G. Stanard, in an early volume of the
+<i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>, of an almost forgotten
+episode in western development. It explains why in the
+Augusta County records in Staunton, Virginia are found deeds
+for land now in Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of these three new counties, Ohio, Yohogania and
+Monongalia are set forth in detail in the Act of Assembly creating
+them, but are not quoted here since they neither adjoin nor
+are a part of the Commonwealth of Virginia now.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Kentucky a Virginia County, 1776</span></p>
+
+<p>The next division of a county occurred in this same year 1776,
+and was further expansion toward the beckoning west; this division
+was not to take effect until January first, 1777. Fincastle
+became extinct as a county, its territory becoming Kentucky,
+Washington and Montgomery Counties. The Act of Assembly
+recites that the part of Fincastle lying "to the south and westward
+of a line beginning on the Ohio at the mouth of Great
+Sandy creek and running up the same and the main, or north-easterly,
+branch thereof to the Great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland
+Mountain, thence south westerly along the said mountain
+to the line of North Carolina shall be one distinct county and
+called and known by the name of Kentucky; and all that part
+of the said county of Fincastle included in the lines beginning
+at the Cumberland Mountain where the line of Kentucky county
+intersects the North Carolina line, thence east along the said
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
+Carolina line to the top of Iron mountain, thence along the same
+easterly to the source of the south fork of Holstein river, thence
+northwardly along the highest part of the high lands, ridges and
+mountains that divide the waters of the Tennessee from those
+of the Great Kanawha, to the most easterly source of Clinch
+river, thence westwardly along the top of the mountains that
+divide the waters of Clinch river from those of the Great Kanawha
+and Sandy Creek to the line of Kentucky county thence
+along the same to the beginning" shall be known "by the name
+of Washington; and all the residue of the said county of Fincastle
+shall be" known as Montgomery.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that Washington County is the first place or area
+named for General Washington in the United States. It is also
+the first time the words Kentucky and Tennessee occur in a
+county division and show the scope of western settlements. Montgomery
+County was named for General Richard Montgomery,
+a Revolutionary officer, who fell 31 December 1775, while trying
+unsuccessfully to scale the city walls and capture Quebec from
+the English.</p>
+
+<p>The next formation was a division of Pittsylvania County in
+1777, ten years after its creation. The new county lay on the
+west side of "a line beginning at the mouth of Blackwater on
+Staunton river and running parallel with the line of Halifax
+county till it strikes the country line." The name Henry honored
+Patrick Henry, the famous orator of the Revolution and first
+Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He purchased a
+large acreage in Henry County but resided in nearby Campbell
+County.</p>
+
+<p>Also, in 1777, Albemarle was divided "by a line beginning at
+the most western point in the line of Louisa County and running
+thence directly to the lower edge of Stott's ferry on the Fluvanna
+river and that part which lies south eastward of the said line
+together with the islands in the Fluvanna river adjacent thereto
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
+shall be called by the name of Fluvanna county." The county
+was named for the river and the river was so called in honor of
+Queen Anne whose name is borne by four other Virginia rivers.
+Fluvanna, used for most of the eighteenth century, was the title
+given the James River above its falls at Richmond. Tobacco and
+other merchandise was taken in bateaux down this river to Richmond.</p>
+
+<p>Both Henry and Fluvanna Counties had been formed mostly
+because of natural increase in population rather than of any
+tide of immigration. The creation of Powhatan County in 1777
+was of the same type. This county embraced the portion of
+Cumberland lying on the south side of James River and in
+Southam Parish, which was the eastern end of Cumberland and
+adjoined Chesterfield County. The name Powhatan honored
+the celebrated Indian chieftain.</p>
+
+<p>In 1778, the vast sprawling territory of Augusta underwent
+changes. One was an addition to Hampshire County of the territory
+on the north of "a line beginning at the north side of the
+North Mountain opposite to the upper end of Sweedland Hill
+and running a direct course so as to strike the mouth of Seneca
+creek on the north fork of the south branch of Potomac river
+and the same course to be continued to the Allegheny mountain,
+thence along the said mountain" to the county line. "The
+residue of the county and parish of Augusta" was divided by a
+line beginning "at the South Mountain and running thence
+by Benjamin Yardley's plantation so as to strike the north river
+below James Byrd's house thence up the said river to the mouth
+of Naked creek, thence leaving the river a direct course so as
+to cross the said river at the mouth of Cunningham's branch
+in the upper end of Silas Hart's land to the foot of North Mountain,
+thence fifty-five degrees west to the Allegheny mountain
+and with the same to the line of Hampshire"; all the portion
+north eastward of this line was to be called Rockingham. It is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span>
+supposed the name of this county honors the Marquis of Rockingham,
+Prime Minister of England in 1765-66 when the unpopular
+Stamp Act was repealed.</p>
+
+<p>In the same Act of Assembly, 1778, by which Rockingham was
+created Greenbrier County, now in West Virginia, was formed
+from Montgomery and Botetourt Counties to the west of "a line
+beginning on the top of the ridge which divides the Eastern
+from the Western Waters, where the line between Augusta and
+Botetourt crosses the same, and running thence the same course
+continued north fifty-five degrees west to the Ohio, thence beginning
+at the said ridge at the said lines of Botetourt and Augusta,
+running along the top of the said ridge, passing the Sweet
+Springs to the top of Peter's mountain, thence along the said
+mountain to the line of Montgomery county, thence along the
+same mountain to the Kanawha or New river, thence down the
+said river to the Ohio." Greenbrier County takes its name from
+its principal river. It is the anglicized version of the French word
+"ronce" for brier or bramble and "verte" for green. The town
+Ronceverte, situated on the river, keeps the French word.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time Rockbridge County was formed from parts
+of Botetourt and Augusta. It was bounded "by a line beginning
+in the top of the Blue Ridge near Steele's mill and running
+thence north fifty-five degrees west passing the said mill and
+crossing the North mountain to the top and the mountain dividing
+the waters of the Calf Pasture from the waters of the Cow
+Pasture and thence along the said mountain crossing Panther's
+gap to the line that divides the counties of Augusta and Botetourt."
+The remainder of Botetourt shall be divided "by a line
+to begin at Audley Paul's and running thence south fifty-five
+degrees east crossing James river, to the top of the Blue Ridge,
+thence along the same crossing James river, to the beginning of
+the aforesaid line dividing Augusta county; then beginning again
+at the said Audley Paul's, and running north fifty-five degrees
+west till the said course shall intersect a line to be run south
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
+forty-five degrees west from the place where the above line dividing
+Augusta terminated."</p>
+
+<p>The enabling acts setting forth the bounds for the counties
+when created have been quoted fully, both for the information
+they contain and for the comprehensive geographical knowledge
+they reveal. They show painstaking surveys and study to achieve
+accuracy under the handicap of lack of roads and bridges. In
+addition to technical knowledge, the surveyor needed a sturdy
+physique to withstand the daily hardships that were part of his
+routine work.</p>
+
+<p>Rockbridge, the name of the new county whose bounds have
+been described, commemorated the unique scenic wonder within
+its confines known as Natural Bridge. This is a span of stone
+215 feet high over Cedar Creek. Once a trail passed over it
+and now a modern highway. It has been known and visited since
+1770.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">West of the Ohio and to the Mississippi. Illinois
+County Formed</span></p>
+
+<p>Illinois, the last county to be formed in the decade 1770 to
+1780 was an area on the western side of the Ohio River which
+had been a part of Augusta County. In the preamble to the Act
+creating this county, the Assembly noted with satisfaction that
+"by a successful expedition carried on by the Virginia militia on
+the western side of the Ohio river several of the British posts
+within the territory of this commonwealth in the country adjacent
+to the river Mississippi have been reduced." This, of course, was
+a reference to George Rogers Clark whose exploits secured the
+Mississippi Valley area for Virginia and the United States. Illinois
+County was a part of the large territory given by Virginia to
+the nation in 1783.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Kentucky County Divided</span></p>
+
+<p>The next event was the division of the unwieldy county of
+Kentucky into three parts; Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln, with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>
+the towns of Louisville, Lexington and Harrodsburg for their
+respective county seats. Jefferson County was so named to honor
+Thomas Jefferson, and was the first honor of this sort accorded
+him. Fayette was for the beloved ally, the Marquis de la Fayette
+and Lincoln for General Benjamin Lincoln of the Revolution.
+When compelled to surrender Charleston, South Carolina to the
+British, he had endured the humiliation of giving up his sword
+to Sir Henry Clinton. In return, when Yorktown was captured
+and Lord Cornwallis required to yield his sword, General Lincoln
+was awarded the distinction of receiving it. Cornwallis, however,
+did not appear in person, and it was his aide who handed the
+sword to General Lincoln. From these three counties was formed
+the present Commonwealth of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>A division of Brunswick in the south eastern part of the state
+took place now and Greensville County came into being. This
+lay to the east of a line beginning "two miles above Chapman's
+ford on Meherrin river and running a due south course to the
+boundary line between this state and North Carolina and from
+the station aforesaid by another line due north to Nottoway
+river." The name selected for this county commemorated General
+Nathanael Greene of the Revolution who marched into this
+area on his return from the Battle of Guilford Court House.</p>
+
+<p>In 1782, occurred a division of Bedford County. The eastern
+end was cut from the whole and named for General William
+Campbell, the hero of King's Mountain, one of the decisive battles
+of the Revolution. Campbell lies to the east of a line beginning
+"at the mouth of Judy's creek on James river, thence to
+Thompson's mill on Buffalo creek, thence to the mouth of Back
+creek on Goose creek thence the same course continued to Staunton
+river." Staunton is the name given the Roanoke River as it
+passes through Bedford, Campbell, Charlotte and Halifax Counties.
+In Mecklenburg, it resumes its original name of Roanoke
+and so continues into Albemarle Sound.</p>
+
+<p>The next development was Harrison, taken from Monongalia
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span>
+County. Neither is now a Virginia county, but it is mentioned
+since it honors Benjamin Harrison, one of the seven Virginia
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence who also completed
+in 1784, the year the county was formed, a three year term as
+Governor of the Commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>In the next year, a new county, Nelson, now in Kentucky,
+was created. This, too, honored a former Governor and Signer
+of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Nelson. It was his
+home in Yorktown that Lord Cornwallis used as his headquarters
+during the siege and battle.</p>
+
+<p>In 1786, Franklin was formed out of "that part of the county
+of Bedford lying south of Staunton river together with so much
+of the county of Henry lying north of a line to be run from the
+head of Shooting creek to the west end of Turkeycock mountain,
+thence along the top of the mountain to intersect the dividing
+line between the counties of Henry and Pittsylvania, thence
+along that line to the mouth of Blackwater river." The reason
+for this name is obvious: all America honored the achievements
+of Benjamin Franklin.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Deed of Cession. Virginia Gives the Northwest Territory</span></p>
+
+<p>The tempo of western expansion had increased to such an extent
+that four counties were formed in 1786. One of these, Hardy,
+lies now in West Virginia as does its parent county of Hampshire.
+It might be well to explain now, even though out of chronological
+sequence, the genesis of West Virginia. In May 1861
+when Governor Letcher called out the Virginia militia, many
+persons living beyond the Alleghanies throughout that section
+of Virginia bordering on Ohio and Pennsylvania were not in
+sympathy with his action. The residents of some forty counties
+held a convention and were almost unanimous in their desire to
+break away from Virginia and form a new state. A constitution
+was framed which was ratified by the people in May 1862. The
+following year, 1863, West Virginia became a state of the Union
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
+and at one blow, Virginia lost a third of her territory. The loss
+of the rich coal fields and other natural resources of West Virginia
+impoverished the Old Dominion more severely and made
+"Reconstruction Days" longer and more difficult than they might
+otherwise have been.</p>
+
+<p>Returning to Hardy County, we learn that it was named for
+Samuel Hardy formerly of Isle of Wight County "one of the
+number who signed the Deed of Cession which transferred the
+Northwest Territory to the General Government."</p>
+
+<p>Virginia's claim to territory was of long standing, her charters
+of 1609 and 1612 giving her dominion to the Pacific Ocean,
+but no exploration beyond the Mississippi had been attempted.
+Her claim of dominion to the Mississippi, however, was of more
+substantial character. In 1778 with a picked force of 180 Virginia
+riflemen, George Rogers Clark captured the great Northwest
+Territory from the English "in one of the most amazing
+exploits in American history." This territory Virginia organized
+as "the county of Illinois." "But for Clark's conquest the treaty
+of 1783 might well have fixed the nation's western boundary
+at the Alleghanies instead of at the Mississippi." Almost all the
+Ohio Valley and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan were included
+in this voluntary gift that Virginia made in 1783 to the weak
+confederated colonies. In 1785 Congress passed a Land Ordinance
+providing for the sale of this land. "Thus this cession provided
+the infant republic with its only sure source of revenue" since
+at that time "Congress had neither the power to impose nor the
+machinery to collect any taxes."</p>
+
+<p>The other three counties formed in 1786 lie now in Kentucky
+which, in 1792, was "organized as a state out of Virginia territory
+with her consent." These divisions are Mercer and Madison,
+created out of Lincoln, and Bourbon out of Fayette. Mercer
+honored General Hugh Mercer of the Revolution; Madison,
+James Madison, later known as the "Father of the Constitution,"
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
+and Bourbon, the French reigning family, particularly Louis
+XVI who had given aid in the Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>The next county, Russell, was taken from Washington. Its
+bounds are: "all that part of the said county lying within a line
+to be run along the Clinch mountain to the Carolina line; thence
+with that line to the Cumberland mountain, and the extent of
+country between the Cumberland mountain, Clinch mountain
+and the line of Montgomery county shall be one distinct county
+and called and known by the name of Russell." The name was
+selected as a tribute to General William Russell "who distinguished
+himself at the Battle of King's mountain." Russell remains
+a Virginia county.</p>
+
+<p>Five westward expansions now occur in quick succession. In
+1787, from Harrison was formed Randolph County named for
+Edmund Randolph, first Attorney General of the Commonwealth
+and a member of the Continental Congress. Both Harrison and
+Randolph are in West Virginia. Pendleton, also now in West
+Virginia, was formed in 1788 from portions of Hardy, Augusta,
+and Rockingham counties. It is named for Edmund Pendleton,
+President of the Virginia Convention of 1775.</p>
+
+<p>The next year two new Kentucky counties were formed; Mason
+from Bourbon and Woodford from Fayette. The former took
+its name from George Mason of "Gunston Hall," author of the
+Bill of Rights and the latter from General William Woodford,
+a native of Caroline County, Virginia who rendered distinguished
+service in the Revolution and later moved to Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, a new county destined to be in West Virginia
+was formed from Greenbrier and part of Montgomery counties
+and given the name of Kanawha from the river.</p>
+
+<p>The only one of the counties formed in 1789 that is now in
+Virginia is Nottoway. This was comprised of that part of Amelia
+County "lying south of a line to begin at a place called Wells
+bridge on Namozene creek which divides the said county from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span>
+the county of Dinwiddie, thence running through the said county
+of Amelia so as to strike the line of Prince Edward county five
+miles west of a place called Ward's ford on Appomattox river."
+Nottoway is an Indian word meaning "a snake, that is, an enemy."
+Nottoway River derives its name from the Indian tribe and the
+county honors both.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">1790-1800 Expansion in the First Decade After
+the Revolution</span></p>
+
+<p>The next year a county was cut from Montgomery and named
+Wythe. It lies to the "south-west of a line beginning on the Henry
+line at the head of Big Reedy Island, from thence to the waggon
+ford on Peck creek, thence to the clover bottom on Blue Stone,
+thence to the Kanawha county line." The name is for George
+Wythe, eminent jurist and a Signer of the Declaration of Independence.
+Elected in 1779 to the Chair of Law and Police, recently
+established at the College of William and Mary, he "became
+the first occupant of a chair of law in America, and the
+second in the English speaking world." The first chair of law
+established in England was at Oxford University, and Sir William
+Blackstone was the first professor.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1791 saw the formation of three counties, all of them
+rearrangement of lines in established communities rather than
+expansion into new territory. The first was the division of Henry
+into two counties: "all that part of the said county lying west
+of a line beginning on the line dividing the counties of Henry
+and Franklin one mile above where it crosses Town creek, a
+branch of Smith's river, thence a parallel line with Pittsylvania
+line to the country line shall be one distinct county and called
+and known by the name of Patrick." The name, of course, was
+the given name of the great orator, and since Henry County
+bore his surname, the new division took his given name. It is
+a county of beautiful mountains with panoramic views. The
+Fairy Stone State Park is within its borders. On Fairy Stone
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span>
+Mountain and in the streams at its base are found tiny stones
+shaped like crosses. The story is that the gentle fairy folk when
+they heard of our Lord's Crucifixion wept profusely and their
+tears turned to stone crosses as they fell, a lasting memorial of
+their grief.</p>
+
+<p>The next county, formed in 1791, was Bath. Its bounds are
+thus described: "All those parts of the counties of Augusta, Botetourt
+and Greenbrier within the following bounds, to wit: beginning
+at the west corner of Pendleton county, thence to the
+top of the ridge dividing the headwaters of the South branch
+from those of Jackson's river, thence a straight line to the lower
+end of John Redman's plantation on the Cow-pasture river, thence
+to the top of the ridge that divides the waters of the Cow-pasture
+from those of the Calf-pasture thence along the same as far as
+the ridge that divides Hamilton's creek from Mill creek, thence
+to the Mill mountain, and with the same to the north corner of
+the line of Rockbridge county, thence along the said mountain
+crossing the line of Botetourt county to the ridge that divides
+the waters of Pad's creek from those of Simpson's creek, thence
+along the said ridge to the Cow-pasture river, thence crossing
+the said river a direct course and crossing Jackson's river at the
+mouth of Dunlap's creek, thence up the same as far as the narrows
+above the plantation of David Tate, Senr., so as to leave
+the inhabitants of the said creek in Botetourt county, thence a
+direct course to the top of the Allegany mountain where the
+road from the Warm Springs to Greenbrier court house crosses
+the said mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain
+opposite the headwaters of Anthony's creek, thence a direct course
+crossing Greenbrier river to the end of the Droop mountain,
+thence up the same to the great Greenbrier mountain thence
+along the said mountain to the line of Randolph county thence
+with the same along the said mountain dividing the waters of
+Monongalia and Cheat from those of Greenbrier river, and
+thence to its beginning shall form one distinct county."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The above is quoted in full since the names used are still in
+use, and it is possible to judge from them the extent of the county.
+Warm Springs is still in Bath, but Narrows is in Giles County,
+and Alleghany County lies between Bath and Giles.</p>
+
+<p>The name Bath derives from the medical springs within its
+boundaries, which for many years during the summer months
+were visited by persons from as far south as Louisiana. Families
+drove up in their carriages and stayed for months to enjoy the
+curative effects of the waters and bracing mountain air.</p>
+
+<p>The third county formed in 1791 was Mathews which was
+taken from Gloucester. It lies "to the eastward of a line to begin
+at the mouth of North river, thence up the meanders thereof
+to the mill, thence up the eastern branch of the millpond to
+the head of Muddy creek thence down the said creek to Piankatank
+river." The name is said to be in honor of a Major Thomas
+Mathews of the Revolution who afterwards was prominent in
+the legislature representing the Borough of Norfolk in the House
+of Delegates from 1785 to 1791.</p>
+
+<p>In 1793, there were also three counties formed. One of these,
+Grayson, was taken from Wythe as follows: "Beginning in the
+Washington line where it joins the Iron Mountain, thence along
+the said mountain to a spur of the same that forms Ewing mountain,
+keeping the ridge that divides the waters of Cripple and
+Bush creeks to the top of the said mountain, thence a straight
+course to the Popular Camp mountain by Rose's mill thence to the
+mouth of Greasy creek thence a straight course to the Montgomery
+line." Grayson took its name from Colonel William Grayson, an
+officer in the Revolution, member of the Continental Congress
+and one of the first two senators elected from Virginia after the
+adoption of the Constitution to serve in the Congress of the United
+States. Unfortunately his tenure of office was short; he died 12
+March 1790.</p>
+
+<p>Also in 1793, Russell County was divided and all that part
+"which lies westwardly of a line beginning on the top of Clinch
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
+mountain, one mile eastwardly of big Maukason gap, thence a
+direct course to the mouth of Stock creek thence up the same to
+Powell's mountain, thence due north to the Kentucky boundary
+shall form one distinct county and be called and known by the
+name of Lee." The name honored General Henry Lee who was
+Governor of Virginia 1791-1794. He is more often called "Light
+Horse Harry Lee" from the fact that he commanded, during the
+Revolution, light horse cavalry. He was the father of General
+Robert E. Lee. Lee is the county farthest to the west and adjoins
+Tennessee and Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Also in 1793, the county of Madison was formed from Culpeper.
+Its bounds were within a line "Beginning at the mouth
+of Robinson river thence up the same to the mouth of Crooked
+run, thence up the said run to the mountain road where Tennant's
+church formerly stood, thence a straight course to the head
+of Hugh's river in the Blue Ridge, thence the same course continued
+to the top of the ridge and to the line of Shenandoah county,
+thence westwardly on the top of the ridge with the lines of
+the counties of Shenandoah and Rockingham to the line of
+Orange county to the beginning." One may wonder that the name
+Madison was used again, but at this date the earlier Madison
+County lay in Kentucky. When in 1792 Kentucky achieved statehood,
+it was composed of nine counties formerly in Virginia;
+namely: Fayette, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Mercer, Nelson,
+Bourbon, Mason and Woodford.</p>
+
+<p>Four years after Madison County, Virginia was formed, Brooke
+was cut from Ohio County. This name was for Robert Brooke,
+Governor of Virginia 1794 to 1796. He was a grandson of the
+Robert Brooke who, in 1716, accompanied Governor Spotswood
+on the famous expedition across the Blue Ridge Mountains. Both
+Brooke and Ohio are now in West Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>In 1798, Wood was established from Harrison County. It is
+named for James Wood, Governor of Virginia 1796 to 1799, and
+son of Colonel James Wood, an early settler in the Valley of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
+Virginia, and founder of the city of Winchester. Wood and Harrison
+are also West Virginia counties.</p>
+
+<p>The next county created, also destined to lie in West Virginia,
+was Monroe. This was formed from Greenbrier County and
+named to honor James Monroe. Born, like General Washington,
+in Westmoreland County, he had a long political career culminating
+in the Presidency of the United States. The creed he expounded,
+called the "Monroe Doctrine", is still followed by our
+government.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">The New Century Brings Six New Counties</span> 1800-1810</p>
+
+<p>As the new century, 1800, came in, Tazewell was formed from
+Wythe and Russell counties. Its bounds were all that part of the
+aforesaid counties "beginning on the Kanawha line and running
+with the line which divides Montgomery and Wythe counties to
+where the said line crosses the top of Brushy mountain, thence
+along the top of the said mountain to its junction with the Garden
+mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to the
+Clinch mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to
+the head of Cove creek, a branch of the Maiden Spring fork of
+Clinch river; thence a straight line to Mann's gap in Kent's ridge;
+thence north forty-five degrees west, to the line which divides the
+state of Kentucky from that of Virginia; thence along said line to
+the Kanawha line and with said line to the place of beginning."
+The name honored Henry Tazewell, United States senator from
+Virginia 1794-1799.</p>
+
+<p>In 1801, Virginia made a second attempt to honor Thomas
+Jefferson by naming the new county taken from Berkeley in his
+honor. The Jefferson County formed in 1780 was, in 1801, a part
+of Kentucky and this new county was destined to fall in West
+Virginia; hence no county within the present confines of the
+state honors this great Virginian.</p>
+
+<p>Harper's Ferry, situated in Jefferson County at the confluence
+of the Shenandoah with the Potomac River, is as well known
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span>
+for the beauty of its location as for being the site of John Brown's
+Raid, the prelude to civil warfare. Incidentally it may be noted
+that the Shenandoah afforded an outlet to market for the produce
+of the Valley of Virginia since boats could pass down its waters
+into the Potomac and thus to Chesapeake Bay.</p>
+
+<p>In 1804, the new county of Mason was formed from Kanawha.
+It was bounded as follows: "beginning at the mouth of Little
+Guyandotte River running from thence to the northwest corner
+of a survey of 1437-1/2 acres made for Thomas Lewis in Teaze's
+valley near the house of Joshua Morris, from thence to the mouth
+of Little Hurricane creek, thence crossing the Kanawha river and
+taking a dividing ridge between Eighteen Mile and Pocatallico
+creeks to the end thereof, thence pursuing a northeast direction
+till it intersects the Wood County line to the Ohio, thence down
+the Ohio to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>Within this county lies Point Pleasant, scene of the famous
+battle.</p>
+
+<p>This was the second time that Virginia had attempted to pay
+honor to George Mason of "Gunston Hall", author of the Bill
+of Rights. The earlier Mason County formed in 1789 became
+a part of Kentucky three years later, and the later Mason was
+destined to lie in West Virginia. George Mason, Thomas Jefferson
+and the Marquis de la Fayette are not represented in the list of
+Virginia counties.</p>
+
+<p>The county of Giles formed in 1806 was created from portions
+of Montgomery, Monroe and Tazewell counties, and is now a
+border county between Virginia and West Virginia. Its boundaries
+are thus described: "Beginning at the end of Gauley mountain on
+New River, where the counties of Greenbrier and Kanawha intersect,
+thence up the river with the Greenbrier and Montgomery
+lines to the intersection of Monroe line; thence with the Monroe
+and Montgomery line to the upper end of Pine's plantation;
+thence a straight line to the mouth of Rich creek, leaving the
+plantation of Hugh Caperton on the right; thence with the Monroe
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span>
+line to the intersection of Botetourt County line and with
+the Botetourt and Montgomery lines to the top of Gap mountain;
+thence along the top of the said mountain to New River crossing
+the same to the end of Walker's creek mountain; thence along
+the top of the said mountain to the intersection of Wythe county
+line; thence northwestwardly with said line to the intersection of
+Tazewell line, and with the Tazewell and Montgomery line to
+the top of Wolf creek mountain; thence along Wolf creek mountain
+to a path leading from the Round Bottom to Harman's mill
+about three miles below the mouth of Clear Fork of Wolf creek;
+thence a straight line to the mouth of Militin's fork; thence a
+direct line to the head of Crane creek on the top of the Flat-top
+mountain; thence a direct line to the three forks of Guyandotte
+river; thence down said river until it intersects Kanawha county
+line; thence with said line to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>Mountain Lake is situated in Giles County, and is a well-known
+summer resort. It is also of interest for the wide range of
+plant life found in its vicinity. Members of the University of Virginia's
+Biological Department maintain a field station there and
+in the summer study the wide variety of plants growing nearby.</p>
+
+<p>Giles County was named in honor of William B. Giles who
+in 1800 was prominent in Virginia politics. He later served as
+Governor 1827-1830.</p>
+
+<p>In 1808 Amherst County was divided according to its parish
+lines, the western or upper part of the county which lay in Lexington
+Parish retained the name of Amherst, and the lower or
+more eastern part took the name of Nelson. This as will be recalled
+was the second attempt to honor Governor Thomas Nelson,
+whose Yorktown home still holds buried in its eastern wall two
+cannon balls, grim mementoes of the battle of Yorktown.</p>
+
+<p>Virginia has believed in honoring the men who have held the
+gubernatorial office, nineteen having been thus commemorated,
+and Cabell County formed in 1809 carried on the tradition. It
+honored William H. Cabell, who served from 1805 until 1808
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>
+when he was chosen judge of the General Court. It later fell
+into West Virginia, and lies along the Ohio River.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">1810-1820, <span class="smcap">Development Continues, Five New Counties</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1814, a Virginia county was formed from parts of Lee,
+Russell and Washington and named Scott. This name was selected
+because of General Winfield Scott, a native of Virginia
+who achieved fame because of his successes in the War of 1812.
+Later in the Mexican War he decisively defeated the Mexicans
+at Chapultepec, entering Mexico City as conqueror. As a result
+of this war some 850,000 square miles became United States
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of Scott County are as follows: "Beginning at the
+head of Reedy creek where the wagon road crosses the same in
+the county of Washington thence down the Tennessee line to
+the south fork of Clinch river thence northward passing the Flag
+Pond to the top of Powell's mountain in Lee County and along it
+to the county of Russell and with it to the Kentucky line, thence
+along Cumberland mountain to the head of Guese's river thence
+down the Clinch mountain thence to the western end of Samuel
+Hensley's plantation and thence to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>"The wagon road" mentioned in the above description is most
+likely the so-called "Wilderness Road" over which many west
+bound settlers laboriously toiled. The other route west that was
+often used was north to the present Pittsburgh and down the
+Ohio river. Powell's Mountain and the river of that name commemorate
+Ambrose Powell of Culpeper County, one of the earliest
+explorers of Kentucky who accompanied Doctor Thomas Walker
+there in 1749. In Scott County is the Natural Tunnel, a rare
+formation through which the trains of the Southern Railway
+Company pass regularly en route to Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p>Tyler, the next county established, lies now in the northwestern
+part of West Virginia along the Ohio River but commemorates
+a Tidewater Virginian, John Tyler, Sr. He was born at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
+"Greenway" Charles City County and served as Governor 1808-1811.
+His fame has been somewhat obscured by that of his son,
+John Tyler, junior, President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The next county formed, Lewis, which was cut from Harrison,
+also lay later in West Virginia in the north central area. It derived
+its name from a heroic soldier, Colonel Charles Lewis who
+was killed at the Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Point Pleasant,
+situated near the confluence of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio
+River was the scene of a day-long bloody battle between the
+Virginia troops and Indian warriors led by Cornstalk and Logan.
+General Andrew Lewis, brother of Colonel Charles, was the
+commanding officer. The battle was hardly decisive and General
+Lewis wished to follow and annihilate the fleeing enemy. Lord
+Dunmore, in command of another detachment which arrived
+later, forbade this and allowed the Indians to escape. This may
+have been one of the reasons that influenced the Indians throughout
+the Revolution to espouse the British cause.</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of Lewis County in 1816 was followed two
+years later by that of another county, Preston, formed from Monongalia,
+lying in the northeast corner of West Virginia, and
+adjoining Pennsylvania and Maryland. Preston County honored
+James Patton Preston, Governor of Virginia 1816-1819.</p>
+
+<p>Parts of Greenbrier, Kanawha and Randolph were made into
+the new county of Nicholas in the same year that Preston was
+organized. Nicholas lies to the east of Charleston, the capital of
+West Virginia. Its name derives from Wilson Cary Nicholas,
+Governor of Virginia 1814-1816, and predecessor of Governor
+Preston.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">1820-1830 <span class="smcap">Transportation and Communications Improve,<br />
+Four New Counties</span></p>
+
+<p>The next county to be created was taken from Hampshire
+and Berkeley and represented a northern rather than a western
+expansion. It received the name Morgan from General Daniel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
+Morgan, one of the outstanding generals of the Revolution who
+defeated Colonel Tarleton in the Battle of the Cowpens.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of Morgan County are thus set forth: "Beginning
+at the mouth of Cherry's Run at the river Potomac in the county
+of Berkeley, thence up the middle of said Run to its source, thence
+due west to the top of Sleepy Creek Mountain, thence along the
+top of said mountain to the line that separates the counties of
+Frederick and Berkeley, thence with the said line to the county
+of Hampshire, thence a direct line until it strikes the river Potomac
+opposite Mitchell's Rock and thence by the river Potomac
+to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>Pocahontas County created in 1821, a year after Morgan had
+been formed, and likewise a West Virginia county, lies in the
+southeastern section of the state opposite the Virginia county
+of Alleghany. Its name was a long delayed tribute to the fine character
+and achievements of the Indian maid Pocahontas. She both
+aided the settlers at Jamestown with gifts of sorely needed food,
+and by her marriage to John Rolfe secured eight years of peace
+for them. This period was vital to their survival.</p>
+
+<p>Pocahontas lies in a mountainous region rich in bituminous
+coal deposits, so much so that Pocahontas coal is known everywhere.
+The description of the county's bounds notes the lines of
+Greenbrier, Bath, Randolph and Pendleton counties and "Randolph
+court House." This is the first mention of a courthouse anywhere
+in this area.</p>
+
+<p>After discussing eight counties now in West Virginia, we come
+to a Virginia county, Alleghany, formed in 1822 from Botetourt,
+Bath and Monroe counties. It is the name the Delaware Indians
+gave both the Ohio and the Alleghany rivers, but its origin is uncertain.
+Presumably, the mountains took their name from the
+river. Within the bounds of Alleghany County the Jackson and
+the Cow-pasture rivers unite to form the James River, the longest
+river in the state and the most important in its early history.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds were thus described: "beginning at the top of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
+middle of Potts' mountain, where the road leading from Fincastle
+to the Sweet Springs crosses the same; thence with said road to the
+top of Peter's mountain; thence a straight line to the Greenbrier
+county line on the top of the Alleghany mountain so as to pass
+between the Sweet and Red springs; thence with the top of the
+Alleghany or Greenbrier line to a certain point so that a straight
+line drawn thence to include in the new county Captain Henry
+Massie's plantation in the Falling Spring Valley may also include
+Archibald Morriss's plantation on Jackson's river in said
+new county; thence a straight line from the said Massie's across
+the Cow-pasture river immediately below William Griffin's on
+said river to the Rockbridge county line; thence with said line to
+a point in the Rockbridge and Botetourt line so that a line drawn
+from thence will pass at or near the junction of Jackson's and
+Cow-pasture rivers to the nearest part of the Rich Patch mountain;
+and this line to be so run as to leave the house and yard
+of Captain John Jordan in the county of Botetourt; thence with
+the highest points of the said Rich Patch mountain next to Craig's
+creek so as to include the inhabitants of the Rich Patch in said
+new county, to a point at which it unites with Potts' mountain,
+thence with the top of the said mountain to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>In 1824 the county of Logan was formed from portions of Giles,
+Cabell, Tazewell and Kanawha counties. It lay in the southwestern
+part of the present West Virginia not far from the Kentucky
+line. The name derives from the Mingo Indian chieftain
+whose famous speech preserved by Thomas Jefferson was long a
+popular selection for young would-be orators.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">1830-1840 <span class="smcap">Large Increase in Population Necessitates<br />
+Fourteen New Counties</span></p>
+
+<p>For seven years, there was no further expansion until in 1831
+when the Virginia county of Floyd was formed. This was taken
+from that part of Montgomery County adjacent to the counties
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
+of Franklin, Patrick and Grayson. The name is in honor of John
+Floyd, Governor of Virginia 1830-1834. It is a beautiful county
+of high mountains, fertile valleys and good blue-grass pasture land.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds were thus prescribed: "Beginning at the widow
+Litterell's, thence a straight line to John Thrasher's; thence a
+straight line to John Cooper's old place; thence a straight line to
+where the Waggon road crosses the Laurel ridge; from thence
+along the highest part of said ridge to Little river; and down the
+same to Mack's mountain; and with the same to the Grayson
+line and with the same to the Patrick line and with the same to
+the Franklin line and with the same to the line of Montgomery
+and Franklin, opposite the widow Litterell's; from thence a
+straight line to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>In addition to Floyd, Fayette County was also formed in 1831.
