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diff --git a/38482.txt b/38482.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a07e13d --- /dev/null +++ b/38482.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5188 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. +[New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880 + A Weekly Journal Of Practical Information, Art, Science, + Mechanics, Chemistry, And Manufactures + +Author: Various + +Release Date: January 3, 2012 [EBook #38482] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +[Illustration] + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + + +A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, +CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. + + +NEW YORK, JULY 3, 1880. + +Vol. XLIII.--No. 1. [NEW SERIES.] + +[$3.20 per Annum [POSTAGE PREPAID.]] + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + +(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) + + 1 Agricultural inventions 1 + 40 Aspirator and compressor* 11 + 38 Astronomical notes 11 + 25 Baby elephant takes a bath 7 + 22 Bath, shower, portable, new* 6 + 11 Boiler explosions, prevention of* 4 + 38 Canal boat, improved 10 + 17 Carpetings, etc., printing gold on 5 + 30 Chloral hydrate, simple test for 7 + 13 Chloroforming during sleep 5 + 35 Corn magnets 10 + 14 Dipper, watering, improved* 5 + 29 Drowned, perseverance with the 7 + 15 Electric lamp, improved* 5 + 25 Elephant, baby, takes a bath 7 + 37 Engineering inventions 10 + 6 Epidemic, strange, a 2 + 33 Exhibition, internation., Sydney* 8 + 11 Explosions, boiler, prevention of* 4 + 39 Fires in New York 11 + 8 Fogs, navigation in* 3 + 16 Fruit, preserving app. for* 5 + 3 Gas machine, Maxim's* 1 + 3 Gas making, simple process* 1 + 20 Genessee Falls, utilization of 5 + 34 Horology, report of judges* 8 + 33 International exhibition, Sydney* 8 + 1 Inventions, agricultural 1 + 37 Inventions, engineering 10 + 24 Inventions, mechanical 7 + 12 Inventions, miscellaneous 4 + 42 Inventions, new 11 + 9 Iron, effect of age on quality 3 + 15 Lamp, electric, improved* 5 + 23 Leadville mines and railroads* 6 + 35 Magnets, corn 10 + 36 Materials, resistance of, exp. on 10 + 3 Maxim's gas machine* 1 + 24 Mechanical inventions 7 + 31 Natural history notes 7 + 8 Navigation in fogs* 3 + 7 Oil tanks, cannonading of 3 + 18 Ore separator, Edison 5 + 41 Photoglyptic process, new 11 + 26 Phyllirhoe Bucephala* 7 + 32 Ruggles, S. P 7 + 22 Shower bath, portable, new* 6 + 19 Slate washer, novel* 5 + 2 Specimen, rare, lost 1 + 5 Steamer, little, remarkable 2 + 10 Steamers, large, collision between 3 + 21 Stevens Institute of Technology 5 + 33 Sydney Industrial Exhibition* 8 + 28 Tree growth, force of* 7 + 27 Trees and shrubs, care of 7 + 19 Washer, slate, novel* 5 + 4 Watches, Am., superiority of 2 + 14 Watering dipper, improved* 5 + + * * * * * + + + + +AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. + +Mr. Sterling A. Millard, of Clayville, N. Y., has invented a scythe +blade that contains much less weight of metal and possesses equal or +greater strength than the ordinary scythe blades. It is made in the +usual manner from what is termed by scythe makers a "scythe rod," and +is wrought and shaped in such form that a proper thickness is left +to serve as the back of the blade. A longitudinal auxiliary rib or +supplementary back is formed on the blade, which stiffens the scythe +without requiring the same weight of metal as those of the usual +construction. + +Mr. George C. Winslow, of Kalamazoo, Mich., has patented an +improvement in spring harrow teeth, which consists generally in +hinging the harrow tooth in the forward end of a rectangular frame +bolted to the harrow bar, and combining therewith a spring, which +at its back end is clamped to the harrow bar by the same bolts which +secure the rectangular frame, and which spring then curves upward and +forward, and then down through the slot or opening of the rectangular +frame, and is jointed at its extremity, near the bottom of the harrow +tooth, so that its tension serves to throw the harrow tooth forward, +but allows it to yield to obstruction. + + * * * * * + + + + +A RARE SPECIMEN LOST. + +Captain Ingalls, of the schooner Chalcedony, has let slip an +opportunity to make a small fortune and at the same time settle the +long vexed question as to the reality of the elusive and possibly +mythical sea serpent. His story, as told in the _Argus_, of Portland, +Maine, June 8, runs as follows: + +"Last Saturday, about one o'clock in the afternoon, we were slowly +sailing past Monhegan, there being very little wind, about twenty +miles southwest of the island, when we caught sight of what looked +like a large schooner floating bottom up. As the object lay almost +dead ahead, we made directly for it, but before we got very close a +Cape Ann schooner lay to and sent a boat's crew to inspect what now +plainly appeared to be a monstrous carcass of some species or other. +We finally hove to, about a ship's length off, and took a leisurely +survey of the thing. It was dead, and floated on the water, with its +belly, of a dirty brown color, up. It head was at least twenty feet +long, and about ten feet through at the thickest point. About midway +of the body, which was, I should guess, about forty feet long, were +two fins, of a clear white, each about twelve feet in length. The body +seemed to taper from the back of the head down to the size of a small +log, distinct from the whale tribe, as the end had nothing that looked +like a fluke. The shape of the creature's head was more like a tierce +than anything I can liken it to. I have seen almost all kinds of +shapes that can be found in these waters, but never saw the like of +this before. + +Two years ago, off Seguin, I saw shooting through the water a thing +which, I think, resembled this creature considerably, but I didn't +get close enough to it to say for certain. The men from the Cape Ann +schooner got on this dead creature, and one of the boys cut a double +shuffle on its belly, which for all the world looked like the bottom +of a schooner covered with barnacles and seaweed by the weather. We +should have towed the thing to Portland had there been any wind, +but as there wasn't, we steered away and left it. What sort of a sea +monster this was I can't say for sure, but in my opinion it was the +original 'sea serpent,' which has been seen once in a while for years +past, and which, when alive, was too swift a swimmer for any sailing +vessel to get alongside of." + +The report of the captain of the "Cape Ann schooner" will be in order +now. + + * * * * * + + + + +[Illustration: MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE.] + +SIMPLE AND CHEAP PROCESS OF GAS MAKING. + +When a current of air is passed over the surface of gasoline it +becomes carbureted or charged with its vapors to saturation. Air thus +charged is somewhat heavier than pure air, and when passed through an +Argand or bat's wing burner, it burns with a brilliant white flame. +Nothing would seem easier than to make a machine that would force +a current of air through, over, or on some material saturated with +gasoline, and this apparently simple process has led many into +attempts to make a successful gas machine. Many fortunes have been +spent by the unscientific in the chase after this, to them, _ignis +fatuus_. The stumbling block which has wrecked so many enterprises +in this line has been the cold produced by the evaporation of the +gasoline. One pound of gasoline, in passing from a liquid to a vapor, +requires about as much heat as would be required to melt two pounds of +cast iron. It is therefore obvious that where no heat is supplied, +the gasoline, air, and machine must soon become very cold when any +considerable quantity of gas is being made. The heat must come from +somewhere, and as none is supplied, it is taken from the apparatus, +air, and gasoline, making them very cold. A beautiful and simple +experiment to illustrate this refrigeration can be made as follows: +Place a gill of water in a common washbasin, then pour over it +one pint of light gasoline; shake the basin, and blow the liquids +vigorously, when very soon the basin will become intensely cold--the +water will freeze, and may be taken out in the form of a snowball. +If the water and basin are hot, and the experiment performed in a hot +room or in the sun, it is much more striking.[1] + +This refrigeration operates upon the gas as follows: Air will take up +and hold in suspension any volatile liquid in proportion to the square +of its temperature, so that when the temperature of the gasoline and +air have fallen off one half, the quantity of gasoline in the air has +fallen off three quarters, and the light is destroyed. The quality of +the gas in such machines varies from a rich smoky flame to a pale +blue and blowing flame in a short time. Every change of quality in the +liquid, temperature of the apparatus, or number of burners used causes +a vexatious change in the quality of the gas. If heat is applied at +the right time and in the right quantity it is not so bad, but too +much heat, or neglecting to regulate it properly, converts the machine +into a still, the condenser of which is the pipes of the building +lighted, when danger is added to vexation. About ten years ago a +machine was illustrated in these columns that obviated all these +troubles; it was the invention of the well known mechanical engineer, +Hiram S. Maxim, of this city. His machine was on an entirely new +principle, and has since gone into general use. It was intricate and +somewhat expensive, but it performed its work well. Messrs. A. T. +Stewart & Co. use them largely in their mills and hotels. Mr. Maxim +made one of six thousand burner capacity for the Grand Union Hotel, +Saratoga Springs, it being the largest gas machine ever built. It has +supplied gas of an unvarying quality for six years, and is as good as +new to-day. + +To reduce the cost as far as possible, Mr. Maxim has designed a new +machine on another principle, which we herewith illustrate. Fig. 1 +shows the machine in perspective, and Fig. 2 is a sectional view. +The vertical cylinder is a common gas holder of sheet brass. It is 36 +inches in diameter for a thousand burner machine. The operative parts +of the machine are best shown in the sectional view, which represents +the portion of the machine called the injector. A is a steam chamber +supplied with four or more pounds of steam through the pipe, K. B is +the gasoline supply pipe, and C the air supply. D is an index valve. +The operation is as follows: Steam being in the chamber, A, the +descent of the holder opens the valve, M, and allows the steam to +[_Continued on page 4._] + +[Footnote 1: This experiment should not be tried in the vicinity of +a gaslight or fire.] + + * * * * * + + + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +ESTABLISHED 1845 + + * * * * * + +MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. + +PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + + * * * * * + + O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. + + +TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. + +One copy, one year postage included $3 20 + +One copy, six months, postage included 1 60 + +Clubs.--One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied +gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional +copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. + +Remit by postal order. Address + MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York. + +-->To Advertisers.--The regular circulation of the SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN is now FIFTY THOUSAND COPIES weekly. For 1880 the publishers +anticipate a still larger circulation. + +THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT + +Is a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT is +issued weekly. Every number contains 16 octavo pages, uniform in size +with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Terms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, $5.00 +a year, postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies, 10 cents. Sold by +all news dealers throughout the country. + +COMBINED RATES.--The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT will be sent +for one year, postage free, on receipt of _seven dollars_. + +Both papers to one address or different addresses, as desired. + +The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered +letter. + +Address MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, N. Y. + + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION. + +The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid +periodical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one +hundred large quarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1.) +Most of the plates and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of +the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, with its splendid engravings and valuable +information; (2.) Commercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements +of leading houses. Terms for Export Edition, $5.00 a year, +sent prepaid to any part of the world. Single copies 50 cents. +-->Manufacturers and others who desire to secure foreign trade may +have large, and handsomely displayed announcements published in this +edition at a very moderate cost. + +The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition has a large guaranteed +circulation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address +MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York. + + * * * * * + +NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 3, 1880. + + * * * * * + +TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT + +No. 235, + +For the Week ending July 3, 1880. + +Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers. + + + PAGE +I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--The New Railway up Mount + Vesuvius. 6 illustrations. Plan of road.--General view of + mountain and railway.--Side view and end view of passenger + car.--Mount Vesuvius Railway.--Map showing railway, + mountain, crater, and surrounding country.--The carriage + road and railway 3735 + The St. Gothard Tunnel--Notes on the junction of the two + galleries. By Dr. CALLADON 3736 + The St. Gothard Tunnel.--Conditions and causes of air + currents in the tunnel 3736 + Protection of Ships from Loss by Fire and from Loss by + Sinking. Recent improvements in the construction of ships + and steamers 3738 + Regenerative Stoves.--A Sketch of their History and Notes + on their Use. By JOHN N. HARTMAN. An important paper read + at the Pittsburg meeting of the American Institute of + Mining Engineers. 1 figure 3738 + Cowper's Hot Blast Stoves. 2 full page illustrations of + hot blast stoves for a pair of furnaces.--Plan and cross + section of stove.--Plan and cross section of furnace.--Plan + and cross section of gas downcomer.--Sectional elevation of + stove and downcomer 3739 + Wilson's Lock-up Safety Valve. An important improvement. + 10 figures. 3742 + Working Low Grade Ores 3742 + The Largest Concrete Tank in England 3742 + +II. ELECTRICITY, ETC.--Siemens' Improvements in Electric + Railways. 4 figures. Siemens' combined steam and electric + railway.--Siemens' electric mail railway 3743 + Difference in the Actions of Positive and Negative + Electricity 3743 + Forces Exciting Electricity 3743 + The New Electrical Middlings Purifier. By THOS. B. OSBORNE. + 5 figures 3744 + Physical Society, London. Photo--electricity.--Electrometer + key.--Air in water.--Steam thermometer 3745 + Atmospheric polarization. Influence of terrestrial magnetism 3745 + +III. HYGIENE AND MEDICINE.--Lead Poisoning. Clinical lecture + by Dr. WM. PEPPER. Effects of a cosmetic of carbonate of + lead.--Symptoms of lead poisoning.--Affinity of lead for + nerves and muscles.--Treatment of lead poisoning 3745 + Recent Investigations of the Blood 3746 + The Pulse. Lecture on the pulse in health and disease, + by Dr. T. A. McBRIDE 3746 + Some Early Symptoms of Insanity 3747 + An Improved Method of Applying Antiseptic Vapors 3747 + Treatment of Phthisis by Inhalation of Borax and Salicylic + Acid 3747 + +IV. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY.--Detection of Starch in Cane + Sugar. By P. CASAMAJOR 3747 + Double Lever Cement Testing Apparatus. 1 figure 3748 + Prediction of Chemical Elements 3748 + Oil of Sage 3748 + Bronzing Iron 3748 + Rust Preventing Compound 3748 + Argentine Sheep and Wool 3748 + +V. NATURAL HISTORY, ETC.--Brain of Limulus Polyphemus. + General anatomy of the brain.--Internal structure and + histology of the brain.--Comparison of the Limulus brain + with the brain of other arthropods 3749 + An Unfortunate White Whale. A live whale with a broken neck 3749 + Ethereal Oil of California Bay Tree. By J. M. STILLMAN 3749 + Forest Trees of North America. Prof. Sargent's catalogue + (continued from SUPPLEMENT No. 234). Cedars, Red Woods, + Firs, Spruces, etc. 3750 + + * * * * * + + + + +THE SUPERIORITY OF AMERICAN WATCHES. + +The extract from the report of the judges in horology, at the Sydney +International Exhibition, with the diagrams showing the comparative +merit of the watches tested, given on other pages of the current issue +of SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, cannot fail to interest our readers. There +were ten exhibitors, and the inherent and comparative merits of the +various exhibits were rated under ten heads on the basis of 100 points +"for the highest degree of excellence." There were British, German, +French, Swiss, and American competitors; and while the scores of the +nine European exhibitors footed up totals ranging from 76 to 686, +their average being 389-1/3, the total of the Waltham Watch Company +was 981. In detail this remarkable score stood thus: Originality, +98; invention and discovery, 95; utility and quality of material, +95; skill in workmanship, 93; fitness for purpose intended, 100; +adaptation to public wants, 100; economy, 100; cost, 100; finish and +elegance of cases, 100; timekeeping qualities, 100. Total, 981. + +The timekeeping tests were made, as the report points out, by Prof. +H. C. Russell, Astronomer Royal at the Sydney Observatory; and it is +especially noted that while the majority of the watches tested had +been made for exhibition purposes, and specially prepared for that +end, the exhibit of the American company was the ordinary and regular +product of the factory, such as is finished every day. Another +evidence of the superiority of the American system, as emphasized in +the report, is the fact that a sixth grade Waltham watch, one of the +cheapest tested, showed a better performance than many very expensive +and otherwise first class watches of other makes. + +The moral of the victory is happily drawn in the following editorial +review of the contest and its lessons, by the Sydney _Morning Herald_ +of April 14, last: + +"The report of the judges in horology, which we published on Saturday +last, was a document of more than ordinary interest. The slightest +glance at it will show that the judges brought no small amount of +ability and industry to their task. In many other classes of exhibits +judging must, to no small extent, be a matter of opinion. There is +no absolute test by which one photograph, for example, or one oil +painting can be decided to be superior to another. In exhibits of +this kind much must be left to the taste of the critic. Watches and +chronometers, on the other hand, can be submitted to the minutest +tests. The care and trouble which these require are not small, but +the issue is sufficiently important to warrant all the labor which +the judges in horology brought to their work. Time-keepers that can be +relied upon in all weathers and in all climates, and that are within +reach of all classes, are a luxury of no common order, but to a large +number of persons they are a necessity also. In these fast days, when +everything must be done to time, it is for a variety of purposes +found necessary to make accurate divisions, not merely of the days +and hours, but of the minutes and seconds also. The verdict which the +judges in our Exhibition have pronounced on the Waltham watches is +one of which any company might be proud; but the facts on which the +verdict is based are as interesting to the public at large as to the +parties immediately concerned. One of the secrets of American progress +lies first in the invention of machinery, and then in its application +to almost all descriptions of industry. It is the bringing of +machinery to every branch of watchmaking that is enabling Americans to +beat the world in this as well as in many other things. + +"There has been a general belief that a machine-made watch is not to +be compared to one that is hand-made, and that on this account the +English watch must always hold its own against the American. This +belief will have to be given up, if it is not given up already. It has +now been established that machinery can be used for the purposes of +watchmaking with quite as much success as for those of agriculture. +The Americans are showing that they can make better watches than +the Swiss or the English, but, what is of equal importance, they +are showing that they can make them for less money. The boast of the +Yankees is that they can turn out work cheaper and better than anybody +else, and that for that reason the world must take their products. +It would be difficult to prove that in some departments the boast is +wholly without foundation. The American mechanic is paid better than +the English mechanic, and yet the work which he turns out can, as a +rule, be sold for less. The reason is, not only that he works harder, +but that the assistance of machinery enables him to produce the +largest result by the smallest amount of labor. + +"Mr. Brassey, who believes that the workmen of his own country are +equal if not superior to any in the world, maintains that an English +mechanic can do more work than an American mechanic. The American +really does more, because the inducements to industry are greater, and +because he has better machinery. The success of the Waltham Company +has furnished a striking instance of this. This company has now not +only well-nigh driven foreign watchmaking companies out of America, +but it has shown that it can more than compete with them on their own +ground. This arises partly from the fact that it can turn out the best +work on a large scale, but also from the fact that the principle on +which it operates enables it to do all this economically. The +Waltham Company claims to have arrived at simplicity, uniformity, and +precision in the manufacture of watches, and the report of our judges +shows that its claim is well founded. One of its discoveries was that +a simple instrument, where simplicity is possible, will cost less and +be worth more than a complicated one. Another was that the making +of all instruments of the same grade exactly alike, so that the part +which belongs to one belongs to the whole, will not only facilitate +manufacture, but will greatly economize it. A third was, that +these properties of simplicity and interchangeability are the best +guarantees of perfect exactitude. The success which the Americans have +reached in this as well as in other branches of industry, ought +to excite the gratitude rather than the jealousy of the world. Any +company or nation that shows how a maximum of efficiency can be +reached by a minimum of labor confers a benefit on mankind. This +our American cousins have done in other spheres besides that of +watchmaking. There are branches of the prosperity of the Americans +that are traceable to the extent of their territory and the fertility +of their soil; but the triumph of their machinery has been the result +of their inventiveness and of their enterprise, and for that reason it +points a moral that Australians might profitably observe." + + * * * * * + + + + +A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER. + +There is soon to set sail from London for New York a new and +remarkable little steamer of 70 tons gross