initial commit of ebook 38482HEADmain

1 files changed, 5188 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/38482.txt b/38482.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a07e13d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38482.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5188 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1.
+[New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880
+       A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science,
+       Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38482]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+
+A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS,
+CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
+
+
+NEW YORK, JULY 3, 1880.
+
+Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [NEW SERIES.]
+
+[$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)
+
+   1     Agricultural inventions              1
+  40     Aspirator and compressor*           11
+  38     Astronomical notes                  11
+  25     Baby elephant takes a bath           7
+  22     Bath, shower, portable, new*         6
+  11     Boiler explosions, prevention of*    4
+  38     Canal boat, improved                10
+  17     Carpetings, etc., printing gold on   5
+  30     Chloral hydrate, simple test for     7
+  13     Chloroforming during sleep           5
+  35     Corn magnets                        10
+  14     Dipper, watering, improved*          5
+  29     Drowned, perseverance with the       7
+  15     Electric lamp, improved*             5
+  25     Elephant, baby, takes a bath         7
+  37     Engineering inventions              10
+   6     Epidemic, strange, a                 2
+  33     Exhibition, internation., Sydney*    8
+  11     Explosions, boiler, prevention of*   4
+  39     Fires in New York                   11
+   8     Fogs, navigation in*                 3
+  16     Fruit, preserving app. for*          5
+   3     Gas machine, Maxim's*                1
+   3     Gas making, simple process*          1
+  20     Genessee Falls, utilization of       5
+  34     Horology, report of judges*          8
+  33     International exhibition, Sydney*    8
+   1     Inventions, agricultural             1
+  37     Inventions, engineering             10
+  24     Inventions, mechanical               7
+  12     Inventions, miscellaneous            4
+  42     Inventions, new                     11
+   9     Iron, effect of age on quality       3
+  15     Lamp, electric, improved*            5
+  23     Leadville mines and railroads*       6
+  35     Magnets, corn                       10
+  36     Materials, resistance of, exp. on   10
+   3     Maxim's gas machine*                 1
+  24     Mechanical inventions                7
+  31     Natural history notes                7
+   8     Navigation in fogs*                  3
+   7     Oil tanks, cannonading of            3
+  18     Ore separator, Edison                5
+  41     Photoglyptic process, new           11
+  26     Phyllirhoe Bucephala*                7
+  32     Ruggles, S. P                        7
+  22     Shower bath, portable, new*          6
+  19     Slate washer, novel*                 5
+   2     Specimen, rare, lost                 1
+   5     Steamer, little, remarkable          2
+  10     Steamers, large, collision between   3
+  21     Stevens Institute of Technology      5
+  33     Sydney Industrial Exhibition*        8
+  28     Tree growth, force of*               7
+  27     Trees and shrubs, care of            7
+  19     Washer, slate, novel*                5
+   4     Watches, Am., superiority of         2
+  14     Watering dipper, improved*           5
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS.
+
+Mr. Sterling A. Millard, of Clayville, N. Y., has invented a scythe
+blade that contains much less weight of metal and possesses equal or
+greater strength than the ordinary scythe blades. It is made in the
+usual manner from what is termed by scythe makers a "scythe rod," and
+is wrought and shaped in such form that a proper thickness is left
+to serve as the back of the blade. A longitudinal auxiliary rib or
+supplementary back is formed on the blade, which stiffens the scythe
+without requiring the same weight of metal as those of the usual
+construction.
+
+Mr. George C. Winslow, of Kalamazoo, Mich., has patented an
+improvement in spring harrow teeth, which consists generally in
+hinging the harrow tooth in the forward end of a rectangular frame
+bolted to the harrow bar, and combining therewith a spring, which
+at its back end is clamped to the harrow bar by the same bolts which
+secure the rectangular frame, and which spring then curves upward and
+forward, and then down through the slot or opening of the rectangular
+frame, and is jointed at its extremity, near the bottom of the harrow
+tooth, so that its tension serves to throw the harrow tooth forward,
+but allows it to yield to obstruction.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A RARE SPECIMEN LOST.
+
+Captain Ingalls, of the schooner Chalcedony, has let slip an
+opportunity to make a small fortune and at the same time settle the
+long vexed question as to the reality of the elusive and possibly
+mythical sea serpent. His story, as told in the _Argus_, of Portland,
+Maine, June 8, runs as follows:
+
+"Last Saturday, about one o'clock in the afternoon, we were slowly
+sailing past Monhegan, there being very little wind, about twenty
+miles southwest of the island, when we caught sight of what looked
+like a large schooner floating bottom up. As the object lay almost
+dead ahead, we made directly for it, but before we got very close a
+Cape Ann schooner lay to and sent a boat's crew to inspect what now
+plainly appeared to be a monstrous carcass of some species or other.
+We finally hove to, about a ship's length off, and took a leisurely
+survey of the thing. It was dead, and floated on the water, with its
+belly, of a dirty brown color, up. It head was at least twenty feet
+long, and about ten feet through at the thickest point. About midway
+of the body, which was, I should guess, about forty feet long, were
+two fins, of a clear white, each about twelve feet in length. The body
+seemed to taper from the back of the head down to the size of a small
+log, distinct from the whale tribe, as the end had nothing that looked
+like a fluke. The shape of the creature's head was more like a tierce
+than anything I can liken it to. I have seen almost all kinds of
+shapes that can be found in these waters, but never saw the like of
+this before.
+
+Two years ago, off Seguin, I saw shooting through the water a thing
+which, I think, resembled this creature considerably, but I didn't
+get close enough to it to say for certain. The men from the Cape Ann
+schooner got on this dead creature, and one of the boys cut a double
+shuffle on its belly, which for all the world looked like the bottom
+of a schooner covered with barnacles and seaweed by the weather. We
+should have towed the thing to Portland had there been any wind,
+but as there wasn't, we steered away and left it. What sort of a sea
+monster this was I can't say for sure, but in my opinion it was the
+original 'sea serpent,' which has been seen once in a while for years
+past, and which, when alive, was too swift a swimmer for any sailing
+vessel to get alongside of."
+
+The report of the captain of the "Cape Ann schooner" will be in order
+now.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE.]
+
+SIMPLE AND CHEAP PROCESS OF GAS MAKING.
+
+When a current of air is passed over the surface of gasoline it
+becomes carbureted or charged with its vapors to saturation. Air thus
+charged is somewhat heavier than pure air, and when passed through an
+Argand or bat's wing burner, it burns with a brilliant white flame.
+Nothing would seem easier than to make a machine that would force
+a current of air through, over, or on some material saturated with
+gasoline, and this apparently simple process has led many into
+attempts to make a successful gas machine. Many fortunes have been
+spent by the unscientific in the chase after this, to them, _ignis
+fatuus_. The stumbling block which has wrecked so many enterprises
+in this line has been the cold produced by the evaporation of the
+gasoline. One pound of gasoline, in passing from a liquid to a vapor,
+requires about as much heat as would be required to melt two pounds of
+cast iron. It is therefore obvious that where no heat is supplied,
+the gasoline, air, and machine must soon become very cold when any
+considerable quantity of gas is being made. The heat must come from
+somewhere, and as none is supplied, it is taken from the apparatus,
+air, and gasoline, making them very cold. A beautiful and simple
+experiment to illustrate this refrigeration can be made as follows:
+Place a gill of water in a common washbasin, then pour over it
+one pint of light gasoline; shake the basin, and blow the liquids
+vigorously, when very soon the basin will become intensely cold--the
+water will freeze, and may be taken out in the form of a snowball.
+If the water and basin are hot, and the experiment performed in a hot
+room or in the sun, it is much more striking.[1]
+
+This refrigeration operates upon the gas as follows: Air will take up
+and hold in suspension any volatile liquid in proportion to the square
+of its temperature, so that when the temperature of the gasoline and
+air have fallen off one half, the quantity of gasoline in the air has
+fallen off three quarters, and the light is destroyed. The quality of
+the gas in such machines varies from a rich smoky flame to a pale
+blue and blowing flame in a short time. Every change of quality in the
+liquid, temperature of the apparatus, or number of burners used causes
+a vexatious change in the quality of the gas. If heat is applied at
+the right time and in the right quantity it is not so bad, but too
+much heat, or neglecting to regulate it properly, converts the machine
+into a still, the condenser of which is the pipes of the building
+lighted, when danger is added to vexation. About ten years ago a
+machine was illustrated in these columns that obviated all these
+troubles; it was the invention of the well known mechanical engineer,
+Hiram S. Maxim, of this city. His machine was on an entirely new
+principle, and has since gone into general use. It was intricate and
+somewhat expensive, but it performed its work well. Messrs. A. T.
+Stewart & Co. use them largely in their mills and hotels. Mr. Maxim
+made one of six thousand burner capacity for the Grand Union Hotel,
+Saratoga Springs, it being the largest gas machine ever built. It has
+supplied gas of an unvarying quality for six years, and is as good as
+new to-day.
+
+To reduce the cost as far as possible, Mr. Maxim has designed a new
+machine on another principle, which we herewith illustrate. Fig. 1
+shows the machine in perspective, and Fig. 2 is a sectional view.
+The vertical cylinder is a common gas holder of sheet brass. It is 36
+inches in diameter for a thousand burner machine. The operative parts
+of the machine are best shown in the sectional view, which represents
+the portion of the machine called the injector. A is a steam chamber
+supplied with four or more pounds of steam through the pipe, K. B is
+the gasoline supply pipe, and C the air supply. D is an index valve.
+The operation is as follows: Steam being in the chamber, A, the
+descent of the holder opens the valve, M, and allows the steam to
+[_Continued on page 4._]
+
+[Footnote 1: This experiment should not be tried in the vicinity of
+a gaslight or fire.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+ESTABLISHED 1845
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS.
+
+PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH.
+
+
+TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.
+
+One copy, one year postage included     $3 20
+
+One copy, six months, postage included   1 60
+
+Clubs.--One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied
+gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional
+copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.
+
+Remit by postal order. Address
+  MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+-->To Advertisers.--The regular circulation of the SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN is now FIFTY THOUSAND COPIES weekly. For 1880 the publishers
+anticipate a still larger circulation.
+
+THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT is
+issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size
+with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, $5.00
+a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold by
+all news dealers throughout the country.
+
+COMBINED RATES.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT will be sent
+for one year, postage free, on receipt of _seven dollars_.
+
+Both papers to one address or different addresses, as desired.
+
+The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered
+letter.
+
+Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, N. Y.
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid
+periodical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one
+hundred large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.)
+Most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable
+information; (2.) Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements
+of leading houses. Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year,
+sent prepaid to any part of the world. Single copies 50 cents.
+-->Manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may
+have large, and handsomely displayed announcements published in this
+edition at a very moderate cost.
+
+The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition has a large guaranteed
+circulation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address
+MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 3, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT
+
+No. 235,
+
+For the Week ending July 3, 1880.
+
+Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers.
+
+
+                                                                  PAGE
+I.  ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--The New Railway up Mount
+    Vesuvius. 6 illustrations. Plan of road.--General view of
+    mountain and railway.--Side view and end view of passenger
+    car.--Mount Vesuvius Railway.--Map showing railway,
+    mountain, crater, and surrounding country.--The carriage
+    road and railway                                              3735
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel--Notes on the junction of the two
+    galleries. By Dr. CALLADON                                    3736
+    The St. Gothard Tunnel.--Conditions and causes of air
+    currents in the tunnel                                        3736
+    Protection of Ships from Loss by Fire and from Loss by
+    Sinking. Recent improvements in the construction of ships
+    and steamers                                                  3738
+    Regenerative Stoves.--A Sketch of their History and Notes
+    on their Use. By JOHN N. HARTMAN. An important paper read
+    at the Pittsburg meeting of the American Institute of
+    Mining Engineers. 1 figure                                    3738
+    Cowper's Hot Blast Stoves. 2 full page illustrations of
+    hot blast stoves for a pair of furnaces.--Plan and cross
+    section of stove.--Plan and cross section of furnace.--Plan
+    and cross section of gas downcomer.--Sectional elevation of
+    stove and downcomer                                           3739
+    Wilson's Lock-up Safety Valve. An important improvement.
+    10 figures.                                                   3742
+    Working Low Grade Ores                                        3742
+    The Largest Concrete Tank in England                          3742
+
+II. ELECTRICITY, ETC.--Siemens' Improvements in Electric
+    Railways. 4 figures. Siemens' combined steam and electric
+    railway.--Siemens' electric mail railway                      3743
+    Difference in the Actions of Positive and Negative
+    Electricity                                                   3743
+    Forces Exciting Electricity                                   3743
+    The New Electrical Middlings Purifier. By THOS. B. OSBORNE.
+    5 figures                                                     3744
+    Physical Society, London. Photo--electricity.--Electrometer
+    key.--Air in water.--Steam thermometer                        3745
+    Atmospheric polarization. Influence of terrestrial magnetism  3745
+
+III. HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.--Lead Poisoning. Clinical lecture
+    by Dr. WM. PEPPER. Effects of a cosmetic of carbonate of
+    lead.--Symptoms of lead poisoning.--Affinity of lead for
+    nerves and muscles.--Treatment of lead poisoning              3745
+    Recent Investigations of the Blood                            3746
+    The Pulse. Lecture on the pulse in health and disease,
+    by Dr. T. A. McBRIDE                                          3746
+    Some Early Symptoms of Insanity                               3747
+    An Improved Method of Applying Antiseptic Vapors              3747
+    Treatment of Phthisis by Inhalation of Borax and Salicylic
+    Acid                                                          3747
+
+IV. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY.--Detection of Starch in Cane
+    Sugar. By P. CASAMAJOR                                        3747
+    Double Lever Cement Testing Apparatus. 1 figure               3748
+    Prediction of Chemical Elements                               3748
+    Oil of Sage                                                   3748
+    Bronzing Iron                                                 3748
+    Rust Preventing Compound                                      3748
+    Argentine Sheep and Wool                                      3748
+
+V.  NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.--Brain of Limulus Polyphemus.
+    General anatomy of the brain.--Internal structure and
+    histology of the brain.--Comparison of the Limulus brain
+    with the brain of other arthropods                            3749
+    An Unfortunate White Whale. A live whale with a broken neck   3749
+    Ethereal Oil of California Bay Tree. By J. M. STILLMAN        3749
+    Forest Trees of North America. Prof. Sargent's catalogue
+    (continued from SUPPLEMENT No. 234). Cedars, Red Woods,
+    Firs, Spruces, etc.                                           3750
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN WATCHES.
+
+The extract from the report of the judges in horology, at the Sydney
+International Exhibition, with the diagrams showing the comparative
+merit of the watches tested, given on other pages of the current issue
+of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, cannot fail to interest our readers. There
+were ten exhibitors, and the inherent and comparative merits of the
+various exhibits were rated under ten heads on the basis of 100 points
+"for the highest degree of excellence." There were British, German,
+French, Swiss, and American competitors; and while the scores of the
+nine European exhibitors footed up totals ranging from 76 to 686,
+their average being 389-1/3, the total of the Waltham Watch Company
+was 981. In detail this remarkable score stood thus: Originality,
+98; invention and discovery, 95; utility and quality of material,
+95; skill in workmanship, 93; fitness for purpose intended, 100;
+adaptation to public wants, 100; economy, 100; cost, 100; finish and
+elegance of cases, 100; timekeeping qualities, 100. Total, 981.
+
+The timekeeping tests were made, as the report points out, by Prof.
+H. C. Russell, Astronomer Royal at the Sydney Observatory; and it is
+especially noted that while the majority of the watches tested had
+been made for exhibition purposes, and specially prepared for that
+end, the exhibit of the American company was the ordinary and regular
+product of the factory, such as is finished every day. Another
+evidence of the superiority of the American system, as emphasized in
+the report, is the fact that a sixth grade Waltham watch, one of the
+cheapest tested, showed a better performance than many very expensive
+and otherwise first class watches of other makes.
+
+The moral of the victory is happily drawn in the following editorial
+review of the contest and its lessons, by the Sydney _Morning Herald_
+of April 14, last:
+
+"The report of the judges in horology, which we published on Saturday
+last, was a document of more than ordinary interest. The slightest
+glance at it will show that the judges brought no small amount of
+ability and industry to their task. In many other classes of exhibits
+judging must, to no small extent, be a matter of opinion. There is
+no absolute test by which one photograph, for example, or one oil
+painting can be decided to be superior to another. In exhibits of
+this kind much must be left to the taste of the critic. Watches and
+chronometers, on the other hand, can be submitted to the minutest
+tests. The care and trouble which these require are not small, but
+the issue is sufficiently important to warrant all the labor which
+the judges in horology brought to their work. Time-keepers that can be
+relied upon in all weathers and in all climates, and that are within
+reach of all classes, are a luxury of no common order, but to a large
+number of persons they are a necessity also. In these fast days, when
+everything must be done to time, it is for a variety of purposes
+found necessary to make accurate divisions, not merely of the days
+and hours, but of the minutes and seconds also. The verdict which the
+judges in our Exhibition have pronounced on the Waltham watches is
+one of which any company might be proud; but the facts on which the
+verdict is based are as interesting to the public at large as to the
+parties immediately concerned. One of the secrets of American progress
+lies first in the invention of machinery, and then in its application
+to almost all descriptions of industry. It is the bringing of
+machinery to every branch of watchmaking that is enabling Americans to
+beat the world in this as well as in many other things.
+
+"There has been a general belief that a machine-made watch is not to
+be compared to one that is hand-made, and that on this account the
+English watch must always hold its own against the American. This
+belief will have to be given up, if it is not given up already. It has
+now been established that machinery can be used for the purposes of
+watchmaking with quite as much success as for those of agriculture.
+The Americans are showing that they can make better watches than
+the Swiss or the English, but, what is of equal importance, they
+are showing that they can make them for less money. The boast of the
+Yankees is that they can turn out work cheaper and better than anybody
+else, and that for that reason the world must take their products.
+It would be difficult to prove that in some departments the boast is
+wholly without foundation. The American mechanic is paid better than
+the English mechanic, and yet the work which he turns out can, as a
+rule, be sold for less. The reason is, not only that he works harder,
+but that the assistance of machinery enables him to produce the
+largest result by the smallest amount of labor.
+
+"Mr. Brassey, who believes that the workmen of his own country are
+equal if not superior to any in the world, maintains that an English
+mechanic can do more work than an American mechanic. The American
+really does more, because the inducements to industry are greater, and
+because he has better machinery. The success of the Waltham Company
+has furnished a striking instance of this. This company has now not
+only well-nigh driven foreign watchmaking companies out of America,
+but it has shown that it can more than compete with them on their own
+ground. This arises partly from the fact that it can turn out the best
+work on a large scale, but also from the fact that the principle on
+which it operates enables it to do all this economically. The
+Waltham Company claims to have arrived at simplicity, uniformity, and
+precision in the manufacture of watches, and the report of our judges
+shows that its claim is well founded. One of its discoveries was that
+a simple instrument, where simplicity is possible, will cost less and
+be worth more than a complicated one. Another was that the making
+of all instruments of the same grade exactly alike, so that the part
+which belongs to one belongs to the whole, will not only facilitate
+manufacture, but will greatly economize it. A third was, that
+these properties of simplicity and interchangeability are the best
+guarantees of perfect exactitude. The success which the Americans have
+reached in this as well as in other branches of industry, ought
+to excite the gratitude rather than the jealousy of the world. Any
+company or nation that shows how a maximum of efficiency can be
+reached by a minimum of labor confers a benefit on mankind. This
+our American cousins have done in other spheres besides that of
+watchmaking. There are branches of the prosperity of the Americans
+that are traceable to the extent of their territory and the fertility
+of their soil; but the triumph of their machinery has been the result
+of their inventiveness and of their enterprise, and for that reason it
+points a moral that Australians might profitably observe."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.
+
+There is soon to set sail from London for New York a new and
+remarkable little steamer of 70 tons gross burden, named the
+Anthracite, designed to exhibit the advanced engineering ideas of
+Mr. Loftus Perkins, of England. The distinctive peculiarities of this
+steamer are the very high steam pressure that she carries--350 to 500
+lb. to the square inch, and the small consumption of fuel--one pound
+of coal per hour per horsepower. A trial trip of this new little boat
+was lately made of 46 miles, during which 350 lb. steam pressure was
+steadily maintained, 132 revolutions per minute of propeller, and a
+speed of eight knots per hour. Other vessels, some of larger size than
+the above, have been built on the Perkins system, and are running
+in England. One of them, the yacht Emily, carries 500 lb. boiler
+pressure. Most of our readers are familiar with Mr. Perkins' system,
+which has been fully described in our columns. Those who may wish to
+refer thereto are directed to an interesting article by Mr. Perkins,
+with engravings, published in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No.
+81, July 21, 1877; also to the description of the steam ferry boat,
+run on this principle, given with three pages of engravings in our
+SUPPLEMENT No. 217.
+
+Engineering theory and practice have for a long time plainly pointed
+to high steam pressures as one of the surest ways to economy of fuel.
+Twenty five years ago our ocean steamers carried only 16 lb. pressure
+to the inch, and burned 5 to 6 lb. of coal per hour per horse power.
+To-day they are carrying 75 lb. pressure, and burning 21/2 to 3 lb. of
+coal per hour per horse power.
+
+In 1840 the Britannia, one of the finest steamers of the Cunard line
+plying between this country and England, burned 5,291 lb. of coal for
+each ton of paying freight she carried, her speed, then considered
+fast, being 81/2 knots per hour. In 1877 the Britannic, speed 15.6 knots
+per hour, burned only 551 lb. of coal per ton of freight carried.