+This county, the second attempt Virginia had made to honor
+the Marquis de la Fayette, fell later into West Virginia. Taken
+from parts of Logan, Greenbrier, Nicholas and Kanawha, Fayette
+lies in the southeastern part of the state, and is traversed by the
+New River.</p>
+
+<p>The lengthy description of its bounds notes several streams
+besides the New River; namely: Lick creek, Meadow river, Mill
+creek, Gauley river, Twenty Mile creek, Kanawha river, Guyandotte
+and Cole (Coal) river. For the first time we find mention
+of a turnpike, "the Kanawha turnpike." In the decade 1820-1830,
+a great interest in highways developed, and turnpikes and toll
+roads became numerous. In Virginia a well-known toll road ran
+through the Valley of Virginia called "the Valley Pike." National
+highway Route Number 11 largely follows its path.</p>
+
+<p>The third county created in 1831 also is now a West Virginia
+county, Jackson. Formed from Mason, Kanawha and Wood,
+Jackson lies in the western part of the state along the Ohio River
+south of Parkersburg. It was named for General Andrew Jackson,
+then in his first term as President of the United States. A song
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
+popular at that time carried these two lines complimenting his
+exploits:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 10%">"Glory be to Jackson for the Battle of New Orleans</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 10%">For there he gave the enemy the hot butter-beans"</span></p>
+
+
+<p>referring to his victory over the British in the battle of that name.</p>
+
+<p>We come back to Virginia now and discuss the fourth county
+created in 1831. Formed from Shenandoah and Rockingham
+counties, it lies in the Valley of Virginia with the famed Luray
+Cavern within its borders. It was named in honor of John Page,
+Governor of Virginia 1802-1805.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds are as follows: "Beginning at a point in the line of
+the counties of Rockingham and Orange on the top of the Blue
+Ridge opposite to the headwaters of Naked creek in the county
+of Rockingham; thence a straight line to the headwaters of said
+creek; thence with the meanderings of said creek to its junction
+with the South river; thence down the bed of said river to the
+upper end of Michael Shuler's island; thence a straight line to
+the mouth of Shuler's run; thence with the main branch of said
+run to its source; thence a straight line to the top of the Massanutten
+mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to its
+termination near Daniel Clem's; thence to the top of the eastern
+Fort mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to a point
+opposite to the mouth of Cunningham's run in the county of
+Shenandoah; thence a straight line to the mouth of said run;
+thence with the said run to its source; thence to a point in a direct
+line to the top of the Blue Ridge in the line of the two counties
+of Shenandoah and Culpeper; and thence with the top of the
+Blue Ridge to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>From Washington and Wythe in 1832 was established the
+new county of Smyth situated in the southwestern section of
+Virginia and extending to the North Carolina line. The name
+derives from General Alexander Smyth of Wythe County, Inspector
+General of the Army in 1812 and Member of Congress
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
+1817-1825, 1827-1830. A portrait of him by Saint Memin is in
+the Corcoran Art Gallery.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of the county are set forth as follows: "Beginning
+on the main stage road at a bridge in a hollow at a point where
+the spring branch of Phillip Griever deceased crosses the same;
+thence a direct line, passing equidistant between Preston's and
+King's salt wells to the line of Russell county; and from the said
+point on the main stage road aforesaid where the said spring
+branch crosses the same running south twenty-five degrees east
+to the southern boundary of Washington county; and beginning
+on the main stage coach road leading by Abingdon and Wythe
+courthouse, ten miles by the said road dividing Washington
+and Wythe counties; running thence northwest to the northern
+boundary of Wythe county and southeast to the southern boundary
+of Wythe county. The said line through Wythe county running
+precisely parallel with the line aforesaid through Washington
+County."</p>
+
+<p>In the above we note the great development that had taken
+place in this section, a "stagecoach road" and two towns, Abingdon
+and Wythe Courthouse, being mentioned for the first time.
+A road over which a heavy stagecoach could travel was a big
+advance over the bridle paths and "rolling roads" of the preceding
+century.</p>
+
+<p>In 1833, Rappahannock also a Virginia county, was established.
+This was taken from Culpeper County and named for the river
+which traverses it, and which, likely took its name from the Indian
+tribe living along its banks. The settlers first called this river
+Pembroke in honor of William Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke
+and brother-in-law of the famous Sir Philip Sydney. The Earl
+was a member of the Virginia Company of London and invested
+four hundred pounds sterling in the enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of Rappahannock County were as follows: "Beginning
+at the corner of Madison and Culpeper counties upon
+the top of the Blue Ridge of mountains and running thence with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
+the line of said counties to the point where it is intersected by
+Hugh's river above the junction of Hugh's and Hazel's rivers;
+thence with Hugh's river to the junction of the aforesaid rivers;
+thence to a bend in the river near a point called the Giant's castle;
+thence to Horner's mill upon the Fauquier and Culpeper line;
+thence with said line to the corner of the aforesaid counties upon
+the top of the Blue Ridge, thence with said mountain to the
+beginning."</p>
+
+<p>The next county established in this continuous effort to make
+due processes of law and order accessible to all lies now in the
+northern tip of West Virginia. It is called Marshall, honoring
+John Marshall who died in 1835, the year of the county's creation.
+John Marshall's career and achievements are too well known to
+be recounted here; suffice it to say that in his lengthy tenure as
+its Chief Justice he gave plan, directive and purpose to the Supreme
+Court of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of Marshall County were set forth as being "all
+that part of the lower end of the county of Ohio lying south
+of a line beginning on the Ohio river at a stone to be fixed on
+the bank of said river, one half mile above the mouth of Buggs'
+run; thence a direct line to the northern boundary of the town of
+West Union and thence continuing the same course to the Pennsylvania
+line."</p>
+
+<p>In 1836 Braxton, also at present a West Virginia county, was
+created from portions of Lewis and Nicholas counties. Its name
+honors Carter Braxton, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence,
+the last one of the Virginia signers to receive this distinction.</p>
+
+<p>The description of its bounds though long is of interest because
+of the number of place names used and is therefore quoted:
+"beginning at Salt Works road at the head of Barbecue run and
+running thence with the dividing ridge of the Kanawha and
+Monongalia waters to the head of the Fall run; thence along the
+leading ridge to the forks of the Little Kanawha; thence up the
+right hand fork to its head; thence with the dividing ridge between
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
+Kanawha, Buchanan and Elk waters, to the corner of
+Randolph and Nicholas county line; thence with the said line to
+the top of the Point mountain above the Fork lick; thence along
+the top of the Point mountain to the end thereof; thence a straight
+line to Joseph Priam's (so as to include Joseph Priam's lands
+within the boundary of the new county); thence a straight line
+to the top of the ridge between Big and Little Birch rivers, and
+down said ridge to the mouth of Little Birch river; thence a
+straight line to the mouth of the Rock-camp fork of Big Buffalo
+(above Young's Bottoms); thence down the same to its mouth,
+crossing Elk river; thence to the Lewis and Kanawha county
+line at a point where a straight line to the mouth of the Long
+Shoal run will include Jacob Shock on Steer creek within the
+boundary of the new county; thence up the said Long Shoal
+run to the top of the ridge between the Sand fork and Little
+Kanawha; thence with the dividing ridge to the head of the left
+hand fork of the Three lick fork of Oil creek; thence to its mouth;
+thence to the main fork of Oil creek; thence up the Clover lick
+fork to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>From almost the center of the present state of West Virginia,
+we now return to Virginia and note the creation from Frederick
+of the new county of Clarke. Braxton, Clarke and Warren were
+all established in the year 1836. Clarke, though incorrectly
+spelled pays honor to that native of Albemarle County who won
+the Northwest Territory for the Continental Congress, George
+Rogers Clark. The county, cut from the eastern part of Frederick,
+adjoins Jefferson, Loudoun and Fauquier.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning at the point in the Blue
+Ridge where the line dividing the counties of Jefferson and
+Loudoun meets the line dividing the counties of Frederick and
+Loudoun, thence with the line dividing the counties of Jefferson
+and Frederick to the middle of the Opequon creek; thence up
+the middle of the Opequon to the mouth of Wright's branch;
+thence up that stream to the mouth of Nations Spring run;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
+thence a direct line until it reaches Colin Leach's corner, next
+to major Seth Mason's land on the road to Nineveh; thence eastwardly
+by a direct line, passing south of the buildings and curtilages
+of doctor James Hay and James M. Hite, to a point on the
+Shenandoah river, at the mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run, on the
+north side of the Shenandoah river; thence from the mouth of
+said run a straight line to the nearest top of the Blue Ridge of
+mountains; and thence on the eastern boundary of Frederick
+county to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>Curtilage, used for the first time in any description, is a law
+term denoting the fenced-in area adjoining a dwelling house or
+a courtyard. The term often used now is dependencies.</p>
+
+<p>Warren, the third county created in 1836, lies over the Blue
+Ridge from and a little to the south of Clarke. Its territory was
+taken from those portions of Shenandoah and Frederick counties
+that adjoined "the counties of Rappahannock and Fauquier in
+the southern part thereof." The name honors the brave soldier
+Major General Joseph Warren who fell in the Battle of Bunker
+Hill.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of Warren County which mention some places
+noted in Clarke County's bounds are as follows: "Beginning at
+the top of the Blue Ridge where the counties of Shenandoah
+and Page corner on the Rappahannock county line; thence west
+with the Page line to the top of the southeast Fort mountain;
+thence north with the top of said mountain to its termination
+at the mouth of Powel's fort; thence a straight line from the
+top of said mountain to the nearest top of the Three top mountain;
+thence with the top of said mountain to the high peak opposite
+Strasburg; thence a straight line to Hoffman's ford across
+the north branch of Shenandoah river; thence down the bed of
+said river to the mouth of Cedar creek on the north side of said
+river; thence up said creek to where the Winchester and Staunton
+stage road crosses said creek; thence a straight line to Zion
+meeting-house in Frederick county; thence with the main
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
+road leading towards the White post until it reaches Colin
+Leache's corner, a point on said road; then eastwardly by a direct
+line passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor James
+Hay and James M. Hite; to a point on Burden's March run;
+thence by a direct line to a point on the Shenandoah river at
+the mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run on the north side of the Shenandoah
+river; thence from the mouth of said run a straight line
+to the nearest top of the Blue Ridge; thence a southwest course
+with the top of said Blue Ridge to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>The next year, 1837, Mercer, now in West Virginia but adjoining
+Giles County, Virginia, was formed. The Act authorizing
+its creation is as follows: "All that part of the counties of Giles
+and Tazewell contained within the following boundary lines ...
+shall form one distinct and new county and be called and known
+by the name of Mercer county in memory of general Hugh
+Mercer who fell at Princeton." Appropriately the county seat of
+Mercer County is Princeton.</p>
+
+<p>In 1838 the Virginia counties of Greene and Roanoke were
+set up.</p>
+
+<p>The Act for the former county is as follows: "So much of
+the county of Orange as it lies next to and adjoining the counties
+of Madison, Rockingham and Albemarle and west of a line beginning
+at Cave's old mill (now James Jackson's) on the Madison
+county line and running thence a straight line to where Whitelow's
+mill run intersects the Albemarle county line shall form
+one distinct and new county and be called and known by the
+name of Greene county in memory of general Nathaniel Greene
+who served his country in the revolutionary war."</p>
+
+<p>It may be mentioned that this is the second county in Virginia
+honoring General Greene. The correct spelling for his first name
+is Nathanael.</p>
+
+<p>In Greene County lies Swift Run Gap. This is the gap in
+the Blue Ridge mountains over which in September 1715, Governor
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
+Spotswood led his adventurous band into the beautiful
+Valley of Virginia. Westward expansion began at this date.</p>
+
+<p>The second county created in 1838 was Roanoke composed
+of that portion of Botetourt lying next to the southwestern parts
+of Montgomery, Franklin and Bedford. Roanoke was the name
+applied by the early colonists to the shell-beads of different colors
+used by the Indians as a medium of exchange. The river had
+long been known as Roanoke, hence it seems likely that the
+county took its name from the river.</p>
+
+<p>Roanoke County is thus bounded: "beginning at a point on
+the Blue ridge which divides the counties of Bedford and Botetourt,
+thence northwest to the house now the residence of John
+Bonsack on Glade creek so as to include the said Bonsack in the
+new county, thence a line to the house of Thomas Barnes including
+said Barnes in the county, and so as to leave John W.
+Thompson in the county of Botetourt, thence a straight line
+crossing the Catawba Valley at a point one mile due north of
+Mrs. Garwood's; thence crossing Craig's creek (passing the house
+of John Spessard on Craig's creek so as to leave the said Spessard
+in the old county) to the top of the mountain which divides the
+waters of Craig's creek and Sinking creek, thence westwardly
+along the top of the mountain to the point where the lines of
+Botetourt, Montgomery and Giles counties meet, thence with
+the line which divided the county of Botetourt from the county
+of Montgomery to the point at which the said line joins the
+Bedford line, thence with the Bedford line to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>In this same area in the following year the county of Pulaski
+was created from the western end of Montgomery and the eastern
+end of Wythe. Its name honored the Polish patriot Count Casimir
+Pulaski who, exiled from his homeland, came to America and
+joined General Washington's army. He participated in important
+engagements and finally fell on 11 October 1779 unsuccessfully
+defending Savannah, Georgia.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of Pulaski County are thus set forth: "beginning
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>
+at a line dividing the county of Giles from Montgomery on New
+river, thence with same line to the head of a hollow above Hiram
+Davis's on Little Walker's creek; thence to a point on the main
+road between the lands of John T. Sayers and Harvey Shepherd
+including the plantation of David G. Shepherd, thence to the
+mouth of Pine run on New river, thence to the Grayson county
+line; including Sally King's plantation on Reed island; thence
+with the Grayson line to the Floyd line, and with the same to
+the mouth of Indian creek on Little river, and with the same including
+the farm of Creed Taylor to New river, and with the
+same to the beginning."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">1840-1850 <span class="smcap">Flood Tide, Sixteen New Counties</span></p>
+
+<p>Three years elapsed before another county was needed and
+it was not until 1842 that the county of Marion was formed from
+the southern part of Monongalia and the northern part of Harrison.
+The name given it was "in honor to and in memory of general
+Francis Marion who served his country in the war of the
+revolution." This county now lies in West Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Also in 1842, a new county in the southwestern area of Virginia
+was formed from Grayson. It was thus bounded: "beginning on
+the North Carolina line at or near Fisher's peak and running
+thence a straight line across the said county of Grayson (so as to
+cross Chestnut creek near the ford at major James Anderson's)
+to the line of Wythe county thence along said Wythe line to the
+line of Pulaski county thence along said Pulaski line to line of
+Floyd county, thence along said Floyd line to the line of Patrick;
+thence along the said Patrick line to the North Carolina line
+thence along said North Carolina line to the point of beginning
+... and be called and known by the name of Carroll in memory
+of Charles Carroll of Carrollton." Charles Carroll, one of the
+Maryland Signers of the Declaration of Independence, had been
+the last survivor of this noble group, dying in 1832 at the age of
+95 years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The third county created in 1842, Wayne, taken from the
+western part of Cabell lay along the Ohio river and is now in
+West Virginia. This new division was to "be called and known
+by the name of Wayne county in memory and in honor of general
+Anthony Wayne."</p>
+
+<p>Two counties destined to be in West Virginia were set up in
+1843. The first of these was Ritchie in the western part of the
+state created from portions of Lewis, Harrison and Wood. The
+name honors Thomas Ritchie, "founder and long the able editor
+of the <i>Richmond Enquirer</i> and 'father of democracy' in Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>The other county, Barbour, lying in the northeastern part of
+the state was established from areas of Harrison, Lewis and Randolph.
+The description of its bounds besides mentioning the
+usual rivers and ridges names also several persons which always
+draws the reader's interest. Some of these are: "Rueben Davisson's
+farm," "the old farm now occupied by Samuel Bartlett,"
+"William Bean's," "Samuel Black's residence" and "the widow
+Corley's corner tree."</p>
+
+<p>The name of the county was "in honour to and in memory of
+Philip Barbour of Virginia." Appropriately the county seat is
+Philippi. Judge Barbour, a native of Orange County, Virginia,
+where his home "Frascati" still stands, achieved distinction as a
+Judge of the Supreme Court. He had died the year before the
+county was formed.</p>
+
+<p>Taylor County, also in the northeastern part of West Virginia
+was formed in 1844 from sections of Harrison, Barbour and
+Marion. Its bounds mention "the residence of Anderson Corbin,"
+"the residence of James M'Daniell," "the residence of Joseph
+Bailey," "the farm of John H. Woodford" and others.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the county honors General Zachary Taylor,
+twelfth President of the United States, a native of Orange County,
+Virginia. He had a distinguished military career, serving in
+the Black Hawk, Seminole and Mexican Wars.</p>
+
+<p>The determination on the part of Virginia's General Assembly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
+to render justice more easy and accessible to all its citizens was
+as strong in 1845 when parts of Lewis and Kanawha counties
+became Gilmer County as it had been two centuries earlier. It
+was the unifying purpose in all development.</p>
+
+<p>The name Gilmer takes us to Albemarle County, Virginia,
+where Thomas Walker Gilmer, elected Governor of Virginia in
+1840, was born. He was grandson of Doctor Thomas Walker of
+"Castle Hill," Albemarle County who was the first to explore
+Southwest Virginia and Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time that Gilmer was formed, the county which
+lies to the north of it was established. Both are now in West
+Virginia. The bounds of Doddridge County, as noted in the
+Act of Assembly creating it, list several waterways including
+Hughes's and Monongahela rivers but the most interesting land
+mark named is "the Northwestern turnpike road at tollgate number
+eleven." This shows steadily advancing development in transportation,
+for earlier there had been references to wagon roads,
+then to stagecoach roads and now to a turnpike with the regular
+tollgates to provide funds for maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>The name honors the memory of Philip Doddridge of Brooke
+County, who was a prominent member of the Virginia Constitutional
+Convention of 1829-30. He was an advocate of the
+wishes of the western portion of the state to have representation
+based upon white population exclusively. This motion failed
+and a compromise constitution was agreed upon. Philip Doddridge
+died in Washington, D. C. in 1832 while serving as a
+member of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>After discussing six counties now in West Virginia, we come
+now to the county of Appomattox formed in 1845 from portions
+of Buckingham, Prince Edward, Charlotte and Campbell. The
+name derives from the river which traverses the county.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds are thus defined: "Beginning at the mouth of
+David's creek on James river; thence a straight line to the head
+of Holleway creek; thence down the same as it meanders to Appomattox
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
+river; thence down the same to the Cutbanks; thence
+a straight line to the mouth of Cabin branch on Vaughan's
+creek; thence up the said creek to its head; thence a straight
+line to Merryman's or Land's; thence along the public road leading
+by M'Kinney's old store to the fork of the Lynchburg road
+about a mile north of the Red house; thence a straight line to
+the old mill formerly owned by William Harvey; thence along
+the Lynchburg road to the mill formerly owned by Samuel
+Branch, esquire, on Falling river; thence up the said river to
+the mouth of Reedy creek; thence a straight line to Hunter's
+old tavern (now Glovers); thence a straight line to Sterling C.
+Anderson's; thence a straight line to the mouth of Scott's branch
+about a mile before the mouth of Joshua's creek on James river;
+and thence down the said river to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, in the northwestern portion of the present state of
+West Virginia, the new county of Wetzel was set up from Tyler.
+The following landowners are named as living within its bounds:
+"James Peden (or Paden), Richard Anchrom and Rueben Martin,
+esquire." The county was so called "in honor of Louis Wetzel,
+the distinguished frontiersman and Indian scout, the Boone of
+Northwestern Virginia."</p>
+
+<p>As if feeling this action a little unfair, the Assembly next
+year, when a new county was to be created, named it Boone
+"in honor to and in memory of Daniel Boone the well known
+pioneer of the western frontier settlements." Boone was taken
+from parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Logan counties and lies
+south of Charleston, the state capital.</p>
+
+<p>In this same year, the county of Alexandria was added to
+Virginia's jurisdiction. The Assembly enacted "That the territory
+comprising the county of Alexandria in the District of Columbia
+heretofore ceded by this commonwealth to the United States and
+by an act of congress approved on the ninth day of July eighteen
+hundred and forty-six retroceded to this commonwealth, and
+by it accepted, is hereby declared to be an integral portion of this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
+commonwealth and the citizens thereof are hereby declared to
+be subject to all the provisions, and entitled to all the benefits,
+rights and privileges of the bill of rights and constitution of this
+commonwealth."</p>
+
+<p>In 1791, to aid in establishing the Federal City, as Washington
+was sometimes called, Virginia gave to the United States certain
+land taken from Fairfax County to form a part of the District
+of Columbia. In the Act quoted above it has been seen that the
+United States retroceded to Virginia that part of the District of
+Columbia which comprised the county of Alexandria. The name
+in 1920 was changed to Arlington.</p>
+
+<p>Across the state from Alexandria the new county of Highland
+came into being in 1847, being taken from parts of Pendleton
+and Bath. Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning where the
+North river gap road crosses the Augusta county line, and running
+thence to the top of Jackson's mountain so as to leave Jacob
+Hiver's mansion house in Pendleton county; thence to Andrew
+Fleisher's so as to include his mansion house in the new county;
+thence to the highlands between the Dry run and Crab bottom;
+and thence along the top of the High Knob; thence north sixty-five
+degrees west to Pocahontas county line; thence along said
+county line to the plum orchard on the top of the Alleghany
+mountains; thence to Adam Stephenson's mansion house on Jackson's
+river in Bath county so as to include Thomas Campbell's
+mansion house on Back creek and also said Adam Stephenson's in
+the new county; thence to Andrew H. Byrd's mansion house on
+the Cow-pasture river so as to include the same in the new county,
+and so as to leave the dwelling house of William M'Clintick,
+jr. in Bath county; thence south sixty-five degrees east to the
+Augusta county line and thence with said line to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>The name of the county is derived from its exceptionally high
+altitude, and the name of its county seat, Monterey, reflects the
+popular interest felt in the victory General Taylor had just won
+over the Mexicans at the Battle of Monterey.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After the formation of Highland County five counties destined
+to lie in West Virginia were established. The first of these,
+Hancock, created in 1848 out of Brooke, lies in the extreme
+northern tip of the present state between the Ohio river and
+the Pennsylvania state line. Its name honors the first Signer of
+the Declaration of Independence, whose distinguished signature
+is familiar through countless reproductions.</p>
+
+<p>In this same year from portions of Jackson and Wood counties
+was formed Wirt. This is in the northwestern area of the state
+not far from Parkersburg. In the description of bounds, only
+three land owners are named, John Stephens, junior, John P.
+Thomasson and William Goff.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the county honored the distinguished lawyer,
+William Wirt, who had died a few years before. He had served
+as Attorney General of the United States from 1817 to 1829
+and had been a candidate for the Presidency on the Anti-Masonic
+ticket in 1832. He is best remembered for his life of Patrick
+Henry.</p>
+
+<p>The third county created in 1848 was Putnam, composed of
+parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Mason counties, and lying to the
+west of the city of Charleston. Its name recalls a hero of the
+Revolutionary War, General Israel Putnam who distinguished
+himself at the Battle of Bunker Hill and became a popular hero.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">1850-1860 <span class="smcap">Ebbing Tide, Twelve Counties</span></p>
+
+<p>The year 1850 saw the formation of two more counties now
+in West Virginia. The first one, Raleigh, was taken from the
+southern part of Fayette. In its bounds, the lands of Isaac Sonners
+and Jackson Jarrell, and the New, Coal, and Guyandotte rivers
+are noted. The name was "in memory of Sir Walter Raleigh who
+made the earliest effort to colonize Virginia." It is pleasant to
+see that Virginia finally recognized her debt to this valiant soul,
+even though it was tardily done, for he died in 1618.</p>
+
+<p>A few days after Raleigh became a county, the Virginia Assembly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
+enacted that the county of Wyoming be erected out of
+the county of Logan. Wyoming lies in the southern central portion
+of West Virginia. The reason for the name is obscure, whether
+it was for the beautiful Wyoming Valley in north central
+Pennsylvania watered by the Susquehanna River, or for the
+brutal massacre of its inhabitants on 4 July 1778 by a British
+and Indian force is unknown.</p>
+
+<p>Half of the nineteenth century has passed and our narrative
+has only a few more years to chronicle. In 1851, three counties
+were formed. One of these, Craig, remained in Virginia. It was
+taken from parts of Botetourt, Roanoke, Giles and Monroe.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning on the top of the
+Middle mountain at the corner of Monroe and Alleghany counties,
+near Achilles Dews, and running with the Alleghany line
+to the top of Peters' mountain; thence westward along the top
+of said mountain to a point nearby opposite to the house of
+Boston Rowan; thence crossing Potts' creek to a point one fourth
+of a mile below said Rowan's so as to leave said Rowan's in the
+county of Monroe; thence a southwestern direction to the top
+of Potts' mountain, so as to leave Armentrout, Fridley and Rose
+in Monroe; thence westward along the top of said mountain to
+a point opposite Colonel R. M. Hutchinson's on John's creek,
+and thence a straight line including said Hutchinson in the new
+county, and crossing Sinking creek valley to William Niday's,
+including said Niday in the new county, to the Montgomery line;
+thence eastward with the Montgomery line to the corner of Roanoke
+and Montgomery; thence with the Roanoke line to the top
+of Brush mountain; thence eastward along said mountain, crossing
+the Cove branch where John Carper formerly lived; thence
+along the same range of mountains passing near Lilburn Doss's,
+crossing Stone Coal gap; thence along the same range of mountains,
+crossing Price's turnpike road to a point opposite Daniel
+Sizer's; thence a northwestern direction crossing Craig's creek
+above said Sizer's to a point one mile from Craig's creek on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>
+ridge; thence to Andrew Persinger's on Barber's creek; thence
+to the Alleghany line and with the same to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>The name of the county honored Robert Craig, member of
+Congress from Virginia 1829-1834, 1835-1841.</p>
+
+<p>In the same month in which Craig was set up, the new county
+of Upshur was created from parts of Randolph, Barbour and
+Lewis, all now in West Virginia. The starting point in the description
+of its bounds reads as follows: "Beginning at a rock or milestone
+on the Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike road ten miles
+east of Weston in Lewis County." This shows that transportation
+had developed sufficiently to connect places on the Ohio
+River with other sections of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Upshur County took its name from Abel P. Upshur whom
+President Tyler appointed Secretary of State to succeed Daniel
+Webster. Upshur was killed 28 February 1844 by the explosion
+of a new type of cannon which was being tested on the U.S.S.
+<i>Princeton</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Also in March 1851, from the counties of Tyler, Wood and
+Ritchie the new county of Pleasants was established. This lies
+in the area around Parkersburg in the northwestern part of
+West Virginia, along the Ohio River. The name honored the
+memory of James Pleasants, Governor of Virginia, 1822 to 1825,
+member of a family long resident and prominent in the state.</p>
+
+<p>Five years passed and in the interval population had increased
+to such an extent in the western part of Virginia that four county
+governments had to be set up to take care of legal needs. One
+of these, Wise, formed from portions of Lee, Scott and Russell
+counties, remains in Virginia. The name honored Henry A.
+Wise, Governor of Virginia 1856-1860.</p>
+
+<p>The bounds of the county were as follows: "Beginning at the
+break of Cumberland mountain on the Kentucky and Virginia
+line where the Pound fork of Sandy breaks through the Cumberland
+mountain; thence up the Pound fork to the mouth of Crane's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span>
+nest, a water of said Pound fork; thence with the dividing ridge
+between the waters of Crane's nest and McLure's, to William
+Taylor's farm, including said Taylor's farm in the new county;
+thence a straight line to the mouth of Lick creek; thence down
+Clinch river to the mouth of Guest's river; thence up Guest's
+river one mile; thence a straight line to the Camp rock south
+of the High Knob; thence a straight line to the Pole fence on
+Little Powell's mountain, on the line dividing Scott and Lee
+counties; thence with said county line to the head of Stock creek
+including the farm of Zachariah N. Wells in the said county;
+thence a straight line to the Cedar gap near Powell's river; thence
+a straight line to the dividing ridge between the waters of Crab
+orchard and Pigeon fork; thence with said dividing ridge to the
+Kentucky line and thence with the Kentucky line to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>In the Act creating the county it was ordered that the "said
+seat of justice shall be known as Gladesville," but the present
+county seat is called Wise.</p>
+
+<p>As has been said, Wise was the only one of the four counties
+erected in 1856 that remains in Virginia. The next county formed
+was Calhoun taken from the lower portion of Gilmer County
+beginning at the West Fork of the Little Kanawha River. The
+name derives from the great South Carolina statesman who succeeded
+Abel P. Upshur as Secretary of State and was long outstanding
+in politics.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time that Calhoun became an entity, parts of the
+counties of Kanawha, Jackson, and Gilmer lying a little to the
+west of Calhoun became Roane County. The description of its
+bounds is startling when it mentions "the Ravenswood and California
+turnpike in Jackson county," but later we learn that California
+is a town in Jackson County.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to Roane County, "its name and that of its seat
+of justice, Spencer, commemorate that of him [Spencer Roane
+]<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
+whose life and public services added lustre to the annals of Virginia
+jurisprudence." Spencer Roane was "judge of the Supreme
+Bench 1794 to 1822."</p>
+
+<p>The next county was Tucker formed out of the northeastern
+portion of Randolph County and adjoining also the counties of
+Hardy, Preston and Pendleton. The county seat appropriately
+bore the name of Saint George. The county was "named in
+honor of Saint George Tucker the eminent Virginia jurist while
+the seat of justice derives its name from Saint George Tucker
+who was Clerk of the House of Delegates at the time the county
+was formed."</p>
+
+<p>Two years later in 1858, three more counties were established,
+one of which, Buchanan, was destined to remain in Virginia,
+and the other two in West Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>McDowell, one of the two, was taken from the northwest portion
+of Tazewell County and remains a border county between
+the two states, "The ridge between Abb's Valley and Sandy"
+is one of the bounding lines noted in the description; it recalls
+the Indian Massacre that occurred in that Valley and the many
+stories related about it.</p>
+
+<p>The name of the county honors James McDowell, elected
+Governor of Virginia in 1843 and serving until 1846.</p>
+
+<p>Clay County formed also in 1858 was created out of the southern
+part of Braxton County and the northern part of Nicholas.