burden, named the +Anthracite, designed to exhibit the advanced engineering ideas of +Mr. Loftus Perkins, of England. The distinctive peculiarities of this +steamer are the very high steam pressure that she carries--350 to 500 +lb. to the square inch, and the small consumption of fuel--one pound +of coal per hour per horsepower. A trial trip of this new little boat +was lately made of 46 miles, during which 350 lb. steam pressure was +steadily maintained, 132 revolutions per minute of propeller, and a +speed of eight knots per hour. Other vessels, some of larger size than +the above, have been built on the Perkins system, and are running +in England. One of them, the yacht Emily, carries 500 lb. boiler +pressure. Most of our readers are familiar with Mr. Perkins' system, +which has been fully described in our columns. Those who may wish to +refer thereto are directed to an interesting article by Mr. Perkins, +with engravings, published in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. +81, July 21, 1877; also to the description of the steam ferry boat, +run on this principle, given with three pages of engravings in our +SUPPLEMENT No. 217. + +Engineering theory and practice have for a long time plainly pointed +to high steam pressures as one of the surest ways to economy of fuel. +Twenty five years ago our ocean steamers carried only 16 lb. pressure +to the inch, and burned 5 to 6 lb. of coal per hour per horse power. +To-day they are carrying 75 lb. pressure, and burning 21/2 to 3 lb. of +coal per hour per horse power. + +In 1840 the Britannia, one of the finest steamers of the Cunard line +plying between this country and England, burned 5,291 lb. of coal for +each ton of paying freight she carried, her speed, then considered +fast, being 81/2 knots per hour. In 1877 the Britannic, speed 15.6 knots +per hour, burned only 551 lb. of coal per ton of freight carried. + +Although our present steamers are making fast time and are very +economical as compared with earlier vessels, still it is a lamentable +fact that on the largest and finest of them, furnished with all the +latest improvements and best appliances to secure economy, worked by +the most careful and intelligent engineers, we succeed in putting +into our steam only about one tenth of the heat realized in our +boiler fire, the remaining nine-tenths of the heat being lost. Only in +proportion as we make our steam hotter, and expanding it more, shall +we economize in fuel. In this respect the voyage of the Anthracite is +designed by her owners, we presume, to be an eye-opener for steamboat +owners, not only in this country but throughout the world. If a little +bit of a boat like this, 84 feet long, 16 feet beam, and 10 feet deep, +can carry its own coal and water across the Atlantic, with a pressure +of 350 to 500 lb. to the inch, and on one pound of coal per horse +power, the natural inference is that our great steamers, when fitted +with the same system, will realize far better results. The change from +three pounds of coal to one pound per horse power means a shaving of +two thirds in the coal bill, which is always an enormous item in the +expenses of large boats. We ought to add that another peculiarity of +the Anthracite is that she uses the same boiler water over and over, +only a trifle of fresh water being supplied to make good the slight +waste. Our New York steamboat men, who have to pay so dear for Croton +water, will be likely to examine the water tank of the Anthracite with +interest. + + * * * * * + + + + +A STRANGE EPIDEMIC. + +On the night of Tuesday, June 15, a remarkable epidemic fell upon +several towns in western Massachusetts, the town of Adams +suffering most severely. Out of a population of 6,000, several +hundred--variously estimated from 600 to over 1,000--were prostrated +by a disease resembling cholera morbus. The symptoms were first +dizziness, then great nausea, followed by vomiting and prolonged +purging, and in some cases delirium. A belt of country two or three +miles in width and several miles long was thus afflicted, beginning at +the west, the whole number of victims being estimated at from 1,200 to +1,500. No deaths are reported. + +The cause of the epidemic is not known, but seems most likely to have +been atmospheric. For some time the weather had been dry and hot. +A heavy local rain fell during the evening, and was followed by or +attended with a sudden and great lowering of the temperature. A chilly +fog hung over the belt of country invaded by the disease, and a heavy +"swampy" odor and taste were in the air. + +The malady reached its climax in about twenty-four hours. It was first +suspected that the water supply had been somehow poisoned, but many +people who had not used the water were prostrated, while others +who used it freely escaped. Adams has hitherto been regarded as an +exceptionally healthy town, and the surrounding country is high and +wholesome. + + * * * * * + + + + +CANNONADING OF OIL TANKS. + +On the morning of Friday, June 11, lightning struck an oil tank +belonging to the Tidioute and Titusville Pipe Line, at Titusville, +Pa. The fire thus kindled, raged until Sunday night, consuming 200,000 +barrels of oil, crude and refined, and destroying property to the +amount of $1,500,000. The most appalling feature in this fire was the +successive "boiling over" of oil from burning tanks of the liquid. +To empty rapidly a tank containing 20,000 barrels of oil, while the +latter is on fire, is no easy matter. The pipes connected with the +tanks were utterly inadequate to remove the oil rapidly enough to rob +the "boiling over" of its terrors. A happy thought suggested itself +on Friday to Mr. D. R. Herron, of the Titusville Battery. Obtaining +permission, Mr. Herron brought out one of the Parrott guns of the +battery, loaded it with solid shot, and began firing against the +three-eighths iron sheets of the distant blazing tank. The first +shot glanced, but subsequent volleys pierced the shell of the tank, +releasing a large quantity of oil that otherwise would have fed the +flames. The battery then moved on to the Emery tank, also burning, and +lastly to the Acme tank. Large rents were made in all these, and the +liberated oil ran harmlessly down into a stream. This novel target +practice greatly shortened the duration of the fire at these tanks, +and so drained them that the flames died out for want of fuel, and no +"boiling over" resulted. + +The peculiar attraction for lightning which these iron oil tanks +appear to possess has been several times referred to in our columns. +Whenever a thunderstorm passes fairly over one of them it seems to be +devoted to destruction. Millions of dollars' worth of property have +thus been destroyed. No practical safeguard has yet been suggested. + +Ordinary buildings, when properly provided with rods that are +well grounded in the earth, are comparatively safe from lightning. +Structures made of iron and simply resting upon the earth, without +rods, are also exempt from electrical damage. Such structures always +present a continuous body of conducting material for the free passage +of electricity to earth. Why is it, then, that iron oil tanks form +such conspicuous exceptions to our common experience with lightning? +Rods put on other structures save them; but rods have been put on oil +tanks, masts with rods have surrounded the tanks, but the tanks were +exploded by lightning all the same. + +We will repeat a possible explanation which we have heretofore given. +From every oil tank, according to our theory, there is a constant +escape of light hydrocarbon vapor, which forms a permanent cloud or +column, rising to a great height above the tanks, far above any +rod that could be erected. This vapor rod is a conductor, which the +lightning naturally follows, sets on fire the vapor, and explodes the +tank. + +A column of heated air or vapor rising from a chimney is well known +to be a conductor for lightning; the rise of hydrocarbon vapors is +illustrated by the balloon. + +If the theory we have outlined is correct, the remedy for the +electrical explosion of oil tanks is to be found in such a treatment +of the oil, or such a construction of tank, as shall prevent any +escape of the light vapors. + + * * * * * + + + + +NAVIGATION IN FOGS. + +The disastrous collision of the Sound steamers Narragansett and +Stonington was quickly followed by one at sea, by which two great +passenger ships escaped instant destruction almost by a hair's +breadth. + +Shortly after noon, Monday, June 12, the National Line steamship +Queen, bound from London to New York, and within 300 miles of her +journey's end, ran into the Anchor Line steamship Anchoria, on the way +from New York to Glasgow. The bow of the Queen struck the Anchoria on +the port side, about twenty feet abaft the foremast, smashing a great +hole through the iron hull. Two compartments of the Anchoria filled +immediately, but the partitions stood firm, and the other compartments +sufficed to keep the vessel afloat. The bow of the Queen was badly +crushed, and her forward compartment was flooded. Fortunately the +bulkhead proved stanch, and the ship was saved. The fog was very +thick, and both ships were going at full speed. It is said that the +captain of the Anchoria mistook the whistle of the Queen for that of +the Anchoria's companion vessel, the Victoria, which left New York at +the same time, and was probably not far away, and before the error was +discovered the ships were too close to avoid the catastrophe. Had the +sea been rough or the partitions less stanch, both ships must have +gone to the bottom almost instantly. + +The passengers of the Anchoria were transferred to the Queen, which +was least hurt, and the two ships sailed together for New York, +arriving Tuesday noon. + +These two collisions, coming in such quick succession and imperiling +so many lives, give terrible emphasis to the dangers attending +navigation in foggy weather. They make very pertinent also the query +whether the means now employed for discovering the position +and nearness of unseen vessels are at all commensurate with the +necessities of the case, or with the means already known, and known +to be well calculated to prevent such dangers. In a dense fog the +ordinary ship's light is visible scarcely more than a ship's length; +and as it proved in the case of the Narragansett and Stonington, the +time between thus sighting an approaching vessel and the instant of +collision is fatally brief. The recent test of electric headlights +for ships in this harbor clearly demonstrated the possibility of +projecting a beam of electric light through the densest fog for a +thousand feet or more, and through ordinary fogs a distance several +times as great. + +Except in very rough weather the steam whistle can be heard a long +distance, but it is liable to be a treacherous guide. It is not always +possible to determine by the ear alone the direction from which a +sound comes; and it would seem that a mistake of this nature was made +on the Stonington, since the order intended to change her course +away from that of the Narragansett only served to precipitate the +collision. Had the whistle of the Queen signaled her course it could +not have been mistaken for that of a ship sailing in the opposite +direction, and the safety of two great floating hotels and their +occupants would not have been imperiled thereby. + +Means for the better penetration of fogs, for determining the +direction of unseen sources of sounds, and for enabling steamers to +announce to all within hearing the course they are pursuing, seem +therefore to be imperative necessities on shipboard. The first is +furnished by the electric headlight, with a system of projection +similar to but more efficient than that used on locomotives. The last +would be provided by an efficient code of whistle signals to indicate +the several points of compass. The second need is supplied by the +instrument figured in the accompanying illustration. + +[Illustration: PROFESSOR MAYER'S TOPOPHONE.] + +The aim of the topophone, which was invented and patented by Professor +A. M. Mayer, last winter, is to enable the user to determine quickly +and surely the exact direction and position of any source of sound. +Our figure shows a portable style of the instrument; for use +on ship-board it would probably form one of the fixtures of the +pilot-house or the "bridge," or both. In most cases arising in sailing +through fogs, it would be enough for the captain or pilot to be +sure of the exact direction of a fog horn, whistling buoy, or steam +whistle; and for this a single aural observation suffices. + +Every one has twirled a tuning fork before the ear, and listened to +the alternate swelling and sinking of the sound, as the sound waves +from one tine re-enforce or counteract those from the other tine. The +topophone is based upon the same fact, namely, the power of any sound +to augment or destroy another of the same pitch, when ranged so that +the sound waves of each act in unison with or in opposition to those +of the other. + +Briefly described, the topophone consists of two resonators (or any +other sound receivers) attached to a connecting bar or shoulder rest. +The sound receivers are joined by flexible tubes, which unite for part +of their length, and from which ear tubes proceed. One tube, it will +be observed, carries a telescopic device by which its length can be +varied. When the two resonators face the direction whence a sound +comes, so as to receive simultaneously the same sonorous impulse, and +are joined by tubes of equal length, the sound waves received from +them will necessarily re-enforce each other and the sound will be +augmented. If, on the contrary, the resonators being in the same +position as regards the source of sound, the resonator tubes differ in +length by half the wave length of the sound, the impulse from the one +neutralizes that from the other, and the sound is obliterated. + +Accordingly, in determining the direction of the source of any sound +with this instrument, the observer, guided by the varying intensity +of the sound transmitted by the resonators, turns until their +openings touch the same sound waves simultaneously, which position +he recognizes either by the great augmentation of the sound (when the +tube lengths are equal), or by the cessation of the sound, when the +tubes vary so that the interference of the sound waves is perfect. In +either case the determination of the direction of the source of the +sound is almost instantaneous, and the two methods may be successively +employed as checks upon each other's report. + +It is obvious that with such a help the pilot in a fog need never be +long in doubt as to the direction of a warning signal; and if need +be he can without much delay, by successive observations and a little +calculation, determine, approximately at least, the distance of the +sounding body. + + * * * * * + + + + +EFFECT OF AGE ON THE QUALITY OF IRON. + +Professor Bauschinger, in 1878, tested iron taken from a chain bridge +built in 1829, and found that fifty years of use had not perceptibly +altered its quality--either its strength or its elasticity--as +reported at the time of its erection. He also examined metal from +another bridge built in 1852, and found that the average quality +remained as given by Von Pauli at the time of its erection. + +Professor Thurston, testing pieces of the wire cable of the Fairmount +Suspension Bridge, recently taken down at Philadelphia, after about +forty years' use, found the iron to have a tenacity and elasticity +and a ductility fully equal to the best wire of same size found in the +market to-day. + +He therefore concludes that iron subjected to strains such as are met +with in properly designed bridges does not deteriorate with age. + + * * * * * + + + + +A COLLISION BETWEEN LARGE PASSENGER STEAMERS. + +During a fog near midnight, June 11, two of the large passenger +steamers plying on Long Island Sound, Stonington line, between New +York and Boston, came in collision, while running at considerable +speed. One of the boats, the Narragansett, was struck near the middle, +her side cut open, and a smoke-pipe knocked over, which made a down +draught through the furnace, driving out a great sheet of burning +gas into the cabins and between decks, by which the vessel was set on +fire, at the same time the opening in her side caused her to begin +to sink. Some three hundred passengers were on board, and a frightful +scene of confusion followed. Happily there was a plentiful supply +of life-preservers, some life-rafts, and a few life-boats. There was +delay in lowering the boats, but the rafts, life-preservers, chairs, +and other floatables served to support most of the unfortunate people, +who, to escape the flames, were obliged to leap quickly into the +water. About fifty lives were lost; the remainder were rescued by +boats from another steamer, the New York, also by help sent from the +other damaged vessel, the Stonington. + +It seems remarkable that so many were saved. This calamity illustrates +the necessity for further effort on the part of inventors to discover +new and improved means for fog signaling, saving life, preventing the +spread of fires, and keeping vessels afloat. Most of the large local +steamers that communicate with New York are veritable palaces, +built regardless of expense, and supplied with every known reliable +appliance for safety; but the occurrence of accidents like this and +their disastrous results show that much remains to be done before +navigation, even upon smooth waters, can be considered secure. + +The life-rafts of the Narragansett seem to have proved more useful +than the life-boats in rescuing the drowning people, the rafts being +more quickly and easily launched, requiring less skill, etc. + +The upperworks of our river and Sound passenger steamers consist at +present of a mass of light, dry woodwork, forming cabins that are very +comfortable and commodious for travelers, but highly dangerous in case +of fire. + +The collision of river steamers above described was followed a few +hours later by a collision between two great ocean steamers, accounts +of which we give in another column. + + * * * * * + + + + +HONORS TO AN AGED CHEMIST. + +The chemists of Germany are collecting money for the purpose of +presenting a gold medal to Prof. Woehler on his eightieth birthday, +which will be July 31, 1880. Prof. Woehler is one of the most +distinguished as well as the oldest of living chemists. Himself +a pupil of old Berzelius, a contemporary of Liebig, and the loved +instructor of many of our best chemists, his name is equally respected +on both sides of the Atlantic. Profs. Jay and Chandler, of Columbia +College, New York city, two of his former pupils, are receiving +contributions from those who wish to join in this well deserved +memorial. + + * * * * * + + + + +PERSEVERANCE UNDER DIFFICULTIES. + +A good lesson to young people inclined to exaggerate the hinderances +to their success in life, and to think that their chances are too poor +to justify honest exertion, is furnished by a young colored man of +Columbus, Ohio, F. P. Williams by name, now serving in that city as +census enumerator. Several years ago he was run over by a train of +cars, his arms being so mutilated that both had to be taken off near +the shoulder. Lacking hands he learned to write legibly by holding his +pencil between his teeth. He writes quite rapidly, and in his work as +enumerator takes an average of 200 names a day. + + * * * * * + + + + +MAXIM'S NEW GAS MACHINE + +[_Continued from first page._] + + +escape through the jet, L. This produces a partial vacuum at L, and +draws air in at C. The air and steam pass with great rapidity through +the tube, G. The action of the air and steam produces another +partial vacuum at N, which draws gasoline in through the pipe, B. The +adjustment of the opening is such that one pound of steam draws in air +sufficient for two pounds of gasoline. The heat of the steam is taken +up by the refrigeration caused by the evaporation of the gasoline, so +that at E the compound is carbureted air and cold water. The tube, F, +presents the curious phenomenon of being hot at _a_ and cold at _b_. +In one short piece of tube we have a hot retort and a cold condenser. +The supply of gasoline is regulated by the valve, D. The dash pot, +H, prevents a too rapid action of the valve, I. Gas of any desired +density may be made, and when once adjusted the gas does not vary. The +burner used with this machine is made to produce the very best results +attainable, and then the gas is regulated to a density and pressure +to suit the burner. The nuisance of an adjustable burner is thus +obviated. + +The holder closes off the supply when full, and lets on a supply when +nearly empty. Gasoline has been much improved within a few years. It +is now so very cheap that the equivalent of one thousand feet of coal +gas of standard quality may be equaled for sixty cents. Where no steam +is at hand these machines are run with a small oil burner. They are +being made by the Pennsylvania Globe Gas Light Co., 131 Arch St., +Philadelphia, Pa., of from 100 to 10,000 burner power. + +This machine was patented June 8, 1880. + +[Illustration: Fig 2. + +MAXIM'S GAS MACHINE--SECTION OF INJECTOR] + + + * * * * * + + + + +PREVENTION OF BOILER EXPLOSIONS. + +This vexed problem has occupied the minds of engineers and inventors +since the introduction of steam as a motive power, and there are +several theories of boiler explosions, each having its adherents. Of +course there are conditions under which a boiler explosion is involved +in no mystery; as, for example, when the water is dangerously low, +when the safety valve is of insufficient capacity, or when it is +unduly loaded; but there are other cases where an explosion cannot be +rationally explained in the light of the well known theories. + +Mr. Daniel T. Lawson, of Wellsville, Ohio, has recently patented, +in this and several other countries, a device for preventing boiler +explosions, which appears practical, and according to the testimony of +scientific men the claims of the inventor are well founded. + +The inventor, in explaining his invention, says that when water +is superheated it becomes as explosive as gunpowder, exploding by +bursting into steam from a reduction of pressure. When the engineer +opens the throttle valve the cylinder is instantly filled with steam, +creating a vacuum to that extent in the boiler. The superheated water +then immediately rises to fill the vacuum, and is met by the valve, +instantly cutting off the escape into the cylinder; this causes a +concussion on every square inch in the boiler much greater than the +regular pressure of the steam. There is abundant reason to believe +that it is this concussive action which causes the numerous and +mysterious boiler explosions, and which cause is wholly independent of +the amount of water in the boiler; in fact, the greater the amount of +water in the boiler the more terrific the explosion. + +This invention, which is based upon this theory, consists in reducing +the concussive strain produced by the impulsive and intermittent +escape of steam to the cylinders to an approximately uniform pressure, +by rendering the evolution or passage of steam from the water to the +steam space approximately constant and independent of the intermittent +discharges from the steam space to the cylinder. The means for +accomplishing this consist in a boiler constructed with a partition, +A, intervening between the water space and the space from which the +steam is taken to supply the cylinder, and feeding the steam as it +is generated through valves or orifices, B, in the partition, of a +smaller size than the port or opening through which the steam passes +into the cylinder. By this means the normal steam pressure or steam +supply, when thus intermittently or alternately reduced, is restored +gradually by reducing the flow from the water space to the steam +space, so that the transformation of water into steam is made +approximately uniform in spite of the intermittent escape of steam +through