+
+Although our present steamers are making fast time and are very
+economical as compared with earlier vessels, still it is a lamentable
+fact that on the largest and finest of them, furnished with all the
+latest improvements and best appliances to secure economy, worked by
+the most careful and intelligent engineers, we succeed in putting
+into our steam only about one tenth of the heat realized in our
+boiler fire, the remaining nine-tenths of the heat being lost. Only in
+proportion as we make our steam hotter, and expanding it more, shall
+we economize in fuel. In this respect the voyage of the Anthracite is
+designed by her owners, we presume, to be an eye-opener for steamboat
+owners, not only in this country but throughout the world. If a little
+bit of a boat like this, 84 feet long, 16 feet beam, and 10 feet deep,
+can carry its own coal and water across the Atlantic, with a pressure
+of 350 to 500 lb. to the inch, and on one pound of coal per horse
+power, the natural inference is that our great steamers, when fitted
+with the same system, will realize far better results. The change from
+three pounds of coal to one pound per horse power means a shaving of
+two thirds in the coal bill, which is always an enormous item in the
+expenses of large boats. We ought to add that another peculiarity of
+the Anthracite is that she uses the same boiler water over and over,
+only a trifle of fresh water being supplied to make good the slight
+waste. Our New York steamboat men, who have to pay so dear for Croton
+water, will be likely to examine the water tank of the Anthracite with
+interest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A STRANGE EPIDEMIC.
+
+On the night of Tuesday, June 15, a remarkable epidemic fell upon
+several towns in western Massachusetts, the town of Adams
+suffering most severely. Out of a population of 6,000, several
+hundred--variously estimated from 600 to over 1,000--were prostrated
+by a disease resembling cholera morbus. The symptoms were first
+dizziness, then great nausea, followed by vomiting and prolonged
+purging, and in some cases delirium. A belt of country two or three
+miles in width and several miles long was thus afflicted, beginning at
+the west, the whole number of victims being estimated at from 1,200 to
+1,500. No deaths are reported.
+
+The cause of the epidemic is not known, but seems most likely to have
+been atmospheric. For some time the weather had been dry and hot.
+A heavy local rain fell during the evening, and was followed by or
+attended with a sudden and great lowering of the temperature. A chilly
+fog hung over the belt of country invaded by the disease, and a heavy
+"swampy" odor and taste were in the air.
+
+The malady reached its climax in about twenty-four hours. It was first
+suspected that the water supply had been somehow poisoned, but many
+people who had not used the water were prostrated, while others
+who used it freely escaped. Adams has hitherto been regarded as an
+exceptionally healthy town, and the surrounding country is high and
+wholesome.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CANNONADING OF OIL TANKS.
+
+On the morning of Friday, June 11, lightning struck an oil tank
+belonging to the Tidioute and Titusville Pipe Line, at Titusville,
+Pa. The fire thus kindled, raged until Sunday night, consuming 200,000
+barrels of oil, crude and refined, and destroying property to the
+amount of $1,500,000. The most appalling feature in this fire was the
+successive "boiling over" of oil from burning tanks of the liquid.
+To empty rapidly a tank containing 20,000 barrels of oil, while the
+latter is on fire, is no easy matter. The pipes connected with the
+tanks were utterly inadequate to remove the oil rapidly enough to rob
+the "boiling over" of its terrors. A happy thought suggested itself
+on Friday to Mr. D. R. Herron, of the Titusville Battery. Obtaining
+permission, Mr. Herron brought out one of the Parrott guns of the
+battery, loaded it with solid shot, and began firing against the
+three-eighths iron sheets of the distant blazing tank. The first
+shot glanced, but subsequent volleys pierced the shell of the tank,
+releasing a large quantity of oil that otherwise would have fed the
+flames. The battery then moved on to the Emery tank, also burning, and
+lastly to the Acme tank. Large rents were made in all these, and the
+liberated oil ran harmlessly down into a stream. This novel target
+practice greatly shortened the duration of the fire at these tanks,
+and so drained them that the flames died out for want of fuel, and no
+"boiling over" resulted.
+
+The peculiar attraction for lightning which these iron oil tanks
+appear to possess has been several times referred to in our columns.
+Whenever a thunderstorm passes fairly over one of them it seems to be
+devoted to destruction. Millions of dollars' worth of property have
+thus been destroyed. No practical safeguard has yet been suggested.
+
+Ordinary buildings, when properly provided with rods that are
+well grounded in the earth, are comparatively safe from lightning.
+Structures made of iron and simply resting upon the earth, without
+rods, are also exempt from electrical damage. Such structures always
+present a continuous body of conducting material for the free passage
+of electricity to earth. Why is it, then, that iron oil tanks form
+such conspicuous exceptions to our common experience with lightning?
+Rods put on other structures save them; but rods have been put on oil
+tanks, masts with rods have surrounded the tanks, but the tanks were
+exploded by lightning all the same.
+
+We will repeat a possible explanation which we have heretofore given.
+From every oil tank, according to our theory, there is a constant
+escape of light hydrocarbon vapor, which forms a permanent cloud or
+column, rising to a great height above the tanks, far above any
+rod that could be erected. This vapor rod is a conductor, which the
+lightning naturally follows, sets on fire the vapor, and explodes the
+tank.
+
+A column of heated air or vapor rising from a chimney is well known
+to be a conductor for lightning; the rise of hydrocarbon vapors is
+illustrated by the balloon.
+
+If the theory we have outlined is correct, the remedy for the
+electrical explosion of oil tanks is to be found in such a treatment
+of the oil, or such a construction of tank, as shall prevent any
+escape of the light vapors.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NAVIGATION IN FOGS.
+
+The disastrous collision of the Sound steamers Narragansett and
+Stonington was quickly followed by one at sea, by which two great
+passenger ships escaped instant destruction almost by a hair's
+breadth.
+
+Shortly after noon, Monday, June 12, the National Line steamship
+Queen, bound from London to New York, and within 300 miles of her
+journey's end, ran into the Anchor Line steamship Anchoria, on the way
+from New York to Glasgow. The bow of the Queen struck the Anchoria on
+the port side, about twenty feet abaft the foremast, smashing a great
+hole through the iron hull. Two compartments of the Anchoria filled
+immediately, but the partitions stood firm, and the other compartments
+sufficed to keep the vessel afloat. The bow of the Queen was badly
+crushed, and her forward compartment was flooded. Fortunately the
+bulkhead proved stanch, and the ship was saved. The fog was very
+thick, and both ships were going at full speed. It is said that the
+captain of the Anchoria mistook the whistle of the Queen for that of
+the Anchoria's companion vessel, the Victoria, which left New York at
+the same time, and was probably not far away, and before the error was
+discovered the ships were too close to avoid the catastrophe. Had the
+sea been rough or the partitions less stanch, both ships must have
+gone to the bottom almost instantly.
+
+The passengers of the Anchoria were transferred to the Queen, which
+was least hurt, and the two ships sailed together for New York,
+arriving Tuesday noon.
+
+These two collisions, coming in such quick succession and imperiling
+so many lives, give terrible emphasis to the dangers attending
+navigation in foggy weather. They make very pertinent also the query
+whether the means now employed for discovering the position
+and nearness of unseen vessels are at all commensurate with the
+necessities of the case, or with the means already known, and known
+to be well calculated to prevent such dangers. In a dense fog the
+ordinary ship's light is visible scarcely more than a ship's length;
+and as it proved in the case of the Narragansett and Stonington, the
+time between thus sighting an approaching vessel and the instant of
+collision is fatally brief. The recent test of electric headlights
+for ships in this harbor clearly demonstrated the possibility of
+projecting a beam of electric light through the densest fog for a
+thousand feet or more, and through ordinary fogs a distance several
+times as great.
+
+Except in very rough weather the steam whistle can be heard a long
+distance, but it is liable to be a treacherous guide. It is not always
+possible to determine by the ear alone the direction from which a
+sound comes; and it would seem that a mistake of this nature was made
+on the Stonington, since the order intended to change her course
+away from that of the Narragansett only served to precipitate the
+collision. Had the whistle of the Queen signaled her course it could
+not have been mistaken for that of a ship sailing in the opposite
+direction, and the safety of two great floating hotels and their
+occupants would not have been imperiled thereby.
+
+Means for the better penetration of fogs, for determining the
+direction of unseen sources of sounds, and for enabling steamers to
+announce to all within hearing the course they are pursuing, seem
+therefore to be imperative necessities on shipboard. The first is
+furnished by the electric headlight, with a system of projection
+similar to but more efficient than that used on locomotives. The last
+would be provided by an efficient code of whistle signals to indicate
+the several points of compass. The second need is supplied by the
+instrument figured in the accompanying illustration.
+
+[Illustration: PROFESSOR MAYER'S TOPOPHONE.]
+
+The aim of the topophone, which was invented and patented by Professor
+A. M. Mayer, last winter, is to enable the user to determine quickly
+and surely the exact direction and position of any source of sound.
+Our figure shows a portable style of the instrument; for use
+on ship-board it would probably form one of the fixtures of the
+pilot-house or the "bridge," or both. In most cases arising in sailing
+through fogs, it would be enough for the captain or pilot to be
+sure of the exact direction of a fog horn, whistling buoy, or steam
+whistle; and for this a single aural observation suffices.
+
+Every one has twirled a tuning fork before the ear, and listened to
+the alternate swelling and sinking of the sound, as the sound waves
+from one tine re-enforce or counteract those from the other tine. The
+topophone is based upon the same fact, namely, the power of any sound
+to augment or destroy another of the same pitch, when ranged so that
+the sound waves of each act in unison with or in opposition to those
+of the other.
+
+Briefly described, the topophone consists of two resonators (or any
+other sound receivers) attached to a connecting bar or shoulder rest.
+The sound receivers are joined by flexible tubes, which unite for part
+of their length, and from which ear tubes proceed. One tube, it will
+be observed, carries a telescopic device by which its length can be
+varied. When the two resonators face the direction whence a sound
+comes, so as to receive simultaneously the same sonorous impulse, and
+are joined by tubes of equal length, the sound waves received from
+them will necessarily re-enforce each other and the sound will be
+augmented. If, on the contrary, the resonators being in the same
+position as regards the source of sound, the resonator tubes differ in
+length by half the wave length of the sound, the impulse from the one
+neutralizes that from the other, and the sound is obliterated.
+
+Accordingly, in determining the direction of the source of any sound
+with this instrument, the observer, guided by the varying intensity
+of the sound transmitted by the resonators, turns until their
+openings touch the same sound waves simultaneously, which position
+he recognizes either by the great augmentation of the sound (when the
+tube lengths are equal), or by the cessation of the sound, when the
+tubes vary so that the interference of the sound waves is perfect. In
+either case the determination of the direction of the source of the
+sound is almost instantaneous, and the two methods may be successively
+employed as checks upon each other's report.
+
+It is obvious that with such a help the pilot in a fog need never be
+long in doubt as to the direction of a warning signal; and if need
+be he can without much delay, by successive observations and a little
+calculation, determine, approximately at least, the distance of the
+sounding body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EFFECT OF AGE ON THE QUALITY OF IRON.
+
+Professor Bauschinger, in 1878, tested iron taken from a chain bridge
+built in 1829, and found that fifty years of use had not perceptibly
+altered its quality--either its strength or its elasticity--as
+reported at the time of its erection. He also examined metal from
+another bridge built in 1852, and found that the average quality
+remained as given by Von Pauli at the time of its erection.
+
+Professor Thurston, testing pieces of the wire cable of the Fairmount
+Suspension Bridge, recently taken down at Philadelphia, after about
+forty years' use, found the iron to have a tenacity and elasticity
+and a ductility fully equal to the best wire of same size found in the
+market to-day.
+
+He therefore concludes that iron subjected to strains such as are met
+with in properly designed bridges does not deteriorate with age.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+A COLLISION BETWEEN LARGE PASSENGER STEAMERS.
+
+During a fog near midnight, June 11, two of the large passenger
+steamers plying on Long Island Sound, Stonington line, between New
+York and Boston, came in collision, while running at considerable
+speed. One of the boats, the Narragansett, was struck near the middle,
+her side cut open, and a smoke-pipe knocked over, which made a down
+draught through the furnace, driving out a great sheet of burning
+gas into the cabins and between decks, by which the vessel was set on
+fire, at the same time the opening in her side caused her to begin
+to sink. Some three hundred passengers were on board, and a frightful
+scene of confusion followed. Happily there was a plentiful supply
+of life-preservers, some life-rafts, and a few life-boats. There was
+delay in lowering the boats, but the rafts, life-preservers, chairs,
+and other floatables served to support most of the unfortunate people,
+who, to escape the flames, were obliged to leap quickly into the
+water. About fifty lives were lost; the remainder were rescued by
+boats from another steamer, the New York, also by help sent from the
+other damaged vessel, the Stonington.
+
+It seems remarkable that so many were saved. This calamity illustrates
+the necessity for further effort on the part of inventors to discover
+new and improved means for fog signaling, saving life, preventing the
+spread of fires, and keeping vessels afloat. Most of the large local
+steamers that communicate with New York are veritable palaces,
+built regardless of expense, and supplied with every known reliable
+appliance for safety; but the occurrence of accidents like this and
+their disastrous results show that much remains to be done before
+navigation, even upon smooth waters, can be considered secure.
+
+The life-rafts of the Narragansett seem to have proved more useful
+than the life-boats in rescuing the drowning people, the rafts being
+more quickly and easily launched, requiring less skill, etc.
+
+The upperworks of our river and Sound passenger steamers consist at
+present of a mass of light, dry woodwork, forming cabins that are very
+comfortable and commodious for travelers, but highly dangerous in case
+of fire.
+
+The collision of river steamers above described was followed a few
+hours later by a collision between two great ocean steamers, accounts
+of which we give in another column.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+HONORS TO AN AGED CHEMIST.
+
+The chemists of Germany are collecting money for the purpose of
+presenting a gold medal to Prof. Woehler on his eightieth birthday,
+which will be July 31, 1880. Prof. Woehler is one of the most
+distinguished as well as the oldest of living chemists. Himself
+a pupil of old Berzelius, a contemporary of Liebig, and the loved
+instructor of many of our best chemists, his name is equally respected
+on both sides of the Atlantic. Profs. Jay and Chandler, of Columbia
+College, New York city, two of his former pupils, are receiving
+contributions from those who wish to join in this well deserved
+memorial.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PERSEVERANCE UNDER DIFFICULTIES.
+
+A good lesson to young people inclined to exaggerate the hinderances
+to their success in life, and to think that their chances are too poor
+to justify honest exertion, is furnished by a young colored man of
+Columbus, Ohio, F. P. Williams by name, now serving in that city as
+census enumerator. Several years ago he was run over by a train of
+cars, his arms being so mutilated that both had to be taken off near
+the shoulder. Lacking hands he learned to write legibly by holding his
+pencil between his teeth. He writes quite rapidly, and in his work as
+enumerator takes an average of 200 names a day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE
+
+[_Continued from first page._]
+
+
+escape through the jet, L. This produces a partial vacuum at L, and
+draws air in at C. The air and steam pass with great rapidity through
+the tube, G. The action of the air and steam produces another
+partial vacuum at N, which draws gasoline in through the pipe, B. The
+adjustment of the opening is such that one pound of steam draws in air
+sufficient for two pounds of gasoline. The heat of the steam is taken
+up by the refrigeration caused by the evaporation of the gasoline, so
+that at E the compound is carbureted air and cold water. The tube, F,
+presents the curious phenomenon of being hot at _a_ and cold at _b_.
+In one short piece of tube we have a hot retort and a cold condenser.
+The supply of gasoline is regulated by the valve, D. The dash pot,
+H, prevents a too rapid action of the valve, I. Gas of any desired
+density may be made, and when once adjusted the gas does not vary. The
+burner used with this machine is made to produce the very best results
+attainable, and then the gas is regulated to a density and pressure
+to suit the burner. The nuisance of an adjustable burner is thus
+obviated.
+
+The holder closes off the supply when full, and lets on a supply when
+nearly empty. Gasoline has been much improved within a few years. It
+is now so very cheap that the equivalent of one thousand feet of coal
+gas of standard quality may be equaled for sixty cents. Where no steam
+is at hand these machines are run with a small oil burner. They are
+being made by the Pennsylvania Globe Gas Light Co., 131 Arch St.,
+Philadelphia, Pa., of from 100 to 10,000 burner power.
+
+This machine was patented June 8, 1880.
+
+[Illustration: Fig 2.
+
+MAXIM'S GAS MACHINE--SECTION OF INJECTOR]
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PREVENTION OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS.
+
+This vexed problem has occupied the minds of engineers and inventors
+since the introduction of steam as a motive power, and there are
+several theories of boiler explosions, each having its adherents. Of
+course there are conditions under which a boiler explosion is involved
+in no mystery; as, for example, when the water is dangerously low,
+when the safety valve is of insufficient capacity, or when it is
+unduly loaded; but there are other cases where an explosion cannot be
+rationally explained in the light of the well known theories.
+
+Mr. Daniel T. Lawson, of Wellsville, Ohio, has recently patented,
+in this and several other countries, a device for preventing boiler
+explosions, which appears practical, and according to the testimony of
+scientific men the claims of the inventor are well founded.
+
+The inventor, in explaining his invention, says that when water
+is superheated it becomes as explosive as gunpowder, exploding by
+bursting into steam from a reduction of pressure. When the engineer
+opens the throttle valve the cylinder is instantly filled with steam,
+creating a vacuum to that extent in the boiler. The superheated water
+then immediately rises to fill the vacuum, and is met by the valve,
+instantly cutting off the escape into the cylinder; this causes a
+concussion on every square inch in the boiler much greater than the
+regular pressure of the steam. There is abundant reason to believe
+that it is this concussive action which causes the numerous and
+mysterious boiler explosions, and which cause is wholly independent of
+the amount of water in the boiler; in fact, the greater the amount of
+water in the boiler the more terrific the explosion.
+
+This invention, which is based upon this theory, consists in reducing
+the concussive strain produced by the impulsive and intermittent
+escape of steam to the cylinders to an approximately uniform pressure,
+by rendering the evolution or passage of steam from the water to the
+steam space approximately constant and independent of the intermittent
+discharges from the steam space to the cylinder. The means for
+accomplishing this consist in a boiler constructed with a partition,
+A, intervening between the water space and the space from which the
+steam is taken to supply the cylinder, and feeding the steam as it
+is generated through valves or orifices, B, in the partition, of a
+smaller size than the port or opening through which the steam passes
+into the cylinder. By this means the normal steam pressure or steam
+supply, when thus intermittently or alternately reduced, is restored
+gradually by reducing the flow from the water space to the steam
+space, so that the transformation of water into steam is made
+approximately uniform in spite of the intermittent escape of steam
+through the cylinders, and the boiler is thus relieved of the constant
+wear and strain of the concussion.
+
+[Illustration: LAWSON'S IMPROVED STEAM BOILER.]
+
+In supplying steam from the water compartment to the steam
+compartment, the inventor intends using a number of small
+perforations, not amounting in the aggregate to more than about one
+twentieth the size of the cylinder port, in connection with a number
+of small valves to be under control of the engineer, so that the
+amount of steam required can be readily regulated, yet carefully
+avoiding the possibility of all, when opened to their utmost capacity,
+forming as large an opening as the valve through which the cylinder is
+supplied. A number of small valves and perforations in the partition
+sheet between the water and steam compartments, will remedy that
+hitherto very general annoyance of water rising to and through the
+valves, which is occasioned by pressure of steam upon the surface
+of the water, and when _one large_ valve is opened, the pressure is
+partly removed from the water immediately under it, consequently the
+water rises through the valve. A number of small openings for the
+liberation of steam from the superheated water will remedy this
+difficulty.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS.
+
+
+Mr. Niels C. Larsen, of Sacramento, Cal., has patented a purse or
+satchel fastening which can be securely locked and present a smooth
+and unbroken surface without projections.
+
+A combined dental speculum and shield has been patented by Mr. Alfred
+W. Edwards, of New York city. The object of this invention is to
+facilitate the performance of dental operations, such as the filling
+of teeth. It consists in a combined dental speculum, gag, and
+shield formed of a flaring or bonnet-shaped shell of metal, having
+a longitudinal slot in its lower side to receive the teeth, and an
+arched wire attached to its lower part, upon the opposite sides of
+the forward end of the slot, to rest upon the teeth and support the
+forward part of the shell.
+
+An improved coupling for the shafts of a wagon, which can be readily
+fastened to or unfastened from the axle, has been patented by Mr.
+William W. French, of Stockbridge, Mass. The invention consists in the
+combination with the axle clip and knuckle joint of a sliding
+bearer and spring catch to facilitate the opening and closing of the
+coupling.
+
+Mr. Joseph Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn., has patented an improved
+process for bronzing iron surfaces, which consists in cleaning and
+buffing the iron surfaces, then electroplating with copper, then
+dipping in acid solution, then again buffing, then boiling in a salt
+of tin solution, and then finishing by subjecting the article to heat
+until the copper and spelter coatings are fused into bronze.
+
+A simple device for extending the steps of passenger cars, for the
+convenience of passengers getting in and out of the car, and for
+protecting at the same time the treads of the permanent steps from
+sparks, cinders, snow, etc., during the passage of the car from one
+station to another, has been patented by Mr. Benjamin F. Shelabarger,
+of Hannibal, Mo.
+
+Mr. Luther C. Baldwin, of Manchester, N. H., has patented a new and
+improved automatic heat regulator, simple in construction and so
+arranged as to operate, under the smallest changes of temperature,
+upon the valves of the source of heat.
+
+An improved cigar lighting stand has been patented by Mr. Joseph
+Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn. This improvement relates to lamp stands
+for cigar lighting, and has for its object the production of a stand
+of ornamental character which may be packed closely for transportation
+and readily put together for use.
+
+A simple, safe, and efficient device in which light oils may be used
+as fuel for heating sad irons for domestic use, or for the use of
+tailors, dressmakers, etc., has been patented by Mr. Harvey L. Wells,
+of Evansville, Ind. It consists essentially of an iron box divided
+longitudinally into two chambers, the lower being the combustion
+chamber and the upper the heating chamber.
+
+An improvement in electric light has been patented by Mr. Charles
+J. Van Depoele, of Detroit, Mich. The object of this invention is
+to automatically regulate the feed of the carbon in electric lights
+according to the changes of resistance in the current caused by the
+consumption of the carbon points, so as to prevent flickering and
+variations in intensity of the light.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CHLOROFORMING DURING SLEEP.