+Among the property owners whose lands were mentioned as
+within its bounds, were Thomas Jarvis, jr., James Rogers, Charles
+Ruffner, who with others owned a twelve thousand acre tract
+"(near the farm of William Nichol, Sr.)," Strother B. Grose and
+Abraham Dilly.</p>
+
+<p>The county was so named in honor of Henry Clay, the great
+Kentucky statesman who had died only a few years before its
+formation.</p>
+
+<p>The Virginia county established in 1858 from parts of Tazewell
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span>
+and Russell was Buchanan, named for James Buchanan,
+President of the United States 1857-1861.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning at the state line between
+Kentucky and Virginia and with said line to its intersection
+with the line of Wise county, to the top of the dividing ridge
+between the waters of Sandy and Clinch and with said ridge
+eastwardly to the head of Dismal, a branch of the Lavica fork
+of Sandy river; then with the dividing ridge between the waters
+of Dismal and the waters of the Dry fork of Sandy and with the
+ridge between the waters of the Lavica fork and the Dry fork
+to the ridge between Knox creek and Bull creek to Tug river
+and down Tug river to the beginning."</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">1860-1870 <span class="smcap">Recession, Two Counties</span></p>
+
+<p>In 1860, an Act was passed to create the new county of Webster
+from portions of the counties of Nicholas, Braxton and Randolph,
+all to be later in West Virginia. The name honored Daniel
+Webster, the prominent statesman who had died only a few years
+previously.</p>
+
+<p>In March 1861, the new county of Bland, taken from portions
+of Giles, Wythe and Tazewell and named for Richard Bland
+of Revolutionary War fame came into being. Its bounds are thus
+set forth: "beginning at the top of Walker's Little mountain
+at the line between Wythe and Pulaski and running northwards
+with said line of Pulaski, to the top of Walker's Big mountain;
+thence eastward along the top of said last mentioned mountain
+to a point opposite the mouth of Kimberling creek; thence by a
+line northward passing through the mouth of said Kimberling
+creek to a point on the top of the mountain which lies south of
+Wolf creek, three miles east of the present county line between
+Giles and Tazewell counties; thence to a point on the top of
+East river mountain two miles east of the present county line
+between Giles and Tazewell so as to include the homestead of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
+Madison Allen and his lands adjoining thereto; thence with the
+top of the said East River mountain westward to a point two
+miles west of George Steel's house on Clear fork; thence across
+and by a line as near as may be at right angles to the course of
+the valley between to the top of Rich mountain and westward
+along the top of said Rich mountain so far as to include the settlement
+of Wolf creek, thence across the top of Garden mountain;
+thence along the top of Garden mountain to a point through
+which the line between Wythe and Smyth would pass if prolonged;
+thence by said prolonged line to the said line between
+Wythe and Smyth and by the last mentioned line to the top of
+Walker's Big mountain; thence eastward with the top of said
+Walker's Big mountain to a point opposite the headwaters of
+Walker's Little creek; thence across to the top of Walker's Little
+mountain, thence to the top of said mountain eastward to the
+beginning."</p>
+
+<p>Hardly was the ink dry on the Act quoted above when war
+precluded further settlements and expansion. Not for nearly
+twenty years would another and the last county be established.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Finis&mdash;One County</span></p>
+
+<p>In March 1880, out of the counties of Russell, Wise, and
+Buchanan was formed the new county of Dickenson, named
+for a prominent member of the Readjuster Party, then dominant
+in Virginia.</p>
+
+<p>Its bounds noted in great detail are as follows: "beginning
+at Osborn's gap in Cumberland mountain on the state line;
+thence a straight line to the top of George's Fork mountain at
+a point where the road crosses said mountain; thence with the
+top of the mountain to the head of Lick branch, a tributary of
+Crane's nest creek; thence a straight line to the mouth of Birchfield
+creek; thence up Crane's Nest creek to the mouth of Lion's
+fork; thence up said creek to the forks of said branch; thence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>
+up the Fork spur to the top of Crane's Nest bridge; thence a
+straight line to Sandy Ridge meeting-house in the county of Wise
+on the top of Sandy Ridge; thence with the top of Sandy ridge
+to the James Porter farm at the head of Nancy's ridge; thence a
+straight line to Trammel gap on Sandy ridge, thence with the
+top of Sandy ridge with a line of Russell county to the James
+P. Kiser farm, thence a straight line to Henry Kiser's farm on
+the top of Sandy ridge at the Russell county line; thence with
+the Russell county line to James Rasnaker's farm, including said
+farm in the new county; thence down the Cany ridge to the
+mouth of Cany creek; thence down Indian creek to its mouth;
+including J. H. Duly's farm; thence down Russell's fork of Sandy
+river to the mouth of Panpan creek, including Andrew Owen's
+dwelling house; thence a straight line to the mouth of Greenbrier
+creek, a tributary of Prater creek; thence a straight line
+to the Big meadow gap; thence down a branch to Gressy creek;
+thence down said creek to the mouth of Russell's fork of Sandy
+river; thence down said river to the state line of Virginia and
+Kentucky; thence with the state line to the beginning."</p>
+
+<p>The formation of Dickenson County in 1880 completed all
+the local organizations authorized by the Virginia Assembly from
+1634 up to the present, though in many counties minor changes
+in bounds have been enacted from time to time.</p>
+
+<p>We have seen the little feeble settlements along the James
+River extend like a rising tide now east, now south, now north
+and finally with great impetus to the west. Each settlement as
+it was established proceeded to put into effect the concepts of
+law and order as practiced at Jamestown, and handed down from
+father to son. The principle of representative constitutional government
+as evidenced in the first General Assembly of 1619 may
+be called the sacred fire each settlement took with it and carefully
+tended. It was the one thing all shared whether they lived by the
+James River or high on the Blue Ridge. A settlement, a county,
+a state, each one must have law, order, ready justice, representative
+<span class="pagenum">[78]</span>
+government. That is the theme underlying the development
+of Virginia which we have traced step by step. It is the theme
+underlying the development of our nation. Every American is
+a debtor to Jamestown for his heritage of representative constitutional
+government.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[79]</span></p>
+
+
+<h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2>
+
+
+<blockquote><p><i>Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia</i>, 1808-1880.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel, J. R. V., <i>A Hornbook of Virginia History</i>, Richmond, 1950.</p>
+
+<p>Hening, William Waller, <i>The Statutes at Large</i>, Being <i>a
+Collection of All the Laws of Virginia</i>, 1619-1792, Richmond,
+1809-1823, 13 Vols.</p>
+
+<p>Robinson, Morgan P., <i>Virginia Counties, Bulletin of the Virginia State
+Library</i>, Vol. 9, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1916.</p>
+
+<p>Shepherd, Samuel, <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 1793-1806. Continuation of
+Hening.</p>
+
+<p>Richmond 1835-1836. 3 Vols.</p>
+
+<p>Stith, William. <i>History of First Discovery and Settlement of
+Virginia.</i>
+Williamsburg, 1747.</p>
+
+<p>Tyler, Lyon G., <i>Cradle of the Republic.</i> 2 ed. Richmond, 1900.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[81]</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>KEY TO CHARTS</h2>
+
+<table style="margin-left: 30%; font-size: 10pt; line-height:9pt;" summary="Key to charts">
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">No.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Accawmack, 1634 (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Accomack, 1663</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Albemarle</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Alexandria (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Alleghany</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Amelia</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Amherst</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Appomattox</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Arlington</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Augusta</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9, 10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Barbour (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bath</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bedford</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Berkeley (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Boone (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Botetourt</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10, 11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Bourbon (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Braxton (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Brooke (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Brunswick</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Buchanan</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Buckingham</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cabell (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Calhoun (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Campbell</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Caroline</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Carroll</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Charles City</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Charles River (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Charlotte</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Chesterfield</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Clarke</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Clay (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Craig</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Culpeper</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Cumberland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Diskenson</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dinwiddie</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Doddridge (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Dunmore (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Elizbeth City (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Essex</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fairfax</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fauquier</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fayette, 1780 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fayette, 1831 (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fincastle (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Floyd</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Fluvanna</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Franklin</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Frederick</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Giles</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gilmer (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Gloucester</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Goochland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Grayson</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Greenbrier (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Greene</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Greensville</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Halifax</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hampshire (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hancock (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hanover</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Hardy (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Harrison (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Henrico</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Henry</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Highland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Illinois (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Isle of Wight</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jackson (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>James City</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jefferson, 1789 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Jefferson, 1801 (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kanawha (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Kentucky (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>King and Queen</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>King George</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>King William</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lancaster</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lee</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lewis (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lincoln (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Logan (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Loudoun</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Louisa</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lower Norfolk (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Lunenburg</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>McDowell (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Madison, 1786 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Madison, 1793</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Marshall (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Marion (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mason, 1789 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mason, 1804</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mathews</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mecklenburg</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mercer, 1786 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Mercer, 1837 (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Middlesex</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Monongalia (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Monroe (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Montgomery</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Morgan (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nansemond</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nelson, 1785 (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nelson, 1808</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New Kent</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>New Norfolk (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nicholas (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Norfolk</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Northampton</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Northumberland (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Nottoway</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ohio (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr><tr>
+<td>Orange</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Page</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Patrick</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pendleton (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pittsylvania</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pleasants (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pocahontas (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Powhatan</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">5</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Preston (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Prince Edward</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Prince George</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Prince William</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Princess Anne</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Pulaski</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Putnam (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Raleigh (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Randolph (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Rappahannock, 1656 (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Rappahannock, 1833</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Richmond</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Ritchie (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Roane (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Roanoke</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Rockbridge</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Rockingham</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Russell</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Scott</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Shenandoah</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Smyth</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Southampton</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Spotsylvania</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Stafford</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Surry</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Sussex</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">6</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Taylor (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tazewell</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tucker (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Tyler (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Upper Norfolk (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">4</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Upshir (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Warren</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Warrosquyoake (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">7</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Warwick (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Warwick River (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">8</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Washington</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wayne (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Westmoreland</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">9</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Werzel (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wirt (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wise</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wood (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Woodford (Ky.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wyoming (W. Va.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Wythe</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">11</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>Yohogania (Ex.)</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">10</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>York</td><td style="padding-left: 15pt; text-align: right">3</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[83]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill08.jpg" alt="Charts 1 and 2" /></p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[84]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill09.jpg" alt="Charts 3 - 8" /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[85]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill10.jpg" alt="Chart 9" /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[86]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill11.jpg" alt="Chart 10" /></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[87]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/ill12.jpg" alt="Chart 11" /></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[89]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-left: 20%">
+        Aaron's creek, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Abb's valley, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Abingdon, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Abrell, Robert, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Accomack (Accawmack) county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Accomack Indians, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Admiralty, Courts of, <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, admiralty</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Agee family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Albemarle, William Anne Keppel, 2d Earl of, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Albemarle county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Albemarle parish, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Albemarle sound, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Alexandria county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Alleghany county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Allegheny mountains, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Allegheny river, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Allen, Madison, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Amelia, Princess, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Amelia county, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Amherst county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Amherst parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Anchrom, Richard, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Anderson, James, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sterling C., <a href="#Page_68">68</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Andros, Sir Edmund, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Annapolis, Md., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Anne, Queen, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Anthony's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Antrim parish, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Appomattox county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Appomattox river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Argall, Sir Samuel, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Arlington county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Armentrout, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ashby's gap (or bent), <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Augusta county, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Augusta parish, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Back creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bacon's Rebellion, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bailey, Joseph, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Barbecue run, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Barber's creek, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Barbour, Philip, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Barbour county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Barnes, Thomas, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bartlett, Samuel, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bath county, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bean, William, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Beard, John, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Beckford parish, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bedford county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bennett (Mr.), <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Berkeley county, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bever, Charles, dams of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Big Birch river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Big Buffalo river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Big Meadow gap, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Big Reedy island, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Birchfield creek, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Black, Samuel, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Blackstone, Sir William, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Blackwater river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bland, Richard, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bland county, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Blanford, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Blue mountains, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Blue Ridge mountains, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>,<br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Blue Stone river, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bollings point, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bonsack, John, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[90]</span><br />
+        Boone, Daniel, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Boone county, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Botetourt county, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bourbon, family of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bourbon county, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Branch, Samuel, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brandon, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Braxton, Carter, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Braxton county, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bristol parish, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Broad run, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brooke, Robert (Governor of Virginia), <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert (Surveyor, Knight of Golden Horse Shoe), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Brooke county, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brook's mill, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brown, John, raid of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brunswick, Duchy of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brunswick county, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brunswick stew, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brush mountain, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Brushy mountain, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Buchanan, James, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Buchanan county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Buchanan river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Buckingham, Duke of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Buckingham county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Buffalo creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bugg's run, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bull creek, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bull run, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bull Run mountains, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bullock, Francis, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bunker Hill, Battle of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Burden's March run, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Bush creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Byrd, Andrew H., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonel William, 2nd, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Cabell, William H., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cabell county, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cabin branch, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Calf-pasture river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Calhoun, John Caldwell, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Calhoun county, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        California, West Va., <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Camden parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Camp rock, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Campbell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Campbell county, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Canterbury, England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cany creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cany ridge, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cape Capon mountains, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Caperton, Hugh, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Caroline of Anspach (Queen of George II), <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Caroline county, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Carper, John, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Carroll, Charles, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Carroll county, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Carrollton, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Carr's creek, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cartagena, Colombia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Castle Hill, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Catawba road, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Catawba valley, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cave's old mill, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cedar creek, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cedar gap, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chancery courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, chancery</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chapman's ford, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chapman's mill, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chapultepec, Mexico, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charles I, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charles II, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charles City corporation, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charles City county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charles river, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charles River county,<a name="Charles" id="Charles"></a> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#York">York county</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Charleston, S. C., <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charleston, West Va., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen of George III), <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[91]</span><br />
+        Charlotte county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charlottesville, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Charters of Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cheat river, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cherry's run, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chesapeake bay, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chesterfield, Philip D. Stanhope, 4th Earl of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chesterfield county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chester's gap, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chestnut creek, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chickacoan, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Choppawomsick creek, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Christ Church parish, Lancaster county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Christ Church parish, Middlesex county, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chuckatuck creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Chumley's branch, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cities (political division), <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Claiborne, William, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clark, George Rogers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clarke county, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clay, Henry, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clay county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clear fork, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clem, Daniel, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clinch, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clinch mountain, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clinch river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clinton, Henry, Sir, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Clover Lick fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Coal (Cole) river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cole, Richard, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cole (Coal) river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        College, at Henrico, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Common Pleas courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, common pleas</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Compasses, mariners', <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Convention, 1775 and 1776, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Conway river, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cooper, John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Coppohawk river, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Corbin, Anderson, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Corley (Mrs.), <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cornstalk (Indian), <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cornwall parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cornwallis, Charles, 2nd Earl, 1st Marquis, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Corporations, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cotton, in Southampton county, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Council, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Minutes</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Counties (political division), <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">division of Colony into, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        County courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, county</a><br />
+        <br />
+        "Court Party", <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <a name="Courts" id="Courts"></a>Courts, admiralty, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">chancery, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">common pleas, in England 8</span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">county, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ecclesiastical, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">general court, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">inferior, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">king's bench, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">magistrate's or justice, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">monthly, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">of exchequer, in England, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">parish, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">prerogative, in England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Cove branch, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cove creek, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cow-pasture river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cowpens, Battle of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crab bottom, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crab orchard, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Craig, Robert, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Craig county, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Craig's creek, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crane creek, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crane's nest bridge, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crane's nest creek, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crane's nest river, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crany point, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crayford, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cripple creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crooked run, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Crosses in Fairy Stone Park, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Culberson's creek, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Culloden, Battle of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[92]</span><br />
+        Culpeper county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cumberland county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cumberland mountains, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cunningham's branch, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cunningham's run, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Currituck, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Cutbanks, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Dan river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        David's creek, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Davis, Hiram, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Davisson, Rueben, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Deep creek, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Deep run, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Delaware Indians, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dews, Achilles, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dickenson, William J., <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dickenson county, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Difficult run, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dilly, Abraham, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dinwiddie, Robert, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dinwiddie county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Discovery, (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dismal branch, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        District of Columbia, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Doddridge, Philip, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Doddridge county, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Doss, Lilburn, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dragon run, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Droop mountain, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Drout, Richard, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dry fork, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dry run, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Duly, J. H., <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dunlap's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Dunmore county, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        East river mountain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Eastern branch, Elizabeth river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Eastern Shore, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Eastern waters, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ecclesiastical courts, <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, ecclesiastical</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Edward, Duke of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Eighteen Mile creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Elizabeth City corporation,<a name="Elizabeth" id="Elizabeth"></a><a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Elizabeth City county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Elizabeth river, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Elk river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        England, civil war in, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">immigrants from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">names for Virginia counties from, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">unrest in, fosters immigration, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Essex county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ewing mountain, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Fairfax, Thomas, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>th Lord of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fairfax county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fairy Stone mountain, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fairy Stone State Park, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fall run, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Falling river, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Falling Spring valley, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Falls of James river, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fauntleroy's mill run, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fauquier, Francis, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fauquier county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fayette county, Ky., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fayette county, West Va., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Federal City, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fincastle, Lord, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fincastle, England, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fincastle county, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fisher's peak, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Flag pond, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Flat-top mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fleisher, Andrew, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Flourmoy family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Floyd, John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Floyd county, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fluvanna county, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fluvanna river, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fork lick, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fork spur, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fort Duquesne, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fort mountain, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fort Pitt, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[93]</span><br />
+        Fourqurean family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        France, Huguenot settlers from, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Franklin, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Franklin county, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Frascati, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Frederick, King of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Frederick county, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Frederick parish, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        French and Indian war, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Fridley, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Gap mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Garden mountain, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Garwood (Mrs.), <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gauley mountain, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gauley river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        General courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, general</a><br />
+        <br />
+        George I, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        George II, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        George III, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        George, Consort of Queen Anne, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        George's Fork mountain, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Germanna, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Germany, immigrants from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Giant's castle, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Giles, William B., <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Giles county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gilmer, Thomas Walker, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gilmer county, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Glade creek, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gladesville, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gloucester county, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gloucester county, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Glovers' tavern, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Godspeed (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Goff, William, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gooch, Sir William, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Goochland county, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Goose creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Grayson, William, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Grayson county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greasy creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Great Kanawha river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Great Laurel ridge, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Great North mountains, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Great Nottoway river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Great Sandy creek, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Green creek, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greenbrier county, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greenbrier Court House, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greenbrier creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greenbrier mountain, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greenbrier river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greene, Nathanael, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greene county, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greensville county, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greenway, Charles City, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Greenway Court, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gressy creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Griever, Philip, spring branch of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Griffin, William, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Grose, Strother B., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Guerrant family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Guese's river, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Guest's river, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Guilford Court House, N. C., Battle of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Gunston Hall, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Guyandotte river, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Haies, Richard, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hale, Nathaniel C. <i>Virginia Venturer</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Halifax, Nova Scotia, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Halifax county, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hamilton parish, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hamilton's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hamlin's fork, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hampshire county, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hampshire county, England, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hampton, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hampton river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hampton Roads, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hancock county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[94]</span><br />
+        Hanover county, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hardy, Samuel, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hardy county, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Harman's mill, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Harper's Ferry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Harrison, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Harrison, county, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Harrodsburg, Ky., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hart, Silas, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Harvey, William, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hay, James, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hays, Richard, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hazel's river, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hedgman river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Henrico corporation, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Henrico county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Henry, Prince of Wales, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Henry county, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hensley, Samuel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        High Knob, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Highland county, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hite, James M., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jost, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Hiver, Jacob, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hoffman's ford, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Holleway creek, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Holstein river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Holston river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Horner's mill, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Horse ford, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Horseshoe farm, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hughes's river, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hugh's river, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Huguenots in Virginia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hunter's old tavern, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hutchinson, R. M., <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Hyde, Anne, wife of James II, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Illinois county, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Immigration, to Virginia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Indian creek, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Indians, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Iron mining and works, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Iron mountain, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Irvine, John, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Isle of Wight county,<a name="Isle" id="Isle"></a><a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Isle of Wight Island, England, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ivy, Thomas, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Jackson, Andrew, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Jackson county, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jackson's mountain, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jackson's river, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        James I, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        James II, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        James, son of James II, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        James City corporation, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+        <br />
+        James City county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        James river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        James river falls, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jamestown, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jarrell, Jackson, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jarvis, Thomas, Jr., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jefferson county, Ky., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jefferson county, West Va., <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        John's creek, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Johnson, Jacob, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Jordan, John, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Joshua's creek, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Judicial system, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Judy's creek, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Kanawha county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kanawha river, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kanawha turnpike, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kemp, James, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kent, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kent's ridge, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kentucky, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kentucky county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[95]</span><br />
+        Kikotan (Kiccowtan, Kigwohtan, Kikotank, Kecoughtan), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#Elizabeth">Elizabeth City corporation</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Kimberling creek, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        King, Sally, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        King and Queen county, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        King George county, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        King William county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        King's bench courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, king's bench</a><br />
+        <br />
+        King's Mountain, Battle of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        King's salt wells, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Kiser, Henry, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James P., <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Knox creek, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Lafayette, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lancaster county, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lancaster county, England, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Land grants, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Land Ordinance, 1785, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Land's, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Laurel ridge, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lavica fork, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lawne's creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lee, Francis Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Henry, "Light Horse Harry", <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richard Henry, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert E., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Lee county, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Legislative assembly, first, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Legrand family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Letcher, John, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lewis, Andrew, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charles, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thomas, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Lewis county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lexington, Ky., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lexington parish, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lick branch, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lick creek, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lincoln, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lincoln county, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lion's fork, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Litterell, Mrs., <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little Birch river, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little creek, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little Guyandotte river, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little Hurricane creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little Kanawha river, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little Powell's mountain, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little Rockey creek, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Little Walker's creek, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Logan (Indian chief), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Logan county, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        London, England, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        London, Diocese of, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Long Shoal run, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Loudoun county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Louis XVI, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Louisa, daughter of George II, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Louisa county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Louisville, Ky., <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lower Manachin creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lower Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Luneburg, Duchy of, Germany, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lunenburg county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Luray cavern, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Lynchburg road, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        M'Clintick, William, Jr., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        M'Daniell, James, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        McDowell, James, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        McDowell county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Machoatoke river, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        M'Kinney's store, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mack's mountain, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        McLure (McClure) river, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Madison, James, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Madison county, Ky., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Madison county, Va., <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Magistrate courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, magistrate's</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Maiden Spring fork, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Manakintown, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Manassas, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mann's gap, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Marion, Francis, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[96]</span><br />
+        Marion county, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Marshall, John, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Marshall county, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Martin, Rueben, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mary II, Queen, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mary of Modena, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Maryland, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <i>Maryland Archives</i>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mary's creek, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mason, George, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seth, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Mason county, Ky., <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mason county, West Va., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Massacres, 1622, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1644, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1778, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Abb's valley, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Massanutten mountain, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Massie, Henry, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mathews, Thomas, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mathews county, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mattaponi (Mattopony) river, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Maukason gap, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mayo, William, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mayo river, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Meadow river, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mecklenburg county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Meherrin river, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mercer, Hugh, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mercer county, Ky., <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mercer county, West Va., <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Merchants Hope Church, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Merryman's, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mexico City, Mexico, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Michaux family, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Middle Mountain, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Middlesex county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Middlesex county, England, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Militin's fork, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mill creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mill mountain, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Miller, Adam, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mississippi river, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mississippi valley, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mitchell's rock, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monongahela (Monongalia) river, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monongalia county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monroe, James, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monroe county, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monroe doctrine, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monterey, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monterey, Battle of, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Montgomery, Richard, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Montgomery county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monthly courts <i>see</i> <a href="#Courts">Courts, monthly</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Monticello, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Morattico creek, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Morgan, Daniel, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Morgan county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Morris, Joshua, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Morriss, Archibald, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Moseley, William, Sr., <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Mountain Lake, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Muddy creek, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Naemhock, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Naked creek, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Namozene (Namozain) creek, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nancy's ridge, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nansemond (Nansimum) county, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Narrows, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nations Spring run, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Natural bridge, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Natural tunnel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Necostins town, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nelson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nelson county, Ky., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nelson county, Va., <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        New Kent county, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+        <br />
+        New Kent county, England, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+        <br />
+        New Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        New Orleans, Battle of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        New river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Newport, England, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Newport News, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Newport parish, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nichol, William, Sr., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nicholas, Wilson Cary, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[97]</span><br />
+        Nicholas county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Niday, William, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nineveh, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Norborne parish, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Norfolk borough, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Norfolk county, England, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+        <br />
+        North Anna river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        North Carolina, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        North mountain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        North river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        North River Gap road, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Northampton county, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Northern Neck, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Northumberland county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Northumberland county, England, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Northwest territory, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Northwestern turnpike, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nottoway county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nottoway Indians, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nottoway river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Nowell, William, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Occoquan river, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ohio, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ohio county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ohio river, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ohio valley, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Oil creek, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Opequon creek, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Orange county, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Osborn's gap, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Owen, Andrew, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Pacific ocean, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pad's creek, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Page, John, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Page county, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pamunkey neck, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pamunkey river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Panpan creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Panther's gap, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Parkersburg, West Va., <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Passage creek, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Patrick county, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Paul, Audley, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Peck creek, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Peden (Paden), James, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pembroke, William Herbert, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>rd, Earl of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pembroke river, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pendleton, Edmund, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pendleton county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Persinger, Andrew, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Peter's mountain, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Philadelphia, Pa., <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Philippi, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Piankatank river, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pigeon fork, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pine run, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pine's plantation, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Piracy, in Virginia, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pitt, Robert, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, Earl of Chatham, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Pittsburgh, Pa., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pittsylvania county, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pleasants, James, Jr., <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pleasants county, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pocahontas, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pocahontas county, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pocatallico creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pocomoke river, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pohick church, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Point mountain, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Point Pleasant, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Point Pleasant, Battle of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Popular Camp mountain, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Population, 1634, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1640, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1649, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">1654, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Poropotank creek, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Porter, James, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Potomac river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Potowoc river, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[98]</span><br />
+        Potts' creek, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Potts' mountain, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pound fork, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Powell, Ambrose, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Powell's mountain, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Powell's river, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Powell's fort, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Powhatan, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Powhatan county, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Prater creek, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Preston, James Patton, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Preston, Battle of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Preston county, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Preston's and King's salt wells, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Priam, Joseph, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Price's turnpike, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Prince Edward county, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Prince Edward street, Fredericksburg, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Prince George county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Prince William county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Princess Anne county, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Princeton, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Princeton (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pulaski, Count Casimir, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Pulaski county, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Puritans, in Nansemond county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Putnam, Israel, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Putnam county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Quakers, in Nansemond county, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Raleigh, Walter, Sir, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Raleigh county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Raleigh parish, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Randolph, Edmund, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Randolph county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Randolph Court House, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rapidan river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rappahannock county (1656-1692), <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rappahannock county (1833), <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rappahannock Indians, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rappahannock river, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rasnaker, James, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ravenswood and California turnpike, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Reconstruction, in Virginia 44<br />
+        <br />
+        Red house, Appomattox county, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Red springs, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Redman, John, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Reed island, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Reedy creek, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Representative government, origin of, in U. S., <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rich, Robert, Sir, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rich creek, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rich mountain, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rich Patch mountain, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Richmond, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Richmond county, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <i>Richmond Enquirer</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ritchie, Thomas, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ritchie county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rivanna river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Roane, Spencer, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Roane county, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Roanoke (Indian money), <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Roanoke county, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Roanoke river, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Robinson river, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rock-camp fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rockbridge county, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rockfish river, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rockingham, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rockingham county, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rocky run, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rogers, James, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rolfe, John, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ronceverte, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rose, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rosegill, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rose's mill, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rotterdam, Holland, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Round bottom, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Rowan, Boston, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Royal Marriage Act, 1772, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ruffner, Charles, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Russell, William, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Russell county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[99]</span><br />
+        Russell parish, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Russell's fork, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Sail's creek, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. Andrew's parish (Brunswick county), <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. Anne's parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Saint George, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. James parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. John's parish (New Kent county), <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. Mark's parish, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. Memin, Julien F. de, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. Paul's parish (New Kent county), <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+        <br />
+        St. Peter's parish (New Kent county), <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Salt works road, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sand fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sandy creek, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sandy Point, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sandy ridge, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sandy river, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sandys, Edwin, Sir, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Savannah, Ga., <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sayers, John T., <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Scotland, immigrants from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Scott, Winfield, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Scott county, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Scott's branch, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Seacock swamp, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Seaward, John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Seneca creek, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shenandoah county, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shenandoah (Sherrendo) river, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shenandoah valley, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shepherd, David G., <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Harvey, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Shires, (political division), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shock, Jacob, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shooting creek, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Showlands, John, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shuler's island, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Shuler's run, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Simpson's creek, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sinking creek, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sinking creek valley, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sizer, Daniel, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Skiffe's (Keith's) creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Skimeno (Skimino) creek, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Skinquarter creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sleepy creek mountain, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Smith's river, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Smyth, Alexander, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Smyth county, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Snow creek, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sonners, Isaac, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        South Anna river, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        South branch, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        South mountain, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        South river, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Southam parish, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2d Earl of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Southampton county, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Southwark parish, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Spencer, West Va., <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Spessard, John, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Spotswood, Alexander, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Spotsylvania county, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stafford county, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stafford county, England, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stanard, William Glover, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Staunton, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Staunton river, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Steel, George, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Steele's mill, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Steer creek, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stephens, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stephenson, Adam, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stith, William. <i>History of Virginia</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stock creek, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stone Coal gap, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stott's ferry, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stover, Jacob, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Strait Stone creek, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Strasburg, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Stratford Hall, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Surrey county, England, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Surry county, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Surveyors of land, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Susan Constant (<i>Ship</i>), <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Susquehanna river, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[100]</span><br />
+        Sussex county, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sussex county, England, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sweedland hill, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sweet Springs, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Swift Run gap, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sydney (or Sidney), Philip, Sir, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Sydnor, F. W., <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Tarleton, Banastre, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tate, David, Sr., <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Taylor, Creed, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zachary, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Taylor county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tazewell, Henry, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tazewell county, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Teaze's valley, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tennant's church, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tennessee, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tennessee river, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Thomasson, John P., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Thompson, John W., <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Thompson's mill, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Thrasher, John, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Three Lick fork, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Three Top mountain, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ticonderoga, N. Y., <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tidewater, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tillotson parish, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tobacco, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a medium in court cases, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">as a medium of exchange, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">effect of, upon Virginia migration, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Brunswick county, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Lunenburg county, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">taxes, fees, etc. on, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Town creek, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Trammel gap, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Treaty of 1783, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Truro parish, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Trussell, John, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tuckahoe creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tucker, St. George (Clerk of House of Delegates), <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. George (Jurist), <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Tucker county, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tug river, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Turkey Island creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Turkeycock mountain, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Twenty Mile creek, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Tyler, John, (President of U. S.), <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">John, (Governor of Virginia), <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lyon G. <i>Cradle of the Republic</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Tyler county, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Upper Chippokes creek, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Upper Norfolk county, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>,11<br />
+        <br />
+        Upshur, Abel P., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Upshur county, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Valley of Virginia, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Valley pike, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Van Metre, John, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Vaughan's creek, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Vernon, Edward, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Virginia, boundary dispute with Maryland, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">ceding of territory in 1781, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charter of 1609, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Charter of 1612, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">division into counties, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">divided into political divisions, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">economic conditions, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">emigration to, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">fight against French power, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">formation of West Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">land cheap in, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">loss of coal fields, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">loss of territory, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1634, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1640, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1649, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">population of 1654, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">territorial claim, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">unrest in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">wills probated in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Virginia, unrest in, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Virginia, University of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Virginia company, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <span class="pagenum">[101]</span><br />
+        Virginia militia, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Virginia State Library. <i>Minutes of Council and General Court</i>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Walker, Thomas, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Walker's Big mountain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Walker's Creek mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Walker's Little creek, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Walker's Little mountain, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Ward's ford, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Warm Spring mountain, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Warm Springs, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Warren, Joseph, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Warren county, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Warrosquyoake county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#Isle">Isle of Wight county</a>.</span><br />
+        <br />
+        Warwick (Warrick), Robert Rich, Earl of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Warwick county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Warwick River county, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Washington, George, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Washington, D. C., <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Washington county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Watkins' point, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wayne, Anthony, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wayne county, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Webb, Edmond, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Webster, Daniel, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Webster county, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wells, Zachariah N., <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wells bridge, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br />
+        <br />
+        West Augusta district, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        West fork, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        West Union, West Va., <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br />
+        <br />
+        West Virginia, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Western branch, Elizabeth river, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Western waters, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Westmoreland county, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Weston, West Va., <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wetzel, Louis, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wetzel county, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br />
+        <br />
+        White Oak hunting path, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br />
+        <br />
+        White Post, Clarke county, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Whitelow's mill run, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wilderness road, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br />
+        <br />
+        William III, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <br />
+        William and Mary College, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Williams' gap, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Williamsburg, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wills, Probating of, in England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;<br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 2em;">in Virginia, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Winchester, <a href="#Page_50">50</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Winchester and Staunton stage road, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wirt, William, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wirt county, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wise, Henry A., <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wise, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wise county, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wolf creek, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wolf Creek mountain, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wood, James, (Governor of Virginia), <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">James, (Colonel), <a href="#Page_49">49</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Wood county, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Woodford, John H., <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;">William, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        Woodford county, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wormeley family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wright's branch, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wyatt, Francis, Sir, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wyoming county, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wyoming Valley, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wythe, George, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wythe county, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Wythe Court House, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Yardley, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Yeardley, George, Sir, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Yohogania county, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br />
+        <br />
+        York, Duke of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br />
+        <br />
+        York, England, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br />
+        <br />
+        York county, <a name="York" id="York"></a><a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br />
+        <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>see also</i> <a href="#Charles">Charles River county</a></span><br />
+        <br />
+        York river, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Yorktown, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+        <br />
+        Young's bottoms, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br />
+        <br />
+        <br />
+        Zion meeting-house, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+</div>
+
+
+<p class="center" style="padding-top: 5%"><img src="images/map.png" alt="Map" /></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 60%" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h3>Transcriber's note:</h3>
+<p>(1) All apparent typographical errors, misspellings and
+    punctuation errors have been corrected without comment.<br />
+<br />
+(2) In some instances, "cowpasture" was so spelled; these
+have now been hyphenated to conform with "calf-pasture".<br />
+<br />
+(3) "Boroughs" and "Settlements" have been deleted from
+the index, as neither is in the text.<br />
+<br />
+(4) "Federal City" has been linked directly in the index,
+as it is not mentioned under "Washington D.C.".<br />
+<br />
+(5) Research indicates that the copyright on this book
+was not renewed.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, How Justice Grew, by Martha W. (Martha
+Woodroof) Hiden
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: How Justice Grew
+       Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+
+Author: Martha W. (Martha Woodroof) Hiden
+
+
+
+Release Date: March 15, 2012  [eBook #39148]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Mark C. Orton, Eric Skeet, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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+      See 39148-h.htm or 39148-h.zip:
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+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Research indicates that the copyright on this book was not
+      renewed.
+
+      Text in italics is surrounded by underlines (_italics_).
+
+
+
+
+
+HOW JUSTICE GREW
+
+Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+by
+
+MARTHA W. HIDEN
+
+Member of Executive Board of
+Virginia Historical Society
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation
+Williamsburg, Virginia
+1957
+
+Copyright(C), 1957 by
+Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration
+Corporation, Williamsburg, Virginia
+
+Jamestown 350th Anniversary
+Historical Booklet, Number 19
+
+
+
+
+HOW JUSTICE GREW
+
+Virginia Counties: An Abstract of Their Formation
+
+
+In addition to their human cargo, the poultry and fruit acquired in the
+West Indies, the clothing, household gear, and other possessions of the
+passengers, the _Susan Constant_, _Godspeed_ and _Discovery_ had a large
+though imponderable cargo of English laws, customs and religion. The
+colonists had left England, neither driven out nor seeking escape, but
+to found a new England in a new world.
+
+Though the seat of government was at "King James His Towne," the natural
+curiosity to explore and the economic necessity for means of livelihood
+caused settlements to spring up farther and farther away. Despite the
+fact that the colonists were in a region where rivers and numerous
+streams afforded easy transportation interrupted only for short periods
+by ice in winter, attendance at court in Jamestown was burdensome.
+
+
+THE FOUR CORPORATIONS
+
+By 17 June 1617, Governor Samuel Argall had established the four great
+divisions of the colony, namely: "the incorporations and parishes of
+James City, Charles City, Henrico and Kikotan" (later Elizabeth City).
+The Eastern Shore settlements were not included in this division.
+
+Each of the incorporations mentioned above and the Eastern Shore
+contained one or more boroughs or settlements. Eleven of the settlements
+in the four incorporations were represented by two Burgesses each, in
+the first General Assembly. This, the first legislative assembly of
+English speaking people in the Western hemisphere, convened on 30 July
+1619 in the church at Jamestown. Itself based on the English Parliament
+as a model, it became the model followed by all succeeding British
+colonies including Australia. The colonial assembly next in age to
+Virginia's is that of Bermuda established in 1620. In the _Journals of
+the House of Burgesses_, the names of the Burgesses for the 1619
+Assembly are arranged by the cities and plantations they represented. In
+the Journal of the second Assembly that is extant, 1623/24, for the
+first and only time, the plantations are grouped under the corporations
+of which they were a part, except Eastern Shore, which, as has been
+noted, was a separate entity.
+
+In 1621, a charter from the Company confirmed former grants and provided
+"that the Governor should call the General Assembly once a year, and
+initiate the policy of the form of government, laws, customs, manner of
+trial and other administration of justice used in England." Governor
+Wyatt at the same time was ordered to make arrangements for "dividing
+the colony into cities, boroughs, etc., ... and to appoint proper times
+for administration ... and law suits." William Stith in his _History of
+Virginia_ states: "Inferior courts were therefore in the beginning of
+the year 1621 appointed in convenient places to relieve the Governor and
+Council of the vast burthen of business and to render justice more cheap
+and accessible. This was the original and foundation of our County
+Courts, although the country was not yet laid off in counties."
+
+The General Assembly of 1623/24 provided "that there shall be courts
+kept once a month in the corporations of Charles City and Elizabeth City
+for the deciding of suits and controversies not exceeding the value of
+one hundred pounds of tobacco and for punishing of petty offenses." As a
+consequence of this act, the question of the metes and bounds of these
+corporations, Charles City, Henrico, Elizabeth City and James City,
+became important, since suits must perforce be instituted in the court
+having jurisdiction over that particular area. Mr. Nathaniel C. Hale,
+in his interesting book on William Claiborne called _Virginia Venturer_,
+shows that William Claiborne in 1621, was appointed a surveyor for the
+colony and comments that heretofore boundaries of land had been located
+with ungraduated mariners' compasses and described by careless
+references to natural limits.
+
+Apparently the Jamestown Court with those of Charles City and Elizabeth
+City was adequate for several years, but in February 1631/32 the
+Assembly passed an act adding five more as follows: "for the upper
+parts"; "for Warwick River; for Warrosquyoake; for Elizabeth City; for
+Accawmacke." Presumably, since the order had been that the new courts
+were to be held "in remote parts of the colony," the phrase "upper
+parts" would mean the most western part of Henrico Corporation, and the
+Elizabeth City Court would be for the south side of Hampton Roads. This
+seems logical since the north side had been settled first, was more
+populous and was not remote from Jamestown.
+
+
+THE EIGHT ORIGINAL SHIRES
+
+But the colony was growing too fast for this arrangement to continue
+adequate for long. With a population of about 5,000 persons, the time
+for division into shires or counties was at hand. It may be noted that,
+though these units were designated as shires in the Act of the General
+Assembly creating them, they were, after that, always called counties.
+Their functions were the same as those of their English prototypes, but
+conditions here required two changes which will be mentioned later.
+
+The names of the four corporations, Charles City, Henrico, James City
+and Elizabeth City were kept for four of the newly created counties, but
+their areas were lessened. The four new divisions were: Warwick River,
+later called Warwick; Warrosquyoake, later Isle of Wight; Charles River,
+later changed to York, and Accomack which embraced all the settlements
+on the Eastern Shore of Virginia.
+
+[Illustration: 1619
+Rapid Growth of Settlement along the James River. Marked by Introduction
+of Representative Government.]
+
+The tender feeling for the homeland is evidenced by the fact that six
+out of the "eight original shires," as they are generally called, bore
+names reminiscent of England. Henrico perpetuated Henry, Prince of
+Wales, son of James I whose early death made even more difficult the
+first years of the Colony. Charles City honored his brother Charles,
+later Charles I, who combined, to his undoing, the charm and obstinacy
+of the Stuarts. Elizabeth City and the river of the same name derive
+from Princess Elizabeth, the oldest sister of Henry and Charles. She
+married Frederick, for a time King of Bohemia, but later overthrown and
+exiled. Though her life was bitter and tragic, her descendants since
+1714 have occupied the throne of Britain. James City was, of course, for
+King James I, of whom it was said that his instructors had given him an
+abundance of knowledge but had been unable to give him sense. Warwick's
+name was for Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, leader of one of the factions
+of the Virginia Company, who had founded and cared for the colony. He
+belonged to the "Court Party" which wished to continue martial law in
+the colony and opposed the liberal views of Sir Edwin Sandys and the
+Earl of Southampton. For awhile the Sandys faction was in control and
+the "Great Charter of Laws, Orders and Privileges" brought over by Sir
+George Yeardley was the expression of their views on colonial
+government. But the "Court Party" prevailed in the end and the charter
+of the Virginia Company was revoked in 1624. Charles River County
+presumably took its name from Charles I, who was King when it was
+formed. In 1642/43 when it became York, the change was made to honor
+James, the second son of Charles I, who in that year was created Duke of
+York. Warrosquyoake, an Indian word, was later Isle of Wight County
+since some of its most prominent residents were from the small island of
+that name lying off the English coast. The Parish lying in and
+coterminous with Isle of Wight County was called Newport from the
+largest city in the English island. Accomack honored the friendly tribe
+of Indians of that name residing on the Eastern Shore.
+
+The bounds of these eight counties as noted in Tyler's _The Cradle of
+the Republic_ were as follows:
+
+Elizabeth City County extending on both sides of Hampton Roads, on the
+south side to Chuckatuck Creek and on the north side to Newport News and
+including a small part thereof.
+
+Warrosquyoake County, later Isle of Wight, extending on the south side
+of James River from Chuckatuck Creek to Lawne's Creek.
+
+Warwick River County extending on the north side of James River from
+Elizabeth City County to Skiffe's (Keith's) Creek. This is the only
+original shire from which no other county was formed. The name was
+changed to Warwick County in 1643.
+
+James City County extending on both sides of James River, on the south
+side from Lawne's Creek to Upper Chippokes Creek and on the north side
+from Skiffe's Creek to above Sandy Point.
+
+Charles City County also extending on both sides of James River, on the
+south side from Upper Chippokes Creek to Appomattox River and on the
+north side from Sandy Point to Turkey Island Creek.
+
+Henrico County extending from Charles City County on both sides of James
+River indefinitely westward.
+
+Charles River County, later York, lay to the north of Warwick County and
+adjoined Elizabeth City County on the east. Its north and west
+boundaries were indefinite. The colonists soon crossed the York River to
+establish plantations along its northern bank and settled as far west as
+the Pamunkey River.
+
+Accomack, the eighth shire, like York County, showed the vitality of the
+colonists in pushing settlements away from the vicinity of Jamestown
+into uncharted wilds.
+
+The Potomac River was the dividing line between Virginia and Maryland,
+and on the Eastern Shore the division was approximately in line with the
+mouth of this river. Settling on the Shore in 1616, the colonists moved
+slowly northward. The Indians were friendly, transportation easy,
+climate mild, and soil fertile. There was no impediment to growth.
+
+The population of the colony is estimated to have been around 5,000
+persons in 1634 as has been noted. Six years later it had increased
+about 50%, being 7,466 persons. One factor in this growth was the unrest
+in England at this time which culminated a few years later in bitter
+civil war.
+
+
+THE COLONIAL COURTS
+
+We have mentioned that the creation of counties with their courts had in
+view to render justice more accessible to all. There were by 1642, in
+the colony six kinds of courts for the administration of justice.
+
+The first of these was the magistrate's court. In 1642, an Act of the
+Assembly empowered a magistrate or justice to try a case involving not
+over twenty shillings in currency or 200 pounds of tobacco in value. In
+1657/58, the amount could be as much as 1,000 pounds of tobacco if two
+magistrates were present but only 350 pounds if but one magistrate tried
+the case. The appeal from the magistrate's court was to the monthly
+court.
+
+The next court was the parish court. In the seventeenth century only one
+of these courts existed in Virginia and that only for a short time. This
+was the court of Bristol Parish which most likely sat in the old
+Merchants Hope Church, still standing and still in use. The court was
+discontinued before the end of the seventeenth century, and its papers
+passed into the custody of the Henrico County Court. A parish court was
+in a way a vestigial body, a relic of days when the authority of the
+church was preeminent in both civil and ecclesiastical matters.