the cylinders, and the boiler is thus relieved of the constant +wear and strain of the concussion. + +[Illustration: LAWSON'S IMPROVED STEAM BOILER.] + +In supplying steam from the water compartment to the steam +compartment, the inventor intends using a number of small +perforations, not amounting in the aggregate to more than about one +twentieth the size of the cylinder port, in connection with a number +of small valves to be under control of the engineer, so that the +amount of steam required can be readily regulated, yet carefully +avoiding the possibility of all, when opened to their utmost capacity, +forming as large an opening as the valve through which the cylinder is +supplied. A number of small valves and perforations in the partition +sheet between the water and steam compartments, will remedy that +hitherto very general annoyance of water rising to and through the +valves, which is occasioned by pressure of steam upon the surface +of the water, and when _one large_ valve is opened, the pressure is +partly removed from the water immediately under it, consequently the +water rises through the valve. A number of small openings for the +liberation of steam from the superheated water will remedy this +difficulty. + + * * * * * + + + + +MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. + + +Mr. Niels C. Larsen, of Sacramento, Cal., has patented a purse or +satchel fastening which can be securely locked and present a smooth +and unbroken surface without projections. + +A combined dental speculum and shield has been patented by Mr. Alfred +W. Edwards, of New York city. The object of this invention is to +facilitate the performance of dental operations, such as the filling +of teeth. It consists in a combined dental speculum, gag, and +shield formed of a flaring or bonnet-shaped shell of metal, having +a longitudinal slot in its lower side to receive the teeth, and an +arched wire attached to its lower part, upon the opposite sides of +the forward end of the slot, to rest upon the teeth and support the +forward part of the shell. + +An improved coupling for the shafts of a wagon, which can be readily +fastened to or unfastened from the axle, has been patented by Mr. +William W. French, of Stockbridge, Mass. The invention consists in the +combination with the axle clip and knuckle joint of a sliding +bearer and spring catch to facilitate the opening and closing of the +coupling. + +Mr. Joseph Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn., has patented an improved +process for bronzing iron surfaces, which consists in cleaning and +buffing the iron surfaces, then electroplating with copper, then +dipping in acid solution, then again buffing, then boiling in a salt +of tin solution, and then finishing by subjecting the article to heat +until the copper and spelter coatings are fused into bronze. + +A simple device for extending the steps of passenger cars, for the +convenience of passengers getting in and out of the car, and for +protecting at the same time the treads of the permanent steps from +sparks, cinders, snow, etc., during the passage of the car from one +station to another, has been patented by Mr. Benjamin F. Shelabarger, +of Hannibal, Mo. + +Mr. Luther C. Baldwin, of Manchester, N. H., has patented a new and +improved automatic heat regulator, simple in construction and so +arranged as to operate, under the smallest changes of temperature, +upon the valves of the source of heat. + +An improved cigar lighting stand has been patented by Mr. Joseph +Kintz, of West Meriden, Conn. This improvement relates to lamp stands +for cigar lighting, and has for its object the production of a stand +of ornamental character which may be packed closely for transportation +and readily put together for use. + +A simple, safe, and efficient device in which light oils may be used +as fuel for heating sad irons for domestic use, or for the use of +tailors, dressmakers, etc., has been patented by Mr. Harvey L. Wells, +of Evansville, Ind. It consists essentially of an iron box divided +longitudinally into two chambers, the lower being the combustion +chamber and the upper the heating chamber. + +An improvement in electric light has been patented by Mr. Charles +J. Van Depoele, of Detroit, Mich. The object of this invention is +to automatically regulate the feed of the carbon in electric lights +according to the changes of resistance in the current caused by the +consumption of the carbon points, so as to prevent flickering and +variations in intensity of the light. + + * * * * * + + + + +CHLOROFORMING DURING SLEEP. + +The possibility of chloroforming a person in sleep, without waking +him, having been disputed in a recent murder trial, Dr. J. V. Quimby, +of Jersey City, was led to test the question experimentally. The +results were presented in a paper before the section of medical +jurisprudence at the meeting of the American Medical Association a few +days ago. Dr. Quimby made arrangements with a gentleman to enter his +room when he was asleep and apply chloroform to him. He did this with +entire success, transferring the person from natural to artificial +sleep without arousing him. He used about three drachms of Squibb's +chloroform, and occupied about seven minutes in the operation. The +second case was a boy of thirteen who had refused to take ether for a +minor operation. Dr. Quimby advised the mother to give the boy a light +supper and put him to bed. She did so, and Dr. Quimby, calling when +the boy was asleep, administered the chloroform and performed the +operation without awakening the boy. The third case was a boy of ten +years suffering from an abscess, and the same course was pursued with +equal success. Two important inferences may be drawn from these cases, +Dr. Quimby said. Minor surgical operations may be done with perfect +safety and much more pleasantly than in the ordinary way, and, +secondly, a person somewhat skilled in the use of chloroform may enter +a sleeping apartment and administer chloroform with evil intentions +while a person is asleep. Hence the use of this drug in the hands of +a criminal may become an effective instrument in the accomplishment of +his nefarious designs. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED WATERING DIPPER. + +A convenient vessel for watering plants, sprinkling floors, and for +other similar purposes is shown in the annexed engraving. It is simply +a dipper of the usual form, partly covered at the top by a shield, at +the center of which is fixed a sprinkler spout. The utility of this +improvement will be recognized without further description. It was +recently patented by Mr. R. Harrison, of Columbus, Miss. + +[Illustration: HARRISON'S WATERING DIPPER] + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP. + +The lamp shown in the engraving will be recognized as an Edison +lamp, the vacuum globe and the carbon horseshoe being the principal +elements. Mr. John H. Guest, a well known electrical inventor of +Brooklyn, N. Y., judging from his own experience in fusing platinum +with glass in the manufacture of thermostatic fire alarms, concluded +that the principal trouble with the Edison lamp would be the entrance +of air around the wires passing through the glass of the vacuum globe, +devised a simple plan of sealing the joint between the wires and the +glass by means of mercury, thus interposing an effectual barrier to +the entrance of air at that point. + +[Illustration: GUEST'S IMPROVED ELECTRIC LAMP, Fig 1 and Fig 2] + +The invention is so clearly shown in the engraving that scarcely a +word of explanation is necessary. In the lamp shown in Fig. 1, the +wires that convey the current to the carbon horseshoe are sealed in +the ends of curved glass tubes communicating with the globe, and these +joints are inclosed in small globes formed on the ends of the glass +tubes and filled with mercury. + +In this lamp Mr. Guest has made provision partially or wholly +preventing the circulation of air, should any remain in the globe +after exhaustion with the air pump. The device by which this is +accomplished is simply a small globe connected with the lower portion +of the lamp globe by a contracted passage, the theory being that the +cooler and heavier portion of the air will be drawn into the auxiliary +globe by its own gravity. + +Fig. 2 shows a lamp in which the tubes that support the wires extend +downward into the lamp globe. These tubes at their junction with the +vacuum globe are fused to the platinum conducting wires, and the tubes +act simply as lateral supports to the wires inside the globe, allowing +the wires to expand freely lengthwise. The tubes are sealed outside +the globe in the manner shown in Fig. 1. + +Another improvement made by Mr. Guest consists in inclosing the ends +of the platinum wire conductors in the ends of the material of the +carbon before it is carbonized, the wire being formed into a loop to +increase the conducting surface and to insure a good connection with +the carbon. + + * * * * * + + + + +APPARATUS FOR PRESERVING FRUIT. + +The annexed engraving represents a simple apparatus for preserving +fruit in its natural state, by means of a partial vacuum. The vessel +is especially designed for the purpose, and is provided with an +absorbent which takes up whatever moisture may emanate from the fruit. +The vessel is preferably made of glass or earthenware, and is provided +with a cover having a packing ring and a device for receiving +the stems of the fruit. The cover is secured to the vessel by an +adjustable screw clamp. In the bottom of the vessel there is an +absorbing ring made of burnt or dried clay, which absorbs the moisture +escaping from the fruit. The air in the vessel is rarefied either +by heat or by the application of an air pump to the opening in the +bottom. + +This apparatus was recently patented by Mr. Carl J. Renz, of Hudson, +N. Y. + +[Illustration: FRUIT-PRESERVING APPARATUS.] + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW PROCESS FOR PRINTING GOLD AND SILVER COLORS ON CARPETINGS AND +OTHER TEXTILES. + +(TRANSLATED FOR THE _COMMERCIAL BULLETIN._) + + +Gold and silver designs for carpeting and oilcloths have been hitherto +prepared in the following manner: The gold or silver were put in +leaves or bronze powder on the designs, which were printed with a +varnish of linseed oil, or similar adhesive. The bronze thus attached +did not possess much firmness, and the method was necessarily +expensive. The method recently adopted by Wohlforth is as follows: +The bronze powder is united at once to printing material. The liquid +silicate of potash, or of oxide of sodium, answers this purpose. One +part, by weight, of gold, silver, or bronze powder, along with two +parts of the silicate, will give a print color, which is easily +transferable by rollers to paper, oilcloth, and woods and metals. The +bronze thus printed dries very rapidly, and cannot be taken off by +oil or water, unless they are boiling. It bears light and heat +equally well, and especially sulphureted hydrogen, which has such +a destructive effect on bronzes put on in the form of powder. It is +recommended to thin the mass by an addition of warm water, 10 to 20 +per cent, so as to keep it from becoming too hard during the process +of printing. An addition of glycerine or sirup, of 5 to 10 per cent., +will be even preferable. The bronze color remaining on the printing +forms can be taken off by warm water. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE EDISON ORE SEPARATOR NOT NEW + +_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_ + +In your issue of June 19, 1880, I notice an illustration of an +electro-magnetic ore separator invented by Mr. Edison, and patented +June 1, 1880. + +A device absolutely identical with this has been in use for the past +ten or fifteen years at the emery works at Chester, Hampden county, +Mass. I there saw it in use myself in November, 1876, and was +informed, I think by Mr. Ames, that it was not patented, and that no +valid patent could be granted upon it by reason of its long continued +public use. + +My uncle, John S. Williams, of this city, president of the Ore Knob +Copper Company, had heard of the machine, and sent me to Chester with +a view to purchasing the right to use it at the Ore Knob Copper Works, +in Ashe county, North Carolina. On my return to Baltimore I had the +magnets constructed by Watts & Co., electricians, on November 24, +1876, for a large machine, similar to the one at Chester, which +machine was completed about December 10, 1876, and practically tested +at No. 52 Commerce St., Baltimore. It was sent to the Ore Knob Mine +about Christmas, 1876, to be used in separating magnetic oxide of iron +from the copper ore, and, for aught I know to the contrary, is in use +there yet. This is a striking instance of how history repeats itself +in inventions. Mr. Edison is doubtless an original inventor of the +device, but he most certainly is not the first inventor. + +R. D. WILLIAMS. + +Baltimore, Md., June, 1880. + + * * * * * + + + + +NOVEL SLATE WASHER. + +Few articles meet with a readier sale or more promptly remunerate the +inventor than the class of inventions adapted to the use of children +either in their school life or in their amusements. One of these +useful little novelties is shown in our engraving. It is a slate +washer, consisting of two pieces of metal stamped up so as to form a +holder for the sponge at the top and the cloth drier at the bottom. +They also form a tubular receptacle containing a supply sponge, which +is moistened by removing the corks at the ends. + +This invention was recently patented by Mr. Jacob A. Smith, of Salem, +Ohio. + +[Illustration: SMITH'S SLATE WASHER.] + + * * * * * + + + + +THE UTILIZATION OF GENESEE FALLS. + +The plan to furnish Rochester, N. Y., with power for manufacturing and +for running street cars through the utilization of the falls of the +Genesee in compressing air, was described in this paper some weeks +ago. All the power of the lower falls, save what is needed to run two +wheels for factories already in operation, has been purchased by +the inventor of the system, and a promising beginning has been made. +According to the Rochester _Union_, a large gang of men are at work +building the crib just below the falls on the east side of the river +in a cove which seems to have been made by nature for this purpose. +This foundation is 100 feet long by 75 feet wide, and will have an +average depth of 13 feet. It is being constructed of solid logs of oak +timber bolted together, and the center will be filled with stone. On +the top of the crib will be erected the derrick, 125 feet high, and +the water will pour into it from the top of the falls through the +bulkheads at one end of the dam. The stand pipes will run from the +top of the derrick to the cylinders on the crib, which will be in the +neighborhood of 500 feet long. The whole machinery will be roofed in. +The difficulty in the way of getting the materials to the place, +they all having to be lowered over the falls, makes the work of +construction somewhat slow. It is expected, however, that the first +application of the system to the propulsion of street cars will be +possible in September next. + + * * * * * + + + + +STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. + +The commencement exercises took place on June 16 and 17, and were of a +very interesting nature. On the 16th President Henry Morton delivered +an able address before the graduating class on "Popular Fallacies in +Engineering." We intend to publish the address in full in our next +week's SUPPLEMENT. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW PORTABLE SHOWER BATH. + +We give herewith perspective and sectional views of an improved +portable shower bath, recently patented by Mr. James E. Vansant, of +Covington, Ky. It consists of a spherical vessel, having at the bottom +a supporting rim which admits of setting it on the floor when occasion +requires. The top is provided with a screw cap, perforated with +numerous small holes for discharging water in fine streams. In the +center of the cover there is a filling tube, which extends nearly to +the bottom of the vessel. A float is provided to indicate when the +vessel is filled, and shot contained in the two side tubes serves as +ballast to keep the device either in an upright or inverted position. + +[Illustration: Fig. 1.--VANSANT'S PORTABLE SHOWER BATH.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 2.--SECTION OF SHOWER BATH.] + + +The vessel is pivoted in a light jointed frame that admits of hanging +it up or setting it down. In use it is tipped by means of the cords +attached. + + * * * * * + + + + +MINES AND RAILROADS OF LEADVILLE. + +_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_ + +Nearly every person interested in geology sets up a theory of his own +with regard to the carbonate deposits of Leadville, immediately on +arriving in this famous district. There is, however, but one theory +which has been generally adopted by scientific men, formulated by +W. S. Keyes, General Manager of the Chrysolite Iron and Little Chief +Mines, and substantiated by the mute testimony of the fossil remains +that fix the geologic data. The theory is substantially as follows: + +A shallow sea overspread this entire region. An even bed of limestone, +dolomitic, was formed by the myriads of shell-fish that subsisted in +this shallow sea. From some natural convulsion the waters flowed off, +leaving the sedimentary deposits. Subsequently the porphyritic rock +flowed over the surface in a pasty mass, covering the limestone. There +then followed two processes of ore making. The first was through the +mineralizing action of heated and ore depositing waters, coming up out +of the depths, and impregnating and permeating the hanging and foot +walls of the contact. No free oxygen was contained in these waters; +neither did they carry any chlorides or chlorobromides, wherein +consists the present richness of Leadville's ores; but in the first +process the ore was entirely in the form of sulphurets. + +The second process was initiated by the uplifting of the mountain +ranges to their present height, at which time the diorites, those ore +indicators of the globe, uprose through the sedimentary strata. +Thus was the original surface of deposit bent and folded, and not +unfrequently entirely broken. The surface waters carrying free oxygen +and free carbonic acid now penetrated along the contact, and oxidized +the sulphurets, which formed free sulphuric acid, giving rise to +the sulphates and sulpho-carbonates. The irresistible law of gravity +distributed these sulphates, these oxides, and these carbonates in +vast bonanzas, that have been the wonder of the world. The fossil +trilobites of this region identify it with the silver lead districts +of Nevada, Utah, and Mexico. It is not anomalous, but simply richer +than its sister regions to the West and South. + +The output of ore from the Leadville mines last year (1879) aggregated +122,483 tons, which represents a value of $11,477,046. That is to say, +there was an average yield at $90 per ton, or just $31,443.96 each +day. On the first day of May of the present year (1880), the returns +from thirty-seven of the leading mines gave a total daily output +of 8991/2 tons of ore, yielding, at the low average of $90 per ton, +something like $80,955 per day. The world's history of silver mining +in the past shows nothing like this for so young a camp. Scarcely a +month passes without opening up some new and vast carbonate deposits. +The territory has not even been thoroughly prospected; and the future +yield of the royal metal will far eclipse its past production. + +It might not be uninteresting in this connection to give something +regarding the sampling and milling of ores. One of the most complete +concerns engaged in this business anywhere in the country is that of +Augustus R. Meyer & Co. This establishment has grown with the growth +and development of this carbonate district. The business was first +established as long ago as the year 1877 (before Little Pittsburg was +dreamed of). A little log house, a relic of seventeen years previous, +was found sufficiently ample for the needs of the business of that +period. However, it was not long before additions had to be made +and new buildings erected. In the year 1879 the present company was +incorporated with a capital stock of $50,000, and every preparation +that money and business sagacity could effect was made to meet the +demands of the prosperous era, that has built a mining metropolis +10,240 feet above the sea level, at the base of the great continental +divide. As at present constituted the premises of the company comprise +seven and one-half acres of ground, upon which six buildings have been +erected, including ore houses and crushing and sampling buildings. +During the busy season of summer from thirty-five to forty men are +employed, who alternate their work in two shifts, day and night. At +this season it frequently happens that the ore houses, which hold +1,500 tons, are insufficient for the accommodation of the mineral sent +from the mines to be crushed, and large quantities have to be stored +outside. In sampling ores from the various mines about Leadville this +establishment pursues the most careful methods. The different ores are +first deposited in large bins holding from 25 to 100 tons. One-tenth +of each load is taken and run through a Dodge crusher, which well +adapts it for the furnaces. A fifth of the tenth already indicated is +put through heavy rollers, and one half of this finely crushed ore is +subjected to the Bucking hammer and powdered to an eighty-sieve grade. +One sample of this powder, consisting of a fourth, is given to the +miner, two samples are kept for reference, and the other is sent to +the assayer, who takes his "assay ton," upon which the company buys +and sells. The capacity of the works are all the way from 80 to 150 +tons per day. For samples, $7.50 is charged for silver and lead per +ton, and $10 per ton for gold; but in large quantities a less charge +is made. In job crushing, the market value of silver is allowed, with +from five to ten per cent. deducted. The Meyer works enjoy an excellent +patronage from the best mines of the camp, including such as the +Chrysolite, Carbonate, Vulture, Duncan, Matchless, Climax, Morning +Star, Crescent, and J. D. Dana, some of which have all their crushing +done at these sampling works. + +[Illustration: AUGUSTUS R. MEYER AND COMPANY'S ORE MILL.] + + * * * * * + + + + +RAILROADS. + +In order to furnish better transportation facilities for the mineral +of this district, and to emancipate it from the freight embargo +that has virtually fettered its commerce, citizens of Leadville have +determined to construct a broad gauge railway down the Arkansas Valley +to Pueblo. This will enable Leadville merchants to ship goods through +from the East without breaking bulk, and lay them down in their +warehouses as cheaply as the same commodities could be laid down in +Denver. This will insure Leadville the control of the business of +the Gunnison country, whose mineral developments are spoken of in the +highest terms. Propositions from Eastern railroad contractors have +already been received, preliminary surveys have been made, and +$200,000 guaranteed to the stock subscription. It now seems to be only +a question of what method to pursue in constructing the road. + +Growing out of the broad gauge movement, to some extent, two or three +narrow gauge enterprises have been organized. One is projected from +Leadville to Salt Lake City, following the carbonate belt, as shown in +Hayden's Geological Map, around through the Eagle River, Roaring Fork, +and White River Agency districts, into Utah. Such men as H. A. W. +Tabor and C. B. Rustin stand at the head of this project. Another +narrow gauge road is organized to be built into the "Ten-Mile" and +Breckenridge districts, where the famous Robinson Mine is located. +Should the broad gauge be built this summer to Pueblo, there is little +doubt but that narrow gauges would ramify out from Leadville into +every mineral bearing gulch that was found accessible. + +W. + +Leadville, May 6, 1880. + + * * * * * + + + + +MECHANICAL INVENTIONS. + +Mr. William B. Hickman, of Sterling, Kan., has patented a swage to be +used in welding the triangular bar which is to form the flange of a +plow point or share to the body of the same. + +Mr. Lucius S. Edleblute, of Cincinnati, O., has recently patented what +he calls the rubber cushioned spoke and hub. This is an improvement +in the class of vehicle wheel hubs having an elastic band or annular +portion which surrounds the journal box and on which the butts of the +spokes rest, so that the wheel is rendered elastic and more durable, +also comparatively noiseless when running on stony pavements, roads, +or streets. + +Mr. George Richards, of Boxbury, Mass., has patented a steam muffler +composed of two plates of a diameter very much greater than the +diameter of the pipe through which the steam escapes from the boiler, +so that the steam has room to expand before escaping to the outer air, +its expansion effectually deadening the noise caused by the passage +through the contracted escape pipe. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE BABY ELEPHANT TAKES A BATH. + +It is customary with traveling menageries in hot weather when +convenient to a river to allow the elephants to take a bath. The +London Circus passed through Woonsocket, R. I., the other day, when +the keeper let loose all the elephants, including "Hebe" and her baby, +for the above purpose. The mother and her offspring were permitted to +approach a river for the first time since the baby was born, and they +were, therefore, watched with great interest by their keeper. The +mother cautiously approached the Blackstone River, which flows past +the circus grounds, and waded in a short distance, carefully feeling +her way; she then encouraged the baby to follow her, which the +obedient little fellow did. When far enough in the mother caught the +baby between her fore legs, and then lay down in the water and rolled +over, giving the baby the first bath. The mother then felt perfectly +satisfied with her job, and rising up approached the bank, bringing +the little one with her. On reaching terra firma she drove the younger +before her, and would not allow it to approach the water again, though +it showed a disposition to do so. + + * * * * * + + + + +PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA. + +This little animal belongs to the family of snails, class Heteropoda, +is about an inch long, and is devoid of any shell or covering +whatever. It is flat, and so absolutely transparent that a person +can read through its body. It is provided with a pair of feelers. The +little animal is very luminous if placed in fresh water or disturbed, +but this phenomenon is most beautiful when an ammonia solution is +poured over the animal. It will shine with a vivid blue light, which +extinguishes with life. But even after death the nerve cells, which +are directly below the skin and produce the light, can be irritated +sufficiently to become luminous. It is a singular fact that +electricity has no effect upon these nerve cells. + +[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--AS SEEN IN THE LIGHT. + +_a b_, ganglion; _c_, intestines; _d_, liver; _f_, kidneys; _g_, +generative organs.] + +[Illustration: PHYLLIRHOE BUCEPHALA--SHOWING IN THE DARK THE LUMINOUS +SPOTS.] + + * * * * * + + + + +CARE OF TREES AND SHRUBS. + +In view of the drought which prevails in many parts of the country and +its unusual severity over extensive districts, the _Rural New Yorker_ +suggests to those who have planted trees or shrubs the past spring +that there is one method, and so far as we know, says the writer, only +one, by which they may be protected against injury or death from that +cause. Surface watering has been shown to do more harm than good. The +ground is made hard and compact, thus becoming a better conductor of +heat while it becomes less pervious to air and moisture. A portion of +the surface soil should be removed, and then pailful after pailful +of water thrown in until the ground, to a depth of two feet and to +a width about the stem of not less than three feet in diameter, has +become saturated. Then, as soon as the water has disappeared from the +surface, the removed soil should be well pulverized and returned. A +covering of boards, straw, or hay, or even of sand or gravel, may then +be applied, and the tree or shrub, thus treated, will pass through ten +days of additional drought in safety. + +As soon as rain comes to wet the earth thoroughly, we think it is +better to remove the mulch. Nothing is then gained by permitting it +to remain. Mellowing the surface soil about the trees, thus keeping it +free from grass and weeds, is then the most that is needed. We would +repeat that the present is the season when the female borer deposits +her eggs on the stems of fruit trees, and the wash of lime, potash, +sulphur, etc. (darkened with lampblack), should now be applied and +reapplied during June and July, as soon as washed off by rain. + + * * * * * + + + + +THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH. + +[Illustration: THE FORCE OF TREE GROWTH.] + +The disruptive power of tree roots, growing in the crevices of rocks, +is well known. Masses of stone weighing many tons are often dislodged +in this way from the faces of cliffs, and no one gives them more than +a passing glance. When, however, the sanctity of the tomb is +invaded, despite the graven warning of the occupant, the case is very +different, and superstitious people are apt to think there must be +something in it more than accident and the unconscious expression of +the resistless force of growing vegetation. + +The engraving herewith is copied from a photograph sent to us by +a European correspondent, of a grave in the Garten churchyard, in +Hanover, Germany, the invasion of which by a birch tree has been the +occasion of much wonderment by country people, who come from great +distances to examine it. + +The monument, so unfeelingly disrupted, was erected in 1782, and bears +on its base the following inscription: "This grave, which was bought +for all eternity, must never be opened." A chance birch seed, lodging +in a crevice of the monument, has displayed the irony of nature in +slowly yet surely thwarting the desire of the person who designed it +for a perpetual memorial. All the joints are separated, the strong +iron clamps are broken, and the birch tree has embraced the upper +large block, which weighs about one and a quarter tons, and the +tree is driving its roots below, gradually but surely tilting the +structure. + + * * * * * + + + + +PERSEVERANCE WITH THE DROWNED. + +In a recent communication to the French Academy, Professor Fort +asserts that he was enabled to restore to life a child three years +old, by practicing artificial respiration on it four hours, commencing +three hours and a half after apparent death. He mentions also a case +in which Dr. Fournol, of Billancourt, reanimated, in July, 1878, an +apparently drowned person by four hours of artificial respiration +begun one hour after the patient was taken from the water. At this +season, when cases of drowning are apt to be frequent, the possible +benefit that may come from a persevering effort to revive victims +of drowning, should encourage friends not to despair of their +resuscitation, even after several hours of seemingly fruitless labor. + + * * * * * + + + + +SIMPLE TEST FOR CHLORAL HYDRATE. + +A new test for chloral hydrate has been devised by Frank Ogston, +namely, yellow sulphide of ammonium. On adding this reagent to a +solution of chloral of moderate strength there is at first no change +noticed, but in a short time the colorless solution acquires an orange +yellow color, and on longer standing turns brown and evolves a gas +of very disagreeable odor. Ogston's experiments show that a solution +containing ten milligrammes turns brown in six hours, and gives the +peculiar odor. With one milligramme the orange-yellow color appears +in twelve hours, but no odor. Croton chloral gives the same reactions, +but chloroform, chloric ether, and formic acid do not. + + * * * * * + + + + +NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. + +_The Propagation of Oysters._--At the recent meeting in this city +of the American Fish Cultural Association, a paper was read on the +propagation of the oyster, by Dr. W. J. Brook, of the Johns Hopkins +University. The manner in which this propagation takes place had never +before, he said, been thoroughly understood. Through studies made by +him last summer, however, great light was thrown on the subject. He +found that the American oysters do not breed their young in the +shell, as had been supposed, and that consequently the eggs can be +impregnated artificially. An average oyster contains from six to nine +million eggs, and one of large size may contain fifty millions. The +plan pursued by him in fertilizing these eggs was to chop the male +and female oyster up together; thus the fluids are mixed and the +impregnation is made complete. The process of development immediately +begins, and goes on so rapidly that a change may be noted every +fifteen seconds. In a very few hours the embryo is sufficiently formed +to swim in the water. The shells at first are very small, and are not +adjacent to each other. They grow very rapidly, closing down over the +sides, and finally unite and form the hinge. In the short space of +twenty-four hours the young oyster is able to take food, and from +three days to a week it attains perfect form. During its early life it +is a swimming animal. The oyster is able to reproduce its species at +the end of a year's growth, and it is marketable at the age of three +years. + + * * * * * + + + + +S. P. RUGGLES. + +S. P. Ruggles died at Lisbon, N. H., May 28. He was principally known +as the inventor of the Ruggles printing press, which was among the +first of machine presses. His invention was what printers call an +"upside-down press," the type being upside down when in the bed. About +twenty-five years ago Mr. Ruggles sold out his interest for nearly +$200,000, and since then has not been in active business. He was the +inventor of the raised alphabet for the blind, and always showed great +interest in the amelioration of the condition of the sightless. He was +also a great friend of mechanical education, and has written much on +the subject. + + * * * * * + + + + +SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION.--1879-1880. + +EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE JUDGES IN HOROLOGY. + +DEPARTMENT III.--EDUCATION AND SCIENCE. + +_Group_--_Scientific and Philosophical Instruments and Methods._ + +Class 310.--Chronometric Apparatus, Chronometers, Astronomical Clocks, +Watches, Chronographs, etc., etc. + + _Judges_.--John McGarvie Smith, New South Wales. + P. E. Bound, Switzerland. + H. C. Russell, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain. + E. Beckmann, Germany. + Gregory P. Harte, United States. + +_To the Honorable Committee on Judging and Awards, Sydney +International Exhibition._ + +GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to hand you herewith the report of the +judges of Class 310, as above, + +And remain, sirs, your obedient servant, + +GREGORY P. HARTE, Chairman. + + * * * * * + + +The following exhibits were submitted for examination: + +U. S. Exhibit, 537, American Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S. +A.--Watches and Chronographs. + +British Exhibit, 1,048, Victor Kullberg, London, England--Watches and +Chronographs. + +British Exhibit, 1,054, Nicole & Nielsen, London, England--Watches, +Chronographs, etc. + +British Exhibit, 1,060, T. Russell & Sons, London, England--Watches, +Chronographs, etc. + +British Exhibit, 1,041, Castleberg & Co., London, England--Watches, +etc. + +British Exhibit, 1,060a, S. Backschmid, Switzerland--Watches. + + * * * * * + + +German Exhibit, 36, A. Lange & Sons, Dresden, Germany--Watches, etc. + +Swiss Exhibit, L. Audemars, Brassus, Switzerland--Watches, etc. + +French Exhibit, 146, A. H. Rodanet, Paris, France--Chronometers. + +French Exhibit, 177, G. Tribandeau, Besancon, France--Watches. + +Swiss Exhibit, 14a, International Watch Company--Watches. + +In presenting the following report, the judges desire to make some +explanations, which, we trust, will excuse them in the minds of the +impartial for any apparent neglect in the form of their report, and +for the limited number of tests made of the horological exhibits. + +The judges were appointed too late to do the full amount required, +inasmuch as the number of exhibits was so much in excess of any +reasonable allotment for examination and report before the closing of +the Exhibition. + +Commencing their labors, however, immediately after the first +call, the examinations were not complete until March 3d, which only +permitted a time test to be made of nine days in a single position. +This single position was objected to by some of the exhibitors, +but ill-advisedly, for the ratings observed in the watches of the +objecting exhibitors were of such character as to establish in the +minds of the judges the conclusion that their watches would not have +made so good a comparative showing if there had been more time to +observe the ratings in other positions. + +Great care was taken by the individual judges in making up their note +books during the examination of the watches, and scrutinizing the +inherent and comparative merits of exhibits under the ten different +heads unanimously agreed upon, as follows: + +1. Originality. +2. Invention and discovery. +3. Utility and quality of material. +4. Skill in workmanship. +5. Fitness for purposes intended. +6. Adaptation to public wants. +7. Economy. +8. Cost. +9. Finish and elegance of cases. +10. Time-keeping qualities. + +It was agreed the judges should use the number 100 as expressing the +highest degree of excellence in each of these ten elements of inherent +and comparative merit, and adjudge individually to each of the several +exhibits such rating as their respective judgments would warrant after +careful examination; each set of opinions being made a portion of +this report, and in the _resume_ the mean average being taken as the +unanimous verdict of the judges. + +It was also decided we should take up each exhibit in the order +originally examined, and, beginning with the first element of merit +(originality), each judge should in numbers express his judgment of +the inherent and comparative merit attaching to each exhibit in this +one element; this being done, to proceed with each succeeding element +in order and in the same manner. The five judgments being complete and +in numbers, the aggregated verdict is arrived at simply by addition +and division. + +This is not only a verdict as to the inherent and comparative merits +of each exhibit, but also a full analysis of each order of merit in +any exhibit as compared with all the others.... + +In giving this verdict it was absolutely necessary to ascertain to the +fullest extent the time-keeping qualities of the exhibits. The judges +were led to this conclusion from the fact that in some of the +exhibits we were shown watches of equal finish containing every +known application of horological science in practically the same +construction, which should, as far as they could determine by merely +optical examination, keep quite as good time as watches of double and +treble the costs in other exhibits, thus involving their judgment in +doubt upon several elements of merit. + +In justice to themselves and to the exhibitors the judges determined +to make the test in only one position, and give the whole of the time +at their disposal to testing the watches in what might be considered +their normal position, if such term is allowable--that is, "pendent +up," or hanging. + +At the solicitations of the judges Prof. H. C. Russell, Astronomer +Royal at the Sydney Observatory, kindly consented to make the tests, +and each of the exhibitors was requested to send three watches of his +own selection to the Observatory for this trial. + +As will be seen by the report of Professor Russell, eight of the +ten exhibitors availed themselves of this opportunity. It is proper, +however, to state here that none of the exhibitors apparently +anticipated this test, and that it is possible some of the watches +might have made a better record if they had been differently attended +to since the opening of the Exhibition; but they were in this respect +all upon a par. + +The majority of the watches had been made for exhibition purposes and +specially prepared to that end; and some had been previously rated at +observatories before sending. + +_Notably, however, to the contrary of the above, the exhibit of the +American Watch Company was the ordinary and regular product of the +factory, such as is finished every day._ + +Notwithstanding the possibility that these exhibits might have been +better prepared for observatory time tests, some of the exhibits, as +will be seen by the rating, demonstrate the wonderful advances made in +the application of horological sciences to the manufacture of watches, +and that their rating is being made equal to that of the best marine +chronometers. + +The following is the report of Professor Russell, and the accompanying +diagram (see next page) will readily give an idea of the comparative +performance of the different watches. + +"_Sydney Observatory, 26th February, 1880_. + +"GREGORY P. HARTE, ESQ., + +"_Chairman of the Judges in Horology_. + +"SIR: I have the honor to report that, in response to your circular, +inviting exhibitors of watches each to send three watches to the +Observatory to be tested, I received on Monday, February 16th: + +"Three watches, Nos. 611, 669, 237, from Mr. Dolman, agent for Mr. +Tribandeau, Besancon. + +"Three watches, Nos. 987271, 670068, 1221336, from Mr. Manson, agent +for Waltham Watch Company. + +"Three watches, Nos. 3171, 1935, 2526, from Mr. Allerding, agent for +Mr. Kullberg. + +"And on the forenoon of February 17th: + +"Three watches, Nos. 11527, 19967, 12629, from Mr. Hoffnung, agent for +Lange & Sons. + +"Three watches, Nos. 1004, 8632, 8370, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for +Nicole & Nielsen. + +"Three watches, Nos. 70690, 23496, 113516, from Mr. Jacob, as agent +for Thomas Russell & Sons. + +"One watch, No. 47150, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for Castleberg. + +"Three watches, Nos. 12731, 12483, 11680, from Mr. Wiesener, as agent +for L. Audemars. + +"And on 18th February: + +"Two watches, Nos. 2724, 3528, from Mr. Jacob, as agent for +Castleberg. + +"On the 17th I began rating these watches, keeping them all in one +position (hanging), and subject to the same conditions of temperature; +in fact, they were all hung on one board, and kept in a compartment +locked up so as to avoid change of temperature, except such changes as +were due to changes in the weather. + +"They were rated once a day by the standard clock, which affords +special convenience for this work, and the error of which was found by +daily astronomical observations giving the absolute time; great care +was taken in rating so as to get the exact error of each watch every +day, care being taken at the same time to avoid errors in the seconds +dials, a fault sufficiently obvious in some of these exhibits. + +"In presenting the result of this test in the form of a diagram (see +diagram on the opposite page), it is necessary to explain that the +curves show only the change of rate in each case, and nothing is shown +here of the actual rate, which was large in several instances. + +"In the diagram spaces between faint lines represent seconds; and the +thicker faint lines represent the mean rate in each case: When the +curve rises it shows that the watch was gaining on its previous rate, +and when it falls the watch was losing on its previous rate. For +example, in No. 4 curve the thicker line shows the position of a +gaining rate of 3 sec. per day; on the 18th, watch No. 4 had a gaining +rate of 2.7 sec., and is plotted below the thick line; on the 19th and +20th it was less than 3 sec., but on the 21st the rate increased +to 4.8 sec., and the curve rises above the line. The same rule is +followed with losing rates; and, therefore, each curve shows whether +the watch was gaining or losing on its own rate. + +"For convenient reference the barometer and temperature curves are +plotted on the same sheet; although from the short time at command the +watches could only be tested in one position, a glance at the diagram +will show that in some degree at least the temperature adjustment and +the isochronal properties of the balance springs were also tested; and +I wish to call your attention to the fact that the whole of these +show in a more or less degree a marked response to the change in +temperature, some being over and others under corrected. + +"This fact is important, because it adds another proof that the old +form of compensation balance--even when combined with chronometer +spring and escapement and all the refinements which the best modern +workman can add to it--fails to yield a complete correction for +temperature; and I much regret that the American Watch Company, who +claim to have overcome this fault by means of a balance involving a +new arrangement of the metals, did not send to be tested any of their +first-class watches containing this important improvement. + +"Several of the rate curves, especially Nos. 4, 10, 13, 16, 21, and +24, respond to the change in the barometer in a way that shows the +isochronal properties of their balance springs are not quite perfect. +_Looking down the curves it becomes at once evident that watch No. 5, +which is No. 670068, second grade of the American Watch Company, is +remarkably free from these defects, and presents the best rate of +all the watches tested._ No. 9, which is No. 2526, Kullberg, is the +nearest approach to No. 5; indeed, the difference between its highest +and lowest rates is 0.1 sec. less than No. 5, but it has not such a +steady rate. The timekeeping of both these watches is remarkably good, +and shows that we have entered upon a new era in the manufacture of +pocket chronometers; _for these rates are better than the majority of +marine chronometers._ + +"_Among the cheaper watches tested, No. 6, which is No. 1221336, of +the American Watch Company, is worthy of notice; it is a watch of the +sixth grade, yet its performance has been better than that of many +very expensive and otherwise first-class watches among those tested; +such a watch speaks volumes in favor of the system under which it was +made, and is the best comment upon the accuracy of the machines that +produced it._ + +"There are several watches among those tested which have kept +wonderfully steady rates, but their comparative merit is shown in the +diagrams much better than it could be by any description. The daily +rate of each watch will be found in a table attached. + +"The changes in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 17, and 19 were too great to plot. + +"H. C. RUSSELL, + +"_Government Astronomer._" + + * * * * * + + +CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT. + +In consideration of the facts developed in this examination, and the +preponderance of elements of inherent and comparative merit adjudged +by the judges (each in independent judgment) being equal to nearly +70 per cent. more than the next highest exhibit, they have found it +exceedingly difficult to make such a classification in degree as will +give even-handed justice to all. + +We adjudge to the + +AMERICAN WATCH COMPANY, OF WALTHAM, MASS., U. S. A., + +a first-class award, and such other special distinction, diploma, +medal, or award, as is consistent with the duties and obligations of +the honorable Sydney International Commission, for the largest and +most complete exhibit of horological instruments examined. + +They also propose, as the only means by which their appreciation of +the merits of the production of this company can be adequately or +equitably recognized by the Committee on Judging and Awards, that a +separate first-class award be given for the timekeeping qualities of +all grades of these watches. + +Also a separate first-class award for the perfection of this system of +watchmaking and the improvements in the mechanical parts of the watch, +being notably in the main spring and going barrel, the patent safety +pinion, the perfect epicycloidal form of all the teeth of the train, +in every grade of watch alike, and the isochronal adjustment of the +balance spring. + +Also to Charles V. Woerd, mechanical superintendent of the American +Watch Company, Waltham, Mass., U. S. A., a first-class award for his +new mode of compensating balances. + +Also a separate first-class award for the improvements in cases, the +number of artistic forms and designs used, the beauty and elegance +of their finish, and for their new and indestructible method of +enameling. + +VICTOR KULLBERG + +The display of marine chronometers by this maker, with the Observatory +ratings, was of the very first order. Every part of those instruments +was remarkably well made, and the modifications of some of the balance +wheels worthy of special attention. Adjudged a first-class award. + +The display of watches by the same maker, although small, commanded +attention from their very nice finish in all parts. As will be seen +from the report and diagram of Professor Russell, they are good +timekeepers, especially the one having the chronometer escapement. +This style of watch, however, is of too delicate construction and too +costly to fully meet the requirements of any considerable public want. +The same objection will hold good as to the lever escapements as far +as cost or economy is concerned, they being comparatively too high +priced. Representing a certain class of manufacture, they are of the +first order of merit, and adjudged a first-class award. + +The "gas governor" exhibited by the same maker, an instrument for +regulating the amount of heat in the testing of chronometers, is +commended as a useful invention. + +[Continued on page 10.] + + + + +RESUME OF THE JURY'S EXAMINATION [page 9] + + * * * * * + ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +| |AMERICAN| | | | | +| NAMES | WATCH | | | Thos.