+
+The possibility of chloroforming a person in sleep, without waking
+him, having been disputed in a recent murder trial, Dr. J. V. Quimby,
+of Jersey City, was led to test the question experimentally. The
+results were presented in a paper before the section of medical
+jurisprudence at the meeting of the American Medical Association a few
+days ago. Dr. Quimby made arrangements with a gentleman to enter his
+room when he was asleep and apply chloroform to him. He did this with
+entire success, transferring the person from natural to artificial
+sleep without arousing him. He used about three drachms of Squibb's
+chloroform, and occupied about seven minutes in the operation. The
+second case was a boy of thirteen who had refused to take ether for a
+minor operation. Dr. Quimby advised the mother to give the boy a light
+supper and put him to bed. She did so, and Dr. Quimby, calling when
+the boy was asleep, administered the chloroform and performed the
+operation without awakening the boy. The third case was a boy of ten
+years suffering from an abscess, and the same course was pursued with
+equal success. Two important inferences may be drawn from these cases,
+Dr. Quimby said. Minor surgical operations may be done with perfect
+safety and much more pleasantly than in the ordinary way, and,
+secondly, a person somewhat skilled in the use of chloroform may enter
+a sleeping apartment and administer chloroform with evil intentions
+while a person is asleep. Hence the use of this drug in the hands of
+a criminal may become an effective instrument in the accomplishment of
+his nefarious designs.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED WATERING DIPPER.
+
+A convenient vessel for watering plants, sprinkling floors, and for
+other similar purposes is shown in the annexed engraving. It is simply
+a dipper of the usual form, partly covered at the top by a shield, at
+the center of which is fixed a sprinkler spout. The utility of this
+improvement will be recognized without further description. It was
+recently patented by Mr. R. Harrison, of Columbus, Miss.
+
+[Illustration: HARRISON'S WATERING DIPPER]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP.
+
+The lamp shown in the engraving will be recognized as an Edison
+lamp, the vacuum globe and the carbon horseshoe being the principal
+elements. Mr. John H. Guest, a well known electrical inventor of
+Brooklyn, N. Y., judging from his own experience in fusing platinum
+with glass in the manufacture of thermostatic fire alarms, concluded
+that the principal trouble with the Edison lamp would be the entrance
+of air around the wires passing through the glass of the vacuum globe,
+devised a simple plan of sealing the joint between the wires and the
+glass by means of mercury, thus interposing an effectual barrier to
+the entrance of air at that point.
+
+[Illustration: GUEST'S IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP, Fig 1 and Fig 2]
+
+The invention is so clearly shown in the engraving that scarcely a
+word of explanation is necessary. In the lamp shown in Fig. 1, the
+wires that convey the current to the carbon horseshoe are sealed in
+the ends of curved glass tubes communicating with the globe, and these
+joints are inclosed in small globes formed on the ends of the glass
+tubes and filled with mercury.
+
+In this lamp Mr. Guest has made provision partially or wholly
+preventing the circulation of air, should any remain in the globe
+after exhaustion with the air pump. The device by which this is
+accomplished is simply a small globe connected with the lower portion
+of the lamp globe by a contracted passage, the theory being that the
+cooler and heavier portion of the air will be drawn into the auxiliary
+globe by its own gravity.
+
+Fig. 2 shows a lamp in which the tubes that support the wires extend
+downward into the lamp globe. These tubes at their junction with the
+vacuum globe are fused to the platinum conducting wires, and the tubes
+act simply as lateral supports to the wires inside the globe, allowing
+the wires to expand freely lengthwise. The tubes are sealed outside
+the globe in the manner shown in Fig. 1.
+
+Another improvement made by Mr. Guest consists in inclosing the ends
+of the platinum wire conductors in the ends of the material of the
+carbon before it is carbonized, the wire being formed into a loop to
+increase the conducting surface and to insure a good connection with
+the carbon.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING FRUIT.
+
+The annexed engraving represents a simple apparatus for preserving
+fruit in its natural state, by means of a partial vacuum. The vessel
+is especially designed for the purpose, and is provided with an
+absorbent which takes up whatever moisture may emanate from the fruit.
+The vessel is preferably made of glass or earthenware, and is provided
+with a cover having a packing ring and a device for receiving
+the stems of the fruit. The cover is secured to the vessel by an
+adjustable screw clamp. In the bottom of the vessel there is an
+absorbing ring made of burnt or dried clay, which absorbs the moisture
+escaping from the fruit. The air in the vessel is rarefied either
+by heat or by the application of an air pump to the opening in the
+bottom.
+
+This apparatus was recently patented by Mr. Carl J. Renz, of Hudson,
+N. Y.
+
+[Illustration: FRUIT-PRESERVING APPARATUS.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PROCESS FOR PRINTING GOLD AND SILVER COLORS ON CARPETINGS AND
+OTHER TEXTILES.
+
+(TRANSLATED FOR THE _COMMERCIAL BULLETIN._)
+
+
+Gold and silver designs for carpeting and oilcloths have been hitherto
+prepared in the following manner: The gold or silver were put in
+leaves or bronze powder on the designs, which were printed with a
+varnish of linseed oil, or similar adhesive. The bronze thus attached
+did not possess much firmness, and the method was necessarily
+expensive. The method recently adopted by Wohlforth is as follows:
+The bronze powder is united at once to printing material. The liquid
+silicate of potash, or of oxide of sodium, answers this purpose. One
+part, by weight, of gold, silver, or bronze powder, along with two
+parts of the silicate, will give a print color, which is easily
+transferable by rollers to paper, oilcloth, and woods and metals. The
+bronze thus printed dries very rapidly, and cannot be taken off by
+oil or water, unless they are boiling. It bears light and heat
+equally well, and especially sulphureted hydrogen, which has such
+a destructive effect on bronzes put on in the form of powder. It is
+recommended to thin the mass by an addition of warm water, 10 to 20
+per cent, so as to keep it from becoming too hard during the process
+of printing. An addition of glycerine or sirup, of 5 to 10 per cent.,
+will be even preferable. The bronze color remaining on the printing
+forms can be taken off by warm water.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE EDISON ORE SEPARATOR NOT NEW
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+In your issue of June 19, 1880, I notice an illustration of an
+electro-magnetic ore separator invented by Mr. Edison, and patented
+June 1, 1880.
+
+A device absolutely identical with this has been in use for the past
+ten or fifteen years at the emery works at Chester, Hampden county,
+Mass. I there saw it in use myself in November, 1876, and was
+informed, I think by Mr. Ames, that it was not patented, and that no
+valid patent could be granted upon it by reason of its long continued
+public use.
+
+My uncle, John S. Williams, of this city, president of the Ore Knob
+Copper Company, had heard of the machine, and sent me to Chester with
+a view to purchasing the right to use it at the Ore Knob Copper Works,
+in Ashe county, North Carolina. On my return to Baltimore I had the
+magnets constructed by Watts & Co., electricians, on November 24,
+1876, for a large machine, similar to the one at Chester, which
+machine was completed about December 10, 1876, and practically tested
+at No. 52 Commerce St., Baltimore. It was sent to the Ore Knob Mine
+about Christmas, 1876, to be used in separating magnetic oxide of iron
+from the copper ore, and, for aught I know to the contrary, is in use
+there yet. This is a striking instance of how history repeats itself
+in inventions. Mr. Edison is doubtless an original inventor of the
+device, but he most certainly is not the first inventor.
+
+R. D. WILLIAMS.
+
+Baltimore, Md., June, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOVEL SLATE WASHER.
+
+Few articles meet with a readier sale or more promptly remunerate the
+inventor than the class of inventions adapted to the use of children
+either in their school life or in their amusements. One of these
+useful little novelties is shown in our engraving. It is a slate
+washer, consisting of two pieces of metal stamped up so as to form a
+holder for the sponge at the top and the cloth drier at the bottom.
+They also form a tubular receptacle containing a supply sponge, which
+is moistened by removing the corks at the ends.
+
+This invention was recently patented by Mr. Jacob A. Smith, of Salem,
+Ohio.
+
+[Illustration: SMITH'S SLATE WASHER.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE UTILIZATION OF GENESEE FALLS.
+
+The plan to furnish Rochester, N. Y., with power for manufacturing and
+for running street cars through the utilization of the falls of the
+Genesee in compressing air, was described in this paper some weeks
+ago. All the power of the lower falls, save what is needed to run two
+wheels for factories already in operation, has been purchased by
+the inventor of the system, and a promising beginning has been made.
+According to the Rochester _Union_, a large gang of men are at work
+building the crib just below the falls on the east side of the river
+in a cove which seems to have been made by nature for this purpose.
+This foundation is 100 feet long by 75 feet wide, and will have an
+average depth of 13 feet. It is being constructed of solid logs of oak
+timber bolted together, and the center will be filled with stone. On
+the top of the crib will be erected the derrick, 125 feet high, and
+the water will pour into it from the top of the falls through the
+bulkheads at one end of the dam. The stand pipes will run from the
+top of the derrick to the cylinders on the crib, which will be in the
+neighborhood of 500 feet long. The whole machinery will be roofed in.
+The difficulty in the way of getting the materials to the place,
+they all having to be lowered over the falls, makes the work of
+construction somewhat slow. It is expected, however, that the first
+application of the system to the propulsion of street cars will be
+possible in September next.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
+
+The commencement exercises took place on June 16 and 17, and were of a
+very interesting nature. On the 16th President Henry Morton delivered
+an able address before the graduating class on "Popular Fallacies in
+Engineering." We intend to publish the address in full in our next
+week's SUPPLEMENT.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.
+
+We give herewith perspective and sectional views of an improved
+portable shower bath, recently patented by Mr. James E. Vansant, of
+Covington, Ky. It consists of a spherical vessel, having at the bottom
+a supporting rim which admits of setting it on the floor when occasion
+requires. The top is provided with a screw cap, perforated with
+numerous small holes for discharging water in fine streams. In the
+center of the cover there is a filling tube, which extends nearly to
+the bottom of the vessel. A float is provided to indicate when the
+vessel is filled, and shot contained in the two side tubes serves as
+ballast to keep the device either in an upright or inverted position.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1.--VANSANT'S PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2.--SECTION OF SHOWER BATH.]
+
+
+The vessel is pivoted in a light jointed frame that admits of hanging
+it up or setting it down. In use it is tipped by means of the cords
+attached.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MINES AND RAILROADS OF LEADVILLE.
+
+_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_
+
+Nearly every person interested in geology sets up a theory of his own
+with regard to the carbonate deposits of Leadville, immediately on
+arriving in this famous district. There is, however, but one theory
+which has been generally adopted by scientific men, formulated by
+W. S. Keyes, General Manager of the Chrysolite Iron and Little Chief
+Mines, and substantiated by the mute testimony of the fossil remains
+that fix the geologic data. The theory is substantially as follows:
+
+A shallow sea overspread this entire region. An even bed of limestone,
+dolomitic, was formed by the myriads of shell-fish that subsisted in
+this shallow sea. From some natural convulsion the waters flowed off,
+leaving the sedimentary deposits. Subsequently the porphyritic rock
+flowed over the surface in a pasty mass, covering the limestone. There
+then followed two processes of ore making. The first was through the
+mineralizing action of heated and ore depositing waters, coming up out
+of the depths, and impregnating and permeating the hanging and foot
+walls of the contact. No free oxygen was contained in these waters;
+neither did they carry any chlorides or chlorobromides, wherein
+consists the present richness of Leadville's ores; but in the first
+process the ore was entirely in the form of sulphurets.
+
+The second process was initiated by the uplifting of the mountain
+ranges to their present height, at which time the diorites, those ore
+indicators of the globe, uprose through the sedimentary strata.
+Thus was the original surface of deposit bent and folded, and not
+unfrequently entirely broken. The surface waters carrying free oxygen
+and free carbonic acid now penetrated along the contact, and oxidized
+the sulphurets, which formed free sulphuric acid, giving rise to
+the sulphates and sulpho-carbonates. The irresistible law of gravity
+distributed these sulphates, these oxides, and these carbonates in
+vast bonanzas, that have been the wonder of the world. The fossil
+trilobites of this region identify it with the silver lead districts
+of Nevada, Utah, and Mexico. It is not anomalous, but simply richer
+than its sister regions to the West and South.
+
+The output of ore from the Leadville mines last year (1879) aggregated
+122,483 tons, which represents a value of $11,477,046. That is to say,
+there was an average yield at $90 per ton, or just $31,443.96 each
+day. On the first day of May of the present year (1880), the returns
+from thirty-seven of the leading mines gave a total daily output
+of 8991/2 tons of ore, yielding, at the low average of $90 per ton,
+something like $80,955 per day. The world's history of silver mining
+in the past shows nothing like this for so young a camp. Scarcely a
+month passes without opening up some new and vast carbonate deposits.
+The territory has not even been thoroughly prospected; and the future
+yield of the royal metal will far eclipse its past production.
+
+It might not be uninteresting in this connection to give something
+regarding the sampling and milling of ores. One of the most complete
+concerns engaged in this business anywhere in the country is that of
+Augustus R. Meyer & Co. This establishment has grown with the growth
+and development of this carbonate district. The business was first
+established as long ago as the year 1877 (before Little Pittsburg was
+dreamed of). A little log house, a relic of seventeen years previous,
+was found sufficiently ample for the needs of the business of that
+period. However, it was not long before additions had to be made
+and new buildings erected. In the year 1879 the present company was
+incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000, and every preparation
+that money and business sagacity could effect was made to meet the
+demands of the prosperous era, that has built a mining metropolis
+10,240 feet above the sea level, at the base of the great continental
+divide. As at present constituted the premises of the company comprise
+seven and one-half acres of ground, upon which six buildings have been
+erected, including ore houses and crushing and sampling buildings.
+During the busy season of summer from thirty-five to forty men are
+employed, who alternate their work in two shifts, day and night. At
+this season it frequently happens that the ore houses, which hold
+1,500 tons, are insufficient for the accommodation of the mineral sent
+from the mines to be crushed, and large quantities have to be stored
+outside. In sampling ores from the various mines about Leadville this
+establishment pursues the most careful methods. The different ores are
+first deposited in large bins holding from 25 to 100 tons. One-tenth
+of each load is taken and run through a Dodge crusher, which well
+adapts it for the furnaces. A fifth of the tenth already indicated is
+put through heavy rollers, and one half of this finely crushed ore is
+subjected to the Bucking hammer and powdered to an eighty-sieve grade.
+One sample of this powder, consisting of a fourth, is given to the
+miner, two samples are kept for reference, and the other is sent to
+the assayer, who takes his "assay ton," upon which the company buys
+and sells. The capacity of the works are all the way from 80 to 150
+tons per day. For samples, $7.50 is charged for silver and lead per
+ton, and $10 per ton for gold; but in large quantities a less charge
+is made. In job crushing, the market value of silver is allowed, with
+from five to ten per cent. deducted. The Meyer works enjoy an excellent
+patronage from the best mines of the camp, including such as the
+Chrysolite, Carbonate, Vulture, Duncan, Matchless, Climax, Morning
+Star, Crescent, and J. D. Dana, some of which have all their crushing
+done at these sampling works.
+
+[Illustration: AUGUSTUS R. MEYER AND COMPANY'S ORE MILL.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+RAILROADS.
+
+In order to furnish better transportation facilities for the mineral
+of this district, and to emancipate it from the freight embargo
+that has virtually fettered its commerce, citizens of Leadville have
+determined to construct a broad gauge railway down the Arkansas Valley
+to Pueblo. This will enable Leadville merchants to ship goods through
+from the East without breaking bulk, and lay them down in their
+warehouses as cheaply as the same commodities could be laid down in
+Denver. This will insure Leadville the control of the business of
+the Gunnison country, whose mineral developments are spoken of in the
+highest terms. Propositions from Eastern railroad contractors have
+already been received, preliminary surveys have been made, and
+$200,000 guaranteed to the stock subscription. It now seems to be only
+a question of what method to pursue in constructing the road.
+
+Growing out of the broad gauge movement, to some extent, two or three
+narrow gauge enterprises have been organized. One is projected from
+Leadville to Salt Lake City, following the carbonate belt, as shown in
+Hayden's Geological Map, around through the Eagle River, Roaring Fork,
+and White River Agency districts, into Utah. Such men as H. A. W.
+Tabor and C. B. Rustin stand at the head of this project. Another
+narrow gauge road is organized to be built into the "Ten-Mile" and
+Breckenridge districts, where the famous Robinson Mine is located.
+Should the broad gauge be built this summer to Pueblo, there is little
+doubt but that narrow gauges would ramify out from Leadville into
+every mineral bearing gulch that was found accessible.
+
+W.
+
+Leadville, May 6, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+MECHANICAL INVENTIONS.
+
+Mr. William B. Hickman, of Sterling, Kan., has patented a swage to be
+used in welding the triangular bar which is to form the flange of a
+plow point or share to the body of the same.
+
+Mr. Lucius S. Edleblute, of Cincinnati, O., has recently patented what
+he calls the rubber cushioned spoke and hub. This is an improvement
+in the class of vehicle wheel hubs having an elastic band or annular
+portion which surrounds the journal box and on which the butts of the
+spokes rest, so that the wheel is rendered elastic and more durable,
+also comparatively noiseless when running on stony pavements, roads,
+or streets.
+
+Mr. George Richards, of Boxbury, Mass., has patented a steam muffler
+composed of two plates of a diameter very much greater than the
+diameter of the pipe through which the steam escapes from the boiler,
+so that the steam has room to expand before escaping to the outer air,
+its expansion effectually deadening the noise caused by the passage
+through the contracted escape pipe.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE BABY ELEPHANT TAKES A BATH.
+
+It is customary with traveling menageries in hot weather when
+convenient to a river to allow the elephants to take a bath. The
+London Circus passed through Woonsocket, R. I., the other day, when
+the keeper let loose all the elephants, including "Hebe" and her baby,
+for the above purpose. The mother and her offspring were permitted to
+approach a river for the first time since the baby was born, and they
+were, therefore, watched with great interest by their keeper. The
+mother cautiously approached the Blackstone River, which flows past
+the circus grounds, and waded in a short distance, carefully feeling
+her way; she then encouraged the baby to follow her, which the
+obedient little fellow did. When far enough in the mother caught the
+baby between her fore legs, and then lay down in the water and rolled
+over, giving the baby the first bath. The mother then felt perfectly
+satisfied with her job, and rising up approached the bank, bringing
+the little one with her. On reaching terra firma she drove the younger
+before her, and would not allow it to approach the water again, though
+it showed a disposition to do so.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA.
+
+This little animal belongs to the family of snails, class Heteropoda,
+is about an inch long, and is devoid of any shell or covering
+whatever. It is flat, and so absolutely transparent that a person
+can read through its body. It is provided with a pair of feelers. The
+little animal is very luminous if placed in fresh water or disturbed,
+but this phenomenon is most beautiful when an ammonia solution is
+poured over the animal. It will shine with a vivid blue light, which
+extinguishes with life. But even after death the nerve cells, which
+are directly below the skin and produce the light, can be irritated
+sufficiently to become luminous. It is a singular fact that
+electricity has no effect upon these nerve cells.
+
+[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--AS SEEN IN THE LIGHT.
+
+_a b_, ganglion; _c_, intestines; _d_, liver; _f_, kidneys; _g_,
+generative organs.]
+
+[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--SHOWING IN THE DARK THE LUMINOUS
+SPOTS.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CARE OF TREES AND SHRUBS.
+
+In view of the drought which prevails in many parts of the country and
+its unusual severity over extensive districts, the _Rural New Yorker_
+suggests to those who have planted trees or shrubs the past spring
+that there is one method, and so far as we know, says the writer, only
+one, by which they may be protected against injury or death from that
+cause. Surface watering has been shown to do more harm than good. The
+ground is made hard and compact, thus becoming a better conductor of
+heat while it becomes less pervious to air and moisture. A portion of
+the surface soil should be removed, and then pailful after pailful
+of water thrown in until the ground, to a depth of two feet and to
+a width about the stem of not less than three feet in diameter, has
+become saturated. Then, as soon as the water has disappeared from the
+surface, the removed soil should be well pulverized and returned. A
+covering of boards, straw, or hay, or even of sand or gravel, may then
+be applied, and the tree or shrub, thus treated, will pass through ten
+days of additional drought in safety.
+
+As soon as rain comes to wet the earth thoroughly, we think it is
+better to remove the mulch. Nothing is then gained by permitting it
+to remain. Mellowing the surface soil about the trees, thus keeping it
+free from grass and weeds, is then the most that is needed. We would
+repeat that the present is the season when the female borer deposits
+her eggs on the stems of fruit trees, and the wash of lime, potash,
+sulphur, etc. (darkened with lampblack), should now be applied and
+reapplied during June and July, as soon as washed off by rain.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.
+
+[Illustration: THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.]
+
+The disruptive power of tree roots, growing in the crevices of rocks,
+is well known. Masses of stone weighing many tons are often dislodged
+in this way from the faces of cliffs, and no one gives them more than
+a passing glance. When, however, the sanctity of the tomb is
+invaded, despite the graven warning of the occupant, the case is very
+different, and superstitious people are apt to think there must be
+something in it more than accident and the unconscious expression of
+the resistless force of growing vegetation.
+
+The engraving herewith is copied from a photograph sent to us by
+a European correspondent, of a grave in the Garten churchyard, in
+Hanover, Germany, the invasion of which by a birch tree has been the
+occasion of much wonderment by country people, who come from great
+distances to examine it.
+
+The monument, so unfeelingly disrupted, was erected in 1782, and bears
+on its base the following inscription: "This grave, which was bought
+for all eternity, must never be opened." A chance birch seed, lodging
+in a crevice of the monument, has displayed the irony of nature in
+slowly yet surely thwarting the desire of the person who designed it
+for a perpetual memorial. All the joints are separated, the strong
+iron clamps are broken, and the birch tree has embraced the upper
+large block, which weighs about one and a quarter tons, and the
+tree is driving its roots below, gradually but surely tilting the
+structure.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+PERSEVERANCE WITH THE DROWNED.