+
+The third recourse for justice was to the monthly court, developed
+according to Stith, from the inferior court established in 1621. The
+Governor named the first justices of a new county, renamed justices in
+the old counties and filled every vacancy as it occurred. By Act of
+Assembly in 1628/29, the number of justices was to be eight, but later
+it was increased to ten. Four constituted a quorum. Three other members
+of the bench associated with one member of the quorum, who had a
+different status from the other justices, formed a sufficient number to
+make a valid court. The person whose name appeared at the head of the
+list of those constituting the quorum probably served as presiding
+justice; in his absence, the one named second and so on down the list.
+No pay was provided for the justices.
+
+In 1642, the Assembly ordered that at least six monthly courts be held
+every year and the justices were empowered to determine when extra
+sessions were necessary. At the same time, another Act of Assembly
+provided that Henrico should hold court on the first day of every month;
+Charles City on the third; James City on the sixth; Isle of Wight on the
+ninth; Upper Norfolk (later Nansemond) on the twelfth; Elizabeth City on
+the eighteenth; Warwick on the twenty-first; York on the twenty-fourth;
+and Northampton, (formerly Accomack) on the twenty-eighth. The careful
+spacing between these courts enabled attorneys to appear in cases in
+different counties with no conflict of dates.
+
+The range of cases that could come before a monthly court was naturally
+wider than could come before a magistrate. As much as ten pounds
+sterling could be involved in a suit and there was no appeal from the
+decision; when larger amounts were involved, the defeated litigant could
+appeal to the General Court. All questions where injury to life or limb
+was at stake went before the General Court.
+
+The monthly county courts had, in a general way, a jurisdiction
+resembling the combined jurisdiction of the English Chancery Court,
+King's Bench, Common Pleas, Court Exchequer, Admiralty and
+Ecclesiastical. The justices of the monthly courts looked after the poor
+and afflicted, held special orphan courts at least once a year, granted
+probates of wills, passed on appraisements of estates as presented to
+them for inspection, on inventories and estate accounts which also were
+presented for their scrutiny, and recorded conveyances of land.
+
+Recordation of land conveyances is one of the two differences between
+the monthly court of a Virginia county and its British prototype. There
+conveyances were private property and retained in private ownership.
+Manor houses of old English estates often had a room called the
+"Muniment room" where deeds, inventories, rent rolls and such family
+papers, often including copies of wills, were kept. The name derived
+from a Latin word meaning to fortify or strengthen, since the deeds
+strengthened the validity of ownership claimed by the holder of the
+land. The other function of the monthly court in Virginia different from
+the English Shire Court was the power to probate wills. In England
+probate of wills was in the prerogative courts of Canterbury and York.
+Probably since there was no diocesan see in Virginia, Virginia being in
+the diocese of London, the monthly court offered the most feasible place
+of probate.
+
+It has been noted that there was a limit to the powers of this court and
+that cases which it could not hear went before the General Court. This
+court was composed of the Governor and his Council of State. It met
+semi-annually, 15 April and 15 October, each term lasting at least
+eighteen days. The Governor presided at these sessions. The presence of
+five members was necessary for the transaction of business. The _Minutes
+of the Council and General Court_ are extant for the years 1622-1632 and
+abstracts for the years 1670-1676. They were published in one volume by
+the Virginia State Library in 1924 and are helpful in acquiring a
+general picture of life in the colony in the seventeenth century.
+
+The General Assembly was also a judicial body with power to render
+decisions. At its afternoon session the 22nd day of September 1674, a
+cause came before the Council and General Court which had originated in
+Accomack County. The Court made no decision but ordered it "referred to
+the Assembly by reason it very much concern the country." From that one
+would infer that causes involving general principles were deemed proper
+for discussion and decision by the Burgesses who represented the entire
+colony, since all would be affected by the decision.
+
+The Court of Admiralty, the last dispenser of justice in the colony,
+seems to have been established about 1697 under the governorship of Sir
+Edmund Andros. Previously such matters as would come within the province
+of this court had been handled by other judicial procedures, as they
+were later. The instances of piracy were not numerous enough to justify
+the maintenance of a Court of Admiralty in Virginia. No records of this
+court survive.
+
+It may seem we have wandered far from the formation of counties, but
+since the accessibility of justice for all was a prime consideration in
+their creation, it would appear well to examine the means by which the
+average citizen could have his grievances heard and decided. The
+importance of the county monthly court in his life cannot be
+overestimated. While on business at court, he had opportunity to see his
+friends, play cards, gamble, race horses, fight, drink, "swap" horses
+and other livestock, attend the muster of county militia to which he
+belonged, and see the newest articles imported from England. The county
+court and his parish church services were his chief contacts with the
+world that lay beyond his plantation.
+
+
+"JUSTICE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL." COUNTY DIVISIONS BEGIN
+
+Scarcely had the eight original counties begun to function before the
+expansion of population forced the erection of a new one. In 1636 that
+part of Elizabeth City County lying on the south side of Hampton Roads
+became a separate entity under the name of New Norfolk, a name probably
+derived from the English shire. No court records of this year survive.
+The next year 1637, New Norfolk itself was divided into Lower Norfolk
+and Upper Norfolk counties.
+
+Also in 1637, Warrosquyoake County lost its Indian name, becoming Isle
+of Wight. By Act of Assembly passed in January 1639/40, the bounds
+between these three counties were set as follows: Isle of Wight to begin
+at Lawne's Creek, thence down the main river to Richard Hays's, formerly
+John Seaward's, including the said plantation and families and from
+thence from the main river into the woods southerly to the plantation of
+William Nowell and Mr. Robert Pitt, with the said plantation and
+families, and thence south as aforesaid. The Upper County of New Norfolk
+to begin at the aforesaid plantation of Richard Hays, from thence
+southerly into the woods as aforesaid, and by the main river, from
+thence to extend down by the main river unto the creek near the
+plantation of Francis Bullock being the first creek to the westward of
+Crany Point including the plantation of the said Francis Bullock and no
+ways intrenching upon the Western Branch of Elizabeth River nor the
+creek thereof which do belong to the county of Lower Norfolk. The
+parishes in these counties were ordered to be coterminous with the
+bounds of the counties. Upper Norfolk County kept its name only a few
+years; in March 1645/46, the Assembly directed it should "be from
+henceforth nominated and called county of Nansemun."
+
+
+INDIAN DISTRICT CHICKACOAN BECOMES NORTHUMBERLAND
+
+Whether because of the Puritan element in Nansemond or because of
+Quakers resident there, who on account of their aversion to war were of
+no aid against the Indians, settlement for the first time turned away
+from Tidewater to the area lying between the Rappahannock and the
+Potomac Rivers. Because of its fertile soil, easy transportation and
+healthful climate, the colonists patented land in this favored region in
+increasing numbers. By 1645 the county of Northumberland had been formed
+and organized. Although we have no Act of Assembly to establish the
+date of its formation, an item from a volume of _Maryland Archives_
+under date of 1645 referring to Lieutenant Colonel John Trussell of the
+county of Northumberland shows the county was then functioning.
+
+The area from which Northumberland was formed had borne the Indian name
+of Chickacoan. It was a border settlement with no stable government and
+in need of law and order. Northumberland extended from the Potomac to
+and across the Rappahannock River and from the tip of "Northern Neck,"
+as the territory lying between the two rivers was called, indefinitely
+westward. The name derives from the English shire, Northumberland.
+
+Population of the colony is estimated to have been about 15,000 in 1649,
+500 of whom were negroes, and in 1654, 21,600 persons. This rapid growth
+was due largely to the Civil War in England which made Virginia a haven
+of refuge for many.
+
+
+NORTHUMBERLAND DIVIDED
+
+In 1651, that portion of Northumberland lying on both sides of the
+Rappahannock River was divided and a new county, called Lancaster from
+the English shire of that name, was formed.
+
+Colonists were moving westward in Northumberland and the distance to its
+courthouse made attendance at court difficult. In 1653, the new county
+of Westmoreland was set up from the western end of Northumberland to
+take care of these new residents. Its boundaries were "from Machoatoke
+River where Mr. Cole lives and so upwards to the falls of the great
+river of Potomac above the Necostins Town." It did not extend across the
+Rappahannock River. The "Mr. Cole" referred to is probably the Richard
+Cole, who in his will, directed that an elaborate tombstone be ordered
+for him carrying the following inscription:
+
+    "Here lies Dick Cole a grievous sinner
+    Who died shortly before dinner
+    Yet hopes in Heaven to find a place
+    To satiate his soul with grace."
+
+Westmoreland, destined to share with Charles City County the distinction
+of being the birthplace of two Presidents of the United States, is a
+beautifully situated area with famous estates on its fertile lands.
+Among these should be mentioned "Stratford," the birthplace of two
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis
+Lightfoot Lee, and of General Robert E. Lee.
+
+
+NEW TIDEWATER COUNTIES
+
+Leaving the rapidly growing Northern Neck of Virginia, we return to the
+Tidewater area to see the developments there. Just as the 1622 Massacre
+had retarded settlements on the south bank of the York River, so the
+1644 Massacre had delayed expansion on the north side of the York.
+Although in 1648 a petition was presented to the Assembly reciting "the
+great and clamorous necessities of divers of the inhabitants occasioned
+and brought upon them through the mean produce of their labours upon
+barren and over-wrought grounds" and praying leave to settle on the
+north side of Charles (York) and Rappahannock Rivers, the Assembly
+postponed the date of such settlement until 1 September 1649. It seems
+to have been about two years later, 1651, before Gloucester County was
+established, and Burgesses from the new county are first listed in April
+1652.
+
+It may be mentioned that this is an early example of the cause
+underlying a great deal of the migration in Virginia: "barren and
+over-wrought grounds," the toll that tobacco yearly exacted from the
+soil and the continuing need for new land to cultivate in order to
+produce profitable crops of tobacco.
+
+Only a little later than the northward expansion of York, evidenced by
+the new county of Gloucester, came its growth to the west. In 1654,
+Captain Robert Abrell appeared in the Assembly as Burgess from New Kent
+County. Like Gloucester, it derived from an English shire of the same
+name, and was bestowed in honor of Colonel William Claiborne of
+Crayford, Kent, England, at this date a distinguished resident of the
+new county. Its bounds were "from the west side of Skimeno Creek to the
+heads of Pamunkey and Mattapony Rivers and down to the head of the west
+side of Poropotank Creek."
+
+Expansion also had taken place on the south side of James River directly
+across from Jamestown. The easterly bound of James City across the river
+was Lawne's Creek established in 1634 when the county of Warrosquyoake
+(Isle of Wight) was formed. The west boundary on the south side of the
+river was Upper Chippokes Creek. This, too, had been set up in 1634. Now
+in 1652, this area lying between these two creeks became Surry. Though
+named for the English shire, the spelling of the Virginia county has
+always omitted the "e" the English Surrey uses. It is said the name was
+selected because Surrey in England has the same geographical position to
+London as the Virginia Surry has to Jamestown, then the seat of
+government.
+
+With the formation of Surry County the needs of the population were
+satisfied for exactly 51 years. Not until 1703 was another south side
+division needed.
+
+
+THE NORTHERN NECK AND THE EASTERN SHORE DIVIDE
+
+Not so along the Rappahannock, for by 1656 only three years after
+Westmoreland was created, a petition was presented to the Assembly by
+"the inhabitants of the lower part of Lancaster County showing their
+vast distance from the county courts" and praying that a division be
+made. The Assembly acceded to their wishes, ordering "the upper part of
+Mr. Bennett's land known by the name of Naemhock on the south side of
+the easternmost branch of Morattico Creek on the north side the river be
+the lowermost bounds of the upper county; the lower county to retain the
+name of Lancaster and the upper county to be named Rappahannock County."
+This division followed the bounds of two parishes previously
+established.
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+King William County Courthouse, King William, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Hanover County Courthouse, Hanover, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Isle of Wight County Clerk's Office, Isle of Wight, Virginia]
+
+The formation of Rappahannock County in 1656 ended the list of counties
+formed in the decade 1650 to 1660.
+
+The next development was on the Eastern Shore. It had become
+sufficiently populous to support two county governments and in an Act of
+the Assembly March 1661/62 reference is made to the two counties. The
+southern part of the peninsula retained the name it had borne for twenty
+years, Northampton, and the county to the north assumed the name once
+borne by the entire peninsula, Accomack. The question of the boundary
+line between the two divisions dragged on for twenty-five years, being
+settled 22 March 1687/88. It has remained fixed. The boundary between
+Virginia and Maryland also was long in dispute, but Watkins Point at the
+mouth of Pocomoke River on its north side is the western end of the
+line. The line across the peninsula was set at a little north of the
+point.
+
+With Eastern Shore divided into two counties, no further growth was
+possible and the peninsula remains two counties.
+
+The next county to be formed in the colony was Stafford, which lies on
+the north side of the Rappahannock River to the west of Westmoreland.
+The name is in honor of an English shire. When formed in 1664, it was a
+border county with constant fear of Indian attacks since an established
+Indian trail regularly used by their hunting parties lay within its
+territory. Its north and west boundaries were not well defined, but
+included the area later Fairfax, Prince William, Fauquier, Loudoun and
+Alexandria (now Arlington) Counties.
+
+Middlesex County, next to be noted, was functioning as a county in 1669
+as Mr. F. W. Sydnor demonstrated in an article in _Virginia Magazine of
+History and Biography_, Volume 42. It was taken from Lancaster County,
+being the portion that lies on the south side of the Rappahannock River
+and extends to Dragon Run, the northern boundary of Gloucester. It had
+been the southern part of Christ Church Parish in Lancaster and retained
+the same parish name. Christ Church was the only parish and coterminous
+with Middlesex County. By good fortune, Christ Church in Lancaster and
+Christ Church in Middlesex are still preserved and in use. Both the
+Register and Vestry Book of the latter have survived the years, the
+former begins in 1653 and the latter ten years later. No Register of
+Christ Church Lancaster survives, and the extant Vestry Book covers only
+the years 1739 to 1786. Middlesex, never large, was, in colonial days,
+the home of numerous distinguished families, among them the Wormeleys,
+whose house "Rosegill" has seen many important historical events. The
+name Middlesex is for the English shire, doubtless the birthplace of
+many early residents of the Virginia County.
+
+
+THE COLONY PROSPERS UNDER A KING AND QUEEN AND TWO NEW COUNTIES HONOR
+THE ROYAL FAMILY
+
+After Middlesex in 1669, there was a hiatus of 22 years before a new
+county was created. In that period, the colony's fortunes had been
+checkered, and unrest and depression had been widespread. Troubles with
+the Indians, Bacon's Rebellion and economic ills, which led to tobacco
+cutting, all combined to make Virginia a gloomy place. The accession of
+James II brought no improvement in England, and the time was ripe for
+revolution. James II was forced to flee. He was succeeded by his
+daughter Mary and her husband, who was his nephew, Prince William of
+Orange. Under their rule, both England and Virginia became more
+prosperous. The next new county, King and Queen, created 1691, was named
+in their honor. This was formed from New Kent, "so that Pamunkey River
+divide the same, and so down York River to the extent of the county, and
+that the part which is now on the south side of York and Pamunkey River
+be called New Kent, and the north side with Pamunkey Neck be called and
+known by the name of King and Queen county." It was enacted further
+"that the inhabitants of Pamunkey Neck, that now belong to St. Peter's
+Parish be restored and added to St. John's Parish from which they
+formerly were taken, and that the Pamunkey River be the bounds betwixt
+the two parishes."
+
+About the same time Lower Norfolk became populous enough to justify the
+formation of a new county. This was to begin "at the new inlet of Little
+Creek and so up the said creek to the dams between Jacob Johnson and
+Richard Drout and so out of the said dams up a branch the head of which
+branch lyeth between the dwelling house of William Moseley, Senr., and
+the new dwelling house of Edmond Webb, and so to run from the head of
+the said branch on a direct line to the dams at the head of the Eastern
+branch of Elizabeth River, the which dams lie between James Kemp and
+Thomas Ivy, and so down the said branch to the mouth of a small branch
+or gutt that divides the land which Mr. John Porter now lives on from
+the land he formerly lived on, and so up the said small branch according
+to the bounds of the said plantation where the said Porter now liveth,
+and from thence to the great swamp that lieth on the east side of John
+Showlands and so along the said great swamp to the North River of
+Currituck and down the said North River to the mouth of Simpson's Creek
+and so up the said creek to the head thereof and from thence by a south
+line to the bounds of Carolina." The name of this new division was
+Princess Anne honoring the second daughter of James II by his first wife
+Anne Hyde, and the sister of Queen Mary. Later Princess Anne became a
+very popular Queen, Fluvanna County, the Rivanna River, the North Anna
+and South Anna and the Rapidan River all being named for her. At the
+same time that Princess Anne was formed, the name of Lower Norfolk was
+changed to Norfolk County.
+
+
+RICHMOND AND ESSEX FROM OLD RAPPAHANNOCK
+
+Settlers had long found the Rappahannock River area attractive. The
+county of this name, established in 1656, and lying on both sides of the
+river, had grown steadily and its population was sufficient to support
+two county governments. It was enacted that the river be the dividing
+line, "that part which is now on the north side thereof be called and
+known by the name Richmond County and that that which is now on the
+south side thereof be called and known by the name of Essex County." It
+was further ordered "that the records belonging to the county court of
+Rappahannock before this division be kept in Essex County, that
+belonging wholly to their majesties and the other to the proprietors of
+the North Neck." This was a seemingly casual reference to the grant
+Charles II had made to some of his supporters while he was in exile and
+had confirmed on his coming to the throne; it comprised over five
+million acres lying between the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers from
+their headsprings to the Chesapeake Bay. Not until the colony became
+independent was the Proprietary abolished.
+
+In 1702 another division was created. The land lying between the
+Pamunkey and Mattaponi Rivers, known as Pamunkey Neck was taken from
+King and Queen and became King William County. This honored the reigning
+monarch, King William, now a widower since the death of Queen Mary in
+1694.
+
+King William died the same year his namesake county was formed and his
+sister-in-law, Queen Anne came to the throne. The first county formed
+thereafter honored her husband, the Prince Consort, George of Denmark.
+The new county, Prince George, embraced that portion of Charles City
+lying on the south side of James River. The estate, "Brandon," and the
+third oldest church building in Virginia known as Merchants Hope, are
+within its confines.
+
+After a reign of twelve years Queen Anne died and the Elector of Hanover
+ascended the throne as King George I of England. Several years before
+this, the Tangier-born Alexander Spotswood was appointed Lieutenant
+Governor of Virginia and took up his residence in Williamsburg.
+Williamsburg had become the capital in 1699. It was on higher land than
+malarial Jamestown and a more healthful place to live.
+
+Governor Spotswood was active and eager to explore the resources of the
+colony. One of his achievements was to lead a group of adventurous
+persons to the summit of the Blue Ridge and blaze the way for westward
+expansion. He also was interested in bringing over from the German
+Palatinate colonists adept in iron mining, and establishing them on the
+edges of older settlements. This brought about the creation of several
+counties as we shall see later.
+
+In 1721 the "Upper Inhabitants" of Richmond County because of their
+great distance from the courthouse petitioned to become a separate
+county. The eastern part lying below "Charles Beaver Dams and from the
+head thereof by a north course to Westmoreland County" was to retain the
+name Richmond and the part above the said dams and course was to be King
+George County. The name, of course, honored George I.
+
+When New Kent was formed in 1654 its western bounds were indefinite. By
+1721, however, the "Upper Inhabitants" of this county were sufficiently
+numerous to petition for division on account of their great distance
+from court. It was ordered that "that part of the county lying below the
+Parish of St. Paul" was to remain New Kent and the part lying in St.
+Paul's Parish was to be known as Hanover County. The name again honors
+the reigning monarch.
+
+Also in 1721, a third new county was formed and called Spotsylvania for
+the energetic and capable Governor. Spotsylvania was taken from Essex,
+and parts of King and Queen and King William. The bounds of Spotsylvania
+specifically laid out in the Act creating it were "upon Snow Creek up to
+the mill, thence by a southwest line to the river, North Anna, thence up
+the river as far as convenient and thence by a line to be run over the
+high mountains to the river on the northwest side thereof, so as to
+include the northern passage through the said mountains, thence down the
+said river until it comes against the head of Rappahannock thence, by a
+line to the head of Rappahannock River; and down that river to the mouth
+of Snow Creek." Within the portion of Spotsylvania that was taken from
+Essex, the Governor, some years before, had located a group of German
+immigrants at a place called Germanna on the Rapidan River.
+
+Besides the Germans, there was a group of Huguenots who had come over a
+few years earlier and settled on the James River some 20 miles above the
+Falls. There were also immigrants, both from England and Scotland, who
+were loyal to the Stuart cause, and its leader, James, son of James II
+by his second wife, Mary of Modena. The rising of the Scotch clans in
+his favor in 1715 was crushed by the battle of Preston. Many of the
+captured Highlanders were deported to America and others, fearing
+capture, emigrated. These three new factors in the life of the colony
+are worthy of notice.
+
+In 1727/28, an Act was passed by the Assembly to take effect the next
+year dividing the county of Henrico. The division was to be "by a line
+on the north side James River beginning at the mouth of Tuckahoe Creek
+thence up the said creek to Chumley's Branch thence along a line of
+marked trees north twenty degrees east to Hanover County and on the
+south side James River beginning at the Lower Manachin Creek from thence
+along a line of marked trees in a direct course to the mouth of
+Skinquarter Creek on Appomattox River." The land to the east of this
+line was to remain Henrico and that to the west to comprise the new
+county of Goochland. Sir William Gooch had become Lieutenant Governor of
+Virginia in 1727 and served 22 years. He was probably the most popular
+of the colonial governors, seemingly able to work harmoniously with the
+Council which was necessary for success.
+
+At the same time that Goochland was formed another new county came into
+being. This was described in the bill brought before the House of
+Burgesses as "An act for erecting a new county on the heads of Essex,
+King and Queen and King William Counties and for calling the same
+Caroline County." The name derives from Caroline of Anspach, Queen of
+George II who had succeeded his father, George I as King the year
+before. It will be recalled that Queen Caroline gave money to Thomas Lee
+to aid him in building "Stratford" when his former house had been burned
+by criminals whom he, as a magistrate, had sentenced for their misdeeds.
+Caroline County was not an expansion of settlements as most of the other
+counties had been for it was bounded completely by already established
+governments. Its creation, however, was in line with the thesis already
+laid down "to make justice accessible to all", and made court attendance
+more convenient for dwellers in the northwest portions of Essex, King
+and Queen and King William.
+
+Three years later, in 1731, a new county was created from the northwest
+portions of Stafford and King George "above Choppawomsick Creek on
+Potomac River and Deep Creek on Rappahannock River and a southwest line
+to be made from the head of the north branch of the said creek to the
+head of the said Deep Run." This area was to be known as Prince William
+County honoring by this title, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, the
+King's brother. He was later known as "The Butcher of Culloden" because
+of the ferocity of his treatment of the Scotch Highlanders after the
+battle of Culloden in 1745. This battle, so sanguinary and devastating
+in its effects, wiped out the Stuart sympathizers and there were no
+further attempts to depose the Hanoverian dynasty from the British
+throne. The county seat is Manassas, near which were fought two battles
+of the Civil War.
+
+
+BRUNSWICK AND MIGRATION SOUTHWARD
+
+In 1720, the Assembly passed an act to be effective in 1721, creating
+Spotsylvania County as has been mentioned. At the same time, there was
+an act to form a county from the southern part of Prince George County
+and name it Brunswick for the Duchy of Brunswick which was then a
+possession of the Electorate of Hanover. The description is as follows:
+that Brunswick County should begin "on the south side of the River
+Roanoke at the place where the line lately run for ascertaining the
+uncontroverted bounds of this colony towards North Carolina intersects
+the said river Roanoke and to be bounded by the direction of the
+governor with consent of council so as to include the southern pass." No
+steps were taken for carrying out this act because of the small number
+of settlers in the area, until May 1732, when it was enacted that the
+earlier legislation become effective the first of January ensuing.
+Setting up the county government had been made possible by adding parts
+of Surry and Isle of Wight, thus increasing the number of tithables and
+lessening the amount of taxes each would pay. The preamble to the act
+expresses this thought in more precise phrase when it says "whereas by
+reason of the small number of tithables in the county of Brunswick the
+poll taxes must necessarily be very grievous and burthensome to them,
+which by an addition of parts of the counties of Surry and Isle of Wight
+would be remedied, and divers of the inhabitants of the two last
+mentioned counties would thereby also be freed from hardships and
+inconveniences which at present they labour under."
+
+The reference to the line lately run "between Virginia and North
+Carolina" is the famous survey made by Col. William Byrd, Major William
+Mayo, John Irvine and others which forms the subject of _The History of
+the Dividing Line_ written by Colonel Byrd. The Mayo River in Patrick
+and Henry Counties perpetuates the name of Major Mayo, the skilled
+surveyor in the party. The entire boundary was not surveyed then, in
+fact it was a good many years later before it was necessary to have a
+clear limit between the two colonies for the entire area.
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Lancaster County Clerk's Office, Lancaster, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Essex County Clerk's Office, Tappahannock, Virginia]
+
+[Illustration: Virginia State Chamber of Commerce
+Richmond County Clerk's Office, Warsaw, Virginia]
+
+Brunswick County began to function in 1732 and grew rapidly. The
+"overwrought ground" mentioned long before had in the interval became a
+more and more disturbing factor in agriculture. Tobacco was king, it
+demanded new land, hence new land must be provided. In Brunswick there
+was not only new land but the sort of land to raise good tobacco
+profitably, a condition equally true today. Settlers from Essex, King
+and Queen, Gloucester, York, Elizabeth City and other older counties
+soon made their way into Brunswick. It may not be amiss to observe that
+with the better living made possible by better tobacco crops a
+gastronomic delicacy was developed there, a rich and succulent stew
+called "Brunswick Stew" in honor of the county. So far as the writer is
+aware no other county in the state has achieved similar fame.
+
+
+ORANGE COUNTY REACHES TO THE MISSISSIPPI
+
+In 1734, an expansion to the northwest took place in the creation of
+Orange County so named to honor William, Prince of Orange, later William
+III of England. The City of Williamsburg, King William and King and
+Queen counties had been prior evidences of his popularity. The new
+division was to embrace that part of Spotsylvania County lying in Saint
+Mark's Parish "Bounden southerly by the line of Hanover County,
+northerly by the grant of Lord Fairfax and westerly by the utmost limits
+of Virginia." This western boundary was the Mississippi River. The
+Assembly further enacted "for the encouragement of the inhabitants
+already settled and which shall speedily settle on the westward of
+Sherrendo (Shenandoah) River" that "all who had established themselves
+by 1st January 1734/35 should be free of country, county and parish
+levies for the next three years."
+
+Part of this expansion was due to the natural increase of population,
+the allure of new settlements where there was greater opportunity for
+advancement of fortunes, and part to the tide of immigration. Years of
+warfare in Germany had left ruined communities along the Rhenish
+Palatinate. For these people, Rotterdam was the most convenient port of
+embarkation and Philadelphia was often their port of debarkation.
+Following in the steps of John Van Metre, Adam Miller, Jacob Stover and
+Jost Hite who had come to the Valley of Virginia between 1725 and 1731,
+many immigrants, finding land cheaper in Virginia, left Pennsylvania and
+took up residence in Virginia.
+
+In 1735, the act of the Assembly passed the year before for creating the
+new county of Amelia became effective. By this act, it was ordered that
+"the said county of Prince George and that part of the parish of Bristol
+which lies in the same be divided from the mouth of Namozain Creek up
+the same to the main, or John Hamlin's, fork of the said creek, thence
+up the south or lowest branch thereof to White Oak Hunting Path and
+thence by a south course to strike Nottoway River." The land below these
+courses retained the name of Prince George. The land lying above these
+courses bounded "southerly by the Great Nottoway River including part of
+the county of Brunswick and parish of Saint Andrew as far as to take the
+ridges between Roanoke and Appomattox Rivers and thence along those
+ridges to the great mountains westerly by the said mountains and
+northerly by the southern boundaries of Goochland and Henrico Counties"
+became Amelia County and Raleigh Parish. The name was in honor of the
+youngest daughter of George II.
+
+By 1738, people living across the Blue Ridge Mountains found them a
+barrier to frequent attendance at Orange County Court. For their
+convenience, a division was ordered. "All that territory and tract of
+land at present deemed to be a part of the county of Orange lying on the
+northwest side of the said mountains (Blue Ridge) extending from thence
+northerly, westerly and southerly beyond the said mountains to the
+utmost limits of Virginia" shall be "separated from the rest of the said
+county and erected into two distinct counties and parishes; to be
+divided by a line to be run from the head spring of Hedgman River to the
+head spring by the River Potomac." "That part of the said territory
+lying to the northeast of the said line beyond the top of the said Blue
+Ridge shall be one distinct county, to be called and known by the name
+of the county of Frederick and parish of Frederick. And that the rest
+of the said territory lying on the other side of the said line beyond
+the top of the said Blue Ridge shall be one other distinct county and
+parish to be called by the name of the county of Augusta and parish of
+Augusta." The counties thus created honored Frederick, Prince of Wales,
+eldest son of George II, and his wife, Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess
+of Wales. Frederick predeceased his father and it was Frederick's son
+who became George III.
+
+The Assembly had repeated with reference to Augusta and Frederick
+Counties its action in the case of Brunswick; namely: created counties
+before they were financially able to function. Not until 1743 did
+Frederick have sufficient tithables to begin to hold court, and it was
+two years later before Augusta set up her county organization.
+
+In 1742, it was enacted that Prince William County be divided. The
+bounds of this county were set as follows: "all that part thereof lying
+on the south side of Occoquan and Bull Run and from the heads of the
+main branch of Bull Run by a straight course to the Thoroughfare of the
+Blue Ridge of Mountains known by the name of Ashby's Gap or Bent."
+Hamilton was the parish for Prince William County. That portion of
+Prince William which had, in 1732, been placed in Truro Parish became
+the new county of Fairfax. The name was, of course, in honor of Lord
+Fairfax, the Proprietor of the Northern Neck Grant.
+
+Pohick, one of the churches in Truro Parish, is still standing and in
+use. General George Washington, who lived at nearby "Mount Vernon,"
+George Mason of "Gunston Hall" and Lord Fairfax of "Greenway Court" were
+vestrymen; and planned for the erection of this present building in
+1769.
+
+In the same year that Fairfax was formed in the northern part of the
+colony, Hanover County in the middle section was divided. The Act
+ordered "all that tract of land now deemed to be a part of the said
+county of Hanover lying above a straight course to be run from the
+mouth of Little Rockey Creek on the River Northanna south, twenty
+degrees west until it intersects the line of Goochland County" should
+become a distinct county and known by the name of Louisa County. The
+name honored a daughter of George II, as Amelia had done a few years
+earlier.
+
+Two years later the first of the eight counties eventually cut from
+Goochland was created and given the name Albemarle. This was in honor of
+William Anne Keppel, second Earl of Albemarle, Governor-General of the
+Colony, 1737-1754. Like most of the Governors-General, he did not come
+to Virginia, but the Lieutenant Governor as his deputy, performed the
+duties of his office.
+
+The bounds of Albemarle were to be divided from Goochland on the west
+"by a line run from the point of fork of James River north, thirty
+degrees east to the Louisa County line, and from the said point of fork
+a direct course to Brooks mill and from thence the same course continued
+to Appomattox River." "The point of fork" is the junction of the Rivanna
+with the James. It will be noted by the reference to the Appomattox
+River that Albemarle extended across James River just as Goochland did.
+"Monticello" the beloved home of Thomas Jefferson, is in Albemarle
+County, and in architecture and planning is another example of the
+amazing versatility of his genius.
+
+In 1746, the settlements in Brunswick County had grown to such an extent
+that a new division was required. The line was ordered "to be run from
+the county line where it crosses Roanoke River below the place called
+the Horse Ford to strike Nottoway River at the south." The territory
+above this line was to be called Lunenburg County. This title,
+anglicized from the German form, Luneburg, was chosen since the Duchy of
+Luneburg, like that of Brunswick, belonged to the Electorate of Hanover.
+Lunenburg embraced a vast acreage stretching from the rolling country
+where bright tobacco came to perfection as far west as the mountains and
+on the south to the North Carolina boundary.
+
+
+CUMBERLAND, CULPEPER, SOUTHAMPTON AND CHESTERFIELD CREATED, 1749
+
+The western portion of Goochland lying on both sides of the James had,
+in 1744, been taken to form the new county of Albemarle; now, five years
+later, the southeast portion of Goochland was made into the new county
+of Cumberland. The name was further honor for the Duke of Cumberland,
+"The Butcher of Culloden." The growth in this locality had been hastened
+by the arrival of numerous Huguenot families seeking asylum from
+persecution in France. Manakintown was the name of their settlement. The
+name is perpetuated in a newly erected Episcopal church not far from the
+site of the settlement where the Agee, Fourqurean, Legrand, Michaux,
+Guerrant, Flournoy and other families worship now, as they have done for
+some 250 years.
+
+In the same year that Cumberland was formed, a new county was taken from
+Orange and named Culpeper, presumably in honor of Lord Culpeper,
+Governor of Virginia 1680-1683, a compliment to Lord Fairfax "who had
+inherited from him the ownership of the Northern Neck." Culpeper lay on
+the south side of the Rappahannock and north of the Conway River
+commonly called the fork of the Rappahannock River. The fork of the
+Rappahannock was the area between the Rappahannock River and its
+tributary, the Conway, now called the Rapidan. "Horseshoe Farm" is in
+Culpeper County and takes its name from the bend or horseshoe made by
+the Rapidan within which it is situated. While the residence is modern,
+the farm is of colonial times and was once owned by Governor Spotswood.
+It was from this house that, in 1741, he went to Annapolis, Maryland
+expecting to sail with an expedition to join Admiral Vernon and attack
+Cartagena in the Spanish Main. He died unexpectedly in Annapolis but,
+strangely enough, considering his prominence, his burial place is
+unknown.
+
+Besides Culpeper and Cumberland, a third county, Southampton, was
+formed in 1749. This was taken from that portion of Isle of Wight's
+territory that lay west of Blackwater River. The name is said to honor,
+tho belatedly, Henry Wriothesley, second Earl of Southampton, friend of
+Shakespeare and a leading member of the Virginia Company of London. The
+City of Hampton and Hampton River honor the same person. Southampton is
+one of the cotton-raising counties of Virginia, and in the fall the
+fields of cotton are a beautiful sight.
+
+Still a fourth county was formed in 1749 and that was Chesterfield.
+This, as was the case with the other three, represented no great
+expansion, but was in line with the thesis long before laid down--"to
+make justice accessible to all." Chesterfield is that part of Henrico
+that lay on the south side of James River. Again we go to England for
+the reason for this name and learn that it honors Philip Dormer
+Stanhope, fourth Earl of Chesterfield, the celebrated Lord Chesterfield.
+Though we think of him primarily as the epitome of good manners,
+courtesy and tact, his political career was important too. His services
+in Parliament, his lord lieutenancy of Ireland, his achievements on
+different embassies, and as Secretary of State were of value to his
+country. In Chesterfield County are the sites of the earliest iron works
+in the colony and of the projected college just beginning to operate
+when the 1622 Massacre destroyed everything.
+
+In 1752, two new divisions were made. One of these was Halifax, the
+first of the nine counties that were destined to be carved out of the
+vast expanse of Lunenburg County. The bounds of Halifax were "all that
+part thereof lying on the south side of Black-Water Creek and Staunton
+river, from the said Black-Water creek to the confluence of the said
+river with the river Dan and from thence to Aaron's creek to the county
+line." The parish of Antrim coterminous with the county was established
+when the county was created. The name Halifax honors George Montagu
+Dunk, the second Earl of Halifax "who was First Lord of the Board of
+Trade about that time and as such greatly interested himself in the
+trade of the colonies." Halifax, Nova Scotia is a further memorial to
+Lord Halifax.
+
+The other county created in 1752 was Dinwiddie, taken from the southern
+portion of Prince George. Its bounds began at the lower side "of the run
+which falls into Appomattox river between the town of Blanford and
+Bollings point warehouses to the outermost line of the glebe land and by
+a south course and by the said outermost line of the glebe land to Surry
+County." The name honored Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant Governor of
+Virginia 1751-58. He held office during the troubled period of the
+French and Indian Wars, in which George Washington, as a Colonel in the
+Virginia Militia, participated.