| Castle-| +| OF |COMPANY,| Victor |Nicole &|Russell| berg & | +| EXHIBITORS. |WALTHAM.|Kullberg.|Nielsen.|& Sons.|Company.| ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Originality. | 98 | 0 | 28 | 8 | 0 | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Invention & | 95 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 0 | +| discovery. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Utility and | | | | | | +|quality of | 95 | 73 | 47 | 25 | 29 | +|material. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Skill in | 93 | 80 | 58 | 30 | 30 | +|workmanship. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Fitness for | | | | | | +|purposes | 100 | 89 | 70 | 36 | 36 | +|intended. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Adaptation to | 100 | 53 | 60 | 34 | 41 | +|public wants. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Economy. | 100 | 57 | 48 | 22 | 25 | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Cost. | 100 | 65 | 38 | 26 | 32 | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Finish and | | | | | | +|elegance | 100 | 73 | 76 | 42 | 42 | +|of cases. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +|Timekeeping | 100 | 96 | 80 | 44 | 53 | +|qualities. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ +| | | | | | | +|Totals | 981 | 586 | 527 | 267 | 288 | +| | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+---------+--------+-------+--------+ + +[_Cont._] ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +| | | | | | Inter- | +| NAMES | | | | |national| +| OF |S. Back-|A Lange| Louis |G. Tri- | Watch | +| EXHIBITORS. | schmid.|& Sons.|Audemars.|bandeau.|Company.| ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Originality. | 0 | 45 | 98 | 0 | 0 | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Invention & | 0 | 33 | 24 | 0 | 0 | +| discovery. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Utility and | | | | | | +|quality of | 11 | 68 | 73 | 10 | 32 | +|material. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Skill in | 11 | 83 | 85 | 19 | 31 | +|workmanship. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Fitness for | | | | | | +|purposes | 7 | 86 | 80 | 15 | 37 | +|intended. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Adaptation to | 15 | 73 | 54 | 15 | 49 | +|public wants. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Economy. | 12 | 59 | 44 | 18 | 41 | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Cost. | 10 | 79 | 58 | 19 | 63 | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Finish and | | | | | | +|elegance | 10 | 71 | 76 | 20 | 0 | +|of cases. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +|Timekeeping | 0 | 89 | 79 | 0 | 0 | +|qualities. | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ +| | | | | | | +|Totals | 76 | 686 | 671 | 116 | 287 | +| | | | | | | ++--------------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------+ + + +[Illustration: FACSIMILE DIAGRAM SHOWING THE CHANGE IN RATE OF WATCHES +TESTED AT THE OBSERVATORY, SYDNEY, FEBRUARY 17 TO 26, 1880.] + + * * * * * + + + + +SYDNEY INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. [page 10] + +[_Continued from page 8._] + + +NICOLE & NIELSEN. + +This exhibit, made specially for the Exhibition, comprised a full line +of plain levers, split seconds, chronographs, calendars, repeaters, +etc., and was a representative display of their peculiar style of +manufacture in all its details. The cost of these watches, compared +with others of similar construction and finish, was excessive; and +while they show good timekeeping qualities, they do not equal that of +other exhibits. + +As representing their own methods of construction they are of the +first order of merit, and are adjudged a first-class award. + + +THOS. RUSSELL & SONS + +exhibit a full line of their manufacture, which, upon comparison with +other exhibits of the same general character and construction, places +them in the third order of merit, and they are adjudged a third-class +award. + + +S. BACKSCHMID + +exhibits a class of cheap watches of very inferior workmanship and +finish, of the last order of merit, and adjudged a fourth-class award. + + +N. CASTLEBERG & CO. + +exhibit a meritorious line of watches in many respects, of good +finish, and not excessively high priced for their performances; of the +second order of merit, and adjudged a second class award. + + +A. LANGE & SONS + +exhibit a class of watches possessing many elements of merit, and +of superior finish in many respects and at a cost which is quite +reasonable. That the watches are constructed upon scientific +principles and are intended as reliable timepieces, is shown from +Observatory tests. The variations show that care has been taken to +approximate a perfect adjustment, and that a partial success has +been attained. A peculiarity in the construction of the balance +wheel--having a horizontal split from the timing second holes each +way--is noticeable, which we fail to understand. This exhibit was made +expressly for this Exhibition, and Observatory rates sent with each +watch, and, as a representative exhibit, although small, was the +second best examined, and is, in its class, of the first order of +merit, and adjudged a first-class award. + + * * * * * + + +LOUIS AUDEMARS + +exhibits a wonderful class of complicated watches, calendars, +repeaters, chronographs, etc., etc., combined in one watch, and +elaborately cased and artistically finished. The great element of +merit in this exhibit is in the combination of the great number +of unusual functions for a watch, and by skill in workmanship and +mechanical science securing a correct performance. + +The enormous cost of these watches is an effectual embargo on their +use to any except the very few, and their utility is, therefore, +very limited. In their class they are, however, of the first order of +merit, and adjudged a first-class award. + + +G. TRIBANDEAU + +exhibits a considerable collection of watches in a great variety of +cases, of a class of workmanship, finish, and performance calling for +the fourth order of merit, and are adjudged a fourth-class award. + + +A. H. RODANET + +exhibits two marine chronometers only, one of which was broken and the +other out of order; commended. + + +INTERNATIONAL WATCH COMPANY + +exhibit a collection of watches of the third order of merit, and +adjudged a third-class award. + +In concluding this report, the judges very much regret the limitation +in time which has prevented them securing position tests of this very +interesting exhibit in horology, as much on account of the exhibitors +as on their own account. Such advances have in the last few years been +made in this science that, in the interest of the public as well as of +the manufacturers, a sufficiency of time is desirable to make tests +in five or six positions, and fourteen days should be allowed to each +position. Tests for heat and cold, and an opportunity to carefully +note barometric and thermometric influences upon the various systems +of adjustment, would be very valuable and interesting. + +Respectfully, etc., + +GREGORY P. HARTE, _Chairman_, United States. +H. C. RUSSELL, B.A., F.R.A.S., Great Britain. +J. McGARVIE SMITH, New South Wales. +P. E. BOUND, Switzerland. +E. BECKMANN, Germany. + + * * * * * + + + + +CORN MAGNETS. + +Every kind of salve or lotion that is supposed to remove or relieve +corns meets with a large sale. Corn files and pencils are getting +stale, and an enterprising inhabitant of Dresden has lately brought +out what he calls a "corn magnet." It is evident that it is as unlike +a magnet as possible, for an examination shows that it is made of +sulphur colored with graphite. The directions are to set fire to +one end, and let a drop of the melted sulphur fall upon the corn. A +convenient and agreeable operation, especially if the corn is on +the bottom of the foot. It is needless to say that the corn usually +survives the slight burn and lives to torment the owner again. All +burns, whether by caustic or otherwise, should be avoided. + + * * * * * + + + + +EXPERIMENTS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MATERIALS. + +Prof. J. Burkitt Webb, C.E., now in Europe, writes as follows: + +On the invitation of Prof. Spangenberg we visited the +"Versuchsstation," at the Gewerbe-Akademie, where the important +experiments upon materials for engineering purposes are being made. +These tests are of two kinds--trials of strength and trials of +endurance. The first are made by means of very heavy and accurate +machinery, mostly new within the last two or three years; the latter +are the celebrated "Dauer-Versuche," a description of which we will +reserve for another letter. + +The main machine, of which there are three or four duplicates at work +at various points in Germany, is housed in a special building in the +interior court of the academy. It consists of heavy iron "ways," some +fifty feet long, accurately planed and secured to a stone foundation, +with a hydraulic pump and scales at one end, and a number of massive +attachments for subjecting the piece of iron or other material to +various kinds of strains. There are also other instruments which +belong to the machine as delicate as it is heavy, and which are used +for adjusting the parts of the apparatus, reading the results of a +test, or making calculations. This machine differs from others in the +way of measuring the force used. It has been the custom to take +the pressure on the liquid in the hydraulic cylinder, as shown by a +manometer, as the basis of calculation. This introduces an inaccuracy, +as part of this is due to the friction on the piston packing, and the +true pressure is less than that shown by this irregular quantity. +To avoid this difficulty a massive lever is introduced between the +hydraulic press and the point where its pressure is applied. One arm +of this lever is one-eighth inch long, and the other five hundred +times as long, so that to measure a pressure of one hundred tons, four +hundred pounds must be placed on the scale pan which hangs from +the end of the long end of the lever. The fulcrum rests against the +piston, and the short end of the lever is connected by heavy +links with the apparatus by means of which the strain is applied. +Technically speaking the fulcra of scales are "knife edges," but to +convey a pressure of one hundred tons and remain free to move, these +edges must be very obtuse, perhaps 160 deg. to 170 deg.; they must be as +long as possible, some fifteen inches, of the best hardened steel, +accurately ground, and must rest against a hardened plate of steel. +Made with the greatest care the sharp edge under such a pressure will +sometimes make a dent in the plate and the scales are clogged. As +it is very difficult to measure the one-eighth inch with accuracy, +another lever is provided with a ratio of one to ten, and with a +short arm long enough to be made of a certain length with but a small +percentage of error. To test the main lever this occupies essentially +the same place as a sample of iron to be stretched; it is loaded with, +say, two hundred pounds, which it multiplies to a ton; this pressure +is then weighed by placing four pounds upon the main scale pan, +and the fulcrum of the main lever is adjusted until the two weights +balance. + +The attachments consist of: I. Jaws for holding round, square, and +flat bars to be submitted to tension. II. Arrangements for holding +beams and columns in various ways at their ends, and compressing them +until they are crushed or "buckle." III. Two massive graduated iron +beams, which are placed crosswise on the "ways," and used for twisting +shafts, railroad axles, etc. IV. A face plate, about four feet square, +for holding plates of boiler iron nearly as large by the perimeter, +and crushing in the middle by forcing various shaped pieces against +it. V. Apparatus for bending a beam by crushing an angular piece into +it; and in the same connection, VI. Shears for cutting off bars of +metal and measuring the force required. + +In connection with this main machine were some, quite old, which had +been used in the infancy of the subject by a former professor, and a +new special machine for the same purpose as attachment V., and which +seemed to "kink" a piece of railroad iron as if it were only lead. In +this the pressure was obtained by screws. + +Among the instruments used for the adjustment of the parts of the +main machine we saw the finest cathetometer we had ever seen. This +instrument, by Breithaupt, in Cassel, has two telescopes, with +micrometer screws with more than one hundred and twenty-five threads +per inch, and scales graduated on glass with more than six hundred and +twenty five divisions to the inch. Another instrument for measuring +the deflection, in two directions at once, of a column under pressure, +has micrometer screws with more than two hundred and fifty threads per +inch. We saw also a planimeter, which not only calculated mechanically +the area of a figure, but gave also its center of gravity, moment +of inertia, etc. We saw also a French calculating machine; the other +apparatus is, we believe, all German. If one is, however, critical, it +will be found in many lines of business that all the fine goods here +are imported, though naturally the Germans are slow to acknowledge it. + +We witnessed the experiments on a sample of round iron over an inch +in diameter, and on a piece of iron plate three inches wide by half an +inch thick. It is perhaps needless to say that they seemed to stretch +like putty and to break like thread. The pressure is put on a few +hundred pounds at a time, and the elongation is read by two telescopes +and a scale, which multiply the distance five hundred times. At the +same time the first "elastic limit" is watched for. Before this is +arrived at the piece will return to its original length when the +tension is removed; after this the stretching is in part permanent. +One of the facts brought out is that there are _several_ elastic +limits, in copper seven or eight. The appearance of the surface after +the elastic limit is passed and the iron stretches is peculiar. A wavy +appearance is seen, and longitudinal ridges begin to form, due to the +changes going on in the crystals, by which they adapt themselves to +the increased length. After a further general adaptation of structure +becomes impossible, these appearances culminate in the weakest part. +The apparatus for measuring the increase in length has long since been +removed, and the places where it was attached have been filed smooth +to avoid introducing the weak point artificially. The diameter of this +part now reduces rapidly, and the surface becomes rough and the iron +hot--you can see it stretch. When it has reduced twenty-five or more +per cent. it gives way suddenly with a sharp crack. The percentage of +reduction before breaking is now recorded with the observations on the +elasticity and the breaking strain, and the experiment is at an end. +It suggested itself to see if the work done in pulling the iron +apart was fully accounted for by the heat generated. We could easily +calculate the work up to the point of maximum tension, but after this +the force required was not measured; however, a rough calculation +showed that the iron was as hot as required, or at least that the data +would require to be quite complete if any residual was to be found. + +Berlin, May 13, 1880. + + * * * * * + + + + +ENGINEERING INVENTIONS. + +An improved wheel guard, which will push any obstacles on the track +aside, and which can be adjusted to a greater or less height above the +rails, has been patented by Mr. Solomon Brisac, of New York city. +It consists in a wheel guard formed of a metallic box with a beveled +front side, which box is adjustably fastened to the front end of a +recessed plate resting on and partially surrounding the grease box. +The box is braced by means of a rod attached to its forward end and +passing into a socket fastened to the bottom of the car. + +An improved water motor, constructed on the general principle of a +rotary engine, in which two compartments are arranged side by side, +with a partition intervening, and in which the sliding pistons in the +piston wheels in the two compartments are arranged at right angles +to each other, has been patented by Mr. William E. Seelye, of Anoka, +Minn. + +Mr. Stephen Barnes, of New Haven, Conn., has invented a vibrating +propeller, adapted to small boats and vessels to be operated by either +hand or steam power. The floats are arranged so that they will offer +no resistance on the return stroke. + +An improved device for removing snow from railway tracks, and +especially from between the rails, has been patented by Mr. David M. +Horton, of Fishkill Village, N. Y. It consists of a revolving brush, a +mould board in juxtaposition thereto, and a fan blower, in combination +with suitable driving gear for propelling the brush and fan. + +An improvement in steam traps, patented by Mr. Hugh O. Ames, of New +Orleans, La., consists in combining with a vibratory arm carrying a +water receiver, a side apertured hollow trunnion, a discharge pipe, a +jacketed standard, and an outlet pipe. + +An improved cotton press has been patented by Mr. Alfred A. Janney, of +Montgomery, Ala. This invention relates to an improvement in the class +of cotton and hay presses in which the follower is worked by a screw +that passes through a nut, to which the required rotary motion is +imparted by means of lateral sweeps or levers. It consists in the +means for supporting and securing the levers and forming a vertical +guide for the screw, so that the levers are prevented from rocking or +swaying as power is applied in the operation of packing. + + * * * * * + + + + +IMPROVED STEAM CANAL BOAT. + +The late experiments in canal steamboats bid fair to be a complete +success. The Baxter steamers were not sufficiently remunerative +to continue the building of that kind of boat. They do not carry a +sufficient load, owing to their build, and that is made necessary by +the form and arrangement of the machinery and propelling power, the +propeller being that form used by the tug in Buffalo. The new style, +which bids to pay handsomely, is as full a bow and stern as the +ordinary first-class canal boat. The propelling power is radically +different from the tug propeller. The wheel is eight feet in diameter +and placed close to the stern; the boiler is upright, with a single +engine, very compact machinery, taking up no more room than the stable +in many boats, and enabling the boat to carry 7,500 bushels of corn +and coal for the trip. With this cargo they run from Buffalo to New +York in seven days on five and a half gross tons of coal, saving river +and harbor towing. One returned from New York to Buffalo in one hour +less than seven days, bringing one hundred and thirty tons of freight. +The outlook now promises to supersede mule and horse towing. The +Belgian system of cable towing will take that large number of boats +now relying on the mule, and deliver them promptly as consigned and in +much less time and cost than can be done by the mule. Both systems are +necessary for rapid movement on the canal, and to cheapen the transfer +from the West to the seaboard. Steam is sure to supersede animal power +on the canal, as everywhere else. The canal steamboats are at last so +far perfected as to insure a handsome profit in running them, and +a large number will soon be at work on the canal. Two are to be +constructed in Lockport as speedily as possible by one of our most +enterprising boat builders, and the machinery is contracted for, +thus opening up a new industry for our numerous and worthy +mechanics.