+
+In a recent communication to the French Academy, Professor Fort
+asserts that he was enabled to restore to life a child three years
+old, by practicing artificial respiration on it four hours, commencing
+three hours and a half after apparent death. He mentions also a case
+in which Dr. Fournol, of Billancourt, reanimated, in July, 1878, an
+apparently drowned person by four hours of artificial respiration
+begun one hour after the patient was taken from the water. At this
+season, when cases of drowning are apt to be frequent, the possible
+benefit that may come from a persevering effort to revive victims
+of drowning, should encourage friends not to despair of their
+resuscitation, even after several hours of seemingly fruitless labor.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SIMPLE TEST FOR CHLORAL HYDRATE.
+
+A new test for chloral hydrate has been devised by Frank Ogston,
+namely, yellow sulphide of ammonium. On adding this reagent to a
+solution of chloral of moderate strength there is at first no change
+noticed, but in a short time the colorless solution acquires an orange
+yellow color, and on longer standing turns brown and evolves a gas
+of very disagreeable odor. Ogston's experiments show that a solution
+containing ten milligrammes turns brown in six hours, and gives the
+peculiar odor. With one milligramme the orange-yellow color appears
+in twelve hours, but no odor. Croton chloral gives the same reactions,
+but chloroform, chloric ether, and formic acid do not.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NATURAL HISTORY NOTES.
+
+_The Propagation of Oysters._--At the recent meeting in this city
+of the American Fish Cultural Association, a paper was read on the
+propagation of the oyster, by Dr. W. J. Brook, of the Johns Hopkins
+University. The manner in which this propagation takes place had never
+before, he said, been thoroughly understood. Through studies made by
+him last summer, however, great light was thrown on the subject. He
+found that the American oysters do not breed their young in the
+shell, as had been supposed, and that consequently the eggs can be
+impregnated artificially. An average oyster contains from six to nine
+million eggs, and one of large size may contain fifty millions. The
+plan pursued by him in fertilizing these eggs was to chop the male
+and female oyster up together; thus the fluids are mixed and the
+impregnation is made complete. The process of development immediately
+begins, and goes on so rapidly that a change may be noted every
+fifteen seconds. In a very few hours the embryo is sufficiently formed
+to swim in the water. The shells at first are very small, and are not
+adjacent to each other. They grow very rapidly, closing down over the
+sides, and finally unite and form the hinge. In the short space of
+twenty-four hours the young oyster is able to take food, and from
+three days to a week it attains perfect form. During its early life it
+is a swimming animal. The oyster is able to reproduce its species at
+the end of a year's growth, and it is marketable at the age of three
+years.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+S. P. RUGGLES.
+
+S. P. Ruggles died at Lisbon, N. H., May 28. He was principally known
+as the inventor of the Ruggles printing press, which was among the
+first of machine presses. His invention was what printers call an
+"upside-down press," the type being upside down when in the bed. About
+twenty-five years ago Mr. Ruggles sold out his interest for nearly
+$200,000, and since then has not been in active business. He was the
+inventor of the raised alphabet for the blind, and always showed great
+interest in the amelioration of the condition of the sightless. He was
+also a great friend of mechanical education, and has written much on
+the subject.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.--1879-1880.
+
+EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE JUDGES IN HOROLOGY.
+
+DEPARTMENT III.--EDUCATION AND SCIENCE.
+
+_Group_--_Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods._
+
+Class 310.--Chronometric Apparatus, Chronometers, Astronomical Clocks,
+Watches, Chronographs, etc., etc.
+
+  _Judges_.--John McGarvie Smith, New South Wales.
+  P. E. Bound, Switzerland.
+  H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.
+  E. Beckmann, Germany.
+  Gregory P. Harte, United States.
+
+_To the Honorable Committee on Judging and Awards, Sydney
+International Exhibition._
+
+GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to hand you herewith the report of the
+judges of Class 310, as above,
+
+And remain, sirs, your obedient servant,
+
+GREGORY P. HARTE, Chairman.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The following exhibits were submitted for examination:
+
+U. S. Exhibit, 537, American Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S.
+A.--Watches and Chronographs.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,048, Victor Kullberg, London, England--Watches and
+Chronographs.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,054, Nicole & Nielsen, London, England--Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,060, T. Russell & Sons, London, England--Watches,
+Chronographs, etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,041, Castleberg & Co., London, England--Watches,
+etc.
+
+British Exhibit, 1,060a, S. Backschmid, Switzerland--Watches.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+German Exhibit, 36, A. Lange & Sons, Dresden, Germany--Watches, etc.
+
+Swiss Exhibit, L. Audemars, Brassus, Switzerland--Watches, etc.
+
+French Exhibit, 146, A. H. Rodanet, Paris, France--Chronometers.
+
+French Exhibit, 177, G. Tribandeau, Besancon, France--Watches.
+
+Swiss Exhibit, 14a, International Watch Company--Watches.
+
+In presenting the following report, the judges desire to make some
+explanations, which, we trust, will excuse them in the minds of the
+impartial for any apparent neglect in the form of their report, and
+for the limited number of tests made of the horological exhibits.
+
+The judges were appointed too late to do the full amount required,
+inasmuch as the number of exhibits was so much in excess of any
+reasonable allotment for examination and report before the closing of
+the Exhibition.
+
+Commencing their labors, however, immediately after the first
+call, the examinations were not complete until March 3d, which only
+permitted a time test to be made of nine days in a single position.
+This single position was objected to by some of the exhibitors,
+but ill-advisedly, for the ratings observed in the watches of the
+objecting exhibitors were of such character as to establish in the
+minds of the judges the conclusion that their watches would not have
+made so good a comparative showing if there had been more time to
+observe the ratings in other positions.
+
+Great care was taken by the individual judges in making up their note
+books during the examination of the watches, and scrutinizing the
+inherent and comparative merits of exhibits under the ten different
+heads unanimously agreed upon, as follows:
+
+1. Originality.
+2. Invention and discovery.
+3. Utility and quality of material.
+4. Skill in workmanship.
+5. Fitness for purposes intended.
+6. Adaptation to public wants.
+7. Economy.
+8. Cost.
+9. Finish and elegance of cases.
+10. Time-keeping qualities.
+
+It was agreed the judges should use the number 100 as expressing the
+highest degree of excellence in each of these ten elements of inherent
+and comparative merit, and adjudge individually to each of the several
+exhibits such rating as their respective judgments would warrant after
+careful examination; each set of opinions being made a portion of
+this report, and in the _resume_ the mean average being taken as the
+unanimous verdict of the judges.
+
+It was also decided we should take up each exhibit in the order
+originally examined, and, beginning with the first element of merit
+(originality), each judge should in numbers express his judgment of
+the inherent and comparative merit attaching to each exhibit in this
+one element; this being done, to proceed with each succeeding element
+in order and in the same manner. The five judgments being complete and
+in numbers, the aggregated verdict is arrived at simply by addition
+and division.
+
+This is not only a verdict as to the inherent and comparative merits
+of each exhibit, but also a full analysis of each order of merit in
+any exhibit as compared with all the others....
+
+In giving this verdict it was absolutely necessary to ascertain to the
+fullest extent the time-keeping qualities of the exhibits. The judges
+were led to this conclusion from the fact that in some of the
+exhibits we were shown watches of equal finish containing every
+known application of horological science in practically the same
+construction, which should, as far as they could determine by merely
+optical examination, keep quite as good time as watches of double and
+treble the costs in other exhibits, thus involving their judgment in
+doubt upon several elements of merit.
+
+In justice to themselves and to the exhibitors the judges determined
+to make the test in only one position, and give the whole of the time
+at their disposal to testing the watches in what might be considered
+their normal position, if such term is allowable--that is, "pendent
+up," or hanging.
+
+At the solicitations of the judges Prof. H. C. Russell, Astronomer
+Royal at the Sydney Observatory, kindly consented to make the tests,
+and each of the exhibitors was requested to send three watches of his
+own selection to the Observatory for this trial.
+
+As will be seen by the report of Professor Russell, eight of the
+ten exhibitors availed themselves of this opportunity. It is proper,
+however, to state here that none of the exhibitors apparently
+anticipated this test, and that it is possible some of the watches
+might have made a better record if they had been differently attended
+to since the opening of the Exhibition; but they were in this respect
+all upon a par.
+
+The majority of the watches had been made for exhibition purposes and
+specially prepared to that end; and some had been previously rated at
+observatories before sending.
+
+_Notably, however, to the contrary of the above, the exhibit of the
+American Watch Company was the ordinary and regular product of the
+factory, such as is finished every day._
+
+Notwithstanding the possibility that these exhibits might have been
+better prepared for observatory time tests, some of the exhibits, as
+will be seen by the rating, demonstrate the wonderful advances made in
+the application of horological sciences to the manufacture of watches,
+and that their rating is being made equal to that of the best marine
+chronometers.
+
+The following is the report of Professor Russell, and the accompanying
+diagram (see next page) will readily give an idea of the comparative
+performance of the different watches.
+
+"_Sydney Observatory, 26th February, 1880_.
+
+"GREGORY P. HARTE, ESQ.,
+
+"_Chairman of the Judges in Horology_.
+
+"SIR: I have the honor to report that, in response to your circular,
+inviting exhibitors of watches each to send three watches to the
+Observatory to be tested, I received on Monday, February 16th:
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 611, 669, 237, from Mr. Dolman, agent for Mr.
+Tribandeau, Besancon.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 987271, 670068, 1221336, from Mr. Manson, agent
+for Waltham Watch Company.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 3171, 1935, 2526, from Mr. Allerding, agent for
+Mr. Kullberg.
+
+"And on the forenoon of February 17th:
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 11527, 19967, 12629, from Mr. Hoffnung, agent for
+Lange & Sons.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 1004, 8632, 8370, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for
+Nicole & Nielsen.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 70690, 23496, 113516, from Mr. Jacob, as agent
+for Thomas Russell & Sons.
+
+"One watch, No. 47150, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for Castleberg.
+
+"Three watches, Nos. 12731, 12483, 11680, from Mr. Wiesener, as agent
+for L. Audemars.
+
+"And on 18th February:
+
+"Two watches, Nos. 2724, 3528, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for
+Castleberg.
+
+"On the 17th I began rating these watches, keeping them all in one
+position (hanging), and subject to the same conditions of temperature;
+in fact, they were all hung on one board, and kept in a compartment
+locked up so as to avoid change of temperature, except such changes as
+were due to changes in the weather.
+
+"They were rated once a day by the standard clock, which affords
+special convenience for this work, and the error of which was found by
+daily astronomical observations giving the absolute time; great care
+was taken in rating so as to get the exact error of each watch every
+day, care being taken at the same time to avoid errors in the seconds
+dials, a fault sufficiently obvious in some of these exhibits.
+
+"In presenting the result of this test in the form of a diagram (see
+diagram on the opposite page), it is necessary to explain that the
+curves show only the change of rate in each case, and nothing is shown
+here of the actual rate, which was large in several instances.
+
+"In the diagram spaces between faint lines represent seconds; and the
+thicker faint lines represent the mean rate in each case: When the
+curve rises it shows that the watch was gaining on its previous rate,
+and when it falls the watch was losing on its previous rate. For
+example, in No. 4 curve the thicker line shows the position of a
+gaining rate of 3 sec. per day; on the 18th, watch No. 4 had a gaining
+rate of 2.7 sec., and is plotted below the thick line; on the 19th and
+20th it was less than 3 sec., but on the 21st the rate increased
+to 4.8 sec., and the curve rises above the line. The same rule is
+followed with losing rates; and, therefore, each curve shows whether
+the watch was gaining or losing on its own rate.
+
+"For convenient reference the barometer and temperature curves are
+plotted on the same sheet; although from the short time at command the
+watches could only be tested in one position, a glance at the diagram
+will show that in some degree at least the temperature adjustment and
+the isochronal properties of the balance springs were also tested; and
+I wish to call your attention to the fact that the whole of these
+show in a more or less degree a marked response to the change in
+temperature, some being over and others under corrected.
+
+"This fact is important, because it adds another proof that the old
+form of compensation balance--even when combined with chronometer
+spring and escapement and all the refinements which the best modern
+workman can add to it--fails to yield a complete correction for
+temperature; and I much regret that the American Watch Company, who
+claim to have overcome this fault by means of a balance involving a
+new arrangement of the metals, did not send to be tested any of their
+first-class watches containing this important improvement.
+
+"Several of the rate curves, especially Nos. 4, 10, 13, 16, 21, and
+24, respond to the change in the barometer in a way that shows the
+isochronal properties of their balance springs are not quite perfect.
+_Looking down the curves it becomes at once evident that watch No. 5,
+which is No. 670068, second grade of the American Watch Company, is
+remarkably free from these defects, and presents the best rate of
+all the watches tested._ No. 9, which is No. 2526, Kullberg, is the
+nearest approach to No. 5; indeed, the difference between its highest
+and lowest rates is 0.1 sec. less than No. 5, but it has not such a
+steady rate. The timekeeping of both these watches is remarkably good,
+and shows that we have entered upon a new era in the manufacture of
+pocket chronometers; _for these rates are better than the majority of
+marine chronometers._
+
+"_Among the cheaper watches tested, No. 6, which is No. 1221336, of
+the American Watch Company, is worthy of notice; it is a watch of the
+sixth grade, yet its performance has been better than that of many
+very expensive and otherwise first-class watches among those tested;
+such a watch speaks volumes in favor of the system under which it was
+made, and is the best comment upon the accuracy of the machines that
+produced it._
+
+"There are several watches among those tested which have kept
+wonderfully steady rates, but their comparative merit is shown in the
+diagrams much better than it could be by any description. The daily
+rate of each watch will be found in a table attached.
+
+"The changes in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 17, and 19 were too great to plot.
+
+"H. C. RUSSELL,
+
+"_Government Astronomer._"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT.
+
+In consideration of the facts developed in this examination, and the
+preponderance of elements of inherent and comparative merit adjudged
+by the judges (each in independent judgment) being equal to nearly
+70 per cent. more than the next highest exhibit, they have found it
+exceedingly difficult to make such a classification in degree as will
+give even-handed justice to all.
+
+We adjudge to the
+
+AMERICAN WATCH COMPANY, OF WALTHAM, MASS., U. S. A.,
+
+a first-class award, and such other special distinction, diploma,
+medal, or award, as is consistent with the duties and obligations of
+the honorable Sydney International Commission, for the largest and
+most complete exhibit of horological instruments examined.
+
+They also propose, as the only means by which their appreciation of
+the merits of the production of this company can be adequately or
+equitably recognized by the Committee on Judging and Awards, that a
+separate first-class award be given for the timekeeping qualities of
+all grades of these watches.
+
+Also a separate first-class award for the perfection of this system of
+watchmaking and the improvements in the mechanical parts of the watch,
+being notably in the main spring and going barrel, the patent safety
+pinion, the perfect epicycloidal form of all the teeth of the train,
+in every grade of watch alike, and the isochronal adjustment of the
+balance spring.
+
+Also to Charles V. Woerd, mechanical superintendent of the American
+Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S. A., a first-class award for his
+new mode of compensating balances.
+
+Also a separate first-class award for the improvements in cases, the
+number of artistic forms and designs used, the beauty and elegance
+of their finish, and for their new and indestructible method of
+enameling.
+
+VICTOR KULLBERG
+
+The display of marine chronometers by this maker, with the Observatory
+ratings, was of the very first order. Every part of those instruments
+was remarkably well made, and the modifications of some of the balance
+wheels worthy of special attention. Adjudged a first-class award.
+
+The display of watches by the same maker, although small, commanded
+attention from their very nice finish in all parts. As will be seen
+from the report and diagram of Professor Russell, they are good
+timekeepers, especially the one having the chronometer escapement.
+This style of watch, however, is of too delicate construction and too
+costly to fully meet the requirements of any considerable public want.
+The same objection will hold good as to the lever escapements as far
+as cost or economy is concerned, they being comparatively too high
+priced. Representing a certain class of manufacture, they are of the
+first order of merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+The "gas governor" exhibited by the same maker, an instrument for
+regulating the amount of heat in the testing of chronometers, is
+commended as a useful invention.
+
+[Continued on page 10.]
+
+
+
+
+RESUME OF THE JURY'S EXAMINATION [page 9]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|              |AMERICAN|         |        |       |        |
+|   NAMES      | WATCH  |         |        |  Thos.| Castle-|
+|    OF        |COMPANY,| Victor  |Nicole &|Russell| berg & |
+| EXHIBITORS.  |WALTHAM.|Kullberg.|Nielsen.|& Sons.|Company.|
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Originality.  |   98   |    0    |   28   |   8   |    0   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Invention &   |   95   |    0    |   22   |   0   |    0   |
+| discovery.   |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Utility and   |        |         |        |       |        |
+|quality of    |   95   |   73    |   47   |  25   |   29   |
+|material.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Skill in      |   93   |   80    |   58   |  30   |   30   |
+|workmanship.  |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Fitness for   |        |         |        |       |        |
+|purposes      |  100   |   89    |   70   |  36   |   36   |
+|intended.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Adaptation to |  100   |   53    |   60   |  34   |   41   |
+|public wants. |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Economy.      |  100   |   57    |   48   |  22   |   25   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Cost.         |  100   |   65    |   38   |  26   |   32   |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Finish and    |        |         |        |       |        |
+|elegance      |  100   |   73    |   76   |  42   |   42   |
+|of cases.     |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|Timekeeping   |  100   |   96    |   80   |  44   |   53   |
+|qualities.    |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+|              |        |         |        |       |        |
+|Totals        | 981    |  586    |  527   |  267  |  288   |
+|              |        |         |        |       |        |
++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+
+
+[_Cont._]
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|              |        |       |         |        | Inter- |
+|   NAMES      |        |       |         |        |national|
+|    OF        |S. Back-|A Lange|  Louis  |G. Tri- | Watch  |
+| EXHIBITORS.  | schmid.|& Sons.|Audemars.|bandeau.|Company.|
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Originality.  |    0   |  45   |   98    |    0   |    0   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Invention &   |    0   |  33   |   24    |    0   |    0   |
+| discovery.   |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Utility and   |        |       |         |        |        |
+|quality of    |   11   |  68   |   73    |   10   |   32   |
+|material.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Skill in      |   11   |  83   |   85    |   19   |   31   |
+|workmanship.  |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Fitness for   |        |       |         |        |        |
+|purposes      |    7   |  86   |   80    |   15   |   37   |
+|intended.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Adaptation to |   15   |  73   |   54    |   15   |   49   |
+|public wants. |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Economy.      |   12   |  59   |   44    |   18   |   41   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Cost.         |   10   |  79   |   58    |   19   |   63   |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Finish and    |        |       |         |        |        |
+|elegance      |   10   |  71   |   76    |   20   |    0   |
+|of cases.     |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|Timekeeping   |    0   |  89   |   79    |    0   |    0   |
+|qualities.    |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+|              |        |       |         |        |        |
+|Totals        |   76   | 686   |  671    |  116   |   287  |
+|              |        |       |         |        |        |
++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+
+
+
+[Illustration: FACSIMILE DIAGRAM SHOWING THE CHANGE IN RATE OF WATCHES
+TESTED AT THE OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY, FEBRUARY 17 TO 26, 1880.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. [page 10]
+
+[_Continued from page 8._]
+
+
+NICOLE & NIELSEN.
+
+This exhibit, made specially for the Exhibition, comprised a full line
+of plain levers, split seconds, chronographs, calendars, repeaters,
+etc., and was a representative display of their peculiar style of
+manufacture in all its details. The cost of these watches, compared
+with others of similar construction and finish, was excessive; and
+while they show good timekeeping qualities, they do not equal that of
+other exhibits.
+
+As representing their own methods of construction they are of the
+first order of merit, and are adjudged a first-class award.
+
+
+THOS. RUSSELL & SONS
+
+exhibit a full line of their manufacture, which, upon comparison with
+other exhibits of the same general character and construction, places
+them in the third order of merit, and they are adjudged a third-class
+award.
+
+
+S. BACKSCHMID
+
+exhibits a class of cheap watches of very inferior workmanship and
+finish, of the last order of merit, and adjudged a fourth-class award.
+
+
+N. CASTLEBERG & CO.
+
+exhibit a meritorious line of watches in many respects, of good
+finish, and not excessively high priced for their performances; of the
+second order of merit, and adjudged a second class award.
+
+
+A. LANGE & SONS
+
+exhibit a class of watches possessing many elements of merit, and
+of superior finish in many respects and at a cost which is quite
+reasonable. That the watches are constructed upon scientific
+principles and are intended as reliable timepieces, is shown from
+Observatory tests. The variations show that care has been taken to
+approximate a perfect adjustment, and that a partial success has
+been attained. A peculiarity in the construction of the balance
+wheel--having a horizontal split from the timing second holes each
+way--is noticeable, which we fail to understand. This exhibit was made
+expressly for this Exhibition, and Observatory rates sent with each
+watch, and, as a representative exhibit, although small, was the
+second best examined, and is, in its class, of the first order of
+merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LOUIS AUDEMARS
+
+exhibits a wonderful class of complicated watches, calendars,
+repeaters, chronographs, etc., etc., combined in one watch, and
+elaborately cased and artistically finished. The great element of
+merit in this exhibit is in the combination of the great number
+of unusual functions for a watch, and by skill in workmanship and
+mechanical science securing a correct performance.
+
+The enormous cost of these watches is an effectual embargo on their
+use to any except the very few, and their utility is, therefore,
+very limited. In their class they are, however, of the first order of
+merit, and adjudged a first-class award.
+
+
+G. TRIBANDEAU
+
+exhibits a considerable collection of watches in a great variety of
+cases, of a class of workmanship, finish, and performance calling for
+the fourth order of merit, and are adjudged a fourth-class award.