+
+In 1754 that part of Amelia County divided "by a line to run from Ward's
+ford on Appomattox River to the mouth of Sail's creek on Nottoway river
+and all that part of the said county which lies on the upper side of the
+said line shall be one distinct county and called and known by the name
+of Prince Edward." The name was in honor of a younger brother of King
+George III, Prince Edward, Duke of Gloucester. This Prince was one of
+the two brothers of George III, whose marriages to commoners led to the
+passage of the famous Royal Marriage Act in 1772. Its well-known
+provisions are that no descendant of King George III may marry when
+under 25 years of age without consent of the reigning monarch or, if
+over that age, without a consenting Act of Parliament. Prince Edward
+Street in Fredericksburg is also named for this Prince as the city
+itself is for his father.
+
+Also in 1754, a second county was created from Lunenburg and called
+Bedford. It comprised the area lying on the upper side of Falling-river
+from its mouth "up the said river to the fork, thence up that fork
+running by John Beard's to the head, thence by a line to be run from the
+head thereof north, twenty degrees east to the line dividing the said
+county from the county of Albemarle." It should be remembered that at
+this time both the present Buckingham and Appomattox were a part of
+Albemarle County. The new county honored "John Russell the fourth Duke
+of Bedford who was Secretary of State of Great Britain February 13th
+1748 to June 26th 1757." The parish, coterminous with the county and
+created at the same time, also honored the Duke, being called Russell.
+
+Another expansion at this time also on the south side of James River was
+the formation of Sussex from Surry County. Sussex lies to the south of
+Seacock Swamp on the line dividing Surry "from the county of
+Southampton, thence a straight course to Blackwater at the mouth of
+Coppohawk and up Blackwater to the line dividing" Surry from the county
+of Prince George. Sussex took its name from the English shire. Albemarle
+Parish formed in 1739 had included the area now made into Sussex, and,
+in addition, a small portion of Surry. It was enacted that the portion
+in Surry be added to Southwark Parish, and Albemarle Parish be made
+coterminous with Sussex.
+
+The fourth county formed in 1754 was Hampshire named for the English
+shire. It is now in West Virginia. Since, however, its creation affected
+the bounds of two already established Virginia Counties, the Act of
+Assembly for its bounds is cited: "Whereas part of the county and parish
+of Augusta lies within the bounds of the territory or tract of land
+called the Northern Neck belong to the right honorable Thomas, Lord
+Fairfax, Baron of Cameron and it will be more convenient if the dividing
+line between the said territory and the other part of this colony be
+established as the line of the said county and that part of the said
+county be added to the county and parish of Frederick," it was enacted
+therefore that the part of Augusta above mentioned be added to Frederick
+which should then be divided into two counties and "all that part
+thereof lying to the westward of the ridge of mountains commonly called
+and known by the name of the Great North or Cape Capon mountains and
+Warin spring mountain extending to Potomac river be one distinct county
+and called and known by the name of Hampshire." When Augusta and
+Frederick were authorized in 1738, the western bounds of the Northern
+Neck Grant had not been surveyed. This was done in 1747, and the above
+Act changed the previous limits of Augusta so that the entire county
+would not be a part of the proprietary.
+
+The name of the next new county reflected current happenings. For about
+six years, 1754-1760, the colony was actively participating in the
+struggle to crush French power in America. The Commander-in-Chief of the
+British Forces in America was, for a time, John Campbell, fourth Earl of
+Loudoun. His conduct of the war was severely criticized, and he was
+recalled in December 1757. He was, for almost two years, titular
+"Governor and Captain-General of Virginia," though his deputy
+Lieutenant-Governor Robert Dinwiddie performed all the duties of the
+office. Loudoun, the new county named for the Earl, was formed from
+Fairfax County in 1757. It included "all that part thereof lying above
+Difficult Run which falls into Potomac river and by a line to be run
+from the head of the said run or straight course to the mouth of Rocky
+run." The part "thereof below the said run and course" retained its
+status as a distinct county and the name of Fairfax.
+
+In 1759, the inhabitants of Prince William County complained of many
+inconveniences "by reason of the great extent thereof and their remote
+situation from the courthouse." Mindful that justice be accessible to
+all, the Assembly enacted that Prince William be divided and "all that
+part of the said county that lies above a line to be run from the head
+of Bull Run and along the top of Bull run mountains to Chapman's mill,
+in Broad run thoroughfare, from thence by a direct line till it
+intersects the nearest part of the line dividing Stafford and Prince
+William Counties" be known as Fauquier. This again honors an English
+official but in this case a very popular one, Francis Fauquier, who, in
+1758, succeeded Robert Dinwiddie as Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. He
+served the colony for nearly ten years, dying in Williamsburg on 3 March
+1768 "after a tedious illness which he bore with the greatest patience
+and fortitude." Among the eulogies in prose to his memory, the following
+verse may be noted:
+
+    "If ever virtue lost a friend sincere
+    If ever sorrow claimed Virginia's tear
+    If ever death a noble conquest made
+    'Twas when Fauquier the debt of nature paid."
+
+With tobacco as the medium of exchange and as the most valuable export,
+the economic base was too small for the large superstructure erected on
+it. The taxes, fees, and commissions on exported tobacco were numerous
+and onerous, the net return to the planter often did not cover the goods
+he had ordered and his debt to his London agent increased. It was
+British policy that her colonies should send her raw materials and buy
+from her manufactured articles, thus giving her merchants a double
+advantage and placing the colonists at double disadvantage. During the
+1750's, the colony had been put to such great expense in prosecuting the
+French and Indian War that for the first time an issue of paper money
+was required. Economic conditions grew worse throughout the colony.
+
+
+"WESTWARD-HO" TWENTY-SIX NEW COUNTIES, 1750-1770
+
+The unceasing westward trek of settlers continued. In 1750-60, eight
+counties were formed, between 1760-1770, eighteen new divisions
+occurred, which evidences the great growth of population.
+
+Albemarle was the next county to be divided. In 1761, it was enacted
+that the portion "of the said county which lies on the south side of the
+Fluvanna river" [old name for the James River above Richmond] "shall be
+one distinct county and called and known by the name of Buckingham." By
+the same legislation, "that other part of the said county which lies on
+the north side of the Fluvanna river shall be divided from the
+confluence of Rockfish river with the Fluvanna by Rockfish river to the
+mouth of Green creek and thence a straight line to the house of Thomas
+Bell to the Blue mountains, and all that part which lies above Rockfish
+river and the lines aforesaid" shall be called Amherst County. Amherst
+Parish at the same time was formed from Saint Anne's Parish and made
+coterminous with the county of Amherst. Several years earlier, Tillotson
+Parish had been formed from Saint Anne's to take care of the residents
+of Amherst who lived on the south side of James River. It was now made
+coterminous with the county of Buckingham.
+
+The name Buckingham is probably for the Duke of Buckingham. Amherst
+derives its name from "the hero of Ticonderoga, Major-General Sir
+Jeffrey Amherst, the most successful as well as the most popular of all
+the English Colonial Governors-General." He was titular Governor-General
+of Virginia 1759-1768 while Francis Fauquier performed the duties of the
+office.
+
+Four years passed, and two more divisions were made in the western
+portion of Lunenburg. The part of Lunenburg comprised in the parish of
+Cornwall became Charlotte County and the portion in the parish of St.
+James became Mecklenburg.
+
+These counties were named, as is the city of Charlottesville, after
+Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who became Queen of England on her
+marriage to King George III.
+
+We next find in 1767 that Halifax has grown to the point of division and
+a new county, Pittsylvania, has been taken from its western portion.
+Pittsylvania lay on the upper or western side "of a line to be run
+across the mouth of Strait Stone creek on Staunton river to the country
+line, near the mouth of the country line creek on Dan river." At the
+same time, Antrim, which was the parish for Halifax, was divided and the
+part lying in Pittsylvania became Camden. Pittsylvania honored "Sir
+William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, the celebrated English statesman" whose
+sympathy with them had endeared him to the colonists. A statue of him in
+Westmoreland county, Virginia and another in Charleston, South Carolina
+are further expressions of the affection felt for him.
+
+
+BOTETOURT, 1770 HONORS A POPULAR COLONIAL GOVERNOR
+
+The next county was, in the main, a rearrangement of already settled
+territory bearing always in mind that easy access to justice was the
+purpose of every division. The new county, Botetourt, was formed from
+Augusta in 1770 and lay on the south side of a dividing "line beginning
+at the Blue Ridge, running north fifty-five degrees west, to the
+confluence of Mary's creek, or the south river, with the north branch of
+James River, thence up the same to the mouth of Carr's creek, thence up
+the said creek to the mountain, thence north, fifty-five degrees west as
+far as the courts of the two counties shall extend it." The phrase to
+note in the above is: "as far as the courts of the two counties shall
+extend it," in other words, there was no limit to the western boundary.
+The name Botetourt was for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt,
+Governor of Virginia 1768-1770. He died in Williamsburg in October 1770,
+lamented and beloved for his interest in the colony and the College of
+William and Mary. The House of Burgesses voted a sum of money to have a
+statue of him made in London to stand in the old Capitol building. The
+statue still exists, one of the most treasured possessions of the
+College of William and Mary, and adorns its campus.
+
+
+FREDERICK SUBDIVIDED
+
+Two years later, the county of Frederick had a division on both its
+eastern and northern ends. It was enacted by the Assembly that the
+territory of Frederick be divided into three distinct counties: "on the
+north by a line beginning in the line that divides the counties of
+Frederick and Loudoun one mile and an half northward of the corner in
+Williams' gap that at present divides the parishes of Frederick and
+Norborne thence westward with a line exactly parallel to the line that
+now divides the said parishes of Frederick and Norborne till it
+intersects the line of Hampshire county; thence with the Hampshire line
+to the corner dividing the parishes of Frederick and Beckford; thence
+with the lines dividing the said parishes of Frederick and Beckford east
+southeast to the south eastwardly bank of Cedar creek, thence binding on
+the same to its confluence with the river Shenandoah; thence across the
+said river east to the easterly bank of the same; thence down the said
+river and binding on the same to the mouth of Passage creek; and thence
+with a right line to the line of Culpeper, at the intersection of the
+road leading through Chester's gap; thence with the Culpeper, Fauquier,
+and Loudoun lines to the beginning." This area, so described, was to
+remain Frederick County. "All that part of the county which lies between
+the first mentioned line running from the said beginning in the line of
+Loudoun county and Potomac river shall be ... known by the name of
+Berkeley county." The remainder of what had been Frederick now became
+Dunmore County. There had been three parishes in Frederick; of these
+Frederick remained in the county, while Norborne appropriately became
+the parish for Berkeley and Beckford for Dunmore.
+
+Berkeley County named for Norborne Berkeley, Lord de Botetourt, later
+became a part of West Virginia. It was further evidence of this
+governor's popularity, Botetourt County having previously been named for
+him.
+
+
+DUNMORE RENAMED SHENANDOAH
+
+Dunmore honored the new Governor, John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, who
+succeeded Lord Botetourt. His popularity was short lived, and his
+tyrannical acts, when he attempted to keep the colony loyal to the
+crown, so enraged the people that he was forced to take refuge with his
+family on a British warship. In 1777, still smarting over his behavior,
+the Assembly changed the name of the county to Shenandoah for the
+beautiful river that flows through it; the change to take effect
+February 1, 1778.
+
+
+FINCASTLE REACHES TO THE OHIO RIVER
+
+In 1772, the county of Fincastle was formed from the western portion of
+Botetourt. It is an evidence of rapidly growing settlements when for the
+first time mention is made of "inhabitants and settlers on the waters of
+Holston and New rivers." The territory of Fincastle was "within a line
+to run up the east side of New river to the mouth of Culberson's creek,
+thence a direct line to the Catawba road where it crosses the dividing
+ridge between the north fork of Roanoke and the waters of New river,
+thence with the top of the ridge to the bent where it turns eastwardly,
+thence a south course crossing Little river to the top of the Blue Ridge
+of mountains." The reason for the name Fincastle seems uncertain; one
+version has it as being for George, Lord Fincastle, Lord Dunmore's son,
+and the other that it was for the town of Fincastle established in 1772
+and so named for Lord Botetourt's home in England.
+
+
+VIRGINIA COUNTIES EXTENDED TO THE OHIO RIVER AND INCLUDE KENTUCKY
+
+Fincastle County was an expansion of Augusta to the west but an
+expansion to the northwest had been in progress since before 1754. In
+that year, Governor Dinwiddie ordered a fort built on the present site
+of Pittsburgh and issued a proclamation offering land in the area to
+those who would enlist as soldiers for the French and Indian War. The
+French captured the fort and named it Fort Duquesne. This outpost of
+great strategic importance fell to the English in 1758 and was renamed
+Fort Pitt. The area was under Virginia jurisdiction and called the
+district of West Augusta being considered a part of Augusta County.
+"County courts were held at Pittsburgh under Virginia jurisdiction and
+the great section of country from the Alleghany mountains northwest to
+the Ohio came to be called West Augusta. It was represented under this
+name in the Conventions of 1775 and 1776. In October 1776, the district
+of West Augusta was divided into the counties of Ohio, Yohogania and
+Monongalia. A portion of this territory, including Pittsburgh, was
+claimed by Pennsylvania and there was much disorder and some bloodshed
+between the officers and adherents of the two Colonies. In 1779,
+commissioners from Virginia and Pennsylvania finally settled the line
+and Pittsburgh and the adjoining area were surrendered to Pennsylvania."
+The above is the concise account, by the late W. G. Stanard, in an early
+volume of the _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, of an almost
+forgotten episode in western development. It explains why in the Augusta
+County records in Staunton, Virginia are found deeds for land now in
+Pennsylvania.
+
+The bounds of these three new counties, Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia
+are set forth in detail in the Act of Assembly creating them, but are
+not quoted here since they neither adjoin nor are a part of the
+Commonwealth of Virginia now.
+
+
+KENTUCKY A VIRGINIA COUNTY, 1776
+
+The next division of a county occurred in this same year 1776, and was
+further expansion toward the beckoning west; this division was not to
+take effect until January first, 1777. Fincastle became extinct as a
+county, its territory becoming Kentucky, Washington and Montgomery
+Counties. The Act of Assembly recites that the part of Fincastle lying
+"to the south and westward of a line beginning on the Ohio at the mouth
+of Great Sandy creek and running up the same and the main, or
+north-easterly, branch thereof to the Great Laurel Ridge or Cumberland
+Mountain, thence south westerly along the said mountain to the line of
+North Carolina shall be one distinct county and called and known by the
+name of Kentucky; and all that part of the said county of Fincastle
+included in the lines beginning at the Cumberland Mountain where the
+line of Kentucky county intersects the North Carolina line, thence east
+along the said Carolina line to the top of Iron mountain, thence along
+the same easterly to the source of the south fork of Holstein river,
+thence northwardly along the highest part of the high lands, ridges and
+mountains that divide the waters of the Tennessee from those of the
+Great Kanawha, to the most easterly source of Clinch river, thence
+westwardly along the top of the mountains that divide the waters of
+Clinch river from those of the Great Kanawha and Sandy Creek to the line
+of Kentucky county thence along the same to the beginning" shall be
+known "by the name of Washington; and all the residue of the said county
+of Fincastle shall be" known as Montgomery.
+
+It is said that Washington County is the first place or area named for
+General Washington in the United States. It is also the first time the
+words Kentucky and Tennessee occur in a county division and show the
+scope of western settlements. Montgomery County was named for General
+Richard Montgomery, a Revolutionary officer, who fell 31 December 1775,
+while trying unsuccessfully to scale the city walls and capture Quebec
+from the English.
+
+The next formation was a division of Pittsylvania County in 1777, ten
+years after its creation. The new county lay on the west side of "a line
+beginning at the mouth of Blackwater on Staunton river and running
+parallel with the line of Halifax county till it strikes the country
+line." The name Henry honored Patrick Henry, the famous orator of the
+Revolution and first Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia. He
+purchased a large acreage in Henry County but resided in nearby Campbell
+County.
+
+Also, in 1777, Albemarle was divided "by a line beginning at the most
+western point in the line of Louisa County and running thence directly
+to the lower edge of Stott's ferry on the Fluvanna river and that part
+which lies south eastward of the said line together with the islands in
+the Fluvanna river adjacent thereto shall be called by the name of
+Fluvanna county." The county was named for the river and the river was
+so called in honor of Queen Anne whose name is borne by four other
+Virginia rivers. Fluvanna, used for most of the eighteenth century, was
+the title given the James River above its falls at Richmond. Tobacco and
+other merchandise was taken in bateaux down this river to Richmond.
+
+Both Henry and Fluvanna Counties had been formed mostly because of
+natural increase in population rather than of any tide of immigration.
+The creation of Powhatan County in 1777 was of the same type. This
+county embraced the portion of Cumberland lying on the south side of
+James River and in Southam Parish, which was the eastern end of
+Cumberland and adjoined Chesterfield County. The name Powhatan honored
+the celebrated Indian chieftain.
+
+In 1778, the vast sprawling territory of Augusta underwent changes. One
+was an addition to Hampshire County of the territory on the north of "a
+line beginning at the north side of the North Mountain opposite to the
+upper end of Sweedland Hill and running a direct course so as to strike
+the mouth of Seneca creek on the north fork of the south branch of
+Potomac river and the same course to be continued to the Allegheny
+mountain, thence along the said mountain" to the county line. "The
+residue of the county and parish of Augusta" was divided by a line
+beginning "at the South Mountain and running thence by Benjamin
+Yardley's plantation so as to strike the north river below James Byrd's
+house thence up the said river to the mouth of Naked creek, thence
+leaving the river a direct course so as to cross the said river at the
+mouth of Cunningham's branch in the upper end of Silas Hart's land to
+the foot of North Mountain, thence fifty-five degrees west to the
+Allegheny mountain and with the same to the line of Hampshire"; all the
+portion north eastward of this line was to be called Rockingham. It is
+supposed the name of this county honors the Marquis of Rockingham, Prime
+Minister of England in 1765-66 when the unpopular Stamp Act was
+repealed.
+
+In the same Act of Assembly, 1778, by which Rockingham was created
+Greenbrier County, now in West Virginia, was formed from Montgomery and
+Botetourt Counties to the west of "a line beginning on the top of the
+ridge which divides the Eastern from the Western Waters, where the line
+between Augusta and Botetourt crosses the same, and running thence the
+same course continued north fifty-five degrees west to the Ohio, thence
+beginning at the said ridge at the said lines of Botetourt and Augusta,
+running along the top of the said ridge, passing the Sweet Springs to
+the top of Peter's mountain, thence along the said mountain to the line
+of Montgomery county, thence along the same mountain to the Kanawha or
+New river, thence down the said river to the Ohio." Greenbrier County
+takes its name from its principal river. It is the anglicized version of
+the French word "ronce" for brier or bramble and "verte" for green. The
+town Ronceverte, situated on the river, keeps the French word.
+
+At the same time Rockbridge County was formed from parts of Botetourt
+and Augusta. It was bounded "by a line beginning in the top of the Blue
+Ridge near Steele's mill and running thence north fifty-five degrees
+west passing the said mill and crossing the North mountain to the top
+and the mountain dividing the waters of the Calf Pasture from the waters
+of the Cow Pasture and thence along the said mountain crossing Panther's
+gap to the line that divides the counties of Augusta and Botetourt." The
+remainder of Botetourt shall be divided "by a line to begin at Audley
+Paul's and running thence south fifty-five degrees east crossing James
+river, to the top of the Blue Ridge, thence along the same crossing
+James river, to the beginning of the aforesaid line dividing Augusta
+county; then beginning again at the said Audley Paul's, and running
+north fifty-five degrees west till the said course shall intersect a
+line to be run south forty-five degrees west from the place where the
+above line dividing Augusta terminated."
+
+The enabling acts setting forth the bounds for the counties when created
+have been quoted fully, both for the information they contain and for
+the comprehensive geographical knowledge they reveal. They show
+painstaking surveys and study to achieve accuracy under the handicap of
+lack of roads and bridges. In addition to technical knowledge, the
+surveyor needed a sturdy physique to withstand the daily hardships that
+were part of his routine work.
+
+Rockbridge, the name of the new county whose bounds have been described,
+commemorated the unique scenic wonder within its confines known as
+Natural Bridge. This is a span of stone 215 feet high over Cedar Creek.
+Once a trail passed over it and now a modern highway. It has been known
+and visited since 1770.
+
+
+WEST OF THE OHIO AND TO THE MISSISSIPPI. ILLINOIS COUNTY FORMED
+
+Illinois, the last county to be formed in the decade 1770 to 1780 was an
+area on the western side of the Ohio River which had been a part of
+Augusta County. In the preamble to the Act creating this county, the
+Assembly noted with satisfaction that "by a successful expedition
+carried on by the Virginia militia on the western side of the Ohio river
+several of the British posts within the territory of this commonwealth
+in the country adjacent to the river Mississippi have been reduced."
+This, of course, was a reference to George Rogers Clark whose exploits
+secured the Mississippi Valley area for Virginia and the United States.
+Illinois County was a part of the large territory given by Virginia to
+the nation in 1783.
+
+
+KENTUCKY COUNTY DIVIDED
+
+The next event was the division of the unwieldy county of Kentucky into
+three parts; Jefferson, Fayette and Lincoln, with the towns of
+Louisville, Lexington and Harrodsburg for their respective county seats.
+Jefferson County was so named to honor Thomas Jefferson, and was the
+first honor of this sort accorded him. Fayette was for the beloved ally,
+the Marquis de la Fayette and Lincoln for General Benjamin Lincoln of
+the Revolution. When compelled to surrender Charleston, South Carolina
+to the British, he had endured the humiliation of giving up his sword to
+Sir Henry Clinton. In return, when Yorktown was captured and Lord
+Cornwallis required to yield his sword, General Lincoln was awarded the
+distinction of receiving it. Cornwallis, however, did not appear in
+person, and it was his aide who handed the sword to General Lincoln.
+From these three counties was formed the present Commonwealth of
+Kentucky.
+
+A division of Brunswick in the south eastern part of the state took
+place now and Greensville County came into being. This lay to the east
+of a line beginning "two miles above Chapman's ford on Meherrin river
+and running a due south course to the boundary line between this state
+and North Carolina and from the station aforesaid by another line due
+north to Nottoway river." The name selected for this county commemorated
+General Nathanael Greene of the Revolution who marched into this area on
+his return from the Battle of Guilford Court House.
+
+In 1782, occurred a division of Bedford County. The eastern end was cut
+from the whole and named for General William Campbell, the hero of
+King's Mountain, one of the decisive battles of the Revolution. Campbell
+lies to the east of a line beginning "at the mouth of Judy's creek on
+James river, thence to Thompson's mill on Buffalo creek, thence to the
+mouth of Back creek on Goose creek thence the same course continued to
+Staunton river." Staunton is the name given the Roanoke River as it
+passes through Bedford, Campbell, Charlotte and Halifax Counties. In
+Mecklenburg, it resumes its original name of Roanoke and so continues
+into Albemarle Sound.
+
+The next development was Harrison, taken from Monongalia County.
+Neither is now a Virginia county, but it is mentioned since it honors
+Benjamin Harrison, one of the seven Virginia Signers of the Declaration
+of Independence who also completed in 1784, the year the county was
+formed, a three year term as Governor of the Commonwealth.
+
+In the next year, a new county, Nelson, now in Kentucky, was created.
+This, too, honored a former Governor and Signer of the Declaration of
+Independence, Thomas Nelson. It was his home in Yorktown that Lord
+Cornwallis used as his headquarters during the siege and battle.
+
+In 1786, Franklin was formed out of "that part of the county of Bedford
+lying south of Staunton river together with so much of the county of
+Henry lying north of a line to be run from the head of Shooting creek to
+the west end of Turkeycock mountain, thence along the top of the
+mountain to intersect the dividing line between the counties of Henry
+and Pittsylvania, thence along that line to the mouth of Blackwater
+river." The reason for this name is obvious: all America honored the
+achievements of Benjamin Franklin.
+
+
+DEED OF CESSION. VIRGINIA GIVES THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY
+
+The tempo of western expansion had increased to such an extent that four
+counties were formed in 1786. One of these, Hardy, lies now in West
+Virginia as does its parent county of Hampshire. It might be well to
+explain now, even though out of chronological sequence, the genesis of
+West Virginia. In May 1861 when Governor Letcher called out the Virginia
+militia, many persons living beyond the Alleghanies throughout that
+section of Virginia bordering on Ohio and Pennsylvania were not in
+sympathy with his action. The residents of some forty counties held a
+convention and were almost unanimous in their desire to break away from
+Virginia and form a new state. A constitution was framed which was
+ratified by the people in May 1862. The following year, 1863, West
+Virginia became a state of the Union and at one blow, Virginia lost a
+third of her territory. The loss of the rich coal fields and other
+natural resources of West Virginia impoverished the Old Dominion more
+severely and made "Reconstruction Days" longer and more difficult than
+they might otherwise have been.
+
+Returning to Hardy County, we learn that it was named for Samuel Hardy
+formerly of Isle of Wight County "one of the number who signed the Deed
+of Cession which transferred the Northwest Territory to the General
+Government."
+
+Virginia's claim to territory was of long standing, her charters of 1609
+and 1612 giving her dominion to the Pacific Ocean, but no exploration
+beyond the Mississippi had been attempted. Her claim of dominion to the
+Mississippi, however, was of more substantial character. In 1778 with a
+picked force of 180 Virginia riflemen, George Rogers Clark captured the
+great Northwest Territory from the English "in one of the most amazing
+exploits in American history." This territory Virginia organized as "the
+county of Illinois." "But for Clark's conquest the treaty of 1783 might
+well have fixed the nation's western boundary at the Alleghanies instead
+of at the Mississippi." Almost all the Ohio Valley and parts of
+Wisconsin and Michigan were included in this voluntary gift that
+Virginia made in 1783 to the weak confederated colonies. In 1785
+Congress passed a Land Ordinance providing for the sale of this land.
+"Thus this cession provided the infant republic with its only sure
+source of revenue" since at that time "Congress had neither the power to
+impose nor the machinery to collect any taxes."
+
+The other three counties formed in 1786 lie now in Kentucky which, in
+1792, was "organized as a state out of Virginia territory with her
+consent." These divisions are Mercer and Madison, created out of
+Lincoln, and Bourbon out of Fayette. Mercer honored General Hugh Mercer
+of the Revolution; Madison, James Madison, later known as the "Father of
+the Constitution," and Bourbon, the French reigning family,
+particularly Louis XVI who had given aid in the Revolution.
+
+The next county, Russell, was taken from Washington. Its bounds are:
+"all that part of the said county lying within a line to be run along
+the Clinch mountain to the Carolina line; thence with that line to the
+Cumberland mountain, and the extent of country between the Cumberland
+mountain, Clinch mountain and the line of Montgomery county shall be one
+distinct county and called and known by the name of Russell." The name
+was selected as a tribute to General William Russell "who distinguished
+himself at the Battle of King's mountain." Russell remains a Virginia
+county.
+
+Five westward expansions now occur in quick succession. In 1787, from
+Harrison was formed Randolph County named for Edmund Randolph, first
+Attorney General of the Commonwealth and a member of the Continental
+Congress. Both Harrison and Randolph are in West Virginia. Pendleton,
+also now in West Virginia, was formed in 1788 from portions of Hardy,
+Augusta, and Rockingham counties. It is named for Edmund Pendleton,
+President of the Virginia Convention of 1775.
+
+The next year two new Kentucky counties were formed; Mason from Bourbon
+and Woodford from Fayette. The former took its name from George Mason of
+"Gunston Hall," author of the Bill of Rights and the latter from General
+William Woodford, a native of Caroline County, Virginia who rendered
+distinguished service in the Revolution and later moved to Kentucky.
+
+At the same time, a new county destined to be in West Virginia was
+formed from Greenbrier and part of Montgomery counties and given the
+name of Kanawha from the river.
+
+The only one of the counties formed in 1789 that is now in Virginia is
+Nottoway. This was comprised of that part of Amelia County "lying south
+of a line to begin at a place called Wells bridge on Namozene creek
+which divides the said county from the county of Dinwiddie, thence
+running through the said county of Amelia so as to strike the line of
+Prince Edward county five miles west of a place called Ward's ford on
+Appomattox river." Nottoway is an Indian word meaning "a snake, that is,
+an enemy." Nottoway River derives its name from the Indian tribe and the
+county honors both.
+
+
+1790-1800 EXPANSION IN THE FIRST DECADE AFTER THE REVOLUTION
+
+The next year a county was cut from Montgomery and named Wythe. It lies
+to the "south-west of a line beginning on the Henry line at the head of
+Big Reedy Island, from thence to the waggon ford on Peck creek, thence
+to the clover bottom on Blue Stone, thence to the Kanawha county line."
+The name is for George Wythe, eminent jurist and a Signer of the
+Declaration of Independence. Elected in 1779 to the Chair of Law and
+Police, recently established at the College of William and Mary, he
+"became the first occupant of a chair of law in America, and the second
+in the English speaking world." The first chair of law established in
+England was at Oxford University, and Sir William Blackstone was the
+first professor.
+
+The year 1791 saw the formation of three counties, all of them
+rearrangement of lines in established communities rather than expansion
+into new territory. The first was the division of Henry into two
+counties: "all that part of the said county lying west of a line
+beginning on the line dividing the counties of Henry and Franklin one
+mile above where it crosses Town creek, a branch of Smith's river,
+thence a parallel line with Pittsylvania line to the country line shall
+be one distinct county and called and known by the name of Patrick." The
+name, of course, was the given name of the great orator, and since Henry
+County bore his surname, the new division took his given name. It is a
+county of beautiful mountains with panoramic views. The Fairy Stone
+State Park is within its borders. On Fairy Stone Mountain and in the
+streams at its base are found tiny stones shaped like crosses. The story
+is that the gentle fairy folk when they heard of our Lord's Crucifixion
+wept profusely and their tears turned to stone crosses as they fell, a
+lasting memorial of their grief.
+
+The next county, formed in 1791, was Bath. Its bounds are thus
+described: "All those parts of the counties of Augusta, Botetourt and
+Greenbrier within the following bounds, to wit: beginning at the west
+corner of Pendleton county, thence to the top of the ridge dividing the
+headwaters of the South branch from those of Jackson's river, thence a
+straight line to the lower end of John Redman's plantation on the
+Cow-pasture river, thence to the top of the ridge that divides the
+waters of the Cow-pasture from those of the Calf-pasture thence along
+the same as far as the ridge that divides Hamilton's creek from Mill
+creek, thence to the Mill mountain, and with the same to the north
+corner of the line of Rockbridge county, thence along the said mountain
+crossing the line of Botetourt county to the ridge that divides the
+waters of Pad's creek from those of Simpson's creek, thence along the
+said ridge to the Cow-pasture river, thence crossing the said river a
+direct course and crossing Jackson's river at the mouth of Dunlap's
+creek, thence up the same as far as the narrows above the plantation of
+David Tate, Senr., so as to leave the inhabitants of the said creek in
+Botetourt county, thence a direct course to the top of the Allegany
+mountain where the road from the Warm Springs to Greenbrier court house
+crosses the said mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain
+opposite the headwaters of Anthony's creek, thence a direct course
+crossing Greenbrier river to the end of the Droop mountain, thence up
+the same to the great Greenbrier mountain thence along the said mountain
+to the line of Randolph county thence with the same along the said
+mountain dividing the waters of Monongalia and Cheat from those of
+Greenbrier river, and thence to its beginning shall form one distinct
+county."
+
+The above is quoted in full since the names used are still in use, and
+it is possible to judge from them the extent of the county. Warm Springs
+is still in Bath, but Narrows is in Giles County, and Alleghany County
+lies between Bath and Giles.
+
+The name Bath derives from the medical springs within its boundaries,
+which for many years during the summer months were visited by persons
+from as far south as Louisiana. Families drove up in their carriages and
+stayed for months to enjoy the curative effects of the waters and
+bracing mountain air.
+
+The third county formed in 1791 was Mathews which was taken from
+Gloucester. It lies "to the eastward of a line to begin at the mouth of
+North river, thence up the meanders thereof to the mill, thence up the
+eastern branch of the millpond to the head of Muddy creek thence down
+the said creek to Piankatank river." The name is said to be in honor of
+a Major Thomas Mathews of the Revolution who afterwards was prominent in
+the legislature representing the Borough of Norfolk in the House of
+Delegates from 1785 to 1791.
+
+In 1793, there were also three counties formed. One of these, Grayson,
+was taken from Wythe as follows: "Beginning in the Washington line where
+it joins the Iron Mountain, thence along the said mountain to a spur of
+the same that forms Ewing mountain, keeping the ridge that divides the
+waters of Cripple and Bush creeks to the top of the said mountain,
+thence a straight course to the Popular Camp mountain by Rose's mill
+thence to the mouth of Greasy creek thence a straight course to the
+Montgomery line." Grayson took its name from Colonel William Grayson, an
+officer in the Revolution, member of the Continental Congress and one of
+the first two senators elected from Virginia after the adoption of the
+Constitution to serve in the Congress of the United States.
+Unfortunately his tenure of office was short; he died 12 March 1790.
+
+Also in 1793, Russell County was divided and all that part "which lies
+westwardly of a line beginning on the top of Clinch mountain, one mile
+eastwardly of big Maukason gap, thence a direct course to the mouth of
+Stock creek thence up the same to Powell's mountain, thence due north to
+the Kentucky boundary shall form one distinct county and be called and
+known by the name of Lee." The name honored General Henry Lee who was
+Governor of Virginia 1791-1794. He is more often called "Light Horse
+Harry Lee" from the fact that he commanded, during the Revolution, light
+horse cavalry. He was the father of General Robert E. Lee. Lee is the
+county farthest to the west and adjoins Tennessee and Kentucky.
+
+Also in 1793, the county of Madison was formed from Culpeper. Its bounds
+were within a line "Beginning at the mouth of Robinson river thence up
+the same to the mouth of Crooked run, thence up the said run to the
+mountain road where Tennant's church formerly stood, thence a straight
+course to the head of Hugh's river in the Blue Ridge, thence the same
+course continued to the top of the ridge and to the line of Shenandoah
+county, thence westwardly on the top of the ridge with the lines of the
+counties of Shenandoah and Rockingham to the line of Orange county to
+the beginning." One may wonder that the name Madison was used again, but
+at this date the earlier Madison County lay in Kentucky. When in 1792
+Kentucky achieved statehood, it was composed of nine counties formerly
+in Virginia; namely: Fayette, Lincoln, Jefferson, Madison, Mercer,
+Nelson, Bourbon, Mason and Woodford.
+
+Four years after Madison County, Virginia was formed, Brooke was cut
+from Ohio County. This name was for Robert Brooke, Governor of Virginia
+1794 to 1796. He was a grandson of the Robert Brooke who, in 1716,
+accompanied Governor Spotswood on the famous expedition across the Blue
+Ridge Mountains. Both Brooke and Ohio are now in West Virginia.
+
+In 1798, Wood was established from Harrison County. It is named for
+James Wood, Governor of Virginia 1796 to 1799, and son of Colonel James
+Wood, an early settler in the Valley of Virginia, and founder of the
+city of Winchester. Wood and Harrison are also West Virginia counties.
+
+The next county created, also destined to lie in West Virginia, was
+Monroe. This was formed from Greenbrier County and named to honor James
+Monroe. Born, like General Washington, in Westmoreland County, he had a
+long political career culminating in the Presidency of the United
+States. The creed he expounded, called the "Monroe Doctrine", is still
+followed by our government.
+
+
+THE NEW CENTURY BRINGS SIX NEW COUNTIES 1800-1810
+
+As the new century, 1800, came in, Tazewell was formed from Wythe and
+Russell counties. Its bounds were all that part of the aforesaid
+counties "beginning on the Kanawha line and running with the line which
+divides Montgomery and Wythe counties to where the said line crosses the
+top of Brushy mountain, thence along the top of the said mountain to its
+junction with the Garden mountain, thence along the top of the said
+mountain to the Clinch mountain, thence along the top of the said
+mountain to the head of Cove creek, a branch of the Maiden Spring fork
+of Clinch river; thence a straight line to Mann's gap in Kent's ridge;
+thence north forty-five degrees west, to the line which divides the
+state of Kentucky from that of Virginia; thence along said line to the
+Kanawha line and with said line to the place of beginning." The name
+honored Henry Tazewell, United States senator from Virginia 1794-1799.
+
+In 1801, Virginia made a second attempt to honor Thomas Jefferson by
+naming the new county taken from Berkeley in his honor. The Jefferson
+County formed in 1780 was, in 1801, a part of Kentucky and this new
+county was destined to fall in West Virginia; hence no county within the
+present confines of the state honors this great Virginian.
+
+Harper's Ferry, situated in Jefferson County at the confluence of the
+Shenandoah with the Potomac River, is as well known for the beauty of
+its location as for being the site of John Brown's Raid, the prelude to
+civil warfare. Incidentally it may be noted that the Shenandoah afforded
+an outlet to market for the produce of the Valley of Virginia since
+boats could pass down its waters into the Potomac and thus to Chesapeake
+Bay.