--_Lockport_ (_N. Y._) _Journal_. + + * * * * * + + + + +ASTRONOMICAL NOTES. + +OBSERVATORY OF VASSAR COLLEGE. + + +The computations in the following notes are by students of Vassar +College. Although merely approximate, they are sufficiently accurate +to enable the ordinary observer to find the planets. + +M. M. + + +POSITIONS OF PLANETS FOR JULY, 1880. + + +MERCURY. + +On July 1 Mercury sets a few minutes after 9 in the evening. + +Mercury can be readily found, early in July, a few degrees south of +the point of sunset; the planet moves rapidly southward, but can be +followed, and may be seen as late as the 20th. On July 18 Mercury has +nearly the declination of Regulus. + + +VENUS. + +Venus keeps nearly the path of the sun, setting after the sun late in +July, but so nearly with it that the planet is not likely to be seen. + + +MARS. + +Mars has moved from its position nearly in line with Castor and Pollux +toward Leo. It sets on July 1 at 9h. 44m. P.M. On the 31st Mars sets +at 8h. 32m. + +On the 31st, at meridian passage, Mars and Uranus are nearly together. +Uranus is east of Mars and half a degree south. + + +JUPITER. + +Jupiter is coming into the evening hours. + +On July 1 Jupiter rises a few minutes after midnight. On July 31 +Jupiter rises a few minutes after 10 P.M. It will be known at once by +its brilliancy. + +Besides the ordinary belts of Jupiter the planet still shows at this +time (June 10) the large ruddy spot spoken of by many persons some +weeks since. This spot is elliptical in shape; its longest diameter is +about one-fifth that of Jupiter. A small glass will show it, and the +ordinary observer can, by watching its appearance and disappearance +and reappearance, determine the time of rotation of Jupiter on its +axis, or the length of the planet's day. + +The best evenings for looking at Jupiter are those of July 23, when +the satellite nearest to Jupiter goes across its face, preceded by +its shadow; July 28, when the first and second satellites will make +similar transits; and July 29, when Jupiter will rise without the +presence of its third satellite, which will be in eclipse, and will +come out of the shadow after midnight. + + +SATURN. + +Saturn follows close upon Jupiter, but keeps further north in +declination by about 21/2 deg.. + +On July 1 Saturn rises 36m. after midnight. On the 31st Saturn rises +at 10h. 38m. P.M. + +The waning moon will pass north of Jupiter and Saturn on the 27th to +28th. + +Any one who has a glass sufficient to show the ring of Saturn and the +largest satellite, Titan, will find this planet intensely interesting, +and the movements of the satellite will show the time of its +revolution in its orbit around Saturn. + + +URANUS. + +Uranus rises after the sun, and sets too nearly with the sun to be +seen. + + +NEPTUNE. + +Neptune may be seen, with a good telescope, in the early morning hour. +Neptune is 21/4 deg. west of Alpha Ceti, and 11 deg. north. It approaches Alpha +Ceti during the month, and if it can be found, may be known to be a +planet by that movement. + + * * * * * + + + + +FIRES IN NEW YORK. + +The report of the Board of Fire Commissioners, just printed, shows +that during the year 1879 there were in this city 1,551 fires, of +which 1,029 were discovered by persons not connected with the Fire +or Police Department. In 1,456 cases the fires were confined to the +buildings in which they originated. Twenty-five buildings were totally +destroyed, and 69 were greatly damaged. Of all the fires, 1,001 were +extinguished by buckets of water and fire extinguishers. The total +estimated loss by fire during the year was $900,280 on buildings +and $4,771,300 on stock, making a total of $5,671,580. The +estimated insurances on the buildings were $7,276,446, and on stock, +$14,525,264, making a total of $21,801,710. The estimated uninsured +loss was $180,060. In three cases the loss was between $100,000 and +$115,000; in one case $168,908; in one case $352,185; in one case +$333,900; and in one case $1,978,991. In 1,066 cases the loss was less +than $100. + +Nearly a quarter of all the fires were caused by carelessness, and 100 +are attributed to children playing with matches and fire. Forty fires +were caused by the spontaneous combustion of oily rags and other +materials, and 93 by exploding kerosene lamps. Four members of the +department and 12 citizens died of injuries received at fires during +the year, and 139 firemen and 54 citizens were more or less injured. + +There are 729 uniformed members of the department The pay roll of the +whole department for 1879 was $1,030,822.14, and the appropriation for +all expenses was $1,254,970. The appropriation for the present year +is $1,307,670. The department now possesses 233 horses, 1 marine steam +fire engine, 58 steam fire engines, of which 5 are self propelling, +10 chemical engines, 24 hook and ladder trucks, 108 chemical fire +extinguishers, and 4 aerial ladders, together with other fire +apparatus. + +The annual inspection of the department showed that the quickest +average time in hitching a team was 3.17 seconds, and in hitching +a single horse, 5.66 seconds. The general average in hitching all +apparatus was, in 1879, 9.54 seconds; in 1878, 10.26 seconds; and in +1877, 13.03 seconds. + +During the year, $30,300 was collected for licenses for the sale of +kerosene oil, each license costing $10. The Fire Department Relief +Fund now amounts to $422,569.07, and the insurance fund to $12,780. + + * * * * * + + + + +ASPIRATOR AND COMPRESSOR. + +Professor Marangoni, of Pavia, has invented an aspirator for measuring +gases which is much simpler than many now in use in laboratories, +which latter have the defect that the air or gas ascends through +the descending liquid and makes thus the measuring of the former +uncertain. The improved apparatus is shown in our illustration. It +consists of two vessels attached to a fixed horizontal shaft, FE, +which is placed upon two upright supports. This shaft has several ways +or passages made in it which performs the functions of the taps. +The water of the upper receptacle passes into the lower one by the +passage, A, and thence through the tube, BC, issuing at its lowest +extremity at C. The air contained in the lower vessel is thus emitted +by the channel DE, cut into the shaft, while the air or gas is +aspirated in the same ratio by the passage and tube, FG. The apparatus +acts thus at the same time as aspirator and compressor. It is simple, +and will be a useful addition to the laboratory. + +[Illustration] + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW PHOTOGLYPTIC PROCESS.[1] + +[Footnote 1: A communication to the Photographic Society of France.] + + +WALTER B. WOODBURY. + +It is now thirteen years since I had the honor of introducing in +France my new photoglyptic process, which, up to the present time, has +remained in the hands of very few, owing to the great expense hitherto +necessary to start the working of it. For some time I have been +engaged in making experiments with a view to discover a system which +should be at the same time simple and inexpensive; and the process +which I have this evening the honor to bring before your notice is the +result of my researches. + +The summary of the new system is as follows: + +To obtain from negatives reliefs on glass similar to transparencies by +the carbon process, but modified in the quantity of materials used. + +To attach, and keep in absolute contact with the relief so obtained, a +sheet of tin foil. + +To solidify this sheet of tinfoil by coating it with copper; then +backing it up with another sheet of plate glass covered with a +composition; and then to detach the whole from the first relief--the +result being a mould ready to place in the press and print one +thousand or more proofs. + +I commence by showing you the relief made from the negative, and +explaining how this is obtained. + +I take a sheet of plate glass of a convenient size, and place it in +hot water, together with a sheet of paper a little smaller; then, +having driven out the excess of water by means of a squeegee, I +place it on a leveling stand. Having prepared a solution composed of +gelatine 200 parts, water 1,000 parts, glycerine 20 parts, white sugar +30 parts, with a little Indian ink, and filtered the same, I pour a +sufficient quantity on the paper and spread it up to the corners with +the finger. These plates are then dried in a dry place and can be kept +until wanted. + +To sensitize the plates I employ a bath of bichromate of potash of +six per cent., and again dry them. Without doubt this method is rather +long; but one should consider that each proof made is capable of +giving five or ten thousand prints if necessary, as the same relief +will make many printing moulds. I tried, with the aid of the Autotype +Company, of London, to get a suitable tissue; but as this requires +a uniform thickness of half a millimeter the ordinary system did not +succeed. When the sensitized plate is dry the edges are cut with a +knife, the glasses serving over and over again. I show you a piece of +this prepared paper. + +As in the carbon process, it is necessary to place a border of black +paper at the back of the negative, and to cut the sensitized tissue a +little larger than the opening. + +After the exposure the gelatine is fixed on a collodionized glass by +placing them both in water and squeegeeing the surface; but in dry +weather it is as well to use albumen in place of collodion, as used +by M. Ferrier for his transparencies in carbon. The glass holding the +gelatine is now placed in a hot water bath heated to 42 deg. Centigrade, +and left till the paper comes away from the gelatine, when it is +placed in this apparatus by the frame holding the grooves. + +By means of this small gas regulator the temperature is kept always +the same, namely, 50 deg. Centigrade. The water should be now and then +agitated by lifting up and down the frame holding the glasses. + +After a space of three or four hours the reliefs will be sufficiently +washed, and can be taken out and placed in alcohol to dry quickly +and sharp at the same time. In this stage of the process all spots or +scratches that may have been on the negative can be removed (being in +relief on the gelatine) by means of a piece of glass. The relief is +now ready to be covered with the tin. You will observe that up to the +present the operations have been almost the same as those necessary to +produce a transparency in carbon. + +As it is of the first necessity that the tin should be kept in +absolute contact with the gelatine relief, I prepare the latter by +rubbing it over with a piece of flannel charged with a greasy matter +(pomatum answers as well as anything). I then make a border of +India-rubber in benzine round the glass. The effect of this is to +prevent any air from returning between the tin and the relief when +once it has been driven out. + +Taking care that the back of the glass is perfectly clean, it is now +placed on the steel or glass bed of a rolling-press. A sheet of tin +foil (without holes) that has been smoothed on a sheet of glass by a +soft brush is now laid on it, and then three or four thicknesses of +blotting paper. The whole is then passed under the cylinder several +times, each time increasing the pressure. The surface of the tin +is now ready to place in the electrotyping cell, but must first be +cleaned with a solution of caustic potash to remove any grease, and +bordered with shellac varnish to prevent the copper from depositing +where not required. + +Electric contact is made by means of the small apparatus, on removing +a small proportion of the lac varnish. After two or three hours +sufficient copper will have been deposited, and after drying can be +then attached to another glass, on which it will remain. + +This glass is covered while hot with a composition of shellac, resin, +and Venice turpentine, and can be prepared in advance, using an iron +plate heated direct by the gas flame. The same iron plate is employed +to again soften the composition and attach it to the copper; but this +time heated only by boiling water, this temperature being sufficient +to soften it until it enters into all the hollows of the copper. On +placing a weight on the two glasses the excess of the composition is +forced out at the edges. When cold the glass plate on which the copper +and tin are now attached can be separated from the relief, which can +then be used over and over again to produce fresh matrices. + +The matrix or intaglio is now ready to place in the printing press, +and the remaining operations of printing are exactly the same as those +used in the old process of photoglyptic printing. + +In placing the mould in the press it is advisable to place one or +two thicknesses of stout blotting paper, previously wetted, under the +mould to give to it a slight amount of elasticity and, at the same +time, to keep it in place. + +As in all other mechanical processes a reversed or pellicle negative +is required; but it is very simple to print upon a specially prepared +transfer paper, and, instead of mounting the print with the face +uppermost, to attach it under water to the mount, and when dry to +detach the paper on which the print has been made. By this means there +remains only one thickness of paper instead of two, thus doing away +with an objection which has often been found in mounted photographs +for book illustration. + + * * * * * + + + + +NEW INVENTIONS. + +An improved combined cutting and clinching tool has been patented by +Mr. Peter D. Graham, of Black Hawk, Col. The object of this invention +is to provide a new, useful, and convenient tool for cutting and +clinching horseshoe nails. + +Mr. John J. Berger, of Brooklyn, N. Y., has patented an improved +hand perforating or check stamp of the class which are used to cut or +perforate the paper with figures and letters as a safeguard against +alterations of the check; and the object of this improvement is to +perforate the check with needle points, and at the same time ink +the perforations, whereby the numbers may be clearly marked without +cutting large openings in the paper. + +An improved apparatus for the manufacture of nitric acid has been +patented by Mr. Paul Marcelin, of Black Rock, Conn. The object of this +invention is to furnish apparatus for manufacturing nitric acid so +constructed that the stronger acid may be separated from the weaker +acid as the acid passes from the retort to the receiving bottles, +to obtain a strong acid suitable for use in manufacturing +nitro-glycerine. + +Mr. Max Rubin, of New York city, has patented an improved shawl strap, +so constructed that either strap may be wound up alone, or both may be +wound up together, or one may be wound up tighter than the other, by +adjusting the handle. + +Mr. Ambrose Madden, of Asbury Park, N. J., has patented an attachment +for use with halters for preventing horses from cribbing and to +cure them of that pernicious habit; and the invention consists in a +combination of rigid arms and straps hung upon the halter and carrying +a spiked plate, which is retained beneath the animal's under lip in +such manner that the motions of the horse in the act of cribbing cause +the spikes to prick. + + * * * * * + + + + +BUSINESS AND PERSONAL. + +_The Charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar a line for +each insertion; about eight words to a line. Advertisements must be +received at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear +in next issue._ + +-->_The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a +circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue._ + + * * * * * + +Lubricene, Gear Grease, Cylinder and Machinery Oils. R. J. Chard, 6 +Burling Slip, New York. + +Telephones repaired, parts of same for sale. Send stamp for circulars. +P.O. Box 205, Jersey City, N. J. + +The genuine Asbestos Liquid Paints are the purest, finest, richest, +and most durable paints ever made for structural purposes. H. W. Johns +M'f'g Co., 87 Maiden Lane, sole manufacturers. + +The Finger Annunciator, and all other electr. apparatus, by Finger +Annunciator Co., 73 Cornhill, Boston. + +The most popular Pens in use are those of the Esterbrook Steel Pen +Company. For sale everywhere. Everybody send Circular to R. K. Teller, +Unadilla, N. Y. + +A few pat. Centering and Squaring Attachments for Lathes, made by R. +E. State & Co., entirely new, for sale cheap. J. & W. State, Lock Box +291, Springfield, Ohio. + +Soapstone and Empire Gum Core Packing, the best for Railroads. Greene, +Tweed & Co., New York. + +Our new Stylographic Pen (just patented), having the duplex +interchangeable point section, is the very latest improvement. The +Stylographic Pen Co., Room 13, 169 Broadway, N. Y. + +Shaw's U. S. Standard of Pressure. Mercury Gauges, all pressures, +Steam, Hydraulic, and Vacuum. Best for pumping stations and pipe +lines. 915 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. + +For Sale low--52 x 17 feet Sidewheel Boat, and one 23 x 51/2 feet +Launch; best condition. S. E. Harthan, Worcester, Mass. + +Wanted.--Farm Engine, with Steam Plow Attachment. Address P. O. Box +18, Reinbeck, Iowa. + +Advertising of all kinds in all American Newspapers. Special lists +free. Address E. N. Freshman & Bros., Cincinnati, O. + +Patent for Sale Cheap.--Entire Patent or State Rights. Just the thing +for the summer. Money can be made out of it. Other business prevents +owner from handling it. A. H. Watkins, 294 Harrison Ave., Boston, +Mass. + +We keep a full assortment of Esterbrook's, Gillott's, Spencerian, +Perry's, and Lamar's Pens. Send for price list to J. Leach, 86 Nassau +St., New York. + +For Sale.--A Baltimore City Fire Department Steam Fire Engine, in +complete working order. Address P.O. Box 676, Baltimore, Md. + +Metallic Piston Rod Packing Company, 773 Broad St., Newark, N. J. +Agents wanted; terms liberal. + +Skinner & Wood, Erie, Pa., Portable and Stationary Engines, are full +of orders, and withdraw their illustrated advertisement. Send for +their new circulars. + +Asbestos Board on Chimneys prevents their heat from affecting the +temperature of rooms through which they pass. Asbestos Pat. Fiber Co., +lim., 194 Broadway, N. Y. + +Sweetland & Co., 126 Union St., New Haven, Conn., manufacture the +Sweetland Combination Chuck. + +Power, Foot, and Hand Presses for Metal Workers. Lowest prices. +Peerless Punch & Shear Co., 52 Dey St., N. Y. The Brown Automatic +Cut-off Engine; unexcelled for workmanship, economy, and durability. +Write for information. C. H. Brown & Co., Fitchburg, Mass. + +Corrugated Traction Tire for Portable Engines, etc. Sole +manufacturers, H. Lloyd, Son & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. + +For the best Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery, address H. A. +Crossley, Cleveland, Ohio. + +Best Oak Tanned Leather Belting. Wm. F. Forepaugh, Jr., & Bros. 531 +Jefferson St., Philadelphia, Pa. + +National Steel Tube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjustable, durable. +Chalmers-Spence Co., 40 John St., N. Y. + +Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and appearance +as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's Shafting Works, Drinker St., +Philadelphia, Pa. + +Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery a specialty by E. & B. +Holmes, Buffalo, N. Y. + +Solid Emery Vulcanite Wheels--The Solid Original Emery Wheel other +kinds imitations and inferior. Caution.--Our name is stamped in full +on all our best Standard Belting, Packing, and Hose. Buy that only. +The best is the cheapest. New York Belting and Packing Company, 37 and +38 Park Bow. N. Y. + +For Separators, Farm & Vertical Engines, see adv. p. 382. + +Walrus Leather, Emery, and Polishing Goods. Greene, Tweed & Co., 118 +Chambers St., New York. + +Nickel Plating.--Sole manufacturers cast nickel anodes, pure nickel +salts, importers Vienna lime, crocus, etc. Condit, Hanson & Van +Winkle, Newark, N. J., and 92, and 94 Liberty St., New York. + +Presses, Dies, and Tools for working Sheet Metal, etc. Fruit & other +can tools. Bliss & Williams, B'klyn, N. Y. + +Bradley's cushioned helve hammers. See illus. ad. p. 397. + +Instruction in Steam and Mechanical Engineering. A thorough practical +education, and a desirable situation as soon as competent, can be +obtained at the National Institute of Steam Engineering, Bridgeport, +Conn. For particulars, send for pamphlet. + +Hydraulic Jacks, Presses and Pumps. Polishing and Buffing Machinery +Patent Punches, Shears, etc. E. Lyon & Co., 470 Grand St., New York. + +Forsaith & Co., Manchester, N. H., & 207 Centre St., N. Y. Bolt +Forging Machines, Power Hammers, Comb'd Hand Fire Eng. & Hose +Carriages, New & 2d hand Machinery. Send stamp for illus. cat. State +just what you want. + +For Mill Mach'y & Mill Furnishing, see illus. adv. p. 381. + +Air Compressors, Blowing Engines, Steam Pumping Machinery, Hydraulic +Presses. Philadelphia Hydraulic Works, Philadelphia, Pa. + +For Patent Shapers and Planers, see ills. adv. p. 380. + +For Pat. Safety Elevators, Hoisting Engines, Friction Clutch Pulleys, +Cut-off Coupling, see Frisbie's ad. p. 316. + +Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book Binders, and Paper +Mills. Large knife work a specialty. Also manufacturers of Soloman's +Parallel Vise. Taylor. Stiles & Co., Riegelsville, N. J. + +For Alcott's Improved Turbine, see adv. p. 297. + +Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by Pa. Diamond Drill +Co. Box 423, Pottsville, Pa. See p. 381. + +Rollstone Mac. Co's Wood Working Mach'y ad. p. 380 + +Improved Solid Emery Wheels and Machinery, Automatic Knife Grinders, +Portable Chuck Jaws. _Important_, that users should have prices of +these first class goods. American Twist Drill Co., Meredithville, N. +H. + +For Standard Turbine, see last or next number. + +Burgess' Non-conductor for Heated Surfaces; easily applied, efficient, +and inexpensive. Applicable to plain or curved surfaces, pipes, elbows +and valves. See p. 284. + +Diamond Saws. J. Dickinson, 64 Nassau St., N. Y. + +Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube Expanders. R. +Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York. + +Wanted--The address of 40,000 Sawyers and Lumbermen for a copy of +Emerson's Hand Book of Saws. New edition 1880. Over 100 illustrations +and pages of valuable information. Emerson, Smith & Co., Beaver Falls, +Pa. + +Eagle Anvils, 10 cents per pound. Fully warranted. + +For Wood-Working Machinery, see illus. adv. p. 413. + +Eclipse Portable Engine. See illustrated adv., p. 413. + +Tight and Slack Barrel machinery a specialty. John Greenwood & Co., +Rochester, N. Y. See illus. adv. p. 413. + +Elevators, Freight and Passenger, Shafting, Pulleys and Hangers. L. S. +Graves & Son, Rochester, N. Y. + +$400 Vertical Engine, 30 H.P. See page 413. + +Best American Shot Gun made is the "Colts." Far superior to any +English guns for the same price. For description, see SCI. AMERICAN +of May 29. Send for circular to Hodgkins & Haigh, Dealers in General +Sporting Goods, 300 Broadway, New York. + +Telephones.--Inventors of Improvements in Telephones and Telephonic +Apparatus are requested to communicate with the Scottish Telephonic +Exchange, Limited, 34 St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, Scotland. J. G. +Lorrain, General Manager. + +Pat. Steam Hoisting Mach'y. See illus. adv., p. 413. + +Hydraulic Cylinders, Wheels, and Pinions, Machinery Castings; all +kinds; strong and durable; and easily worked. Tensile strength not +less than 65,000 lbs. to square in. Pittsburgh Steel Casting Co., +Pittsburgh, Pa. + +C. J. Pitt & Co., Show Case Manufacturers, 226 Canal St., New York. +Orders promptly attended to. Send for illustrated catalogue with +prices. + +For best low price Planer and Matcher, and latest improved Sash, +Door, and Blind Machinery, Send for catalogue to Rowley & Hermance, +Williamsport, Pa. + +Elevators.