+
+
+A. H. RODANET
+
+exhibits two marine chronometers only, one of which was broken and the
+other out of order; commended.
+
+
+INTERNATIONAL WATCH COMPANY
+
+exhibit a collection of watches of the third order of merit, and
+adjudged a third-class award.
+
+In concluding this report, the judges very much regret the limitation
+in time which has prevented them securing position tests of this very
+interesting exhibit in horology, as much on account of the exhibitors
+as on their own account. Such advances have in the last few years been
+made in this science that, in the interest of the public as well as of
+the manufacturers, a sufficiency of time is desirable to make tests
+in five or six positions, and fourteen days should be allowed to each
+position. Tests for heat and cold, and an opportunity to carefully
+note barometric and thermometric influences upon the various systems
+of adjustment, would be very valuable and interesting.
+
+Respectfully, etc.,
+
+GREGORY P. HARTE, _Chairman_, United States.
+H. C. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain.
+J. McGARVIE SMITH, New South Wales.
+P. E. BOUND, Switzerland.
+E. BECKMANN, Germany.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+CORN MAGNETS.
+
+Every kind of salve or lotion that is supposed to remove or relieve
+corns meets with a large sale. Corn files and pencils are getting
+stale, and an enterprising inhabitant of Dresden has lately brought
+out what he calls a "corn magnet." It is evident that it is as unlike
+a magnet as possible, for an examination shows that it is made of
+sulphur colored with graphite. The directions are to set fire to
+one end, and let a drop of the melted sulphur fall upon the corn. A
+convenient and agreeable operation, especially if the corn is on
+the bottom of the foot. It is needless to say that the corn usually
+survives the slight burn and lives to torment the owner again. All
+burns, whether by caustic or otherwise, should be avoided.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+EXPERIMENTS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS.
+
+Prof. J. Burkitt Webb, C.E., now in Europe, writes as follows:
+
+On the invitation of Prof. Spangenberg we visited the
+"Versuchsstation," at the Gewerbe-Akademie, where the important
+experiments upon materials for engineering purposes are being made.
+These tests are of two kinds--trials of strength and trials of
+endurance. The first are made by means of very heavy and accurate
+machinery, mostly new within the last two or three years; the latter
+are the celebrated "Dauer-Versuche," a description of which we will
+reserve for another letter.
+
+The main machine, of which there are three or four duplicates at work
+at various points in Germany, is housed in a special building in the
+interior court of the academy. It consists of heavy iron "ways," some
+fifty feet long, accurately planed and secured to a stone foundation,
+with a hydraulic pump and scales at one end, and a number of massive
+attachments for subjecting the piece of iron or other material to
+various kinds of strains. There are also other instruments which
+belong to the machine as delicate as it is heavy, and which are used
+for adjusting the parts of the apparatus, reading the results of a
+test, or making calculations. This machine differs from others in the
+way of measuring the force used. It has been the custom to take
+the pressure on the liquid in the hydraulic cylinder, as shown by a
+manometer, as the basis of calculation. This introduces an inaccuracy,
+as part of this is due to the friction on the piston packing, and the
+true pressure is less than that shown by this irregular quantity.
+To avoid this difficulty a massive lever is introduced between the
+hydraulic press and the point where its pressure is applied. One arm
+of this lever is one-eighth inch long, and the other five hundred
+times as long, so that to measure a pressure of one hundred tons, four
+hundred pounds must be placed on the scale pan which hangs from
+the end of the long end of the lever. The fulcrum rests against the
+piston, and the short end of the lever is connected by heavy
+links with the apparatus by means of which the strain is applied.
+Technically speaking the fulcra of scales are "knife edges," but to
+convey a pressure of one hundred tons and remain free to move, these
+edges must be very obtuse, perhaps 160 deg. to 170 deg.; they must be as
+long as possible, some fifteen inches, of the best hardened steel,
+accurately ground, and must rest against a hardened plate of steel.
+Made with the greatest care the sharp edge under such a pressure will
+sometimes make a dent in the plate and the scales are clogged. As
+it is very difficult to measure the one-eighth inch with accuracy,
+another lever is provided with a ratio of one to ten, and with a
+short arm long enough to be made of a certain length with but a small
+percentage of error. To test the main lever this occupies essentially
+the same place as a sample of iron to be stretched; it is loaded with,
+say, two hundred pounds, which it multiplies to a ton; this pressure
+is then weighed by placing four pounds upon the main scale pan,
+and the fulcrum of the main lever is adjusted until the two weights
+balance.
+
+The attachments consist of: I. Jaws for holding round, square, and
+flat bars to be submitted to tension. II. Arrangements for holding
+beams and columns in various ways at their ends, and compressing them
+until they are crushed or "buckle." III. Two massive graduated iron
+beams, which are placed crosswise on the "ways," and used for twisting
+shafts, railroad axles, etc. IV. A face plate, about four feet square,
+for holding plates of boiler iron nearly as large by the perimeter,
+and crushing in the middle by forcing various shaped pieces against
+it. V. Apparatus for bending a beam by crushing an angular piece into
+it; and in the same connection, VI. Shears for cutting off bars of
+metal and measuring the force required.
+
+In connection with this main machine were some, quite old, which had
+been used in the infancy of the subject by a former professor, and a
+new special machine for the same purpose as attachment V., and which
+seemed to "kink" a piece of railroad iron as if it were only lead. In
+this the pressure was obtained by screws.
+
+Among the instruments used for the adjustment of the parts of the
+main machine we saw the finest cathetometer we had ever seen. This
+instrument, by Breithaupt, in Cassel, has two telescopes, with
+micrometer screws with more than one hundred and twenty-five threads
+per inch, and scales graduated on glass with more than six hundred and
+twenty five divisions to the inch. Another instrument for measuring
+the deflection, in two directions at once, of a column under pressure,
+has micrometer screws with more than two hundred and fifty threads per
+inch. We saw also a planimeter, which not only calculated mechanically
+the area of a figure, but gave also its center of gravity, moment
+of inertia, etc. We saw also a French calculating machine; the other
+apparatus is, we believe, all German. If one is, however, critical, it
+will be found in many lines of business that all the fine goods here
+are imported, though naturally the Germans are slow to acknowledge it.
+
+We witnessed the experiments on a sample of round iron over an inch
+in diameter, and on a piece of iron plate three inches wide by half an
+inch thick. It is perhaps needless to say that they seemed to stretch
+like putty and to break like thread. The pressure is put on a few
+hundred pounds at a time, and the elongation is read by two telescopes
+and a scale, which multiply the distance five hundred times. At the
+same time the first "elastic limit" is watched for. Before this is
+arrived at the piece will return to its original length when the
+tension is removed; after this the stretching is in part permanent.
+One of the facts brought out is that there are _several_ elastic
+limits, in copper seven or eight. The appearance of the surface after
+the elastic limit is passed and the iron stretches is peculiar. A wavy
+appearance is seen, and longitudinal ridges begin to form, due to the
+changes going on in the crystals, by which they adapt themselves to
+the increased length. After a further general adaptation of structure
+becomes impossible, these appearances culminate in the weakest part.
+The apparatus for measuring the increase in length has long since been
+removed, and the places where it was attached have been filed smooth
+to avoid introducing the weak point artificially. The diameter of this
+part now reduces rapidly, and the surface becomes rough and the iron
+hot--you can see it stretch. When it has reduced twenty-five or more
+per cent. it gives way suddenly with a sharp crack. The percentage of
+reduction before breaking is now recorded with the observations on the
+elasticity and the breaking strain, and the experiment is at an end.
+It suggested itself to see if the work done in pulling the iron
+apart was fully accounted for by the heat generated. We could easily
+calculate the work up to the point of maximum tension, but after this
+the force required was not measured; however, a rough calculation
+showed that the iron was as hot as required, or at least that the data
+would require to be quite complete if any residual was to be found.
+
+Berlin, May 13, 1880.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ENGINEERING INVENTIONS.
+
+An improved wheel guard, which will push any obstacles on the track
+aside, and which can be adjusted to a greater or less height above the
+rails, has been patented by Mr. Solomon Brisac, of New York city.
+It consists in a wheel guard formed of a metallic box with a beveled
+front side, which box is adjustably fastened to the front end of a
+recessed plate resting on and partially surrounding the grease box.
+The box is braced by means of a rod attached to its forward end and
+passing into a socket fastened to the bottom of the car.
+
+An improved water motor, constructed on the general principle of a
+rotary engine, in which two compartments are arranged side by side,
+with a partition intervening, and in which the sliding pistons in the
+piston wheels in the two compartments are arranged at right angles
+to each other, has been patented by Mr. William E. Seelye, of Anoka,
+Minn.
+
+Mr. Stephen Barnes, of New Haven, Conn., has invented a vibrating
+propeller, adapted to small boats and vessels to be operated by either
+hand or steam power. The floats are arranged so that they will offer
+no resistance on the return stroke.
+
+An improved device for removing snow from railway tracks, and
+especially from between the rails, has been patented by Mr. David M.
+Horton, of Fishkill Village, N. Y. It consists of a revolving brush, a
+mould board in juxtaposition thereto, and a fan blower, in combination
+with suitable driving gear for propelling the brush and fan.
+
+An improvement in steam traps, patented by Mr. Hugh O. Ames, of New
+Orleans, La., consists in combining with a vibratory arm carrying a
+water receiver, a side apertured hollow trunnion, a discharge pipe, a
+jacketed standard, and an outlet pipe.
+
+An improved cotton press has been patented by Mr. Alfred A. Janney, of
+Montgomery, Ala. This invention relates to an improvement in the class
+of cotton and hay presses in which the follower is worked by a screw
+that passes through a nut, to which the required rotary motion is
+imparted by means of lateral sweeps or levers. It consists in the
+means for supporting and securing the levers and forming a vertical
+guide for the screw, so that the levers are prevented from rocking or
+swaying as power is applied in the operation of packing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+IMPROVED STEAM CANAL BOAT.
+
+The late experiments in canal steamboats bid fair to be a complete
+success. The Baxter steamers were not sufficiently remunerative
+to continue the building of that kind of boat. They do not carry a
+sufficient load, owing to their build, and that is made necessary by
+the form and arrangement of the machinery and propelling power, the
+propeller being that form used by the tug in Buffalo. The new style,
+which bids to pay handsomely, is as full a bow and stern as the
+ordinary first-class canal boat. The propelling power is radically
+different from the tug propeller. The wheel is eight feet in diameter
+and placed close to the stern; the boiler is upright, with a single
+engine, very compact machinery, taking up no more room than the stable
+in many boats, and enabling the boat to carry 7,500 bushels of corn
+and coal for the trip. With this cargo they run from Buffalo to New
+York in seven days on five and a half gross tons of coal, saving river
+and harbor towing. One returned from New York to Buffalo in one hour
+less than seven days, bringing one hundred and thirty tons of freight.
+The outlook now promises to supersede mule and horse towing. The
+Belgian system of cable towing will take that large number of boats
+now relying on the mule, and deliver them promptly as consigned and in
+much less time and cost than can be done by the mule. Both systems are
+necessary for rapid movement on the canal, and to cheapen the transfer
+from the West to the seaboard. Steam is sure to supersede animal power
+on the canal, as everywhere else. The canal steamboats are at last so
+far perfected as to insure a handsome profit in running them, and
+a large number will soon be at work on the canal. Two are to be
+constructed in Lockport as speedily as possible by one of our most
+enterprising boat builders, and the machinery is contracted for,
+thus opening up a new industry for our numerous and worthy
+mechanics.--_Lockport_ (_N. Y._) _Journal_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ASTRONOMICAL NOTES.
+
+OBSERVATORY OF VASSAR COLLEGE.
+
+
+The computations in the following notes are by students of Vassar
+College. Although merely approximate, they are sufficiently accurate
+to enable the ordinary observer to find the planets.
+
+M. M.
+
+
+POSITIONS OF PLANETS FOR JULY, 1880.
+
+
+MERCURY.
+
+On July 1 Mercury sets a few minutes after 9 in the evening.
+
+Mercury can be readily found, early in July, a few degrees south of
+the point of sunset; the planet moves rapidly southward, but can be
+followed, and may be seen as late as the 20th. On July 18 Mercury has
+nearly the declination of Regulus.
+
+
+VENUS.
+
+Venus keeps nearly the path of the sun, setting after the sun late in
+July, but so nearly with it that the planet is not likely to be seen.
+
+
+MARS.
+
+Mars has moved from its position nearly in line with Castor and Pollux
+toward Leo. It sets on July 1 at 9h. 44m. P.M. On the 31st Mars sets
+at 8h. 32m.
+
+On the 31st, at meridian passage, Mars and Uranus are nearly together.
+Uranus is east of Mars and half a degree south.
+
+
+JUPITER.
+
+Jupiter is coming into the evening hours.
+
+On July 1 Jupiter rises a few minutes after midnight. On July 31
+Jupiter rises a few minutes after 10 P.M. It will be known at once by
+its brilliancy.
+
+Besides the ordinary belts of Jupiter the planet still shows at this
+time (June 10) the large ruddy spot spoken of by many persons some
+weeks since. This spot is elliptical in shape; its longest diameter is
+about one-fifth that of Jupiter. A small glass will show it, and the
+ordinary observer can, by watching its appearance and disappearance
+and reappearance, determine the time of rotation of Jupiter on its
+axis, or the length of the planet's day.
+
+The best evenings for looking at Jupiter are those of July 23, when
+the satellite nearest to Jupiter goes across its face, preceded by
+its shadow; July 28, when the first and second satellites will make
+similar transits; and July 29, when Jupiter will rise without the
+presence of its third satellite, which will be in eclipse, and will
+come out of the shadow after midnight.
+
+
+SATURN.
+
+Saturn follows close upon Jupiter, but keeps further north in
+declination by about 21/2 deg..
+
+On July 1 Saturn rises 36m. after midnight. On the 31st Saturn rises
+at 10h. 38m. P.M.
+
+The waning moon will pass north of Jupiter and Saturn on the 27th to
+28th.
+
+Any one who has a glass sufficient to show the ring of Saturn and the
+largest satellite, Titan, will find this planet intensely interesting,
+and the movements of the satellite will show the time of its
+revolution in its orbit around Saturn.
+
+
+URANUS.
+
+Uranus rises after the sun, and sets too nearly with the sun to be
+seen.
+
+
+NEPTUNE.
+
+Neptune may be seen, with a good telescope, in the early morning hour.
+Neptune is 21/4 deg. west of Alpha Ceti, and 11 deg. north. It approaches Alpha
+Ceti during the month, and if it can be found, may be known to be a
+planet by that movement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FIRES IN NEW YORK.
+
+The report of the Board of Fire Commissioners, just printed, shows
+that during the year 1879 there were in this city 1,551 fires, of
+which 1,029 were discovered by persons not connected with the Fire
+or Police Department. In 1,456 cases the fires were confined to the
+buildings in which they originated. Twenty-five buildings were totally
+destroyed, and 69 were greatly damaged. Of all the fires, 1,001 were
+extinguished by buckets of water and fire extinguishers. The total
+estimated loss by fire during the year was $900,280 on buildings
+and $4,771,300 on stock, making a total of $5,671,580. The
+estimated insurances on the buildings were $7,276,446, and on stock,
+$14,525,264, making a total of $21,801,710. The estimated uninsured
+loss was $180,060. In three cases the loss was between $100,000 and
+$115,000; in one case $168,908; in one case $352,185; in one case
+$333,900; and in one case $1,978,991. In 1,066 cases the loss was less
+than $100.
+
+Nearly a quarter of all the fires were caused by carelessness, and 100
+are attributed to children playing with matches and fire. Forty fires
+were caused by the spontaneous combustion of oily rags and other
+materials, and 93 by exploding kerosene lamps. Four members of the
+department and 12 citizens died of injuries received at fires during
+the year, and 139 firemen and 54 citizens were more or less injured.
+
+There are 729 uniformed members of the department The pay roll of the
+whole department for 1879 was $1,030,822.14, and the appropriation for
+all expenses was $1,254,970. The appropriation for the present year
+is $1,307,670. The department now possesses 233 horses, 1 marine steam
+fire engine, 58 steam fire engines, of which 5 are self propelling,
+10 chemical engines, 24 hook and ladder trucks, 108 chemical fire
+extinguishers, and 4 aerial ladders, together with other fire
+apparatus.
+
+The annual inspection of the department showed that the quickest
+average time in hitching a team was 3.17 seconds, and in hitching
+a single horse, 5.66 seconds. The general average in hitching all
+apparatus was, in 1879, 9.54 seconds; in 1878, 10.26 seconds; and in
+1877, 13.03 seconds.
+
+During the year, $30,300 was collected for licenses for the sale of
+kerosene oil, each license costing $10. The Fire Department Relief
+Fund now amounts to $422,569.07, and the insurance fund to $12,780.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ASPIRATOR AND COMPRESSOR.
+
+Professor Marangoni, of Pavia, has invented an aspirator for measuring
+gases which is much simpler than many now in use in laboratories,
+which latter have the defect that the air or gas ascends through
+the descending liquid and makes thus the measuring of the former
+uncertain. The improved apparatus is shown in our illustration. It
+consists of two vessels attached to a fixed horizontal shaft, FE,
+which is placed upon two upright supports. This shaft has several ways
+or passages made in it which performs the functions of the taps.
+The water of the upper receptacle passes into the lower one by the
+passage, A, and thence through the tube, BC, issuing at its lowest
+extremity at C. The air contained in the lower vessel is thus emitted
+by the channel DE, cut into the shaft, while the air or gas is
+aspirated in the same ratio by the passage and tube, FG. The apparatus
+acts thus at the same time as aspirator and compressor. It is simple,
+and will be a useful addition to the laboratory.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW PHOTOGLYPTIC PROCESS.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: A communication to the Photographic Society of France.]
+
+
+WALTER B. WOODBURY.
+
+It is now thirteen years since I had the honor of introducing in
+France my new photoglyptic process, which, up to the present time, has
+remained in the hands of very few, owing to the great expense hitherto
+necessary to start the working of it. For some time I have been
+engaged in making experiments with a view to discover a system which
+should be at the same time simple and inexpensive; and the process
+which I have this evening the honor to bring before your notice is the
+result of my researches.
+
+The summary of the new system is as follows:
+
+To obtain from negatives reliefs on glass similar to transparencies by
+the carbon process, but modified in the quantity of materials used.
+
+To attach, and keep in absolute contact with the relief so obtained, a
+sheet of tin foil.
+
+To solidify this sheet of tinfoil by coating it with copper; then
+backing it up with another sheet of plate glass covered with a
+composition; and then to detach the whole from the first relief--the
+result being a mould ready to place in the press and print one
+thousand or more proofs.
+
+I commence by showing you the relief made from the negative, and
+explaining how this is obtained.
+
+I take a sheet of plate glass of a convenient size, and place it in
+hot water, together with a sheet of paper a little smaller; then,
+having driven out the excess of water by means of a squeegee, I
+place it on a leveling stand. Having prepared a solution composed of
+gelatine 200 parts, water 1,000 parts, glycerine 20 parts, white sugar
+30 parts, with a little Indian ink, and filtered the same, I pour a
+sufficient quantity on the paper and spread it up to the corners with
+the finger. These plates are then dried in a dry place and can be kept
+until wanted.
+
+To sensitize the plates I employ a bath of bichromate of potash of
+six per cent., and again dry them. Without doubt this method is rather
+long; but one should consider that each proof made is capable of
+giving five or ten thousand prints if necessary, as the same relief
+will make many printing moulds. I tried, with the aid of the Autotype
+Company, of London, to get a suitable tissue; but as this requires
+a uniform thickness of half a millimeter the ordinary system did not
+succeed. When the sensitized plate is dry the edges are cut with a
+knife, the glasses serving over and over again. I show you a piece of
+this prepared paper.
+
+As in the carbon process, it is necessary to place a border of black
+paper at the back of the negative, and to cut the sensitized tissue a
+little larger than the opening.
+
+After the exposure the gelatine is fixed on a collodionized glass by
+placing them both in water and squeegeeing the surface; but in dry
+weather it is as well to use albumen in place of collodion, as used
+by M. Ferrier for his transparencies in carbon. The glass holding the
+gelatine is now placed in a hot water bath heated to 42 deg. Centigrade,
+and left till the paper comes away from the gelatine, when it is
+placed in this apparatus by the frame holding the grooves.
+
+By means of this small gas regulator the temperature is kept always
+the same, namely, 50 deg. Centigrade. The water should be now and then
+agitated by lifting up and down the frame holding the glasses.
+
+After a space of three or four hours the reliefs will be sufficiently
+washed, and can be taken out and placed in alcohol to dry quickly
+and sharp at the same time. In this stage of the process all spots or
+scratches that may have been on the negative can be removed (being in
+relief on the gelatine) by means of a piece of glass. The relief is
+now ready to be covered with the tin. You will observe that up to the
+present the operations have been almost the same as those necessary to
+produce a transparency in carbon.
+
+As it is of the first necessity that the tin should be kept in
+absolute contact with the gelatine relief, I prepare the latter by
+rubbing it over with a piece of flannel charged with a greasy matter
+(pomatum answers as well as anything). I then make a border of
+India-rubber in benzine round the glass. The effect of this is to
+prevent any air from returning between the tin and the relief when
+once it has been driven out.
+
+Taking care that the back of the glass is perfectly clean, it is now
+placed on the steel or glass bed of a rolling-press. A sheet of tin
+foil (without holes) that has been smoothed on a sheet of glass by a
+soft brush is now laid on it, and then three or four thicknesses of
+blotting paper. The whole is then passed under the cylinder several
+times, each time increasing the pressure. The surface of the tin
+is now ready to place in the electrotyping cell, but must first be
+cleaned with a solution of caustic potash to remove any grease, and
+bordered with shellac varnish to prevent the copper from depositing
+where not required.
+
+Electric contact is made by means of the small apparatus, on removing
+a small proportion of the lac varnish. After two or three hours
+sufficient copper will have been deposited, and after drying can be
+then attached to another glass, on which it will remain.