+
+In 1804, the new county of Mason was formed from Kanawha. It was bounded
+as follows: "beginning at the mouth of Little Guyandotte River running
+from thence to the northwest corner of a survey of 1437-1/2 acres made
+for Thomas Lewis in Teaze's valley near the house of Joshua Morris, from
+thence to the mouth of Little Hurricane creek, thence crossing the
+Kanawha river and taking a dividing ridge between Eighteen Mile and
+Pocatallico creeks to the end thereof, thence pursuing a northeast
+direction till it intersects the Wood County line to the Ohio, thence
+down the Ohio to the beginning."
+
+Within this county lies Point Pleasant, scene of the famous battle.
+
+This was the second time that Virginia had attempted to pay honor to
+George Mason of "Gunston Hall", author of the Bill of Rights. The
+earlier Mason County formed in 1789 became a part of Kentucky three
+years later, and the later Mason was destined to lie in West Virginia.
+George Mason, Thomas Jefferson and the Marquis de la Fayette are not
+represented in the list of Virginia counties.
+
+The county of Giles formed in 1806 was created from portions of
+Montgomery, Monroe and Tazewell counties, and is now a border county
+between Virginia and West Virginia. Its boundaries are thus described:
+"Beginning at the end of Gauley mountain on New River, where the
+counties of Greenbrier and Kanawha intersect, thence up the river with
+the Greenbrier and Montgomery lines to the intersection of Monroe line;
+thence with the Monroe and Montgomery line to the upper end of Pine's
+plantation; thence a straight line to the mouth of Rich creek, leaving
+the plantation of Hugh Caperton on the right; thence with the Monroe
+line to the intersection of Botetourt County line and with the Botetourt
+and Montgomery lines to the top of Gap mountain; thence along the top of
+the said mountain to New River crossing the same to the end of Walker's
+creek mountain; thence along the top of the said mountain to the
+intersection of Wythe county line; thence northwestwardly with said line
+to the intersection of Tazewell line, and with the Tazewell and
+Montgomery line to the top of Wolf creek mountain; thence along Wolf
+creek mountain to a path leading from the Round Bottom to Harman's mill
+about three miles below the mouth of Clear Fork of Wolf creek; thence a
+straight line to the mouth of Militin's fork; thence a direct line to
+the head of Crane creek on the top of the Flat-top mountain; thence a
+direct line to the three forks of Guyandotte river; thence down said
+river until it intersects Kanawha county line; thence with said line to
+the beginning."
+
+Mountain Lake is situated in Giles County, and is a well-known summer
+resort. It is also of interest for the wide range of plant life found in
+its vicinity. Members of the University of Virginia's Biological
+Department maintain a field station there and in the summer study the
+wide variety of plants growing nearby.
+
+Giles County was named in honor of William B. Giles who in 1800 was
+prominent in Virginia politics. He later served as Governor 1827-1830.
+
+In 1808 Amherst County was divided according to its parish lines, the
+western or upper part of the county which lay in Lexington Parish
+retained the name of Amherst, and the lower or more eastern part took
+the name of Nelson. This as will be recalled was the second attempt to
+honor Governor Thomas Nelson, whose Yorktown home still holds buried in
+its eastern wall two cannon balls, grim mementoes of the battle of
+Yorktown.
+
+Virginia has believed in honoring the men who have held the
+gubernatorial office, nineteen having been thus commemorated, and Cabell
+County formed in 1809 carried on the tradition. It honored William H.
+Cabell, who served from 1805 until 1808 when he was chosen judge of the
+General Court. It later fell into West Virginia, and lies along the Ohio
+River.
+
+
+1810-1820, DEVELOPMENT CONTINUES, FIVE NEW COUNTIES
+
+In 1814, a Virginia county was formed from parts of Lee, Russell and
+Washington and named Scott. This name was selected because of General
+Winfield Scott, a native of Virginia who achieved fame because of his
+successes in the War of 1812. Later in the Mexican War he decisively
+defeated the Mexicans at Chapultepec, entering Mexico City as conqueror.
+As a result of this war some 850,000 square miles became United States
+territory.
+
+The bounds of Scott County are as follows: "Beginning at the head of
+Reedy creek where the wagon road crosses the same in the county of
+Washington thence down the Tennessee line to the south fork of Clinch
+river thence northward passing the Flag Pond to the top of Powell's
+mountain in Lee County and along it to the county of Russell and with it
+to the Kentucky line, thence along Cumberland mountain to the head of
+Guese's river thence down the Clinch mountain thence to the western end
+of Samuel Hensley's plantation and thence to the beginning."
+
+"The wagon road" mentioned in the above description is most likely the
+so-called "Wilderness Road" over which many west bound settlers
+laboriously toiled. The other route west that was often used was north
+to the present Pittsburgh and down the Ohio river. Powell's Mountain and
+the river of that name commemorate Ambrose Powell of Culpeper County,
+one of the earliest explorers of Kentucky who accompanied Doctor Thomas
+Walker there in 1749. In Scott County is the Natural Tunnel, a rare
+formation through which the trains of the Southern Railway Company pass
+regularly en route to Tennessee.
+
+Tyler, the next county established, lies now in the northwestern part of
+West Virginia along the Ohio River but commemorates a Tidewater
+Virginian, John Tyler, Sr. He was born at "Greenway" Charles City
+County and served as Governor 1808-1811. His fame has been somewhat
+obscured by that of his son, John Tyler, junior, President of the United
+States.
+
+The next county formed, Lewis, which was cut from Harrison, also lay
+later in West Virginia in the north central area. It derived its name
+from a heroic soldier, Colonel Charles Lewis who was killed at the
+Battle of Point Pleasant in 1774. Point Pleasant, situated near the
+confluence of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio River was the scene of a
+day-long bloody battle between the Virginia troops and Indian warriors
+led by Cornstalk and Logan. General Andrew Lewis, brother of Colonel
+Charles, was the commanding officer. The battle was hardly decisive and
+General Lewis wished to follow and annihilate the fleeing enemy. Lord
+Dunmore, in command of another detachment which arrived later, forbade
+this and allowed the Indians to escape. This may have been one of the
+reasons that influenced the Indians throughout the Revolution to espouse
+the British cause.
+
+The establishment of Lewis County in 1816 was followed two years later
+by that of another county, Preston, formed from Monongalia, lying in the
+northeast corner of West Virginia, and adjoining Pennsylvania and
+Maryland. Preston County honored James Patton Preston, Governor of
+Virginia 1816-1819.
+
+Parts of Greenbrier, Kanawha and Randolph were made into the new county
+of Nicholas in the same year that Preston was organized. Nicholas lies
+to the east of Charleston, the capital of West Virginia. Its name
+derives from Wilson Cary Nicholas, Governor of Virginia 1814-1816, and
+predecessor of Governor Preston.
+
+
+1820-1830 TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS IMPROVE, FOUR NEW COUNTIES
+
+The next county to be created was taken from Hampshire and Berkeley and
+represented a northern rather than a western expansion. It received the
+name Morgan from General Daniel Morgan, one of the outstanding generals
+of the Revolution who defeated Colonel Tarleton in the Battle of the
+Cowpens.
+
+The bounds of Morgan County are thus set forth: "Beginning at the mouth
+of Cherry's Run at the river Potomac in the county of Berkeley, thence
+up the middle of said Run to its source, thence due west to the top of
+Sleepy Creek Mountain, thence along the top of said mountain to the line
+that separates the counties of Frederick and Berkeley, thence with the
+said line to the county of Hampshire, thence a direct line until it
+strikes the river Potomac opposite Mitchell's Rock and thence by the
+river Potomac to the beginning."
+
+Pocahontas County created in 1821, a year after Morgan had been formed,
+and likewise a West Virginia county, lies in the southeastern section of
+the state opposite the Virginia county of Alleghany. Its name was a long
+delayed tribute to the fine character and achievements of the Indian
+maid Pocahontas. She both aided the settlers at Jamestown with gifts of
+sorely needed food, and by her marriage to John Rolfe secured eight
+years of peace for them. This period was vital to their survival.
+
+Pocahontas lies in a mountainous region rich in bituminous coal
+deposits, so much so that Pocahontas coal is known everywhere. The
+description of the county's bounds notes the lines of Greenbrier, Bath,
+Randolph and Pendleton counties and "Randolph court House." This is the
+first mention of a courthouse anywhere in this area.
+
+After discussing eight counties now in West Virginia, we come to a
+Virginia county, Alleghany, formed in 1822 from Botetourt, Bath and
+Monroe counties. It is the name the Delaware Indians gave both the Ohio
+and the Alleghany rivers, but its origin is uncertain. Presumably, the
+mountains took their name from the river. Within the bounds of Alleghany
+County the Jackson and the Cow-pasture rivers unite to form the James
+River, the longest river in the state and the most important in its
+early history.
+
+Its bounds were thus described: "beginning at the top of the middle of
+Potts' mountain, where the road leading from Fincastle to the Sweet
+Springs crosses the same; thence with said road to the top of Peter's
+mountain; thence a straight line to the Greenbrier county line on the
+top of the Alleghany mountain so as to pass between the Sweet and Red
+springs; thence with the top of the Alleghany or Greenbrier line to a
+certain point so that a straight line drawn thence to include in the new
+county Captain Henry Massie's plantation in the Falling Spring Valley
+may also include Archibald Morriss's plantation on Jackson's river in
+said new county; thence a straight line from the said Massie's across
+the Cow-pasture river immediately below William Griffin's on said river
+to the Rockbridge county line; thence with said line to a point in the
+Rockbridge and Botetourt line so that a line drawn from thence will pass
+at or near the junction of Jackson's and Cow-pasture rivers to the
+nearest part of the Rich Patch mountain; and this line to be so run as
+to leave the house and yard of Captain John Jordan in the county of
+Botetourt; thence with the highest points of the said Rich Patch
+mountain next to Craig's creek so as to include the inhabitants of the
+Rich Patch in said new county, to a point at which it unites with Potts'
+mountain, thence with the top of the said mountain to the beginning."
+
+In 1824 the county of Logan was formed from portions of Giles, Cabell,
+Tazewell and Kanawha counties. It lay in the southwestern part of the
+present West Virginia not far from the Kentucky line. The name derives
+from the Mingo Indian chieftain whose famous speech preserved by Thomas
+Jefferson was long a popular selection for young would-be orators.
+
+
+1830-1840 LARGE INCREASE IN POPULATION NECESSITATES FOURTEEN NEW
+COUNTIES
+
+For seven years, there was no further expansion until in 1831 when the
+Virginia county of Floyd was formed. This was taken from that part of
+Montgomery County adjacent to the counties of Franklin, Patrick and
+Grayson. The name is in honor of John Floyd, Governor of Virginia
+1830-1834. It is a beautiful county of high mountains, fertile valleys
+and good blue-grass pasture land.
+
+Its bounds were thus prescribed: "Beginning at the widow Litterell's,
+thence a straight line to John Thrasher's; thence a straight line to
+John Cooper's old place; thence a straight line to where the Waggon road
+crosses the Laurel ridge; from thence along the highest part of said
+ridge to Little river; and down the same to Mack's mountain; and with
+the same to the Grayson line and with the same to the Patrick line and
+with the same to the Franklin line and with the same to the line of
+Montgomery and Franklin, opposite the widow Litterell's; from thence a
+straight line to the beginning."
+
+In addition to Floyd, Fayette County was also formed in 1831. This
+county, the second attempt Virginia had made to honor the Marquis de la
+Fayette, fell later into West Virginia. Taken from parts of Logan,
+Greenbrier, Nicholas and Kanawha, Fayette lies in the southeastern part
+of the state, and is traversed by the New River.
+
+The lengthy description of its bounds notes several streams besides the
+New River; namely: Lick creek, Meadow river, Mill creek, Gauley river,
+Twenty Mile creek, Kanawha river, Guyandotte and Cole (Coal) river. For
+the first time we find mention of a turnpike, "the Kanawha turnpike." In
+the decade 1820-1830, a great interest in highways developed, and
+turnpikes and toll roads became numerous. In Virginia a well-known toll
+road ran through the Valley of Virginia called "the Valley Pike."
+National highway Route Number 11 largely follows its path.
+
+The third county created in 1831 also is now a West Virginia county,
+Jackson. Formed from Mason, Kanawha and Wood, Jackson lies in the
+western part of the state along the Ohio River south of Parkersburg. It
+was named for General Andrew Jackson, then in his first term as
+President of the United States. A song popular at that time carried
+these two lines complimenting his exploits:
+
+    "Glory be to Jackson for the Battle of New Orleans
+    For there he gave the enemy the hot butter-beans"
+
+referring to his victory over the British in the battle of that name.
+
+We come back to Virginia now and discuss the fourth county created in
+1831. Formed from Shenandoah and Rockingham counties, it lies in the
+Valley of Virginia with the famed Luray Cavern within its borders. It
+was named in honor of John Page, Governor of Virginia 1802-1805.
+
+Its bounds are as follows: "Beginning at a point in the line of the
+counties of Rockingham and Orange on the top of the Blue Ridge opposite
+to the headwaters of Naked creek in the county of Rockingham; thence a
+straight line to the headwaters of said creek; thence with the
+meanderings of said creek to its junction with the South river; thence
+down the bed of said river to the upper end of Michael Shuler's island;
+thence a straight line to the mouth of Shuler's run; thence with the
+main branch of said run to its source; thence a straight line to the top
+of the Massanutten mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to its
+termination near Daniel Clem's; thence to the top of the eastern Fort
+mountain; thence with the top of said mountain to a point opposite to
+the mouth of Cunningham's run in the county of Shenandoah; thence a
+straight line to the mouth of said run; thence with the said run to its
+source; thence to a point in a direct line to the top of the Blue Ridge
+in the line of the two counties of Shenandoah and Culpeper; and thence
+with the top of the Blue Ridge to the beginning."
+
+From Washington and Wythe in 1832 was established the new county of
+Smyth situated in the southwestern section of Virginia and extending to
+the North Carolina line. The name derives from General Alexander Smyth
+of Wythe County, Inspector General of the Army in 1812 and Member of
+Congress 1817-1825, 1827-1830. A portrait of him by Saint Memin is in
+the Corcoran Art Gallery.
+
+The bounds of the county are set forth as follows: "Beginning on the
+main stage road at a bridge in a hollow at a point where the spring
+branch of Phillip Griever deceased crosses the same; thence a direct
+line, passing equidistant between Preston's and King's salt wells to the
+line of Russell county; and from the said point on the main stage road
+aforesaid where the said spring branch crosses the same running south
+twenty-five degrees east to the southern boundary of Washington county;
+and beginning on the main stage coach road leading by Abingdon and Wythe
+courthouse, ten miles by the said road dividing Washington and Wythe
+counties; running thence northwest to the northern boundary of Wythe
+county and southeast to the southern boundary of Wythe county. The said
+line through Wythe county running precisely parallel with the line
+aforesaid through Washington County."
+
+In the above we note the great development that had taken place in this
+section, a "stagecoach road" and two towns, Abingdon and Wythe
+Courthouse, being mentioned for the first time. A road over which a
+heavy stagecoach could travel was a big advance over the bridle paths
+and "rolling roads" of the preceding century.
+
+In 1833, Rappahannock also a Virginia county, was established. This was
+taken from Culpeper County and named for the river which traverses it,
+and which, likely took its name from the Indian tribe living along its
+banks. The settlers first called this river Pembroke in honor of William
+Herbert, third Earl of Pembroke and brother-in-law of the famous Sir
+Philip Sydney. The Earl was a member of the Virginia Company of London
+and invested four hundred pounds sterling in the enterprise.
+
+The bounds of Rappahannock County were as follows: "Beginning at the
+corner of Madison and Culpeper counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge
+of mountains and running thence with the line of said counties to the
+point where it is intersected by Hugh's river above the junction of
+Hugh's and Hazel's rivers; thence with Hugh's river to the junction of
+the aforesaid rivers; thence to a bend in the river near a point called
+the Giant's castle; thence to Horner's mill upon the Fauquier and
+Culpeper line; thence with said line to the corner of the aforesaid
+counties upon the top of the Blue Ridge, thence with said mountain to
+the beginning."
+
+The next county established in this continuous effort to make due
+processes of law and order accessible to all lies now in the northern
+tip of West Virginia. It is called Marshall, honoring John Marshall who
+died in 1835, the year of the county's creation. John Marshall's career
+and achievements are too well known to be recounted here; suffice it to
+say that in his lengthy tenure as its Chief Justice he gave plan,
+directive and purpose to the Supreme Court of the United States.
+
+The bounds of Marshall County were set forth as being "all that part of
+the lower end of the county of Ohio lying south of a line beginning on
+the Ohio river at a stone to be fixed on the bank of said river, one
+half mile above the mouth of Buggs' run; thence a direct line to the
+northern boundary of the town of West Union and thence continuing the
+same course to the Pennsylvania line."
+
+In 1836 Braxton, also at present a West Virginia county, was created
+from portions of Lewis and Nicholas counties. Its name honors Carter
+Braxton, a Signer of the Declaration of Independence, the last one of
+the Virginia signers to receive this distinction.
+
+The description of its bounds though long is of interest because of the
+number of place names used and is therefore quoted: "beginning at Salt
+Works road at the head of Barbecue run and running thence with the
+dividing ridge of the Kanawha and Monongalia waters to the head of the
+Fall run; thence along the leading ridge to the forks of the Little
+Kanawha; thence up the right hand fork to its head; thence with the
+dividing ridge between Kanawha, Buchanan and Elk waters, to the corner
+of Randolph and Nicholas county line; thence with the said line to the
+top of the Point mountain above the Fork lick; thence along the top of
+the Point mountain to the end thereof; thence a straight line to Joseph
+Priam's (so as to include Joseph Priam's lands within the boundary of
+the new county); thence a straight line to the top of the ridge between
+Big and Little Birch rivers, and down said ridge to the mouth of Little
+Birch river; thence a straight line to the mouth of the Rock-camp fork
+of Big Buffalo (above Young's Bottoms); thence down the same to its
+mouth, crossing Elk river; thence to the Lewis and Kanawha county line
+at a point where a straight line to the mouth of the Long Shoal run will
+include Jacob Shock on Steer creek within the boundary of the new
+county; thence up the said Long Shoal run to the top of the ridge
+between the Sand fork and Little Kanawha; thence with the dividing ridge
+to the head of the left hand fork of the Three lick fork of Oil creek;
+thence to its mouth; thence to the main fork of Oil creek; thence up the
+Clover lick fork to the beginning."
+
+From almost the center of the present state of West Virginia, we now
+return to Virginia and note the creation from Frederick of the new
+county of Clarke. Braxton, Clarke and Warren were all established in the
+year 1836. Clarke, though incorrectly spelled pays honor to that native
+of Albemarle County who won the Northwest Territory for the Continental
+Congress, George Rogers Clark. The county, cut from the eastern part of
+Frederick, adjoins Jefferson, Loudoun and Fauquier.
+
+Its bounds are thus given: "Beginning at the point in the Blue Ridge
+where the line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Loudoun meets the
+line dividing the counties of Frederick and Loudoun, thence with the
+line dividing the counties of Jefferson and Frederick to the middle of
+the Opequon creek; thence up the middle of the Opequon to the mouth of
+Wright's branch; thence up that stream to the mouth of Nations Spring
+run; thence a direct line until it reaches Colin Leach's corner, next
+to major Seth Mason's land on the road to Nineveh; thence eastwardly by
+a direct line, passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor
+James Hay and James M. Hite, to a point on the Shenandoah river, at the
+mouth of Fauntleroy's mill run, on the north side of the Shenandoah
+river; thence from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest
+top of the Blue Ridge of mountains; and thence on the eastern boundary
+of Frederick county to the beginning."
+
+Curtilage, used for the first time in any description, is a law term
+denoting the fenced-in area adjoining a dwelling house or a courtyard.
+The term often used now is dependencies.
+
+Warren, the third county created in 1836, lies over the Blue Ridge from
+and a little to the south of Clarke. Its territory was taken from those
+portions of Shenandoah and Frederick counties that adjoined "the
+counties of Rappahannock and Fauquier in the southern part thereof." The
+name honors the brave soldier Major General Joseph Warren who fell in
+the Battle of Bunker Hill.
+
+The bounds of Warren County which mention some places noted in Clarke
+County's bounds are as follows: "Beginning at the top of the Blue Ridge
+where the counties of Shenandoah and Page corner on the Rappahannock
+county line; thence west with the Page line to the top of the southeast
+Fort mountain; thence north with the top of said mountain to its
+termination at the mouth of Powel's fort; thence a straight line from
+the top of said mountain to the nearest top of the Three top mountain;
+thence with the top of said mountain to the high peak opposite
+Strasburg; thence a straight line to Hoffman's ford across the north
+branch of Shenandoah river; thence down the bed of said river to the
+mouth of Cedar creek on the north side of said river; thence up said
+creek to where the Winchester and Staunton stage road crosses said
+creek; thence a straight line to Zion meeting-house in Frederick county;
+thence with the main road leading towards the White post until it
+reaches Colin Leache's corner, a point on said road; then eastwardly by
+a direct line passing south of the buildings and curtilages of doctor
+James Hay and James M. Hite; to a point on Burden's March run; thence by
+a direct line to a point on the Shenandoah river at the mouth of
+Fauntleroy's mill run on the north side of the Shenandoah river; thence
+from the mouth of said run a straight line to the nearest top of the
+Blue Ridge; thence a southwest course with the top of said Blue Ridge to
+the beginning."
+
+The next year, 1837, Mercer, now in West Virginia but adjoining Giles
+County, Virginia, was formed. The Act authorizing its creation is as
+follows: "All that part of the counties of Giles and Tazewell contained
+within the following boundary lines ... shall form one distinct and new
+county and be called and known by the name of Mercer county in memory of
+general Hugh Mercer who fell at Princeton." Appropriately the county
+seat of Mercer County is Princeton.
+
+In 1838 the Virginia counties of Greene and Roanoke were set up.
+
+The Act for the former county is as follows: "So much of the county of
+Orange as it lies next to and adjoining the counties of Madison,
+Rockingham and Albemarle and west of a line beginning at Cave's old mill
+(now James Jackson's) on the Madison county line and running thence a
+straight line to where Whitelow's mill run intersects the Albemarle
+county line shall form one distinct and new county and be called and
+known by the name of Greene county in memory of general Nathaniel Greene
+who served his country in the revolutionary war."
+
+It may be mentioned that this is the second county in Virginia honoring
+General Greene. The correct spelling for his first name is Nathanael.
+
+In Greene County lies Swift Run Gap. This is the gap in the Blue Ridge
+mountains over which in September 1715, Governor Spotswood led his
+adventurous band into the beautiful Valley of Virginia. Westward
+expansion began at this date.
+
+The second county created in 1838 was Roanoke composed of that portion
+of Botetourt lying next to the southwestern parts of Montgomery,
+Franklin and Bedford. Roanoke was the name applied by the early
+colonists to the shell-beads of different colors used by the Indians as
+a medium of exchange. The river had long been known as Roanoke, hence it
+seems likely that the county took its name from the river.
+
+Roanoke County is thus bounded: "beginning at a point on the Blue ridge
+which divides the counties of Bedford and Botetourt, thence northwest to
+the house now the residence of John Bonsack on Glade creek so as to
+include the said Bonsack in the new county, thence a line to the house
+of Thomas Barnes including said Barnes in the county, and so as to leave
+John W. Thompson in the county of Botetourt, thence a straight line
+crossing the Catawba Valley at a point one mile due north of Mrs.
+Garwood's; thence crossing Craig's creek (passing the house of John
+Spessard on Craig's creek so as to leave the said Spessard in the old
+county) to the top of the mountain which divides the waters of Craig's
+creek and Sinking creek, thence westwardly along the top of the mountain
+to the point where the lines of Botetourt, Montgomery and Giles counties
+meet, thence with the line which divided the county of Botetourt from
+the county of Montgomery to the point at which the said line joins the
+Bedford line, thence with the Bedford line to the beginning."
+
+In this same area in the following year the county of Pulaski was
+created from the western end of Montgomery and the eastern end of Wythe.
+Its name honored the Polish patriot Count Casimir Pulaski who, exiled
+from his homeland, came to America and joined General Washington's army.
+He participated in important engagements and finally fell on 11 October
+1779 unsuccessfully defending Savannah, Georgia.
+
+The bounds of Pulaski County are thus set forth: "beginning at a line
+dividing the county of Giles from Montgomery on New river, thence with
+same line to the head of a hollow above Hiram Davis's on Little Walker's
+creek; thence to a point on the main road between the lands of John T.
+Sayers and Harvey Shepherd including the plantation of David G.
+Shepherd, thence to the mouth of Pine run on New river, thence to the
+Grayson county line; including Sally King's plantation on Reed island;
+thence with the Grayson line to the Floyd line, and with the same to the
+mouth of Indian creek on Little river, and with the same including the
+farm of Creed Taylor to New river, and with the same to the beginning."
+
+
+1840-1850 FLOOD TIDE, SIXTEEN NEW COUNTIES
+
+Three years elapsed before another county was needed and it was not
+until 1842 that the county of Marion was formed from the southern part
+of Monongalia and the northern part of Harrison. The name given it was
+"in honor to and in memory of general Francis Marion who served his
+country in the war of the revolution." This county now lies in West
+Virginia.
+
+Also in 1842, a new county in the southwestern area of Virginia was
+formed from Grayson. It was thus bounded: "beginning on the North
+Carolina line at or near Fisher's peak and running thence a straight
+line across the said county of Grayson (so as to cross Chestnut creek
+near the ford at major James Anderson's) to the line of Wythe county
+thence along said Wythe line to the line of Pulaski county thence along
+said Pulaski line to line of Floyd county, thence along said Floyd line
+to the line of Patrick; thence along the said Patrick line to the North
+Carolina line thence along said North Carolina line to the point of
+beginning ... and be called and known by the name of Carroll in memory
+of Charles Carroll of Carrollton." Charles Carroll, one of the Maryland
+Signers of the Declaration of Independence, had been the last survivor
+of this noble group, dying in 1832 at the age of 95 years.
+
+The third county created in 1842, Wayne, taken from the western part of
+Cabell lay along the Ohio river and is now in West Virginia. This new
+division was to "be called and known by the name of Wayne county in
+memory and in honor of general Anthony Wayne."
+
+Two counties destined to be in West Virginia were set up in 1843. The
+first of these was Ritchie in the western part of the state created from
+portions of Lewis, Harrison and Wood. The name honors Thomas Ritchie,
+"founder and long the able editor of the _Richmond Enquirer_ and 'father
+of democracy' in Virginia."
+
+The other county, Barbour, lying in the northeastern part of the state
+was established from areas of Harrison, Lewis and Randolph. The
+description of its bounds besides mentioning the usual rivers and ridges
+names also several persons which always draws the reader's interest.
+Some of these are: "Rueben Davisson's farm," "the old farm now occupied
+by Samuel Bartlett," "William Bean's," "Samuel Black's residence" and
+"the widow Corley's corner tree."
+
+The name of the county was "in honour to and in memory of Philip Barbour
+of Virginia." Appropriately the county seat is Philippi. Judge Barbour,
+a native of Orange County, Virginia, where his home "Frascati" still
+stands, achieved distinction as a Judge of the Supreme Court. He had
+died the year before the county was formed.
+
+Taylor County, also in the northeastern part of West Virginia was formed
+in 1844 from sections of Harrison, Barbour and Marion. Its bounds
+mention "the residence of Anderson Corbin," "the residence of James
+M'Daniell," "the residence of Joseph Bailey," "the farm of John H.
+Woodford" and others.
+
+The name of the county honors General Zachary Taylor, twelfth President
+of the United States, a native of Orange County, Virginia. He had a
+distinguished military career, serving in the Black Hawk, Seminole and
+Mexican Wars.
+
+The determination on the part of Virginia's General Assembly to render
+justice more easy and accessible to all its citizens was as strong in
+1845 when parts of Lewis and Kanawha counties became Gilmer County as it
+had been two centuries earlier. It was the unifying purpose in all
+development.
+
+The name Gilmer takes us to Albemarle County, Virginia, where Thomas
+Walker Gilmer, elected Governor of Virginia in 1840, was born. He was
+grandson of Doctor Thomas Walker of "Castle Hill," Albemarle County who
+was the first to explore Southwest Virginia and Kentucky.
+
+At the same time that Gilmer was formed, the county which lies to the
+north of it was established. Both are now in West Virginia. The bounds
+of Doddridge County, as noted in the Act of Assembly creating it, list
+several waterways including Hughes's and Monongahela rivers but the most
+interesting land mark named is "the Northwestern turnpike road at
+tollgate number eleven." This shows steadily advancing development in
+transportation, for earlier there had been references to wagon roads,
+then to stagecoach roads and now to a turnpike with the regular
+tollgates to provide funds for maintenance.
+
+The name honors the memory of Philip Doddridge of Brooke County, who was
+a prominent member of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-30.
+He was an advocate of the wishes of the western portion of the state to
+have representation based upon white population exclusively. This motion
+failed and a compromise constitution was agreed upon. Philip Doddridge
+died in Washington, D. C. in 1832 while serving as a member of Congress.
+
+After discussing six counties now in West Virginia, we come now to the
+county of Appomattox formed in 1845 from portions of Buckingham, Prince
+Edward, Charlotte and Campbell. The name derives from the river which
+traverses the county.
+
+Its bounds are thus defined: "Beginning at the mouth of David's creek on
+James river; thence a straight line to the head of Holleway creek;
+thence down the same as it meanders to Appomattox river; thence down
+the same to the Cutbanks; thence a straight line to the mouth of Cabin
+branch on Vaughan's creek; thence up the said creek to its head; thence
+a straight line to Merryman's or Land's; thence along the public road
+leading by M'Kinney's old store to the fork of the Lynchburg road about
+a mile north of the Red house; thence a straight line to the old mill
+formerly owned by William Harvey; thence along the Lynchburg road to the
+mill formerly owned by Samuel Branch, esquire, on Falling river; thence
+up the said river to the mouth of Reedy creek; thence a straight line to
+Hunter's old tavern (now Glovers); thence a straight line to Sterling C.
+Anderson's; thence a straight line to the mouth of Scott's branch about
+a mile before the mouth of Joshua's creek on James river; and thence
+down the said river to the beginning."
+
+In 1846, in the northwestern portion of the present state of West
+Virginia, the new county of Wetzel was set up from Tyler. The following
+landowners are named as living within its bounds: "James Peden (or
+Paden), Richard Anchrom and Rueben Martin, esquire." The county was so
+called "in honor of Louis Wetzel, the distinguished frontiersman and
+Indian scout, the Boone of Northwestern Virginia."
+
+As if feeling this action a little unfair, the Assembly next year, when
+a new county was to be created, named it Boone "in honor to and in
+memory of Daniel Boone the well known pioneer of the western frontier
+settlements." Boone was taken from parts of Kanawha, Cabell and Logan
+counties and lies south of Charleston, the state capital.
+
+In this same year, the county of Alexandria was added to Virginia's
+jurisdiction. The Assembly enacted "That the territory comprising the
+county of Alexandria in the District of Columbia heretofore ceded by
+this commonwealth to the United States and by an act of congress
+approved on the ninth day of July eighteen hundred and forty-six
+retroceded to this commonwealth, and by it accepted, is hereby declared
+to be an integral portion of this commonwealth and the citizens thereof
+are hereby declared to be subject to all the provisions, and entitled to
+all the benefits, rights and privileges of the bill of rights and
+constitution of this commonwealth."
+
+In 1791, to aid in establishing the Federal City, as Washington was
+sometimes called, Virginia gave to the United States certain land taken
+from Fairfax County to form a part of the District of Columbia. In the
+Act quoted above it has been seen that the United States retroceded to
+Virginia that part of the District of Columbia which comprised the
+county of Alexandria. The name in 1920 was changed to Arlington.
+
+Across the state from Alexandria the new county of Highland came into
+being in 1847, being taken from parts of Pendleton and Bath. Its bounds
+are thus given: "Beginning where the North river gap road crosses the
+Augusta county line, and running thence to the top of Jackson's mountain
+so as to leave Jacob Hiver's mansion house in Pendleton county; thence
+to Andrew Fleisher's so as to include his mansion house in the new
+county; thence to the highlands between the Dry run and Crab bottom; and
+thence along the top of the High Knob; thence north sixty-five degrees
+west to Pocahontas county line; thence along said county line to the
+plum orchard on the top of the Alleghany mountains; thence to Adam
+Stephenson's mansion house on Jackson's river in Bath county so as to
+include Thomas Campbell's mansion house on Back creek and also said Adam
+Stephenson's in the new county; thence to Andrew H. Byrd's mansion house
+on the Cow-pasture river so as to include the same in the new county,
+and so as to leave the dwelling house of William M'Clintick, jr. in Bath
+county; thence south sixty-five degrees east to the Augusta county line
+and thence with said line to the beginning."
+
+The name of the county is derived from its exceptionally high altitude,
+and the name of its county seat, Monterey, reflects the popular interest
+felt in the victory General Taylor had just won over the Mexicans at the
+Battle of Monterey.
+
+After the formation of Highland County five counties destined to lie in
+West Virginia were established. The first of these, Hancock, created in
+1848 out of Brooke, lies in the extreme northern tip of the present
+state between the Ohio river and the Pennsylvania state line. Its name
+honors the first Signer of the Declaration of Independence, whose
+distinguished signature is familiar through countless reproductions.
+
+In this same year from portions of Jackson and Wood counties was formed
+Wirt. This is in the northwestern area of the state not far from
+Parkersburg. In the description of bounds, only three land owners are
+named, John Stephens, junior, John P. Thomasson and William Goff.
+
+The name of the county honored the distinguished lawyer, William Wirt,
+who had died a few years before. He had served as Attorney General of
+the United States from 1817 to 1829 and had been a candidate for the
+Presidency on the Anti-Masonic ticket in 1832. He is best remembered for
+his life of Patrick Henry.
+
+The third county created in 1848 was Putnam, composed of parts of
+Kanawha, Cabell and Mason counties, and lying to the west of the city of
+Charleston. Its name recalls a hero of the Revolutionary War, General
+Israel Putnam who distinguished himself at the Battle of Bunker Hill and
+became a popular hero.
+
+
+1850-1860 EBBING TIDE, TWELVE COUNTIES
+
+The year 1850 saw the formation of two more counties now in West
+Virginia. The first one, Raleigh, was taken from the southern part of
+Fayette. In its bounds, the lands of Isaac Sonners and Jackson Jarrell,
+and the New, Coal, and Guyandotte rivers are noted. The name was "in
+memory of Sir Walter Raleigh who made the earliest effort to colonize
+Virginia." It is pleasant to see that Virginia finally recognized her
+debt to this valiant soul, even though it was tardily done, for he died
+in 1618.
+
+A few days after Raleigh became a county, the Virginia Assembly enacted
+that the county of Wyoming be erected out of the county of Logan.
+Wyoming lies in the southern central portion of West Virginia. The
+reason for the name is obscure, whether it was for the beautiful Wyoming
+Valley in north central Pennsylvania watered by the Susquehanna River,
+or for the brutal massacre of its inhabitants on 4 July 1778 by a
+British and Indian force is unknown.
+
+Half of the nineteenth century has passed and our narrative has only a
+few more years to chronicle. In 1851, three counties were formed. One of
+these, Craig, remained in Virginia. It was taken from parts of
+Botetourt, Roanoke, Giles and Monroe.
+
+Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning on the top of the Middle mountain
+at the corner of Monroe and Alleghany counties, near Achilles Dews, and
+running with the Alleghany line to the top of Peters' mountain; thence
+westward along the top of said mountain to a point nearby opposite to
+the house of Boston Rowan; thence crossing Potts' creek to a point one
+fourth of a mile below said Rowan's so as to leave said Rowan's in the
+county of Monroe; thence a southwestern direction to the top of Potts'
+mountain, so as to leave Armentrout, Fridley and Rose in Monroe; thence
+westward along the top of said mountain to a point opposite Colonel R.
+M. Hutchinson's on John's creek, and thence a straight line including
+said Hutchinson in the new county, and crossing Sinking creek valley to
+William Niday's, including said Niday in the new county, to the
+Montgomery line; thence eastward with the Montgomery line to the corner
+of Roanoke and Montgomery; thence with the Roanoke line to the top of
+Brush mountain; thence eastward along said mountain, crossing the Cove
+branch where John Carper formerly lived; thence along the same range of
+mountains passing near Lilburn Doss's, crossing Stone Coal gap; thence
+along the same range of mountains, crossing Price's turnpike road to a
+point opposite Daniel Sizer's; thence a northwestern direction crossing
+Craig's creek above said Sizer's to a point one mile from Craig's creek
+on the ridge; thence to Andrew Persinger's on Barber's creek; thence to
+the Alleghany line and with the same to the beginning."
+
+The name of the county honored Robert Craig, member of Congress from
+Virginia 1829-1834, 1835-1841.