--Stokes & Parrish, Phila., Pa. See p. 412. + +Penfield (Pulley) Block Works. See illus. adv. p. 413. + + * * * * * + + + + +[OFFICIAL.] + +INDEX OF INVENTIONS + +FOR WHICH + +LETTERS PATENT OF THE UNITED STATES WERE GRANTED IN THE WEEK ENDING; + +JUNE 1, 1880, + +AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. + +[Those marked (r) are reissued patents.] + + * * * * * + + +A printed copy of the specification and drawing of any patent in the +annexed list, also of any patent issued since 1866, will be furnished +from this office for one dollar. In ordering please state the number +and date of the patent desired, and remit to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row, +New York city. We also furnish copies, of patents granted prior to +1866; but at increased cost, as the specifications not being printed, +must be copied by hand. + +Adding machine, C. P. Sullivan 228,416 +Advertising checker board, H. P. Eysenbach 228,330 +Annunciator, pneumatic, D. & T. Morris 228,267 +Axle lubricator, car, C. D. Flynt 228,337 +Axle lubricator, vehicle, L. Adams 228,242 +Bale tie, W. S. E. Sevey 228,223 +Baling press, H. O. King 228,361 +Bedstead, invalid, E. Conover 228,318 +Bedstead, sofa, C. S. E. Spoerl _et al_ 228,408 +Belting and process of manufacture, cotton, M. Gandy 228,186 +Belts, lacing, O. C. Pomeroy 228,390 +Berth for vessels, self-leveling, D. Huston (r) 9,224 +Berth for vessels, self-leveling, C. C. Sanderson 228,278 +Berth, self-leveling ship's, C. C. Sanderson 228,279 +Binders, knot tyer for self, W. Stephens 228,228 +Blacking and polishing boots and shoes, machine + for, P. P. Audoye 228,297 +Blower, fan, H. Allen 228,293 +Bolting tree, J. M. Springer 228,409 +Boot and gaiter, rubber, G. H. Sanford 228,398 +Bottle, etc., lock, A. T. Boone 228,170 +Bottle stopper, E. Hollender 228,355 +Bow strings, clutch for, C. M. Beard 228,302 +Bracelet, C. E. Hayward 228,348 +Bracelet, A. Vester 228,425 +Bran cleaner, L. Gathmann 228,340 +Brick, pottery, etc., kiln for burning, E. Escherich 228,331 +Buckboard, E. Hitt 228,352 +Buckle, tug, D. O. Fosgate 228,255 +Bumper, W. V. Perry 228,385 +Bung, J. H. Stamp 228,227 +Button fastener, D. Bainbridge 228,298 +Button, sleeve and cuff, H. McDougall 228,370 +Buttons, machine for making, W. W. Wade 228,233 +Can, D. Bennett 228,167 +Can fastening, J. Hall 228,343 +Car coupling, Neff & Thalman 228,378 +Car coupling, J. F. Stanley 228,411 +Car coupling, Morand & Edwards 228,212 +Car coupling tool, G. Searl 228,400 +Car door bolt, A. W. Zimmerman 228,241 +Car wheel, J. A. Woodbury 228,430 +Car wheel chill, W. Wilmington 228,428 +Cars, bell cord guide for railway, S. L. Finley 228,253 +Cars upon railways, running, J. R. Cox 228,176 +Carbureting gas and air, W. M. Jackson 228,357 +Card teeth, apparatus for tempering wire for, + W. F. Bateman 228,301 +Carpet fastener, W. Bray 228,306 +Carpet lining, G. J. Bicknell 228,168 +Carpet sweeper, B. W. Johnson 228,358 +Carriage top, E. S. Scripture (r) 9,230 +Carriage top rest, G. Miles 228,211 +Cartridge shells, machine for drawing, A. C. Hobbs 228,197 +Centering machine, J. E. Dimsey 228,249 +Chair seats and backs, making, F. D. Newton 228,377 +Chandelier, extension, G. Bohner 228,244 +Cheese press, M. B. Fraser (r) 9,228 +Cheese press, G. F. White 228,291 +Cheese vat, J. B. Marquis 228,366 +Chuck, J. H. Westcott 228,426 +Churn, E. Rhoades (r) 9,225 +Clock, alarm, F. Krober 228,202 +Clock, calendar, C. S. Lewis 228,261 +Clock case, G. Havell 228,193 +Cloth pressing machine, P. Miller 228,375 +Clutch, W. J. Ray 228,276 +Cockle separator, D. Brubaker 228,310 +Collar, horse, T. Hepburn 228,351 +Commode, A. Climie 228,313 +Copying process, dry, Kwaysser & Husak 228,362 +Cork tapering machine, F. L. Blair 228,169 +Corn husking machine, F. L. Collis 228,174 +Corn husking machine roller, E. A. Bourquin 228,305 +Corn popper, D. Lumbert 228,205 +Cornice, window, H. F. Gray 228,189 +Cranks, device for overcoming the dead points + of, C. L. Fleischmann 228,185 +Crochet needles, manufacture of, J. A. Smith 228,404 +Crucible furnaces, hydrocarbon burner for, I. M. Seamans 228,281 +Cutlery, pocket, J. W. Ayers 228,163 +Danger signal, M. A. Vosburgh 228,232 +Diagram for theaters, etc., H. T. Lemon 228,204 +Domestic boiler, C. Friedeborn 228,339 +Drawing, apparatus for assisting in, W. B. O. Peabody 228,273 +Drying apparatus, W. J. Johnson 228,259 +Electrotype mould, E. B. Sheldon 228,224 +Exercising machine, F. Saunders 228,277 +Eyeglasses, J. Schaffer 228,399 +Fan, M. Rubin 228,394 +Fastening device, E. F. Miller 228,373 +Faucet attachment, C. A. Raggio 228,219 +Fence nail, wire, E. L. Warren 228,236 +Fertilizers, process and apparatus for the manufacture + of, W. Plumer 228,387 +Firearm, breech-loading, W. H. Baker 228,165 +Fluted fabrics, machine for creasing, E. Brosemann 228,309 +Fruit basket, H. B. Crandall 228,248 +Fuel, process and apparatus for burning pulverized, + A. Faber de Faur 228,334 +Furnace, B. F. Smith 228,405 +Gas, making illuminating, T. J. F. Regan 228,392 +Gate, E. J. Clark 228,314 +Gate roller, F. W. Holbrook 228,354 +Gelatine or ichthyocolla from salted fish skins, + extracting, J. S. Rogers (r) 9,226 +Glass furnace, T. B. Atterbury 228,296 +Glassware, machine for grinding, A. M. Bacon 228,164 +Glove fastener, Smith & Hassall 228,403 +Governor, elevator, I. H. Small 228,284 +Governor for marine engines, W. U. Fairbairn 228,252 +Governor for middlings purifiers, etc., feed, W. Donlon 228,180 +Grain conveyer, pneumatic, F. A. Luckenbach 228,206 +Grain meter, J. B. Stoner 228,229 +Grain separator, magnetic, C. E. Fritz (r) 9,229 +Grate, fire, E. Moneuse 228,376 +Grinding and polishing wheel, G. Hart 228,257 +Hammer lifter, drop, C. G. Cross 228,324 +Harness, breast, J. W. Cooper 228,175 +Harrow, S. A. Bollinger 228,303 +Harrow, C. W. Page 228,382 +Harvester, Jones & Emerson 228,359 +Header, guiding, W. H. Keen 228,260 +Heating and ventilating apparatus, J. W. Geddes 228,188 +Hinge, spring, L. Bommer 228,304 +Hitching strap, J. C. Covert 228,322 +Hoes and other tools, eye for, J. R. Thomas 228,419 +Hog holder and nose ring carrier, W. A. Stark 228,286 +Horse hoof pad, A. J. Lockie 228,262 +Horse power equalizer, W. T. G. Cobb 228,173 +Horse power sweep, J. Branning 228,307 +Horseshoe nail machine, J. Roy 228,220 +Hose coupling, S. Adlam, Jr. 228,161 +Hose coupling, M. B. Hill 228,196 +Hot air furnace, B. W. Felton 228,336 +Hydraulic joint, E. D. Meier 228,209 +Indigo blue, making artificial, A. Baeyer 228,300 +Lamp, car, G. Seagrave 228,402 +Lamp globe, G. Chappel 228,247 +Lamp, street, J. G. Miner 228,265 +Last, W. J. Crowley 228,178 +Latch, G. L. Crandal 228,323 +Life protector for railway rails, E. J. Hoffman 228,353 +Lifting jack, J. State 228,285 +Lithographic press, J. A. Parks 228,271 +Lock, C. F. Otto 228,379 +Locomotive, J. B. Smith 228,406 +Locomotive cone, F. A. Perry 228,386 +Locomotive engine, J. W. Clardy 228,172 +Locomotive lubricator, W. P. Phillips 228,215 +Loom for weaving gauze fabrics, A. McLean 228,372 +Loom shedding mechanism, H. Halcroft 228,191 +Loom temple, E. Hamilton 228,346 +Loom temple, J. & L. Hardaker 228,256 +Lubricator, W. P. Phillips 228,216, 228,217 +Mash machine, W. Craig 228,177 +Mash rake, whisky, D. L. Graves 228,190 +Mash stirrer, G. Schock 228,222 +Measuring machine, cloth, B. K. Parker 228,381 +Middlings purifier, J. B. Martin 228,367 +Milk cooler, T. Stahler 228,412 +Milk pail holder, A. C. Dodge 228,327 +Mining and excavating apparatus, E. M. Hugentobler 228,356 +Mortising machine, E. H. N. Clarkson (r) 9,221 +Nickel, solution for electro-deposition of, J. Powell 228,389 +Oil and lard oil, treatment of petroleum lubricating, + H. V. P. Draper 228,181 +Ore separator, magnetic, T. A. Edison 228,329 +Packing for piston rods, etc., metallic, + L. Katzenstein 228,200 +Packing for steam engines, spring, J. W. Smith 228,225 +Packing, piston, W. M. Thompson, Jr. 228,420 +Packing, piston rod, R. B. H. Gould 228,341 +Padlock, McDonald & McAllister (r) 228,371 +Pantaloons, F. H. Carney 228,246 +Paper bag machine, C. A. Chandler 228,312 +Paper floor covering, compound, H. Hayward 228,194 +Paper for bank notes, checks, etc., J Sangster 228,221 +Parchment or toughening paper, making artificial, + L. H. G. Ehrhardt 228,328 +Pens, pointing, E. Wiley 228,427 +Permutation lock, J. B. Cook 228,316 +Photo-negatives, producing, embellishing, and retouching, + W. D. Osborne 228,380 +Photographic background, accessory for forming, W. F. Ashe 228,295 +Picture support, G. H. Brown 228,308 +Pillow sham holder, M. A. Steers 228,414 +Pipes, tubing etc., protector for the threaded ends of, + H. E. Boyd 228,171 +Planter, corn, R. H. C. Enyeart 228,332 +Planter, corn, A. Hearst 228,258 +Planter, corn, A. Runstetler 228,396 +Plow attachment, J. R. Harbaugh 228,192 +Plumbers' traps, manufacture of, J. McCloskey 228,369 +Preserving evaporated fruits and vegetables, + H. G. Hulburd 228,198 +Printer's chase, J. Kingsland, Jr. 228,201 +Printer's quoin, C. G. Squintani 228,410 +Printer's type case, J. T. Edson 228,251 +Pulley, J. B. Stockham 228,415 +Pump, W. S. Laney 228,203 +Pump, lift, P. T. Perkins 228,383 +Pump, rotary, J. Hallner 228,344 +Pump, steam jet, Randall & Tuttle 228,275 +Railway heads, stop motion for, H. T. Spencer 228,407 +Railway joints, angle splice for, J. D. Hawks 228,347 +Railway signal apparatus, electric, O. Gassett 228,187 +Range, D. H. Nation 228,268, 228,269, 228,270 +Reclining chair, T. G. Maguire 228,263 +Refrigerating and ice making apparatus, C. P. G. Linde 228,364 +Rivets, making tubular, G. W. Tucker 228,423 +Rock drills and earth augers, machine for operating, + G. Taylor 228,418 +Rubber bottles, etc., closing the openings in India, + T. J. Mayall 228,207 +Rubber, ornamenting hard, H., O., & M. Traun 228,290 +Sash cord fastener and sash lock, combined, + E. V. Heaford 228,349 +Sash cord guide, E. H. N. Clarkson (r) 9,222 +Sash fastener, S. P. Jackson 228,199 +Sash fastening, J. Pusey 228,274 +Sawing machine, circular, P. Pryibil 228,218 +Sawing machine, drag, S. F. Steele 228,413 +Sawing machine, drag, A. Wilkins 228,237 +Screw bolt, L. Strauss 228,288 +Screw threads, device for cutting, J. C. Williams 228,429 +Sealing packages, E. A. McAlpin 228,368 +Seaming machine, F. A. Walsh 228,234, 228,235 +Sewing machine balance wheel pulley, E. Flather 228,184 +Sheet metal joint, C. Wright 228,240 +Shirt, G. C. Henning 228,195 +Shoe, J. J. Snyder 228,226 +Shoe nail, Z. Talbot 228,417 +Shoe support, rubber, J. G. Foreman 228,338 +Shoulder brace, C. A. Williamson 228,238 +Sign, flexible, F. Tuchfarber (r) 9,223 +Skiving machine, W. S. Fitzgerald 228,183 +Skylight, W. D. Smith 228,282 +Smoker's kit, T. V. Curtis 228,325 +Soap and other materials, apparatus for mixing, + W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall 228,320 +Soap, machine for mixing materials for making, + W., Sr., W., Jr., & A. W. Cornwall 228,319 +Soap, process and apparatus for remelting, W., Jr., + & A. W. Cornwall 228,321 +Soda water, apparatus for generating gas for, J. Collins 228,315 +Spark arrester, locomotive, D. P. Wright 228,431 +Spool box, C. Tollner 228,289 +Stamp, hand, T. Berridge 228,243 +Stamp, postage, J. Macdonough 228,365 +Steam engine, J. C. Miller 228,374 +Steam engine recorder, G. H. Crosby 228,179 +Steam generator, N. Eaton 228,250 +Stove, A. C. Barstow 228,166 +Stove grate, J. Moore, Jr 228,266 +Stove, hay, Stocum & Merrill 228,287 +Stove, magazine, C. Seavor 228,401 +Surface gauge, F. J. Rabbeth 228,391 +Swarm catcher, J. W. Bailey 228,299 +Syringe attachment, S Turner 228,422 +Tackle or pulley block, T. R. Ferrall 228,335 +Telephone, S. Russell 228,395 +Telephone circuit switch, G. L. Anders 228,294 +Telephones, dental attachment for, H. G. Fiske 228,254 +Testing machine, T. Olsen 228,214 +Textile and other materials, machine for cutting, + A. Warth (r) 9,232 +Textile fabrics, machine for cutting, A. Warth (r) 9,231 +Ticket holder, C. Scherich 228,280 +Ticket, railway, F. C. Nims 228,213 +Tobacco caddy, R. Finzer 228,182 +Tobacco hoisting apparatus, W. S. Guy 228,342 +Tongs, pipe, S. Fawcett 228,333 +Toy, creeping, P. Von Erichsen 228,231 +Treadle mechanism, D. S. Van Wyck 228,424 +Treadle power machine, G. W. Ziegler 228,432 +Tree protector, J. W. Richards 228,393 +Trimmings, flitter for milliners', J. Lambert 228,363 +Tube machine, D. Appel 228,162 +Valve, balanced, E. D. Meier 228,210 +Vapor burner, W. H. Smith (r) 9,227 +Vehicle spring, H. M. Keith 228,360 +Vent for beer barrels, O. Zwietusch 228,292 +Vessels, apparatus for unloading coal, etc., from, + Cooney & Swanston 228,317 +Vise and clamp, J. Brady 228,245 +Wagon, road, C. W. Saladee 228,397 +Wagon running gear, G. W. Burr 228,311 +Wash boiler, O. Tilton 228,230 +Washing and wringing machine, combined, C. H. Wood 228,239 +Washing machine, J. B. Pettit 228,272 +Water closets, flushing cistern for, S. G. McFarland 228,264 +Water heater, K. McDonald 228,208 +Water heater, fireplace, I. B. Potts 228,388 +Whiffletree hook, E. Hanrahan 228,345 +Windlass locking gear, Remington & Manton (r) 9,233 +Windmill, A. H. Smith 228,283 +Window screen, R. Perrin 228,384 +Wire stretcher, H. Hemenway 228,350 +Wood bit, L. Thuston 228,421 + + * * * * * + + +DESIGNS. + +Carpets, T. J. Stearns 11,800 to 11,803 +Carriage door fender, M. Wiard 11,805 +Coffin lid lifters, J. W. Rogers 11,798 +Fringe for knitted fabrics, G. Upton 11,804 +Funeral ornaments, J. W. Rogers 11,799 +Key bow, G. S. Barkentin 11,794 +Medal batteries, Lewis & Brice 11,796 +Pencil cases, L. W. Fairchild 11,795 +Statuary, group of, J. Rogers 11,797 + + * * * * * + + +TRADE MARKS. + +Cigars, E. Aschermann & Co 7,924 +Cigars, Giglio & Freschi 7,926 +Dry goods, Eddystone Manufacturing Co 7,931, 7,933 +Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr. 7,727, 7,728 +Prints, Eddystone Manufacturing Company 7,932 +Soap, C. Davis & Co 7,925 +Teas, table, Sanders & George 7,912 +Velocipedes, N. S. C. Perkins 7,929 + + * * * * * + + +ENGLISH PATENTS ISSUED TO AMERICANS. + +FROM MAY 25 TO JUNE 1, 1880, INCLUSIVE. + +Anthracite, obtaining, C. M. Warren, Norfolk, Mass. +Burners and generators for hydrocarbons, E. G. Furber, New York city. +Corsets, L. C. Warner, New York city. +Engines, locomotive, W. P. Hauszey, Philadelphia, Pa. +Filtering apparatus, G. H. Moore, Norwich, Conn. + + * * * * * + + + + +ADVERTISEMENTS + + +INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - 75 CENTS A LINE. + +BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE. + +(About eight words to a line.) + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate per line, by +measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements must be received +at publication office as early as Thursday morning to appear in next +issue._ + +-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers a circulation +of not less than 50,000 copies every weekly issue. + + +_Fifth Edition Just Ready._ + +THE COMPLETE PRACTICAL MACHINIST + +Embracing Lathe Work, Vise Work, Drills and Drilling, +Taps and Dies, Hardening and Tempering, the Making +and Use of Tools, etc., etc. By Joshua Rose. Illustrated +by 130 engravings. Fifth edition, revised. In +one vol., 12mo., 376 pages. Price $2.50 by mail, free of +postage. + +CONTENTS: Chapter I. Lathe and Machine Tools. +II. Cutting Speed and Feed. III. Boring Tools for Lathe +Work. IV. Screw-cutting Tools. V. General Observations +on Lathe Work. VI. Turning Eccentrics. VII. +Hand Turning. VIII. Drilling in the Lathe. IX. Boring +Bars. X. Laps. XI. Twist Drills. XII. Tool Steel. +XIII. Taps and Dies. XIV. Vise-work Tools. XV. +Fitting Connecting Rods. XVI. Milling Machines and +Milling Tools. XVII. To Calculate the Speed of Wheels, +Pulleys, etc. XVIII. The Slide Valve. XIX. How to +Set a Slide Valve. XX. Pumps Index. + +We also publish: + +THE MODERN PRACTICE OF AMERICAN MACHINISTS +AND ENGINEERS. By Egbert P. Watson. Illustrated +by 86 engravings. 12mo, $2 50 + +-->The above or any of our Books sent by mail, free +of postage, at the publication price. + +Our new and enlarged CATALOGUE OF PRACTICAL +AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS--96 pages, 8vo--sent free to any +one who will furnish his address. + +HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO., +Industrial Publishers, Booksellers, and Importers, +810 WALNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. + + +FOR SALE, +A full set of Patent Office Reports, from 1849 to 1872. +Price $60. Apply to C. M. ALEXANDER, Washington, D. C. + + +BAND SAWS +AND +PLANERS +a specialty. + +C. Hodgkins & Son, +Marlboro, N. H. + +[Illustration] + + +1880 1880 +PITTSBURGH EXPOSITION SOCIETY. +THE FOURTH +EXPOSITION AND FAIR +Will open to the public Thursday, September 2, and remain +open day and evening (Sundays excepted) until +Saturday, October 9th, 1880. + +Blank forms of application for space, Prospectus, and +Premium list may be had by addressing the secretary. + +Exhibitors are earnestly requested to make early application +for space, thus enabling the managers to better +arrange the whole Exhibition. + +New Machinery Hall; new Engine and Boilers. + +Manufacturers and Inventors should avail themselves +of the unsurpassed facilities offered by this Exposition +for the introduction of new machinery to the public. + +OFFICE, GERMANIA BANK BUILDING, 89 WOOD ST. +P.O. BOX 895. + +E. P. YOUNG, I. C. PATTERSON, +General Manager. Secretary. +JOHN D. BAILEY, Asst. Manager and Cashier. + + +[Illustration: +-->SEND STAMP FOR CATALOGUE. +TOOLS: +TAPS & DIES +VISES +CHUCKS TWIST DRILLS +MACHINE SCREWS +LATHES FILES +STUBS TOOLS & STEEL +TALLMAN & McFADDEN--PHILADELPHIA.] + + +CIGAR BOX LUMBER, + +MANUFACTURED BY OUR NEW PATENT PROCESS. + +THE BEST IN THE WORLD. + +SPANISH CEDAR, + MAHOGANY, + POPLAR + +ALSO THIN LUMBER OF ALL OTHER KINDS, 1/8 TO 1/2 IN., AT CORRESPONDING +PRICES. ALL QUALITIES. EQUAL IN ALL RESPECTS TO +ANY MADE, AND AT PRICES MUCH UNDER ANY TO BE OBTAINED +OUTSIDE OF OUR ESTABLISHMENT. SEND FOR PRICE LIST. + +GEO. W. READ & CO., +186 TO 200 LEWIS STREET, N. Y. + + +MOSQUITO CATCHER. + +WILL CLEAR YOUR ROOM IN A FEW MINUTES WITHOUT SMOKE, +SOIL, OR GREASE. PRICE 50 CENTS. SEND FOR CIRCULAR. AGENTS +WANTED EVERYWHERE. GOOD TERMS. L. T. JONES, +166 LIGHT STREET, BALTIMORE, MD. + + +ROOTS' NEW IRON BLOWER. + +[ILLUSTRATION] + +POSITIVE BLAST. +IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED +IS SIMPLER, AND HAS +FEWER PARTS THAN ANY OTHER BLOWER. +P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, MANUF'RS, +CONNERSVILLE, IND. + +S. S. TOWNSEND, GEN. AGT., {6 CORTLANDT ST., } + {8 DEY STREET, } NEW +WM. COOKE, SELLING AGT., 6 CORTLANDT STREET, } YORK. +JAS. BEGGS & CO., SELLING AGTS., 8 DEY STREET,} + +-->SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE. + + +FOUR SIDED MOULDER, WITH OUTSIDE +BEARING. WE MANUFACTURE 5 SIZES OF THESE MOULDERS. +ALSO ENDLESS BED PLANERS, +MORTISERS AND BORERS. TENONING +MACHINES, SASH DOVETAILERS. +BLIND RABBETING +MACHINES. ALSO A LARGE +VARIETY OF OTHER WOOD +WORKING MACHINES. + +ADDRESS +LEVI HOUSTON, MONTGOMERY, PA. + +[ILLUSTRATION] + + +STEAM PUMPS. +THE NORWALK IRON WORKS CO., +SOUTH NORWALK, CONN. + + +THE BLAKE "LION AND EAGLE" CRUSHER, +A patented improvement of the former "New Pattern" Blake machine. +Has much greater efficiency than the old. It requires only about half +the power to drive, and is transported at much less expense (the size +most used weighing several thousand pounds less than the unimproved +machine). It requires less than half the time in oiling and other +manipulation, and less than half the expense for repairs. Address + +E. S. BLAKE & CO., Pittsburgh, Pa., +Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers. + +[2 Illustrations] + + +DELAMATER STEAM PUMPS +For every variety of work +WATERWORKS PUMPING ENGINES +DELAMATER IRON WORKS +Boiler Makers, Engine Builders, +and Founders, + +Office, No. 10 CORTLANDT ST., + +Works, Foot of W. 18th St., North River, New York. + +ESTABLISHED 1841. + + +MODEL ENGINES + +Complete sets of CASTINGS +for making small Model steam Engines +11/2 in. bore, 3 in. stroke, price, $4; +ditto 2 in. bore, 4 in. stroke, +price, $10, same style as cut. +Gear Wheels and Parts of Models. +All kinds of Small Tools and Materials. +Catalogue Free. +GOODNOW & WIGHTMAN, +176 Washington Street, +Boston, Mass. + + +STUTTERING CURED by Bates' Appliances. Send +for description to SIMPSON & Co., Box 2236, New York. + + +SPARE THE CROTON AND SAVE THE COST. +DRIVEN OR TUBE WELLS +furnished to large consumers of Croton and Ridgewood +Water. WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., 235 Broadway, N. Y., +who control the patent for Green's American Driven Well. + + +THE DRIVEN WELL. +Town and County privileges for making DRIVEN +WELLS and selling Licenses under the established +AMERICAN DRIVEN WELL PATENT, leased by the year +to responsible parties, by + +WM. D. ANDREWS & BRO., +235 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. + + +ROOFING. +For steep or flat roofs. Applied by ordinary workmen +at one-third the cost of tin. Circulars and samples free. + +Agents Wanted. T. NEW, 32 John Street, New York. + + +XX COT (NOT PAINTED, WHITE DUCK) $2. + +[Illustration: Painted Red, Brown Canvas and Fancy Bolster, $2.50. +Painted Red, Striped Canvas and Fancy Bloster, $3.00. + +COT FOLDED +XX CANVAS COT +27 IN. WIDE +MEAS. 1/2 CUBIC FT.] + +Makes a perfect bed. No mattress or pillows required. +Better than a hammock, as it fits the body as pleasantly, +and lies _straight_. Folded or opened instantly. Self-fastening. +It is just the thing for hotels, offices, cottages, camp-meetings, +sportsmen, etc. Good for the lawn, piazza, or +"coolest place in the house." Splendid for invalids or children. +Sent on receipt of price, or C. O. D. For 50 CTS. +EXTRA, with order, I will prepay expressage to any railroad +station east of Mississippi River and north of Mason +and Dixon's line. For 75 CENTS, in Minnesota, Missouri, +and Iowa. + +HERMON W. LADD, 108 FULTON ST., BOSTON; +207 Canal St., New York; 165 North Second St., +Phila.; 94 Market St., Chicago. SEND FOR CIRCULARS. + + +[Illustration] + +RUBBER BACK SQUARE PACKING, +BEST IN THE WORLD + +[Illustration] + +FOR PACKING THE PISTON RODS AND VALVE STEMS OF STEAM ENGINES AND PUMPS. + +B represents that part of the packing which, when in use, is in contact +with the Piston Rod. + +A the elastic back, which keeps the part B against the rod with +sufficient pressure to be steam-tight, and yet creates but little +friction. + +This Packing is made in lengths of about 20 feet, and of all sizes +from 1/4 to 2 inches square. + +JOHN H. CHEEVER, Treas. NEW YORK BELTING & PACKING CO., +37 & 38 Park Row, New York. + + +JOHN R. WHITLEY & CO. + +European Representatives of American Houses, with +First-class Agents in the principal industrial and agricultural +centers and cities in Europe. London, 7 Poultry, E. C. +Paris, 8 Place Vendome. Terms on application. +J. R. W. & Co. purchase Paris goods on commission at +shippers' discounts. + + +STEAM HEATING APPARATUS +LIGHTS PATENTS +24 SIZES OF BOILERS RADIATION 28 PER +CENT SUPERIOR TO ANY OTHER. +ADDRESS: EUREKA STEAM HEATING CO. +ROCHESTER, N. Y. + + +GRAIN SPECULATION + +in large or small amounts. $25 or $25,000. Write +W. T. SOULE & CO., Commission Merchants, +130 La Salle St., CHICAGO. ILL., for Circulars. + + +TELEPHONE +Works 1 mile. +Price $3.50. Pat'd. +Circulars free. HOLCOMB & CO., Mallet Creek, Ohio. + + +JOHNSON'S PATENT UNIVERSAL LATHE CHUCK. +[Illustration] +Lambertville Iron Works, Lambertville, N. J. + + +GREEN HOUSE +HEATING AND +VENTILATING +APPARATUS. + +BASE BURNING +WATER HEATERS. + +For Small Conservatories. + +HITCHINGS & CO., +No. 233 Mercer Street, +New York. + + +POND'S TOOLS, + +Engine Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c. + +DAVID W. POND, Worcester, Mass. + + +LATHES, PLANERS SHAPERS + +Drills, Bolt and Gear Cutters, Milling Machines. Special +Machinery. E. GOULD & EBERHARDT, Newark, N. J. + + +[Illustration: +COE BRASS MFG. CO. +BRASS AND COPPER IN SHEETS. +WIRE AND BLANKS. +WOLCOTTVILLE, CONN. +MATERIALS FOR METALLIC. +AMMUNITION A SPECIALTY.] + + +BUCKET PLUNGER STEAM PUMPS, +FOR EVERY DUTY. +BUCK VALLEY MACHINE CO., +EASTHAMPTON, MASS. + + +GRISCOM & CO'S +VALVE REFITTING MACHINE. +[Illustration] +POTTSVILLE, +PA. + + +STEEL CASTINGS + +From 1/4 to 15,000 lb. weight, true to pattern, of unequaled +strength, toughness, and durability. 