+
+This glass is covered while hot with a composition of shellac, resin,
+and Venice turpentine, and can be prepared in advance, using an iron
+plate heated direct by the gas flame. The same iron plate is employed
+to again soften the composition and attach it to the copper; but this
+time heated only by boiling water, this temperature being sufficient
+to soften it until it enters into all the hollows of the copper. On
+placing a weight on the two glasses the excess of the composition is
+forced out at the edges. When cold the glass plate on which the copper
+and tin are now attached can be separated from the relief, which can
+then be used over and over again to produce fresh matrices.
+
+The matrix or intaglio is now ready to place in the printing press,
+and the remaining operations of printing are exactly the same as those
+used in the old process of photoglyptic printing.
+
+In placing the mould in the press it is advisable to place one or
+two thicknesses of stout blotting paper, previously wetted, under the
+mould to give to it a slight amount of elasticity and, at the same
+time, to keep it in place.
+
+As in all other mechanical processes a reversed or pellicle negative
+is required; but it is very simple to print upon a specially prepared
+transfer paper, and, instead of mounting the print with the face
+uppermost, to attach it under water to the mount, and when dry to
+detach the paper on which the print has been made. By this means there
+remains only one thickness of paper instead of two, thus doing away
+with an objection which has often been found in mounted photographs
+for book illustration.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NEW INVENTIONS.
+
+An improved combined cutting and clinching tool has been patented by
+Mr. Peter D. Graham, of Black Hawk, Col. The object of this invention
+is to provide a new, useful, and convenient tool for cutting and
+clinching horseshoe nails.
+
+Mr. John J. Berger, of Brooklyn, N. Y., has patented an improved
+hand perforating or check stamp of the class which are used to cut or
+perforate the paper with figures and letters as a safeguard against
+alterations of the check; and the object of this improvement is to
+perforate the check with needle points, and at the same time ink
+the perforations, whereby the numbers may be clearly marked without
+cutting large openings in the paper.
+
+An improved apparatus for the manufacture of nitric acid has been
+patented by Mr. Paul Marcelin, of Black Rock, Conn. The object of this
+invention is to furnish apparatus for manufacturing nitric acid so
+constructed that the stronger acid may be separated from the weaker
+acid as the acid passes from the retort to the receiving bottles,
+to obtain a strong acid suitable for use in manufacturing
+nitro-glycerine.
+
+Mr. Max Rubin, of New York city, has patented an improved shawl strap,
+so constructed that either strap may be wound up alone, or both may be
+wound up together, or one may be wound up tighter than the other, by
+adjusting the handle.
+
+Mr. Ambrose Madden, of Asbury Park, N. J., has patented an attachment
+for use with halters for preventing horses from cribbing and to
+cure them of that pernicious habit; and the invention consists in a
+combination of rigid arms and straps hung upon the halter and carrying
+a spiked plate, which is retained beneath the animal's under lip in
+such manner that the motions of the horse in the act of cribbing cause
+the spikes to prick.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+BUSINESS AND PERSONAL.
+
+_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for
+each insertion; about eight words to a line. Advertisements must be
+received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear
+in next issue._
+
+-->_The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a
+circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Lubricene, Gear Grease, Cylinder and Machinery Oils. R. J. Chard, 6
+Burling Slip, New York.
+
+Telephones repaired, parts of same for sale. Send stamp for circulars.
+P.O. Box 205, Jersey City, N. J.
+
+The genuine Asbestos Liquid Paints are the purest, finest, richest,
+and most durable paints ever made for structural purposes. H. W. Johns
+M'f'g Co., 87 Maiden Lane, sole manufacturers.
+
+The Finger Annunciator, and all other electr. apparatus, by Finger
+Annunciator Co., 73 Cornhill, Boston.
+
+The most popular Pens in use are those of the Esterbrook Steel Pen
+Company. For sale everywhere. Everybody send Circular to R. K. Teller,
+Unadilla, N. Y.
+
+A few pat. Centering and Squaring Attachments for Lathes, made by R.
+E. State & Co., entirely new, for sale cheap. J. & W. State, Lock Box
+291, Springfield, Ohio.
+
+Soapstone and Empire Gum Core Packing, the best for Railroads. Greene,
+Tweed & Co., New York.
+
+Our new Stylographic Pen (just patented), having the duplex
+interchangeable point section, is the very latest improvement. The
+Stylographic Pen Co., Room 13, 169 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+Shaw's U. S. Standard of Pressure. Mercury Gauges, all pressures,
+Steam, Hydraulic, and Vacuum. Best for pumping stations and pipe
+lines. 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Sale low--52 x 17 feet Sidewheel Boat, and one 23 x 51/2 feet
+Launch; best condition. S. E. Harthan, Worcester, Mass.
+
+Wanted.--Farm Engine, with Steam Plow Attachment. Address P. O. Box
+18, Reinbeck, Iowa.
+
+Advertising of all kinds in all American Newspapers. Special lists
+free. Address E. N. Freshman & Bros., Cincinnati, O.
+
+Patent for Sale Cheap.--Entire Patent or State Rights. Just the thing
+for the summer. Money can be made out of it. Other business prevents
+owner from handling it. A. H. Watkins, 294 Harrison Ave., Boston,
+Mass.
+
+We keep a full assortment of Esterbrook's, Gillott's, Spencerian,
+Perry's, and Lamar's Pens. Send for price list to J. Leach, 86 Nassau
+St., New York.
+
+For Sale.--A Baltimore City Fire Department Steam Fire Engine, in
+complete working order. Address P.O. Box 676, Baltimore, Md.
+
+Metallic Piston Rod Packing Company, 773 Broad St., Newark, N. J.
+Agents wanted; terms liberal.
+
+Skinner & Wood, Erie, Pa., Portable and Stationary Engines, are full
+of orders, and withdraw their illustrated advertisement. Send for
+their new circulars.
+
+Asbestos Board on Chimneys prevents their heat from affecting the
+temperature of rooms through which they pass. Asbestos Pat. Fiber Co.,
+lim., 194 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+Sweetland & Co., 126 Union St., New Haven, Conn., manufacture the
+Sweetland Combination Chuck.
+
+Power, Foot, and Hand Presses for Metal Workers. Lowest prices.
+Peerless Punch & Shear Co., 52 Dey St., N. Y. The Brown Automatic
+Cut-off Engine; unexcelled for workmanship, economy, and durability.
+Write for information. C. H. Brown & Co., Fitchburg, Mass.
+
+Corrugated Traction Tire for Portable Engines, etc. Sole
+manufacturers, H. Lloyd, Son & Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
+
+For the best Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery, address H. A.
+Crossley, Cleveland, Ohio.
+
+Best Oak Tanned Leather Belting. Wm. F. Forepaugh, Jr., & Bros. 531
+Jefferson St., Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+National Steel Tube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjustable, durable.
+Chalmers-Spence Co., 40 John St., N. Y.
+
+Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and appearance
+as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's Shafting Works, Drinker St.,
+Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery a specialty by E. & B.
+Holmes, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel other
+kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full
+on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only.
+The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and
+38 Park Bow. N. Y.
+
+For Separators, Farm & Vertical Engines, see adv. p. 382.
+
+Walrus Leather, Emery, and Polishing Goods. Greene, Tweed & Co., 118
+Chambers St., New York.
+
+Nickel Plating.--Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel
+salts, importers Vienna lime, crocus, etc. Condit, Hanson & Van
+Winkle, Newark, N. J., and 92, and 94 Liberty St., New York.
+
+Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc. Fruit & other
+can tools. Bliss & Williams, B'klyn, N. Y.
+
+Bradley's cushioned helve hammers. See illus. ad. p. 397.
+
+Instruction in Steam and Mechanical Engineering. A thorough practical
+education, and a desirable situation as soon as competent, can be
+obtained at the National Institute of Steam Engineering, Bridgeport,
+Conn. For particulars, send for pamphlet.
+
+Hydraulic Jacks, Presses and Pumps. Polishing and Buffing Machinery
+Patent Punches, Shears, etc. E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., New York.
+
+Forsaith & Co., Manchester, N. H., & 207 Centre St., N. Y. Bolt
+Forging Machines, Power Hammers, Comb'd Hand Fire Eng. & Hose
+Carriages, New & 2d hand Machinery. Send stamp for illus. cat. State
+just what you want.
+
+For Mill Mach'y & Mill Furnishing, see illus. adv. p. 381.
+
+Air Compressors, Blowing Engines, Steam Pumping Machinery, Hydraulic
+Presses. Philadelphia Hydraulic Works, Philadelphia, Pa.
+
+For Patent Shapers and Planers, see ills. adv. p. 380.
+
+For Pat. Safety Elevators, Hoisting Engines, Friction Clutch Pulleys,
+Cut-off Coupling, see Frisbie's ad. p. 316.
+
+Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book Binders, and Paper
+Mills. Large knife work a specialty. Also manufacturers of Soloman's
+Parallel Vise. Taylor. Stiles & Co., Riegelsville, N. J.
+
+For Alcott's Improved Turbine, see adv. p. 297.
+
+Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by Pa. Diamond Drill
+Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 381.
+
+Rollstone Mac. Co's Wood Working Mach'y ad. p. 380
+
+Improved Solid Emery Wheels and Machinery, Automatic Knife Grinders,
+Portable Chuck Jaws. _Important_, that users should have prices of
+these first class goods. American Twist Drill Co., Meredithville, N.
+H.
+
+For Standard Turbine, see last or next number.
+
+Burgess' Non-conductor for Heated Surfaces; easily applied, efficient,
+and inexpensive. Applicable to plain or curved surfaces, pipes, elbows
+and valves. See p. 284.
+
+Diamond Saws. J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Expanders. R.
+Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.
+
+Wanted--The address of 40,000 Sawyers and Lumbermen for a copy of
+Emerson's Hand Book of Saws. New edition 1880. Over 100 illustrations
+and pages of valuable information. Emerson, Smith & Co., Beaver Falls,
+Pa.
+
+Eagle Anvils, 10 cents per pound. Fully warranted.
+
+For Wood-Working Machinery, see illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+Eclipse Portable Engine. See illustrated adv., p. 413.
+
+Tight and Slack Barrel machinery a specialty. John Greenwood & Co.,
+Rochester, N. Y. See illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+Elevators, Freight and Passenger, Shafting, Pulleys and Hangers. L. S.
+Graves & Son, Rochester, N. Y.
+
+$400 Vertical Engine, 30 H.P. See page 413.
+
+Best American Shot Gun made is the "Colts." Far superior to any
+English guns for the same price. For description, see SCI. AMERICAN
+of May 29. Send for circular to Hodgkins & Haigh, Dealers in General
+Sporting Goods, 300 Broadway, New York.
+
+Telephones.--Inventors of Improvements in Telephones and Telephonic
+Apparatus are requested to communicate with the Scottish Telephonic
+Exchange, Limited, 34 St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, Scotland. J. G.
+Lorrain, General Manager.
+
+Pat. Steam Hoisting Mach'y. See illus. adv., p. 413.
+
+Hydraulic Cylinders, Wheels, and Pinions, Machinery Castings; all
+kinds; strong and durable; and easily worked. Tensile strength not
+less than 65,000 lbs. to square in. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co.,
+Pittsburgh, Pa.
+
+C. J. Pitt & Co., Show Case Manufacturers, 226 Canal St., New York.
+Orders promptly attended to. Send for illustrated catalogue with
+prices.
+
+For best low price Planer and Matcher, and latest improved Sash,
+Door, and Blind Machinery, Send for catalogue to Rowley & Hermance,
+Williamsport, Pa.
+
+Elevators.--Stokes & Parrish, Phila., Pa. See p. 412.
+
+Penfield (Pulley) Block Works. See illus. adv. p. 413.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[OFFICIAL.]
+
+INDEX OF INVENTIONS
+
+FOR WHICH
+
+LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING;
+
+JUNE 1, 1880,
+
+AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.
+
+[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A printed copy of the specification and drawing of any patent in the
+annexed list, also of any patent issued since 1866, will be furnished
+from this office for one dollar. In ordering please state the number
+and date of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row,
+New York city. We also furnish copies, of patents granted prior to
+1866; but at increased cost, as the specifications not being printed,
+must be copied by hand.
+
+Adding machine, C. P. Sullivan                               228,416
+Advertising checker board, H. P. Eysenbach                   228,330
+Annunciator, pneumatic, D. & T. Morris                       228,267
+Axle lubricator, car, C. D. Flynt                            228,337
+Axle lubricator, vehicle, L. Adams                           228,242
+Bale tie, W. S. E. Sevey                                     228,223
+Baling press, H. O. King                                     228,361
+Bedstead, invalid, E. Conover                                228,318
+Bedstead, sofa, C. S. E. Spoerl _et al_                      228,408
+Belting and process of manufacture, cotton, M. Gandy         228,186
+Belts, lacing, O. C. Pomeroy                                 228,390
+Berth for vessels, self-leveling, D. Huston (r)                9,224
+Berth for vessels, self-leveling, C. C. Sanderson            228,278
+Berth, self-leveling ship's, C. C. Sanderson                 228,279
+Binders, knot tyer for self, W. Stephens                     228,228
+Blacking and polishing boots and shoes, machine
+  for, P. P. Audoye                                          228,297
+Blower, fan, H. Allen                                        228,293
+Bolting tree, J. M. Springer                                 228,409
+Boot and gaiter, rubber, G. H. Sanford                       228,398
+Bottle, etc., lock, A. T. Boone                              228,170
+Bottle stopper, E. Hollender                                 228,355
+Bow strings, clutch for, C. M. Beard                         228,302
+Bracelet, C. E. Hayward                                      228,348
+Bracelet, A. Vester                                          228,425
+Bran cleaner, L. Gathmann                                    228,340
+Brick, pottery, etc., kiln for burning, E. Escherich         228,331
+Buckboard, E. Hitt                                           228,352
+Buckle, tug, D. O. Fosgate                                   228,255
+Bumper, W. V. Perry                                          228,385
+Bung, J. H. Stamp                                            228,227
+Button fastener, D. Bainbridge                               228,298
+Button, sleeve and cuff, H. McDougall                        228,370
+Buttons, machine for making, W. W. Wade                      228,233
+Can, D. Bennett                                              228,167
+Can fastening, J. Hall                                       228,343
+Car coupling, Neff & Thalman                                 228,378
+Car coupling, J. F. Stanley                                  228,411
+Car coupling, Morand & Edwards                               228,212
+Car coupling tool, G. Searl                                  228,400
+Car door bolt, A. W. Zimmerman                               228,241
+Car wheel, J. A. Woodbury                                    228,430
+Car wheel chill, W. Wilmington                               228,428
+Cars, bell cord guide for railway, S. L. Finley              228,253
+Cars upon railways, running, J. R. Cox                       228,176
+Carbureting gas and air, W. M. Jackson                       228,357
+Card teeth, apparatus for tempering wire for,
+  W. F. Bateman                                              228,301
+Carpet fastener, W. Bray                                     228,306
+Carpet lining, G. J. Bicknell                                228,168
+Carpet sweeper, B. W. Johnson                                228,358
+Carriage top, E. S. Scripture (r)                              9,230
+Carriage top rest, G. Miles                                  228,211
+Cartridge shells, machine for drawing, A. C. Hobbs           228,197
+Centering machine, J. E. Dimsey                              228,249
+Chair seats and backs, making, F. D. Newton                  228,377
+Chandelier, extension, G. Bohner                             228,244
+Cheese press, M. B. Fraser (r)                                 9,228
+Cheese press, G. F. White                                    228,291
+Cheese vat, J. B. Marquis                                    228,366
+Chuck, J. H. Westcott                                        228,426
+Churn, E. Rhoades (r)                                          9,225
+Clock, alarm, F. Krober                                      228,202
+Clock, calendar, C. S. Lewis                                 228,261
+Clock case, G. Havell                                        228,193
+Cloth pressing machine, P. Miller                            228,375
+Clutch, W. J. Ray                                            228,276
+Cockle separator, D. Brubaker                                228,310
+Collar, horse, T. Hepburn                                    228,351
+Commode, A. Climie                                           228,313
+Copying process, dry, Kwaysser & Husak                       228,362
+Cork tapering machine, F. L. Blair                           228,169
+Corn husking machine, F. L. Collis                           228,174
+Corn husking machine roller, E. A. Bourquin                  228,305
+Corn popper, D. Lumbert                                      228,205
+Cornice, window, H. F. Gray                                  228,189
+Cranks, device for overcoming the dead points
+  of, C. L. Fleischmann                                      228,185
+Crochet needles, manufacture of, J. A. Smith                 228,404
+Crucible furnaces, hydrocarbon burner for, I. M. Seamans     228,281
+Cutlery, pocket, J. W. Ayers                                 228,163
+Danger signal, M. A. Vosburgh                                228,232
+Diagram for theaters, etc., H. T. Lemon                      228,204
+Domestic boiler, C. Friedeborn                               228,339
+Drawing, apparatus for assisting in, W. B. O. Peabody        228,273
+Drying apparatus, W. J. Johnson                              228,259
+Electrotype mould, E. B. Sheldon                             228,224
+Exercising machine, F. Saunders                              228,277
+Eyeglasses, J. Schaffer                                      228,399
+Fan, M. Rubin                                                228,394
+Fastening device, E. F. Miller                               228,373
+Faucet attachment, C. A. Raggio                              228,219
+Fence nail, wire, E. L. Warren                               228,236
+Fertilizers, process and apparatus for the manufacture
+  of, W. Plumer                                              228,387
+Firearm, breech-loading, W. H. Baker                         228,165
+Fluted fabrics, machine for creasing, E. Brosemann           228,309
+Fruit basket, H. B. Crandall                                 228,248
+Fuel, process and apparatus for burning pulverized,
+  A. Faber de Faur                                           228,334
+Furnace, B. F. Smith                                         228,405
+Gas, making illuminating, T. J. F. Regan                     228,392
+Gate, E. J. Clark                                            228,314
+Gate roller, F. W. Holbrook                                  228,354
+Gelatine or ichthyocolla from salted fish skins,
+  extracting, J. S. Rogers (r)                                 9,226
+Glass furnace, T. B. Atterbury                               228,296
+Glassware, machine for grinding, A. M. Bacon                 228,164
+Glove fastener, Smith & Hassall                              228,403
+Governor, elevator, I. H. Small                              228,284
+Governor for marine engines, W. U. Fairbairn                 228,252
+Governor for middlings purifiers, etc., feed, W. Donlon      228,180
+Grain conveyer, pneumatic, F. A. Luckenbach                  228,206
+Grain meter, J. B. Stoner                                    228,229
+Grain separator, magnetic, C. E. Fritz (r)                     9,229
+Grate, fire, E. Moneuse                                      228,376
+Grinding and polishing wheel, G. Hart                        228,257
+Hammer lifter, drop, C. G. Cross                             228,324
+Harness, breast, J. W. Cooper                                228,175
+Harrow, S. A. Bollinger                                      228,303
+Harrow, C. W. Page                                           228,382
+Harvester, Jones & Emerson                                   228,359
+Header, guiding, W. H. Keen                                  228,260
+Heating and ventilating apparatus, J. W. Geddes              228,188
+Hinge, spring, L. Bommer                                     228,304
+Hitching strap, J. C. Covert                                 228,322
+Hoes and other tools, eye for, J. R. Thomas                  228,419
+Hog holder and nose ring carrier, W. A. Stark                228,286
+Horse hoof pad, A. J. Lockie                                 228,262
+Horse power equalizer, W. T. G. Cobb                         228,173
+Horse power sweep, J. Branning                               228,307
+Horseshoe nail machine, J. Roy                               228,220
+Hose coupling, S. Adlam, Jr.                                 228,161
+Hose coupling, M. B. Hill                                    228,196
+Hot air furnace, B. W. Felton                                228,336
+Hydraulic joint, E. D. Meier                                 228,209
+Indigo blue, making artificial, A. Baeyer                    228,300
+Lamp, car, G. Seagrave                                       228,402
+Lamp globe, G. Chappel                                       228,247
+Lamp, street, J. G. Miner                                    228,265
+Last, W. J. Crowley                                          228,178
+Latch, G. L. Crandal                                         228,323
+Life protector for railway rails, E. J. Hoffman              228,353
+Lifting jack, J. State                                       228,285
+Lithographic press, J. A. Parks                              228,271
+Lock, C. F. Otto                                             228,379
+Locomotive, J. B. Smith                                      228,406
+Locomotive cone, F. A. Perry                                 228,386
+Locomotive engine, J. W. Clardy                              228,172
+Locomotive lubricator, W. P. Phillips                        228,215
+Loom for weaving gauze fabrics, A. McLean                    228,372
+Loom shedding mechanism, H. Halcroft                         228,191
+Loom temple, E. Hamilton                                     228,346
+Loom temple, J. & L. Hardaker                                228,256
+Lubricator, W. P. Phillips                          228,216, 228,217
+Mash machine, W. Craig                                       228,177
+Mash rake, whisky, D. L. Graves                              228,190
+Mash stirrer, G. Schock                                      228,222