+
+In the same month in which Craig was set up, the new county of Upshur
+was created from parts of Randolph, Barbour and Lewis, all now in West
+Virginia. The starting point in the description of its bounds reads as
+follows: "Beginning at a rock or milestone on the Staunton and
+Parkersburg turnpike road ten miles east of Weston in Lewis County."
+This shows that transportation had developed sufficiently to connect
+places on the Ohio River with other sections of Virginia.
+
+Upshur County took its name from Abel P. Upshur whom President Tyler
+appointed Secretary of State to succeed Daniel Webster. Upshur was
+killed 28 February 1844 by the explosion of a new type of cannon which
+was being tested on the U.S.S. _Princeton_.
+
+Also in March 1851, from the counties of Tyler, Wood and Ritchie the new
+county of Pleasants was established. This lies in the area around
+Parkersburg in the northwestern part of West Virginia, along the Ohio
+River. The name honored the memory of James Pleasants, Governor of
+Virginia, 1822 to 1825, member of a family long resident and prominent
+in the state.
+
+Five years passed and in the interval population had increased to such
+an extent in the western part of Virginia that four county governments
+had to be set up to take care of legal needs. One of these, Wise, formed
+from portions of Lee, Scott and Russell counties, remains in Virginia.
+The name honored Henry A. Wise, Governor of Virginia 1856-1860.
+
+The bounds of the county were as follows: "Beginning at the break of
+Cumberland mountain on the Kentucky and Virginia line where the Pound
+fork of Sandy breaks through the Cumberland mountain; thence up the
+Pound fork to the mouth of Crane's nest, a water of said Pound fork;
+thence with the dividing ridge between the waters of Crane's nest and
+McLure's, to William Taylor's farm, including said Taylor's farm in the
+new county; thence a straight line to the mouth of Lick creek; thence
+down Clinch river to the mouth of Guest's river; thence up Guest's river
+one mile; thence a straight line to the Camp rock south of the High
+Knob; thence a straight line to the Pole fence on Little Powell's
+mountain, on the line dividing Scott and Lee counties; thence with said
+county line to the head of Stock creek including the farm of Zachariah
+N. Wells in the said county; thence a straight line to the Cedar gap
+near Powell's river; thence a straight line to the dividing ridge
+between the waters of Crab orchard and Pigeon fork; thence with said
+dividing ridge to the Kentucky line and thence with the Kentucky line to
+the beginning."
+
+In the Act creating the county it was ordered that the "said seat of
+justice shall be known as Gladesville," but the present county seat is
+called Wise.
+
+As has been said, Wise was the only one of the four counties erected in
+1856 that remains in Virginia. The next county formed was Calhoun taken
+from the lower portion of Gilmer County beginning at the West Fork of
+the Little Kanawha River. The name derives from the great South Carolina
+statesman who succeeded Abel P. Upshur as Secretary of State and was
+long outstanding in politics.
+
+At the same time that Calhoun became an entity, parts of the counties of
+Kanawha, Jackson, and Gilmer lying a little to the west of Calhoun
+became Roane County. The description of its bounds is startling when it
+mentions "the Ravenswood and California turnpike in Jackson county," but
+later we learn that California is a town in Jackson County.
+
+With regard to Roane County, "its name and that of its seat of justice,
+Spencer, commemorate that of him [Spencer Roane] whose life and public
+services added lustre to the annals of Virginia jurisprudence." Spencer
+Roane was "judge of the Supreme Bench 1794 to 1822."
+
+The next county was Tucker formed out of the northeastern portion of
+Randolph County and adjoining also the counties of Hardy, Preston and
+Pendleton. The county seat appropriately bore the name of Saint George.
+The county was "named in honor of Saint George Tucker the eminent
+Virginia jurist while the seat of justice derives its name from Saint
+George Tucker who was Clerk of the House of Delegates at the time the
+county was formed."
+
+Two years later in 1858, three more counties were established, one of
+which, Buchanan, was destined to remain in Virginia, and the other two
+in West Virginia.
+
+McDowell, one of the two, was taken from the northwest portion of
+Tazewell County and remains a border county between the two states, "The
+ridge between Abb's Valley and Sandy" is one of the bounding lines noted
+in the description; it recalls the Indian Massacre that occurred in that
+Valley and the many stories related about it.
+
+The name of the county honors James McDowell, elected Governor of
+Virginia in 1843 and serving until 1846.
+
+Clay County formed also in 1858 was created out of the southern part of
+Braxton County and the northern part of Nicholas. Among the property
+owners whose lands were mentioned as within its bounds, were Thomas
+Jarvis, jr., James Rogers, Charles Ruffner, who with others owned a
+twelve thousand acre tract "(near the farm of William Nichol, Sr.),"
+Strother B. Grose and Abraham Dilly.
+
+The county was so named in honor of Henry Clay, the great Kentucky
+statesman who had died only a few years before its formation.
+
+The Virginia county established in 1858 from parts of Tazewell and
+Russell was Buchanan, named for James Buchanan, President of the United
+States 1857-1861.
+
+Its bounds were as follows: "Beginning at the state line between
+Kentucky and Virginia and with said line to its intersection with the
+line of Wise county, to the top of the dividing ridge between the waters
+of Sandy and Clinch and with said ridge eastwardly to the head of
+Dismal, a branch of the Lavica fork of Sandy river; then with the
+dividing ridge between the waters of Dismal and the waters of the Dry
+fork of Sandy and with the ridge between the waters of the Lavica fork
+and the Dry fork to the ridge between Knox creek and Bull creek to Tug
+river and down Tug river to the beginning."
+
+
+1860-1870 RECESSION, TWO COUNTIES
+
+In 1860, an Act was passed to create the new county of Webster from
+portions of the counties of Nicholas, Braxton and Randolph, all to be
+later in West Virginia. The name honored Daniel Webster, the prominent
+statesman who had died only a few years previously.
+
+In March 1861, the new county of Bland, taken from portions of Giles,
+Wythe and Tazewell and named for Richard Bland of Revolutionary War fame
+came into being. Its bounds are thus set forth: "beginning at the top of
+Walker's Little mountain at the line between Wythe and Pulaski and
+running northwards with said line of Pulaski, to the top of Walker's Big
+mountain; thence eastward along the top of said last mentioned mountain
+to a point opposite the mouth of Kimberling creek; thence by a line
+northward passing through the mouth of said Kimberling creek to a point
+on the top of the mountain which lies south of Wolf creek, three miles
+east of the present county line between Giles and Tazewell counties;
+thence to a point on the top of East river mountain two miles east of
+the present county line between Giles and Tazewell so as to include the
+homestead of Madison Allen and his lands adjoining thereto; thence with
+the top of the said East River mountain westward to a point two miles
+west of George Steel's house on Clear fork; thence across and by a line
+as near as may be at right angles to the course of the valley between to
+the top of Rich mountain and westward along the top of said Rich
+mountain so far as to include the settlement of Wolf creek, thence
+across the top of Garden mountain; thence along the top of Garden
+mountain to a point through which the line between Wythe and Smyth would
+pass if prolonged; thence by said prolonged line to the said line
+between Wythe and Smyth and by the last mentioned line to the top of
+Walker's Big mountain; thence eastward with the top of said Walker's Big
+mountain to a point opposite the headwaters of Walker's Little creek;
+thence across to the top of Walker's Little mountain, thence to the top
+of said mountain eastward to the beginning."
+
+Hardly was the ink dry on the Act quoted above when war precluded
+further settlements and expansion. Not for nearly twenty years would
+another and the last county be established.
+
+
+FINIS--ONE COUNTY
+
+In March 1880, out of the counties of Russell, Wise, and Buchanan was
+formed the new county of Dickenson, named for a prominent member of the
+Readjuster Party, then dominant in Virginia.
+
+Its bounds noted in great detail are as follows: "beginning at Osborn's
+gap in Cumberland mountain on the state line; thence a straight line to
+the top of George's Fork mountain at a point where the road crosses said
+mountain; thence with the top of the mountain to the head of Lick
+branch, a tributary of Crane's nest creek; thence a straight line to the
+mouth of Birchfield creek; thence up Crane's Nest creek to the mouth of
+Lion's fork; thence up said creek to the forks of said branch; thence
+up the Fork spur to the top of Crane's Nest bridge; thence a straight
+line to Sandy Ridge meeting-house in the county of Wise on the top of
+Sandy Ridge; thence with the top of Sandy ridge to the James Porter farm
+at the head of Nancy's ridge; thence a straight line to Trammel gap on
+Sandy ridge, thence with the top of Sandy ridge with a line of Russell
+county to the James P. Kiser farm, thence a straight line to Henry
+Kiser's farm on the top of Sandy ridge at the Russell county line;
+thence with the Russell county line to James Rasnaker's farm, including
+said farm in the new county; thence down the Cany ridge to the mouth of
+Cany creek; thence down Indian creek to its mouth; including J. H.
+Duly's farm; thence down Russell's fork of Sandy river to the mouth of
+Panpan creek, including Andrew Owen's dwelling house; thence a straight
+line to the mouth of Greenbrier creek, a tributary of Prater creek;
+thence a straight line to the Big meadow gap; thence down a branch to
+Gressy creek; thence down said creek to the mouth of Russell's fork of
+Sandy river; thence down said river to the state line of Virginia and
+Kentucky; thence with the state line to the beginning."
+
+The formation of Dickenson County in 1880 completed all the local
+organizations authorized by the Virginia Assembly from 1634 up to the
+present, though in many counties minor changes in bounds have been
+enacted from time to time.
+
+We have seen the little feeble settlements along the James River extend
+like a rising tide now east, now south, now north and finally with great
+impetus to the west. Each settlement as it was established proceeded to
+put into effect the concepts of law and order as practiced at Jamestown,
+and handed down from father to son. The principle of representative
+constitutional government as evidenced in the first General Assembly of
+1619 may be called the sacred fire each settlement took with it and
+carefully tended. It was the one thing all shared whether they lived by
+the James River or high on the Blue Ridge. A settlement, a county, a
+state, each one must have law, order, ready justice, representative
+government. That is the theme underlying the development of Virginia
+which we have traced step by step. It is the theme underlying the
+development of our nation. Every American is a debtor to Jamestown for
+his heritage of representative constitutional government.
+
+
+
+
+BIBLIOGRAPHY
+
+
+     _Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia_, 1808-1880.
+
+     Daniel, J. R. V., _A Hornbook of Virginia History_, Richmond, 1950.
+
+     Hening, William Waller, _The Statutes at Large_, Being _a
+     Collection of All the Laws of Virginia_, 1619-1792, Richmond,
+     1809-1823, 13 Vols.
+
+     Robinson, Morgan P., _Virginia Counties, Bulletin of the Virginia
+     State Library_, Vol. 9, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1916.
+
+     Shepherd, Samuel, _Statutes at Large_, 1793-1806. Continuation of
+     Hening.
+
+     Richmond 1835-1836. 3 Vols.
+
+     Stith, William. _History of First Discovery and Settlement of
+     Virginia._ Williamsburg, 1747.
+
+     Tyler, Lyon G., _Cradle of the Republic._ 2 ed. Richmond, 1900.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO CHARTS
+
+
+                            No.
+
+  Accawmack, 1634 (Ex.)      1
+  Accomack, 1663             1
+  Albemarle                  5
+  Alexandria (Ex.)           9
+  Alleghany                 10
+  Amelia                     2
+  Amherst                    5
+  Appomattox                 5
+  Arlington                  9
+  Augusta                9, 10
+
+  Barbour (W. Va.)          10
+  Bath                      10
+  Bedford                    2
+  Berkeley (W. Va.)          9
+  Bland                     11
+  Boone (W. Va.)            11
+  Botetourt, 10             11
+  Bourbon (Ky.)             11
+  Braxton (W. Va.)          10
+  Brooke (W. Va.)           10
+  Brunswick                  2
+  Buchanan                  11
+  Buckingham                 5
+
+  Cabell (W. Va.)           11
+  Calhoun (W. Va.)          10
+  Campbell                   2
+  Caroline                   9
+  Carroll                   11
+  Charles City               2
+  Charles River (Ex.)        3
+  Charlotte                  2
+  Chesterfield               5
+  Clarke                     9
+  Clay (W. Va.)             10
+  Craig                     11
+  Culpeper                   9
+  Cumberland                 5
+
+  Dickenson                 11
+  Dinwiddie                  2
+  Doddridge (W. Va.)        10
+  Dunmore (Ex.)              9
+
+  Elizabeth City (Ex.)       4
+  Essex                      9
+
+  Fairfax                    9
+  Fauquier                   9
+  Fayette, 1780 (Ky.)       11
+  Fayette, 1831 (W. Va.)    11
+  Fincastle (Ex.)           11
+  Floyd                     11
+  Fluvanna                   5
+  Franklin                   2
+  Frederick                  9
+
+  Giles                     11
+  Gilmer (W. Va.)           10
+  Gloucester                 3
+  Goochland                  5
+  Grayson                   11
+  Greenbrier (W. Va.)       11
+  Greene                     9
+  Greensville                2
+
+  Halifax                    2
+  Hampshire (W. Va.)        10
+  Hancock (W. Va.)          10
+  Hanover                    3
+  Hardy (W. Va.)            10
+  Harrison (W. Va.)         10
+  Henrico                    5
+  Henry                      2
+  Highland                  10
+
+  Illinois (Ex.)            10
+  Isle of Wight              7
+
+  Jackson (W. Va.)          11
+  James City                 6
+  Jefferson, 1780 (Ky.)      11
+  Jefferson, 1801 (W. Va.)   9
+
+  Kanawha (W. Va.)          11
+  Kentucky (Ex.)            11
+  King and Queen             3
+  King George                9
+  King William               3
+
+  Lancaster                  9
+  Lee                       11
+  Lewis (W. Va.)            10
+  Lincoln (Ky.)             11
+  Logan (W. Va.)            11
+  Loudoun                    9
+  Louisa                     3
+  Lower Norfolk (Ex.)        4
+  Lunenburg                  2
+
+  McDowell (W. Va.)         11
+  Madison, 1786 (Ky.)       11
+  Madison, 1793              9
+  Marion (W. Va.)           10
+  Marshall (W. Va.)         10
+  Mason, 1789 (Ky.)         11
+  Mason, 1804 (W. Va.)      11
+  Mathews                    3
+  Mecklenburg                2
+  Mercer, 1786 (Ky.)        11
+  Mercer, 1837 (W. Va.)     11
+  Middlesex                  9
+  Monongalia (W. Va.)       10
+  Monroe (W. Va.)           11
+  Montgomery                11
+  Morgan (W. Va.)            9
+
+  Nansemond                  4
+  Nelson, 1785 (Ky.)        11
+  Nelson, 1808               5
+  New Kent                   3
+  New Norfolk (Ex.)          4
+  Nicholas (W. Va.)         11
+  Norfolk                    4
+  Northampton                1
+  Northumberland             9
+  Nottoway                   2
+
+  Ohio (W. Va.)             10
+  Orange                     9
+
+  Page                      10
+  Patrick                    2
+  Pendleton (W. Va.)        10
+  Pittsylvania               2
+  Pleasants (W. Va.)        10
+  Pocahontas (W. Va.)       10
+  Powhatan                   5
+  Preston (W. Va.)          10
+  Prince Edward              2
+  Prince George              2
+  Prince William             9
+  Princess Anne              4
+  Pulaski                   11
+  Putnam (W. Va.)           11
+
+  Raleigh (W. Va.)          11
+  Randolph (W. Va.)         10
+  Rappahannock, 1656 (Ex.)   9
+  Rappahannock, 1833         9
+  Richmond                   9
+  Ritchie (W. Va.)          10
+  Roane (W. Va.)            11
+  Roanoke                   11
+  Rockbridge                10
+  Rockingham                10
+  Russell                   11
+
+  Scott                     11
+  Shenandoah                 9
+  Smyth                     11
+  Southampton                7
+  Spotsylvania               9
+  Stafford                   9
+  Surry                      6
+  Sussex                     6
+
+  Taylor (W. Va.)           10
+  Tazewell                  11
+  Tucker (W. Va.)           10
+  Tyler (W. Va.)            10
+
+  Upper Norfolk (Ex.)        4
+  Upshur (W. Va.)           10
+
+  Warren                     9
+  Warrosquyoake (Ex.)        7
+  Warwick (Ex.)              8
+  Warwick River (Ex.)        8
+  Washington                11
+  Wayne (W. Va.)            11
+  Webster (W. Va.)          11
+  Westmoreland               9
+  Wetzel (W. Va.)           10
+  Wirt (W. Va.)             10
+  Wise                      11
+  Wood (W. Va.)             10
+  Woodford (Ky.)            11
+  Wyoming (W. Va.)          11
+  Wythe                     11
+
+  Yohogania (Ex.)           10
+  York                       3
+
+CHART 1
+
+Accawmack ---------- Northampton ---------- Accomack
+  1634-1642/3 (Ex.)    1642/3                 1662
+
+CHART 2
+
+                                       |- Hali- -- Pittsyl- -- Henry -- Patrick
+                                       |   fax      vania       1777     1791
+                                       |   1752     1767
+                                       |
+                                       |             |-- Campbell
+                                       |             |     1782
+                                       |- Bedford ---|
+                                       |    1754     |
+                            |- Lunen- -|             |-- Franklin
+                            |   burg   |                    1786
+                            |   1746   |- Charlotte
+                            |          |     1765
+                 |- Bruns- -|          |
+                 |   wick   |          |
+                 |   1732   |          |- Mecklenburg
+                 |          |                1765
+                 |          |- Greenville
+                 |               1781
+Charles  Prince  |
+ City -- George -|                                |-- Prince Edward
+ 1634     1703   |                                |    1754
+                 |-- Amelia ----------------------|
+                 |    1735                        |-- Nottoway
+                 |                                      1789
+                 |
+                 |-- Dinwiddie
+                      1752
+
+  Abbreviations:
+
+     Ex.--Extinct
+     Ky.--Kentucky
+     W. Va.--West Virginia
+
+CHART 3
+
+                    |-- Gloucester ---- Mathews
+                    |      1651          1791
+  Charles -- York --|
+  River      1642/3 |
+  1634-1642/3       |                |-- King and Queen ---- King William
+  (Ex.)             |                |       1691               1702
+                    |-- New Kent ----|
+                         1654        |
+                                     |-- Hanover ---- Louisa
+                                          1721         1742
+
+CHART 4
+
+                                                            |-- Norfolk
+                                                            |    1691
+                                       |-- Lower Norfolk ---|
+                                       |   1637-1691(Ex.)   |
+                                       |                    |-- Princess Anne
+                                       |                           1691
+Elizabeth City -------- New Norfolk ---|
+1634-1952(Ex.)         1636-1637(Ex.)  |
+                                       |-- Upper Norfolk ---- Nansemond
+                                           1637-1646(Ex.)       1646
+
+CHART 5
+
+                                                 |-- Amherst ------- Nelson
+                                                 |     1761            1808
+                                                 |
+                            |-- Albemarle -------|-- Buckingham ---- Appomattox
+                            |      1744          |     1761            1845
+                            |                    |
+           |-- Goochland ---|                    |-- Fluvanna
+           |      1728      |                          1777
+           |                |
+Henrico ---|                |-- Cumberland --------- Powhatan
+ 1634      |                       1749                1777
+           |-- Chesterfield
+                  1749
+
+CHART 6
+
+James City -------- Surry -------- Sussex
+   1634             1652            1754
+
+CHART 7
+
+Warrosquyoake -------- Isle of Wight -------- Southampton
+1634-1637(Ex.)            1637                   1749
+
+CHART 8
+
+Warwick River --------     Warwick
+1634-1642/3(Ex.)       1642/3-1952(Ex.)
+
+CHART 9
+
+
+                                         |-- Caroline       |- Augusta (See Chart 10)
+                                         |     1745         |     1745
+                                         |                  |                    Jeffer-
+                                         |                  |                  |-- son
+                                         |                  |                  |   1801
+                                         |                  |           Ber-   | (W. Va.)
+                               |- Essex -|                  |        |- keley -|
+                               |  1692   |                  |        |  1772   |
+                               |         |                  | Frede- | (W. Va.)|
+                               |         |                  |- rick -|         |- Morgan
+                               |         |                  |  1743  |             1820
+                               |         | Spotsyl-         |        |           (W. Va.)
+                               |         |- vania - Orange -|        |
+                               |             1721     1734  |        |
+                       Rappa-  |                            |        |
+                   |- hannock -|                            |        |
+                   | 1656-1692 |                            |        |
+                   |    (Ex.)  |                            |        |  Dun-   Shenan-  War-
+                   |           |                            |        |- more -- doah -- ren
+                   |           |                            |        |1772-1778 1778    1836
+                   |           |                            |        |  (Ex.)
+                   |           |- Richmond -- King George   |        |
+                   |                1692         1721       |        |
+             Lan-  |                                        |        |
+         |- caster |                                        |        |
+         |   1651  |                                        |        |-- Clarke
+         |         |                                        |             1836
+         |         |                                        |
+         |         |-- Middlesex                            |
+         |                1669                              |
+         |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |         |-- Madison
+         |                                                  |         |    1793
+         |                                                  |   Cul-  |
+         |                                                  |- peper -|
+         |                                                  |  1749   |   Rappa-
+         |                                                  |         |-- hannock
+         |                                                  |              1883
+         |                                                  |
+Northum- |                                                  |
+berland--|                                                  |
+  1645   |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |
+         |                                                  |-- Greene
+         |                                                       1838
+         |
+         |                                             |-- Loudoun
+         |                                             |    1757
+         |                                             |
+         |                                 |- Fairfax -|
+         |                                 |    1742   |
+         |                                 |           | Alexan-
+         |                                 |           |- dria --- Arlington
+         |                                 |            1847-1920    1920
+         |   West-      Staf-    Prince    |               (Ex.)
+         |- moreland -- ford -- William ---|
+             1653       1664      1731     |
+                                           |-- Fauquier
+                                                 1759
+
+
+Chart 10
+
+(Continuation of Chart 9)
+
+                                                              |- Upshur
+                                                              | 1851 (W. Va.)
+       |- Hampshire -------- Hardy                   |- Ran- -|
+       |  1754 (W. Va.)      1786 (W. Va.)           |  dolph |
+       |                                             |  1787  |- Tucker
+       |                                             | (W. Va.) 1856 (W. Va.)
+       |- Botetourt (See Chart 11)                   |
+       |  1770                                       |
+       |                                             |        |- Wirt
+       |                                             |        | 1848 (W. Va.)
+       |- Monon- -----------------------|            |- Wood -|
+       |  galia                         |            |  1798  |
+       |  1776                          |            |(W. Va.)|- Pleasants
+       |  (W. Va.)                      |            |          1851 (W. Va.)
+       |          |- Brooke -- Hancock  |            |
+       |          |  1797      1848     |            |
+       |          |  (W. Va.)  (W. Va.) |            |        |-Gilmer -Calhoun
+       |          |                     |            |        | 1845    1856
+       |- Ohio ---+- Tyler -- Wetzel    |            |-Lewis -|(W. Va.)(W. Va.)
+       |  1776    |   1814     1846     |            | 1816   |
+       |  (W. Va.)|  (W. Va.) (W. Va.)  |            |(W. Va.)|- Brax- - Clay
+Au-  --|          |                     | |- Harri- -|           1836    1858
+gusta  |          |                     | |  son     |        (W. Va.) (W. Va.)
+1745   |          |- Marshall           | |  1784    |- Barbour
+       |- Yohogania   1835 (W. Va.)     | | (W. Va.) |  1843 (W. Va.)
+       |  1776-1786 (Ex).               | |          |
+       |                                | |          |- Ritchie
+       |- Rockbridge                    | |          |  1843 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778                          |-|          |
+       |                                  |          |- Taylor
+       |- Rockingham ---- Page            |          |  1844 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778            1831            |          |
+       |                                  |          |- Doddridge
+       |- Illinois                        |             1845 (W. Va.)
+       |  1778-1784 (Ex.)                 |
+       |                                  |- Preston
+       |                                  | 1818 (W. Va.)
+       |- Pendleton ------- Highland      |
+       |  1788 (W. Va.)      1847         |
+       |                                  |- Marion
+       |              |---- Pocahontas      1842 (W. Va.)
+       |              |    1821 (W. Va.)
+       |- Bath -------|
+          1791        |---- Alleghany
+                              1822
+
+CHART 11
+
+(Continuation of Chart 10)
+
+                                                     |--- Bourbon -- Mason
+                                                     |  1786 (Ky.)  1789 (Ky.)
+                                                     |
+                                    |-- Fayette -----|
+                                    |  1780 (Ky.)    |
+                                    |                |
+                                    |                |--- Woodford
+                                    |                    1789 (Ky.)
+                                    |
+                |---- Kentucky -----+-- Jefferson ------- Nelson
+                |  1777-1780 (Ex.)  |   1780 (Ky.)       1785 (Ky.)
+                |                   |
+                |                   |                      |----- Madison
+                |                   |                      |     1786 (Ky.)
+                |                   |                      |
+                |                   |-- Lincoln -----------|
+                |                      1780 (Ky.)          |
+                |                                          |
+                |                                          |---- Mercer
+                |                                              1786 (Ky.)
+                |
+                |                             |- Gray- - Carroll  |-- Buchanan
+                |                             |  son       1842   |    1858
+                |                             |  1793             |
+                |                   |- Wythe -|           |-------|
+                |                   |  1790   |           |       |
+                |                   |         |           |       |
+       |- Fin- -|                   |         |- Taze- ---|       |-- McDowell
+       | castle |                   |            well                  1858
+       | 1772-  |                   |            1800                 (W. Va.)
+       | 1777   |                   |
+       | (Ex.)  |                   |                    |- Fayette - Raleigh
+       |        |                   |                    |  1831       1850
+       |        |                   |                    | (W. Va.)  (W. Va.)
+       |        |                   |                    |
+       |        |                   |         |- Logan --|
+       |        |                   |         |  1824    |
+       |        |                   |         | (W. Va.) |
+       |        |                   |         |          |- Wyoming
+       |        |                   |         |             1850
+       |        |                   |         |            (W. Va.)
+       |        |---- Montgomery ---|- Giles -|
+       |        |       1777        |    1806 |
+       |        |                   |         |
+       |        |                   |         |- Mercer
+       |        |                   |         | 1837 (W. Va.)
+       |        |                   |         |
+Bote- -|        |                   |- Floyd  |
+tourt  |        |                   |   1831  |
+1770   |        |                   |         |
+       |        |                   |         |- Bland   |-- Scott ---- Smyth
+       |        |                   |            1861    |    1814       1832
+       |        |                   |                    |
+       |        |                   |- Pul-    |-- Lee --|
+       |        |                      aski    |  1793   |
+       |        |                      1839    |         |
+       |        |                              |         |-- Wise
+       |        |                              |             1856
+       |        |                              |
+       |        |---- Washington --  Russell --|
+       |                 1777         1786     |
+       |                                       |
+       |                                       |-- Dickenson
+       |                                            1880
+       |
+       |                           |---- Mason --------- Jackson
+       |                           |  1804 (W. Va.)    1831 (W. Va.)
+       |                           |
+       |                           |---- Cabell -------- Wayne
+       |                           |  1809 (W. Va.)    1842 (W. Va.)
+       |                           |
+       |          |---- Kanawha ---|
+       |          |  1789 (W. Va.) |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Boone
+       |          |                |  1847 (W. Va.)
+       |          |                |
+       |- Green- -|                |
+       |  brier   |                |
+       |  1776    |                |
+       |  (W. Va.)|---- Monroe     |
+       |          |  1799 (W. Va.) |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Putnam
+       |          |                |   1848 (W. Va.)
+       |          |                |
+       |- Roanoke |                |
+       |   1838   |                |
+       |          |                |
+       |          |                |---- Roane
+       |          |                   1856 (W. Va.)
+       |          |
+       |- Craig   |
+           1851   |
+                  |
+                  |---- Nicholas -------- Webster
+                    1818 (W. Va.)       1860 (W. Va.)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Aaron's creek, 28
+
+  Abb's valley, 74
+
+  Abingdon, 59
+
+  Abrell, Robert, 13
+
+  Accomack (Accawmack) county, 3, 6, 8, 10, 15
+
+  Accomack Indians, 6
+
+  Admiralty, Courts of, _see_ Courts, admiralty
+
+  Agee family, 27
+
+  Albemarle, William Anne Keppel, 2d Earl of, 26
+
+  Albemarle county, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 38, 61, 63, 67
+
+  Albemarle parish, 30
+
+  Albemarle sound, 42
+
+  Alexandria county, 15, 68, 69
+
+  Alleghany county, 48, 55, 56, 71, 72
+
+  Allegheny mountains, 36, 39, 43, 44, 47, 56, 69
+
+  Allegheny river, 55
+
+  Allen, Madison, 75
+
+  Amelia, Princess, 24
+
+  Amelia county, 24, 26, 29, 45, 46
+
+  Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, 33
+
+  Amherst county, 33, 52
+
+  Amherst parish, 33, 52
+
+  Anchrom, Richard, 68
+
+  Anderson, James, 65
+    Sterling C., 68
+
+  Andros, Sir Edmund, 10
+
+  Annapolis, Md., 27
+
+  Anne, Queen, 17, 18, 39
+
+  Anthony's creek, 47
+
+  Antrim parish, 28, 33
+
+  Appomattox county, 29, 67, 68
+
+  Appomattox river, 6, 20, 24, 26, 29, 46, 67, 68
+
+  Argall, Sir Samuel, 1
+
+  Arlington county, 15, 69
+
+  Armentrout, 71
+
+  Ashby's gap (or bent), 25
+
+  Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales, 25
+
+  Augusta county, 25, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 47, 69
+
+  Augusta parish, 25, 30, 39
+
+
+  Back creek, 42, 69
+
+  Bacon's Rebellion, 16
+
+  Bailey, Joseph, 66
+
+  Barbecue run, 60
+
+  Barber's creek, 72
+
+  Barbour, Philip, 66
+
+  Barbour county, 66, 72
+
+  Barnes, Thomas, 64
+
+  Bartlett, Samuel, 66
+
+  Bath county, 47, 48, 55, 69
+
+  Bean, William, 66
+
+  Beard, John, 29
+
+  Beckford parish, 35
+
+  Bedford, John Russell, 4th Duke of, 30
+
+  Bedford county, 29, 42, 43, 64
+
+  Bell, Thomas, 33
+
+  Bennett (Mr.), 14
+
+  Berkeley county, 35, 50, 54, 55
+
+  Bever, Charles, dams of, 19
+
+  Big Birch river, 61
+
+  Big Buffalo river, 61
+
+  Big Meadow gap, 77
+
+  Big Reedy island, 46
+
+  Birchfield creek, 76
+
+  Black, Samuel, 66
+
+  Blackstone, Sir William, 46
+
+  Blackwater river, 28, 30, 38, 43
+
+  Bland, Richard, 75
+
+  Bland county, 75, 76
+
+  Blanford, 29
+
+  Blue mountains, 33
+
+  Blue Ridge mountains, 19, 24, 25, 34, 36, 40, 49, 58, 59, 60, 61,
+   62, 63, 64, 77
+
+  Blue Stone river, 46
+
+  Bollings point, 29
+
+  Bonsack, John, 64
+
+  Boone, Daniel, 68
+
+  Boone county, 68
+
+  Boroughs _see_ Settlements
+
+  Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, 34, 35, 36
+
+  Botetourt county, 34, 35, 36, 40, 47, 52, 55, 56, 64, 71
+
+  Bourbon, family of, 45
+
+  Bourbon county, 44, 45, 49
+
+  Branch, Samuel, 68
+
+  Brandon, 18
+
+  Braxton, Carter, 60
+
+  Braxton county, 60, 61, 74, 75
+
+  Bristol parish, 7, 24
+
+  Broad run, 31
+
+  Brooke, Robert (Governor of Virginia), 49
+    Robert (Surveyor, Knight of Golden Horse Shoe), 49
+
+  Brooke county, 49, 67, 70
+
+  Brook's mill, 26
+
+  Brown, John, raid of, 51
+
+  Brunswick, Duchy of, 21, 26
+
+  Brunswick county, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 42
+
+  Brunswick stew, 23
+
+  Brush mountain, 71
+
+  Brushy mountain, 50
+
+  Buchanan, James, 74
+
+  Buchanan county, 74, 76
+
+  Buchanan river, 61
+
+  Buckingham, Duke of, 33
+
+  Buckingham county, 29, 32, 33, 67
+
+  Buffalo creek, 42
+
+  Bugg's run, 60
+
+  Bull creek, 75
+
+  Bull run, 25, 31
+
+  Bull Run mountains, 31
+
+  Bullock, Francis, 11
+
+  Bunker Hill, Battle of, 62, 70
+
+  Burden's March run, 63
+
+  Bush creek, 48
+
+  Byrd, Andrew H., 69
+    James, 39
+    Colonel William, 2nd, 22
+
+
+  Cabell, William H., 52, 53
+
+  Cabell county, 52, 56, 66, 68, 70
+
+  Cabin branch, 68
+
+  Calf-pasture river, 40, 47
+
+  Calhoun, John Caldwell, 73
+
+  Calhoun county, 73
+
+  California, West Va., 73
+
+  Camden parish, 33
+
+  Camp rock, 73
+
+  Campbell, Thomas, 69
+    William, 42
+
+  Campbell county, 38, 42, 67
+
+  Canterbury, England, 9
+
+  Cany creek, 77
+
+  Cany ridge, 77
+
+  Cape Capon mountains, 30
+
+  Caperton, Hugh, 51
+
+  Caroline of Anspach (Queen of George II), 20, 21
+
+  Caroline county, 20, 21, 45
+
+  Carper, John, 71
+
+  Carroll, Charles, 65
+
+  Carroll county, 65
+
+  Carrollton, 65
+
+  Carr's creek, 34
+
+  Cartagena, Colombia, 27
+
+  Castle Hill, 67
+
+  Catawba road, 36
+
+  Catawba valley, 64
+
+  Cave's old mill, 63
+
+  Cedar creek, 35, 41, 62
+
+  Cedar gap, 73
+
+  Chancery courts _see_ Courts, chancery
+
+  Chapman's ford, 42
+
+  Chapman's mill, 31
+
+  Chapultepec, Mexico, 53
+
+  Charles I, 5
+
+  Charles II, 18
+
+  Charles City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Charles City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 18, 54
+
+  Charles river, 13, 19
+
+  Charles River county, 3, 5, 6
+    _see also_ York county
+
+  Charleston, S. C., 33, 42
+
+  Charleston, West Va., 42, 54, 68, 70
+
+  Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen of George III), 33
+
+  Charlotte county, 33, 42, 67
+
+  Charlottesville, 33
+
+  Charters of Virginia, 2, 5, 44
+
+  Cheat river, 47
+
+  Cherry's run, 55
+
+  Chesapeake bay, 18, 51
+
+  Chesterfield, Philip D. Stanhope, 4th Earl of, 28
+
+  Chesterfield county, 27, 28, 39
+
+  Chester's gap, 35
+
+  Chestnut creek, 65
+
+  Chickacoan, 12
+
+  Choppawomsick creek, 21
+
+  Christ Church parish, Lancaster county, 15, 16
+
+  Christ Church parish, Middlesex county, 16
+
+  Chuckatuck creek, 6
+
+  Chumley's branch, 20
+
+  Cities (political division), 2
+
+  Claiborne, William, 3, 13, 14
+
+  Clark, George Rogers, 41, 44, 61
+
+  Clarke county, 61, 62
+
+  Clay, Henry, 74
+
+  Clay county, 74
+
+  Clear fork, 52, 75
+
+  Clem, Daniel, 58
+
+  Clinch, 75
+
+  Clinch mountain, 45, 48, 50, 53
+
+  Clinch river, 38, 50, 53, 73, 75
+
+  Clinton, Henry, Sir, 42
+
+  Clover Lick fork, 61
+
+  Coal (Cole) river, 57, 70
+
+  Cole, Richard, 12
+
+  Cole (Coal) river, 57, 70
+
+  College, at Henrico, 28
+
+  Common Pleas courts _see_ Courts, common pleas
+
+  Compasses, mariners', 3
+
+  Convention, 1775 and 1776, 36, 37
+
+  Conway river, 27
+
+  Cooper, John, 57
+
+  Coppohawk river, 30
+
+  Corbin, Anderson, 66
+
+  Corley (Mrs.), 66
+
+  Cornstalk (Indian), 54
+
+  Cornwall parish, 33
+
+  Cornwallis, Charles, 2nd Earl, 1st Marquis, 42, 43
+
+  Corporations, 1, 2
+
+  Cotton, in Southampton county, 28
+
+  Council, 2, 9, 20
+    _Minutes_, 9
+
+  Counties (political division), 2
+    division of Colony into, 3
+
+  County courts _see_ Courts, county
+
+  "Court Party", 5
+
+  Courts, admiralty, in England, 8;
+      in Virginia, 10
+    chancery, in England, 8
+    common pleas, in England 8
+    county, in Virginia, 2, 7, 8, 10
+    ecclesiastical, in England, 8
+    general court, in Virginia, 8, 9
+    inferior, in Virginia, 2, 7
+    king's bench, in England, 8
+    magistrate's or justice, in Virginia, 7, 8
+    monthly, in England, 8, 9;
+      in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10
+    of exchequer, in England, 8
+    parish, in Virginia, 7
+    prerogative, in England, 9
+
+  Cove branch, 71
+
+  Cove creek, 50
+
+  Cow-pasture river, 40, 47, 55, 56, 69
+
+  Cowpens, Battle of, 55
+
+  Crab bottom, 69
+
+  Crab orchard, 73
+
+  Craig, Robert, 72
+
+  Craig county, 71, 72
+
+  Craig's creek, 56, 64, 71
+
+  Crane creek, 52
+
+  Crane's nest bridge, 76
+
+  Crane's nest creek, 73, 76
+
+  Crane's nest river, 72, 73
+
+  Crany point, 11
+
+  Crayford, England, 13
+
+  Cripple creek, 48
+
+  Crooked run, 49
+
+  Crosses in Fairy Stone Park, 47
+
+  Culberson's creek, 36
+
+  Culloden, Battle of, 21
+
+  Culpeper, Thomas, Lord, 27
+
+  Culpeper county, 27, 35, 49, 53, 58, 59, 60
+
+  Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of, 21, 27
+
+  Cumberland county, 27, 39
+
+  Cumberland mountains, 37, 45, 53, 72, 76
+
+  Cunningham's branch, 39
+
+  Cunningham's run, 58
+
+  Currituck, 17
+
+  Cutbanks, 68
+
+
+  Dan river, 28, 33
+
+  David's creek, 67
+
+  Davis, Hiram, 65
+
+  Davisson, Rueben, 66
+
+  Deep creek, 21
+
+  Deep run, 21
+
+  Delaware Indians, 55
+
+  Dews, Achilles, 71
+
+  Dickenson, William J., 76
+
+  Dickenson county, 76, 77
+
+  Difficult run, 31
+
+  Dilly, Abraham, 74
+
+  Dinwiddie, Robert, 29, 31, 36
+
+  Dinwiddie county, 29, 46
+
+  Discovery, (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Dismal branch, 75
+
+  District of Columbia, 68, 69
+
+  Doddridge, Philip, 67
+
+  Doddridge county, 67
+
+  Doss, Lilburn, 71
+
+  Dragon run, 15
+
+  Droop mountain, 47
+
+  Drout, Richard, 17
+
+  Dry fork, 75
+
+  Dry run, 69
+
+  Duly, J. H., 77
+
+  Dunlap's creek, 47
+
+  Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of, 35, 36, 54
+
+  Dunmore county, 35
+
+
+  East river mountain, 75
+
+  Eastern branch, Elizabeth river, 17
+
+  Eastern Shore, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 15
+
+  Eastern waters, 40
+
+  Ecclesiastical courts, _see_ Courts, ecclesiastical
+
+  Edward, Duke of Gloucester, 29
+
+  Eighteen Mile creek, 51
+
+  Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, 5
+
+  Elizabeth City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Elizabeth City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 23
+
+  Elizabeth river, 5, 11, 17
+
+  Elk river, 61
+
+  England, civil war in, 7, 12, 16;
+    immigrants from, 20;
+    names for Virginia counties from, 5;
+    unrest in, fosters immigration, 7
+
+  Essex county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  Ewing mountain, 48
+
+
+  Fairfax, Thomas, 6th Lord of, 23, 25, 27, 30
+
+  Fairfax county, 15, 25, 31, 69
+
+  Fairy Stone mountain, 46, 47
+
+  Fairy Stone State Park, 46
+
+  Fall run, 60
+
+  Falling river, 29, 68
+
+  Falling Spring valley, 56
+
+  Falls of James river, 20, 39
+
+  Fauntleroy's mill run, 62, 63
+
+  Fauquier, Francis, 31, 32, 33
+
+  Fauquier county, 15, 31, 35, 60, 61,62
+
+  Fayette county, Ky., 41, 42, 44, 45, 49
+
+  Fayette county, West Va., 57, 70
+
+  Federal City, _see_ Washington, D. C.