15,000 Crank Shafts +and 10,000 Gear Wheels of this steel now running prove +its superiority over all other Steel Castings. Send for +circular and price list. +CHESTER STEEL CASTINGS Co., 407 Library St., Phila, Pa. + + +CARNEGIE BROS & CO +UNION IRON MILLS +PITTSBURGH PA. + +WROUGHT IRON BEAMS +CHANNELS TEES & ANGLES + +The attention of Architects, Engineers, and Builders +is called to the great decline in prices of wrought +STRUCTURAL IRON. + +It is believed that, were owners fully aware of the small +difference in cost which now exists between iron and +wood, the former, in many cases, would be adopted, +thereby saving _insurance_ and avoiding all risk of _interruption_ +to _business_ in consequence of fire. Book of detailed +information furnished to Architects, Engineers, +and Builders, on application. + + +ALAND'S +Silent Injector, +Blower & Exhauster. +Apply to +S. ALAND, +Rome, Oneida +Co., N. Y. +[Illustration] + + +WOOD-WORKING MACHINERY, +Such as Woodworth Planing, Tonguing, and Grooving +Machines, Daniel's Planers, Richardson's Patent Improved +Tenon Machines, Mortising, Moulding, and +Re-Saw Machines. Eastman's Pat. Miter Machines, and +Wood-Working Machinery generally. Manufactured by +WITHERBY, RUGG & RICHARDSON, +26 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Mass. +(Shop formerly occupied by R. BALL & CO.) + + +SHAFTS, PULLEYS, HANGERS, ETC. +Full assortment in store for immediate delivery. +WM. SELLERS & CO., +79 Liberty Street, New York. + + +PORTER MANUF'G CO. +[Illustration] +[Illustration: The New Economizer Boiler] +The New Economizer, +the only Agricultural Engine with Return Flue +Boiler in use. +Send for circular to +PORTER MFG. Co., Limited, +Syracuse, N. Y. +G. G. YOUNG, Gen. Agt., 42 Cortland St., New York. + + +FORSTER'S ROCK & ORE BREAKER AND COMBINED CRUSHER AND PULVERIZER. + +[Illustration] +_The simplest machine ever devised for the purpose._ +Parties who have used it constantly for six years testify that it +will do _double_ the work of _any other Crusher_, with one-third +the Power, and one-half the expense for keeping in repair. +The smaller sizes can be run with Horse Power. +Address TOTTEN & CO., Pittsburgh Pa. + + +STEAM PUMPS. + +HENRY R. WORTHINGTON. + +239 BROADWAY, N. Y. +83 WATER ST., BOSTON. +709 MARKET ST., ST. LOUIS, MO. + +THE WORTHINGTON PUMPING ENGINES FOR WATER +WORKS--Compound, Condensing or Non-Condensing. +Used in over 100 Water-Works Stations. + +WORTHINGTON STEAM PUMPS of all sizes and for all +purposes. + +PRICES BELOW THOSE OF ANY +OTHER STEAM PUMP IN +THE MARKET. + +WATER METERS. OIL METERS. + + +KNOW THYSELF. + +The untold miseries that result +from indiscretion in early life +may be alleviated and cured. +Those who doubt this assertion +should purchase the new medical +work published by the PEABODY +MEDICAL INSTITUTE, Boston, +entitled THE SCIENCE OF +LIFE; or, SELF-PRESERVATION. +Exhausted vitality, +nervous and physical debility, or +vitality impaired by the errors of +youth, or too close application to business, +may be restored and manhood regained. + +[Illustration] + +Two hundredth edition, revised and enlarged, just +published. It is a standard medical work, the best in +the English language, written by a physician of great +experience, to whom was awarded a gold and jeweled +medal by the National Medical Association. It contains +beautiful and very expensive engravings. Three +hundred pages, more than 50 valuable prescriptions for +all forms of prevailing disease, the result of many years +of extensive and successful practice, either one of +which is worth ten times the price of the book. Bound +in French cloth; price only $1, sent by mail, postpaid. + +The London Lancet says: "No person should be +without this valuable book. The author is a noble +benefactor." + +An illustrated sample sent to all on receipt of 6 cents +for postage. + +The author refers, by permission, to Hon. P. A. BISSELL, M.D., +prest. of the National Medical Association. +Address Dr. W. H. PARKER, No. 4 +Bulfinch Street, Boston, Mass. The +author may be consulted on all diseases +requiring skill and experience. + +HEAL THYSELF + + +EXTRA BARGAINS. + +Town rights, $10; county, $25. Best novelty yet manufactured. +If you want to make money, address, with stamp, +J. H. MARTIN, Hartford, N. Y. + + +[Illustration: + +CARY & MOEN +STEEL WIRE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION +& STEEL SPRINGS. +234 W. 29. ST., NEW YORK CITY] + + +"THE 1876 INJECTOR." +Simple, Durable, and Reliable. Requires no special +valves. Send for illustrated circular. +WM. SELLERS & CO., Phila. + + +[Illustration: PATENTS.] +CAVEATS, COPYRIGHTS, LABEL +REGISTRATION, ETC. + +Messrs. Munn & Co., in connection with the publication +of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, continue to examine +Improvements, and to act as Solicitors of Patents for +Inventors. + +In this line of business they have had OVER THIRTY +YEARS' EXPERIENCE, and now have _unequaled facilities_ +for the Preparation of Patent Drawings, Specifications, +and the Prosecution of Applications for Patents in the +United States, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. +Munn & Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats, +Registration of Labels, Copyrights for Books, Labels, +Reissues, Assignments, and Reports on Infringements +of Patents. All business intrusted to them is done +with special care and promptness, on very moderate +terms. + +We send free of charge, on application, a pamphlet +containing further information about Patents and how +to procure them; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights, +Designs, Patents, Appeals, Reissues, Infringements, +Assignments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale +of Patents, etc. + +_Foreign Patents_.--We also send, _free of charge_, a +Synopsis of Foreign Patent Laws, showing the cost and +method of securing patents in all the principal countries +of the world. American inventors should bear in +mind that, as a general rule, any invention that is valuable +to the patentee in this country is worth equally as +much in England and some other foreign countries. +Five patents--embracing Canadian, English, German, +French, and Belgian--will secure to an inventor the exclusive +monopoly to his discovery among about ONE +HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLIONS of the most intelligent +people in the world. The facilities of business and +steam communication are such that patents can be obtained +abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at +home. The expense to apply for an English patent is +$75; German, $100; French, $100; Belgian, $100; Canadian, $50. + +_Copies of Patents_.--Persons desiring any patent +issued from 1836 to November 20, 1866, can be supplied +with official copies at reasonable cost, the price depending +upon the extent of drawings and length of +specifications. + +Any patent issued since November 20, 1866, at which +time the Patent Office commenced printing the drawings +and specifications, may be had by remitting to +this office $1. + +A copy of the claims of any patent issued since 1836 +will be furnished for $1. + +When ordering copies, please to remit for the same +as above, and state name of patentee, title of invention, +and date of patent. + +A pamphlet, containing full directions for obtaining +United States patents sent free. A handsomely bound +Reference Book, gilt edges, contains 140 pages and +many engravings and tables important to every patentee +and mechanic, and is a useful handbook of reference +for everybody. Price 25 cents, mailed free. + +Address MUNN & CO., +Publishers SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, +37 Park Row, New York. + +_BRANCH OFFICE--Corner of F and 7th Streets, +Washington, D. C._ + + +THE HOLLY SYSTEM OF STEAM HEATING +FOR CITIES AND VILLAGES. HOLLY STEAM COMBINATION CO. LIMITED. +LOCKPORT N. Y. +SEE ILLUSTRATED AD. IN LAST NUMBER. + + +THE ASBESTOS PACKING CO., +Miners and Manufacturers of Asbestos, +BOSTON, MASS., +OFFER FOR SALE: +PATENTED ASBESTOS ROPE PACKING, + " " LOOSE " + " " JOURNAL " + " " WICK " + " " MILL BOARD, + " " SHEATHING PAPER, + " " FLOORING FELT. + " " CLOTH. + + +COLUMBIA BICYCLE. + +A practical road machine. Indorsed +by the medical profession as the most +healthful of outdoor sports. Send 3 +cent stamp for 24 page catalogue, with +price list and full information, or 10 +cents for catalogue and copy of _The +Bicycling World_. + +THE POPE M'F'G CO., +89 Summer Street, Boston, Mass. + + +MACHINISTS' TOOLS. +NEW AND IMPROVED PATTERNS. +Send for new illustrated catalogue. +Lathes, Planers, Drills, &c, +NEW HAVEN MANUFACTURING CO., +New Haven, Conn. + + +H. W. JOHNS' +ASBESTOS + +LIQUID PAINTS, ROOFING, BOILER COVERINGS, +Steam Packing, Sheathings, Fireproof Coatings, Cements, +SEND FOR SAMPLES, ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET, AND PRICE LIST. +H. W. JOHNS M'F'G CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y. + + +THE GEORGE PLACE MACHINERY AGENCY +Machinery of Every Description +121 Chambers and 103 Reade Streets, New York. + + +THE WATSON PUMP, FOR ARTESIAN, OR DEEPWELL PUMPING, +PISTON ROD, PLUNGER & WELL ROD IN DIRECT LINE MACHINE +SIMPLE, EFFICIENT. +JAMES WATSON, 1508 S. FRONT ST., PHILA. + + +DIES FOR EVERY PURPOSE. +STILES & PARKER PRESS CO., Middletown, Ct. + + +BI-SULPHIDE OF CARBON. +E. R. TAYLOR, +Cleveland, O. + + +ICE-HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR.-- +Directions and Dimensions for construction, with one +illustration of cold house for preserving fruit from +season to season. The air is kept dry and pure throughout +the year at a temperature of 34 deg. to 36 deg.. Contained +in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, 116. Price 10 cents. +To be had at this office and of all newsdealers. + + +BEECHER & PECK, +Successors of MILO PECK, Manufacturers of +PECK'S PATENT DROP PRESS, +Regular sizes. Hammer +from 50 to 2,570 Lb. Special +attention given to making +of Drop Dies, Drop and Machine +Forgings. + +New Haven, Conn. +[ILLUSTRATION] +[ILLUSTRATION] + + +17--STOP ORGANS +Sub-bass and Oct. Coupler, box'd and ship'd only $97.75. +New Pianos, $195 to $1,600. Before you buy an +instrument be sure to see my Mid-summer offer, illustrated, +free. Address Daniel F. Beatty, Washington, N. J. + + +ADVERTISEMENTS. + + +INSIDE PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - 75 CENTS A LINE. +BACK PAGE, EACH INSERTION - - - $1.00 A LINE. +(About eight words to a line.) + +_Engravings may head advertisements at the same rate +per line, by measurement, as the letter press. Advertisements +must be received at publication office as early +as Thursday morning to appear in next issue._ + +-->The publishers of this paper guarantee to advertisers +a circulation of not less than 50,000 copies every +weekly issue. + + +FOR SALE.--PLYMOUTH MACHINE +Works, Engine, and Saw Mill. Patterns on hand. Locality +good. For particulars, call on or address the works. +Plymouth Machine Works, Plymouth, Richland Co., O. + + +FIRE BRICK, TILE AND CLAY RETORTS ALL SHAPES +BORGNER & O'BRIEN +23rd ST, ABOVE RACE, PHILADELPHIA. + + +HOLLY'S IMPROVED WATER WORKS. + +Direct Pumping Plan. Advantages: 1. Secures by +variable pressure a more reliable water supply for all +purposes. 2. Less cost for construction. 3. Less cost +for maintenance. 4. Less cost for daily supply for all +use of Holly's Improved Pumping Machinery. 5. Affords +the best fire protection in the world. 6. Largely +reduces insurance risks and premiums. 7. Dispenses +with fire engines, in whole or in part. 8. Reduces fire +department expenses. For information, address the +HOLLY MANUFACTURING CO., Lockport, N. Y., +Or PARK BENJAMIN & BRO., Gen. Agents, + +49 and 50 Astor House, N. Y. City. + + +[Illustration] + +Established 1844. + +JOSEPH C. TODD, + +Successor to TODD & RAFFERTY, + +PATERSON, N. J., + +Engineer and Machinist. + +Flax, Hemp, Jute, Rope, Oakum, +and Bagging Machinery. Steam Engines, +Boilers, etc. Sole Agent for +Mayher's New Patent Acme Steam +Engine and Force Pumps combined. +Also owner and exclusive manufacturer +of + +THE NEW +BAXTER PATENT PORTABLE STEAM ENGINE. + +These engines are admirably adapted to all kinds of +light power for driving printing presses, pumping water, +sawing wood, grinding coffee, ginning cotton, and all +kinds of agricultural and mechanical purposes, and are +furnished at the following low prices: + +1 Horse Power, $150 | 11/2 Horse Power, $190 +2 Horse Power, 245 | 21/2 Horse Power, 275 +3 Horse Power. 290 | 4 Horse Power, 350 + +Send for descriptive circular. Address +J. C. TODD, +PATERSON, N. J. +Or No. 10 Barclay St., New York. + + +EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDING MACHINES. + +[Illustration: +EX INUTILI UTILITAS +TANITE +TRADE MARK] + +THE TANITE CO., +Stroudsburg, Monroe County, Pa. + +Orders may be directed to us at any of the following addresses, +at each of which we carry a stock: + +London, Eng., 9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C. +Liverpool, Eng., 42, The Temple, Dale St. +Sydney, N. S. W., 11 Pitt St. +San Francisco, 2 and 4 California St. +Chicago, 152 and 154 Lake St. +St. Louis, 209 North Third St. + " " 811 to 819 North Second St. +Cincinnati, 212 West Second St. +Indianapolis, Corner Maryland and Delaware Sts. +Louisville, 427 West Main St. +Nashville, 28 West Side Public Square. +New Orleans, 26 Union St. + + +THE NEW YORK ICE MACHINE COMPANY, + 21 COURTLANDT STREET, ROOM 54. +Low Pressure Binary Absorption System. + +Advantages over other Machines. + +Makes 25 per cent. more Ice. Uses only 1/4 water of condensation. +No Pressure at rest. Pressure in running, +14 pounds. Self-lubricating. No Leaks, non-inflammable. +No action on Metals. Easy Attendance. + + +WM. A. HARRIS. + +PROVIDENCE, R. I. (PARK STREET), + +Six minutes walk West from station. +Original and Only builder of the +HARRIS-CORLISS ENGINE +With Harris' Patented Improvements, +from 10 to 1,000 H.P. + + +[Illustration] + +THE BAKER BLOWER. +Centennial Judges Report. + +"Good Design and Material. Very +efficient in action. With the special advantages +that they can be connected +for motion directly with engine without +the use of gearing or belting." + +SEND FOR CATALOGUE. + +WILBRAHAM BROS. +No. 2318 Frankford Avenue, +PHILADELPHIA, PA. + + +BOILER COVERINGS, +Plastic Cement and Hair Felt, with or without the +Patent "AIR SPACE" Method. +ASBESTOS MATERIALS, +Made from pure Italian Asbestos, in fiber, mill board, and +round packing. THE CHALMERS-SPENCE CO., +40 John Street, and Foot of E. 9th Street, New York. + + +TELEGRAPH and Electrical Supplies. +Send for Catalogue. +C. E. JONES & BRO., CINCINNATI, O. + + +WOOD SOLE SHOES. + +The cheapest, most durable, +warm, good looking, and thoroughly +waterproof shoe. Particularly +adapted to Brewers, +Miners, and all classes of laborers. +Send stamp for circular +and price list. + +CHAS. W. COPELAND, +122 Summer St., Boston, Mass. + + +BUY NO BOOTS OR SHOES + +Unless the soles are protected from wear by _Goodrich's +Bessemer Steel Rivets. Guaranteed to outwear any other +sole._ All dealers sell these boots. Taps by mail for 50 +cents in stamps. Send paper pattern of size wanted. +H. C. GOODRICH, 19 Church St., Worcester, Mass. + + +SPY Glasses, Field & Opera Glasses, MICROSCOPES, +McALLISTER Magnifying Glasses. Circulars free. +Mfg Optician, 49 Nassau St., N. Y. + + +[Illustration] +PAINTERS attention: send for circulars. +etc. of my latest Metallic Plates for graining +oak, walnut, chestnut, ash, etc., in the +most rapid and excellent manner, no skill +required. J. J. CALLOW. Cleveland. O. + + +HARTFORD +STEAM BOILER +Inspection & Insurance +COMPANY. + +W. B. FRANKLIN, V. Pres't, J. M. ALLEN, Pres't. +J. B. PIERCE, Sec'y. + + +THE RODIER PATENT SINGLE IRON PLANE. + +[Illustration] + +Made of extra quality iron. A practical labor saving tool. +Cuts against the grain equally as well as with it. Can be +adjusted instantly to cut a coarse or fine shaving, and +excels any double iron plane ever produced. +Address LAFLIN MANUFACTURING CO., +North Elm Street, Westfield, Mass. + + +PYROMETERS, + +For showing heat of +Ovens, Hot Blast Pipes, +Boiler Flues. Superheated Steam, Oil Stills, etc. +HENRY W. BULKLEY, Sole Manufacturer, +149 Broadway, N. Y. + + +THE MACKINNON PEN OR FLUID PENCIL. + +[Illustration] + +Particulars mailed Free. +MACKINNON PEN CO., +200 Broadway, near Fulton St., N. Y. + + +FRIEDMANN'S PATENT INJECTOR, +The best +BOILER FEEDER +In the world. +Simple, Reliable, and Effective. +40,000 IN ACTUAL USE. +NATHAN & DREYFUS, +Sole Manufacturers, NEW YORK. +Send for Descriptive Catalogue. + + +[Illustration: THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR] + +SUPPLIES FROM HYDRANT PRESSURE +the cheapest power known. +Invaluable for blowing Church Organs, running +Printing Presses, _Sewing Machines in Households_, +Turning Lathes, Scroll Saws, Grindstones, Coffee Mills, +Sausage Machines, Feed Cutters, _Electric Lights_, +Elevators, etc. It needs little room, no firing +up, fuel, ashes, repairs, engineer, explosion, or delay, +no extra insurance, no coal bills. Is noiseless, neat, +compact, steady; will work at any pressure of water +above 15 lb.; at 40 lb. pressure has 4-horse power, and +capacity up to 6 or 8 horse power. +Prices from $15 to $250. Send for circular to +THE BACKUS WATER MOTOR CO., Newark, N. J. + + +PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO., LIMITED, +P.O. Box 3083. +142 Greenwich St., New York. +Guaranteed to be the most efficient +and economical of all existing +Ice and Cold Air Machines. + + +MICROSCOPES, OPERA GLASSES, SPY +Glasses, Spectacles, Thermometers, Barometers, +Compasses. +R. & J. BECK, +Manufacturing Opticians, Philadelphia, Pa. +Send for ILLUSTRATED PRICED CATALOGUE. + + +J. STEVENS & CO., +P.O. Box 28, Chicopee Falls, Mass. + +[Illustration] + +Manufacturers of Stevens' Patent Breech-Loading +Sporting and Hunters' Pet Rifles, +Single and Double Barrel Shot Guns, +Pocket Rifles, Pocket Shot Guns, Gallery +Rifles, Superior Spring Calipers and Dividers, +including the New Patent Coil Spring +Calipers: also Double Lip Countersinks and +Hathaways' Patent Combination Gauge. + + +MILL STONES AND CORN MILLS. + +We make Burr Millstones, Portable Mills, Smut Machines, +Packers, Mill Picks, Water Wheels, Pulleys, and +Gearing specially adapted to Flour Mills. Send for +catalogue. + +J. T. NOYE & SONS, Buffalo, N. Y. + + +[Illustration: +PATENT COLD ROLLED SHAFTING.] + +The fact that this shafting has 75 per cent. greater +strength, a finer finish, and is truer to gauge, than any +other in use renders it undoubtedly the most economical. +We are also the sole manufacturers of the CELEBRATED +COLLINS' PAT. COUPLING, and furnish Pulleys, Hangers, +etc., of the most approved styles. Price list mailed on +application to JONES & LAUGHLINS, +Try Street, 2d and 3d Avenues, Pittsburg, Pa. +190 S. Canal Street, Chicago, Ill. + +-->Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by +FULLER, DANA & FITZ, Boston, Mass. +Geo. Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., N. Y. + + +LEFFEL WATER WHEELS, + +[Illustration] + +With recent improvements. +Prices Greatly Reduced. +8000 in successful operation. +FINE NEW PAMPHLET FOR 1879, +Sent free to those interested. + +James Leffel & Co, +Springfield, O. +110 Liberty St., N. Y. City. + + +A PLANING MILL OUTFIT FOR SALE +very low for cash. Will sell all together or each machine +separate. All first-class machines, good order. +J. H. KERRICK & CO., Indianapolis, Ind. + + +BOGARDUS' PATENT UNIVERSAL ECCENTRIC MILLS +--For grinding Bones, Ores, Sand, Old Crucibles, +Fire Clay, Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed, Corn, Corn and +Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, Spices, +Coffee, Cocoanut, Flaxseed, Asbestos, Mica etc., +and whatever cannot be ground by other mills. +Also for Paints, Printers' Inks, Paste Blacking, etc. +JOHN W. THOMSON, successor to JAMES BOGARDUS, +corner of White and Elm Sts., New York. + + +$3 PRINTING PRESS + +[Illustration: The Excelsior] + +Print cards labels &c. (Self-inker $5) 13 larger sizes +For business or pleasure, young or old. Do your own advertising +and printing. Catalogue of presses, type, cards, +&c., for 2 stamps. Kelsey & Co. Meriden, Conn. + + +HEKTOGRAPH +Patents for the process of Dry Copying have been issued to us, dated May +18 and June 1, 1880. The Hektograph is now the only gelatine copying pad +which can be used without infringing. +All infringements will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. +HEKTOGRAPH CO., 23 and 24 Church Street, New York. + + +THE TANITE CO., + +STROUDSBURG, PA. +EMERY WHEELS AND GRINDERS. + +LONDON--9 St. Andrews St., Holborn Viaduct, E. C. +LIVERPOOL--42 The Temple, Dale St. + + +WOOD WORKING MACHINERY. +PLANNING, MATCHING, MOLDING, MORTISING, +TENONING, CARVING, MACHINES. +BAND & SCROLL SAWS +UNIVERSAL +AND +VARIETY WOOD WORKERS, &c &c. +J. A. FAY & CO. +CINCINNATI, O., U. S. A. + + +Metallic Shingles + +Make the most DURABLE and ORNAMENTAL ROOF +in the world. Send for descriptive circular and new +prices to + +IRON CLAD MANUFACTURING CO., + +22 CLIFF STREET, NEW YORK. + + +SHEPARD'S CELEBRATED +$50 Screw Cutting Foot Lathe. + +Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Presses, +Scrolls, Circular and Band Saws, Saw +Attachments, Chucks, Mandrels, Twist +Drills, Dogs, Calipers, etc. Send for +catalogue of outfits for amateurs or +artisans. + +H. L. SHEPARD & CO., +331, 333, 335. & 337 West Front Street, +Cincinnati, Ohio. + + +WANTED.--FIRST-CLASS PARTIES IN +cities to sell Wing's Fan Ventilators. A great success. +Rare chance to make money. See SCI. AM., Jan. 31, 1880, +or send for pamphlets, etc. L. J. WING, or THE SIMONDS +MFG. CO., 50 Cliff Street, New York. + + +CENTENNIAL AND PARIS MEDALS. + +Mason's Friction Clutches and Elevators. + +"New and Improved Patterns." +VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., Providence, R. I., U. S. A. + + +BROWN'S PAT. SPLIT PULLEYS +Shafts, Hangers, + +At low prices. Largest assortment. A. & F. +BROWN, 57, 59, & 61 Lewis St., New York. + + +[Illustration: PROSPECTUS] + +OF THE + +SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN + +FOR 1880. + +THE MOST POPULAR SCIENTIFIC PAPER IN THE WORLD. + + * * * * * + +VOLUME XLIII. NEW SERIES. + + * * * * * + +ONLY $3.20 A YEAR, INCLUDING POSTAGE. WEEKLY. +52 NUMBERS A YEAR. + + * * * * * + +THIS WIDELY CIRCULATED and splendidly illustrated paper is published +weekly. Every number contains sixteen pages of useful information, +and a large number of original engravings of new inventions and +discoveries, representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, +New Inventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manufactures, Chemistry, +Electricity, Telegraphy, Photography, Architecture, Agriculture, +Horticulture, Natural History, etc. + +ALL CLASSES OF READERS find in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a popular +_resume_ of the best scientific information of the day; and it is the +aim of the publishers to present it in an attractive form, avoiding +as much as possible abstruse terms. To every intelligent mind, this +journal affords a constant supply of instructive reading. It Is +promotive of knowledge and progress in every community where it +circulates. + +TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.--One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be +sent for _one year_--52 numbers--postage prepaid, to any subscriber +in the United States or Canada, on receipt of THREE DOLLARS AND TWENTY +CENTS by the publishers; six months, $1.60; three months, $1.00. + +CLUBS.--ONE EXTRA COPY of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN will be supplied +gratis _for every club of five subscribers_ at $3.20 each; additional +copies at same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. + +One copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and one copy of THE SCIENTIFIC +AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will be sent for one year, postage prepaid, to +any subscriber in the United States or Canada, on receipt of _seven +dollars_ by the publishers. + +The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft, or Express. Money +carefully placed inside of envelopes, securely sealed, and correctly +addressed, seldom goes astray, but is at the sender's risk. Address +all letters and make all orders, drafts, etc., payable to + +MUNN & CO., +37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. + +TO FOREIGN SUBSCRIBERS.--Under the facilities of the Postal Union, +the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is now sent by post direct from New York, with +regularity, to subscribers in Great Britain, India, Australia, and all +other British colonies; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia, +and all other European States; Japan, Brazil, Mexico, and all States +of Central and South America. Terms, when sent to foreign countries, +Canada excepted, $4, gold, for SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 1 year; $9, gold, +for both SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and Supplement for 1 year. This includes +postage, which we pay. Remit by postal order or draft to order of Munn +& Co, 37 Park Row, New York. + + * * * * * + +THE "Scientific American" is printed with CHAS. +ENEU JOHNSON & CO.'S INK. Tenth and Lombard +Sts., Philadelphia, and 50 Gold St. New York. + + * * * * * + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + +_x_ indicates italic script. + +Some archaic (Early American) spellings have been retained. + + +Flour, B. R. Pegram, Jr. ... 7,727, 7,728 + +7,727, 7,728 are as printed. + +(TRADE MARKS.) + + +Error + +'pecularities' corrected to 'peculiarities' +"The distinctive peculiarities of this steamer are the very high +steam pressure that she carries--..." + +(Article 5: 'A REMARKABLE LITTLE STEAMER.') + + + + + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Scientific American, Vol. XLIII.--No. +1. [New Series.], July 3, 1880, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN *** + +***** This file should be named 38482.txt or 38482.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/4/8/38482/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lesley Halamek, and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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