+Measuring machine, cloth, B. K. Parker                       228,381
+Middlings purifier, J. B. Martin                             228,367
+Milk cooler, T. Stahler                                      228,412
+Milk pail holder, A. C. Dodge                                228,327
+Mining and excavating apparatus, E. M. Hugentobler           228,356
+Mortising machine, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)                       9,221
+Nickel, solution for electro-deposition of, J. Powell        228,389
+Oil and lard oil, treatment of petroleum lubricating,
+  H. V. P. Draper                                            228,181
+Ore separator, magnetic, T. A. Edison                        228,329
+Packing for piston rods, etc., metallic,
+  L. Katzenstein                                             228,200
+Packing for steam engines, spring, J. W. Smith               228,225
+Packing, piston, W. M. Thompson, Jr.                         228,420
+Packing, piston rod, R. B. H. Gould                          228,341
+Padlock, McDonald & McAllister (r)                           228,371
+Pantaloons, F. H. Carney                                     228,246
+Paper bag machine, C. A. Chandler                            228,312
+Paper floor covering, compound, H. Hayward                   228,194
+Paper for bank notes, checks, etc., J Sangster               228,221
+Parchment or toughening paper, making artificial,
+  L. H. G. Ehrhardt                                          228,328
+Pens, pointing, E. Wiley                                     228,427
+Permutation lock, J. B. Cook                                 228,316
+Photo-negatives, producing, embellishing, and retouching,
+  W. D. Osborne                                              228,380
+Photographic background, accessory for forming, W. F. Ashe   228,295
+Picture support, G. H. Brown                                 228,308
+Pillow sham holder, M. A. Steers                             228,414
+Pipes, tubing etc., protector for the threaded ends of,
+  H. E. Boyd                                                 228,171
+Planter, corn, R. H. C. Enyeart                              228,332
+Planter, corn, A. Hearst                                     228,258
+Planter, corn, A. Runstetler                                 228,396
+Plow attachment, J. R. Harbaugh                              228,192
+Plumbers' traps, manufacture of, J. McCloskey                228,369
+Preserving evaporated fruits and vegetables,
+  H. G. Hulburd                                              228,198
+Printer's chase, J. Kingsland, Jr.                           228,201
+Printer's quoin, C. G. Squintani                             228,410
+Printer's type case, J. T. Edson                             228,251
+Pulley, J. B. Stockham                                       228,415
+Pump, W. S. Laney                                            228,203
+Pump, lift, P. T. Perkins                                    228,383
+Pump, rotary, J. Hallner                                     228,344
+Pump, steam jet, Randall & Tuttle                            228,275
+Railway heads, stop motion for, H. T. Spencer                228,407
+Railway joints, angle splice for, J. D. Hawks                228,347
+Railway signal apparatus, electric, O. Gassett               228,187
+Range, D. H. Nation                        228,268, 228,269, 228,270
+Reclining chair, T. G. Maguire                               228,263
+Refrigerating and ice making apparatus, C. P. G. Linde       228,364
+Rivets, making tubular, G. W. Tucker                         228,423
+Rock drills and earth augers, machine for operating,
+  G. Taylor                                                  228,418
+Rubber bottles, etc., closing the openings in India,
+  T. J. Mayall                                               228,207
+Rubber, ornamenting hard, H., O., & M. Traun                 228,290
+Sash cord fastener and sash lock, combined,
+  E. V. Heaford                                              228,349
+Sash cord guide, E. H. N. Clarkson (r)                         9,222
+Sash fastener, S. P. Jackson                                 228,199
+Sash fastening, J. Pusey                                     228,274
+Sawing machine, circular, P. Pryibil                         228,218
+Sawing machine, drag, S. F. Steele                           228,413
+Sawing machine, drag, A. Wilkins                             228,237
+Screw bolt, L. Strauss                                       228,288
+Screw threads, device for cutting, J. C. Williams            228,429
+Sealing packages, E. A. McAlpin                              228,368
+Seaming machine, F. A. Walsh                        228,234, 228,235
+Sewing machine balance wheel pulley, E. Flather              228,184
+Sheet metal joint, C. Wright                                 228,240
+Shirt, G. C. Henning                                         228,195
+Shoe, J. J. Snyder                                           228,226
+Shoe nail, Z. Talbot                                         228,417
+Shoe support, rubber, J. G. Foreman                          228,338
+Shoulder brace, C. A. Williamson                             228,238
+Sign, flexible, F. Tuchfarber (r)                              9,223
+Skiving machine, W. S. Fitzgerald                            228,183
+Skylight, W. D. Smith                                        228,282
+Smoker's kit, T. V. Curtis                                   228,325
+Soap and other materials, apparatus for mixing,
+  W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall                         228,320
+Soap, machine for mixing materials for making,
+  W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall                         228,319
+Soap, process and apparatus for remelting, W., Jr.,
+  & A. W. Cornwall                                           228,321
+Soda water, apparatus for generating gas for, J. Collins     228,315
+Spark arrester, locomotive, D. P. Wright                     228,431
+Spool box, C. Tollner                                        228,289
+Stamp, hand, T. Berridge                                     228,243
+Stamp, postage, J. Macdonough                                228,365
+Steam engine, J. C. Miller                                   228,374
+Steam engine recorder, G. H. Crosby                          228,179
+Steam generator, N. Eaton                                    228,250
+Stove, A. C. Barstow                                         228,166
+Stove grate, J. Moore, Jr                                    228,266
+Stove, hay, Stocum & Merrill                                 228,287
+Stove, magazine, C. Seavor                                   228,401
+Surface gauge, F. J. Rabbeth                                 228,391
+Swarm catcher, J. W. Bailey                                  228,299
+Syringe attachment, S Turner                                 228,422
+Tackle or pulley block, T. R. Ferrall                        228,335
+Telephone, S. Russell                                        228,395
+Telephone circuit switch, G. L. Anders                       228,294
+Telephones, dental attachment for, H. G. Fiske               228,254
+Testing machine, T. Olsen                                    228,214
+Textile and other materials, machine for cutting,
+  A. Warth (r)                                                 9,232
+Textile fabrics, machine for cutting, A. Warth (r)             9,231
+Ticket holder, C. Scherich                                   228,280
+Ticket, railway, F. C. Nims                                  228,213
+Tobacco caddy, R. Finzer                                     228,182
+Tobacco hoisting apparatus, W. S. Guy                        228,342
+Tongs, pipe, S. Fawcett                                      228,333
+Toy, creeping, P. Von Erichsen                               228,231
+Treadle mechanism, D. S. Van Wyck                            228,424
+Treadle power machine, G. W. Ziegler                         228,432
+Tree protector, J. W. Richards                               228,393
+Trimmings, flitter for milliners', J. Lambert                228,363
+Tube machine, D. Appel                                       228,162
+Valve, balanced, E. D. Meier                                 228,210
+Vapor burner, W. H. Smith (r)                                  9,227
+Vehicle spring, H. M. Keith                                  228,360
+Vent for beer barrels, O. Zwietusch                          228,292
+Vessels, apparatus for unloading coal, etc., from,
+  Cooney & Swanston                                          228,317
+Vise and clamp, J. Brady                                     228,245
+Wagon, road, C. W. Saladee                                   228,397
+Wagon running gear, G. W. Burr                               228,311
+Wash boiler, O. Tilton                                       228,230
+Washing and wringing machine, combined, C. H. Wood           228,239
+Washing machine, J. B. Pettit                                228,272
+Water closets, flushing cistern for, S. G. McFarland         228,264
+Water heater, K. McDonald                                    228,208
+Water heater, fireplace, I. B. Potts                         228,388
+Whiffletree hook, E. Hanrahan                                228,345
+Windlass locking gear, Remington & Manton (r)                  9,233
+Windmill, A. H. Smith                                        228,283
+Window screen, R. Perrin                                     228,384
+Wire stretcher, H. Hemenway                                  228,350
+Wood bit, L. Thuston                                         228,421
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+DESIGNS.
+
+Carpets, T. J. Stearns                              11,800 to 11,803
+Carriage door fender, M. Wiard                                11,805
+Coffin lid lifters, J. W. Rogers                              11,798
+Fringe for knitted fabrics, G. Upton                          11,804
+Funeral ornaments, J. W. Rogers                               11,799
+Key bow, G. S. Barkentin                                      11,794
+Medal batteries, Lewis & Brice                                11,796
+Pencil cases, L. W. Fairchild                                 11,795
+Statuary, group of, J. Rogers                                 11,797
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TRADE MARKS.
+
+Cigars, E. Aschermann & Co                                     7,924
+Cigars, Giglio & Freschi                                       7,926
+Dry goods, Eddystone Manufacturing Co                   7,931, 7,933
+Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr.                                7,727, 7,728
+Prints, Eddystone Manufacturing Company                        7,932
+Soap, C. Davis & Co                                            7,925
+Teas, table, Sanders & George                                  7,912
+Velocipedes, N. S. C. Perkins                                  7,929
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH PATENTS ISSUED TO AMERICANS.
+
+FROM MAY 25 TO JUNE 1, 1880, INCLUSIVE.
+
+Anthracite, obtaining, C. M. Warren, Norfolk, Mass.
+Burners and generators for hydrocarbons, E. G. Furber, New York city.
+Corsets, L. C. Warner, New York city.
+Engines, locomotive, W. P. Hauszey, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Filtering apparatus, G. H. Moore, Norwich, Conn.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS
+
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION  - - - 75 CENTS A LINE.
+
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE.
+
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by
+measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received
+at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next
+issue._
+
+-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a circulation
+of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue.
+
+
+_Fifth Edition Just Ready._
+
+THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL MACHINIST
+
+Embracing Lathe Work, Vise Work, Drills and Drilling,
+Taps and Dies, Hardening and Tempering, the Making
+and Use of Tools, etc., etc. By Joshua Rose. Illustrated
+by 130 engravings. Fifth edition, revised. In
+one vol., 12mo., 376 pages. Price $2.50 by mail, free of
+postage.
+
+CONTENTS: Chapter I. Lathe and Machine Tools.
+II. Cutting Speed and Feed. III. Boring Tools for Lathe
+Work. IV. Screw-cutting Tools. V. General Observations
+on Lathe Work. VI. Turning Eccentrics. VII.
+Hand Turning. VIII. Drilling in the Lathe. IX. Boring
+Bars. X. Laps. XI. Twist Drills. XII. Tool Steel.
+XIII. Taps and Dies. XIV. Vise-work Tools. XV.
+Fitting Connecting Rods. XVI. Milling Machines and
+Milling Tools. XVII. To Calculate the Speed of Wheels,
+Pulleys, etc. XVIII. The Slide Valve. XIX. How to
+Set a Slide Valve. XX. Pumps Index.
+
+We also publish:
+
+THE MODERN PRACTICE OF AMERICAN MACHINISTS
+AND ENGINEERS. By Egbert P. Watson. Illustrated
+by 86 engravings. 12mo, $2 50
+
+-->The above or any of our Books sent by mail, free
+of postage, at the publication price.
+
+Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL
+AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS--96 pages, 8vo--sent free to any
+one who will furnish his address.
+
+HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.,
+Industrial Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers,
+810 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA.
+
+
+FOR SALE,
+A full set of Patent Office Reports, from 1849 to 1872.
+Price $60. Apply to C. M. ALEXANDER, Washington, D. C.
+
+
+BAND SAWS
+AND
+PLANERS
+a specialty.
+
+C. Hodgkins & Son,
+Marlboro, N. H.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+1880                     1880
+PITTSBURGH EXPOSITION SOCIETY.
+THE FOURTH
+EXPOSITION AND FAIR
+Will open to the public Thursday, September 2, and remain
+open day and evening (Sundays excepted) until
+Saturday, October 9th, 1880.
+
+Blank forms of application for space, Prospectus, and
+Premium list may be had by addressing the secretary.
+
+Exhibitors are earnestly requested to make early application
+for space, thus enabling the managers to better
+arrange the whole Exhibition.
+
+New Machinery Hall; new Engine and Boilers.
+
+Manufacturers and Inventors should avail themselves
+of the unsurpassed facilities offered by this Exposition
+for the introduction of new machinery to the public.
+
+OFFICE, GERMANIA BANK BUILDING, 89 WOOD ST.
+P.O. BOX 895.
+
+E. P. YOUNG, I. C. PATTERSON,
+General Manager. Secretary.
+JOHN D. BAILEY, Asst. Manager and Cashier.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+-->SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE.
+TOOLS:
+TAPS & DIES
+VISES
+CHUCKS  TWIST DRILLS
+MACHINE SCREWS
+LATHES  FILES
+STUBS TOOLS & STEEL
+TALLMAN & McFADDEN--PHILADELPHIA.]
+
+
+CIGAR BOX LUMBER,
+
+MANUFACTURED BY OUR NEW PATENT PROCESS.
+
+THE BEST IN THE WORLD.
+
+SPANISH CEDAR,
+  MAHOGANY,
+    POPLAR
+
+ALSO THIN LUMBER OF ALL OTHER KINDS, 1/8 TO 1/2 IN., AT CORRESPONDING
+PRICES. ALL QUALITIES. EQUAL IN ALL RESPECTS TO
+ANY MADE, AND AT PRICES MUCH UNDER ANY TO BE OBTAINED
+OUTSIDE OF OUR ESTABLISHMENT. SEND FOR PRICE LIST.
+
+GEO. W. READ & CO.,
+186 TO 200 LEWIS STREET, N. Y.
+
+
+MOSQUITO CATCHER.
+
+WILL CLEAR YOUR ROOM IN A FEW MINUTES WITHOUT SMOKE,
+SOIL, OR GREASE. PRICE 50 CENTS. SEND FOR CIRCULAR. AGENTS
+WANTED EVERYWHERE. GOOD TERMS. L. T. JONES,
+166 LIGHT STREET, BALTIMORE, MD.
+
+
+ROOTS' NEW IRON BLOWER.
+
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+POSITIVE BLAST.
+IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED
+IS SIMPLER, AND HAS
+FEWER PARTS THAN ANY OTHER BLOWER.
+P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, MANUF'RS,
+CONNERSVILLE, IND.
+
+S. S. TOWNSEND, GEN. AGT., {6 CORTLANDT ST.,  }
+                           {8 DEY STREET,     } NEW
+WM. COOKE, SELLING AGT., 6 CORTLANDT STREET,  } YORK.
+JAS. BEGGS & CO., SELLING AGTS., 8 DEY STREET,}
+
+-->SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE.
+
+
+FOUR SIDED MOULDER, WITH OUTSIDE
+BEARING. WE MANUFACTURE 5 SIZES OF THESE MOULDERS.
+ALSO ENDLESS BED PLANERS,
+MORTISERS AND BORERS. TENONING
+MACHINES, SASH DOVETAILERS.
+BLIND RABBETING
+MACHINES. ALSO A LARGE
+VARIETY OF OTHER WOOD
+WORKING MACHINES.
+
+ADDRESS
+LEVI HOUSTON, MONTGOMERY, PA.
+
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO.,
+SOUTH NORWALK, CONN.
+
+
+THE BLAKE "LION AND EAGLE" CRUSHER,
+A patented improvement of the former "New Pattern" Blake machine.
+Has much greater efficiency than the old. It requires only about half
+the power to drive, and is transported at much less expense (the size
+most used weighing several thousand pounds less than the unimproved
+machine). It requires less than half the time in oiling and other
+manipulation, and less than half the expense for repairs. Address
+
+E. S. BLAKE & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
+Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers.
+
+[2 Illustrations]
+
+
+DELAMATER STEAM PUMPS
+For every variety of work
+WATERWORKS PUMPING ENGINES
+DELAMATER IRON WORKS
+Boiler Makers, Engine Builders,
+and Founders,
+
+Office, No. 10 CORTLANDT ST.,
+
+Works, Foot of W. 18th St., North River, New York.
+
+ESTABLISHED 1841.
+
+
+MODEL ENGINES
+
+Complete sets of CASTINGS
+for making small Model steam Engines
+11/2 in. bore, 3 in. stroke, price, $4;
+ditto 2 in. bore, 4 in. stroke,
+price, $10, same style as cut.
+Gear Wheels and Parts of Models.
+All kinds of Small Tools and Materials.
+Catalogue Free.
+GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN,
+176 Washington Street,
+Boston, Mass.
+
+
+STUTTERING CURED by Bates' Appliances. Send
+for description to SIMPSON & Co., Box 2236, New York.
+
+
+SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST.
+DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS
+furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood
+Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 235 Broadway, N. Y.,
+who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well.
+
+
+THE DRIVEN WELL.
+Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN
+WELLS and selling Licenses under the established
+AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by the year
+to responsible parties, by
+
+WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO.,
+235 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+
+ROOFING.
+For steep or flat roofs. Applied by ordinary workmen
+at one-third the cost of tin. Circulars and samples free.
+
+Agents Wanted. T. NEW, 32 John Street, New York.
+
+
+XX COT (NOT PAINTED, WHITE DUCK) $2.
+
+[Illustration: Painted Red, Brown Canvas and Fancy Bolster, $2.50.
+Painted Red, Striped Canvas and Fancy Bloster, $3.00.
+
+COT FOLDED
+XX CANVAS COT
+27 IN. WIDE
+MEAS. 1/2 CUBIC FT.]
+
+Makes a perfect bed. No mattress or pillows required.
+Better than a hammock, as it fits the body as pleasantly,
+and lies _straight_. Folded or opened instantly. Self-fastening.
+It is just the thing for hotels, offices, cottages, camp-meetings,
+sportsmen, etc. Good for the lawn, piazza, or
+"coolest place in the house." Splendid for invalids or children.
+Sent on receipt of price, or C. O. D. For 50 CTS.
+EXTRA, with order, I will prepay expressage to any railroad
+station east of Mississippi River and north of Mason
+and Dixon's line. For 75 CENTS, in Minnesota, Missouri,
+and Iowa.
+
+HERMON W. LADD, 108 FULTON ST., BOSTON;
+207 Canal St., New York; 165 North Second St.,
+Phila.; 94 Market St., Chicago. SEND FOR CIRCULARS.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+RUBBER BACK SQUARE PACKING,
+BEST IN THE WORLD
+
+[Illustration]
+
+FOR PACKING THE PISTON RODS AND VALVE STEMS OF STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS.
+
+B represents that part of the packing which, when in use, is in contact
+with the Piston Rod.
+
+A the elastic back, which keeps the part B against the rod with
+sufficient pressure to be steam-tight, and yet creates but little
+friction.
+
+This Packing is made in lengths of about 20 feet, and of all sizes
+from 1/4 to 2 inches square.
+
+JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. NEW YORK BELTING & PACKING CO.,
+37 & 38 Park Row, New York.
+
+
+JOHN R. WHITLEY & CO.
+
+European Representatives of American Houses, with
+First-class Agents in the principal industrial and agricultural
+centers and cities in Europe. London, 7 Poultry, E. C.
+Paris, 8 Place Vendome. Terms on application.
+J. R. W. & Co. purchase Paris goods on commission at
+shippers' discounts.
+
+
+STEAM HEATING APPARATUS
+LIGHTS PATENTS
+24 SIZES OF BOILERS RADIATION 28 PER
+CENT SUPERIOR TO ANY OTHER.
+ADDRESS: EUREKA STEAM HEATING CO.
+ROCHESTER, N. Y.
+
+
+GRAIN SPECULATION
+
+in large or small amounts. $25 or $25,000. Write
+W. T. SOULE & CO., Commission Merchants,
+130 La Salle St., CHICAGO. ILL., for Circulars.
+
+
+TELEPHONE
+Works 1 mile.
+Price $3.50. Pat'd.
+Circulars free. HOLCOMB & CO., Mallet Creek, Ohio.
+
+
+JOHNSON'S PATENT UNIVERSAL LATHE CHUCK.
+[Illustration]
+Lambertville Iron Works, Lambertville, N. J.
+
+
+GREEN HOUSE
+HEATING AND
+VENTILATING
+APPARATUS.
+
+BASE BURNING
+WATER HEATERS.
+
+For Small Conservatories.
+
+HITCHINGS & CO.,
+No. 233 Mercer Street,
+New York.
+
+
+POND'S TOOLS,
+
+Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c.
+
+DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass.
+
+
+LATHES, PLANERS SHAPERS
+
+Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special
+Machinery. E. GOULD & EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+COE BRASS MFG. CO.
+BRASS AND COPPER IN SHEETS.
+WIRE AND BLANKS.
+WOLCOTTVILLE, CONN.
+MATERIALS FOR METALLIC.
+AMMUNITION A SPECIALTY.]
+
+
+BUCKET PLUNGER STEAM PUMPS,
+FOR EVERY DUTY.
+BUCK VALLEY MACHINE CO.,
+EASTHAMPTON, MASS.
+
+
+GRISCOM & CO'S
+VALVE REFITTING MACHINE.
+[Illustration]
+POTTSVILLE,
+PA.
+
+
+STEEL CASTINGS
+
+From 1/4 to 15,000 lb. weight, true to pattern, of unequaled
+strength, toughness, and durability. 15,000 Crank Shafts
+and 10,000 Gear Wheels of this steel now running prove
+its superiority over all other Steel Castings. Send for
+circular and price list.
+CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS Co., 407 Library St., Phila, Pa.
+
+
+CARNEGIE BROS & CO
+UNION IRON MILLS
+PITTSBURGH PA.
+
+WROUGHT IRON BEAMS
+CHANNELS TEES & ANGLES
+
+The attention of Architects, Engineers, and Builders
+is called to the great decline in prices of wrought
+STRUCTURAL IRON.
+
+It is believed that, were owners fully aware of the small
+difference in cost which now exists between iron and
+wood, the former, in many cases, would be adopted,
+thereby saving _insurance_ and avoiding all risk of _interruption_
+to _business_ in consequence of fire. Book of detailed
+information furnished to Architects, Engineers,
+and Builders, on application.
+
+
+ALAND'S
+Silent Injector,
+Blower & Exhauster.
+Apply to
+S. ALAND,
+Rome, Oneida
+Co., N. Y.
+[Illustration]
+
+
+WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY,
+Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving
+Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved
+Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and
+Re-Saw Machines. Eastman's Pat. Miter Machines, and
+Wood-Working Machinery generally. Manufactured by
+WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON,
+26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass.
+(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.)
+
+
+SHAFTS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC.
+Full assortment in store for immediate delivery.
+WM. SELLERS & CO.,
+79 Liberty Street, New York.
+
+
+PORTER MANUF'G CO.
+[Illustration]
+[Illustration: The New Economizer Boiler]
+The New Economizer,
+the only Agricultural Engine with Return Flue
+Boiler in use.
+Send for circular to
+PORTER MFG. Co., Limited,
+Syracuse, N. Y.
+G. G. YOUNG, Gen. Agt., 42 Cortland St., New York.
+
+
+FORSTER'S ROCK & ORE BREAKER AND COMBINED CRUSHER AND PULVERIZER.