+
+  Fincastle, Lord, 36
+
+  Fincastle, England, 36
+
+  Fincastle county, 36, 37, 38, 56
+
+  Fisher's peak, 65
+
+  Flag pond, 53
+
+  Flat-top mountain, 52
+
+  Fleisher, Andrew, 69
+
+  Flourmoy family, 27
+
+  Floyd, John, 57
+
+  Floyd county, 56, 57, 65
+
+  Fluvanna county, 17, 39
+
+  Fluvanna river, 32, 33, 38, 39
+
+  Fork lick, 61
+
+  Fork spur, 76
+
+  Fort Duquesne, 36
+
+  Fort mountain, 58, 62
+
+  Fort Pitt, 36
+
+  Fourqurean family, 27
+
+  France, Huguenot settlers from, 27
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 43
+
+  Franklin county, 43, 46, 57, 64
+
+  Frascati, 66
+
+  Frederick, King of Bohemia, 5
+
+  Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales, 25, 29
+
+  Frederick county, 24, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 55, 61, 62
+
+  Frederick parish, 24, 30, 34, 35
+
+  Fredericksburg, 29
+
+  French and Indian war, 29, 32, 36
+
+  Fridley, 71
+
+
+  Gap mountain, 52
+
+  Garden mountain, 50, 76
+
+  Garwood (Mrs.), 64
+
+  Gauley mountain, 51
+
+  Gauley river, 57
+
+  General courts _see_ Courts, general
+
+  George I, 18, 19, 21
+
+  George II, 20, 24, 25, 26
+
+  George III, 25, 29, 33
+
+  George, Consort of Queen Anne, 18
+
+  George's Fork mountain, 76
+
+  Germanna, 20
+
+  Germany, immigrants from, 19, 20, 23
+
+  Giant's castle, 60
+
+  Giles, William B., 52
+
+  Giles county, 48, 51, 52, 56, 63, 64, 65, 71, 75
+
+  Gilmer, Thomas Walker, 67
+
+  Gilmer county, 67, 73
+
+  Glade creek, 64
+
+  Gladesville, 73
+
+  Gloucester county, 13, 15, 23, 48
+
+  Gloucester county, England, 13
+
+  Glovers' tavern, 68
+
+  Godspeed (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Goff, William, 70
+
+  Gooch, Sir William, 20
+
+  Goochland county, 20, 24, 26, 27
+
+  Goose creek, 42
+
+  Grayson, William, 48
+
+  Grayson county, 48, 57, 65
+
+  Greasy creek, 48
+
+  Great Kanawha river, 38, 54
+
+  Great Laurel ridge, 37
+
+  Great North mountains, 30
+
+  Great Nottoway river, 24
+
+  Great Sandy creek, 37
+
+  Green creek, 33
+
+  Greenbrier county, 40, 45, 47, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57
+
+  Greenbrier Court House, 47
+
+  Greenbrier creek, 77
+
+  Greenbrier mountain, 47
+
+  Greenbrier river, 40, 47
+
+  Greene, Nathanael, 42, 63
+
+  Greene county, 63
+
+  Greensville county, 42
+
+  Greenway, Charles City, 54
+
+  Greenway Court, 25
+
+  Gressy creek, 77
+
+  Griever, Philip, spring branch of, 59
+
+  Griffin, William, 56
+
+  Grose, Strother B., 74
+
+  Guerrant family, 27
+
+  Guese's river, 53
+
+  Guest's river, 73
+
+  Guilford Court House, N. C., Battle of, 42
+
+  Gunston Hall, 25, 45, 51
+
+  Guyandotte river, 52, 57, 70
+
+
+  Haies, Richard, 11
+
+  Hale, Nathaniel C. _Virginia Venturer_, 3
+
+  Halifax, George Montagu Dunk, 2d Earl of, 28, 29
+
+  Halifax, Nova Scotia, 29
+
+  Halifax county, 28, 33, 38, 42
+
+  Hamilton parish, 25
+
+  Hamilton's creek, 47
+
+  Hamlin's fork, 24
+
+  Hampshire county, 30, 35, 39, 43, 54, 55
+
+  Hampshire county, England, 30
+
+  Hampton, 28
+
+  Hampton river, 28
+
+  Hampton Roads, 3, 6, 10
+
+  Hancock, John, 70
+
+  Hancock county, 70
+
+  Hanover county, 19, 20, 23, 25
+
+  Hardy, Samuel, 44
+
+  Hardy county, 43, 44, 45, 74
+
+  Harman's mill, 52
+
+  Harper's Ferry, 50
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, 43
+
+  Harrison, county, 42, 45, 49, 50, 54, 65, 66
+
+  Harrodsburg, Ky., 42
+
+  Hart, Silas, 39
+
+  Harvey, William, 68
+
+  Hay, James, 62, 63
+
+  Hays, Richard, 11
+
+  Hazel's river, 60
+
+  Hedgman river, 24
+
+  Henrico corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  Henrico county, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 20, 24, 28
+
+  Henry, Prince of Wales, 5
+
+  Henry, Patrick, 38, 46, 70
+
+  Henry county, 22, 38, 39, 43, 46
+
+  Hensley, Samuel, 53
+
+  High Knob, 69, 73
+
+  Highland county, 69, 70
+
+  Hite, James M., 62, 63 Jost, 23
+
+  Hiver, Jacob, 69
+
+  Hoffman's ford, 62
+
+  Holleway creek, 67
+
+  Holstein river, 38
+
+  Holston river, 36
+
+  Horner's mill, 60
+
+  Horse ford, 26
+
+  Horseshoe farm, 27
+
+  Hughes's river, 67
+
+  Hugh's river, 49, 60
+
+  Huguenots in Virginia, 20, 27
+
+  Hunter's old tavern, 68
+
+  Hutchinson, R. M., 71
+
+  Hyde, Anne, wife of James II, 17
+
+
+  Illinois county, 41, 44
+
+  Immigration, to Virginia, 20
+
+  Indian creek, 65, 77
+
+  Indians, 7, 11, 15, 16, 54
+
+  Iron mining and works, 19, 28
+
+  Iron mountain, 38, 48
+
+  Irvine, John, 22
+
+  Isle of Wight county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 22, 28, 44
+
+  Isle of Wight Island, England, 5
+
+  Ivy, Thomas, 17
+
+
+  Jackson, Andrew, 57, 58
+    James, 63
+
+  Jackson county, 57, 70, 73
+
+  Jackson's mountain, 69
+
+  Jackson's river, 47, 55, 56, 69
+
+  James I, 5
+
+  James II, 5, 16, 17, 20
+
+  James, son of James II, 20
+
+  James City corporation, 1, 2, 3
+
+  James City county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 14
+
+  James river, 6, 14, 18, 20, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 42,
+       55, 67, 68, 77
+
+  James river falls, 20, 39
+
+  Jamestown, 1, 2, 3, 6, 14, 18, 55, 77
+
+  Jarrell, Jackson, 70
+
+  Jarvis, Thomas, Jr., 74
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 26, 42, 50, 51, 56
+
+  Jefferson county, Ky., 41, 42, 49, 50
+
+  Jefferson county, West Va., 50, 61
+
+  John's creek, 71
+
+  Johnson, Jacob, 17
+
+  Jordan, John, 56
+
+  Joshua's creek, 68
+
+  Judicial system, in Virginia, 7, 8, 9, 10
+
+  Judy's creek, 42
+
+
+  Kanawha county, 45, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 61, 67, 68, 70, 73
+
+  Kanawha river, 40, 45, 51, 57, 60, 61
+
+  Kanawha turnpike, 57
+
+  Kemp, James, 17
+
+  Kent, England, 13
+
+  Kent's ridge, 50
+
+  Kentucky, 38, 42, 44, 49, 53, 56, 72, 73, 75, 77
+
+  Kentucky county, 37, 38, 41
+
+  Kikotan (Kiccowtan, Kigwohtan, Kikotank, Kecoughtan), 1
+    _see also_ Elizabeth City corporation
+
+  Kimberling creek, 75
+
+  King, Sally, 65
+
+  King and Queen county, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  King George county, 19, 21
+
+  King William county, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  King's bench courts _see_ Courts, king's bench
+
+  King's Mountain, Battle of, 42, 45
+
+  King's salt wells, 59
+
+  Kiser, Henry, 77
+    James P., 77
+
+  Knox creek, 75
+
+
+  Lafayette, Marquis de, 42, 51, 57
+
+  Lancaster county, 12, 14, 15
+
+  Lancaster county, England, 12
+
+  Land grants, 3, 9
+
+  Land Ordinance, 1785, 44
+
+  Land's, 68
+
+  Laurel ridge, 57
+
+  Lavica fork, 75
+
+  Lawne's creek, 6, 11, 14
+
+  Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 13
+    Henry, "Light Horse Harry", 49
+    Richard Henry, 13
+    Robert E., 13, 49
+    Thomas, 21
+
+  Lee county, 49, 53, 72, 73
+
+  Legislative assembly, first, 1, 2
+
+  Legrand family, 27
+
+  Letcher, John, 43
+
+  Lewis, Andrew, 54
+    Charles, 54
+    Thomas, 51
+
+  Lewis county, 54, 60, 61, 66, 67, 72
+
+  Lexington, Ky., 42
+
+  Lexington parish, 52
+
+  Lick branch, 76
+
+  Lick creek, 57, 73
+
+  Lincoln, Benjamin, 42
+
+  Lincoln county, 42, 44, 49
+
+  Lion's fork, 76
+
+  Litterell, Mrs., 57
+
+  Little Birch river, 61
+
+  Little creek, 17
+
+  Little Guyandotte river, 51
+
+  Little Hurricane creek, 51
+
+  Little Kanawha river, 60, 61, 73
+
+  Little Powell's mountain, 73
+
+  Little river, 36, 57, 65
+
+  Little Rockey creek, 26
+
+  Little Walker's creek, 65
+
+  Logan (Indian chief), 54, 56
+
+  Logan county, 56, 57, 68, 71
+
+  London, England, 14
+
+  London, Diocese of, 9
+
+  Long Shoal run, 61
+
+  Loudoun, John Campbell, 4th Earl of, 31
+
+  Loudoun county, 15, 31, 34, 35, 61
+
+  Louis XVI, 45
+
+  Louisa, daughter of George II, 26
+
+  Louisa county, 26, 38
+
+  Louisville, Ky., 42
+
+  Lower Manachin creek, 20
+
+  Lower Norfolk county, 11, 17
+
+  Luneburg, Duchy of, Germany, 26
+
+  Lunenburg county, 26, 28, 29, 33
+
+  Luray cavern, 58
+
+  Lynchburg road, 68
+
+
+  M'Clintick, William, Jr., 69
+
+  M'Daniell, James, 66
+
+  McDowell, James, 74
+
+  McDowell county, 74
+
+  Machoatoke river, 12
+
+  M'Kinney's store, 68
+
+  Mack's mountain, 57
+
+  McLure (McClure) river, 73
+
+  Madison, James, 44, 49
+
+  Madison county, Ky., 44, 49
+
+  Madison county, Va., 49, 59, 63
+
+  Magistrate courts _see_ Courts, magistrate's
+
+  Maiden Spring fork, 50
+
+  Manakintown, 27
+
+  Manassas, 21
+
+  Mann's gap, 50
+
+  Marion, Francis, 65
+
+  Marion county, 65, 66
+
+  Marshall, John, 60
+
+  Marshall county, 60
+
+  Martin, Rueben, 68
+
+  Mary II, Queen, 16, 17, 18
+
+  Mary of Modena, 20
+
+  Maryland, 15
+
+  _Maryland Archives_, 12
+
+  Mary's creek, 34
+
+  Mason, George, 25, 45, 51
+    Seth, 62
+
+  Mason county, Ky., 45, 49, 51
+
+  Mason county, West Va., 51, 57, 70
+
+  Massacres, 1622, 13, 28
+    1644, 13
+    1778, 71
+    in Abb's valley, 74
+
+  Massanutten mountain, 58
+
+  Massie, Henry, 56
+
+  Mathews, Thomas, 48
+
+  Mathews county, 48
+
+  Mattaponi (Mattopony) river, 14, 18
+
+  Maukason gap, 49
+
+  Mayo, William, 22
+
+  Mayo river, 22
+
+  Meadow river, 57
+
+  Mecklenburg county, 33, 42
+
+  Meherrin river, 42
+
+  Mercer, Hugh, 44, 63
+
+  Mercer county, Ky., 44, 49
+
+  Mercer county, West Va., 63
+
+  Merchants Hope Church, 7, 18
+
+  Merryman's, 68
+
+  Mexico City, Mexico, 53
+
+  Michaux family, 27
+
+  Middle Mountain, 71
+
+  Middlesex county, 15, 16
+
+  Middlesex county, England, 16
+
+  Militin's fork, 52
+
+  Mill creek, 47, 57
+
+  Mill mountain, 47
+
+  Miller, Adam, 23
+
+  Mississippi river, 23, 41, 44
+
+  Mississippi valley, 41
+
+  Mitchell's rock, 55
+
+  Monongahela (Monongalia) river, 47, 60, 67
+
+  Monongalia county, 37, 42, 54, 65
+
+  Monroe, James, 50
+
+  Monroe county, 50, 51, 55, 71
+
+  Monroe doctrine, 50
+
+  Monterey, 69
+
+  Monterey, Battle of, 69
+
+  Montgomery, Richard, 38
+
+  Montgomery county, 37, 38, 40, 45, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 64,
+       65, 71
+
+  Monthly courts _see_ Courts, monthly
+
+  Monticello, 26
+
+  Morattico creek, 14
+
+  Morgan, Daniel, 54, 55
+
+  Morgan county, 54, 55
+
+  Morris, Joshua, 51
+
+  Morriss, Archibald, 56
+
+  Moseley, William, Sr., 17
+
+  Mount Vernon, 25
+
+  Mountain Lake, 52
+
+  Muddy creek, 48
+
+
+  Naemhock, 14
+
+  Naked creek, 39, 58
+
+  Namozene (Namozain) creek, 24, 45
+
+  Nancy's ridge, 76
+
+  Nansemond (Nansimum) county, 8, 11
+
+  Narrows, 48
+
+  Nations Spring run, 61
+
+  Natural bridge, 41
+
+  Natural tunnel, 53
+
+  Necostins town, 12
+
+  Nelson, Thomas, 43, 52
+
+  Nelson county, Ky., 43, 49
+
+  Nelson county, Va., 52
+
+  New Kent county, 13, 16, 19
+
+  New Kent county, England, 13
+
+  New Norfolk county, 10, 11
+
+  New Orleans, Battle of, 58
+
+  New river, 36, 40, 51, 52, 57, 65, 70
+
+  Newport, England, 5
+
+  Newport News, 6
+
+  Newport parish, 5
+
+  Nichol, William, Sr., 74
+
+  Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 54
+
+  Nicholas county, 54, 57, 60, 61, 74, 75
+
+  Niday, William, 71
+
+  Nineveh, 62
+
+  Norborne parish, 34, 35
+
+  Norfolk borough, 48
+
+  Norfolk county, 17
+
+  Norfolk county, England, 10
+
+  North Anna river, 17, 19, 26
+
+  North Carolina, 17, 22, 26, 37, 38, 42, 58, 65
+
+  North mountain, 39, 40
+
+  North river, 17, 39, 48
+
+  North River Gap road, 69
+
+  Northampton county, 8, 15
+
+  Northern Neck, 12, 13, 14, 18, 25, 27, 30, 31
+
+  Northumberland county, 11, 12
+
+  Northumberland county, England, 12
+
+  Northwest territory, 43, 44, 61
+
+  Northwestern turnpike, 67
+
+  Nottoway county, 45, 46
+
+  Nottoway Indians, 46
+
+  Nottoway river, 24, 26, 29, 42, 46
+
+  Nowell, William, 11
+
+
+  Occoquan river, 25
+
+  Ohio, 43
+
+  Ohio county, 37, 49, 51, 60
+
+  Ohio river, 36, 37, 40, 41, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 66, 70, 72
+
+  Ohio valley, 44
+
+  Oil creek, 61
+
+  Opequon creek, 61
+
+  Orange county, 23, 24, 27, 49, 58, 63, 66
+
+  Osborn's gap, 76
+
+  Owen, Andrew, 77
+
+
+  Pacific ocean, 44
+
+  Pad's creek, 47
+
+  Page, John, 58
+
+  Page county, 58, 62
+
+  Pamunkey neck, 16, 18
+
+  Pamunkey river, 6, 14, 16, 17, 18
+
+  Panpan creek, 77
+
+  Panther's gap, 40
+
+  Parkersburg, West Va., 57, 70, 72
+
+  Passage creek, 35
+
+  Patrick county, 22, 46, 57, 65
+
+  Paul, Audley, 40
+
+  Peck creek, 46
+
+  Peden (Paden), James, 68
+
+  Pembroke, William Herbert, 3rd, Earl of, 59
+
+  Pembroke river, 59
+
+  Pendleton, Edmund, 45
+
+  Pendleton county, 45, 47, 55, 69, 74
+
+  Pennsylvania, 37
+
+  Persinger, Andrew, 72
+
+  Peter's mountain, 40, 56, 71
+
+  Philadelphia, Pa., 23
+
+  Philippi, 66
+
+  Piankatank river, 48
+
+  Pigeon fork, 73
+
+  Pine run, 65
+
+  Pine's plantation, 51
+
+  Piracy, in Virginia, 10
+
+  Pitt, Robert, 11
+    William, Earl of Chatham, 33, 34
+
+  Pittsburgh, Pa., 36, 37, 53
+
+  Pittsylvania county, 33, 38, 43, 46
+
+  Pleasants, James, Jr., 72
+
+  Pleasants county, 72
+
+  Pocahontas, 55
+
+  Pocahontas county, 55, 69
+
+  Pocatallico creek, 51
+
+  Pocomoke river, 15
+
+  Pohick church, 25
+
+  Point mountain, 61
+
+  Point Pleasant, 51, 54
+
+  Point Pleasant, Battle of, 54
+
+  Popular Camp mountain, 48
+
+  Population, 1634, 3, 7
+    1640, 7
+    1649, 12
+    1654, 12
+
+  Poropotank creek, 14
+
+  Porter, James, 76
+    John, 17
+
+  Potomac river, 6, 7, 11, 12, 18, 21, 24, 30, 31, 32, 35, 39, 50,
+       51, 55
+
+  Potowoc river, 24
+
+  Potts' creek, 71
+
+  Potts' mountain, 56
+
+  Pound fork, 71, 72
+
+  Powell, Ambrose, 53
+
+  Powell's mountain, 49, 53
+
+  Powell's river, 53, 73
+
+  Powell's fort, 62
+
+  Powhatan, 39
+
+  Powhatan county, 39
+
+  Prater creek, 77
+
+  Preston, James Patton, 54
+
+  Preston, Battle of, 20
+
+  Preston county, 54, 74
+
+  Preston's and King's salt wells, 59
+
+  Priam, Joseph, 61
+
+  Price's turnpike, 71
+
+  Prince Edward county, 29, 46, 67
+
+  Prince Edward street, Fredericksburg, 29
+
+  Prince George county, 18, 21, 24, 29, 30
+
+  Prince William county, 15, 21, 25, 31
+
+  Princess Anne county, 17
+
+  Princeton, 63
+
+  Princeton (_Ship_), 72
+
+  Pulaski, Count Casimir, 64
+
+  Pulaski county, 64, 65, 75
+
+  Puritans, in Nansemond county, 11
+
+  Putnam, Israel, 70
+
+  Putnam county, 70
+
+
+  Quakers, in Nansemond county, 11
+
+
+  Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 70
+
+  Raleigh county, 70
+
+  Raleigh parish, 24
+
+  Randolph, Edmund, 45
+
+  Randolph county, 45, 47, 54, 55, 61, 66, 72, 74, 75
+
+  Randolph Court House, 55
+
+  Rapidan river, 17, 20, 27
+
+  Rappahannock county (1656-1692), 14, 15, 17, 18
+
+  Rappahannock county (1833), 59, 60, 62
+
+  Rappahannock Indians, 59
+
+  Rappahannock river, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 21, 27, 59
+
+  Rasnaker, James, 77
+
+  Ravenswood and California turnpike, 73
+
+  Reconstruction, in Virginia 44
+
+  Red house, Appomattox county, 68
+
+  Red springs, 56
+
+  Redman, John, 47
+
+  Reed island, 65
+
+  Reedy creek, 53, 68
+
+  Representative government, origin of, in U. S., 77
+
+  Rich, Robert, Sir, 5
+
+  Rich creek, 51
+
+  Rich mountain, 76
+
+  Rich Patch mountain, 56
+
+  Richmond, 32, 39
+
+  Richmond county, 18, 19
+
+  _Richmond Enquirer_, 66
+
+  Ritchie, Thomas, 66
+
+  Ritchie county, 66, 72
+
+  Rivanna river, 17, 26
+
+  Roane, Spencer, 73, 74
+
+  Roane county, 73
+
+  Roanoke (Indian money), 64
+
+  Roanoke county, 63, 64, 71
+
+  Roanoke river, 22, 24, 26, 36, 42, 64
+
+  Robinson river, 49
+
+  Rock-camp fork, 61
+
+  Rockbridge county, 40, 41, 47, 56
+
+  Rockfish river, 33
+
+  Rockingham, Marquis of, 40
+
+  Rockingham county, 39, 40, 45, 49, 58, 63
+
+  Rocky run, 31
+
+  Rogers, James, 74
+
+  Rolfe, John, 55
+
+  Ronceverte, 40
+
+  Rose, 71
+
+  Rosegill, 16
+
+  Rose's mill, 48
+
+  Rotterdam, Holland, 23
+
+  Round bottom, 52
+
+  Rowan, Boston, 71
+
+  Royal Marriage Act, 1772, 29
+
+  Ruffner, Charles, 74
+
+  Russell, William, 45
+
+  Russell county, 45, 48, 50, 53, 59, 72, 74, 76, 77
+
+  Russell parish, 30
+
+  Russell's fork, 77
+
+
+  Sail's creek, 29
+
+  St. Andrew's parish (Brunswick county), 24
+
+  St. Anne's parish, 33
+
+  Saint George, 74
+
+  St. James parish, 33
+
+  St. John's parish (New Kent county), 16
+
+  St. Mark's parish, 23
+
+  St. Memin, Julien F. de, 59
+
+  St. Paul's parish (New Kent county), 19
+
+  St. Peter's parish (New Kent county), 16
+
+  Salt works road, 60
+
+  Sand fork, 61
+
+  Sandy creek, 38
+
+  Sandy Point, 6
+
+  Sandy ridge, 76, 77
+
+  Sandy river, 72, 74, 75, 77
+
+  Sandys, Edwin, Sir, 5
+
+  Savannah, Ga., 64
+
+  Sayers, John T., 65
+
+  Scotland, immigrants from, 20
+
+  Scott, Winfield, 53
+
+  Scott county, 53, 72, 73
+
+  Scott's branch, 68
+
+  Seacock swamp, 30
+
+  Seaward, John, 11
+
+  Seneca creek, 39
+
+  Shenandoah county, 35, 49, 58, 62
+
+  Shenandoah (Sherrendo) river, 23, 35, 50, 62, 63
+
+  Shenandoah valley, 23, 51, 64
+
+  Shepherd, David G., 65
+    Harvey, 65
+
+  Shires, (political division), 3, 5
+
+  Shock, Jacob, 61
+
+  Shooting creek, 43
+
+  Showlands, John, 17
+
+  Shuler's island, 58
+
+  Shuler's run, 58
+
+  Simpson's creek, 17, 47
+
+  Sinking creek, 64
+
+  Sinking creek valley, 71
+
+  Sizer, Daniel, 71
+
+  Skiffe's (Keith's) creek, 6
+
+  Skimeno (Skimino) creek, 14
+
+  Skinquarter creek, 20
+
+  Sleepy creek mountain, 55
+
+  Smith's river, 46
+
+  Smyth, Alexander, 58, 59
+
+  Smyth county, 58, 59, 76
+
+  Snow creek, 19
+
+  Sonners, Isaac, 70
+
+  South Anna river, 17
+
+  South branch, 47
+
+  South mountain, 39
+
+  South river, 34, 58
+
+  Southam parish, 39
+
+  Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2d Earl of, 5, 28
+
+  Southampton county, 27, 28, 30
+
+  Southwark parish, 30
+
+  Spencer, West Va., 73
+
+  Spessard, John, 64
+
+  Spotswood, Alexander, 18, 19, 20, 27, 49, 64
+
+  Spotsylvania county, 19, 20, 21, 23
+
+  Stafford county, 15, 21, 31
+
+  Stafford county, England, 15
+
+  Stanard, William Glover, 37
+
+  Staunton, 37
+
+  Staunton and Parkersburg turnpike, 72
+
+  Staunton river, 28, 33, 38, 42, 43
+
+  Steel, George, 75
+
+  Steele's mill, 40
+
+  Steer creek, 61
+
+  Stephens, John, Jr., 70
+
+  Stephenson, Adam, 69
+
+  Stith, William. _History of Virginia_, 2, 7
+
+  Stock creek, 49, 73
+
+  Stone Coal gap, 71
+
+  Stott's ferry, 38
+
+  Stover, Jacob, 23
+
+  Strait Stone creek, 33
+
+  Strasburg, 62
+
+  Stratford Hall, 13, 21
+
+  Surrey county, England, 14
+
+  Surry county, 14, 22, 29, 30
+
+  Surveyors of land, 3
+
+  Susan Constant (_Ship_), 1
+
+  Susquehanna river, 71
+
+  Sussex county, 30
+
+  Sussex county, England, 30
+
+  Sweedland hill, 39
+
+  Sweet Springs, 40, 56
+
+  Swift Run gap, 63
+
+  Sydney (or Sidney), Philip, Sir, 59
+
+  Sydnor, F. W., 15
+
+
+  Tarleton, Banastre, 55
+
+  Tate, David, Sr., 47
+
+  Taylor, Creed, 65
+    William, 73
+    Zachary, 66, 69
+
+  Taylor county, 66
+
+  Tazewell, Henry, 50
+
+  Tazewell county, 50, 51, 52, 56, 63, 74, 75
+
+  Teaze's valley, 51
+
+  Tennant's church, 49
+
+  Tennessee, 38, 49, 53
+
+  Tennessee river, 38
+
+  Thomasson, John P., 70
+
+  Thompson, John W., 64
+
+  Thompson's mill, 42
+
+  Thrasher, John, 57
+
+  Three Lick fork, 61
+
+  Three Top mountain, 62
+
+  Ticonderoga, N. Y., 33
+
+  Tidewater, 11, 13
+
+  Tillotson parish, 33
+
+  Tobacco, 22, 23
+    as a medium in court cases, 2, 7
+    as a medium of exchange, 32
+    effect of, upon Virginia migration, 13
+    in Brunswick county, 22, 23
+    in Lunenburg county, 26
+    taxes, fees, etc. on, 32
+
+  Town creek, 46
+
+  Trammel gap, 77
+
+  Treaty of 1783, 44
+
+  Truro parish, 25
+
+  Trussell, John, 12
+
+  Tuckahoe creek, 20
+
+  Tucker, St. George (Clerk of House of Delegates), 74
+    St. George (Jurist), 74
+
+  Tucker county, 74
+
+  Tug river, 75
+
+  Turkey Island creek, 6
+
+  Turkeycock mountain, 43
+
+  Twenty Mile creek, 57
+
+  Tyler, John, (President of U. S.), 54, 72
+    John, (Governor of Virginia), 53, 54
+    Lyon G. _Cradle of the Republic_, 6
+
+  Tyler county, 53, 68, 72
+
+
+  Upper Chippokes creek, 6, 14
+
+  Upper Norfolk county, 8,11
+
+  Upshur, Abel P., 72, 73
+
+  Upshur county, 72
+
+
+  Valley of Virginia, 23, 50, 51, 57, 58, 64
+
+  Valley pike, 57
+
+  Van Metre, John, 23
+
+  Vaughan's creek, 68
+
+  Vernon, Edward, 27
+
+  Virginia, boundary dispute with Maryland, 15
+    ceding of territory in 1781, 44
+    Charter of 1609, 44
+    Charter of 1612, 44
+    division into counties, 3
+    divided into political divisions, 2
+    economic conditions, 32
+    emigration to, 20
+    fight against French power, 31
+    formation of West Virginia, 43
+    land cheap in, 24
+    loss of coal fields, 44
+    loss of territory, 43, 44
+    population of 1634, 3, 7
+    population of 1640, 7
+    population of 1649, 12
+    population of 1654, 12
+    territorial claim, 44
+    unrest in, 16
+    wills probated in, 9
+
+  Virginia, unrest in, 16
+
+  Virginia, University of, 52
+
+  Virginia company, 2, 5, 28, 59
+
+  _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, 15, 37
+
+  Virginia militia, 29, 41, 43, 44, 54
+
+  Virginia State Library. _Minutes of Council and General Court_, 9
+
+
+  Walker, Thomas, 53, 67
+
+  Walker's Big mountain, 75, 76
+
+  Walker's Creek mountain, 52
+
+  Walker's Little creek, 76
+
+  Walker's Little mountain, 75, 76
+
+  Ward's ford, 29, 46
+
+  Warm Spring mountain, 30
+
+  Warm Springs, 47, 48
+
+  Warren, Joseph, 62
+
+  Warren county, 61, 62, 63
+
+  Warrosquyoake county, 3, 5, 6, 11, 14
+    _see also_ Isle of Wight county.
+
+  Warwick (Warrick), Robert Rich, Earl of, 5
+
+  Warwick county, 3, 5, 6, 8
+
+  Warwick River county, 3, 6
+
+  Washington, George, 25, 29, 38, 50, 64
+
+  Washington, D. C., 69
+
+  Washington county, 37, 38, 45, 48, 53, 58, 59
+
+  Watkins' point, 15
+
+  Wayne, Anthony, 66
+
+  Wayne county, 66
+
+  Webb, Edmond, 17
+
+  Webster, Daniel, 72, 75
+
+  Webster county, 75
+
+  Wells, Zachariah N., 73
+
+  Wells bridge, 45
+
+  West Augusta district, 36, 37
+
+  West fork, 73
+
+  West Union, West Va., 60
+
+  West Virginia, 43, 44
+
+  Western branch, Elizabeth river, 11
+
+  Western waters, 40
+
+  Westmoreland county, 12, 13, 14, 15, 19, 33, 50
+
+  Weston, West Va., 72
+
+  Wetzel, Louis, 68
+
+  Wetzel county, 68
+
+  White Oak hunting path, 24
+
+  White Post, Clarke county, 63
+
+  Whitelow's mill run, 63
+
+  Wilderness road, 53
+
+  William III, 16, 18, 23
+
+  William and Mary College, 34, 46
+
+  Williams' gap, 34
+
+  Williamsburg, 18, 23, 31, 34
+
+  Wills, Probating of, in England, 9;
+      in Virginia, 9
+
+  Winchester, 50
+
+  Winchester and Staunton stage road, 62
+
+  Wirt, William, 70
+
+  Wirt county, 70
+
+  Wise, Henry A., 72
+
+  Wise, 73
+
+  Wise county, 72, 73, 75, 76
+
+  Wolf creek, 52, 75, 76
+
+  Wolf Creek mountain, 52
+
+  Wood, James, (Governor of Virginia), 49
+    James, (Colonel), 49
+
+  Wood county, 49, 50, 51, 57, 66, 70, 72
+
+  Woodford, John H., 66
+    William, 45
+
+  Woodford county, 45, 49
+
+  Wormeley family, 16
+
+  Wright's branch, 61
+
+  Wyatt, Francis, Sir, 2
+
+  Wyoming county, 71
+
+  Wyoming Valley, 71
+
+  Wythe, George, 46
+
+  Wythe county, 46, 48, 50, 52, 58, 59, 64, 65, 75, 76
+
+  Wythe Court House, 59
+
+
+  Yardley, Benjamin, 39
+
+  Yeardley, George, Sir, 5
+
+  Yohogania county, 37
+
+  York, Duke of, 5
+
+  York, England, 9
+
+  York county, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23
+    _see also_ Charles River county
+
+  York river, 6, 13, 16
+
+  Yorktown, 42, 43, 52
+
+  Young's bottoms, 61
+
+
+  Zion meeting-house, 62
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+(1) All apparent typographical errors, misspellings and
+    punctuation errors have been corrected without comment.
+
+(2) In some instances, "cowpasture" was so spelled; these
+    have now been hyphenated to conform with "calf-pasture".
+
+(3) "Boroughs" and "Settlements" have been deleted from the
+    index, as neither is in the text.
+
+(4) "Federal City" has been linked directly in the index,
+    as it is not mentioned under "Washington D.C.".
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW JUSTICE GREW***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 39148.txt or 39148.zip *******
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