+
+[Illustration]
+_The simplest machine ever devised for the purpose._
+Parties who have used it constantly for six years testify that it
+will do _double_ the work of _any other Crusher_, with one-third
+the Power, and one-half the expense for keeping in repair.
+The smaller sizes can be run with Horse Power.
+Address TOTTEN & CO., Pittsburgh Pa.
+
+
+STEAM PUMPS.
+
+HENRY R. WORTHINGTON.
+
+239 BROADWAY, N. Y.
+83 WATER ST., BOSTON.
+709 MARKET ST., ST. LOUIS, MO.
+
+THE WORTHINGTON PUMPING ENGINES FOR WATER
+WORKS--Compound, Condensing or Non-Condensing.
+Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations.
+
+WORTHINGTON STEAM PUMPS of all sizes and for all
+purposes.
+
+PRICES BELOW THOSE OF ANY
+OTHER STEAM PUMP IN
+THE MARKET.
+
+WATER METERS. OIL METERS.
+
+
+KNOW THYSELF.
+
+The untold miseries that result
+from indiscretion in early life
+may be alleviated and cured.
+Those who doubt this assertion
+should purchase the new medical
+work published by the PEABODY
+MEDICAL INSTITUTE, Boston,
+entitled THE SCIENCE OF
+LIFE; or, SELF-PRESERVATION.
+Exhausted vitality,
+nervous and physical debility, or
+vitality impaired by the errors of
+youth, or too close application to business,
+may be restored and manhood regained.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Two hundredth edition, revised and enlarged, just
+published. It is a standard medical work, the best in
+the English language, written by a physician of great
+experience, to whom was awarded a gold and jeweled
+medal by the National Medical Association. It contains
+beautiful and very expensive engravings. Three
+hundred pages, more than 50 valuable prescriptions for
+all forms of prevailing disease, the result of many years
+of extensive and successful practice, either one of
+which is worth ten times the price of the book. Bound
+in French cloth; price only $1, sent by mail, postpaid.
+
+The London Lancet says: "No person should be
+without this valuable book. The author is a noble
+benefactor."
+
+An illustrated sample sent to all on receipt of 6 cents
+for postage.
+
+The author refers, by permission, to Hon. P. A. BISSELL, M.D.,
+prest. of the National Medical Association.
+Address Dr. W. H. PARKER, No. 4
+Bulfinch Street, Boston, Mass. The
+author may be consulted on all diseases
+requiring skill and experience.
+
+HEAL THYSELF
+
+
+EXTRA BARGAINS.
+
+Town rights, $10; county, $25. Best novelty yet manufactured.
+If you want to make money, address, with stamp,
+J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+CARY & MOEN
+STEEL WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION
+& STEEL SPRINGS.
+234 W. 29. ST., NEW YORK CITY]
+
+
+"THE 1876 INJECTOR."
+Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special
+valves. Send for illustrated circular.
+WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila.
+
+
+[Illustration: PATENTS.]
+CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, LABEL
+REGISTRATION, ETC.
+
+Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication
+of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine
+Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for
+Inventors.
+
+In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY
+YEARS' EXPERIENCE, and now have _unequaled facilities_
+for the Preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications,
+and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the
+United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs.
+Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats,
+Registration of Labels, Copyrights for Books, Labels,
+Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements
+of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done
+with special care and promptness, on very moderate
+terms.
+
+We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet
+containing further information about Patents and how
+to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights,
+Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements,
+Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale
+of Patents, etc.
+
+_Foreign Patents_.--We also send, _free of charge_, a
+Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and
+method of securing patents in all the principal countries
+of the world. American inventors should bear in
+mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable
+to the patentee in this country is worth equally as
+much in England and some other foreign countries.
+Five patents--embracing Canadian, English, German,
+French, and Belgian--will secure to an inventor the exclusive
+monopoly to his discovery among about ONE
+HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS of the most intelligent
+people in the world. The facilities of business and
+steam communication are such that patents can be obtained
+abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at
+home. The expense to apply for an English patent is
+$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, $50.
+
+_Copies of Patents_.--Persons desiring any patent
+issued from 1836 to November 20, 1866, can be supplied
+with official copies at reasonable cost, the price depending
+upon the extent of drawings and length of
+specifications.
+
+Any patent issued since November 20, 1866, at which
+time the Patent Office commenced printing the drawings
+and specifications, may be had by remitting to
+this office $1.
+
+A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836
+will be furnished for $1.
+
+When ordering copies, please to remit for the same
+as above, and state name of patentee, title of invention,
+and date of patent.
+
+A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining
+United States patents sent free. A handsomely bound
+Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 pages and
+many engravings and tables important to every patentee
+and mechanic, and is a useful handbook of reference
+for everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free.
+
+Address MUNN & CO.,
+Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,
+37 Park Row, New York.
+
+_BRANCH OFFICE--Corner of F and 7th Streets,
+Washington, D. C._
+
+
+THE HOLLY SYSTEM OF STEAM HEATING
+FOR CITIES AND VILLAGES. HOLLY STEAM COMBINATION CO. LIMITED.
+LOCKPORT N. Y.
+SEE ILLUSTRATED AD. IN LAST NUMBER.
+
+
+THE ASBESTOS PACKING CO.,
+Miners and Manufacturers of Asbestos,
+BOSTON, MASS.,
+OFFER FOR SALE:
+PATENTED ASBESTOS ROPE     PACKING,
+    "        "    LOOSE       "
+    "        "    JOURNAL     "
+    "        "    WICK        "
+    "        "    MILL BOARD,
+    "        "    SHEATHING PAPER,
+    "        "    FLOORING FELT.
+    "        "    CLOTH.
+
+
+COLUMBIA BICYCLE.
+
+A practical road machine. Indorsed
+by the medical profession as the most
+healthful of outdoor sports. Send 3
+cent stamp for 24 page catalogue, with
+price list and full information, or 10
+cents for catalogue and copy of _The
+Bicycling World_.
+
+THE POPE M'F'G CO.,
+89 Summer Street, Boston, Mass.
+
+
+MACHINISTS' TOOLS.
+NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS.
+Send for new illustrated catalogue.
+Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c,
+NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+New Haven, Conn.
+
+
+H. W. JOHNS'
+ASBESTOS
+
+LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS,
+Steam Packing, Sheathings, Fireproof Coatings, Cements,
+SEND FOR SAMPLES, ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET, AND PRICE LIST.
+H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y.
+
+
+THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY
+Machinery of Every Description
+121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York.
+
+
+THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL PUMPING,
+PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE
+SIMPLE, EFFICIENT.
+JAMES WATSON, 1508 S. FRONT ST., PHILA.
+
+
+DIES FOR EVERY PURPOSE.
+STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Ct.
+
+
+BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON.
+E. R. TAYLOR,
+Cleveland, O.
+
+
+ICE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR.--
+Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one
+illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from
+season to season. The air is kept dry and pure throughout
+the year at a temperature of 34 deg. to 36 deg.. Contained
+in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, 116. Price 10 cents.
+To be had at this office and of all newsdealers.
+
+
+BEECHER & PECK,
+Successors of MILO PECK, Manufacturers of
+PECK'S PATENT DROP PRESS,
+Regular sizes. Hammer
+from 50 to 2,570 Lb. Special
+attention given to making
+of Drop Dies, Drop and Machine
+Forgings.
+
+New Haven, Conn.
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+[ILLUSTRATION]
+
+
+17--STOP ORGANS
+Sub-bass and Oct. Coupler, box'd and ship'd only $97.75.
+New Pianos, $195 to $1,600. Before you buy an
+instrument be sure to see my Mid-summer offer, illustrated,
+free. Address Daniel F. Beatty, Washington, N. J.
+
+
+ADVERTISEMENTS.
+
+
+INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION  - - - 75 CENTS A LINE.
+BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE.
+(About eight words to a line.)
+
+_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate
+per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements
+must be received at publication office as early
+as Thursday morning to appear in next issue._
+
+-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers
+a circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every
+weekly issue.
+
+
+FOR SALE.--PLYMOUTH MACHINE
+Works, Engine, and Saw Mill. Patterns on hand. Locality
+good. For particulars, call on or address the works.
+Plymouth Machine Works, Plymouth, Richland Co., O.
+
+
+FIRE BRICK, TILE AND CLAY RETORTS ALL SHAPES
+BORGNER & O'BRIEN
+23rd ST, ABOVE RACE, PHILADELPHIA.
+
+
+HOLLY'S IMPROVED WATER WORKS.
+
+Direct Pumping Plan. Advantages: 1. Secures by
+variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all
+purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost
+for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply for all
+use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords
+the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely
+reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses
+with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire
+department expenses. For information, address the
+HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y.,
+Or PARK BENJAMIN & BRO., Gen. Agents,
+
+49 and 50 Astor House, N. Y. City.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Established 1844.
+
+JOSEPH C. TODD,
+
+Successor to TODD & RAFFERTY,
+
+PATERSON, N. J.,
+
+Engineer and Machinist.
+
+Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum,
+and Bagging Machinery. Steam Engines,
+Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for
+Mayher's New Patent Acme Steam
+Engine and Force Pumps combined.
+Also owner and exclusive manufacturer
+of
+
+THE NEW
+BAXTER PATENT PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE.
+
+These engines are admirably adapted to all kinds of
+light power for driving printing presses, pumping water,
+sawing wood, grinding coffee, ginning cotton, and all
+kinds of agricultural and mechanical purposes, and are
+furnished at the following low prices:
+
+1 Horse Power, $150 | 11/2 Horse Power, $190
+2 Horse Power,  245 | 21/2 Horse Power,  275
+3 Horse Power.  290 | 4  Horse Power,  350
+
+Send for descriptive circular. Address
+J. C. TODD,
+PATERSON, N. J.
+Or No. 10 Barclay St., New York.
+
+
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDING MACHINES.
+
+[Illustration:
+EX INUTILI UTILITAS
+TANITE
+TRADE MARK]
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+Stroudsburg, Monroe County, Pa.
+
+Orders may be directed to us at any of the following addresses,
+at each of which we carry a stock:
+
+London, Eng., 9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+Liverpool, Eng., 42, The Temple, Dale St.
+Sydney, N. S. W., 11 Pitt St.
+San Francisco, 2 and 4 California St.
+Chicago, 152 and 154 Lake St.
+St. Louis, 209 North Third St.
+ "   "  811 to 819 North Second St.
+Cincinnati, 212 West Second St.
+Indianapolis, Corner Maryland and Delaware Sts.
+Louisville, 427 West Main St.
+Nashville, 28 West Side Public Square.
+New Orleans, 26 Union St.
+
+
+THE NEW YORK ICE MACHINE COMPANY,
+  21 COURTLANDT STREET, ROOM 54.
+Low Pressure Binary Absorption System.
+
+Advantages over other Machines.
+
+Makes 25 per cent. more Ice. Uses only 1/4 water of condensation.
+No Pressure at rest. Pressure in running,
+14 pounds. Self-lubricating. No Leaks, non-inflammable.
+No action on Metals. Easy Attendance.
+
+
+WM. A. HARRIS.
+
+PROVIDENCE, R. I. (PARK STREET),
+
+Six minutes walk West from station.
+Original and Only builder of the
+HARRIS-CORLISS ENGINE
+With Harris' Patented Improvements,
+from 10 to 1,000 H.P.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+
+THE BAKER BLOWER.
+Centennial Judges Report.
+
+"Good Design and Material. Very
+efficient in action. With the special advantages
+that they can  be connected
+for motion directly with engine without
+the use of gearing or belting."
+
+SEND FOR CATALOGUE.
+
+WILBRAHAM BROS.
+No. 2318 Frankford Avenue,
+PHILADELPHIA, PA.
+
+
+BOILER COVERINGS,
+Plastic Cement and Hair Felt, with or without the
+Patent "AIR SPACE" Method.
+ASBESTOS MATERIALS,
+Made from pure Italian Asbestos, in fiber, mill board, and
+round packing. THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO.,
+40 John Street, and Foot of E. 9th Street, New York.
+
+
+TELEGRAPH and Electrical Supplies.
+Send for Catalogue.
+C. E. JONES & BRO., CINCINNATI, O.
+
+
+WOOD SOLE SHOES.
+
+The cheapest, most durable,
+warm, good looking, and thoroughly
+waterproof shoe. Particularly
+adapted to Brewers,
+Miners, and all classes of laborers.
+Send stamp for circular
+and price list.
+
+CHAS. W. COPELAND,
+122 Summer St., Boston, Mass.
+
+
+BUY NO BOOTS OR SHOES
+
+Unless the soles are protected from wear by _Goodrich's
+Bessemer Steel Rivets. Guaranteed to outwear any other
+sole._ All dealers sell these boots. Taps by mail for 50
+cents in stamps. Send paper pattern of size wanted.
+H. C. GOODRICH, 19 Church St., Worcester, Mass.
+
+
+SPY Glasses, Field & Opera Glasses, MICROSCOPES,
+McALLISTER Magnifying Glasses. Circulars free.
+Mfg Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration]
+PAINTERS attention: send for circulars.
+etc. of my latest Metallic Plates for graining
+oak, walnut, chestnut, ash, etc., in the
+most rapid and excellent manner, no skill
+required. J. J. CALLOW. Cleveland. O.
+
+
+HARTFORD
+STEAM BOILER
+Inspection & Insurance
+COMPANY.
+
+W. B. FRANKLIN, V. Pres't, J. M. ALLEN, Pres't.
+J. B. PIERCE, Sec'y.
+
+
+THE RODIER PATENT SINGLE IRON PLANE.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Made of extra quality iron. A practical labor saving tool.
+Cuts against the grain equally as well as with it. Can be
+adjusted instantly to cut a coarse or fine shaving, and
+excels any double iron plane ever produced.
+Address LAFLIN MANUFACTURING CO.,
+North Elm Street, Westfield, Mass.
+
+
+PYROMETERS,
+
+For showing heat of
+Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes,
+Boiler Flues. Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc.
+HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer,
+149 Broadway, N. Y.
+
+
+THE MACKINNON PEN OR FLUID PENCIL.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Particulars mailed Free.
+MACKINNON PEN CO.,
+200 Broadway, near Fulton St., N. Y.
+
+
+FRIEDMANN'S PATENT INJECTOR,
+The best
+BOILER FEEDER
+In the world.
+Simple, Reliable, and Effective.
+40,000 IN ACTUAL USE.
+NATHAN & DREYFUS,
+Sole Manufacturers, NEW YORK.
+Send for Descriptive Catalogue.
+
+
+[Illustration: THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR]
+
+SUPPLIES FROM HYDRANT PRESSURE
+the cheapest power known.
+Invaluable for blowing Church Organs, running
+Printing Presses, _Sewing Machines in Households_,
+Turning Lathes, Scroll Saws, Grindstones, Coffee Mills,
+Sausage Machines, Feed Cutters, _Electric Lights_,
+Elevators, etc. It needs little room, no firing
+up, fuel, ashes, repairs, engineer, explosion, or delay,
+no extra insurance, no coal bills. Is noiseless, neat,
+compact, steady; will work at any pressure of water
+above 15 lb.; at 40 lb. pressure has 4-horse power, and
+capacity up to 6 or 8 horse power.
+Prices from $15 to $250. Send for circular to
+THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR CO., Newark, N. J.
+
+
+PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO., LIMITED,
+P.O. Box 3083.
+142 Greenwich St., New York.
+Guaranteed to be the most efficient
+and economical of all existing
+Ice and Cold Air Machines.
+
+
+MICROSCOPES, OPERA GLASSES, SPY
+Glasses, Spectacles, Thermometers, Barometers,
+Compasses.
+R. & J. BECK,
+Manufacturing Opticians, Philadelphia, Pa.
+Send for ILLUSTRATED PRICED CATALOGUE.
+
+
+J. STEVENS & CO.,
+P.O. Box 28, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Manufacturers of Stevens' Patent Breech-Loading
+Sporting and Hunters' Pet Rifles,
+Single and Double Barrel Shot Guns,
+Pocket Rifles, Pocket Shot Guns, Gallery
+Rifles, Superior Spring Calipers and Dividers,
+including the New Patent Coil Spring
+Calipers: also Double Lip Countersinks and
+Hathaways' Patent Combination Gauge.
+
+
+MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS.
+
+We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines,
+Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and
+Gearing specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for
+catalogue.
+
+J. T. NOYE & SONS, Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING.]
+
+The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater
+strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than any
+other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical.
+We are also the sole manufacturers of the CELEBRATED
+COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers,
+etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on
+application to JONES & LAUGHLINS,
+Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburg, Pa.
+190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill.
+
+-->Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by
+FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass.
+Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y.
+
+
+LEFFEL WATER WHEELS,
+
+[Illustration]
+
+With recent improvements.
+Prices Greatly Reduced.
+8000 in successful operation.
+FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1879,
+Sent free to those interested.
+
+James Leffel & Co,
+Springfield, O.
+110 Liberty St., N. Y. City.
+
+
+A PLANING MILL OUTFIT FOR SALE
+very low for cash. Will sell all together or each machine
+separate. All first-class machines, good order.
+J. H. KERRICK & CO., Indianapolis, Ind.
+
+
+BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS
+--For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old Crucibles,
+Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and
+Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices,
+Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica etc.,
+and whatever cannot be ground by other mills.
+Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc.
+JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS,
+corner of White and Elm Sts., New York.
+
+
+$3 PRINTING PRESS
+
+[Illustration: The Excelsior]
+
+Print cards labels &c. (Self-inker $5) 13 larger sizes
+For business or pleasure, young or old. Do your own advertising
+and printing. Catalogue of presses, type, cards,
+&c., for 2 stamps. Kelsey & Co. Meriden, Conn.
+
+
+HEKTOGRAPH
+Patents for the process of Dry Copying have been issued to us, dated May
+18 and June 1, 1880. The Hektograph is now the only gelatine copying pad
+which can be used without infringing.
+All infringements will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.
+HEKTOGRAPH CO., 23 and 24 Church Street, New York.
+
+
+THE TANITE CO.,
+
+STROUDSBURG, PA.
+EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS.
+
+LONDON--9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C.
+LIVERPOOL--42 The Temple, Dale St.
+
+
+WOOD WORKING MACHINERY.
+PLANNING, MATCHING, MOLDING, MORTISING,
+TENONING, CARVING, MACHINES.
+BAND & SCROLL SAWS
+UNIVERSAL
+AND
+VARIETY WOOD WORKERS, &c &c.
+J. A. FAY & CO.
+CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A.
+
+
+Metallic Shingles
+
+Make the most DURABLE and ORNAMENTAL ROOF
+in the world. Send for descriptive circular and new
+prices to
+
+IRON CLAD MANUFACTURING CO.,
+
+22 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK.
+
+
+SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED
+$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe.
+
+Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses,
+Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw
+Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist
+Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for
+catalogue of outfits for amateurs or
+artisans.
+
+H. L. SHEPARD & CO.,
+331, 333, 335. & 337 West Front Street,
+Cincinnati, Ohio.
+
+
+WANTED.--FIRST-CLASS PARTIES IN
+cities to sell Wing's Fan Ventilators. A great success.
+Rare chance to make money. See SCI. AM., Jan. 31, 1880,
+or send for pamphlets, etc. L. J. WING, or THE SIMONDS
+MFG. CO., 50 Cliff Street, New York.
+
+
+CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS.
+
+Mason's Friction Clutches and Elevators.
+
+"New and Improved Patterns."
+VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U. S. A.
+
+
+BROWN'S PAT. SPLIT PULLEYS
+Shafts, Hangers,
+
+At low prices. Largest assortment. A. & F.
+BROWN, 57, 59, & 61 Lewis St., New York.
+
+
+[Illustration: PROSPECTUS]
+
+OF THE
+
+SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
+
+FOR 1880.
+
+THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PAPER IN THE WORLD.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+VOLUME XLIII. NEW SERIES.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ONLY $3.20 A YEAR, INCLUDING POSTAGE. WEEKLY.
+52 NUMBERS A YEAR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THIS WIDELY CIRCULATED and splendidly illustrated paper is published
+weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information,
+and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and
+discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery,
+New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry,
+Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture,
+Horticulture, Natural History, etc.
+
+ALL CLASSES OF READERS find in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a popular
+_resume_ of the best scientific information of the day; and it is the
+aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding
+as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this
+journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It Is
+promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it
+circulates.
+
+TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.--One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be
+sent for _one year_--52 numbers--postage prepaid, to any subscriber
+in the United States or Canada, on receipt of THREE DOLLARS AND TWENTY
+CENTS by the publishers; six months, $1.60; three months, $1.00.
+
+CLUBS.--ONE EXTRA COPY of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied
+gratis _for every club of five subscribers_ at $3.20 each; additional
+copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid.
+
+One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of THE SCIENTIFIC
+AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be sent for one year, postage prepaid, to
+any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt of _seven
+dollars_ by the publishers.
+
+The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express. Money
+carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly
+addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address
+all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to
+
+MUNN & CO.,
+37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.
+
+TO FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS.--Under the facilities of the Postal Union,
+the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is now sent by post direct from New York, with
+regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all
+other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia,
+and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and all States
+of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries,
+Canada excepted, $4, gold, for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 1 year; $9, gold,
+for both SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and Supplement for 1 year. This includes
+postage, which we pay. Remit by postal order or draft to order of Munn
+& Co, 37 Park Row, New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS.
+ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard
+Sts., Philadelphia, and 50 Gold St. New York.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+
+_x_ indicates italic script.
+
+Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained.
+
+
+Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr. ... 7,727, 7,728
+
+7,727, 7,728 are as printed.
+
+(TRADE MARKS.)
+
+
+Error
+
+'pecularities' corrected to 'peculiarities'
+"The distinctive peculiarities of this steamer are the very high
+steam pressure that she carries--..."
+
+(Article 5: 'A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.')
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No.
+1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38482.txt or 38482.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/4/8/38482/
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.